Document MJGOz5RvQK1qxQQ1YzVbRvR3x

* Jt IT * Polychlorinated biphenyl residues In *tto* In the United States ... ; --By . - L B. WiLurn-* and J. F. Hum, Jk** ,. 1 ' I> tooimMm ...................ue--<>pwqdsumye^uwuee 13B HI. .TW mUmW 191 IV. Cost and KB writhm ................................ 140 v. ihiiiMiw>ofKali...--...................----------t.-.---........ m VI. Iifirt ol dhi....... ............................................... 143 Summary ------------------------------ ------------ -------------------- ------------------- I4S ' --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 149 L Introduction . Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBi) wore deaorflted in die scientific litirulurv in UW1 by Scmiu/r and Siivli^, and swooewful commercial production mi icMnTd ip 1930 (Huwuim 100S). Tha manufacturer ol them compounds was Swan and Company ahp recommended (heir tm* in commciciat applications for protective oustings, Waterproofing, flamcprooflng, electricol insolation, and adhaslvel' along wMi multiple miMx4luiH<iNiK iimu {!*kknim! 1900). PCB'i were moricetcd under the trade uuinr of Amdorx by Swan and Gnmmuty and then by Mnmanto UMnpany. Chemically the Arociors are matlvety inert; thus. they are not byilnilmi] liy wal*r and they mist alkatk*. adds, and other strong corrosive chemkali. They are not appradably volatile at normal ambient tcnfKvatttrn and haw boiling points which are In excess el ITS* C (Mon santo Company). They air ataide to long period* of heating and can be <11*11111x1 at ordiiuuy pressure without ainr caiborilzation el decompasltlnn. PCB'i ur InaohiMc in aqueom tnrrila and very sdhdile in hydro carbon solvent*. Therefore, these chemical compounds have tha chemical OrpsrtHtMM aI Mr (rimes, Ohfs AgHcukunl It--sink Sad Dmslommt Dmbr. Wearies. Ohio MU, Aspiiwed e tanas) Aitlcfc ml ST-74, OU* Afrtuhural Resnooh aed DewfapmeM Outer. Wemtsr, ON# 44401. Amsrinan. >at and Jams Om. UA, Ossam, Ohio 44709. 91979 by Ipriemr-Vcskg New Tad lae. S HONS 208290 ** j. r rw. ja. and physical characteristics to be persistent In the environment and no- cumolate ap (he food chain (Pxaeau. and Ltxooi WTO). Nasarr atid Lumim, (Wt) estimated that pin of KBs In North America hctwecn 1990 ana 1970 totaled I X lO1 tuna. This large pki volume Is Indicative of the Industrial wnslillty of the KBs, their low cost, and Iwlc of concern for their toxicity. In fact. It was suggested In 1990 (Pknnino 1930) that PCB*s might tie substituted for ehlcb In chew ing gum. Tnaon t m. (1W) fmastlgated the effects of the vapors from heated Arador 1141 and 1154 on small animats. The vapors of Amctur 1942 were not shown to be hade and the vapon of Arocsor 1234 caused histopathologic ligwv only when sufficiently concentrated (M pg/L). However, little Was known about the bkduglcal sigutlkaifce of the Ana 'don until after FCB residues wen found In Ish from Swedish wateis In 1908 (Jekvk 1906), Sinca 1906, FCBs were found to have wide en vironmental distributkm and were found as tissue residue* In many animal speck*. The ocounenoe of these residues have been reviewed (Depart ment of Commerce 1972. EowaiM 1971. Jsnskn et af. 1909. Parasr et of. 1970, fUsmnoucrrft of. 1988, Vamt end Us 1970). , KB ratdfip trptor Qa mvtroumetft primarily through thrvaporfrn- thm of plssUdgcn, yanurhsattnu dtirii^g open burning, leaks and dis posal of JndfatlVA late, and the lotentfbnal Spreading such as through the use of acetlclde fpnmmtkms which contained Kfls (Nworr and 8AmnM'lfr|).jb these warn have led to detectnbb concentrations cl FCB residues In tym environment, these sources <1 residue haw contrib uted only stpsll Quantities of the KB's consumed by human beings, With we excoptioc offbih co^jiWpUon. the main mutcci of containliwtlaii for human Wltpjiaw tayntnpiritrial seddeubt which directly contaminate food sotww* aodfrom iCfoln a, manufactured food or feed packaging fror^whichthe.raidufJjgslceebod Into the foodstuff. '` ` * ^ins^tou of a fond source - - - (Cwteiaw* or vn - TWt r~ 1 | | L . lMiBbi f|By|I4HaWftn) ....................... !pgrtopiffoeivad ataxic daec of KB's through rice oil that had herfi contaminated daring Its niknufootnic. It was Miniated from thls inc|deie (hot the average patient received approximately two g etsch at the ritahrjntadM* hM fwomed In tha United Mates, several Industrial accidents ahd/or mistakes haw yielded contaminated food stuffs. The most costly Incident which occurred In the United States was , In a fehmegf plant on the east coast where hlnnpl was contaminated 1 l*y a leaky Vcat transfer gystem as the mnd was being prepared for live stock feed (SrAuUMsc and Wemkl 1972). The gftl was snbaetpmitly fed to Bsh and poultry, saeulting in extensive lassos of Ish, meat, and eggs which Were impounded and dcsiraycaL'SevirtL other episodes 00ourrrd where poultry and turkeys wen found toJmVit. poswluely high 1 ' -*.**- -mm ' HONS 208291 m **^'*' KB'Hhi " ^*'1- A** W IrvHs of PCBV TIkw Im^ occurred In Mlmaiiota, OMalmma, atnl Cali fornia; Wevrf, the source of the PCIV* mulct nut lw determined In lltexo nit incfdrsit* {Scauuhku ami \Vhhhl IllfS). It )ll front transformer iufd h* am uted aa a vehicle for herbicides sprayed gtongthc highway right* w ofways In the Mnrtlmbtugi Went Virginia area. Through this route, hi FOB s contaminated the dairy cattle gnueing urea, and PCB roidiin wore M> "jmected In the milk (Spaulmno and Wkmul 1972). nil The use of mycWt) paper prodml* for pnckaitfim of fund nml foed W hua alto IkI to die contamination of human foodstuff* wflh PCB* l (Si`AUiiiiNC and Wnmki. 1972). The mafor MMiror of ItUfa In recycled i puper ia cadtotdear solMupUcntiiw paper {Tnrxrr 1072). o. In March and April of 1970, the (mo State Department of Agrictd- ti fwv di-tectrd a chlorinated hydrocuriam mldur, presumed to be a PCB, ii- in the milk from several dairy farms. Initially, the mltk from one of them l ' Tamw wax nchuM fmm tin1 market ly ifo Oldo State Deportmoot of A&icttltiin for enntalnlng a DDT mhlw. Upon further Investigation ft f war determined that till* luaftlue was a PCB, The source of the PCB residue was determined to le an Ingrrthmt rtf the coating material* i- Inside tho silos. Since that time It has Keen determined fmm regulatory experience and InfoniiutloH suj>i>licd by din cbmpanic* that PCB* had Ii V been used In the coating materials in dim kwatod In Ohio, Indiana, I ' Kentucky, Tennessee, Midtipui, Illinois. Alabama. Gourglo, North Caro f lina, South Gandlna, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Wait Virginia, Virginia, and New York {Willett 1973). , i r II. rCB<onlatnlwg silo tenting , T1h> organic acids produced ly lie cusflcd material in form concrete stlna cause orauldcralrte deomnpnaltkin aud ere*Inn of Inside walls. There fore, coating materials Inve been used for many wan to resist the cor rosive action of the silage pikes and thus extend the useful life of the slK Through the years, many products have been naad to coat the Inside of slk* including wax, mhwnd oft, epoxy rtains, and many other resinous muting, One soon coating, Guntur*, was the coating mpsnililc fur most, If <k4 nil, f the PCB-ctHitamhiated silo*. ' . Gtunnr mu formulated In the summer of 1941 for the Concrete Silo Comjwtiy of BloomAdd, Indiana (Ecam 1971). The formula for die Comar xllo coating la shown in Table I. It wax 1taxed on ffmmdatioits devrkt|>rri Inr SeuocL {1941) for the protection of concrete silos from the ntgauk* actus produced during die cnsMug process. Arocfor 1254* was Incorporated heenuae of low cost, good abAity to pinot(rise, and excellent HONS 208292 !k b , X. V-%-TL' v -*> l,: IM H4I>A Nariha Mta (liUj Ghr Mm . (l 'u ?! 'W. 11 '* Vi 1 fUM . X)M , S.C.totwW-K !