Document MGKNkoNegK060MY9pgOyk5eYx

MWBB-0019705 K'-'lr1/ v=3 Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL /"\ r\ R SEPTEMBER, 1964 (Vol. 28, No. 9) INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH, PA. 15213 03121529 'U--J S Co u--l L-------J C=3 NDUSTRIAL H YGIENE EATURES The periodic evaluation of outpatients is discussed in Abst. No. 847. See Abst. No. 850 for the natural his tory of coronary atherosclerosis. Abst. No. 852 discusses the occur rence of oral cancer. Abst. No. 861 is concerned with the etiology of bronchogenic carcinoma. See Abst. No. 866 for serologic sur veys for selected zoonoses in Ohio vete rinarians. Information on dermatitis caused by Saran Wrap is given in Abst. No. 869. Abst. No. 871 reviews dermatitis from epoxy resins. Abst. No. 878 presents criteria for the evaluation of chemical toxicity. Oxygen therapy in cyanide poisoning is the title of Abst. No. 880. Fluorosis in cattle is investigated in Abst. No. 881. Clinical and therapeutic aspects of kerosene poisoning are studied in Abst. No. 888. Data on the successful treatment of malathion poisoning are given in Abst. No. 890. A case of benign asbestos pleurisy is describedin Abst. No. 895. Abst. No. 909 reports on air sampling in plastic bags. A code of safe practices for industrial scuba diving is given in Abst. No. 916. Abst. No. 926 gives information on the employment of the mentally subnormal. Foundation Facts NEW MEMBER. The Foundation is pleased to add the name of Gypsum Association to its list of members. Invitational programs for the 29th Annual Meeting have been mailed to the membership of the Foundation. Of particular interest to our members should be the following: The 1st Management Session - Chronic Disease in Industry - which will explain the importance of preventive programs related to health. The 2nd Management Session -- Application of Toxicological Thresholds - will indicate the im portance of competent industrial health consultation in the application of threshold and maxi mum standards. The 3rd Management Session - concerned with an industrial emphysema claim will incorporate some of the findings of the Emphysema Symposium held at the Foundation on September 15 and 16 (see August Foundation Facts). The Joint Professional-Technical Conference on Thursday morning includes the presentations on practical aspects of waste disposal, air conservation, beryllium toxicity, and legal papers on the current status of compensation legislation, hearing loss, andWalsh-Healey ActStandards. The Concurrent Professional-Technical Conferences include many important and timely sub jects which have been suggested by the membership and which relate to many fields of occupa tional health and safety. ' The Business Meeting of the Foundation Membership a* 11:20 a.m., October 21, will review past progress and outline future research and educational plans for Foundation activities. Members should plan to attend and to participate in our planning to the fullest extent possible. Phosgene Meeting. As a result of a small exploratory discussional on Phosgene, September 17, consideration is being given to several industry-wide research projects under the guidance of the Chemical-Toxicological, Medical, and Engineering Committees. If sufficient interest de velops, a Symposium may be held later in order to allow presentation of our findings. Threshold Limit Values. A limited number of tear sheets from this issue of the Industrial Hygiene Digest will be Xvailable to Foundation member companies represented at the Annual Meeting. If you should need extra copies, therefore, please let us hear from you--while the 03121530supply lasts. NMBB-.0O19706 TABLE OF CONTENTS Threshold Limit Values for 1964--ACGZH.................................................................................... i News Items.................... '........................................................................................................................... 1 Coming Events......................................................................................................................... ... .. . . 2 Occupational Disease Statistics...................................................................................... . 3 Legal Developments. ......................................................................................................................... 4 Books, Pamphlets and Notices. .......................................................................................................... 4 industrial Medical Practice................................................................. 5 Skin Diseases and Burns. . ................................................................................................................. 11 Chemical Hazards....................................................................................................................................... 13 Industrial Dusts............................................................................................................................................ 19 Physical Aspects of the Environment............................................................................................... 21 Radioactivity and X-Radiation.............................................................................................................. 22 Environmental Measurements.................................................................................................................24 Preventive Engineering........................................................................ Community Air Hygiene....................................................................................................................... 26 Management Aspects................................................................................................................................. 28 Accidents and Prevention.......................................................................................................................... 30 Miscellaneous. .................................................................................................................. Index................................................................................................................................................................. 33 Addresses of Journals Abstracted........................................................................................................35 25 31 03121531 C'i) (KJJ THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR 1964* Adopted at the 26lh Annuol Meeting ol the Amencon Conference of Governmentol Industrial Hygienists Philadelphia, Po., April 25-28, 1964 The threshold limit values refer to air borne con centrations of substances and represent conditions under which it is believed that neatly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect. Because of wide variation in individual sus ceptibility. exposure of an occasional individual at or even below the threshold limit may not prevent dis comfort, aggravation ol a preexisting condition, or occupational illness. Threshold limits should he used as guides in the control of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between sale and dangerous concen trations. Exceptions are the substances given in Appendix A and certain of the substances given a "C" listing. The values not given a "C" listing re fer to time-weighted average concentrations for a normal workday. The amount by which these concen trations may be exceeded for short periods without injury to health depends upon a number of factors such as the nature of the contaminant, whether very high concentrations even for short periods produce acute poisoning, whether the effects are cumulative, the frequency with which high concentrations occur, and the duration of such periods. Alt must be taken into consideration in arriving at a decision as to whether a hazardous situation exists. Enlightened industrial hygiene practice inclines toward controlling exposures below the limit rather than maintenance at tUc limit. Threshold limits are based on the best available information from industrial experience, from experi mental human and animal studies, and when possible. Iron a combination ol the thiec. The basis on which the values are established may differ Irom substance to substance: protection against impairment of health * Reprinted with permission from the may be the guiding factor for some, whvieas reason able freedom from irritation, naicosis. icisance of other foims of stress may dominate (he basis lor others. The Committee holds to the opinion that limits based on physical irritation should be considered no less binding than those based on physical impair ment; growing bodies of evidence indicate that physi cal irritation may promote and accelerate physical impairment. On what basis a limit is developed is given separately tor each listed substance in "Docu mentation of Threshold Limit Values," a publication ol the Threshold Limits Committee ol (he ACGIH. Ceiling vs Time-Weidried Average Limits. Al though the lime-weighted average concentration pro vides the most satisfactory, practical way of moni toring air borne agents for compliance with the limits, there are certain substances for which it is inap propriate. In the latter gioup are substances which aie predominantly fast acting and whose threshold limit is more appropriately based on this particular response. Substances with this type of response are best controlled by a ceiling "C" limit that should not be exceeded. H is implicit in these definitions that the manner of sampling lo determine compliance wilh the limits lor each group must dilfer; a single grab sample, that is applicable lo a "C" limit, is not appropriate lo Ihe time-weighted