Document MJJDvr5dXLMgN8M3OwjJJR0yx

lo Tuberculosis In saving factory in Saxonv omplmned of h ends dies H'petite, Tln-se affections by futnes given off bv a on with xyhich the ashes- i b<ett coated to eliminate aution cn rued out in Can1 revealed that hygienic >.re greatly improved as a a adoption of an effee`i\v ventilation. Nevertheless, a or with long experience -t respiratory "troubles, and ar tuberculosis, were of very M-currence amongst asbestos sek drew attention to the risk oisoning during the weaving os when a thread of lead is the weft, as is sometimes the i frequency ct chronic con* is with hypertrophy of the the pupils has also been noted the asbestos workers of nd of Cyprus. The workers in n were chiefly engaged in grind screening, and packing the 'S in sacks. weaving of asbestos has only ned importance during the la-*! v years. Now that it is wide!.' sed the application of loco1 >t systems during such procccS'* at above described is called h1' 'oresses from extraction onward? -stionably involve a considei d, and American and Cunmii-11 insurance companies general!* e asbestos workers on account 0 assumed deleterious conditions in ndustry. ie lack of more accurate ',|M iled data in medical literatun irding this industry in its vori' "` aches, including the utilisation '' uroducts, is to be deplored in ;be self-evident importance of ft?' dust as a predisposing cau'-v *; 'nonary tuberculosis, more esp*';). the rapidly-incren-'1;': i-Hustries util1?'- j urge, na*' v-cies, l iMii'm- means are taken to prevent Hie diffusion of dust throughout the atmosphere. ! installed above the evaporation boi ! The water should be led to a sewer: Bibliography residues require fairly frequently t< Xyribaylt. * L'hygiCne et la securtfe des removed and can be utilised as man By the expression " dust shot wit ouvriers dans les filatures et d'amiante'- Bull, tic Vlnrp. vail, 1906, pp. 120-132. Parts. images du Trn- ! I lead content" is meant the imp oxides which form on the surface each bath containing lead or )< Simpson. F, Wm Brit Veil. Joitrn., alloys. This scum or black dross 26 May 192k. p, 885. London. removed as it forms and is often j t mted States department of labour, Bureau popf. L1a7b6o-1u8r6. SiATtsTtcs. Bulletin So, SSf, aside on the floor, where it becon mixed with other substances. In i pearance it resembles ashes, hence i French expression " cendres de plomb ### Kelp ash is lixiviated for the extrt tion of the salts of potassium. T, ash is got by burning different kim of sea-weed know n as kelp or wrack ar A*he, Cinders FTench: Cendres Italian: Cencri. German.- Aschen. Spanish: CenUas. Ashes present problems from the point of view of industrial hvgiene, not jnly when cinders from hearths are n question (dangers from hot dust, presence of certain products, etc.), but specially when they are employed for 'pecial purposes. Thus, for instance, hratment of goldsmiths' ash by lead **&> cause injury bv reason of the -'metallic dust which it liberates. (Hvgienic. measures assure covering A any openings giving on to the public `beets, thorough ventilation of the workshop, the installation of hoods for v furnaces and cupels connected to I i ,!* chimney by a strong exhaust. If ! thrown up on the seashore. Dried i the sun, they are thereafter reduced t ashes in furnaces lined with refractor bricks. The product of combustio " kelp ash " is in the form of a soli compact block, from which the salts o potassium are extracted. The block, are then ground and put into specia apparatus for gradual dilution will water. The solution is concentrated in iron boilers and poured into vats where, after cooling, the potassium chloride is deposited in crystals, which are then subjected to purification. Hygienic precautions to be recom mended are impermeable flooring, cement walls to the height of one metre, hoods provided above the boilers to draw off the fumes to the chimney, all openings to the public highways to be kept dosed, and neutralisation of the f 'reatruent ,-itt-ral acids, is effected by means of application of measures jj waTtheer Ruseecdombemfoernedaittioennteardsopthteedsaewt ethrse, Protection against toxic fumes is re- i International Labour Conference at viz. condensation of lead fumes, Washington (1919) regarding the protec , ' memasaucrehsinaeprypliesdhofuolrd evbaecuisaotiloanteod,f tion of women and children against lead poisoning demands the exclusion . 