< W*'M * . . .. ' , t< chemical resistance. Arodor 54#P, a hlwfmtad torpheuyi {ACT), wu a resin fortifier. Hie anrikatiou of < varied with various riio oompantm which were Iinveoflvod with Us nee. The wide distribution of this coating material ou sfloe In die eastern half of the United States die mult of various mergers and disbursements uf the silo Michigan Win Company, founded In liURt and Incorposated In 1016, had Initial production facilities located hi Charlotte, Michigan, White Marsh, Maryland, and Mawflton, Ohio (Euan 1071). Gnncnte Silo Com pany, with silo production facflUiet in Bloomfield, Indians and Monteagle. Teonewee, was later acquired and was operated as a subsidiary of Michi gan Silo Company. After aoquklrion of Coocrrtr Silo Company, the head quarter* for the anttn- operation were in Bloomfield, Indiana, in IBM, a corporate reorganisation split the company's assets; thus, the Massillon plant become the Michigan (Do Co., Inc., and likewise die Bloomfield SKo Co., Inc. was formed in Bloomfield, bulimia and die Mimtiogle Silo Company, Inc. was formed in Monteegie. Tennessee. <l*V POrsonOd of the Micbigau Stio Col, Inc. have stated that the piupusc of Cutnar nn new mstnidiMi Was lu mvido a attUmtto retain moisture In the faint mortar during coring annda' to prioottiect the mortar Irani sdoge add (Egan 1971). On tecoating_ . the matrriul was eappliied to the .faint mortar and In some Instances on die entire surface of die silo. Comer lied bran need fur roeoating of siio Interiors since UM8 throughout die entire territories wfaJ liy the old Michigan gtfa Company. Silos constructed by die Montwlfb Silo Company, Inc. and the soothem division of Michi gan Silo wnr primarily of a waxed stave const metton. Therefore. the use Of Oumar by theso oompantes was faulted to the mortar between tbo Stave blocks as It would nut bond to the waxod surface, ft Is difficult to estimate the exact numlier of silos which have been treated with die Cnnnir silo coating. Records of the company which used this material prior to 1906 arc either nonexistent or unavailable. To fur- * Aroctnr WOO b a mlatura of chlorinated teiphnoh eoataWnii shoot (KKt chlorine < MaaaM Company). MOWS 208293 fCTstoi thee complicate number estimates, utility ( the iflw which were coated with Cumar have been tom down or are no longer la use. -The Michigan Silo Co., Inc.' reported lOfl tun of Gumar during tho period I960 through the end of 1909 (Egan 1971). Records for Monteagle or Bloomfield Silo Companies are not complete for the Owner sales or ate, The liest estimate to date as to the number of alias oanetructod by the pnnt nr predecessor emiiponles and tn which the PCB-ontalnlng Cumar coating wes applied Is from 9,000 to 0.IM0 alba (t/.S. Department of Agrieu/fure 1973). - , ' ' * . ' ' , , `in > i , 1 m. The contamination process Cuuutr wai fust one of many coating materials which have been aft* piled tn silos In order to fill the pores ofehncrrto aftd reduce the surface vulnerable to acid attack. When Cumar was applied to a sfio wall, aol> <uents In the ooaHng material pern-trated Into the concrete, thus carrying the PCB*i and PCTs Into the slk> wall. After the carrier solvents mrapo- rated. firm coating material was left on and In fhe Inside walls of As silo. The mechanisms by which the PCB'i from this Atodor-containlng roaring ware tranefarred to silage was originally thought to be only mechanical, as by Baking off of chips of tho coating. It Is not uncommon for theee chips to contain SjOOO to fiOuOOO ppm of Arodor 1854. How ever, recent work has shown that this Arcelor Is eohibte In stingo juioat (Skmcntkv it al. 1971). The solutes may well he lactic and acetic add. which arc Important organic adds formed when sdage ferments (hurr ct oL I96fi). Arodor ISM has Item ahnwn to lie wltii4c In noetic add (Montatito Company). After PCB's am dissolved by the sltago fukses. IIn*)' diffuse Into the sHugc; therefore, tho residue cnnoontnitlnns are slguilomtly higher In the sllngr adlacent to the silo wall as compared to that in the central portion of the silage. Skmcntwy #t f. ( 1971), VVillctt I mid Cokiiab < 1973). and Wiixrrr (1974) have shown that moat of the Arodor residue was within fha first IB cm from die silo wall. Residues aw not detected