limit; here, a sufficient number ol samples ate needed lo permit a time-weighted average concentration throughout a a complete cycle ol operations or Ihroughout Ihe work shift. Whereas the ceiling limit places a definite bound ary which concentrations should not be permitted to exceed, Ihe time-weighted average limit requites an explicit limit lo the excursions that are permissible above the listed value. The magnitude ol these ex cursions may be pegged to Ihe magnitude of the thres hold limit by an appropriate (actor shown in Appendix C. It should be noted that the same factors are used by the Committee in making a judgment whether lo included exclude a substance lor a "C" listing. ``Skin" Notation. Listed substances followed by the designation "Skin" refer lo the potential con- tubution to the overall exposure by the cutaneous route including mucous membranes aid eye. this attention-catting designation is intended to suggest appropriate measures for the prevention of cutaneous absoiption so that the thieshold limit is not in validated. ' Mixtures. Special consideration should be given also to the application of these values in assessing the health hazards which may be associated with ex posure to mixtures of two or more substances. A Inief discussion of basic considerations involved in de veloping threshold limit values tor mixtures; and methods for their development, amplified by specific examples are given in Appendix B. "fiietl" or Nuisance Paificulalcs. A number of dusts or particulates that occur in the working en vironment ordinaiily produce no specific ellects upon prolonged inhalation. Some insoluble substances are classed as inert (e.g. iron and steel dusts, cement, bentonite, silicon caibidc. titanium dioxide, cel lulose); others may be soluble (starch, soluble oils, calcium carbonate) hut are of such a low order of activity that in concentrations ordinarily encountered do not cause physiologic impairment; stiil others may be rapidly eliminated or destroyed by the body (veg etable oils, glycerine, sucrose). In the case ol the insoluble substances, there may be some accumula tion in the respiratory passages. In the case of Ihe soluble substances, this accumulation will ordinar ily be temporary but may interfere to some extent with respiratory processes. Hence, rl is desirable lo control Ihe concentrations of such particulates in the air breathed by any individual, in keeping with good industrial hygiene practice. A threshold limit of I5mg in , or bfl mpprf, which ever is less, is recommended for substances in these categories and for which no spccilrc threshold limits have beeft assigned. This limit, for a normal work day, docs not apply to brief exposures at higher concentrations. Neither docs it apply to those substances which may cause physiologic impairment at lower concentrations hut for which a threshold limit has not yet been adnuloi!. Physical f actors II is recognized that such phy sical factors as liral, ultraviolet and ionizing India- erican Conference of Governmental Indust ial Hygienists. 03121532 MHBB-0019707 Iton. humidity, abnormal pressure and the like may place added stress on the body so (hat the effects Iroin exposure at a threshold limit may be altered. Most ol these stresses act adversely to increase Ihe toxrc response of a substance. Although most threshold limits have built in safety factors to guard against adverse eflects of moderate deviations from normal envnonincnls. the safety factors of most suhslances are not of such a magnitude as to take care of gross deviations. For example, continuous work at temperatures above 90T or over-lime, ex tending the work-week more than 50%, might be considered gross deviations, in such instances judg ment must be exercised in the proper adjustments of the threshold limit values. These limits arc intended for use in the field ol industrial hygiene and should be interpieted and applied only by peisons trained in this field. They aie not intended foi use. or loi modification for use, (1) as a relative index ol toxicity, by making a ratio ol Iwo limits. (?) in Ihe evaluation or control of community au pollution or aii pollution nuisances. (3) in estimating the toxic notential of continuous uninterrupted exposures, (4) as proof or disproof ol an existing disease ol physical condition, oi (5) for cade blanche adoption by foreign countries. These values aie reviewed annually by the Com mittee on Threshold Limits lor revisions or additions, as further information becomes available. "Notice of Inlcnl." At Ihe beginning of each year, proposed actions ol Ihe Committee lor the forth coming year are issued in Ihe form of a "Notice of Intent." This Notice provides not only an oppor tunity foi comment, hut solicits suggestions of sub stances to be added to the list. The suggestions should be accompanied by substantiating evidence. Legislative Action The Conference does not consider the Threshold Limit Values appropriate matter loi adoption in legislative codes and regula tions. and recommends against such use. Rrpnnt Permission. This publication may be re printed provided that written permission is obtained from Hie Secretary Treasurer of the Conference and tlial it be published in its entirety. ii. RECOMMENDED VALUES (In AlpkaWicot Onlti) Substonc# ppm* Mg/M*** Acetaldehyde................................. 200 Acetic acid..................................... 10 Acetic anhydiide......................... 5 Acetone........................................... 1,000 Acetonitiile................................... 40 Acetylene tetrabromide................ 1 Acrolein......................................... 0.1 Acrylonitrile Skin...................... 20 Aldrin (1, 2, 3. 4, 10, 10- hexachloio- 1, 4, 4a, S, 8. 8 a-hexahydro-1, 4, 5, 0-dimethano-naphthaiene) Skin.... _ Ally! alcohol Skin...................... 2 Allyl chloride................................. 1 : Allyl glycidyl ethei (AGE).......... 10 Allyl piopyl disulfide.................. 2 Ammonia ...................... SO Ammonium sulfamate (Animate).. _ Amyl acetate................................. 100 Amyl alcohol (isoamyl alcohol). too Aniline Skin........... ..................... Antimony & compounds (as Sb) s _ ANTU (alpha naphthyl thiourea).... ............................... - Arsenic 8 Compounds (as As) - Arsine ............................................. Barium (soluble compounds)..... o.os _ : Benzene (benzol) - Skin . 25 Benzidine....................................... _ Benzyl chloride............................. Beryllium....................................... 1 _ Boron oxide................................... _ 360 25 20 2.4QQ 70 14 0.25 45 0.25 5 3 45 12 35 15 525 360 19 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.5 80 Al 5 0.002 15 * Parts ot vapor or (it per million pans ol air bf volume at 25 C no 760 mm. H| prctturc. *' Apptonmait mtltliramt ol particular per cubic malar ol air. A numbers. See Append!* A Subtlonco ppm* Mg/M'*.* C Boron tiitluotide......................... . 1 Bromine.......................................... 0.1 Butadiene (1, 3-butadiene)...... 1.000 2-Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone)...................................... . 200 2-Butoxy ethanol (Butyl Cellosolve) - Skin................... 50 Butyl acetate (n-butyl acetate). . 200 Butyl alcohol................................ . 100 terl. Butyl alcohol..................... 100 C Butylamine.................................... . 5 C tert. Butyl chromate (as CrOa) - Skin........................................ . - n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) ... Butyl mercaptan........................... 50 10 p-tert. Butyltoiuene................... 10 Cadmium oxide fume................... . - Calcium aisenate .. - Camphor........................................ . Carbon dioxide............................. 5,000 Carbon disulfide * Skin............... 20 Carbon monoxide......................... 100 Carbon tetrachloride Skin...... 10 Chtordane (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8-octachloro-3a, 4, 7, 7a. tetrahydio-4, 7-methanoindane) Chlorinated camphene, 60%...... Chlorinated diphenyl oxide...... - Chlorine........................................ 1 Chlorine dioxide......................... 0.1 C Chlorine tiifluonde.................. 0.1 C Chioroaeetaldehyde..................... 1 Chlorobenzene (monochlorobenzene)................... 75 Chlorobromomethane................ 200 Chlorodiphenyl <42% chlorine) - Skin- Chlotodiphenyl (54% chlorine) - Skin- C Chlorolotm (tuchioromeihane)... 50 1-Chtoro-l-nitropropane .. . Chloiopicrin.................................. Chlotoptene 20 01 (2-chloro-l, 3-butadiene) 25 3 0.7 2,200 590 240 950 .. 300 300 15 0.1 270 35 . 60 0.1 1 2 9,000 60 110 65 0.5 0.5 0.5 3 0.3 0.4 3 350 1,050 1 0.5 240 100 0.7 90 (j3iH5 33 Subtlsnct ppm* Mg'M'** Chromic acid and chromates (as CiO i) - Cobalt Crag (R) herbicide | sodium 2-12,4' dichloiophenoxy) elhanol hydiogen sulfate | - Ctesol (all isomers) Skin 5 Cyanide (as CN) - Skin - Cyclohexane . 400 Cyclohexanol 50 Cyclohexanone 50 Cyclohexene . 400 2,4-0 (2, 4-dlchloiO|)henoxy acelic acid) - ODT| 2. 2-bis (p-chloiophenyl) 1, 1, l-liichloioethane ]- Skin - DOVP (0, O-Oimelhyl-2, 2-dichloio- vinyl phosphate) - Oecaboiane Skin 0.05 Diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy- 4-melhyl-2-penlanone> Diboiane 50 0.1 1,2-Oibromoethane (ethylene dibioimde) 25 C o-Dichloiobenzenc 50 p-Dichlotobenzenc 75 Dichloiodifluoiomethane 1,000 1, l-Oichloioethane 100 1,2-Oichloioelhane (ethylene dichloude) so 1,2-Dichloioelhylene 200 C Dichloioelhyl ether 15 Dichloiomonolluoioinethane 1,000 C 1 l-Dichloio-l-nitioethane 10 Oichloiotetialluoioeihane 1,000 Oieldim (1,2,3,4,10, IQ-hexachlorO 6. 7-epoxy-1. 4. 4a. 5.6, 7, ft, 8.