1 tf,s haena'-it fa-hnd pgrloatreecotiof ntheoffuwrnoarckeesrs, of women and young persons under eighteen years 'of age from work ^*/r!-da. sshucfrhomascoshmoboutsstioofn votnf eo,rgwainniec > .rfv"lasfe from beetroot, eic., is com- I< i involving manipulation, treatment, and reduction of ashes containing lead. ...J `*f impure potassium carbonate * as..r`*, ,,reaiment liberates sharp, pi- ; . jlj1''ick, and disagreeable fumes and j MTC oo, %ee!a{ion in the neighbourhood, j *m*rr s should he erected at a long from dwelling houses and cal- 1 Asphalt . Minora! 1'Hdi, Hard Bitumen) ' ' r rntneryUt'. BiH< asbestos I'.l" -- rooms), foments, rubber tyres for automobiles and bicycles. Asbestos is also used as an ole<trieal insulator for covering electric wiring for liigb and low pressure currents, in the manufacture of tiles, planks, panelling and exterior coverings for buildings, mattresses, heat insulating gloves, firemen's clothes, laboratory equip ment, porcelain, balls for gas fires (made of fireclay and asbestos), etc. (See also article `Tubci miosis ".i an asbestos weaving factory in the workers complained of head:,,-),!* and loss of appetite. These affei-p,.,** were caused by fumes given off i;V u rubber solution with v\hich the asl*^ fos cloth had been coated to eliniiav dust. ' An investigation carried out in Cap ada in 1911 revealed that hygie*,, conditions were greatly improved ,l3 , result of the adoption of an effec'iv. Davgers avd Hygiene system of ventilation. Nevertheless. , local doctor with long expensin' stated that respiratory troubles, an- The worker engaged on the extrac in particular tuberculosis, were of ven tion and manufacture of asbestos is frequent occurrence amongst asbesti-. constantly exposed to danger from dust, more especially, however, in the operations of spinning and weav- | workers. Rambousek drew attention to the risj of lead poisoning during the weaving ing. of asbestos when a thread of lead j< The baneful influence of ibe dust in added to the weft, as is sometimes th, relation to the production oi tuber culosis is brought out in the Animal Report of the Chief Inspector of Fac tories for England and tVales for 1910, which records 5 deaths from | I I case. Marked frequency ofchronic cop. junctivitiswith hypertrophy of it* rims of the pupils has also been nmol amongst the asbestos workers o! tuberculosis amongst 40 workers engaged in an asbestos weaving fac tory, where the most dangerous pro the Island of Cyprus. The workers , question were chiefly engaged in grind ing, screening, and packing the cess was revealed to be the weaving of asbestos mattresses composed ot bags of woven asbestos filled with short asbestos fibre. They were placed on a table and beaten but flat by a man with a wooden flail, which pro cess occasioned the production of much dust. Women sewed the mat tresses into sections using asbestos threads and as they worked beside the beaters they also of necessity inhaled asbestos in sacks. deT1vhentel?opewdeaivminpgor-taova-inf---c-aue- sjobcdeousvtrouinsv g h..a--s the onh iai ^ f twenty years. Now that it is witlriv ; practised the application of local ; exhaust systems during such process.? > as that above described is called fox ; All processes from extraction onwards { unquestionably involve a consideraMt j hazard, and American and Canaihai. ! life, insurance companies generally- 1 much dust.' Towards the beginning of 1924 a fatal case of poisoning by aat>elos dust was reported at Rochdale (Eng land). The victim was a woman who had been employed in an asbestos factory. A post-mortem examination revealed death as due chiefly to a fibrosis of the lungs due to the inhala tion of mineral particles and in part to tuberculosis. A microscopic exam ination of the lungs and of dust sam ples taken from three different work shops of the factory revealed the same black particles present in each, alike in form and dimension^. Another fatal case was studied in 1927 by Cooke and Hill (Great Britain). A striking example of the noxious -refuse asbestos workers on account o the assumed deleterious conditions u,' the industry. The lack of more accurate amt detailed data in medical literature regarding this industry in its various branches, including the utilisation i' by-products, is to be deplored in