Document MMr9pyYR9X08d8o0Qz5OxadpV

EPA 560/6-79-004 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 1929-1979 : FINAL REPORT Final Report. Submitted to: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Toxic Substances Washington, D.C. 20460 Attention: Mr. Thomas E. Kopp Project Officer Contract No. 68-01-3259 Submitted by: VERSAR, INC. 6621 Electronic Drive Springfield, Virginia 22151 (703) 750-3000 May 16, 1979 HONS 20886 This report has been reviewed by the Office of Toxic Substances, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approve! for publication* Approval does not necessarily signify that the contents reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of tradenames or ccrmier- cial products constitute endorsement or reccrrmendaticn for use. ` HONS 208869 PREFACE This report sunrarizes the work on Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) that Versar performed for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Contract Nb. 68-01-3259. Mr. Thanas E. Kopp was the Program Manager for the EPA throughout the performance of this work, and his patient support is gratefully acknowledged. PCBs were first manufactured in caitnercial quantities in the U.S. in 1930, and during the next 40 years they were widely used as solvents, resins, and electrical dielectric liquids. Recognition of their environmental persis tence and toxicity in the late 1960's eventually led to a ban on the manufac ture and use of PCBs in the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976. This report sirrrrarizes the use of PCBs and much of the early literature on the uses and toxicity of this material. In addition, the report reviews the regulatory actions that. have been taken to limit the hazards to health and the envirorment resulting from the accumulation of PCBs in the envirorment and frcm their con tinued use in certain electrical equipment. The report is primarily a sumrery of the reports that Versar has prepared in support of the EPA's regulatory activities involving PCBs. HONS 208870 li. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1 2.0 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS............................................................................. 1 2.1 History of PCB Usage............................................................................. 1 2.2 PCB Use Restrictions and Government Regulations ........................ 5 3.0 CONTRACT SUPPORT OF EPA ACTIONS on PCBS.............................................. 7 3.1 Support of Office of Toxic Substances ............................................ 7 3.2 Support of the Criteria and Standards Division..................................lo 3.3 Support of PCB Work Group - Disposal and Harking Regulations. 12 3.4 Support of PCB Work Group - PCB Ban Regulations..............................13 3.5 Support of EPA Office of Planning and Management PCB Ban Regulations.................................................................................. 14 APPENDIX A - FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICES REGARDING PCBs APPENDIX B - CONTRACTOR REPORTS TO EPA RELATED TO PCBs APPENDIX C - SUMMARY OF MAJOR VERSAR REPORTS REGARDING PCBs ill. HONS 208871 On June 26, 1975, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency awarded contract no. 68-01-3259 to Versar, Inc. Under this contract, it was antici pated* that Versar wuld be assigned a number of tasks to assess the micro economic impacts of regulatory alternatives which the EPA would consider for various toxic substances. The first task assigned under this oontract required Versar to review and summarize the existing data on the use of polychlorinated biphenyls and to identify the industrial segments that might be impacted by regulations limiting the use of PCBs. Before this task was completed, PCBs became a major issue within EPA, and the scope of the work assigned to Versar was increased as the agency required additional support. This report summarizes the work that Versar performed over the next four years for the EPA under the subj ect contract and a follow-on contract that was closely related to this work. All of this work supported regulatory activities involving PCBs, so the description of the work performed necessarily includes a history of the use of PCBs, a surmary of regulatory development, and references to related research and reports. 2.0 POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS ' Polychlorinated biphenyls are a group of related compounds formed by the addition of chlorine to the arenatic hydrocarbon "hiphenyl." The reaction can be described by the following equation: X XX X WHERE X - nd( 10*nH 2.1 History of PCS Usage: PCBs were first synthesized and described in 1881 (Schmidt, 1881) . Carmercial production of PCBs did not become possible until after an economical method was developed during the 1920s for the manufacture of biphenyl fran benzene. HONS 208872 -1- Biphenyls were first produced in carmercial quantities in the U. S. by Swann Research, Inc., of Anniston, Alabama, shortly after they started manufacturing biphenyls, Swann Research described the manufacturing process (Jenkins, 1930) and the properties of the PC3s they were marketing under the tradename Aroclor (Penning, 1930). The various Aroclors were described as mixtures of chlorinated diphenyls with a wide range of properties from a light oil to a hard resin depending on the degree of chlorination. A number of carmercial applications were suggested, including use in varnish, as a fireproofing agent for wood, in electrical equipment as a liquid dielectric and as a component of electrical insulation, as an ingredient in adhesives, as a replacement for Canaria Balsam in microscopy, as a substitute for chicle in chewing gum, and in miscellaneous uses including printing inks and textile finishing (Penning 1930). A separate technical article described the compati bility of PCBs in nitrocellulose lacquer resins (Jenkins, 1931). The first major use of PCBs was apparently as a liquid dielectric in capacitors manu factured by General Electric Co. starting in 1930 (Clark, 1962). General Electric also developed the use of PCBs in other electrical applications as described in articles published during the 1930s (Clark, 1934; Clark, 1937). PCBs were manufactured at the Anniston, Alabama, plant by Swann Research, Inc. and its corporate successor, Monsanto Chemicals Co., until the plant was shut down in 1971. Monsanto also manufactured PCBs at its plant at Sauget, Illinois, until 1977. The only other known U. S. manufacturer of PCBs was Geneva Industries of Houston, Texas, which manufactured PCBs for heat transfer applications from 1972 through 1974. Most of the applications of PCBs that had been suggested in 1930 proved to be successful. PCBs were used as heat transfer liquids in critical appli cations such as food processing (Snith, 1955; Coulson, 1957), in various elec trical applications (Clark, 1962), in sealants (Skrentry, 1971), in carbonless copy papers (Masuria, 1972; Lister, 1972), and in paint (Young, 1974). Poly chlorinated terphenyls were suggested as a carrier for insecticides (Tsao, 1953; Sullivan, 1953) . A Monsanto marketing guide to PC3s which was published in the late 1960s also described their possible use as expansion media in tempera ture sensing bellows devices, as liquid sealants for furnace roofs, as sealers for -2- HONS 208873 gaskets, as dedusting agents, in insecticides, in casting waxes, in abrasives, in lubricants'and cutting oils, in adhesives, in polishing waxes and impregnat ing compounds, in coatings, in inks, in mastics, in sealing and caulking com pounds, in tack coatings, and as plasticizers in plastics, paint, varnish, and lacquer. (Monsanto, undated) . In addition, a number of other uses of PCBs had been patented over the years (for a list of patents see*. Interdepartmental Task Force on PCBs, 1972, pp. 70-74). The available data on the toxicity of PCBs was first surmarized in an article published in 1931 (Snyth, 1931). Skin problems attributed to PCB exposure were later reported to be associated with various industrial pro cesses including PCB manufacturing (Jones, 1936)* capacitor manufacturing (Mayers, 1936), industrial painting (Birmingham, 1942), and electrical cable insulating (Good, 1943). Systemic effects of exposure to mixtures of chlorinated organic compounds including PCBs were also noted during the 1930s (Drinker, 1937) and were evaluated by animal exposure studies (Bennett, 1938; von Wedel, 1943; Miller, 1944.) In much of this early work, the toxicity studies used coimercial mixtures which included chlorinated naphthalenes, and the effects of PCBs were not conclusively denonstrated (Drinker, 1939). Animal exposure tests eventually defined the toxicity of PCBs (Treon, 1946; McLaughlin, 1963; ftnerican Industrial Hygiene Assoc., 1965), and reports of worker health problens became limited to unusual situations (i.e., Meigs, 1954). Information on the toxicity of PCBs led the investigation of PCBs as a possible cause of chick edsna disease (McCune, 1962; Flick, 1965) which was later demonstrated to be caused by con tamination of feed with chlorinated dihenzcdiaxins. During the early 1960s interest increased concerning the biological effects of environmental levels of chlorinated pesticide residues such as DDT and chlordar Measurement of low levels of these compounds in biological samples required the development of sensitive analytical procedures that could both separate the pesticides from each other ard frcm similar compounds and measure the amount of each compound present. The technique that was developed to perform this analysis was gas chranatography. In this method, a small amount of sample is introduced into a long heated tube which is packed with a material that has HONS 208874 -3 different adsorption characteristics for the different compounds in the sample. The tube is then flushed with an inert gats, ard the different canpounds are swept out of the tube at different times past a detector that is sensitive to the presence of chlorinated organic compounds and that gives a response proportional to the amount of chlorinated materia] in the stream of inert gas. The time required for each compound to move through the tube deperds on the temperature/ the type of packing/ the rate of flushing with inert gas, aid the characteristics of the particular compound. Therefore, the identifica tion of the compounds in the environmental sample depends on knowing the reten tion time of the compounds and the response of the detector to each compound. This requires that known compounds be run through the column and detector, ard as a result, only known compounds can be identified. Gas chromatography proved to be a very useful method for determining the concentrations of low levels of pesticides in environmental samples, but the detector usually recorded the presence of a number of chemicals that could not be identified by comparison with known pesticide chemicals. In 1966, Soren Jensen attempted to identify the unknown compounds that ware being recorded during routine pesticide analyses. In order to determine when the unknown compounds first appeared in biological samples, he analyzed feathers, from eagles that had been taken for museum collections. He found the unknown materials in feathers collected as early as 1944, before the wide spread use of chlorinated pesticides, and so concluded that the unknown materials were not pesticides or degradation products of pesticides (Jensen, 1972). By testing chlorinated materials that were in wide use before 1944, he eventually identified commercial PCBs as the source of the unknown compounds, and published this finding in late 1966 (Jensen, 1966K A full discussion of the presence of PCBs in pesticide analyses was published in 1967 (Widmark, 1967), and this set off a number of investigations to determine the extent of environmental contamination by PCBs. The discovery that PCBs were cannon in the environment in sufficient concentrations to affect the reproduction of wild birds was published in 1968 (Risehrough, 1968). This article was picked up in the press 'which started the widespread concern about possible human health effects from PC3s in the environment. MONS 208875 -4- The Yusho incident that occurred in Japan during the sunror of 1968 aided to the public concern over the toxicity of PCBs. This was a case of widespread PCB poisoning caused'by contamination of cooking oil. The PCBs were used a heat transfer liquid on the high temperature side of a heat exchanger to pasturize the oil. Over 1000 people were seriously affected by eating con taminated oil (Kuratsune, 1971). The resulting concern over PCBs led to regula tory activity and increased research throughout the world. In July of 1971, a similar incident in the United States contaminated a considerable quantity of chicken feed as the result of leakage of PCB heat transfer fluid. The U.s. Food and Drug administration eventually destroyed thousands of chickens arrf eggs that were fed this contaminated feed (Pichirallo, 1971). starting in 1970, Monsanto voluntarily limited sales of PCBs to closed electrical equipment applications (Wood, 1975) and recaimended that existing PCB-filled heat transfer systens be drained and refilled with non-PCB fluid (Monsanto, 1972). This voluntary ban was completed by the end of 1973. Monsanto closed the Anniston, Alabama, manufacturing plant at this time. By 1972, a great deal of research had been canpleted on PCBs and was summarized in various review articles covering their toxicity (Kimbrough, 1972? Kimbrough, 1974), environmental impact (Peakall, 1972; Hanmond, 1972), environ mental distribution (Nisbet, 1972), uses (Broadhurst, 1972), presence in food (Fries, 1972) and chemical analysis (Reynolds, 1971). The basic infonnation on PCBs was later ccrpiled in the monograph "The Chemistry of PCBs" (Hutzinger, 1974). The amount of published information on PCBs has continued to grow rapidly since the early 1970s and is now most accessible thrcugh published literature surveys (Fuller, 1976; Komreich, 1976) and annotated bibliographies (Qiinby, 1972; Office of Water Resources Research, 1973; Office of Water Research and Technology, 1975; Cavagnaro, 1978). 2. 2 PCB Use Restrictions and Government Regulations The Yusho incident created considerable concern in the rJ. S. over possible contamination of food by PCBs.- The U. S. Food and Drug Mministration started routine sampling of foods for PCBs in 1969, and soon found that PCBs -3MONS 208876 were present in fish fran the Great lakes, that there was PCS contamination of milk caused by use of PCBs as a solvent in pesticide sprays arri as a compo nent of sealants used in farm silos, and that there was contamination of chickens resulting frcm PCBs introduced into the feed as a component of ground hread cartons and wrappers. It has since beccme apparent that the presence of PCBs in fish is a problem that has existed since at least 1964 (Hartsough, 1965), although PCBs were not identified as the cause of the problem until 1971 (Aulerich, 1971; Aulerich, 1973). Frcm 1969 through 1971, the FDA established action levels for PCBs in feed at 0.2 ppn\ in milk, 5 ppn in edible flesh of fish, 5 ppm in poultry, and 0.5 ppn in eggs. In 1970, the FDA prepared a summary of the available information on the chenistry and toxicity of PCBs (U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1970) . In 1972, the FDA published a notice of proposed rulemaking (Federal Register, 37FR 5705). The U. S. Department of Agriculture also prepared a report on ways that it could act to limit PCB contamination of Food (U. S. Department of Agriculture Ad Hoc Group on PCBs, 1972.) In 1973, the FDA formally established limits for PCBs in food and animal feed (Federal Register, 38FR 18096). The FDA proposed a revision of these limits in 1977 (Federal Register, 42FR 17487) , but no action has yet been taken on this proposal. Curing 1970, the Council on Environmental reality (CEQ) studied regulatory approaches to the problem of toxic chemicals in the environment. In its report "Toxic Substances'* published in 1971, CEQ identified PC3s as a major problem (Council on Environmental Quality, 1971). The initial response of the respon sible agencies 'was to establish a task force to review the available informa tion on PCBs and recommend regulatory alternatives (Interdepartmental Task Force on PCBs, 1972). During 1973 and 1974, the EPA proposed the establishment of water quality criteria for PCBs in industrial discharges as part of a program for establish ing such criteria for a larger group of pesticides. However, PCBs were not covered in the effluent standards that were eventually promulgated. HONS 208877 -6- The Occupational Safety and Health Administration adopted the standards for PC3 exposure in industrial air that had previously been established by the American Industrial Hygiene Association.. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health conducted a major review of available data and an extensive program of industry assessment in the mid 1970s, and the final report recom mended that the allowable concentration, of PCBs in the work place be reduced (NICSH, 1977). However, OSEA has not yet taken action on this recarmendation. Government actions restricting the use of K3s were not limited to tte united States. Japan banned the manufacture and use of PCBs in the early 1970s because of public pressure following the Yusho incident. Sweden banned the use of PCBs at about the same time. International actions were also taken to reduce the risk of food contamination by PCBs during the early 1970s (OCED, 1973; OECD Council, 1973; The Council of the European Cbntnunities, 1976). 