- octahydio-1,4,5, 8-diniethano naphthalene) - Skin Diethylamme - 25 0. 1 0.5 15 22 5 1,400 200 200 1.350 10 1 1 0.3 240 0.1 190 300 450 4.950 400 200 790 90 4,200 60 7,000 0. 25 75 1)964 Addition or deletion ol "C" 11964 Revision see Tentative Vofues Subitonce ppm* Mp/M*** Difluorodibromomethane.............. C Diglycidyl ethei (DGE)................ Diisobutyl ketone......................... 100 0.5 SO Dimethyl acetamide - Skin.......... Dimethylaniline (N-dimethyl- 10 aniline) Skin............................... t Oimethylformamide - Skin............ 5 - 1,1-Dimethylhydiazine - Skin .... Dimethylsulfate Skin................ Dinitiobenzene Skin.................. 0.5 1 _ Dinitrotoluene * Skin.................... Dlnitio-o-cresol * Skin................ _ Dioxane (diethylene dioxide)...... 100 Dipopylene glycol methyl ethet Skin................................ 100 Endrin (1,2,3,4,10,10* hexa- chloio-6, 7-epoxy-1,4,4a, 5. 6, 7, 8 Sa-octahydio l,4-endo-5, 6-dimethanonaphthalene) - Skin.. - EPN (O-elhyl O-p-nitrophenyl thionobenzenephosphonate) Skin - Ethyl acetate................................. 400 Ethyl acrylate - Skin................... 25 Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)................ 1, ,000 Ethylamine..................................... 25 C Ethylbenzene................................. 200 Ethyl bromide................................. 200 Ethyl chloride.................... .......... 1, 000 Ethyl ether...................................... 400 Ethyl formate................................. C Ethyl mercaptan ........................... Ethyl silicate................................. 100 20 100 Ethylene chlorohydrin Skin...... S Ethylenedlamine........................... t C Ethylene glycol dinitrate Skin Ethylene imine - Skin................... Ethylene oxide............................... 2-Ethoxyethanol 10 0.2 5 50 (Ceilosolve) - Skin................... 200 2-Ethoxyelhylacetate (Ceilosolve acetate) - Skin 100 860 2.8 290 35 25 1 5 1 1.5 0.2 360 600 0.1 O.S 1,400 100 1,900 45 670 890 2,600 1,200 300 S2 850 16 30 1.2 9 90 740 540 ' Subalonc* PPm* Mg/M'** Ferbam (ferric dimethyl dithiocarbamate)....................... _ Fettovanadium dust.................... Fluoride (as F) ........................... - Fluorine......................................... 0.1 Ftuorotr ichloromethane................ 1, 000 C Formaldehyde.......................... .. 5 Furfural............................................ 5 Furfuiyl alcohol............................. 50 Gasoline.......................................... 500 Glycidol (2, 3-Epoxy-l- propanol)...................................... 50 Heptachlor (1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 6, 8a-heptachloro-3a, 4, 7, 7a-tetiahydro-4, 7* methanoindane........................... - Heptane (n-heptane)..................... 500 Hexane (n-hexane)....................... 500 Hexanone (methyl butyl ketone) 100 sec`Hexyl acetate....................... 50 Hexone (methyl isobulyl ketone) 100 + Hydrazine * Skin........................... 1 Hydrogen bromide......................... 3 C Hydrogen chloride......................... 5 Hydrogen cyanide-Skin.............. 10 Hydrogen fluoride......................... 3 Hydrogen peroxide, 90%............. 1 Hydrogen selenide......................... t Hydrogen sulfide 0.05 - Hydtoqulnone................................. - C Iodine.............................................. 0.1 Iron oxide fume............................. - Isophotone...................................... 25 Isopropylamine............................... 5 Isopropyl glycidyl elhet (IGE) 50 Ketene.............................................. 0.5 Lead.............................................. - Lead arsenate............................... - Lindane (hexachlorcyclohexane. gamma isomer).......................... - Lithium hydride.................. - 15 1 2.5 0.2 5,600 6 20 200 2,000 150 0.5 2,000 1,800 410 295 410 1.3 10 7 11 2 1.4 0.2 - 2 1 15 140 12 240 0.9 0.2 0.15 0.5 0.025 1)964 Addition or dotation of "C" 1)964 Rovislon - see Tontotiv# Volvo* 03121534 iii. HHBB-0019708 IV . SukttWIC* ppm* Magnesium oxide fume .... Malathion (0,0 dimethyl dithiophosphate o( diethyl mercaptosuccinate) Shin..... . C Manganese ..................................... . - Mercury - Skin............................... . Meicuiy (organic compounds) Skin...................... ....... . - Mesityl oxide........... ......... Methoxychloi (2, 2-di-p- 25 methoxy-phenyl -l, 1, 1- trichloioethane)........................ . Methyl acetate............................. 200 Methyl acetylene.......................... 1,000 Methyl acrylate Skin ................ 10 Methytal (dimethoxymethane)..... 1,000 Methyl alcohol (methanol)......... 200 C Methyl bromide Skin................. . 20 Methyl ceilosolve (2-melhoxy- ethanol) Skin.......................... 25 Methyl ceilosolve acetate (ethylene glycol monomethyt ether acetate) Skin................ 25 C Methyl chloride............................. 100 Methyl chloroform (I, t, l-tii* chloroethane)............................. 350 Methylcyclohexane..................... 500 Methylcyclohexanol...................... 100 Methylcyclohexanone................. 100 Methyl formate................................ 100 Methyl isobutyl carbinol ' (methyl amyl alcohol).............. 25 1 Methyl mercaptan............................ - r C a Methyl styrene............................ 100 Methylene chloride (dichloromethane)..................... 500 Monomethyl aniline - Skin.......... 2 Molybdenum ( soluble compounds).................................. (insoluble compounds)............ - Mp/M*** 15 15 5 0.1 0.01 100 15 610 1,650 35 3.100 260 80 80 120 210 1,900 2,000 470 460 250 100 - 480 1,750 9 5 IS r 1964 Addition or dolotion of "C 11964 Rovition Tontotiv* Voloo* Subttonc* ppm* Naphtha (coal tar)......................... Naphtha (petroleum)................... . p - Naphthylamlne........................ . Nickel carbonyl............................ . Nicotine - Skin................................ t Nitric acid.................................... . 200 800 500 2,000 - A2 0.001 0.007 - 0.5 -_ p-NItroaniline Skin.................. . Nitrobenzene Skin.................... Nitroethane..................................... C Nitrogen dioxide........................... C Nitroglycerin V EGON Skin.. . 1 1 100 5 0.2 6 5 310 9 2 Nitromethane................................. . 1 Nitropropane............................. 2-Nitropropane............................. 100 25 25 250 90 90 N - Nitrosodimethylamine (Dimelhytmtiosamine) Skin A3 _ Nitrotoluene Skin....................... 5 30 Octane.............................................. Oil mist (mineral)........................., Osmium tetroxide............................ 500 - 2.3SO 5 0.002 Ozone............................................. 0.1 0.2 Parathion (0, O-diethyl O-Pmlrophenyl Ihiophosphate) - Skin............................................. - 0.1 Pentaborane................................... 0.005 0.01 Pentachloronaphthalene Skin... - 0.5 Pentachlotophenol Skin............, - 0.5 Peniane ......................................... 1,000 2,950 Pentanone (methyl propyl ' ketone)...................................... 200 700 Peichloroethylene (tetra- chloroethylene)......................... 100 Perchloromethyl mercaptan....... 0.1 670 0.8 Perchlotyl fluoride....................... Phenol - Skin................................ 3 5 13.5 19 Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE)..... Phenylhydrazlne - Skin................ 50 5 310 22 Phosdrin (2-carbomethoxy-l- methyl vinyl dimethyl phosphate)................................. . - 0.1 H964 Addition or dolotion of **C 11964 Rovision too Tonlolivo Voluot $ubtii*nc ppm* Mp/M** { Phosgene (carbonyl chloride).... Phosphine....................................... Phosphoric acid............................. Phosphorus (yellow)..................... Phosphorus pentachloride.......... phosphorus pentasulfide............ Phosphorus trichloride................ Piciic acid - Skin.................... . Platinum (Soluble Salts).............. Propyl acetate............................... Propyl alcohol (isopropyl alcohol)....................................... Propyl ether (isopropyl ether).... n-Propyl nitrate........................... Propylene dichloride (1, 2- dlchlotoptopane)....................... Propylene (mine - Skin................ Propylene oxide............................. Pyrelhrum....................................... Pyridine......................................... Quinone........................................... Rolenone (commercial)................ f Selenium compounds (as Se)..... Sodium fluoroacetate (1080) - Skin............................................ Sodium hydroxide........................... Stibine.............................................. Stoddard solvent........................... Strychnine....................................... 4 C Styrene monomer - (phenylethylene)....................... Sulfur dioxide................................. Sulfur hexafluoride...................... Sulfuric acid.................................. Sulltn monochloride..................... SulftM pentafluoride...................... Sulfuryl fluoride............................ 2, 4, ST (2, 4, 5 trichtofophenoxyacelic acid).. TEDP (tetraethyl dithionopyrophosphate) - Skin. 0.3 -- _ - 0.5 _ _ 200 0.4 1 0.1 1 1 3 0.1 0.002 840 400 980 500 2,100 25 no 75 25 100 - 5 0.1 - - 350 60 240 5 15 0.4 5 - - - 0.1 500 - 0.05 2 0.5 2,900 0.15 100 420 5 13 1,000 6,000 -. 1 16 0.025 0.25 5 20 - 10 - 0.2 f|964 Addition or dolotion of "C" 1)964 Rovition - too Tontotivo Voluoi 03121535 I Lj) ] o Substonee Ppm* Mg M'** Teflon (R) decomposition pioducts . . TEPP (leliaethyl pyro phosphate) - Skin . Tellurium - 1. 1. 