vie" j of the self-evident importance of asbes tos dust as a predisposing cause ri pulmonary tuberculosis, more especi ally since the rapidly-increasinr development of industries utili-icg asbestos adds greatly to the urgent" of studying the conditions with a vit" to then' amelioration. All provisions already described f t withdrawal of dust should he enforce! property of asbestos dust is instanced in this industry. by ihe following case: in au asbestos spinning anil weaving factory (Calva dos) tin re were 40 deaths in' the liv TEC.isf.vrmv years JWD-lxtG. The mortality rate decreased considerably with the installation of a good system of local ventilation over the carding machine-. In Vnh/ lm\ ? under IT. and girls mri',' 21 veai- rif age are ex. hid.-d fr..in wen.simps where dyi-nu: and weav mu 11 asii. -i an- engage.t in. unh-s eff.vti'V .,,-p i a ken to prevent the g 'Just ilii nw-diout the almosptie Bibliography .u-m L'hvgiene et la sec *' M4-\vrnerls- dans*,le.s1 filatuNrenscflet l >tf m'V, F .v. Mat ^ ' r.f>. in Hnt. Med. p SS.'i. London. , *,i (ill STVTFS nCCARTVTEVT OF LAftOVl ,,i i.utiu R .Statistics. Bulletin H. i;r,fxo. Ashes, Cinders ff.-m li- Ccndres. -- German: A Imhan Ccncri. -- Spanish- C> \-hes present problems ft of view of industrial hvg .'.ah when cinders from hea question (dangers from h r">cnoe of certain products, t ,specially when thev are empl -p,-, ial purposes. Yhus, for "vntrnent of goldsmiths' ash >n,iv cause injury bv reason Metallic dust which it liberate Hygienic measures assure .( any openings giving on to t) 11 imTs thorough ventilation rkshop, the installation of 4 nr furnaces and cupels com ti.- chimney by a strong exh: iin.- treatment is effected by i mineral acids, application of : i protection against toxic fun oiied, viz. condensation of let \ .my machinery should be Hid measures applied fur evac i- 'idiies and the protection of '"in the heat and glare .T the I'earl ash front combustion n muierial, such as shoots ot v. '. vinasse from beetroot, elr : -`d of impure potassium i nd its treatment liberates s peud. thick.and disagieeable f 'Ti'ires vegetation in the neigh! i "dories should he erected ? distance trom dwelling houses nation should he effected "eiis. Gases and fumes shoe 'o special hearths or requisite 'ken for their destruetioi hitnnev nui-t be a very 1 11 would l>e advisable to ct U"'unde>cetn mass o; c.ub cjt.i.ssium m a special ujq>: uistrucied that the gases " the iienrth or in!-. ..npai.it '''"y can be burnt. : Urciibvr:-: A~ l ' "r~` .z~-. ; i-i \i-: -a - - ? - ;r.l-t ' v e r? : ;_ A:t -;f ;>ii - :I -.r. -t. t r:j-r i :? ha? be? :ne'.-:yt ? :* thv.r cncl:- .- 7923 . errr: vr.- ;s tr ;r. films. Excert - a". . r s." leave. r. ` 21::r. ..-.wei ; --icr-n under 'hr-.- f-.r -.bc.e this ere !. .T;~: 5V.i(v ihems-ive- -.f.v : 'u;r. as t: sffe:: i.hysiq An 0:i?r on th* er.<j>.ovine:.; . :r. the tskinc c! Sines has bee:, `.r Cav ?! Berlin 30 June 192-1 tj `he Dealsthe Mui-kerz*'-'- -a musicians are demanding a n.trao: with the richt of a pen oia age and compensation ! - 5 m case of death (1925 . me is the case tn Great Briton, s no law expressly dealing wi"i eni of children in cinemas - idics. The Home Office under at such eraplovment is very rare he Factory and Workshop Act, the Employment of Women and ergons in Theatres, etc,. Act arc hie, the Education Act, with it* "emulating generally the employ children, still applies and can be Practically all local authoritic5- w made by-laws for employme:.' ,ren in studios, but no interven any local authority has sc far 1. sion scheme js provided in Greer* Act of 20 October 1925 for artist* cd in theatres. ly the recent Act of 10 Decent5 on the protection of chiMre,: s the employment of childrei5 years of age'on the stage, where e engaged as actors, walkers oncinema performances or in open ,-taioroenis, and those under 16 year? in dangerous acrobatic feats. -3 Netherlands musicians' cramp '* verily notifiable. 