lieyond IB cm from the slki wall. Oik* might expect .this to tie a tattoo! distribution In most s)k; however, the distribution , wifi probably fie lutueuaod by time and tenqicretma, Bupcrireposed oa the dKfiudon distribution of the Aidlri tosiditcto 'it dpi was die confounding effect of precipitation and the downward migration of the ellitjtr Inim. This effect tends to cause an accumulation of the Arodor residue near the barn of the silo ( Willrt 1974). ' Failure of the Cumar coating occurs with dam. and lakes of the matertal fall Into die silage. Theoretically, when antotaU consume these contaminated chips of coating they could receive substantial doaes of tlie Anslnr resklur. Through conrimied use of the silo all of the coating onaterinl will eventually Bake off of the slip walk. At this point, many . are unaware that they have a FCB residue problem, as there no visible coating left on the silo wall. However, organic odds from , he. i i ` * HONS 208294 H ' > ,`,i J ' J(, r y'" .ii ! vi 'if* * ,, . MB - >' u*vJL8.WttJMtr wif r. Bra* Jo. >" t: the stiage dissolved PCS'* which b*a penetrated Info the concrete. Time toldum MUMjaMlly^iKuMA Into )be,fftt*gs. S0o lostooated with PCB compoimdi 10 yearn ago still caused rignlfoant contamination nf the iDiu long after tmeet of the coating hod dbappcared (Wiujctt \073 a). , Reported levels of Aroclor 1354 from Rni|iin|0 of (adamlnntid rilra have a range between 100 to greater than 30,000 ppm (Skmktny 1071, Vhum 1074). Arodor 1254 to sflsge adjacent to these contaminated mifams has jnPMntfJfmni Iggrtien one to greater than TjOOO ppm. Mast jnjMBMM fet NreUbetween ton mid 00 ppm. , Uthough the procedure hsrtl for Arcelor lffif, KTXjjntjot eluted at the Maximum temperatures of the as liquid dwntoijnnh' (K!pE!) column wed for routine anafysrs nf Araofor 1254 (PtatoW MAmowl072). An aad Majwow ((072) sen able to detect FCT ivnwts In slloae and eflo etall ocraptiigq howevtr. methodology problems pwvented their quantitation. The relative CLC peak areas for standard Arocgor 1254 and those extracted from stingos were essentially the same (Ftaf 1072 b, SkIKmtnv of d. 1071, Wiiurt 1074), Them results Indicated that microorganisms and/or (ulces in the silage do not selectively alter or extract (he Aroclor components (Fmm 1072 b). Figures 1 A and B Aow typical chromatograms of Aroclor 1254 standard aud silage axtract (Wrujcrr 1073 c)., ' '' IV. Cows aad KB When cowi were fed FCB's orally or consumed FCB*enntamlnoted Silage, residues were detected to the nfflf wtlbhi six hours (Wiluctt 1073 c). When cneatawt hvtb nf PCB's were cmiHnually frd (o cows the concentration'to ntRk Cat toenosed .rapidly for the tost five to ten days. The oononttratkMi In milk fgt continued to hiorMe and aptiroarhnl * steady state to 40 to 00 days (Fton 1072 a). Playwow el d. (1071) flowed that to PCB's fad to,flow* ww deposited in At tot portion of the milk. Thy ako showed a strong predfleetton of the PCB OnMuee' for the lipid phase of various pfodacts produced from milk. ` Upon CLC analysis, FCB residue* found to milk after cows had eon* yarned Aroclor 1254 were quit* different to appearance from (he standard Aruciur 1254 (fig. 1 I>m el of. (IW?) ulmrml that liif nislts with : shorter rrtewtion times did not occur in |he milk samples, whereas the ^fater peaks hero moro prqdcnaUisnL Rfscd on the won of Snscwts and Mton (lB7l),Fa>*wf. (1073) determined that the major components flf the PCB residues which occur In milk were the pwtothloroMpheuyb ' and die hosaddoTObiphriiyU. Those components uf the standard which did not appear In the milk os residues wete tlicoitaed to be tetracMoro* biphenyls and some of die pentachluroblphrnyh. Faint Osl, (1073) estimated that caws that wete continuously frd Aroclor 1254 excreted about 21% of the dally Intake In the milk. How ever. these data were obtained when cows were fed IDO mg of Aroclor HONS 208295 "to'm*T S I!db UM nrfi* iuMid fw* At aft of cm flat Al4*oa^Mo wlaawaf4 DOJDO aad B% QT-I (hl)oaCat ria aad pMk Aoaftf flarfWMi oafs lab Aria fW C (Waxsrr 1979 e). ft a* aotaafftM 0(vm **) iirc, iiiiwuacwc. i idCelli I vtfc "Hi doKctw. (98:5) m OK . la 90 al/arfa >- HONS 206296 I lt - L. B. Wilur ted J. F. Hot,). _ tgw 1254/day Tor SO jjtyi, Thto quantity of Arockir wti at Inst four Umn tou wputd b# expected from an overage PCIkmtiininitted silo. Boot'd on iuMU of Willctt (1974), one can calculate that a more reasonable Agurd for dolly Intake of PCB* might be In the range nf me to 10 ing/doy. Currently, irwaMi lr lUHlmray to drtcmtfiir if similar excretion rates ooeur when com am led the knur lewd* of PCB * (\\ il- urrlfTtc). ___- Upon withdrawal of PCB residues from dairy cattle, there wai a rapid decline lu concentration of the residue* in milk fat (Fan* at of. 1971, Flues 1072 a). Dm at at (1073) demonstrated with cow* fed Aroctor 1254 that the decBm (u oonoenttation of PCB'* fat milk Eat to adnieelcly described toy a iwtMmnjponcnt. Brat-order *y*tcm equation. The mat or fact component In thh system war about 15 days In length and the reeidue concentration dedtnod about 80%. Tire second component nr stow-rate of decline wai much dower, representing a dally decline of 1%. Ibis stow-oomponent remained llnaar throughout the duration of the afore- incntfonod experiment*. Hie rate* nf decline for Arodor 1154 concentra tion* perform very simtlady to thorn of DDE which I* the most persistent degradation product of DDT when fed to cow* (Fiua 1972 a. Fata at ef. 1972 and 1973). In contrast, DDD mid pj/'DDT and o.p'-DDT were transferred to body fat and milk fat at modi lower rate* than DDE mid PCB (FWtt 19ft). Activated charooal (Farm at af. 1970, Wiuqm at af. 196B) and oertalx UlUWltM (Pw at of. 1989) have been u*ed to inluence the iota of dxcrction of various oqtanochlnrine enmpmind*. However, the ttM of activated Cftfbon and pbenoborbital were iiaHhi-tivi' In redudng the Snel concentration of FOB'S in milk fat (Fain 1972 a). Ax yet thru- I* no known treatment which can hwwif the rate of excre tion of PCB residue* from lectalfag dairy cow*. m *' t .. : ' V. Regulation f PCB** At least ten Federal law* are potentially relevant for regulation of PCS'* (Davwa 1972). The Federal Food, Drug, and Oametic Act (21 U5 901 at nag.) to applicable fur tegtiUHug the movement fa comnueoc of daW and livestock product* containing PCB residua* from (aim sflps, arid notion bee boon taken Iqr the V. S. Fowl anrf Drug Arfmbtktratlem (FDA) under it* rule-making authority provided hi this Act Hit FDA,fa 1989 Brat established mi '`internal guideline" or "work* fag leveT of U ppm fa whole milk and declared that whole milk with PCB residue* 'exceeding that level would be excluded from commerce (Kotovs 1972). Regulation* pursuant to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act [21 VSJC. 942(a), 948. 948, 371) were published on My A 1973 (Department of Health, Education, end Welfare 1973) and became ef fective after September 4, 1973, amending 21 Code of Federal Regula tion* Part* 3, UR, and 135 and adding new Part 122. These regulations me Intended to limit "the sources by which PCB'* HONS 208297 a***, _ *' *iMlM fin. itnrr* . sew .iiilar 4Vil.- .'.njiM Ml odor uili'ly 4t or ' 4dm* * <*tf HiU iitia- istl'llt rf af. w J tutd t'l /i I'd l ikU *<lvr a). U Slf -com4rhu e Atl Ad, Hurlwith mntr snrtfc IU73 IN1 of* rguk' 1*CK* . POi in Ok* 140 . umy contaminate animal Iml, fond, and fMtdmacicAgtng materials during, ': Jj^ ! 1 Miwrtetwiiif, UudUi. sod ttomae? iml limit 1w of FCBi tint .. '' .' may b* prnent in animal feed, food, ana f6od-pacVaglig materials a ' ', ,, leeiilt of umnokUlile.' environmental eontsniination " Th* rrgulariMu m* ' temporary tolerances" lor laddues of PCfil In lallk (fat basis) and in ; Hunmfudum! dairy' imdiHti (fnl hn*b)ot JA ppm; tn ttnishcri animal ford or foml pmduciiiR atiinwls (ipl the fuflowiiig! AnUbed almol feeds, fted onncentmlfa, iml siqiplniintta, and ford pnimliM) at M ppm; ond in animal (odd component! of animld origin, inctudiag lab meal and otbor by-products of marine origin and in InUhad animal fend concentrates, supplements. and premises Intended for food prodooteg . animals at tivo ppm. The reguloriom aim provide that "coatings or paint* fur tier on the contact nunici nf feed Itoearto inn may not contain FGBs or any other harmful or deleterious sdbsbmces likely to contaminate feed** (Dcfxtitment of lletillh. ErfiioWlM, aw HVf/ere 1973). ' i *i . 