2, 2-Tetiachloioethane - Skin . Tetiahydioluran Telianitiomethane . ... .. 5 200 t Tetiyt (2. 4, 6 - trmiliophenyl - inethylnitramine) - Skin Thallium (soluble compounds) Skin Thu am (Ictiamethyl thiuiam disulfide) Titanium dioxide - Toluene (toluol) 200 0 - Toluidme Skin . 5 Tolylene-2, 4-diisocyanate 0.02 Ttichloioelhylene.................... 100 Iiichloionaphthalene -Skin - 1, 2, 3 - Tnchloropiopane 50 1, l, 2-Tiichloto 1. 2. 2- tfilluofoethane 1.000 Tiiethylamine . ............... 25 Tnfluoionionobioniomethane . 1,000 Timitiotoluene-Skin .. - Tiiorthocresyl phosphate - Tiiphenyl phosphate .. - Tuipentine . . .. 100 Uranium (soluble compounds) - (insoluble compounds) : Vanadium (V 2O t dust) (V2O ft fume)............................ : Vinyl chlonde (chloioethylene) - 500 Vinyl toluene................. . 100 WailannO- a acelonylbenzyl (-4- hydioxycoumaiin) ........... - : Xylene (xyloli .. 200 Xylidine - Skin............................ 5 A4 0.05 0.1 35 590 8 1.5 0.1 5 15 750 22 0.14 520 5 300 7,600 too 6,100 1.5 0.1 3 560 0. OS 0. 25 0.5 0.1 1,300 480 0.1 870 25 *1964 Addition or deletion o< "C'* 11964 Revision - see Tenlolive Values Substonee ppm** Mg/M'** f Yttrium ........................................ Zinc oxide fume............................. Zitconium compounds (as Zi).... - -' 5 5 Radioactivity: For permissible concentrations ot radio isotopes in air. see U. $. Department ot Commerce. National Bureau ot Standards. Handbook 69. "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations ot Radi onuclides in Air and in Water lor Occupational exposure." tune S. 1959 Also, see U. S. Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards. Handbook 69. "Permissible Dose from external Sources of lonlring Radiation." September 24. 1954, and addendum of April IS. 1958. * Parts ol vapor or gat per million parts of air by volume at 25*C and 160 mm. Hi pressure. * Approximate milllirams of particulate per cubic meter of air. A Numbers. See Appendix A 11964 Revision sue Tuntotlv# Values MINERAL DUSTS Substance m.p.p.e.f.* SILICA Crystalline Quartz, Threshold Limit calculated 250 from the formula ............................... %SiO 2* 5 Cristobalite " " Amorphous, including natural diatomaceous earth ................................ SILICATES (less than I % crystalline silica) 20 Asbestos ...................................... 5 Mica ...................................................... 20 Soapstone .................................................... 20 Talc .................................................. 20 Portland Cement .................. 50 "Inert" or Nuisance Particulates SO (ot 15 mg/m 9 - whichever is the smaller) CenvtrsiiR factors mppcf x 35.3 million particles per cubic meter -- particles per c.c. Millions of particles per euble foot of air, bated on Implnger samples counted by light-fiald technics. * * The percenter of crystalline silica in the formula is the amount determined from air borne samples, except in those Instances In which ether methods have been shown lo be applicable. v, 6V) (02) TENTATIVE VALUES Substonee ppm* Mg M'*` f-fAnisidine <0, p-isomeis)........... t-tBenzoyl petoxide.......................... Calcium oxide............................... HCaibaiyl (Sevin) (R).................... Copper Fume ............. . Dusts Si Mists .. nCotton Dust (iaw)......................... iCyclopentadiene........................... 75 Demeton (Systox) (R)................. nl, 3-Dichloio-5. 5-dimethyl hydantoin ................................. HOimethyl 1, 2-dibfomo-2, 2- dichloioethyl phosphate, (Dibiom) (R) HDimethylamine............................... 10 * Dimethylfoimamide - Skin . 10 ilDisec. octyl phthalate (Di 2- ethylhexyl-phthalate).............. - Epichloihydr in............................... 5 Ethanolamine................................ 3 Giaphite ...................................... - Halmum - fiHexachloeoethane - Skin ........... 1 fHydiogen Sulfide ......................... 10 t*L. P. G. (Low pressure gas) (Liquid petroleum gas)... . 1,000 ffMaleic anhydride...................... ... - t+Methane............................................ 1,000 MMethyl acetylene-piopadiene miAtuie, (MAPP) 1.000 Methylamine................................. 25 t Methyl mercaptan 10 Methyl methacrylate 100 C Methylene bis phenylisocyanate 0.02 Mineral wool, fibrous glass - HMonomethyl hydrazine Skin. .. 0.2 HMorpholine - Skin.......................... 20 0.5 5 5 5 0.1 1.0 1 200 0.1 0.2 3 18 30 5 19 6 15mppcf 0.5 9.7 15 - 8 _ 31 20 410 0.2 2 Q 35 70 * Parts of vapor or |as per million parts of nr by volume at 25'C and 160 mm. Hg pressure "Approximate milligrams of particulate per cubic meter of * 1964 Revision. * 1964 Additions. 3121536 HWBB-0019709 Subitonc PP"* Mp/M1** Naphthalene................................... jp jq Nickel, metal and soluble compounds......................... Nitric Acid ................................... _ 2 j 5 tp-Nitiochlofobenzene..... ............. HNitrogen tiifluonde....................... 10 i 29 C H Oxygen ditluonde......................... p-Phenylenediamine - Skin......... 0.05 - 01 q* 1 Phosgene........................................ o.l 0.4 Phthalic anhydride................... 2 12 '`p,Pafl...................................... .1.000 P Ptopiolactone ........................ _ 1.800 A5 Selenium compounds................... _ p2 Silver, metal and soluble com pounds.......................................... Tantalum........................................ _ _ o.Ol 5* 1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrachloro-2, 2-difluoroethane ................... 500 4,170 1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachloro-l, 2-dilluotoethane ........ 500 4,170 Tetraethyl lead-Skin............. Tin (inorganic compounds) _ _ 0.075 2 (organic compounds as Sn) - Skin .............. Yttrium ........... .. _ 0.1 1 * Parts of vapor w (at pr million parts of air by volume ll ?S C tod 760 mm, Hg pttstuft ** Jparo^mate milliftams of particulate per cubic meter of A numbers. See Appendu A f 1964 Revisions. 11964 Additions. Appendix A A' Benzidine. Because of high incidence of bladder tumois in man. any exposure, including shin, is extremely hazardous. A' ijRaphlhylamine. Because of Hie extremely high incidence ol bladder tumors in workers handling this compound, and the inability to control ex posures. /fnaphlhylamine has been prohibited from manufaclure. use and other activities that m volve humjn contact by the Stale of Pennsylvania vi. A1 N-NitrmdimettiylainiM. Because of extremely high toxicity and presumed carcinogenic potential of this compound, contact by any route should nol be permitted. A* Teflen decimpeiitlan pratfvcts. At (east one identilied component ol Teflon decomposition products is extremely toxic, but in the absence of more complete toxicity information and suitable analytic methods, a definite Threshold Limit Value is not recommended at this time; but air concentrations should be minimal. AJ g-PrepietactoM. Because of high acute toxicity and demonstrated shin tumor production in animats, contact by any route should be avoided. Appendix 8 B. 1 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR MIXTURES When two or more hazardous substances are present, their combined effect, rather than that of either indi vidually. should be given primary consideration In the absence af information to tho contrary, tho affects ol tho different hazards shoold be considered as additive. That is. if the sum of the following fractions. ++ -i!L b T.- Tn exceeds unity, then the threshold limit of the mixture should be considered as being exceeded. Crindicates the observed atmospheric concentration, and T> the corres ponding threshold limit, (See Example IA.a.1. Exceptions to the above rule may be made when there is good reason to believe that the chief effects of the different harmful substances are not in fact additive, but independent as when purely local effects on different organs of the body are produced by the various com ponents of the mixture. In such coses the threshold limit ordinarily is exceeded only when at teas! one member of the series (C< or C* etc.) itself has a value V 17 exceeding unity. (See Example lA.b.1. Antagonistic action or potentiation may occur with some combinations of atmospheric contaminants. Such cases at present must be determined individually. Poten tiating or antagonistic agents are not necessarily harm ful by themselves Potentiating effects of exposure to such agents by routes other than that of inhalation is also possible, eg. imbibed alcohol and inhaled narcotic itnchloroelhylenel Potentiation is characteristically ex hibrted al high concentrations, less probably at low When a given operation or process characteristically emits a number ol harmful dusts, fumes, vapors or gases, it will Irequenlly be only feasible to attempt lo evaluate the hazard by measurement of a single sub slance In such cases. Ihe threshold hmil used for this substance should be reduced by a suitable factor, the magnitude of which will depend on the number, toxicity and relative quantity of the other contaminants oidr nanly present Examples of processes which are typically associated with two or more harmful atmospheric contaminants an welding, automobile repair, blasting, painting, lacquering, certain foundry operations, diesel exhausts, elc. (Example ?> THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR . MIXTURES EXAMPLES IA General case, where air is analyzed for each com ponent. ' a AOBlfWE EFFECTS Air contains 5 ppm ol carbon tetrachloride (UV. 10), 20 ppm of ethylene dir.hlonde (ILV.501 and 10 ppm of ethylene dibromide. (UV. 25). 