3 United States, the Slate of Nf" s laid it down that children unde s of age may not take part in iOu without the authorisation 1 ^C/Qf Gre*es*t /93o 7^ ^ Xl v'oj. / -- Is!) -- tsuEsros the may or, which must be renewed every week. The Californian law enjoins that in open quarries or. in countries no child under at least 16 years of age having a severe winter climate, in -an be employed in a studio unless duly galleries ; (2) separation of the asbes auihorised and after medical examination carried out by a medical man in the Child Welfare Service. These examinations are made every three months. Children tak.:,c part in film production must not be ; ) 1 j ! rrtoor_vscf'bk- f_r__oits_m<_? ct,.hu.'wet jsi'unuiriuro*tueuirinruadmcinetgs;, rr<oXcKk.. file sometimes reaching a depth of some 150-200 ft. Quarrying is more economical and employed more then eight hours a day, j effective than underground work even .Deluding lessons lasting four hours given despite exposure to weather. Drilling t.r a qualified teacher, paid, but not elected, by the studios. Employment of pchijbildtbreunedb.efore S a.m. and alter 5 p.m. rs and blasting are engaged in as in ordinary stone quarrying. The miner al got' from the quarry is rougfi sorted, different grades being chosen Bibliography for length of fibre and sent to " cobbing sheds " where dressing is carried out. peri. - La patologia professional degh This consists of separating the abes- aFlrotirseuncder.amattci. 11 Bamazzini, 1913. tos fibres from the surrounding rock and may be done (a) by hand -- the for other sources, see Bibliography of Industrial Hygiene, published quar Otefrflyice. by the International Labour stone being broken by a small sledge hammer and the fibre thrown there after into one box and the waste into another -- or (f>) by machine (" mills '). *** Hand separation (" picking and sort ing ") is not difficult since the fibres Asbestos lie in layers more or less loosely attached to the rock and can frequently 1 be picked off with the fingers; hut hand dressing is not thorough and french: Amiante, Asbeste, Pierre a coton. -- German: Asbest, Amianlh, Bergflachs. the waste material from the cobbing tables contains much fibre, the further -- Italian and Spanish; Amianto. utilisation of which represents large profits to the mine, and these fine Chemical Properties pickings have to be dressed mechanic ally. They are passed after drying Asbestos is a brilliant filamentous min eral, oily to the touch, white, silvery grey, gItr?eecnhieshmicoarl bcloumispho. siIttiosndceonnssitisyts,is a2c.c3o-2r.d9-. to crushers where they are broken by successively finer-set rollers and fur ther reduced by cylindrical ftberisers and the cyclone machine, which re tor to its origin, of calcium silicate and duces them to fine powder. The cotton agnesia or of a magnesia silicate accom like fibres come to the surface and are panied by quantities of iron, more or less mechanically withdrawn by suction. xvensive'. Analysis of different varieties (^asbestos reveals a silica content of A#-3u per cent. -- 41.2 in Canadian asbestos, The pulverised rock and ground asbes tos are then separated by passing Airiciann Svaibreieritayn--awsbheisletoso,xiadnedof51m.1agmnetshiae 1 them through a shaking screen. In some mills the particles of iron present ;nts between 2.3 (African; and 41.7 are taken up by strong electric `'an.adian), oxide of iron between 2.32 magnets. The crude fibre on separa c.-utudian; and 35.8 (African'. In Siberian i'w-stos there is besides 16.39 per cent, of *:,iniioa. When cut up it presents a silky foiton-like form which lends itself easily ^weaving. It is incombustible, prevents | j tion from the waste rock resembles mineralised wool. The asbestos is graded according to the length of fibre on a series of cylindrical screens. It **< loss, is a thermic and electric msu- is then carded and packed in sacks 'hitr tahned thisreneotdaiftftearceknetd mbiynemraolstvaacriidesti.es and placed on the market in bulk. *--own by the name of asbestos, it is ^TM-muie asbestos or chrysolite and ISDUSTRLAL USES "nmofnndlve uassebde; sttohse wfirhsitchofatrheestheeismtohsei The uses to which asbestos is put 1 ?ought after variety. Industrial is chiefly derived from Canada, 'a. lialy, and the Transvaal. are very varied. The long fibres are used in the textile industry for the manufacture of cloth, braid, rope, theatre curtains, decoration, uphol Technology W*TMiAt,t,",'lb.Vvn involves two distinct T) quarrvine of ttie ling rock, generally mined stery, hangings, and for finishing pistons for steam engines. The shorter fibres together with an agglomerating agent are usc-d in the manufacture ol felt, paper, cardboard, varnishes, covering agents (especially for strong MTC 000432