1 VI, Impact of PCB-cossiamtaated dbi SttTvvet ys of milk nwdwrd in various ollbMi conducted 1>y tbe PDA (KemnV 1078.) ana In our laboratory (Wwrn 1073 e.) indicated that 741 of the sample* amayed contained detectable traces of PCB's. Many of the "positive samples had Intk betas the cum-ut FDA-estabHstmd tofontnc* nf IS ppm on a fat basis, Till* 8gm* may Iw ipilte variable as Frics (1071) has shown that mitk from a fhntt with a FCB-ooutamlmtod tin may be above or Mow the "temporary hfcrtncc* level depending on thr amonrit Of contaminated silage fed. The amount of triage fed w> ally varies with the season nf thr year and the availability of alternative fecdstuffs. Shwe pmdnem having PCB-contnminfoed dins am dispensed within any mltVimd. there is a natural dlbHnvd residue with the milk pmduord on other dairy farms, A jwcofidary dflutkm ocean when dm milk Is piink'd at thr various handler punb prior tothipment to dm eon , turner. Therefore, there dote not appear to be a starificaut health bastard - t*jESH8S&&a9MM8G^3 ihc mill pntditord on the farm. Assuming consumption of one rjaart/ person/day with an average contamtagtlon of 7JB ppm of PCB's la dm . milk fat, an Individiiat could consume as nwrf) as ten mg of K9t/nw (17, B. fkprWMi of Agriculture 1978). this level Is equivalent to about one-tenth of the nWHimiun abort-term done mjuM to produce dtnieal , trfrcto as observed in the Japanese opmnut yrlth Yusho poisoning (kusummr ft of 1971). Data are M available to determine whether thr ifnts err the amr for short-tmn sir long-term exposure; however, the PDA has eonefaded that in ooritsAoulii the dally intake of FOB'S " -from B food snuruos oacccd 1A mg (Di^MaiM of Nrsilh, Education, r suuf XVflffif 1978 and 1973). Long-fossa exposun would seem km harm ful considering that FCB-crnttaratnated tifot have been on hums since - in I * -- - HONS 206296 W.i -t , -- V 144 " . . L.B. Wtunrraad J.P,fta4j*- >T ' * r '*^i; i 't 1041 and (mm (studies ,generally comunw the milk produced on their Mill. farm. There have not been report* of serious ffliKmi among nitdwcstcrti thr> and mkleattem United State* farm families such at those documented by hav the Japanem Yiuho incident (KwaUdki 1070, KmnoKt e# L 1070). The greatest bant frutn a alio that ha* residue* of PCD* U a loan- flu Hi-it dal one to the dairyman involved. If the mttk market I* determined tn twin contain PCB* fay a rafulatory agency, dm producer auffart a toaa a* the rnh product mud be Impounded and destroyed. Urn producer moat abo re place dm feedstuff Hand In dm contaminated sBo. Thee* feaoaa may wed aweed $14100 lit a single year (Wiusn 1073). Pan* (1073) found that wbau oows ware producing unmarketable mttk due to PCD mltlott. dm PCD concentration* intfaetr body were also high. Therefore, a dairy man cannot minimis* htolnmes by orDhtg contaminated eowa and replac ing them until sufficient tiino baa blupacd for dcitmtantlnslkNi, An additional coat is that of dwilatnlnittlng or replacing the silo, . Wuixrr and Odsitf <1073) and Wiuxtt (1074) haw demonstrated I ton Inert W HI win- diet altua with PCD rrslditcs cun hr drcnntniiiinatnl and returned tn me by carefully chanting and recnathig the alio surface* with a pmtcctlvo banter coating. Whereas these bandar coatings Imvr imt Item 1000effective, the *mnH <|imnt|Hrs of mridue that can hr detected In the adage tam IWI if i Wave not been sutftdent to raise the omuttniiluii of KWi hi milk- sf ii(n onlnials fed this ailagr to the actlnualilc Ic-vd nmn-iiN-d Ivy the PDA. On sdas that are In good npair dm sracadura of carefully Henning the silo surfaces and recnathm proved to ue a practical arawuoch as the nut was only ten to 13% of the corf of replacing the silo. Wttucrr (1073 b) has St:l* .lK` tls* outlined recommendations for procedure* to lie followed lx-fore n-coating ilks and ho* dcacrAti-d lV tiitportaut pntprrtirt of coating malt-rial* if gre they are to he effective betrim. Some of die pnpeftki of a gond Itorrk-f -coating Indude adequate ndhnenoe lo the concrrtr surface. 