3.0 CONTRACT SUPPORT CF EPA ACTIONS CM PCBS 3.1 Support of Office of Toxic Substances During 1974 and 197S, the Office of Toxic Substances sponsored a series of review studies to identify regulatory alternatives for various specified toxic substances. Contract 68-01-3259 was awarded by the EPA to Versar on June 26, 1975, to support similar work on additional chemicals. The first task on this new contract was assigned by the EPA Technical Project Officer, Mr- David Garrett, cn June 27, 1975. This task required the contractor to study the role of PCBs in the U.S. econany and orepare a draft report by October 31, 1975, identifying and screening alternative regulatory and non-regulatory control options: Study of Regulatory Alterna tives for PC3s: Draft Interim Report - Task I, October 31. (Unpublished Superceded by "PCBs in the United States... .") As part of the review of PCRs, the Office of Toxic Substances sponsored a national conference on PCBs in Chicago on November 1? thru 21, 1975. -7- MONS 208878 The Technical Coordinator of this conference was Mr. Thomas' Ktopp of the Office of Toxic Substances. Several major articles on the environmental effects of PCBs that appeared in the popular press shortly before the conference (Boyle, 1975ar Boyle, 1975b) caused considerable public interest in the conference arxi a number of demands that EPA regulate PCBs. Dr. Robert Durfee of Versar parti cipated in this conference and presented a paper summarizing the background on PCBs as presented in the draft report (Durfee, 1975). Because of the increasing importance of PCBs to the activities of the Office of Toxic Substances after the conference, the EPA assigned Mr. Kopp as Technical Project Officer on the contract and had the contractor expand the draft interim report and prepare four special reports under Task I. The Versar Program Manager in charge of this work was Dr. Robert Durfee. The following reports were submitted in response to this directive: The Handling and Disposal of Electric Transformers: Special Import, Task I (Decatfaer 5, 1975). Non-proprietary sections includecTin "PCBs in the united States...." Results from Review and Analysts of 308 letter Responses '-n PCB Manu facturing, Usage, and Disposal in United States Industry "Special Report"(Decanber, 1975). 1 * Toxicological Studies Conducted Under Task I: Special ?eport (February 19,"1976). Incorporated in "PCBs in the United States..as Appendix F. * Development of an Economic Analysis Methodology for Evaluating Regula tory Alternatives for PCBs: Special Report, Task 1 (March 9, 1976). Unpublished^ ' ' * PCBs in the United States: Industrial Use and Environmental Distribution Final Report, Task i~ (February 25^1976]"! EPA 560/6-75-005. MTIS PB 252 0L2. At about the sane time that Task I uas expanded, the EPA directed the con tractor to perform two additional tasks. Task II was a study of wastewater treat ment technology that could be used to reduce the concentration of PCBs in industrial effluents. This work was supported by Clark, Dietz Associates '-/ho performed the industrial economic analysis under subcontract from Versar as provided by Modifica tion 1 to the contract. Task III was a plan for an assessment of the use of PCBs See summary of report in Appendix C. -a- HONS 208879 in the investment casting industry and the resulting environmental impacts. Versar program managers were Mr. Donald Sargent on Task II and Dr. Robert Curfee on Task III. The following reports were submitted in response to these work directives: * Assessment of Wastewater Management, Treatment Technology, ard Associated Cost for Abatement of PCBs Concentration in Industrial Effluents: Final Report, Task 'll. (February 3, 197T) . EPA 560/6 76-006. NTIS PB 251-433/AS. * Development of a Study Plan for Definition of PCBs Usage, Wastes, and Potential Substitution in the Investment Casting Industry: Fin*l Report, Task III. (January, 1976) EPA 560/6-76-007. NTIS PB 251-342. Based on these three tasks and on other work performed within the Environ mental Protection Agency, the EPA published recaimended disposal procedures for PCBs (Federal Register, 41 FR 14134) and proposed effluent standards for PCBs in the water discharges frcm PCB manufacturers and from capacitor and transformer manufacturers that used PCBs (Federal Register, 41 FR 30468). Senator Gaylord Nelson introduced an amendment to the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) on March 26, 1976. This amendment required the EPA to establish label ing and disposal requirements for PCBs and mandated an eventual ban on the manu facture and processing of PCBs. This amendment was incorporated into TSCA as Section 6(e) and became a legislated requirement when TSCA was signed into law on October 11, 1976. The effective date of TSCA was January 1, 1977. On July 15, 1976, EPA modified the contract to support additional studies on several aspects of PCBs. EPA technical supervision of this work was the responsibility of Mr. Kopp. Under this contract modification (Mod. 4), four formal tasks were established and two additional reports were prepared for internal EPA use. The Versar program nanager for this work was Mr. Robert Westin, with each report being the responsibility of a Versar Task Manager who was as the principal author of the report. The following reports 'were submitted in response to the requirements of this contract modification: See sunitary of report in Appendix C. -9- HONS 208880 * PCBs Involvement in the Pulp and Paper Industry: Final Report, Task iv. EPA 560/6-77^00^7 NTIS PB 271-071/6WP- February 25, 1977. * a First Order Mass Balance Model for the Sources, Distribution, and Fate of PCBs in the Environment! Final Report, Task V. " EPA 560/6-77-006, NTIS PB 270-220. July, 1977. * Assessment of the Environmental and Economic Impacts of the Ban on Imports of PCBs: Final Export, Task VI. EPA-560/6-77-007, MTIS PB 270-225. July 1977. * Assessment of the Use of Selected Replacement Fluids for PCBs in Elec trical Equipment: Final Peport, Task VII. EPA 560/6-77-002, OTIS No. forthcoming. April, 1979. Environmental Discharges of PCBs Associated with the Manufacture and Use of PCBs and PCB-Contairang Equipment. (Contains EPA proprietary Information, submitted to EPA Enforcement Division.) October 29, 1976- Usage of PCBs in Open and Semi-Closed Systems and the Resulting Losses of PCBs to the Environment, (Contains EPA proprietary information, submitted to EPA Enforcement Division). September 30, 1975. 3.2 Support of the Criteria and Standards Division Versar provided support to the Criteria and Standards Division of EPA under three separate contract modifications. All of the work involved support of the effluent standards for PCBs by performing additional technical and economic analysis of the feasibility and costs of various pollution abatement technologies. The EPA Technical Program Manager on this work was Mr. Thomas Kopo, and the EPA Task Manager was iMr. Ralph Holtje of the Criteria and Standards Division. The Versar Program Manager was Mr. Donald Sargent. The contract modification require ments and the reports submitted were as follows: Modification 2 (Feb. 27, 1976): Provided for the analysis of the economic "Impacts of the proposed regulation by Jack Faucett Associates under subcontract from Versar and for the review of the Final Task II report by Versar. *See summary of report in Appendix C. -10- MONS 208881 * PCBs Water Elimination/Reduction Technoloqv and Associated Costs: Manufacturers of Electrical Capacitors and TransformersMderdlm to Final Report, Task II. EPA 440/9-76-020. July~2"1976. Reccrrmendations as to PCB Sampling Sites and Sampling Points at Industrial Sources: Special Report. August 17. 1976.--------------- * Ecortanic Analysis of Proposed Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards for Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Transformer, Capacitor, and PCB Manufacturing, (Prepared~by~Jack Faucett Associates)" EPA 23o/l76-068. October, 1976. Modification 3 (June 10, 1976): Provided for additional assessment of wastewater managsnent and treatment technology and support of EPA during formal hearings and rulemaking proceedings. ** * ^sts for U.V. - Ozonation Process: Addendum to Final Report, * Task IlT September 27, 1 $76. Unpublished. ' ~~s~ ' Detailed Cost Estimates for Alternative PCBs Treatment Technol ogies Applied to Hypothetical Large and Medium Sized PCB Capacitor and Transformer Manufacturing Plants. Addendum to Final Report, Task II. October 15, 1976. Unpublished. * Cost for Equalization Basin Based on Bentonite Clay Liner Special Rpoort, October, 1976. UnouhLished. ~~ * Impacts of Substitutes for FCBs on Fire Hazards in Carmercial and Residential Buildings: (Draft) Special Report. October, 1977. Unpublished 7" * Recent Advances in PCBs Detoxification in Wastewater: Supolarvent to Final Report, Task II. January 18, 1977. Unpublished. * PCB levels in Non-Contact Cooling Waters and Other Effluents frem Capacitor and Transformer Production Facilities: Supplement to Final Report, Task II. January 18, 1977. Unpublished, * Refinement of Alternative Technologies and Estimated Costs for Re duction of PCBs in Industrial Wastewaters frern the Capacitor and Transformer Manufacturing CategoriesT January 19, 1977, Unpublished. * Costs Associated with Installing Production Equipment for Use of ^rv^PCB'Dielectric" Fluids' in~Transformer and Capacitor Manufacture: Supplement to Final Report, Task III January 19, 19"?1?. Unpublished. 'See surmary of report in Appendix C. -11- HONS 208882 Qi February 2, 1977, the EPA promulgated effluent standards restricting any discharges of PCBs in the wastewaters frcm manufacturers of PCBs or fran capacitor and transformer manufacturing plants that used PCBs after Fehruary 2, 1978 (Federal Register, 42 FR6531). 3.3 Support of PCB Mark Group - Disposal and Marking Regulations Section 6(e) (1) of the Toxic Substances Control Act required the EPA to regulate the labeling and disposal of PCBs by July 1, 1977. On Decanber 8, 1976, the EPA announced the formation of a PCB Wbrk Group to write the proposed rules. The contractor provided staff support to this wrk group, providing a number of special reports as requested, performing the economic impact analysis of the proposed regulation, and providing testimony at the rulemaking hearing. The contract was modified on March 25, 1977, (Mod. 6) to authorize this addi tional technical and economic support. The EPA Project Officer for this work was Mr. David Wagner, and Mr. Thcmas Kopp remained the Technical Project Officer in charge of the total contract. The Versar Program Manager was Mr. Robert Westin. The following reports were submitted in support of the development of the PCB Marking and Disposal Regulations*. Assessment Methodology for Labeling and Education to Assure the Proper~Disposal of PCBs: Special ReportT Novmber, 1976. Analysis of the Economic and Technological Constraints on the Disposal of PCBs; Special ReportT Novanber 22, L976. PCB Disposal Regulations: Problan Areas and Regulatory Alternatives: Special Report. Decanber 10, 1976. ' Estimated Usage of Electrical Equipment Containing PCBs: Special Report. December 23, 19t6. Reccnmended label Reguirments and Suggested label Formats; Special Report. January 12, 1977. Draft Notice of Public Meeting - PCBs. January 10, 1977. Garments on PCB Definitions to Subcarmitteg on Manufacturing Bans. January 14, 1977. See suumary in Appendix C. -12- MONS 208883 Draft Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Preamble, and T^^eling and Disposal Regulations: Special Report. January 21, 1977? revised February 4, 1977. Labeling and Disposal Regulations; Revised Draft. January 27, L977. Draft Preamble to PCB Disposal Regulation. December 29, 1976: revised January 12, 1977; revised February 4, 1977. Economic Impact - Surrmary and Conclusions: special Reoort. March 14, T97T. . Statanent of Economic Consequences of the Rule: Special Report. April 12, 1977. * Microeconomic Impacts of the Procosed Marking and Disposal Peculations for"PCBs. April, 1977. EPA 560/6-77-013, OTIS PB 267-833. EPA formally proposed the rules for marking and disposal of PCBs on iMay 24, 1977 (Federal Register, 42 FR 26564). Rulemaking hearings were held on June 24, 27, 28, and 29. Mr. Westin of Versar presented testimony cn the economic impacts of the proposed regulation at the hearings on June 29. The EPA promulgated the PCB Disposal and Marking Regulations on February 17, 1978 (Federal Register, 43 FR 7150) and issued corrections on August 2, 1978 (Federal Register, 43 FR 33918). The effective date of the regulations was April 18, 1978. 3.4 Support of PCB Work Group - PCB Ban Regulations Sections 6(e)(2) and 6(e) (3) of the Toxic Substances Control Act tanned the manufacturing, processing, distribution, and use of FC5s after January 1, 1978, except in a totally enclosed manner; completely banned the manufacture of PCBs after January 1, 1979; and completely banned the process ing and distribution in commerce of PCBs after July 1, 1979. However, the Act also authorized the EPA to exempt those activities involving PCBs that did not present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment provided *See summary in Appendix C. -13- MONS 208884 that good faith efforts were made to develop an adequate substitute for PCBs in that use. Cfci June 27, 1977, the EPA announced the formation of a FCB work group to develop proposed regulations implementing these provisions of the act, and announced public meetings on the subject to he held in Washington, D.C. on July 19, 1977 (Federal Register, 42 FR 32555). EPA modified the contract on June 26, 1977, (Mod. 7) to provide for support during the development of the proposed ban regulations. EPA Project Officers continued to be Mr. Wagner and Mr. Kopp. Versar's work was supervised by Mr. Westin. Versar prepared briefing papers for the work group prior to the public meetings and submitted them to the work group as the special report: Potential Impacts of the Ban3 on PC3 Manufacturing, Processing, and Use; PCS Activity Analysis Papers (July 11, 1977).* Followina the cub lit r.32tines, the work group prepared a draft of`tile proposed regulations (August 30, 1977), and the contractor submitted a formal report on the econanic impacts of these regula tions; Microeconomic Impacts of the Draft "FCB Ban Regulations": Draft Report (September 18, 1977). Formal proposal of the ban regulations was delayed while the Mark Group prepared the final version of the Disposal and Marking Regulations, and on December 30, 1977, EPA announced that it vould not enforce the January 1, 1978 ban on open system activities involving PC3S until after formal ban regulations were pranulgated (Federal Register, 42 FR 65264 ). The work group continued to revise the draft proposed regulation, and Versar submitted a major revision of the economic impact analysis reflect ing the changes in the proposed regulation and including appendices character izing the U.S. waste oil industry and presenting a formal microeconomic analysis of the suppLy and demand effects of the PC3 Ban on the electric equipment indus try; Microeconomic impacts of the Draft "FCB Ban Regulations"; Revised Draft Report (March 3, 1978).* 3.5 Support of EPA Office of Planning and Management - PC3 Ban Regulations In early 1978, the EPA transferred responsibility for the analysis of the economic impacts of the PC3 ban regulations from the PCB Work Group to the *See surnnary in Appendix C. -14- MONS 208885 Office of Planning and Management. On April 19, 1978, the EPA aviardei contract number 68-01-4771 to Versar for additional economic analysis, preparation of a revision of the previously submitted draft economic impact report, and support during the public hearings on the proposed regulations. The EPA Technical Pro ject Officer was Mr. Steven 3. Malkensen, Office of Planning and Managsnent. The versar Program Manager was Mr. Robert Westin. In May, 1978, the contractor submitted the revised report: Microeconomic Impacts of the Proposed "PCB Ban .Regulations"* that was issued in support of the proposed regulations as EPA Report No. EPA-560/6-77-035. ' - The EPA formally proposed the TCP Ban Regulations on June 7, 1378 (Federal Register, 43 FR 24801). Public hearings were held in Was'nrx. bon, D. C., frcm August 21 through September 1, 1978. Mr. westin of Ver-ar pre sented testimony on the economic impacts of the proposed regulation-; on Sep tember 26, 1978. Following the hearings, EPA continued to revise the ban regulations. On November 1, 1578, EPA published interim procedural rules for filing and processing petitions for exemptions frcn the January 1, 1979 bans on manufactur ing of PCBs (Federal Register, 43 FR 509G5>. on Januaxv 2, 1979, ^nnnuncmd that it would not enforce the prohibitions on PCB manufacturing, orocassing, distribution in ccmrrerce, and use until after formal pranulgation of the PCB San Regulations (Federal Register, 44 FR 109). On November 15, 1978, Versar submitted a draft report on the economic impacts of the draft ban regulations: PCB Manufacturing, Processing, Distribu tion in Ccnroerce, and Use Ban Regulation: Economic Impact Analysis: Draft Final Report. A major revision of this report was submitted an December 22, 1978. On December 27, 1978, EPA modified contract 68-01-4771 to extend the duration of the contract and to fund further revisions of the economic impact analyses as required by additional changes to the draft regulation. 