5 20 10 65 10 50 1 25 50 13 Threshold limit is exceeded. imnruvi;ni irrcviB Air contains 0.15 mg. m` of lead (UV, 0.2) and 0.7 mg/m' of sulfuric acid (UV, 1). "I? 0.20 0 75 07 un' 1 07 u,/ Thtbshold limit is not exceeded. IB. S|Mdall case when source of contaminant is a mixture and atmospheric composition is assumed similar to that of original material, le vapor pres sure of each component is the same al the observed temperature. a AOOtnVE EEFECTS. approximate solution I A mixture of equal parts <1* fnchloroelhyienp (flV. 100>. and (?) methyl thlm nloim *TlV 3b0> 03121537 c, C 100 1 350 " c,.. T... c. c 1 1 C... Solution applicable to "spot solvent mixture usage, where all or nearly all solvenl evaporates c, C, 2C, 100 350 T... 7C, 2C, l700 700 T... 7, 2C, T 155 ppm 18b General Exact Solution for Mixtures of N Com ponenls With Additive Effects and Different Vapor Pressures C, . +1, (1) f,'' (21 C. * c, t C, (21) T 11 c,, I1 5: I; C,` By the law of Partial Pressures, (3) C, ap,, And by Raoult's law. (4) P. F, P." Combine (3) and (4) to obtain ' (5) C, - - aF,pi". Combinini (1), (21). and (S), we obtain (6) F.P,# T~ + F>P' f t r F.P.' T 4. ... 4 and sotvint for T, t. (61) I F.Pi + F.tS* + . M, , ^,8 t, f T, i--n or x fp, 46.2) T-i-1 1 --n I f, i-1 t, + Fji. T ~ threshold limit Value in ppm C Vapor concentration in ppm. p - Vapor pressure of component in solution. p' - - Vapor pressure of pure component. F - Mol fraction of component m solution. a A constant of proportionality Subscripts 1.2. n relate the above quantities to components 1.2. .. n. respectively. Subscript i refers to an arbitrary component from I to n. Absence of subscript relates the quantity to the mixture Solution to be applied when there is a reservoir of the solvent mrxture whose composition does not change appreciably by evaporation. Exact Arithmetic Solution of Specific Mixture Mol. wt Oensity T Trichloro ethylene III 131.4 1.46 g ml 100 p* at 25*C Mol frac tion in half-and halt solu tion by volume 73mm Hg 0.527 Methylchloroform (2) 133.42 1.33 g. ml 350 125mm Hg 0473 F,p, - (0.527) (73) - 38.2 F,p.,* (0.4731(125) = 59.2 T -38.2 + 59.2 - (97.4) (350) 38.2 + 59.2 133.8"+ 59.2 100 '350 (97.4) (3501 1930 177 T - 177 ppm (Note difference in Ti.V, when account is taken of vapor pressure and mo! fraction in comparison with above example where such account is not taken). vii. 2. A mixture of one part of (1) parathion ITIV, OH and two parts of (2) EPN (TIV, 0 5) c, , _c,_ __ cm; c, = 2C, 0.1" + 0.5 T,,, Cn, = 3C, C,_ , 2Cj_ _ 3C, 0.1 *** 0.5 Tni 7CJ _ 1C_L 0.5 T,,, - Tm *== -j* " 0.21 mg/m' 1C. T. L. V. for Mixtures of Mineral Dusts. For mixtures of biologically active mineral dusts the general formula for mixtures may be used. With the ex ception of asbestos, pure minerals are assigned TLVsof 2.5. 20 or 50. For a mixture containing 80% talc and 20% quartz, the TLV for 100% of the mixture '*C** is given by: C .. 0.8 0.2 TLV 20 2,5 TLV ~ -^ rnppcf Essentially the same result will be obtained if the limit of the mote (most) toxic componet is used provided the effects ate additive. In the above example the limit for 20% quattz i s 19 rnppcf. For another mixture of 25% quartz 25% amorphous silica and 50% talc: 0.25 025 IT 20 7.3 rnppcf The limit foi 25% quartz approximates 8 rnppcf. 03121538 HWBB-0019710 Appendix C BASES FOR ASSIGNING LIMITING "C" VALUES By definition in the Pieface, a listed value beat ing a "CM designation refers to 'ceiling* value that should not be exceeded; all values should fluctuate below the listed value. In general the bases for assigning or not assigning a "C" value rest on whether excursions of concentration above a proposed limit for periods up to IS minutes may result in a) intolerable irritation, b) chronic, or irreversible tissue change, or c) narcosis of sufficient degree to increase accident proneness, impair sell rescue or materially reduce work efficiency. In order for the Committee to decide whether a sub stance is a candidate for a "C" listing, some guidelines must be formulated on the permissive fluctuation above the limit in terms of the seriousness of the response in the categories a, b, c. given above. For this the factors given in the table below have been used by the Committee. For both technical and practical reasons, the factors have been pegged to the concentration in an inverse manner. It will be noted that as the magnitude of the T. L. V. increases a correspondingly decreased range of fluctuation is permitted; not to decrease the factor for T. L. V.'s of increasing magnitude would permit exposures to large absolute quantities, an undesirable condition, a condition that is minimized at low T. L. V.'s. More over, larger factors at the lower T. L. V.'s are con sistent with the difficulties in analyzing and con trolling trace quantities. T.l.tr. MM6C ppm* ir m|/mi 0 to 1 I to 10 Te* IIV F*ctr fiimplpl 3 Toluene diisocyanate-T. L. V.. 0.0? ppm, if permitted to rise above 0.06 ppm may result in sensitization in a single sub sequent exposure. "C" listing recommended on category b. 2 Maganese T. 1. V.. 5mg m\ contains little or no safety factor. All values should Hueuate below 5mg m*. "C" listing recommended on category b. Vlll. T.I.V. Teat RANK T.l.tr. ppm* er m|/m> factor tumptai 10 r to 100 1.5 Methyl styrene-T. 1. V. 100 if encountered at levels of 150 ppm wilt prove intense ly irritating, "C" listing recommended on category a. 100 to 1000 1.25 Methyl chlotoform-T. L. V. 350ppm, at 438 ppm for petiods not exceeding 15 min utes is not expected to re sult in untoward effects ' relating to category c. No "C" listing recommended. ______________________ * Whichever unit is applicable As stated in the preface, the same factors may be used as guides for reasonable excursions above the limit for substances to which the time-weighted average applies. The time-weighted average implies that each excursion above the limit is compensated by a com parable excursion below the limit. Harry B. Ashe E J Baiei Allan L. Coleman Hervey B. Elkins Bernard Giabois WaylandJ Hayes. Jr. Keith Jacobson Harold N. MacFarland.Consultant E. Mastromatteo William F Reindollat Russel G. Scovill Ralph G Smith Mitchell R Zavon Herbert E. Stokinger, Chairman . 03121539 Copyright 1964. by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. The American Conference ot Governmental Industrial Hygienists will welcome requests tor permission to republish or reprint these Threshold Limit Values. Requesls lor such permission should be directed to the Secretary Treasurer. 1014 Broad way. Cincinnati 2, Ohio. Reprints may be purchased from the Secretary treasurer, 1014 Broadway. Cincinnati 2, Ohio HWBB-0019711 September, 1964 Volume XXVIII No. 9 Industrial Hygiene Foundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Literature and News NEWS ITEMS 831 Seminar on Contamination Control. An engineering approach to the control of contamination is the subject of a 5-day seminar to be given October 19 to 24 at the Rochester Institute of Technology in cooperation with the American Association for Contamination Control. The program is designed for ad ministrators, engineers, and supervisors representing organizations where control of con tamination of surfaces, gases, and liquids in closed systems is a requirement for protection of product, processes, or persons. For further details write, Harold M. Kentner, Director, Extended Services Division, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York. -- Chem. Eng. News 42, 107 (July 13, 1964) 832 American Association of Poison Control Centers. The 7th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Poison Control Centers will be held October 26, 1964 at the New York Hilton, New York City. The program will include papers on clinical and public health aspects of acute poisoning. For information about the meeting address Arthur S. Blank, Connecticut State Department of Health, Hartford 15, Connecticut. --Am. Ind. Hyg.Assn. J, 25, 327 (May-June, 1964) 833 Clinical Scientists Meet. The Association of Clinical Scientists will hold its annual meeting and applied seminar at the Statler-Hilton Hotel and Washington Hospital Center, Washington, D.C. , November 13 to 15. The subject of the meeting will be the clinical pathology of the Serum Electrolytes. The spring meeting will be held April 29 to May 6, 1965, at the Statler-Hilton in New York and the U.S. Naval Hospital, St. Albans, Long Island. -- Chem.Eng. News 42, 90 (Aug. 3, 1964) S3 [=3 834 Health Insurance Payments. In 1963, insurance companies paid out nearly $700 million in benefits to insured persons to help them pay for the cost of surgery the Health Insurance Institute reported. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. 189, adv. p. 16 (Sept. 14,1964) 835 Smog Alerts for Industrial Region of West Germany. An alert system, effective November 1, 1963, and graded for three degrees of urgency, has been introduced as the so-called "Smog-Plan" by the authorities of the Ruhr, the industrial region of West Germany, according to Med. Monatsschr. 18, 29 (March. 1964). This alert system may result in drastic measures, even the shut-down of industries. The first-degree alert demands that all establishments, including hospitals, must take certain precautions in the event that smog waves are forming over the region; they must use low sulfur fuel. When the 03121540 1. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 second-degree alert is given, delay involves acute danger. The industrial establishments in the regions affected must at once and without exception use low sulfur fuels. The third-degree alert is reserved for catastrophic fog density, which so far has never been experienced in the Ruhr region. In this event all industrial establishments, the fuel wastes of which contain sulfur, would have to shut down. The alerts will be given by the meteorological stations who ascertain air currents and precipitation and are constantly in contact with governmental agencies. -- J.Am. Med. Assn. 189, 73 (July 6, 1964) 836 Study Force Formed on Diesel Emissions. The formation of a new cooperating task force to study the problem of diesel engine smoke emissions and to make recommendations to manufacturers and operators has been an nounced by the Automobile Manufacturers Association. The task force, established by the AMA Motor Truck Committee, will be composed of engineers from three domestic truek manufactur ers. Serving as consultants will be representatives of the four leading domestic "diesel engine manufacturers and one foreign manufacturer whose engine is being used extensively in domestic trucks. Four other consultants from various diesel fuel manufacturing companies will r-'-resent the American Petroleum Institute. The AMA said the task force will study the problem o: die sel emissions with the goal of reducing the smoke content to a minimum consistent with efficient operating practices. -- Cond. from J. Air Poll.Control Assn. 14, 184 (May, 1964) 837 Hygienic Guide Series. The following additional Hygienic Guide Series are now available: Phosphine (Hydrogen Phosphide, Phosphoretted Hydrogen), Methyl Acetate, o-Dichlorobenzene (1,2-Dichlorobenzene), and p-Dichlorobeazene (1,4-Dichlorobenzene). They are given in die May-Juae A1HA Journal (pp.314-325) and can be obtained from the American Industrial Hygiene Association, 14125 Prevost, Detroit, Michigan 48227, at 25 cents each. -- Am.Ind.Hyg.Assn. J. 2S,314-326(May-June, 1964) COMING EVENTS 836 Sept. 29-Oct. 1 ' Oct. 5-7 Oct. 5-8 Oct. 5-9 Oct. 5-9 Oct. 6-8 Oct. 11-14 Oct. 11-14 Oct. 12-14 Oct. 14-16 Oct. 15-16 Oct. 18-22 Oct. 19-20 Oct. 19-22 Oct. 20-22 Oct. 20-22 Oct.21.22 Fourth Annual Bio-Environmental Engineering Symposium, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas. Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors of America, New York, N. Y. Clay Mineral Society, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. American College of Surgeons, Chicago, 111. American Public Health Association, 92nd Annual Meeting, New York, N. Y. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Annual Analytical Chemistry Conference, Gatlinburg, Tenn. American Gas Association, Annual Convention, Atlantic City, N. J. American Oil Chemists1 Society, National Meeting, Chicago, 111. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2nd Symposium on Space Radiation,Gatlinburg,Tssi. ASTM Committee E-19 on Gas Chromatography, 3rd Annual Gas Chromatography Symposium, Houston, Tex. Chemical Institute of Canada, Symposium on Bioenergetics, London, Ontario. National Pest Control Association, Annual Convention, New York, N. Y. American Coke and Coal Chemicals Institute, Annual Meeting, White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D.C. Association of Military Surgeons of the United States, Washington, D.C. 18th Tobacco Chemists' Research Conference, Raleigh, N.C. Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 29th Annual Meeting, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. 03121541 2. MMBB-0019712 n u--u Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 Oct.22-25 Oct.22-30 Oct. 23-2? Oct. 25-2? Oct. 26 Oct. 26 Oct.26-28 Oct.26-29 Oct.29-31 Association of Clinical Scientists, Seminar on Serum Electrolytes, Washington, D. C. American Occupational Therapy Association, Denver, Colo. American Heart Association, Atlantic City, N.J. California Fertilizer Association, 41st Annual Convention, Coronado, Calif. American Association of Poison Control Centers,7th Annual Meeting,New York.N.Y. American Society of Safety Engineers, Conference, Chicago, 111. 4th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society of Microbiology, New York, N.Y. National Safety Council, Annual Convention, Chicago, 111. Gerontological Society, Minneapolis, Minn. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE STATISTICS u--u wV 839 Occupational Disease Statistics. (Cases reported to the RespectiVC uncfii: Carbon disulfide poisoning Chemical burns Chlorine poisoning Conjunctivitis (smoke) Dermatitis ' Eye burns Heat exhaustion Hydrogen sulfide poisoning (bronchitis) Lead poisoning Poison ivy Pneumoconiosis Pneumonitis (carbon dust) Silicosis Silicotuberculosis Solvents (poisoning) Solvents (throat irritation) Total Causes are listed as follows: Conn. June 22 (1) 28 Ind. July ?'2> 21<3> 9(4) 3 45 Total 1 7 1 1 4? 9 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 "82" Connecticut: Occupational dermatitis due to plants: poison ivy, 1; occupational dermatitis due to oils and greases ( and metal cutting compounds) 4; occupational dermatitis due to solvents 2; occupational dermatitis due to other chemicals: miscellaneous 3, nickel and nickel compounds 1, rubber chemicals 1, synthetic resins or resin (plastic) compounds 2, multiple chemicals 2; occupational dermatitis--other: infection 1, miscellaneous 1, protective clothing 1, soaps or detergents 1, undetermined 2. ^Indiana: Isobutyl phenone 1, tar 1, plating solution 1, ammonia 1, solvents 1, acids 1 ultraviolet radiation 1. ^Detergents 4, glue 3, cause not stated 3, oil 2, solvents 2, chemicals 1, duradine 1, lacquer 1, tar 1, gasoline 1, insecticides 1, chemical developer 1. (4) Alkali 2, ammonia 2, welding flash 2, ketones 1, degreasing solvent 1, solvents 1. 3. 03121542 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS 840 House Passes Nursing Bill. The house passed by voice vote and sent to the Senate a $287. 6 million measure aimed at increasing the supply of nurses. The bill provides grants for construction and re habilitation of nursing schools; student loans, traineeships for advanced training; and grants to help schools defray the costs of increased enrollment. Also cleared by the House was a $67 million program extending for 5 years the program of project grants to cover the cost of traineeships for graduate or specialized training in public health for physicians,-engineers, nurses, and other professional health personnel. The bill would authorize an increase in appropriations used for project grants to public health and other schools for strengthening public health training programs. Appropriations would be increased from $2 million in fiscal 1964 to $2.5 million in fiscal 1965,$4 million in fiscal 1966,$5 million in fiscal 1967, $7 million in fiscal 1968, and $9 million in fiscal 1969. Further, after 1965 project grants would be made to public or nonprofit private institutions providing graduate or specialized training in public health. J.Am. Med. Assn. 189,adv.p. 18 (Aug. 3,1964) 841 Safety Glasses Required in Maryland Public Schools. The use of safety glasses is now required by law in Maryland in any public school with courses in vocational or industrial art shops or laboratories. Chemical or combined chemical-physical laboratories using "caustic or explosive chemical or hot liquids or solids" are also covered by the law. Until the law was passed, local school superintendents were given the option covering use or nonuse of safety glasses. The law (Senate Bill 76} now re quires that both students and teachers wear safety glasses meeting the standards of the American safety code for head, eye, and respiratory protection (Z2.1-1959) of the American Standards Association, Inc. Chem.Eng. News 42, 35 (July 20, 1964) 842 Petroleum Waxes and Food Products. Petroleum waxes which meet specifications may be safely used in or on food and in food packaging materials, the Food and Drug Administration concluded on the basis of extensive studies. The regulations prescribe testing methods which eliminate from food-use waxes that contain polynuclear compounds. Only waxes clearly shown to be safe can pass the FDA tests. J.Am. Med. Assn. 189,adv.p. 18 (Aug. 3,1964) BOOKS, PAMPHLETS AND NOTICES 843 Heat and Cold Effects and Their Control. D.H.K. Lee. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Public Health Monograph No. 72, PHS Publication No. 1084. 35 pp. (1964). Available From; Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Price: 30 cents. Single copies are available from the Public Inquiries Branch Office of Information and Publications or from the Division of Occupational Health, U.S. Public Health Service, Washington, D.C. 20201. Health problems created by heat and cold in the occupational environment are frequently encountered by the industrial physician and others responsible for the health-, safety, and pro- 03121543 4. HWBB-0019713 Industrial Hygiene Digest September. 1964 ductivity of the worker. Unlike most other environmental factors, heat and cold do not affect just one or two specific tissues or functions of the exposed person. The present publication -/ was designed to provide an understanding of the physiological responses of the human body to exposures of heat or cold, to point out the possible consequences of such responses, and to permit the reader to draw his own conclusions on the probable outcome or practical signi ficance of the environmental conditions with which he is concerned. Of particular interest is the final section on applications, which concisely presents a fairly wide range of guides for the solution of practical problems. _n L--- J Li--J 844 A Look at the Division of Occupational Health. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, PHS Publication No. 1118. 31pp. (1964). Available From: The Division of Occupational Health, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. 20201. Price: Not given. This publication is designed for personnel with responsibilities for conducting pro grams of worker health protection. The booklet outlines the functions and organization of the Division of Occupational Health. In addition, current studies and projects of interest to all concerned with occupational health are described briefly. 