Document MM0Zzq8Ej93bRK4rGLJygK1j7

Elements of Industrial Toxicology the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs Dichloromethane --see Methylene chlo ride. Also see Hygienic Guide Dichloromonofluoromethane (Refrigerant 21) is slightly more toxic than dichlorodifluoromethane, but is still essentially an asphyxiant The only real hazard from con centrations of less than about 3 0 per cent by volume is their possible decomposition on a flame or hot surface 1,1-Dichloro-l-nitroethane is a very close chemical relative of chloropicnn, which was widely used as a lachrymatory, lung-mjurant gas in World War I, and irritates and in jures the eyes, skin, and lungs, and the cen tral nervous system Rabbits and guinea pigs stand prolonged exposures to 25 to 30 ppm without fatalities Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114) has very low toxicity It produces some irrita tion and restlessness at concentrations of 10 per cent by volume or higher Dieldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6, 7epoxy-1,4,4a, 5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4,5,8-dimethanonaphthalene) is very closely related chemically and m its physiological actions to aldnn Diethylamine is used mainly in the dye industry In animal experiments, all the rabbits survived exposures to both 50 ppm and 100 ppm seven hours a day, five days a week for six weeks Even at 50 ppm, how ever, all the rabbits incurred comeal injuries and lung irritation before the test was com pleted At 100 ppm the compound also caused injury to the heart, liver, and kidneys Skin contact causes rapid blistering and necrosis Penetration of the skin is rapid See Hygienic Guide Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Carbitol) is widely used in cosmetic products and as an industrial solvent It is rapidly and easily absorbed through the intact skin, and continued application of large quantities may produce kidnev damage In animal ex periments, daily doses of 0 02 and 0 04 cc applied to the intact skin caused practically no observable signs Comparable doses ap plied to a man would be 2 8 and 5 6 cc Chronic toxicity by ingestion is consider ably lower, a daily dose of about 91 cc being the least which would be expected to show symptoms Because of its extremely low vapor pres sure, the material should not be a serious inhalation hazard Diethylenetnamine is a yellow liquid with a strong, ammonia-like odor Its health haz ard is severe for both acute and chronic ex posures Contact with the liquid can cause severe skin and eye damage Pulmonary and cutaneous sensitization can occur and re markably low exposures can induce a high degree of sensitivity See Hygienic Guide Diisobutyl ketone is a solvent with a rela tively high boiling point It is extremely irritating to the eyes, nose, throat, and is relatively toxic, more than most ketones Animal experiments showed liver changes in guinea pigs and rats at all levels of expo sure above 125 ppm after 30 days of all-day exposure Three hours of exposure to 50 ppm did not bother human volunteers, but they were uncomfortable after three hours of exposure to 100 ppm The animal experi ments indicate that there would probably not be organic changes below 100 ppm See Hygienic Guide Dimethylamline is a dye intermediate that is quantitatively somewhat more toxic than aniline, but the actions are qualitatively the same The quantitative difference is not sufficient to be of any great importance Dimethyl ether. A report in the literature indicates that methyl ether concentrations of 50 per cent methyl ether m air would affect most personnel The observation was made that the gas is most unpleasant to inhale, being distinctly suffocating, even when taken with a high percentage of oxygen From this report it appears that the acute toxicity of methyl ether is very low Like the other alkyl ethers, the primary physiological effect is that of anesthesia The effect of long-term exposure to this compound is unknown Dimethylformamide is an industrial sol vent that may have a defatting action on the skin and may also be absorbed through the skin There is some experimental evidence of liver and kidney damage See Hygienic Guide 1344