'lr. Stephen Weil was assigned to be the EPA Technical Project Officer for this contract modification. The contractor submittad the final revision of this *See""seirrary in Appendix C. -15- ' MONS 208886 report on March 30, 1979.* EPA issued the final regulations on April 19, 1979. Formal prorogation of the regulations through the Federal Register was expected to occur by the end of May, 1979. *See summary in Appendix C. -16- MONS 208887 References American Industrial Hygiene Association (1965). "Chlorodiphenyls (containing 42% and 54% chlorine)." Hygienic Guide Series, Jan-Feb. Aulerich, R.j.; Ringer, R.K.; Seagron, H.L.; Youatt, W.G. (1971). "Effects of Feeding Coho Salmon and Other Great lakes Fish on Mink Reproduction." Canadian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 49, p. 611. Aulerich, r.j.; Ringer, R.K.; Iwaroto, S. (1973). "Reproductive Failure and Mortality in Mink Fed on Great lakes Fish." Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. Vol. 19 (Suppl), pp. 365-376. 3ennett, G.A.; Drinker, C.K.; Warren, M.F. (1938). "Morphological Changes in the Livers of Rats Resulting from Exposure to Certain Chlorinated Hydrocarbons." The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicolocrv, Vol. 2o, No. 2 (February), pp. 97-12l,"lFeb"." 1937'. ' Birmingham, D.J. (1942). "Occupational Dermatology: Current ProbIans." Skin, Vol. 3, pp. 38-42. Boyle, R.H. (1975a). "Of PCB ppns frcm GE and a SNAFU from EPA and DEC," Audubon, Vol. 77, No. 6 (Nov. 1975), pp. 127-133. Boyle, R.H. (1975b). "Poisoned Fish, Troubled Waters." Sports Illustrated, Sept. 1, 1975, pp. 14-17. Broadhurst, M.G. (1972). "Use and Replaceability of Polychlorinated Biphenyls," Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 2, pp. 81-102. Cavagnaro, D.M. (1978). Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Environment (A Bibliography with Abstracts). Springfield, Va: National Tecimical Lnformation Service (NTIS/PS-73/C893/4WP) August, 1978. Clark, F.M. (1934). "The Development and Application of Synthetic Liquid Dielectrics." Transactions of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 45, p. 59. Clark, F.M. (1937). "Nonflaimable Dielectric Organic Caroaunds.'' industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 29, p. 698. Clark, Frank M. (1962). insulating Materials for Design and Engineering Practice, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Coalson, H.; Sellers, K.W. (1957). "Modem Potato Chip Production." Taylor Technology, Spring, 1957, pp. 14-18. Council on Environmental Quality (1971). Toxic Substances, Washington, D. C. -17- MONS 208888 References (Continued) Drinker, 'C.K. (1939). "Further Observations on the Possible Systemic Toxicity of Certain of the Chlorinated Hydrocarbons with Suggestions for Permissible Concentrations in the Air of Workrooms." The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 21, No. 5 (May), pp. 155-159'. Drinker, C.K.; Warren, M.F.; Bennett, G.A. (1937). "The Problem of Possible Systemic Effects frcm Certain Chlorinated Hydrocarbons." The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 19, No. 7 (September), pp. 283-311. Durfee, R.L. (Versar Inc.). (1975). "Production and Usage of PCBs in the United States." Conference Proceedings: National Conference on Poly chlorinated Biphenyls (Report No. EPA-550/6-75-004) . Washington, D. C.: Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. Envirormental protection Agency. March, 1976, pp. 103-107. - Flick, D.F.; O'Dell, R.G.; Childs, V.A. (1965). "Studies of the Chick Edema Disease. 3. Similarity of Symptoms Produced by Feeding Chlorinated Biphenyls." Poultry Science, Vol. 44, No. 6, p. 1460-1465. Fries, G.F. (1972). "PCB Residues: Their Significance to Animal Agriculture." Agricultural Science Review, 3rd Quarter, pp. 19-24. Fuller, B.; Gordon, J.; Kornreich, M. (MITRE Corp.). (1976). Envirormental Assessment of PCBs in the Atmosphere. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service-(NTIS PB-274 115/5WP). Good, C.K.; Pensky, N. (1943). "Halowax Acne (Cable Rash)." Archives of Dermatology and Syphilogy, Vol. 48, p. 251. Hanmond, P.B.; Nisbet, C.T.; Sarofim, A.F.; Drury, W.H.; Nelson, N. (1972). "Polychlorinated Biphenyls - Environmental Impact, A Review by the Panel on Hazardous Trace Substances." Environmental Research, Vol. 5, pp. 247-362 (Sept. 1972). Hartsough, G.R. (1965). "Great Lakes Fish Now Suspect as Mink Food." American Fur Breeder, Vol. 38, p. 25. Hutzinger, 0.; Safe, S.; Zitko, V. (1974). The Chemistry of PCBs, Cleveland, Ohio: CSC Press. Interdepartmental Task Force on PCBs. (1972). Polychlorinated Biphenyls and the Environment. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service (Report No. NTIS CCM-72-10419) . Jenkins, R.L.; McCollough, R.; Booth, C.F. (1930). "Syntheses in the Diphenyl Series." Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 22, p. 31. Jenkins, R.L.; Foster, R.N. (1931). "Compatibility Relationships of Aroclors in Nitrocellulose Lacquers." Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 23, No. 12 (Dec. 1931), pp. 1362-136^ -13- MONS 208889 References (Continued) Jensen, Soren. (1966).. "Report of a New Chemical Hazard." New Scientist, Vol. 32, p. 612. Jensen, Soren. (1972). "The PCB Story." Ambio, Vol. 1, No. 4, (August. 1972) pp. 123-131. Jones, J.W.; Alden, H.W. (1936). "An Acneiform Dermatergosis." Archives of Dermatology and Syphilogy, Vol. 33, pp. 1022-1034. Kimbrough, R.D. (1972). "Toxicity of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds." Archives Environmental Health, Vol. 25, pp. 125-131. Kimbrough, R.D. (1974). "The Toxicity of Polychlorinated Polycyclic Compounds and Related Chemicals." CRC Critical Reviews in Toxioology, January, 1974, pp. 445-493. Komreich, M.; Fuller, B.; Dorigan, J.; Walker, P.; Thomas, L. (Mitre Corp.) (1976). Environmental Impact of Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Draft Report. ERDA Contract No. E{40--1) - 4993. McLean, Va: The Mitre Corporation (Report No. MTR-7006). Kuratsune, M.; Yoshimura, T.; Matsuzaka, J.; Yamaguchi, A. (1971). "Yusho, a Poisoning Caused by Rice Oil Contaminated with Polychlorinated Biohenyls." HS4HA Health Reports, Vol. 86, No. 12, pp. 1083-1091. ' Lister, R.E.; Bennett, N.J.M. (1972). "PCBs in Copying Paper," Nature (London), Vol. 237, p. 414. Masuda, Y. , Kagawa, R. (1972). "Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Carbonless Copying Paper." Nature (London), vol. 237 (5/5), pp. 41-42. Mayers, M.R.; Silverberg, M.G. (1938). "Skin Conditions Resulting from Exposure to Certain Chlorinated Hydrocarbons." The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 20 p. 244. McCune, E.L; Savage, J.E.; O'Dell, B.L. (1962). "Hydropericardium and Ascites in Chicks Fed a Chlorinated Hydrocarbon." Poultry Science, Vol. 41, p. 295. McLaughlin, J.; Marliae, G.P.; Verrett, M.J.; Mutchler, M.K.; Fritzlaugh, O.G. (1963). "The Injection of Chemicals Into the Yolk Sac of Fertile Eggs Prior to Incubation as Toxicity Test." Toxicol. Aopl. Pharmacol., Vol. 5, pp. 760-771. Meigs, W.J.; Albom, J.J.Kartin, B.L. (1954). "Chloracna from an Unusual Exposure to Aroclor." Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 154, pp. 1417-1418. Miller, J.W. (1944). "Pathologic Changes in Animals Exposed to Cormercial Chlorinated Diphenyl." Public Health Reports, Vol. 59, pp. 1085-1093, (August 18, 1944). ' -19- MGNS 208890 References (Continued) Monsanto Chanical Co. (undated). The Aroclor Compounds, St. Louis, Mo: Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Co. (1972). Therminol Conversion Bulletin SP/TC-1. St. Louis, Mo.: January, 1972. NTOSH. (1977). Criteria for a Reccnraended Standard. Occupational Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). DHEW (N3DSH) Publication Mo. 77-225. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Goverxment Printing Office. Nisbet, C.T.; Sarofim, A.F. (1972). "Rates and Routes of Transport of PCBs in the Environment." Environmental Health Perspectives. Exp. 1, pp. 21-38. OECD. (1973). Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Their Use and Control. Paris, France: Environmental Directorate frcm the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. OECD Council (1373). "Protection of the Environment by Control of polyciilorinated Biphenyls: Decision Adopted 13 February, 1973." as cited in: OECD and the Environment. Paris: Oryaniration for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1976, pp. 17-24. Office of Water Resources Research, U.S. Department of the Interior (1973). PCB in Water - A Bibliography. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service (MTIS-PB-217-859). Office of Water Research and Technology, U.S. Department of the Interior, (1975). PCB in Water: A Bibliography, Vol, 2. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service (NIIS-PB-248-141). Peakall, D.B. (1372). "Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Occurrence and Biological Effects." Residue Review, Vol. 44, pp. 1-21. Penning, C.H. (1330). "Physical Characteristics and Commercial Possibili ties of Chlorinated Biphenyl. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 22, p. 1180. Pichirallo, J. (1971). "PCBs: Leaks of Toxic Substances Raise Issue of Effects, Regulation." Science, Vol. 173, ?. 399. (Sept. 3, 1971). Quinby_, G.E- (1972). Polychlorobiphsnyls (PCBs) and Related Chlorophenvls: Effects on Health and Environment - I: Bibliography -- 1831-1971. ' Springfield7"Va.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS PS--209--94 4). Reynolds, L.M. (1971). "Pesticide Residue Analysis in the Presence of Polychlorabiphenyls (PCBs)." Residue Reviews, Vol. 34, pp. 27-57. Risebrough, Robert W.; Reiche, P.; Peakall, D.B.; Herman, S.C.; Kirven, M.N. (1968). "Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Global Ecosystem." Nature, (London), Vol. 220, (Dec. 1963), op. 1098-1102. -20- MONS 208891 References (Continued) Schmidt, H., and Schultz, G. (1831). "Uber Diphenylbasen." Annalen Chan., Vol. 207, pp. 338-344. ` Skrentny, R.F.; Hemken, R.W.; Dorough, H.W.r (1971). "Silo Sealants as a Source of Polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) Contamination of Animal Feed." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 6, No- 5, pp. 409-416. Smith, H.L.; Freeman, W.E. (1955). "Automatic Remote Heating Cures Frying Faults." Food Engineering, March, 1955, pp. 60-62, 205. Smyth, H.F. (1931). "Tbxicity of Certain Benzene Derivatives and Related Compounds." The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 13, pp. 87-96. Sullivan, W.N.; Homstein, I. (1953). "Chlorinated Polyphenyls to Improve Lindane Residues." Journal of Economic Entomology, vol. 46, Mo. 1, pp. 158-159. (February, 1953). The Council of the European Ccmunities (1976). "Council Directive of 27 July, 1976." Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L 262, p. 201-203 (Sept. 27, 1976). Treon, J. F.; Cleveland, F.P.; Cappel, J.W.; Atchley, R.W. (1956). "The Toxicity of the Vapors of Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1254." American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 3, Pp. 204-213. Tsao, Clung Hsi? Sullivan, W.N.; Homstein, I. (1953). "A Caiparison of Evaporation Rates and Toxicity to House Flies of Lindane and LindaneChlorinated Polyphenyl Deposits." Journal of Economic.Entonology, vol. 46, iNo. 5, pp. 882-884 (October, 1953). U.S. Department of Agriculture Ad Hoc Group on PCBs (1972). Agriculture's Responsibility Concerning Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PC9s). Washington, D.C.: Office of Science and Education, U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1970), Sugylemait 1 Status Report on the Chemistry and Toxicology of Polychlorinat^L Biphenyls (PCB) of Aroclors" 5^ashIngton, D.C.: Bureau of Foods, Food andDrug Administration, Public Health Service. Von t'fedel, H.; Holla, W.A.; Denton, J. (1943). "Observations on the Toxic Effects Resulting frem Exposure to Chlorinated Naphthalene and Chlorinated Phenyls with Suggestions for Prevention." The Rubber Age, Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 419-426 (August, 1943). Widmark, G. (1967). "possible Interference by Chlorinated Biphenyls." J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., vol. 50, p. 1069. -21- HONS 208892 References (Continued) Wood, David (Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Co.) (1975). "Chlorinated Biphenyl Dielectrics * Their Untility and Potential Substitutes." Conference Proceedings: National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Report no. EPA-560/675-004). Washington, D.C.: Office of Toxic Substances, CJ.s. Envirormental Protection Agency, March, 1976, pp. 317-324. Young, D.R.; Heesen, T.C.; McDermott, D.J.; Stnoklev, P.E. (1974). "Marine Inputs of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Copper from Vessel Antifouling Paints." Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, TM 212, (May, 1974). -22- HONS 208893 APPENDIX A FEDERAL REGISTER 'NOTICES REGARDING PCBs HONS 208894 A-l Environmental Protection Agency Effluent Limitations (5 307a Clean Water Act) Date Vol. Pages July 6, 1973 38 18044-5 Sept 7, 1973 38 24342-4 Dec 27, 1973 38 35388-95 Subject Proposed List of Toxic Pollutants, Including PCBs. Promulgated List of Toxic Pollutants, Including PCBs. Proposed Water Effluent Standards, Including PCBs. Mar 5, 1974 39 8325-6 Mar 21, 1974 39 10603-4 Public Hearings on Effluent Standards Correction - Effluent Standards. Jul 23, 1976 41 30468-77 Proposed Effluent Standards. Feb 2, 1977 42 6531-55 Effluent Standard Regulations. Spill Reporting Requirements (5 311, Clean Water Act) Date Vol. Paces Subject Feb 16, 1979 Feb 16, 1979 44 10266 44 10271-84 Definition of "Discharge" under Clean Water Act. Defines Reportable Quantities of PC3s Spilled into waterways. Reporting Requirements and Fines. HONS 208895 Disposal and Marking Regulations (3 6el) Itaxic Substances Control Act Date Apr 1, 1976 Dec 8, 1976 Vol. Pages 41 14134-36 41 53692 Subiect Recoimended Disposal Procedures. Panel Discussion/Formation of PCS Wbrk Group. Jan 5, 1977 Jan 19, 1977 Apr 21, 1977 42 1067 42 3701-2 42 20640-44 May 24, 1977 42 26564-77 Jul 15, 1977 42 36484-85 Rescheduling of Meeting. Notice of Jan. 24, 1977 Public Meeting. Proposed Procedures for Rule-Making under Sect. 6 of TSCA. Proposed Marking and Disposal Regulations. Deadline for Reply Content Period. Feb 17, 1978 Jul 18, 1978 Aug 2, 1978 Aug 25, 1978 Oct 26, 1978 Dec 20, 1978 43 7150-64 43 30882-3 43 33918-20 43 38087-88 43 50041 43 59432-3 Promulgated Marking and Disposal Regulations. List of Approved PC3 Disposal Facilities. Corrections to Marking & Disposal Regulations List of Approved PC3 Disposal Facilities. List of Approved PC3 Disposal Facilities. List of Approved PCB Disposal Facilities. Mar 12, 1979 44 13575 Request for Ccnments on Citizens' Petition to Give Regional Administrators Authority to Approve Alternate Disposal Methods. HONS 208896 Ban Regulations (i 6a2, 6e3, etc.) Toxic Substances Control Act Date Vol. Paces Jun 27, 1977 42 32555 Dec 30, 1977 42 65264 Subject Notice of July 19 Chicago Hearing. Notice that EPA Wbuld Not Enforce Ban on Uses in "Other Than a Totally Enclosed Manner." Jun 7, 1978 Jun 7, 1978 Aug 25, 1978 43 24302-17 43 24318 43 38057 Sept 22, 1973 43 43048 Nov 1, 1978 43 50905-07 Jan 2, 1979 44 108-109 May , 1979 44 Proposed Ban Regulations. Requires Notification of Intent to Export. Incorporates Hearing Record of Effluent Standard Regulations into Hearing Record for Ban Regulations. Notice of Cross-Examination of Versar. Interim Rules: Applications for Exemption from PCB manufacturing ban. Notice that enforcanent is postponed until regulations are promulgated. Prcmulgated Ban Regulations HONS 208897 Food and Drug Administration Data 1972 voi. Pages 37 5705-5707 Jul 6, 1973 38 18096-103 1975 Apr 1, 1977 40 11563-66 42 17487-94 Subject Notice of Proposed Rule-Making. Limits of PCBs in Foods, etc., Aug. 8 Corrections. PCBs in Paper/Food Packaging Material. PCBs in Food - Proposed Changes. National Cancer Institute Date Vol. Paces Apr 21, 1978 43 17060 Subject Carcinogenicity of Aroclor 1254. HONS 208898 APPENDIX B VERSAR REPORTS TO EPA RELATED TO PCBs HONS 208899 3-1 Contract 68-01-3259 - ETA: Mr. Thanas Ktapp, EPA Technical Project Officer Office of Toxic Substances Durfee, R. L.; Contos, G. Y.; and Whitmore, F. C. "Study of Regulatory Alterna tives for PCBs," Draft Interim Report, Task I. October 31, 1975. Unpublished. (Superseded by PCBs in the United States...") westin, R. A. "The Handling and Disposal of Electric Transformers," Special Report, Task I, EPA Proprietary Data. December 5, 1975. Unpublished. (Non-proprietary parts included in "PCBs in the United States...") *Pallotta, A. J. "Toxicological Studies Conducted Under Task I: Special Report." Washington, D. C.: Office of Ttsxic Substances, U. S. Environmental Protec tion Agency, February 19, 1976. (Included in "PCBs in tha United States..." as Appendix F). Durfee, R. L.; Contos, G. Y.; Whitmore, F. C.i Barden, J. D.; Hackman, E. E.; and westin, R. A. "PCBs in the United States? Industrial Use and Environ mental Distribution," Final Report, Task I (EPA 560/6-76-005). Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS PB 252-012), February 25, 1976. Mosbaek, E. (Jack Faucett Associates), "Development of an Economic Analysis Methodology for Evaluating Regulatory Alternatives for PCBs," Special Report, Task I. March 9, 1976. Unpublished. Contos, G. Y. and Durfee, R. L. "Results frcm Review and Analysis of 308 Letter Responses on PCB Manufacturing, Usage, and Disposal in United States Industry." (ETA Proprietary Information, submitted to ETA Enforcement Division) November, 1975. Unpublished. Contos, G-; Durfee, R. L.; Hackman, E. E. (Versar, Inc.), and Price, K. (Clark, Dietz and Associates). "Assessment of Wastewater Management, Treatment Technology, and Associated Cost for Abatement of PCBs Concentration in Industrial Effluents," Final Report, Task II (ETA 560/6-76-006). Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service (OTIS PB 251-433/AS), February 3, 1976. Barden, J. D. Durfee, R. L. "Development of a Study Plan for Definition of PCBs Usage, Wastes, and Potent:a) Substitution in the Investment Casting Industry," Final Report, Task III (EPA 560/6-76-007), January, 1976. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service (OTIS PB 251-842). *Carr, R. A.; Centos, G. Y.; Durfee, R. L.; Fong, C. C.; and McKay, E. G. "PCBs Involvement in the Pulp and Paper Industry" Final Report, Task IV (ETA 560/6-77-005). Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service (OTIS PB 271-071/6WP), February 25, 1977. Sumary included in Appendix C. HONS 208900 fl-2 Whitmore, F. C. "A First Order Mass Balance Model for the Sources, Distribution, and Fate of PCBs in the Environment," Final Report, Task V. (Report NO. EPA 560/6-77-006), Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service (OTIS PB 270-220), July, 1977. Burruss, R. P. "Assessment of the Environmental and Ecoroaic Impacts of the Ban on Imports of PCBs," Final Report, Task VI. (Report No. EPA 560/6-77-007) , Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service (NITS PB 270-225), ' July, 1977. *Westin, R. A. "Assessment of the Use of Selected Replacement Fluids for PCBs in Electrical Equipment," Final Report, Task VII. (EPA 560/6-77-008), Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service (OTIS No. forthcoming) . Carr.R. A.; DeFries, R.; and Fensterheim, R. "Environmental Discharges of PCBs Associated with the Manufacture and Use of PCBs and PCB-Containing Equipment." (Contains ETA Proprietary Information, submitted to ETA Enforcement Division) October 29, 1976. Unpublished. Dentel, S., and Kuniansky, S. "Usage of PCBs in Q?en and Ssni-Closed Systars and the Resulting losses of PCBs to the Environment," Draft Final Report. (Contains EPA Proprietary Information, submitted to EPA Enforcement Divisior). September 30, 1976. Unpublished. Office of water Planning and Standards; Mr. Ralph Htaltje, Criteria arad Standards Division ' Sargent, D. L. "An Approach to Zero water Usage and Runoff Control for First Tier PCB User Industries," Qttension to Task II, June, 1976. Unpublished. Sargent, D. L. and Cantos, G. Y. "PCBs Water Elimination/Reduction Technology and Associated Costs: Manufacturers of Electrical Capacitors and Trans formers," Addendum to Final Report, Task II. (EPA 440/9-76-020) Washington, D. C.; Criteria and Standards Division, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, July 2, 1976. Contos, G. Y. 11 Peccmnanriations as to PCB Sampling Sales and Sampling Points at Industrial Sources," Special Report. August 17, 1976. Unpublished. Mosbaek, E. (Jack Faucett Associates, Inc.) "Economic Analysis of Proposed Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards for Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Trans former, Capacitor, and PCB Manufacturing." Washington, D. C. .* U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (Report No. EPA 230/1-76-068), October 1976. Contos, G. Y. "Costs for U.V.-donation Process," Addendum to Final Report, Task II'. September 27, 1976. Unpublished. Sargent, D. L. and Contos, G. Y., "Detailed Cost Estimates for Alternative PCBs Treatment Technologies Applied to Hypothetical Large and Medium Sized PCB Capacitor and Transformer Manufacturing Plants," Addendum to Final Report, Task II. October 15, 1976. Unpublished. Summary included in Appendix C. HONS 208901 8-3 *Contos, G. Y. "Cost for Equalization Basin Based on Bentonite Clay Liner," Special Report. October, 1976. Unpublished. Westin, R. A. "Impacts of Substitutes for PC3s on Fire Hazards in Camvercial and Residential Buildings," Draft Special Report. Washington, D. C.: Criteria and Standards Division, U. s. Environmental Protection Agency, October, 1976. Unpublished. *Durfee, R. L. and Hackman, E. E. "Recent Advances in PCBs Detoxification in Wastewater," Supplement to Final Report, Task II. Washington, D. C.: Criteria and Standards Division, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, January 18, 1977. Unpublished. *Durfee, R. L. and Carr, R. A. "PC3 Levels in Non-Contact Cooling Waters and Other Effluents from Capacitor and Transformer Production Facilities," Supplement to Final Report, Task II. Washington, D. C.: Criteria and Standards.Division, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, January 19, 1977. Unpublished. *Durfee, R. L.; Sarcent, D. H. and Contos, G. Y. "Refinenent of Alternative . Technologies and Estimated Costs for Reduction of PCBs in Industrial waste waters from the Capacitor and Transformer Manufacturing Categories." Washington, D. C.: Criteria and Standards Division, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, January 19, 1977. Unpublished. Durfee, R. L. ard Westin, R. A. "Costs Associated with Installing Production Equipment for Use of Non-PCS Dielectric Fluids in Transformer and Capacitor Manufacture," Supplement to Final Report, Task II. Washington, D. C.: Criteria and Standards Division, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, January 19, 1977. unpublished. PCB Disposal and Marking Work Group; Mr. David Waaner, EPA Project Officer "Assessment Methodoloay for Labeling and Education to Assure the Proper Disposal of PCBs." (Outline of the technical assessment that wsuld be required bo support the regulations for the labeling of PCBs) November 1976. Unpublished. "Analysis of the Economic and Technological Constraints on the Disposal of PCBs," Special Report, November 22, 1976. Unpublished. "PCB Disposal Regulations: Problem Areas and Regulatory Alternatives." December 10, 1976. Unpublished. "Estimated Usage of Electrical Equipment Containing PCBs." Decenber 23, 1976. Unpublished. "Recommended Label Requirements and Suggested Label Formats." January 12, 1977. Unpublished. "Draft Notice of Public Meeting - PCBs." January 10, 1977. Unpublished. * Summary included in Appendix C. HONS 208902 B-4 "Garments an PCB Definitions to Subcommittee on Manufacturing Bans." January 14/ 1977. Unpublished. "Draft Notice of Prcporse ailemaking, Preamble, and Labeling and Disposal Regulations" (Revised 2-4-77). January 21, 1977. Unpublished. "labeling and Disposal Regulations" Revised Draft. January 27, 1977. Unpublished. "Draft Preamble to PCB Disposal Regulation." Decanber 29, 1976, (Revised January 12, 1977, February 21, 1977). Unpublished. "Econanic Impact - Sunmary and Conclusions," (Early Draft of Marking ard Dis posal Economic Impact Report). March 14, 1977. Unpublished. "Statement of Economic Consequences of the Rule" (Draft Section for Preamble to Marking and Disposal Regulation). April 12, 1977. Unpublished. Westin, R.A.; Faurt, L.; Drahkin, M.; Guinan, D.; Berkey, D.; Frankel, I.; arri Sood, D. "Microeconcmic Impacts of the Proposed Marking and Disposal Regulations for PCBs," (EPA 560/6-77-013). Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service (NTIS PB-267-833), April 1977. * "Potential Impacts of the Baris on PCB Manufacturing, Processing, and Use: PCB Activity Analysis Papers," Special Report. July 11, 1977. Unpublished. Westin, R.A.; Fourt, L.; Drabkin, M.; Berkey, D.; Woodcock, B.; and Sood, D. "Microeconcmic Impacts of the Draft PCB Ban Regulations," Draft Report, (based on August 30, 1977 draft of regulations). Septenber 28, 1977. Unpublished. Westin, R.A.; Fourt, L.; Berkey, D.; and Woodcock, B., "Microeconcmic Impacts of the Draft PCB Ban Regulations," (Includes Appendices C; "Characterization of U-S. Waste Oil Industry," and D: "Supply and Demand Effects of PCB Ban on the Electric Equipment Industry."). March 8, 1978. Unpublished. Contract 68-01-4771 . Office of Planning and Management*. Mr. Steven Malkenson, Mr. Stephen Weil, EPA Technical Project Officers *Westin, R.A. ? Fourt, L.; Berkey, D.; and Woodcock, B. "Microeconcmic Impacts of the Proposed PCB Ban Regulations" (EPA 560/6-77-035) Springfield, Virginia: National Technical Information Service (NTIS PB-281 881/3WP), May, 1978- Westin, r.a.; Wbodcock, B., "PCB Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution in Carmerce, and Use Ban Regulation: Econanic Impact Analysis," (EPA 230 03/79-001). Washington, D.C.: Office of Planning and Managanent, U.S. Envirormental Protection Agency. Sunmary included in Appendix C. HONS 208903 8-5 Other Contracts Whitmore, F.C. "Destruction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sewage Sludge During Incineration" Final Report (EPA Contract 68-01-1587) Springfield, Virignia: National Technical Information Service (NTIS PB-258 162), 1975. Sargent, D.H.; Carr, R.A.; and Vogel, G.A. "PCBs Removal in Publicly-Owned Treatment Works," Final Report, Task 13. EPA Contract 68-01-3273, Washing ton, D.C.: Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Water Planning and Standards, u.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Decanter 15, 1976. Versar, Inc., "Gross Annual Discharge to the Waters in 1976 - Polychlorinated Biphenyls," Revised Report No. 16, Task II. (EPA Contract 68-01-3952) Washington, D.C.: Monitoring and Data Support Division, Office of w&ter Planning and Standards, u.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979 . HONS 208904 APPENDIX C SUMMARY OF MAJOR VERSAR REPORTS REGARDING PCBs HONS 208905 C-L TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES CONDUCTED UNDER TASK I Special Report February 19, 1976 (Included in "PCBs in the United States..." as Appendix F) . This study presents the results of two general areas of effort concerned with PCBs: the toxicology of PCBs and the testing of potential substitutes for PCBs. The toxicological aspects of PCBs are surmarized, with emphasis placed on potential human health hazards caused by widespread use of PCBs in the United States. Tests have been conducted on the toxicity and carcinogenicity of PCBs in a variety of animals including rats, dogs, rabbits, and monkeys. In addi tion, there was an incident in Japan where approximately 1,000 people censured rice oil that was contaminated with PCBs. Reviewing the results of these studies led to several important conclusion's. PCBs tend to localize in certain tissues and do not break down easily in the body, leading to cumulative or chronic toxicity. Early toxicological evidence concerning the chronic adverse health effects of PCBs fran experimental animals such as mice and rats and fran observational data in humans has more recently been supplemented by additional experimental findings in monkeys. A close correlation exists for PCBs between the symptans noted in humans and those noted in monkeys, suggesting that the dose/response relationships and meta bolic and excretion phenomena in humans are similar to those in monkeys. According to sane pathologists, PCB exposure can cause cancerous liver lesions. Evidence from short-term (several months) exposure and chronic exposure in animals and humans demonstrates that PCBs are a significant health hazard. Following the review of the toxicological potential of PCBs, a study was made of the procedures necessary for evaluating the potential hazards fran possible PCB substitutes. Preliminary infomation necessary for a thorough investigation of a substance includes: 1) Physical and chemical properties , 2) Manufacturing processes and possible losses 3) Chorccynamics, environmental alteration, and bioaccumulation. HONS 208906 C-2 SECTICN I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Ap. A. Ap. B Ap. C Ap. D Ap. Ap. F PCBs IN THE UNITED STATES: INDUSTRIAL USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTICN FINAL REPORT, TASK I Fehruary 25, 1976 EPA 560/6-76-005 NTIS PB-252-012 TABIZ <T CCNTENTS TITLE Introduction Sunmary Conclusions and recommendations Chemical and physical properties of PCBs . Industrial characterizations Waste treatment technologies Production and distribution Substitutes for PCBs PCBs release and cumulative environmental loads Inadvertent ambient reactions as routes of entry of PCBs into the environment Movement of PCBs in the environment - general distribution model Regulatory actions on PCBs PCB adsorption testing by XAD-4 resin Macroreticular resins from Rohm andHaas Co. Non-carbon adsorbtion and other research stage PCB treatment technologies Mass balance model for PCB distribution Background data used to construct the model for PCBs in lake Michigan Toxicological Studies PAGE I 4 25 31 54 145 198 220 286 297 314 322 A-l/A-3 B-l/B-7 C-l/C-18 D-l/D-46 E-l/E-21 F-l/- M0NS 20890? C-3 This report summarizes the production, use, and distribution of poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the United States, The information was obtained by detailed studies of the production of PCBs, the use of PCBs by first tier user industries, the past and present generation and disposition of PCB-containing wastes, environmental transport and cumulative loads, potential alternatives to PCB usage, inadvertent losses to and potential formation of PCBs in the environment, and current regulatory authorities for PCBs control. It is estimated that approximately 1.5 billion pounds of PCBs have been sold for industrial use in the U. S. since initiation of production around 1930. Of this amount, at least 95 per cent is still in existence; most is in service in capacitors and transformers, but about 290 million pounds are believed to reside in landfills and dumps and about 150 million pounds are believed to be "free" in the environment. The magnitude of these values indicates that there is a strong future threat fran PCBs in land disposal sites. In 1974, U. S. use of PCBs sold by Monsanto, the sole domestic producer, was distributed between capacitor manufacture (22 million pounds) and transformer manufacture (12 million pounds). Imported materials amounted to about one per cent of U. S. industrial purchases of PCBs in 1974; about 400,000 pounds (of decachlorobiphenyl) were used in investment casting, and an estimated 50/000 pounds of new material ware used in specialized heat transfer systena. Although PCB content in industrial wastes can be reduced through various approaches (treatment, substitution, etc,), the large amounts of PCBs already contained in land disposal sites present a severe hazard for the future. Further study of this and other aspects of the PCBs ptoblen, and determination of ways to minimize the hazard, are recctnnended. Monsanto and portions of the electrical equipment industry which use PCBs have greatly reduced PCB releases to water and land over the past few years, primarily through improvalient of plant houseJceeping, improved waste collection and handling, and disposal of liquid wastes through incineration. Waterborne effluents fron PCBs production and first-tier use currently release amounts to the environment which are very small in comparison to the amounts entering land HONS 208908 C-4 disposal sites from these industries. However, these effluents can have severe local impacts, as evidenced by the current PCB problem in the Hudson River. There is no plant-scale process used at present for the specific purpose of rmoving PCBs from industrial wastewater. The best available treatment tech nology for removal of PCBs fran wastewater is carbon adsorption after removal of solids, oil, and grease. Carbon treatment can produce end-of-pipe PCBs concentrations of one ppb or less. Other adsorbents, such as resins, also appear effective to this extent. The most premising method of those water treatment technologies under development for PCBs destruction is ultravioletcatalyzed ozonation. "Zero discharge" to water of PCBs fran production and first-tier use is available only through extensive water reuse plus extensive incineration of lightly contaminated wastewaters. Incineration is an effective method of disposal for liquid PCBs. Land filling is the only generally available disposal method for PCBs-contaminated solid wastes, but incineration of these wastes is technically feasible. Significant amounts of solid PCB (decachlorobiphenyl, or deka) wastes are stored or disposed of on land by the investment casting industry. Air sttissions of deka may also be significant in amount, but no evidence of potential health hazards from this material has been reported. The total present use of PCBs for open and semi-closed aoolications is not known but is believed to be small in canparisor. to closed electrical system use, few capacitor manufacturing plants report recent use of PCBs in '/acuum puips, and a significant amount of carbonless