845 Smoking--The Great Dilemma. Ruth and Edward Srecher. Public Affairs Pamphlet No. 361. 28 ppl (June, 1964). Available From: Public Affairs Committee, 22 East 38th Street, New York, N.Y. 10016. Price: 25 cents. The pamphlet's major concern is children: how to save the next generation from this health hazard. As long as adults smoke, the authors feel, bans and prohibitions simply rein force the attractiveness of smoking. Because evidence points to a strong addictive element in smoking, the authors call for more research on the how-to-stop-smoking problem. The grave danger of addiction, they stress, should be pointed out to children and teen-agers; for with out that lmowledge as a possible deterrent, it is unlikely that young people will be seriously concerned about diseases like lung cancer which do not usually strike before middle age. Adults who recognize the danger but still cannot stop smoking are reminded by the authors that "be ing a smoker does not obligate you to defend smoking. " A number of specific suggestions are given for reducing the amount of adult smoking and changing the "climate of opinion" about smoking. The authors are sensitive to the problems of the cigarette industry, and recommend measures, such as cash incentives, to help these companies diversify their manufacture and ' convert to other products in the interest of public health. INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL PRACTICE 65 846 Changes--Stress or Benefit? Cummings Memorial Lecture. Anna M. Baetjer. Am.Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 25, 207-212 (May-June. ~l 964). In this lecture the author has tried to point out the importance of changes in the en vironment. On the one hand, changes in the environment furnish the necessary stimuli for normal physiological reactions. In the course of evolution, man has developed truly marvelous mechanisms to maintain the internal environment of the tissues within comparatively narrow limits in the face of wide changes which may be produced by the external environment or the work. The body responds to acute changes with immediate readjustments and to repeated changes with adaptation. The continual use of these adjustments maintains the body responses active. The lack of use may lead to their deterioration. Today modern technicological ad vances have made it possible to keep the environment constant and to eliminate many of the changes in work which formerly were necessary. Homes, offices, industries, wherever econo mically feasible, and even automobiles and buses are air conditioned the year around. Practically 03121544 5. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 no one walks if they can ride. Many operations which formerly required skilled neuromuscular activity of various types and changes in posture are replaced by monotonous jobs lacking any type of stimulating change. Are these new technicological advances producing a generation of people so protected from environmental changes that they will be less able to meet such stresses? On the other hand, there is no doubt that many changes are harmful. If the changes in the en vironment are too great, too rapid, or repeated too often, the limits of man's compensatory reactions may be exceeded, and discomfort, inefficiency, or damage to health may occur. Al though man has learned to adapt, modern technology is presenting him with changes of new dimensions and type for which he has had no previous pattern of compensation, such as weight lessness, new chemicals, new forms of ionizing radiation, and new speeds. The problem is further complicated by the multiple factors in the working situation which may be subject to repeated changes at the same time, thus giving a synergistic effect. Furthermore, the ability of the body to respond differs greatly between different individuals and in any one individual from one time to another. Even if the body can adjust at the moment of change, current scien tific knowledge is not sufficient to predict whether such repeated stresses may produce cum ulative harmful effects which only become manifest at a much later period. Thus, it appears that the line between the beneficial and harmful effects of environmental changes may be very fine. To determine the significance of repeated environmental changes and to distinguish be tween normal and hazard changes offers a most difficult and challenging problem in the field of industrial hygiene. .. Author's summary 847 Periodic Evaluation of Outpatients. Joyce C. Lashof and Irene R. Turner. Arch. Environmental Health 531-538 (April, 1964). Two hundred patients over the age of 40 who had been attending outpatient medicine clinics for 2 years or longer at Presbyterian-St.Luke's Hospital in Chicago had a repeat history and physical examination and the following tests: complete blood cell count, sero logic test for syphilis, urinalysis, 2-hour postprandial blood sugar, chest x-ray, electro cardiogram, proctoscopy, and Papanicolou smear on female patients. Data on new diagnoses and laboratory procedures are presented. The problems of such programs as part of loutine clinic care are discussed. There were a significant number of new diagnoses made and several of the diagnostic procedures proved to be of value. Review of clinic function resulted from die study and methods of quality control are being instituted to enhance the quality of medical care in an outpatient clinic. -- Authors' summary 848 Effectiveness of Polyvalent Influenza Vaccine in Pregnancy. J.F.Hulxa. , Obstet. Gynecol. 23,830 (June, 1964). Three-hundred and sixty-three pregnant and 138 nonpregnant women were immunized with influenza vaccine. Control groups received saline placebos or no injection. An outbreak of Asian influenza occurred after the immunization program. Pregnant women responded to immunization both serologically and clinically in the same manner as nonpregnant patients; no unusual fetal wastage or anomalies resulted in first-trimester immunization, and pregnant women obtained the same benefits as did nonpregnant women. When epidemics due to new strains of viral influenza are anticipated, it may be advisable to give pregnant women priority ratings in vaccination. In anticipation of subsequent cyclic outbreaks due to recurrences of these viral agents, however, the indications for vaccinating pregnant women should probably be the same as those for the nonpregnant, since pregnant women appear to tolerate the endemic virus infections as well as do nonpregnant women. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References & Reviews 849 A Predictive Study of Coronary Heart Disease. The Western Collaborative Group Study. R. H. kosenman, et al. J. Am.Med. Assn. 189, 15-22 (July 6, 1964). The recent vast number of experimental, clinical, and epidemiological studies leads the observer to believe that occlusive coronary artery disease results from the interaction of multiple factors operating within the framework of time. It seems increasingly foolhardy to 03121545 6. HUBB-0019714 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 _n L--- J I 0c C=3 envision this complex problem as the simple result of any single factor, despite the attractive ness of a single cause-and-effect relationship. Further enhancement of our knowledge will require comprehensive investigation of all factors of possible pathogenic importance,despite problems of methodology, since omission from study of any such factors may lead to serious interpretative errors. A primary aim of the present study was to evaluate and intercorrelate the importance of possible pathogenic factors in the development of clinical coronary heart disease (CHD). Accordingly it was formulated to permit prospective gathering of data re petitively from a large population of 39-to 59-year-old men, initially free of manifest disease. Inspection of the initial data indicates wide individual differences in most of the factors under study, a dispersion which suggests that the present comprehensive approach may permit eventual formulation of a profile of the candidate for future CHD which has individual as well as group specificity. ' -- Cond. from authors' comment 850 The Natural History of Coronary Atherosclerosis. K.S. Mathur, V. Kumar, and S. K. Kashyap. Diseases of Chest 46, 70-77 (July, 1964). The natural history of coronary atherosclerosis has been reconstructed from data gathered from 200 consecutive medicolegal necropsies. Coronary atherosclerosis in men commences in the second decade in the form of fatty spots which are most frequent in the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. The earliest evidence of atherosclerosis in women was seen in the third decade. The atherosclerotic process does not progress beyond grade I in the second decade. The extent and severity of atherosclerosis increases progressively with age, without a terminal decline in the mean atherosclerotic index. Atherosclerosis is present in all cases above 40 years. Fibrous plaques are first noticed in the fourth decade. Complicated lesions are seen for the first time in the fifth decade. The narrowing index of the coronary arteries also progresses with age from the fourth decade onwards, no significant narrowing being detectable earlier. The process of atherosclerosis is consistently more ad vanced in the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery than in the circumflex branch or the right coronary artery. The extent and severity of atherosclerosis is less in women than in men in each decade and the process commences a decade later. Fourteen re ferences are cited. -- Authors' summary 851 Blood Pepsin as Marker of Susceptibility to Duodenal Ulcer Disease. J.C. Niederman, H.M. Spiro, and W.H. Sheldon. Arch. Environmental Health 8, 540-546 (April, 1964). In terms of the objectives of