4cid resist ance, temperature resistance, duraWfily, watciprorff characteristics, and :;r4M> gpM ufroruajuachloriiip ctimpound* tnslc chcmk-ah which can i irnmlWnV|tfn MWi^WpIriT 'mtigg selection Include nn III. ill fin envtroruMntafqSaAty mOmiimMldety and lieotth Act < Deport- amnt of Labor 1071) standards for thr protection of the environment . end workers who may be applying or handling die materials. With careful MMMgnMtS dairymen should lie aide to get many additional yean of u- I* ml ik-i . .service fmm a silo dat'thi once contaminated with PC8* through core* dii fid aw Of a i*qrrfcr coating and fuuthn nmlirtrtuuici*. on The mmdier qf sflos contributing PCD residues to human food is de clining. Unfortunately, the rate of decline to unknown. Several facton are reaponsilde far fewer qf these ptdtlrm sflos. Onnpsnlec previously formulating and using'ftiipar discontinued the me of this coating as mm a* sflos were klentlfted as spurecrof PCD resldiies in milk. Sbnflariy, Him- Dt mnta (lom)Ktny will no lonjser sell Amckm for use in surface coating*. Dairymen have horn advbed by rogulatuiy agencies, the V, S. Depart ment of Agricufture, tin- AgHcuhuml Extension Service, and flekl repre* MOHS 208299 \. fCT* MS aantatlve* (ram cooperative* fo haw their dtaga analysed for raehlue* If. 1r * e Jthay auipaot a PCI) problem. A* a enult, maty of the contaminated tflo* have 'Ihwii d"Jimantllootni,. other* have )x.u daWlwnooncd, and tianjr have been aieeilvely decontaminated with a barrier trading. Effort* to locate and ^KtiAatr contaminated rimeturhf are ObnHttnlm^'Soch aotMtln thodd " reduce further the number of farm alio* tNpMmle lor (he entry of PCB * < rxaldnn into the human food chain. i:h} i ' ^Yk/iKr|.)H *1* Polychlorinated biphenyl* (PCB*) have been applied cowMnaacialjy tna wide ranpe of product* for over 40 yean. Since PCB'i iarc o'hemieany hwit they reaiat degradation and Are, ^pratora, focuani d drtDofhottt the gkdtal ecoayrtem and can aecmuimaUttate u,p the food1 %t|4dn. h4any of the ITDlii which arwe <widely ipnvdI In opur NniivvltRRNNaenrmtit nave little Importance when conxldcring the fleetunuUtkin of PCB* hi man. the diraet con- * tamtuatioii of food product* with FCII reddnea it tho main oantaodnatkm e aoorae fur human beipa One tue of PCIT* that led la the contamination of dairy product* was a coating used on the inrido of farm dim. TW atartng rteponellric for matt, if not all, of the FCR-oontamlneted 4 alio* waa called Gumar and wai used in the eastern half of the United M State* between UM1 ant) WTO. The PCB (Arooolor4,tt4) thM waa a com ponent of this coating was dtoanfwd Ijy organic add* produced daring the naUba pruuoa*. Ihc PCB rctkluot then dtffuaod Into die itlegc. De tected mmme concentration* tat adage adjacent to do walla have ham greater tlian 7.000 ppm. ill When PCH-rontandiMlrd aiingr waa fed In liventnck the rmklues accu T mulated in the Imdy fnt and deporited bi the Tat portion of milk. When I* the auuroc of PCB* wo* withdrawn from dairy cattle the ooncentiaHnn *1 in milk fat declined rapidly and tan be dpwribrd by a twooomponent ftrat-order *y*tem equation. ' 1,11 with liarrier coating*. Survey* have indioatod dial PCS raridua* could bo detected in milk from about 74k of the C*nn*>tvc*Hg*h<d.hiany of die rleirrtnhlc reridne* wrer below ihe PDA temporary tolerance of 15 ppm on a fat hast*. '" ' " - 1h Eaf< t i 1 'P*ne, Ta mPCB'i. la U. K. P*auliwtnt f My* I th* av ........ *b TMk. Oman. Tt-lMla, it* ( * TfhuwtaMM ofCwaiwwi Mat Taeb. JaftamaHna Sorvloe Conan. TMttlti OfpwtauTrt of HMth, Hdmcmhn, &nd Wd/w*. F*e4 and Pm* AdaitatatfHoot Final * * t * * 'iti i t i H HONS 208300 W4*- * . '* - Aw* KB'ikitM 147 <ZLL Dm. \SSmLimi AenVMMniMl i). atlOl (irt). r and Mpmcpimi A mWw. 'P** */ -v >>^fWltewt'WHWr and cxperi- anadlHmw. Adv. rwnlanliiamK of 4 lOOMtflt). gUttutNwfc MkOTttoD ;*.4<Mcft. A MO (ltot). ;,aafl A. M. IUmmani Kffrt* I Maa jadtMdn Iim ma sod 'i& f w P*?HWnB|W WpVMpl - '*** ! IwnI of daiiy Dt * <*4 (Aractor 1N4) and DDK Man. Tumi T, Ml (lTt). ' n mi ancrotlaa by cow* fed a . fm* Ow.*1, nt am), tv I aanpnaoA, DqAadi af ' 1h lUmoinuT <IW9). . *i 95, * (MN) n DOT ad K* la two. w ataariraMn of ptlaa *Mi ftwprcMw* t, M (1VTS). jnu Tuba, a pnkaalni ` dpiwnyk. PaWto llpdth at, av*""** auwd by Ian*. a 4VW- - i-* wa V--KII VI pBffvWnWQ---a---*.*- *- * * Ml). Co. Took ML T, |l., a <v Brnoum KMUnj "" rmfaclMnpoa*ln md dn a-DtotwyaL Aan. Cfcm taaowkta,. f0iu,`MartIdD. fflnytia--Ulcntfcy afyntydriartnatad l|<n| hat-aMil t ,. ~--TfStTT MnUumo, ). t,d|.i Wonon OrnkMa aad mmwn of IttD la had. In V. 5. Piynowl if Cvmoati MaMurlml hjoWuh ad da K<t Tfekfadnr. *ar%1*OoapM. T-10410, W7 (lOTt). JtykkLit MHiwWia umoroa adhp. A*r. lag- tt, M (INI). Awnwarnmar. ifcff.t,lIlt wW. ilpouaac*, ,** ft W. imma: b> minus at a i w af ooMriaiaaHn af nkaal Cm- 1M, |. P, f, p. OMiMiam,.i. W. di*nu and KK W. Aianaui Tb taaWty of , In mm a* Andbr 1145i aad Aada llH Aon lad. Up*. Am* Quart 17,5M(1M). ' Tkfwr. P, Ij K3 .... ^>mia I* to liaiai-H. -- Kmart adaltldl k nw Omkr <1 fu.ll (!). ... Va*,C.D,adO.P.UkLdiitof aHwHaiiif bplaay) . IOT). . .. , .. -- Madia af fcorrtsc aaatlaai la I OMa Apr. to. A Day. Cuter**. totonavy M.CB (1*79 ,). J. Daley loT 17, h pan (W74). , - --and H. 1 Cowman Ooarinp _ naUnaa la caataadnand ilka (Afatraetf. J. Datry MTt). Wmow. K. A.. A If. GDok. aad A A Sawnri K5aok ................... " la nulaaokL fad, ftoa.57, M> (M>). a." *f fCTalaK nJf5-*-**:*'< Apt 4 IfP^Maptad bfay 50, MT4. .... <MW. wnM ynMbdiHw of iblarlmul It. i,, '",t;***( i* . - If. . rr^P~ I R. maorr, r. w. 1 JjMkUWfcladdr . ITdfeiciH 1905 (19T1). *Mki Qompaimtfri tvrty-ohiortaaiad blyWnyti k td Jn NtaNm I, a <mvi. r?,C. tl--i m, aad M. N. Kamrn * km. Katun- *95, MOT (MOS). ` - -t- .. * *- *- ... ` -i- **ir--*i*'*a vV . ,' -'Hi 4.1 t-r' ifi V*l ri HONS 208302 .* S^jaet Mn Aahwa and Aaterc, bm AMm Abate, antomatatl HMtjnd 07 -------- IJCM Abmptet f vapocs ) ITf. Adwipffna f vapor* Its V. ' ' b, NririMiM 114 - electro*ettc ptdpWtet Ut .fcaNiai MM tegta<u-- 101 0- wepllwi 108 ff. nAmhWIm lit 114 Aanfaa, era DDT AmHOiK rodyai'Ct 3 AnMtaaay. amenutnl analytee 90 Apwiblf, ai*nnuliil aneljwfi St Apbathlr. Mr Trpa Apple* n.to Atman. arc PC* Ak >awpV^iM^iAi^A^ra|i*Miii^y Site 1M^ , - -- waiptpA wlrtiai MmMIm MM '' ' * ---------- wawpltep. cnUcctten IbnWatieat lot . 1M naapMna-drtretten tr*cn Itl unptln* durMien 4R ' apHna. tAtthwe* 4M MUMthat. Ml ptteR. aptbtt. U1 Ill un HMpIbip. K)W lamp"lMW*. pac`ked` 119 m . ____________ 1*4 NMplfHK. pritlrfcb* la (te altn * *) M . . i analyiw I* aiaVat, advaataira t,.ft -- aa^a^fcliiie fltf f. -- analytical pom (eea alia iperili campnaatb) 10 f. lyaen* eraapnplne 71 f, awM CfcR aaalyaeie 3 anrate aaelyaaei 90 arimdeeainilivl aaelyarfi W iititlbr analyxra tt tmolaabw 9* eathaa tbwiHitU aaaVaw It cyaaldr ulywi 30 " data bandtta* IT I. ' and iiropltea wbw si tetawr *7 Am* aaabai-re 90 ff. padamli^lo 18,40. 43 ff. -- I* 100-1M . f nopla M ampAntf bate* 10 aaapthtf, ttnlte al awan Off 101 Aldria la ak 107,110,1*0. IK U* Alfalfa 11 AMf, aaa DtekWiu Aanioate analyacn and aubnaatul mW 10,01 Anmwair, an- S.t-0 Aadceaoa aatuplm 110, 111 Aaltlne*. aoteenatail atialyeta 11 ffPU i _ atablbiia aaatyarr' > pa*Mwy analyauie 94 rr Off 47 ff. inwailmiailia awabtam IT ` aeahancMurtne mlyaw 13 oranowOiPpm iaab*m IT Mmunphaaphunit aaatymi Iff nnmwlfiii satlyam 13 pampiat aaalyarr S3 prettekle analyaru (tar aba adfcumpmaidi) Iff. plumb awalynet SO pntenapaplflr 80 e--pl peaparaRaa 91 ff. - VJt* f+ ' HONS 208303