copy paper containing PCBs must still be in inventory and in files. PCBs are uniquely suited to the requirements of capacitors for A. C. service. Although a ntznber of potential substitues for this application are under devel opment and test, they are all more flanmable than Aroclor 1016 and neither their performance in service nor their potential toxicity to man and other species have been evaluated sufficiently to allow a definitive canparison with 1016. HONS 208909 C-5 Alternatives to PCS use in new transformers are available. In addition, testing of premising substitute fluids (termed "self-extinguishing") is under way; these fluids may gain industry-wide acceptance within three years as sub stitutes for PCB fluids. At present, choice of PCB-filled transformers appears to be based primarily on cost considerations. Mo technical barriers to substitution for PCBs (deka) in investment cast ing waxes are apparent. Several potential alternatives have been previously used by this industry. Atmospheric fallout is a major source of PCB inout to freshwater svstems. In Lake Michigan, the PCB: contribution at present appears to be much larger than the total PCB inaits from point sources such as minicipal sewage treat ment and paper recycling. The importance of atmospheric transport of PC3s relative to other potential inputs to water indicates that the availability of environmental sinks fran PCBs is limited, possibly due to short residence times to evaporation in sea water. ' Chlorination of waste biphenyl in industrial wastewaters discharged into municipal sewers is a potential mechanism for inadvertent production of PCBs. At present, regulatory authority over PCBs in the United States is not sufficient to significantly reduce future PCB inpats to the environment, although inputs directly to the waterways fran industrial sources can be reduced fran their present level. Current disposal practices, except for incineration, tend to delay instead of prevent the PCB entry into the "free" (available to the biota) state, and these practices are regulated only minimally. HONS 208910 DEVELOPMENT OF AN EJCCNCMIC ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY .FOR' EVALUATING RH3JLAT0RY ALTERNATIVES FCR PCBS Task I, Special Report March 9, 1976 (Prepared by Jack Faucett Associates under Subcontract to Versar) Unpublished This report presents factors to be taken into account when evaluating alternatives to PCBs to arrive at fair and reasonable tine restrictions on the use of PCBs. Also included are a critique of previous estimates of the cost of regulating PCBs, suggestions for improving such estimates, and a survey of the technological aspects of PCB controls. The following regulatory alternatives are considered: 1) Regulation based primarily on chlorine content of Aroclor 2) Regulation based primarily on type of use 3) Regulation based on responsibility of user 4) Regulation of new PCBs 5) Regulation of phase-out for PCBs currently in use 6) Regulation oriented toward control of waste 7) Regulation oriented toward protection of population from exposure to PCBs After possible regulatory options were identified, a study was made of the inforraticn required to evaluate the various alternatives. It was decided that comprehensive information in each of the following areas was needed: 1) Present manufacturing and use 2) Future substitutions and product changes 3) l-fettods of release to the environment and transport and fate in the environment 4) Ttoeicity, including exposure levels and results of past incidents 5) Effect, legality, and options for regulation Covered under the study of technological aspects of PCB controls are: 1) Current and suggested regulations for reducing exposure to PCBs currently in the environment HONS 208911 C-7 2) Waste disposal control 3) Effects of phasing out PCB use 4) limitations on the use of new FCBs in investment casting wax, snail capacitors, large power factor capacitors, and electrical transformers Factors that ware analyzed for each of the products above are: 1) Risks from continued use 2) Present alternatives 3) Effect that timing of a ban would have on cost and availability of alternatives ' 4) Benefits fran use of alternatives 5) Cost of ban of PCBs This report reaches the following conclusions: 1) A total ban on PCBs will have only a minor effect on the current environmental problem but will be necessary in the long run. 2) The smooth transition to PCB alternatives is unlikely because of uncertainty about the rationale for and probability of a PCB ban. 3) Many of the opinions and cost estimates uncovered in this research indicate that there has been more preparation for debate than for orderly changeover 4) Estimates of costs -and benefits should be clearly explained to provide incentive for every accurate data supply. HONS 208912 c-s ASSESSMENT cf wastewater management, treatment technolcgit. and associated costs for abatement CF PCBs concentrations - IN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS FINAL REPORT, TASK II Fehruary 3, 1976 EPA 560/6-76-006 OTIS 251-433/AS TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION TITLE I II III IV .V VI VII Ap. A Ap. B Ap. C Ap. D Introduction Surrmary and conclusions '. Secormerdations Water use and waste characterization Selection of pollutant parameters Wastewater treatment technologies Cost of treatment and control technologies Plant 106's position statement on Dow's SFX-4169 capacitor dielectric liquid PCB adsorbtion testing by XAD-4 resin Description of macroreticular resins from Rohm and Haas Co. Non-carbon adsorbtion and other research stage PCB treatment technologies PAGE 1 4 15 19 79 84 139/227 A-l/A-2 B-l/B-3 C-l/C-6 D-1/D-L8 HONS 208913 C-9 This report presents the findings of a study of available wastewater management and treatment technology for the purpose of determining toxic pollu tant effluent concentrations and daily load achievable in three industrial categories: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) manufacturing; capacitor manu facturing; and transformer manufacturing. All plants in these categories have PCB discharges to either waterways or sewage treatment plants, under normal operating conditions. All plants have discharges to storm sewers or directly to waterways urrfer heavy rainfall conditions. Extensive survey of wastewater treatment technologies and cooperative laboratory work with several suppliers of treatment equipment and research facilities confirmed that carbon adsorption technology is the best current can didate for successful removal of PCBs fron the wastewaters. Uv-ozonation was considered as an alternative- This technology is still in the research stage; however, it offers potential of complete destruction of PCBs all the wav to C02, water, and HCl. Another adsorbent technology now in the development stage, AMBEKLITE polymeric adsorbents, has demonstrated a PCBs renewal efficiency that was roughly equivalent to carbon during laboratory tests. Further testing is needed with this adsorbent to accurately assess its potential . For scrap oils and burnable solid wastes generated at these plants, high temperature, controlled incineration offers a straightforward method of destruc tion, whereas scientific landfilling appears to be the best suited mode of disposal for nonbumable contaminated solids. Zero discharge objectives can be best achieved by eliminating discharge streams and developing recycle systems. All non-contact cooling water would be pretreated. The portion of the pretreated water which would be used in the plant would be treated with carton, while the excess water would be incinerated in a specially designed systan which would allow for energy recovery. Supporting data, rationale for the selection of above recommended treatment technologies and associated costs are contained in this report. HONS 208914 DEVELOPMENT CF A STUDY PLAN FOR DEFINITION OF PCBs USAGE, WASTE, AND POTENTIAL SUBSTTTUTICN IN THE INVESTMENT CASTING INDUSTRY ' FINAL REPORT, TASK III JANUARY, 1976 EPA 560/6-76-007 NTIS PB 251-842 This report summarizes the use of decachlorobiphenyl (delta) and poly chlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) as wax fillers in the investment casting indus try and develops a detailed study plan of the industry. Significant information gathering efforts would be required to establish a complete picture of the practices, processes, and products of this industry, which in this instance, is taken to include casting wax manufacture as well as wax usage in foundries. Definition of the waste streams and emissions fran the processes used will require sampling and analysis and gathering available process data from the industry. An approach to determining the most suitable alternatives to decachloro biphenyl and PCTs is presented. Filler substitutes and the use of unfilled waxes are the two general alternatives to be studied. At present there appear to be no technical barriers to discontinuation of deka and PCTs as fillers, although use of alternatives may increase product cost on the order of 10 per cent. In determining the most premising alternatives, product and process oriented technical factors mist be evaluated, but potential envirormental and human health effects may prove to be the most important factors in selection. An approach to comparison of alternatives based on technical factors and toxi cology data is presented. However, it is anticipated that toxicological data on most alternatives, and also on the currently used materials, will be sparse. The success of information gathering and in-plant sampling efforts is expected to depend heavily on use of Section 308 (FWPCA) authority. Air emission sampling would be very important to the establishment of an overall process material balance and definition of process losses to the environment. HONS 208915 c-ll PCBS INA/OLVZMEOT IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY FINAL REPORT, TASK IV February 25, 1977 EPA 560/6-77-005 ' OTIS PS-271 017/6WP This paper discusses in detail the sources, distribution, and losses of PCSs in the U. S. pulp and paper industry. The major use of PCBs in the indus try was as an ink solvent in carbonless copy paper that was manufactured by various paper mills for NCR from 1957 to 1971. Since 1977, PCB levels in recycled paper have diminished rapidly but PCBs are still present in the effluent water from companies that recycle waste paper. Aroclor 1242, a PCB mixture containing 42% chlorine, was used as a solvent for color reactants which were then microencapsulated and applied to one side of the carbonless copy paper- The microspheres ruptured and released the dye under high pressure, such as would be applied by a pen or pencil. 44,162,000 pounds of Aroclor 1242 were used for this purpose during the period 1957-1971. The ' average content of PCBs in the paper was 3,4%. A minor use of PCBs in the paper industry,, was in inks, which consumed approximately 50,000 pounds of PCBs fran 1968 to 1971. ' Recycling of wastepaper is a large part of the paper industry. Wastepaper is the third most important source of pulp behind pulgwood and forest product wastes. 19% of the annual output of finished paper is recycled each year. There are 230 paper mills that produce pulp completely derived from wastepaper and 550 other facilities that use 10-15% secondary fiber in their pulp production. PCB concentrations in paper products, paper mill effluents, and sludges have declined sharply since the use of PCBs in carbonless copy paper was ter minated in 1971. Concentrations in paper products are now in the 0-1 ppm range. Sludges have been in the < 1 to 24 ppm range which is common far municipal sewage treatment plants. The major reasons behind this sharp reduction in PCB concentrations are the elimination of PCB use and the disposal each year of 81% of the annual, paper production via incineration or larrifillina: together these removed approximately 80% of the J'CBs fran the paper cvcle each vearA sitq.11 amount of PCBs is added to paper products each year because of the HONS 208916 012 presence of PCBs in plant influent water, tut this contribution does not appear to be significant at present. Prediction of PCBs in paper mill effluent and products by using a matheratical model of the industry indicates that PCB concentration reached its peak during 1970-71 and is declining to pre-1957 levels because amounts of PCBs in the recycled wastepaper stream are also declining. Cn-site measurements and laboratory experiments have shown that PCBs are attracted to the fibers rather than to the water in which they axe carried. Dis charge of PCBs fran a paper mill appears to be by vay of suspended solids and removal of these suspended solids should substantially reduce PCB effluents. The paper industry as a whole is continuing to develop and install water recycling technology in order to minimize vaste treatment costs and recover chemicals, heat, and raw materials. New treatment systems also offer the pro mise of reduced PCB discharges. Sane data indicate, that PCBs are being re moved from influent streams and are becatiing fixed in the paper products, there by producing a net reduction in PCBs which are free in the environment. However, these PCBs could be re-released when the paper products are disposed of. It is believed that essentially all of the PCBs used in the production of carbonless copy paper have been released to the environment. Half are believed to reside in landfills and the remainder have been dissipated. HONS 208917 A FIRST ORDER MASS BALANCE MODEL FOR SOURCES, DISTRIBUTTCN, AND FATE CF PCBs IN THE EWTRCN'lEUT FINAL REPORT, TASK V JULY, 1977 . EPA 560/6-77-006 NTIS PQ 270-220 . c-u The work presented here, an extension of that reported in the Task I report, is an attempt to answer the question, "How did it cane about that a compound, such as the PCBs, is so widespread an environmental contaminant?'' The work involves the construction of several descriptive mathmatical models made necessary by the lack of historical data and the absence of a large base of reliable contemporary measurements. The work is necessary since the measure ments that do exist strongly suggest that the PCBs are a persistent menace to the biosphere and hence that actions to control them cannot be delayed while a truly adequate data base is obtained. The basic model is constructed on a mass balance principle; that is, all the pcb input to a restricted region of the lithosphere may be accounted for by solution, by uptake on suspended solids, and by uptake within the biota, with the remainder of the input PCBs being carried off by the "loss" processes consisting of surface co-distillation, carxyoff by outflowing streams, and entrapment within the sediments. The mcdel is sarewhat complicated by the necessity of an analytic expres sion for the PCB input rate as a function of time; i.e., the driving Function. In the absence of a sufficient amount of data, a mcdel has been constructed to account for the losses to the environment, for the free or "wild" PC3 lead, and for the atmospheric reservoir of PCBs. The actual relationship of the various parts of the model are shown in Figure I. Environmental load Model Appendix C and Appendix D attempt to determine the magnitude of the total environmental load, the free environmental load, and the atmospheric reser/oir of PCBs, all as functions of time. HONS 208918 014 . Figure I Schematic Showing Relationship of the Various Sections of Report* The number or letter associated with each block refers to section dealing directly witn the subject matter. HONS 208919 . u. C-15 The results of this analysis are: a. In 1975, the total environmental PCB load is estimated to be 3.75 x 10* lbs. within the continental United States. b. In 1975, the total free or mobile PCB load in the continental United States is estimated to be 8-31 x 107 lbs. The ratairder of the total environmental load is thought to be encapsulated in one fonn or another (in landfills, for example) . c. As of 1970, the cumulative atmospheric reservoir contained seme 6 x 107 lbs. of PCB indicating a rather rapid exchange between the total mobile PCBs and the atmospheric reservoir. d. As of 1975, the PCB concentration in the air near lake Michigan was of the order of 10 pg/mJ. e. The estimated half life for fallout from the atmospheric reservoir is 0.9 years. f. The average chlorine number for environmental PCBs is of the order of 4.32. Results of Mass Balance Model Applied to Lake Michigan The results of this analysis are : a. A plausible scenario indicates a present-day PCB concentration (water plus susperded solids) of the order of 7-10 ppt. b. Atmospheric fallout constitutes the major input of PCBs to Lake Michigan. _ c. Surface evaporation or co-distillation (the exact nomenclature is not known because the process is incompletely understood) constitutes a significant PCB loss mechanisn. d. The presence of suspended solids within the water colixm can be expected to have a dominant effect on the actual (filtered) aqueous concentration. HONS 208920 C-16 e. The sediments should act as a significant sink for the ranoval of PCBs fran the water column. f. Even though there is considerable uncertainty as to the proper value for sane of the important parameters, the sheer bulk of the water mass makes the aqueous concentration essentially independent of these parameters over wide ranges. g. 70 years would be required to reduce the oresent PCB concentration bv one-half in the absence of all external sources. Results of Mass Balance Model Applied to the Ehtire Great Lakes System a. A plausible scenario leads to an estimate of aqueous PCB concentrations within the range of measured values, i.e., less than 40 Dot. b. The estimated average PCB concentration in the sediments of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario fall within an order of magnitude of other estimates. c. The estimated fallouts in 1974 onto Lake Erie and Lake Ontario both fall within a few percent of other estimates. d. Point source inputs, when introduced into Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, led to PCB concentrations in the aqueous phase as well as within the sediments which are within a factor of 2 or 3 of direct observation. e. The lifetime of the present PCB loads in the absence of all sources can be estimated. Other Results Other results obtained somewhat incidentally to the main effort include: a. An estimate of the bioconcentration rates of PCBs for a trout (about 4 x 106). b. An estimate that, for the trout, the uptake of PCBs fran contaminated focd is 50 times greater than fran respiration. HONS 208921 C-17 c. Tte MacKay and Wolkoff model for co-distillation is apparently not applicable in the situation where infalling PCB canplicates the situa tion. d. The significant difference in activity of PCBs in bulk, solution compared to that in the surface layer is probably the driving force for the creation of a. surface concentration gradient. e. A formulation is developed that suggests the possibility of an analy sis of the continental PCB atmospheric reservoir. HONS 208922 C-18 ASSESSMENT CF THE ENVTRCW1ENEAL AND ECQNCMIC IMPACTS CF THE SAN ON IMPORTS CF PCBS FITBtf, REPORT, TASK VI JULY 1977 SPA 560/6-77-007 NTIS PB 270-225 This report sutmarizes an investigation into the uses of inserted PCSs in the United States and a determination of the economic inlets which nay occur as a result of the intending ban on importing PCBs. Imported pCBs are currently used only for die maintenance of tiro types of mining machinery produced in the past by Joy Manufacturing Co. PCBs may also be a significant contaminant in polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) which wax manufacturers irrport for use in tooling conpounds and investment casting waxes. However, the sole U.S. distributor of PCTs is currently guaranteeing that such con tamination is less than 0.05%. PCE fluids were used as coolants in minima machinery because of their low combustability. low electrical conductivity, and inertness which mini mizes system corrosion even at continuous high operating temperatures. The two types of mining machinery manufactured by Joy which use PCBs are loaders, of which there are approximately 350 and which were last produced in 1973, and continuous miners, of which there are approximately 50 and which 'were last produced in 1970. Converting the motors in the loaders to air cooling would cost about 56,200 per loader. Converting the continuous miners would require replacement of the cutting heads and would cost about $65,000 per miner. As a result of the Toxic Substances Control Act, owners of the machinery which use PCS fluids have three options: 1) Petition for an exaction to the Act. 2) Bear the cost of converting the machinery motors to air-ceding. 3) Scrap the machinery. PCTs are used in wax formulations known as tooling compounds, which are used to provide support to thin walled objects so that they may be HONS 208923 C-19 machined without being damaged. After machining, the tooling compound is removed either by melting or by using an aqueous acid solution. The sole producer of tooling compounds which contain PCTs is M. Argueso & Co. of Mamaroneck, N.Y. Investment casting is a method of producing metal castings which may have complex shapes and which have a surface finish and dimensional toler ance which cannot be matched by other casting processes. It involves first making a pattern out of wax; the pattern is then covered, or "invested," with a refractory coating which hardens at room temperature. The wax is then melted and/or burned out of the mold. The metal is then poured in and allowed to harden. Investment casting is best suited to the production of a large volume of small, intricate parts made of metals which are difficult or impossible to nachine. ' PCTs are used in investment casting waxes for several reasons. They make the wax harder at all temperatures belcw the melting point: they cause the wax to harden, faster by improving thermal conductivity; and they reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of the wax, resulting in improved di mensional accuracy in the finished casting. Detailed data on PCT loss to the environment is not available, but possible sources of loss include mold production, mold dewaxing, mold firing and preheating, and wax reclamation. There are eleven manufacturers of investment casting waxes in the United States; three currently use PCTs in their formulations, and three others did in the past but no longer do so. All three current users of PCBs receive them from the same distributor. The following points with respect to PCT use in tooling compounds and investment casting waxes are noted: 1) PCT containing casting waxes cost 15$ to 25$ per pound more than "non-PCT containing waxes and comprise less than half of the total sales of manufacturers who sell them. 2) of the three manufacturers of PCT containing waxes who ceased using PCTs in their waxes within the past decade, none seems to have been placed in an unfavorable competitive position. MONS 208924 C-20 3) One investaent casting foundry. General Electric, has ceased using PCT waxes. They have apparently found adequate substitutes for use in casting turbine blades, an application which is critically de pendent upon high dimensional accuracy and extremely fine surface finish. 4) From 2 and 3 above, it appears that acceptable substitutes for-PCTcontaining waxes are available. 5) If imported PCTs are found to contain PCBs in excess of 0.05%, the EPA can take action to ensure adequate quality control. 6) If FCTs are found to "present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment," they may be banned. HONS 208925 C-21 ASSESSMEOT OF THE USE OF SELECTED REPLACEMENT FLUIDS FOR PCBs IN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT Final Report, Task VII, April 1979 EPA 560/6-77-008 OTIS No,, Forthcoming This report discusses the use of PCBs as dielectric liquids in trans formers, motors, electromagnets, and capacitors. The performance criteria for replacement liquids are summarized and alternative technologies are reviewed. The major alternatives to the use of PCBs in tranformers are: Dry type transformers, including gas-filled and cast coil construc tion Oil-filled transformers located in safe locations or installed in a vault High fire point liquid dielectric-filled transformers, including silicone, paraffinic hydrocarbon, and synthetic hydrocarbon liquids Non-PCB askarel liquids based on chlorinated benzenes PCB filled electromagnets may be replaced with available oil-filled, high-fire point Liquid-filled, or dry type units. Dry air-cooled motors are also available for most of the previous applications using PCB-filled elec tric motors. Alternative capacitor liquids are: Phthalate esters AUcylated nonochlorodiphenyl oxide . Isopropyl biphenyl ' Other possible capacitor dielectric liquids are also discussed, and the status of dry film capacitors is reviewed. MONS 208926 022 PCBS WRIER ELIMINATICN/REDICTICN TECHNOXGY AND ASSOCIATED COSTS, MANUFACTURERS of elexttrical capacitors and transformers ADDENDUM TO FINAL RETCIir, TASK II JULT 2, 1976 EPA 440/9-76-020 The general potential for reduction of water use in the electrical equipment manufacturing industry is favorable, since water has to be carefully excluded from the internals of both transformers and capacitors for the units to meet product and performance specifications. Newer plants in these categories, particularly those of smaller size, use much less water per unit of PCB use than the older plants. However, the existing plants would require a ccnbination of process and plant modifications and wastewater treatment and recycle to achieve a goal of no discharge of PCB-contaminated waters. This addendum to the Task II report summarizes the quantities and sources of the wastewaters; describes the available alternative technologies for reducing or eliminating the discharges on a source-by-source basis; and the estimated costs for achieving such reduction or elimination. Section 2.0 of this report addresses the point sources from the capaci tor and transformer manufacturing industry with the absolute goal (with a single exception from one plant) of no point-source discharges of any waters. Extensive applications of process changes (from wet to dry unit processes or unit operations), of water segregation practices, of water treatment and re cycle practices, and of water-quantity reduction practices were investigated. The residual contaminated wastewaters not eliminated by these practices were then hypothesized to be "incinerated," e.g., heated to a sufficiently high temperature for a sufficiently long time to ensure destruction of PCB con taminants. Section 3.0 presents the technologies and costs for eliminating PCB contamination of rainwater runoff from manufacturing plants in this industry. Secticn 4.0 presents the technical basis and estimated costs for three HONS 208927 C-23 alternative approaches to PCBs reduction in the direct discharges from this industry to waterways. The technology and costs presented are based on those of Reference 1 and Sections 2.0 and 3.0 of this Addendum. The ap proaches were selected to offer a range of PCBs control at various levels of costs. ' The estimated costs are as accurate as was possible within the scope of work. Based on previous experience in this area, we feel that the least re liable costs tabulated are those for waste stream segregation. Costs for segregation are highly variable from plant to plant, and accurate estimation is only possible as a result'of detailed study of plant layout, piping, etc., which was beyond the scope of this study. MQNS 208928 C-24 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED TOXIC POLLUTANT EFFLUENT ' STANDARDS FOR POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; TRANSFORMER, CAPACITOR, AND PCB MANUFACTURERS October 1976 EPA 230/1-76-068 (Prepared by Jack Faucett Associates Under Subcontract frcm Versar) This report presents an assessment of economic inpacts frcm PCB effluent controls. Because of the cost of required effluent controls, it is estimated that a minimum of nine and maximum of ail eleven direct discharging plants will stop using PCBs depending on the particular regulation issued. Accord- ing to industry opinion, the estimated mininum is very unlikely because additional PCB controls would encourage stopping use of PCBs. Decisions against investment in control equipment does not mean, however, that the inpacts of these regulations are zero. Ccrpany decisions to cease PCB use will have inpacts, particularly with regards to the timing of the decision to stop using PCBs. The earlier the switch to substitutes the more likely that pro duct prices and performance will change in the transition. There is evidence that seme industries will cease PCB use prior to imple mentation of Section 307(a) controls. That evidence is based on investment analysis of prcbable effects on conpany profits, announced decisions such as those by General Electric and Monsanto, and capacitor/transformer users' preparations for PC3 substitutes. These decisions are significant in Light of the range of government alternatives that were considered. A major force in government controls affecting PC3 use is the Toxic Substances Control Act, which will prohibit the use of PCBs in capacitors and transformers by 1980. The EPA proposed toxic pollutant effluent standards for PCBs in July 1976, and EPA is scheduled to promulgate regulations in January 1977. Depending on the final standard, the affected plants which continue PCB use are likely to install one of the treatment technologies presented belew. circumstances at MONS 208929 C-25 each plant could cause deviations in technology costs from the following surnnaries: Government Regulatory Options A B C Zero Discharge _________ Potential Technology Process Change & Carbon Treatment Maximum Carbon Treatment Minimum Carbon Treatment Process Change and Recycle Average Investment Cost/Plant $ 527,000 51,207,000 $ 392,000 $ 555,000 The cost of each of the technologies varies considerably among plants, but the above costs are an average of investment costs for rodel plants that were considered. Since few if any plants will actually install effluent control equipment in response to Section 307 (a) directly, economic impacts can be viewed as emanating from timing of decisions. Monsanto's voluntary ban on PCS produc tion and the new Toxic Substances Control Act will effectively terminate PCB use by 1980 independent of Section 307 {a) provisions. Total investment costs and total annual costs for each of the four treatment technologies are given in the table belcw. Our analysis focuses on the 11 direct discharging plants of the 37 plants that manufacture PCB transformers and capacitors. The following sumraries are based on analysis of investment, i.e., in vestment to meet only federal effluent controls under Section 307 {a), for model plants. Conclusions on whether companies with plants similar to each model would actually install the specified treatment sure based on a com parison of present costs of the equipment. HONS 208930 INVESTMENT AND ANNUAL COSTS FDR DIRECT DISCHARGING TRANSFORMER AND CAPACITOR PLANTS (Millions of Dollars) Nuuihur i>f Plant* that would Install Treatment: Transformer Cupocitor ToCiil Iuveitawiut; m Transformer Capacitor 0 1 0.0 .26 Required Treatment II n Zero l)iucliart;e 00 02 0 l 0.0 o.u 0.0 .23 0.0 .31 Total Annual Coat: Transformer Copseitor 0.0 0.0 o.u .16 0.0 .10 o.o . i'j C -2 6 a) Investment analysis indicates an acceptable return on investment. HONS 208931 C-27 ' Alternative A Treatment Costs EPA standards which would lead firms to invest in Alternative A would cause 5 direct discharge capacitor plants and all 5 direct discharge trans former plants to stop using PCBs in January 1978 rather than by 1980 as would otherwise occur. The one remaining direct discharging capacitor man ufacturer could comply with the regulation by installing the necessary treat ment equipment. These early curtailments in production would reduce industry wide production capacity of PCB capacitors by about 35 percent and of PCB transformers by about 50 percent. Industry-wide investment for control equip ment would be S .26 million with annual costs of 5 .14 million. Alternative B Treatment Costs EPA standards which would lead firms to invest in Alternative 3 would cause all capacitor and transformer plants among the direct discharges to stop using PQ3s in January 1978 rather than by 1980 as would otherwise occur. These early curtailments in production wculd reduce industry-wide production capacity of PCB capacitors by about 45 percent and of PCB transformers by about 50 percent. Alternative C Treatment Costs EPA standards which would lead firms to invest in Alternative C would cause 4 direct discharge capacitor plants and all 5 direct discharge trans former plants to stop using PCBs in January 1978 rather than by 1980 as would otherwise occur. The two remaining direct discharging capacitor manufactur ers could oomply with the regulation by installing the necessary treatment equipment. These early curtailments in production would reduce industry wide production capacity of FCB capacitors by about 30 percent and of PCB transformers by about 50 percent. Industry-wide investment for control equipment would be $ ,23 million with annual costs of $ .10 million. HONS 208932 C-28 . Zero Discharge Treatment Costs EPA standards which v*)uld lead firms to invest in zero discharge would cause all but 1 direct discharge capacitor plant and all 5 direct discharge transformer plants to stop using PCBs in January 1978 rather than by 1980 as would otherwise occur. The one remaining di r-m~t- discharging capacitor nanufacturer could comply with the regulation by installing the necessary treat ment equipment. These early curtailments in production would reduce industry wide production capacity of PCB capacitors by about 35 percent and of PCB transformers by about 50 percent. Industry-wide investment for control equipment would be S .31 million with an annual cost of $ .19 million. The following economic impacts for the eleven direct discharge plants are based on industry trends as well as data collected from transformer and capacitor users and producers directly. Average transformer price increases due solely to PCB effluent controls will be minimal because {1) PCBs used by direct discharge plants represent less than 10 and possibly only 5 percent of total transformers and {2) other expected controls and voluntary bans will already have caused a further shift to non-PCB units. The price adjustment for the less effective ron-PCB transformers could be significant, but little of this increase can objectively be attributed to Section 307 {a) controls. The dollar value of all transformer sales is likely to increase more because of higher costs with PCB substitutes than they decrease because of demand response to higher prices. However, recent data indicate that an increase in imports could easily offset any increase from higher prices, leaving domestic producers with slightly lower dollar sales. Industry-wide capacitor price increases due solely to changes resulting from PCB effluent controls are likely to be less than 5 percent in 1977 and to decrease to less than 2 percent as PCB substitute technology improves by 1980. All environmental controls combined can generate up to a 20 percent increase in average capacitor prices. However, only part of that increase HONS 208933 C-29 can be attributed to Section 307 {a) effluent controls which will affect only six specific plants in the entire 19 plant capacitor industry. The remaining plants will be covered by a future regulation, however. There are no significant effects on energy consumption, balance of payments, or errployment. The announced and apparent shifts to non-PCB units and the expected demand for capacitors and transformers are likely to increase rather than decrease sales and industry-wide employment- However, to pre vent losses to foreign competition, domestic producers might have to absorb some cost increases in lower profits. Since all of the affected plants are either part of a much larger company or have a reasonably good PCB al ternative, reduced profits will not necessarily lead to significant reduc tions in employment. There will be no reductions if sales in fact do in crease and if similar numbers of people are needed to manufacture non-PCB units. HONS 208934 030 ' COSTS FOR UV - OZONATION PROCESS Addendum to Fined Report, Task II September 27, 1976 The costs presented in the Task II Final Report were reevaluated based on new tests that determined that complete removal of the organic content in wastewaters is not required prior to removal of the PCBs. Comparison of the terminal treatment capital costs of UV-o2onation systems with carbon adsorbtion systems for reducing the concentration of PCBs in effluent waters to below 1 ppb indicated a greater than 50% higher cost for ozone system over the carbon system. However, combining the pre treatment costs with the terminal treatment costs results in UV-ozonation system costs about 5 to 10 percent higher than the carbon system costs. HONS 208935 C-31 DETAILED COST ESTIMATES FOR ALTERNATIVE PCBa TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED TO HYPOTHETICAL LARGE AND f-EDIUM SIZED PCB CAPACITOR AND TRANSFORMER MANUFACTURING PLANTS Addendum to Final Report, Task II October 15, 1976 The three treatment alternatives for which costs were estimated are: A) process and plant modifications and pretreatment of process water. B) Maximum use of carbon adsorption. C) Minimum treatment- The estimates for these three alternatives are: Alternative A Alternative B Alternative C Capital Investment Annual Cost Capital Investment Annual Cost Capital Investment Annual Cost Larqe Plant 2,5067060 lbs. PCB use/yr. $1,997,900 528.900 3.811.400 922.900 1.588.400 374,000 Medium Plant 506,666 lbs. FQ3 us6/yr- $647,000 164,700 935.500 222,300 575.500 138,200 HONS 208936 032 COST FOR EQUALIZATION BASIN BASED CN BENTCNITE CLAY LINER Special Report October 1976 The capital cost for the equalization basin with a bentonite clay lining is shown belcw. This cost was estimated based on a basin volume of three times the design flew, 24 hour residence time* and 55.00 per cubic yard of excavation cost consistent with the Task II report basis for the reinforced concrete equalization basin. The report also summarizes total installed costs, maintenance costs, and operating costs, and catpaxes these costs to those estimated for concrete storage basins described in the Task II Final Report. Bases: 1. 24 hour retention 2. 3 times normal flew 2 3. Bentonite lining at 80 tons/acre and lining cover 9 SO.3/yd 4. 12 ft depth 5. 10 ft water depth 6. ' LA* - 2.0 Flew (gpn) Liquid Vol. (1000 gal) width (ft) Length (ft) Excavation Cost (51000) Lining & Cover Coat (51000) Total Basin Cost (51000) Panes i Soro (51000) Total 3asin & ?unp Cost (S1000) 20 86 24 48 2.6 0.5 3.1 20 23.1 40 176 34 68 5.1 0.7 5.8 20 25.3 80 345 48 96 10.2 1.3 11. S 21 32.3 160 690 68 136 20.5 2.3 22.8 22 44.3 320 1380 96 192 41 640 2760 136 272 82 1700 7340 222 444 218 4.1 7.6 18.4 45.1 39.6 236.4 27 32 42 72.1 121.6 278.4 HONS 20893 7 C-33 IMPACTS OF SUBSTITUTES FOR PCBs ON FIRE HAZARDS IN CO-MERCIAL AND PESIDEOTIAL BUILDINGS (Draft) Special Report October, 1976 This report reviews the technologies that were being developed for the replacenent of PCBs as dielectric liquids in transformers and capacitors. All of the potential substitute liquids are more flammable than PCBs, and this flamrability presents a potential fire hazard. The report reviews the changes in design and the effects of changing fire cedes and insurance underwriter's requixenents on limiting the potential hazard resulting from the use of sub stitutes for PCBs in electrical equipment. The report concludes that there is no basis to assume that properly engineered and tested equipment would result in an increase in risk. Any safety problems that occur may be the result of inadequate testing and evalua tion prior to conrercial introduction of the electrical transformers and capacitors that use the substitute materials. HONS 208938 034 .RECENT ADVANCES IN PCBs DETOXIFICATION IN WASTEWATER Supplement to Final Report, Task u January 3, 1977 This report sumarizes a brief study made to update information on methods (other than adsorption) for removing or detoxifying PCBs present in industrial wastewater. Information was obtained from Westgate Research and Houston Research on UV-catalyzed ozonation, from Ehvirogenics Systems Company on catalyzed re duction, and from Environment Canada and others on biodegradation. In the area of UV-ozonation, both Westgate Research, and Houston Research have run tests in which the level of PCBs has been reduced almost to the detec tion limit of 0.1 ppb. Both ccnponies have stated that they can provide an operational operating aosts for a 640 gpm system at 51,750,000 and $120,800/yr., respectively. The deoonposition products of UV-ozonation of PQs are not known at this tire. The catalyzed reductive declorination process being developed by Envirogenics has been tested on PCBs. A 75 ppb concentration of the PCB isoner 4,4; -didilorobiphenyl was reduced to about 1.0 ppb. The Enviro genics process is currently being used at the Velsical Chemical Corporation plant in Menphis where it was put into service in mid-May. It is expected that a contamination level of 1000-15000 ppm of heptachlor and 500-700 ppm of endrin will be reduced to less than 1 ppb of total contaminants. Envirogenics is expecting a grant to set up a plant-scale system to handle PCBs at one of the plants. Deconposition products of this process are being investigated. The work being conducted on biodegradation by Environment Canada has pro duced a bacterial strain which, subsists solely on PCBs. However, this process is not yet ready for conitercial scale demonstration because the lowest PCB concentration reached (as of August, 1976) is 19 ppb. HONS 208939 C-35 . PCB LEVELS IN NCN-CONTACT COOLING WATERS AND OTHER EFFLUENTS FROM CAPACITOR AND TRANSFORMER PRODUCTION FACILITIES Supplement to Final Report, Task II January 19, 1977 This work provides a tabulation and analysis of the current status of ncn.-oon.tact cooling water waste streams from the capacitor and transformer production facilities which use PCBs. Data on PCB levels in 1974-75 and 1976 samples from cooling water effluents from PCB capacitor and transformer manufacturers were obtained for ten streams at six different facilities. All but one of the 1976 levels were below 10 ppb total PCBs, and five ware at 2 ppb or lower. These levels are compared to conbired plant effluents and rainfall runoff sanples at four plants. The highest and most variable PCB levels occurred in runoff sanples, and the lowest and least variable occurred in the ocoling water effluents. In general, one to two ppb appears to be a typical PCBs level for non-contact cooling water in this industry for plants which practice good plant housekeeping and segregate their cooling water. HONS 208940 036 . REFINEMENT OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND ESTIMATED COSTS FOR REDUCTION OF PCBs IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER FROM THE CAPACITOR AND TRANSFORMER MANUFACTURING CATEGORIES Supplement to Final Report, Task II December 16, 15 76 This report augments and refines the available information on technology and estimated costs for abatement of PCB discharges frcxn the capacitor and transformer manufacturers who use PCBs in their products. It includes: 1) A description of modifications being performed at two GE plants to reduce PG3 effluents; 2) An updated cost estimate for UV-ozonatian; 3) A cost estimate for the use of bentonite-lined equalization basins; 4) A general review of the current industry trends towards abatement of PCB dischar^s. . . As of September, 1976, GE had reduced PCB discharges from 8 to 9 pounds per day to cne pound per day at their Fort Edward and Hudson Falls manufacturing plants. This was accomplished by; 1) Segregating wastewater; 2) Preventing spills and leaks from contaminating clean water; 3) Decreasing wastewater volume; 4) Eliminating batch dumping; 5) Treating sanitary wastewater at Fort Edward. Additional projects intended to reduce PCB dischar<^ to less than 1 gram per day were underway and were scheduled for implementation by April or May, 1977. These include: 1) Recirculating non-contact cooling water; 2) Consolidating discharges and impoundment basins; 3) Treating impounded water at Fort Edward. HONS 208941 C-37 The cost of constructing and operating an equalization basin based on the use of a bentonite clay lining was calculated and conpared with figures which had been previously derived for a concrete lined basin. It was determined that the annual operating cost for a bentonite lined basin was approximately half that for a concrete basin the same size. In actual practice, however, the bentonite lined pond would be much larger than a concrete lined basin in order to reduce the frequency of pond dredging and cleaning. Thus, the costs for the two alternatives will be more nearly equal. Westgate Research Corporation's continuing UV-ozonation development pro gram has produced some system simplifications which made it necessary to re estimate the cost of removing PCBs in a UV-ozonation treatment plant. The new treatment costs ranged from $16.00/1000 gal. for a 20 gpm plant to $1.50/1000 gal. for a 1,700 gpm plant. Typical costs for POB removal using activated carbon range from $4.47/1000 gal. for 20 gpm capacity to $1.18/1000 gal. for 1,700 gpm. An examination of current industry trends tcwards abatement and disposal of PCBs revealed several things. Calgon is furnishing GE with carbon adsorption technology and generally agreed with the technical conclusions and cost estimates determined by Versar. There are at least three PCB users which have no discharge of process water or non-contact cooling water to waterways or POIWs. Segrega tion of cooling water streams appears to be well in hand or underway in five plants. Three potential suppliers of incinerators for waste PC23-containing liquids in dicated that they could supply incinerators within 6 to 18 months of receiving an order. MOWS 208942 C-39 COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH INSTALLING PRODUCTION ' EQUIPMENT FOR USE CF NCN-PCB DIELECTRIC FLUIDS IN TRANSFORMER AID CAPACITOR MANUFACTURE Supplement to Final Report, Task II January 19, 1977 This report summarizes the costs associated with the expected changeover from polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and PCB-containing askarels to substitute (nort-PCB) dielectric fluids in the manufacture of transformers and capacitors. The approach taken was to contact industry representatives at the various meetings of industry cannittees dealing with disposal of obsolete PCB-contam inated equipment and waste oils. In addition, discussions were held with other industry personnel frcm whan information on similar matters had been obtained in the past. The results indicated that no significant process changes would be required of any producer to convert to a PCS substitute. However, minor to extensive retooling will be required for most capacitor producers that produce their am containers and/or utilize their product capacitors in assemblies (ballast assemblies, for example). Design, testing, and other activities-re quired by the product changes will also result in costs associated with the changeover but not with process changes. In addition, clean-up and disposal costs will be borne by all firms. HONS 208943 C- 39 MICPOECCWCMIC IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED MARKING AND - DISPOSAL REGULATIONS FOR PCBs FINAL TASK REPORT ' April 1977 EPA 560/6-77-013 OTIS PB 267-833/3WP mis study evaluates the economic inpact of the draft regulations for the marking and disposal of PCBs. The report includes estimates of the quantities of PCBs and equipment containing PCBs that will be affected, present and future required availability of PCBs, PCB disposal facilities, secondary costs (in cluding storage), recordkeeping, transportation, and the cost of the actual narking. The economic analysis includes estimates of additional costs by year and economic sector, effects on price, investment requirements,- and . employment. Finally, the effects of carpiiance on energy requirements and on the availability of strategic materials are estimated. The basic disposal requirement for all PCBs is controlled use and storage followed by high tenperature incineration. The proposed regulations are very specific on what is to be done and hew it is to be done. Consideration of the present lack of incineration facilities and the high costs which would be incurred by requiring removal and special handling of fluorescent light ballasts and small capacitors have resulted in the following exemptions from the basic requirements of incineration: 1) Until July 1, 1979, non-liquid PCB mixtures, PCB capacitors, and PC3 fluorescent light ballasts may be disposed of in chemical waste landfills. 2) PCB containers may be decontaminated by triple rinsing. 3) PCB transformer may be rinsed and disposed of in chemical waste landfills. 4) Snail PCB capacitors in electrical equipment do not have to be removed before disposal of the equipment. 5) Small capacitors and fluoresaent light ballasts used in private homes nay be disposed of as municipal solid waste. 6) Material or equipment containing less than 500 ppm of PCBs will net require special handling or disposal. HONS 208944 C-40 Most stora^ areas, required by the regulations will be established by office and comercial buildings, electrical repair shops, and small industrial buildings for the storage of small capacitors and fluorescent light ballasts removed during normal maintenance. Cost of establishing a small storage area is estimated at $145 with an annual operating cost of $95/year. It is suggested that these coats may be reduced by using mused space and establishing the area during a time of slack labor demand, a larger area/ such as required by utilities and transformer repair shops is estimated to cost $l,000-$5,000 to establish and 52,125 to operate annually. The draft regulations require that chemical waste landfills used for the disposal of PC3s be approved by the EPA Administrator for that purpose. At present there are sixteen chemical waste landfills in the U.S., but none have been approved for PCB disposal. Average cost for disposing of materials in these landfills, including freight and state fees* is estimated at $3.00 per cubic foot of material. There are currently nine oonnercial incinerators with the capacity to destroy liquid PCB waste. In addition, three of these facilities have the capacity to destroy PCBs contained in solid wastes. Charges at these facilities are 7-14C/lb. for liquid waste and 540/drtan for solid waste. Estimated operating cost of a unit capable of shredding and disposing of capacitors is 52C/lb. It may also be possible to dispose of PC3 liquids in cement kilns and power boilers. Shipping charges for liquid PCB wastes in 55 gallon drums range from 51.14 to 56.24 per hmdred pounds depending upon the nunfcer of drums and the shipping distance. In addition, there may be a charge of $2.35 per platform handling for each drum. There will also be additional recordkeeping charges of $2 to $5 per item. For estimating the total cost to industry which will be incurred in complying with the draft disposal regulations, three options were identified. Option 1 assures that all PCB capacitors are removed from equipment before it is scrapped. Option 2 assumes that 2/3 of all small appliance capacitors, HID capacitors, and fluorescent light ballast capacitors are not rsieved frem the HONS 206945 I. C-41 equipment but are disposed of as municipal solid waste while the retaining 1/3 are incinerated. Option 3 allows the disposal of fluorescent light ballasts in chemical waste landfills. Associated with each of these regulatory options are aggregate, industry wide costs for decontamination, storage, landfill and incineration costs, transportation costs, and recordkeeping costs. The maximum expected cost for decontamination of askarel filled transformers is $365,000 per year. The cost for storing PCBs prior to disposal is estimated to be $8.2 million the first year fincluding aost for setting up storage areas) and $4.2 million per year in subsequent years. The naximum expected cost for disposal in chemical land fills is expected to be $5.5 million. The estimated incineration costs range from $134 million per year for Option 1 to $39 million per year for Option 3. Estinated transportation costs for incinerating PCBs vary from $7.4 million to $13.2 million per year, depending on hew many incinerators are assumed with the various disposal options. Recordkeeping costs are estimated, to be $8 million initially plus $4.0 million per year thereafter. In addition to the economic impacts which will result from the disposal regulations, there will also be substantial costs incurred due to the marking regulations. Manufacturers wall be faoed with major retooling costs, on the order of $25,000 each, in order to oonply vath the proposed regulations. The majority of the marking cost, however, will be borne by the present users of PCS electrical equipment who need to nark existing equipment. The total cost is estimated to be $33.2 million. lhe aggregate effects which the proposed marking and disposal regulations will have on the electrical pricing, energy consumption, and strategic materials are slight. The price of electricity will increase by an average of 0.06%. The upper bound estimate for increased energy consumption is 17,700 Bbl/day. Reclamation of copper windings from transformers may be inhibited but the total amount affected would be less than 1% of the total copper reclaimed ever/ year in the CJ.S. and is an insignificant portion of the copper consumed each year. HONS 208946 C-42 POTENTIAL -IMPACTS OF THE BANS ON PCB MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING, AM3 USE Special Report, PCB Activity Analysis Papers July 11, 1977 This report describes the current uses of PCBs in the United States and draws particular attention to those uses which present environmental hazards or problems of a regulatory or economic nature. At the present time the only uses of PCBs in the United States are in capacitors, transformers, and the maintenance of a number of mining machines formerly manufactured by Joy Manufacturing, Inc. Capacitor and transformer manufacturers and transformer maintenance shops currently receive their PCBs ' from Monsanto, the sole U.S. producer of PCBs. Monsanto intends to stop manufacturing PCBs by August 1977, and will cease shipment frcm inventory as of October 1977, even though the Toxic Substances Control Act permits the manufacture of PCBs for use in a totally enclosed manner through January 1979. Small custom chemical ccnpanies may be attracted to this market, requiring definition of allowable manufacturing processes and/or air and water emission regulations. Another possible source of PCB ''manufacture'1 which may arise is the reclamation of used askarels from transformers. This may create seme regulatory difficulties. It appears that either presently or in the near future, GE and Westinghouse will be the only companies who will service PCB transformers, with the sole domestic producer of PCBs about to cease production, GE and Westinghouse will be forced to decide whether to import PCBs before January 1, 1977, in order to meet an anticipated upward trend in PCB use by the transformer service industry. GE has indicated that in no event will they stockpile more than a 1 or 2 year supply. In any event, the transformer repair industry will remain a potential source of PCB emissions for the immediate future. PCB air emissions frcm the repair shops nay need to be monitored and regulated. The majority of documented PCB releases attributable to the transformer repair industry have occurred HONS 208947 C-43 while transporting filled transformers by truck. Draining of transformers before they are shipped would alleviate this problem. Retrofilling of all PCB transformers with silicone based oil is possible but is not justified on either economic or environmental grounds. The cost would be $45,000-550,000 each for the largest units, and the increased risk of spills makes this environmentally unattractive. Generally, when a transformer is retrofilled, sane of the PCBs remain trapped in the windings. However, it may be possible to remove nearly all the remaining PCBs by periodically filtering the nw transformer fluid through activated carbon until the PCBs are reduced to an acceptable level. The users of PCB equipment may be categorized as utility, conmercialindustrial, and residential. It appears unlikely that PCBs used in residences (low voltage capacitors) present any great danger because only small amounts of PCBs are present in any residence and there is little chance that one of these capacitors will rupture upon failure. There is a much greater danger from utilities and catmercial-industrial users. Spills or losses are known to occur fran damaged equipment and through improper handling of PCB liquids. It is estimated that 78,295 pounds of PCBs will be released into the environ ment each year from utility transformers and capacitors. It may be possible for PCBs to enter the environment as a contaminant in another chemical or as a by-product of sctne chemical process. PCB has been reported as a low-level contaminant in sane cases where water containing biphenyl is chlorinated. PCBs already free in the environment may become more of a hazard if contaminated sewage sludge is used as a soil conditioner. Unless carefully worded, regulations to enforce the ban on "distribution in coimerce" could have adverse effects on inventories, equipment resale, and maintenance. Strict enforcement could result in the scrapping of large inven tories of -capacitors without any decrease in the potential for environmental damage. Another question to be considered is that raised by the disposal of ?CB wastes in a landfill. That is, 'when the title to the material passes from the original owner to the landfill operator, does this constitute "distribution in canrerce"? HONS 208948 C-44 MICFOECCNCMIC impacts of the draft "PCS BAN REGULATIONS" (Draft Report) March 8, 1978 This report analyzed the eocncmic iiqpacts of an early draft of the pro posed PCB ban regulaticns. The draft report was used by EPA in preparing the final proposed regulations. The material in this report was superseded by the report of the same title published in May, 1978, except that this draft report included two appendioes that did not appear in the published version. Appendix C of the draft report, "Characterization of U-S- Waste Oil Industry/' described in detail'the usea of waste oil and characterized the structure of the waste oil collecting and re-refining industry. Appendix D of the draft report, "Supply and Demand Effects of PCB 3an/* presented a formal microeconomic analysis of the supply, demand, and price effects of the increased demand expected for substitutes for PCSs. the purpose of this exposition was to correct an error in a similar analysis previously published by Ashford and Murry of MIT^ . (1) Ashford, Nicholas A., Murry, Albert E. (1976) The Impact of Governmental Restrictions cn the Production and Use of Chemicals: A Case Study on Polychlorinated Biphenyls "[Report No. CPA-76-3/b). Cairbridge, MA: Gentar for Policy Alternatives, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, April 30, 1976.. MONS 208949 045 "MICFQEJQCNCMIC IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED "PCB BAN REGULATIONS" MAY 1978 EPA 560/6-77-035 OTIS PB 281 881/3WP The purpose of this study was to evaluate the economic inpacts of the proposed "PCB Ban Regulations." These regulations were prepared by the Office of Toxic Substances of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency with the technical' support of the Interagency PCB Work Group. These regulations implement the bans on various PCB activities which were established by Ccngress in Section 6(e) of-the Toxic Substanaes Oontrol Act - Public Law 94-469. The economic costs reported are those directly and indirectly attributable to those changes in future PCB activities which would be caused by implementa tion of the proposed regulations. From the wording of Section 6(e), it is clear that the'intent of Congress was to ban the manufacture of PCBs after Decertoer 31, 1978, and to ban the distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) after June 30, 19 79. Therefore, the long-term costs of using substitutes for PCBs will be a consequence of this legislated ban on the manufacture of PCBs and not a consequence of discretionary regulatory actions taken by the Environmental Protection Agency. This analysis of the proposed regulations considered both the direct costs of complying with the requirements and the indirect effects of these requirements on price levels, capital needs, employment, energy consumption, and the avail ability of strategic materials. The calculated economic impacts were the incremental inpacts of the proposed regulations on a base of 1976 practices as rrodifiad by the previously promulgated PCB effluent standards and the marking and disposal regulations. The costs of these other PC3 regulations were con sidered during their development and are not considered to be a result of these proposed ban regulations. The expected transitional and long term costs resulting frcm the proposed regulations are summarized in the following tables. The report also estimated employment effects and other economic consequences. MOWS 208950 Table 1 Transitional Cbst Inpacta of Proposed PCD Ban epilation S Hi 11 Ion rr Vo*r ium Kln*ur> ShutmUjid ion Voitra IUI Tilwfiiiiuui Kiiufauturur (jIiSuii 141 unulti (It) ftm on Utillillnj It) Hiio>an ttvlirja $ .i 14.) 0 1.41 lean l*sr yur luit fittrvluu rlnu 2.4 Ml laaa |r yuar TldlKfUIMI liuvlcu (J| Inal Unjoi 10 S|ilii I'riwuillui I'lati 1 0 liumit Iva TrUMlunun |t| Hutruflll nojrM 70 rmcnanlinj l*rujr.ia 0 2,1 |2 ymra) t'liiol httlynli lor luia k)Ullni) 0 .003 .1 tmu 0 S|t|ll ItawntlOn l`lan .02 0 IUI U|i)clUir MulttfKjtt ||5l . Lrmniiury GLuolcttueim {1| 0 Oil 111 leal Tuiniluilwra |7) ICM liulyali Mil l)li|<Ml 24 ). leva imr yutc Hinlivj tUdtliua (II Uubilld tankny ly Ike, )l . 19l SiiM|i Unillituw Hliaata CU^ilula ly Hoc. 11 , IVUl Cum(i .02 0 H'lll yriNwllixi t'tiiiia .04 0 u>t U> lutlaMUi |HQLuL|y latull cwt Infuct $ Hill Ion HiOil $ .1 420 IS 1 1 7 5,4 .1 .005 .02 1 700 2 . .2 .at IlSlJjIttltfcJ l(ul lability Of It all -Sot 15(101 1501 >501 11001 tioul 1201 1201 1201 liOOl 1501 liOOl 1 101 1201 (501 liOOl 1501 mons 208951 C-46 Table 1 Transitional Post lupacts of Proposed PCB Ban Regulation (Continued) Uiw |Oii|<tul'[ $ milic, iol.ii MLluolul Hut I4>lll Ly of ItiUl tlmlfnujiiuM 14) l^ilnoUMOIt Cist liuttuuul lullin' OuotM * 15 .5 u t J.S 0 .S *201 -1004 iSOOl IfyUi'mlUc ftyttUM Ui> I>lu CttUiDj KidtliiM Aiutyniu *ul Smm|j1 Iipj Kqurtliiy S|<lll 1`mveol loll 1`liUUl IVXml .imIibI Ion UlkK Mydiaul k: Syituu UlOMUHlhllllU riuknJlIon lutarofillua . .* .2 .5 1.) ). 0 0 0 1.2 119410) 0 0 .11 .2 .5 14.t 3-t * iSll* 43(11 1401 -Iftt 12001 -lot iiout * Jlut Ti8udfer Sytftu-- (IL | OMtxeatura 111) IU;lal>ul ull III) 0 A* 1 .2 0 .2 -SOI Iluot liL'nunul (ImL of Syullul io Ikul nil mtaj-lol inuMaal Coni of Itul ull lust I'lalL'llcn of HuUlalaul I^IrAtl 1c PluUl lou ' .4 100 lyeui* 2-5)**** SOU (.4 fyeara t-ISl t4"* .4 114001 .1 -out nut -out 12001 1204 ilillhilucyoiilna Hifntri |I4| .S 0 S -Sill 121x11 >K.l Hllllun J1.003 mI l lion -Hot 1401 "Uila ml ana 11 mIjIu lu uiiLbwta, |Otaait tally lariju oat lafdct. "'Uuutu to olmiLIiiio litluf Inllul if mill I Mania IilIumt rial oil no lonjut coutalna nuuil<la uummla ot lum. '"`Hivr liuil eullnuto. iwioiaul >Lnuinl Miy [isnilt lit i|i|il(ICMtly tuluil induct*. MONS 208952 C -47 C-4S Table 2 Dang Term Post. Inpacta of Proposed PCB San Regulations Transformers: (Chapter 16) Increased aost of non-PCB transformers Increased fire losses $0 to 10 million/year Data not available Capacitors; (Chapter 15): Increased oost of non-PCB power factor capacitors Increased cost of non-PCB capacitors Increased fire losses Decreased service life $5.5 to 10.9 mi. 11ion/year $7.3 to 10.3 million/year ( 50%) Data not available Data not available Dairylide Yellow Pigment (Chapter 14) Increased cost of substitute pignents $10 to 25 million/year TOTAL $23 to 56 million/year Present value of long term aost inpacts assuming 10% discount rate $230 to 560 million HONS 208953 C-49 PCB MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING, DISTRIBUTION IN COMMERCE, AND USE BAN REGULATION: ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS FINAL REPORT MARCH 1979 EPA 230-03/79-001 OTIS No. forthcaning This report is a revision of the report "Microeconcmic Impacts of the proposed PCB Ban Regulations." The report sumari2es the econanic impacts of the promulgated ban regulations and incorporates the information made available during the mistaking hearings on the proposed regulation. The total economic oasts and estimated pounds of PCBs diverted fran the environment by the regulation are surrmarized the follCTing Table. HONS 208954 Rootnattic Costa of the PCD Uan Regulation Chapter Nuidier Item 'Total Cost $ Million rounds KBs Diverted from U Environment Cost per Pound of KBs 3 Scrap Spare PCI) Ca[>acibors 1 500 $ 2,000 3 Remove KD Capacitors 1,000 5,360 $187,000 from Equipoent in lliese costs will be significantly reduced or eliminated if EPA Inventory grants exemptions frciu the "distribution in ouimerce" ban. 4 Dan Rebuilding 397 to 771 {30 yrs) 47,000 to 925,000 Askarel Transformers $429 to $16,400 5 Retrofill Railroad Transformers to 6% 6.7 **{3.76 Bullion lb) total 5 Retrofill Railroad Transformers from 6% to .1% 5.15 **{80,240 lb. total) 6 Require Incineration of 96 to 510 {30 yrs) Transformer Oil 7 Special Storage Areas at Transformer Service Stops * 200,000 * 8 Re trofi 11/Dan PCD Miner 2.6 to 4.3 Motors 9 Dan Rebuilding Electro .96 magnets ? (27,500 lb total) 200 to 2,000 **(>$1.75) ** (>$60) $480 to $2,550 * ? {>$94 to $155) $480 to $4,800 * Information not available In record to make estimate. **Figure represents total amount of PCBs in this use. Infonnation not available in record to make an estivate of anount diverted frciu Die environment. MONS 208955 C-50 ECONOMIC COSTS or TIE PCD BAN REGULATION (continued) CliapLer Nurber Item Total Cost $ Million PoujkIs pens Diverted front the Environment 10 Decontaminate Hydraulic 21 .4 to 25 Systems 11 Decontaminate Heat '1'ransfer Systems 12 .0 to 17.2 12 Decontaminate Compressors .2 470 to 2,390 1. 872 to 2,496 * 13 Ran Use of Maste Oil on 0 to 31.7/year Roods 8,073/year 14 Phthalocyanine Blue pignents .425/year 14 Diaryllde yellow Pigments ,478/year 544/year 441/year 15 Spill Materials (50-500ppm) - to Gicmical Waste Landfill * * 16 Ban New large PCU Capacitors 5.5 to ll/year 14,200 16 Ban New Snail ICB Capacitors 6.6 to 18.9/year 6,930/year 17 Ban New PCB Transformers 0 to 10/year 12,000/year `Information not available in the record to make estiirute. Cost per Pound of pens 56,,000 to $S3,l $6,870 * $0 to $3,925 $781 $1,084 $182 $387 to $775 $950 to $2,730 $0 to $833 C-51 MONS 206956 8I*U0<J*ATWIC 0*T* jheT 4, Tiri* tad iiiotitia Ripott N*. EPA 560/6-79-004 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 1929-1979: 2. Final Report 2. .' J. H.*port Dt( >' 16, 4. hh No 1979 7. Aucbori*) . Robert A. Wtestm ?7. morale, Oc(*Usura N 4 Addr*4 VERSAR, Inc. 6621 Electronic Drive Springfield, Virginia 22151 12, Spouoriaj O(|tanuioa Nw am .Udftti Office of Tocic Substances u. S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D. C- 20460 9. Ptffomof Ortmoixmcioa Ho No. d74,5F 10, Proioet/Tio<*'^oro l*`n ,N 11, Caaenct/ Gciac No, 63-01-3259 13. T/pt oc Hoport X Final Report 14. <3* $uppU*atmry Not* EPA Program Manager: Mr. Thomas E. Kopp 4, Agnacj The primary emphasis of this reprart is a suimary of the work that Versar performed in support of the EPA's regulatory activities involving polychlori nated biphenyls over the past four years. The report includes surmaries of 24 reports on PCBs that Versar submitted to EPA during this period. Also incluied are a sunmary of the uses of PCBs from 1929 through 1979, a review of much of the early literature on the uses and toxicity of PCBs, and a discussion of the various regulatory activities that limited human exposure to PCBs and eventually banned their manufacture, processing, and use. 17. Vomm A,,Ari,. 17- 0,4rip,., Tolvchlorinated biphenyls PCBs Regulations Water Pollution Abatement Economic Analysis Ttocic Substances Control Act Toxicity Environmental Transport Effluents 17V add Ttaa IT*- COSATI F!ld.Group 1, Arttitoiliir ie*c*a*ac ** .ncv. 9.1)1 INDORSES SY .'.sa AND ONtJCO, iocufitp CU04 ;Toit iUpOTll IT r-vr' iM'uur >tTT*T5 CU44 : i.m rMIi fO"J4 MAY RSPROOUCSn 21. .'la. jt :|pi 90 2t Dll MONS 208957 ' UNITED STATES environmental protection agency Olftar pi Toxfc WASHINGTON, P.C- 304150 othciai susiwtss PENALTY FOfl PRfVATE UFE MfI EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER TS 793 Rclnrn llilimlirrl if j-*m il> NOT wijli Innrcrivc (his m.-ilrri.-ilf Ior if tlianpc tif adilrrim i? nmlnir~ I. (Iwlicalc cl*igr\ including 7,ip cmlr) HONS 208958