this study, the authors' results indicate the following: In a normal young adult male population, there was no significant difference in pepsin values among persons having different blood group phenotype's and secretor characteristics. This finding supports those of Ventzke and Grossman who studied 100 male patients with duo denal ulcer and found no differences in the rate of acid secretion between secretors and non- secretors of different phenotypes. The levels of blood pepsin in persons who developed ulcer disease in this young age group were significantly higher than in subjects without the disease, even though the actual number of recognized cases was small. It was also observed that approximately two thirds of these persons had blood group O. In no instance did an individual with ulcer disease have a low blood pepsin value. This situation supports earlier investigations that blood pepsin measurements may be useful as a marker of susceptibility to ulcer disease in population studies. Although the predictions were accurate in 11 of 14 subjects with ulcer disease, it was not possible within the limits of this study to determine specifically why only those particular men with high or high normal pepsin values reacted as they did. Parameters other than those of blood group and gastric secretory potential as measured by blood pepsin require further evaluation. -- Cond. from authors' summary 852 The Occurrence of Oral Cancer. V.H. Handy. Health News 4j_, 5-9 (April, 1964). It is estimated that 16,000 new cases of cancer of the oral cavity and lip will be diag nosed in the United States this year. Of this group, lessthan half will be in an "early" stage -- the stage for optimal survivorship. Oral cancer detection can be improved by the establishment 03121546 7. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 of oral cancer detection programs which should include : (1) Education sessions for instructing the dentist as to what constitutes a complete oral examination, including the use of cytology where indicated. (2) Adequate cytology and pathology services for the interpretation of speci mens. (3) Consultation service for referring cases for definitive diagnoses and recommendations for treatment. Six references are given. -- Author's summary 853 An Oral Cancer Detection Center. S.J. Shactaier. Health News 41, 10-13 {April, 1964). This paper has attempted to show how an Oral Cancer Detection Center can be set up, how it operates and how it functions. The Center provides a central facility in a rural area for case finding, case referral, and professional and public education in oral cancer detection and control. Through the establishment and operation of similar centers, it is hoped that the profession will be motivated and oriented to utilise the diagnostic aids at its disposal. The private practitioner will become more aware of cancer control and realise the advantages of early detection by doing an oral cancer detection examination whenever a patient visits his office. This will eventually make every office an oral cancer detection center which is the one and only way to conquer the problem of oral cancer. There are 10 references. -- Author's summary 854 The Educational Program for Dentists and Physicians (For Detection of Oral Cancer). M.A. Engelman. Health News 41, 1^.19^ApgU, 1964)7 _- The primary objective of an Oral Cancer Detection Center is the early detection of oral lesions so that the cure rate is increased, the need for disfiguring surgery decreased, and the number of deaths from cancer of this site reduced. A secondary objective of the Center is professional education for dentists and physicians, including residents and internes, stressing thorough oral examinations and exfoliative cytology. A final objective is the education of die general public in the prevention, detection, and treatment of oral cancer. There are 15 references. -- Author's summary 855 Epidemiological Consequences of an Arsenic-Lung Cancer Theory. R.W. Buechley. Am. jT Public Health 53, 1229-1232 (Aug.-!9^3)7 ' The world-wide lung cancer epidemic associated with cigarette smoking may be - explained by an epidemiological chain showing excess.lung cancer at each step leading from arsenic-high mines and smelters through arsenical insecticides, to lead arsenate spray residues on cigarette tobacco. If arsenic is a major causative carcinogen, the reported situations are only the laiown examples of many other situations consequent on the predicted by an arsenic-lung cancer theory. These consequences fall into two classes: (1) Predicted high lung cancer rates should appear in those persons whose work, or residence, is in arsenichigh situations. This list includes miners, smelters, smeltermen's wives and children, in secticide workers, agriculturists using arsenic sprays and processors and users of sprayed products-- including cigarette smokers. (2) Dung cancer rates should be lower than one would expect among those whose work, or residence, is in arsenic-low situations no matter what the other pollutants. This list includes all the populations listed above, given that the mine, smelter, or insecticide is arsenic-free. It also includes cigarette smokers whose smoking is, and has been, confined to arsenic-free tobacco, such as is used in South Africa. -- APCA Absts. 856 A Review of 995 Cases of Primary Carcinoma of the Lung. R. W.Haber. Med. J. Australia 1, 551 (April 11, 1964). ' Of 995 cases of carcinoma of the lung reviewed, the anaplastic type was present in nearly 50% and the squamous variety in 38%; 88% of all cases occurred in men. The peak incidence was in the 51 to 70 years age group. More cancers occurred in the right lung than in the left, and more occurred in the upper than in the lower lobes. The prognosis was worse in women and in the aged. It was better for lower lobe cancers in the right lung than for those 03121547 8. HHBB-0019715 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 19 64 s=3 rising in other lobes. The histological type did not appear to alter the prognosis significantly. The operability rate of asymptomatic localized lesions was encouraging, but the final results were still disappointing. Resection gave the best 5-year results. A two-year survival for lung cancer is adequate for evaluation of any new form of therapy. Lobectomy carries much smaller surgical mortality, offers a better quality of life and, in selected cases, offers a better prognosis. Results from chromotherapy were disappointing. The relative values of radical surgery (compared with the conservative resection) and of radiotherapy (compared with supervoltage therapy) for operable cases remain to be assessed. -- J. Am.Med. Assn. References & Reviews 857 Mortality in Relation to Smoking: Ten Years' Observations of British Doctors. R. Doll and A.B.Hill. Brit. Med. J. _1_, 1399 (May 30, 1964). The mortality of nearly 41,000 doctors in the United Kingdom was observed for 10 years and analyzed in relation to their smoking habits and reported in reply to questionnaires sent out in 1951 and again some years later. The relationship was examined separately for individual causes of death, for men and for women, for men smoking tobacco in different ways and different amounts, for men who have given up for different periods, and for inhalers and noninhalers. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References & Reviews 858 Studies on Tracheal Ciliary Activity: Special Reference to the Effect of Cigarette Smoke in Living Animals. T. Dalhamn. Am. Rev. Reap. Pis. 89, 870 (June, 1964). The ciliary activity in the trachea of live animals was registered with the aid of a movie camera, the speed of which was increased from 120 to 220 frames per second. In this way, die error of method was reduced from 140 beats per minute to about 40 beats per min ute. This method was used to study the effect of tobacco smoke on the ciliary frequency. A smoke dosage machine was constructed which allows exposure under relatively physiological conditions. Preliminary short-term studies show that smoke from non-filter cigarettes is more ciliastatic than smoke from filter-tipped cigarettes. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References & Reviews eg --j--n 859 Glucose Blockage of the Increase in Stroke Volume Produced by Smoking. D. cTMoses, D. Powers, and L.A. Soloff. Circulation 29,~820 (June, 1964). ' A previous work showed that smoking increased the plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and the cardiac output, and also that glucose can block the plasma FFA response to smoking. This study showed that glucose can also inhibit the cardiac output as a response to smoking by blocking the increase in the stroke volume induced by smoking. The cardiac output and stroke volume response to smoking, to glucose, and to smoking preceded by glucose were determined in 7 additional smokers. The initial tachycardia produced by smoking was not blocked by glucose, but the stroke volume and cardiac output were. The results are dis cussed in the light of the present knowledge of lipid metabolism. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References & Reviews ^ P 860 Significance of Carcinoma Cells in the Blood Relative to Surgery of Pulmonary Carcinoma. Y. Hayata, et al. Diseases of Chest 46, 51-60 (July, 1964). The authors studied 160 cases of lung cancer with respect to circulating cancer cells and obtained the following results: (1) In order to obtain accurate data, blood samples should be examined repeatedly during the patient's hospitalization. Arterial blood samples are more suitable for cancer cell detection. (2) The positive rate is higher in cases with central than peripheral tumor, and the larger the tumor, the higher the positive rate. (3) Circulating cancer cells are seldom found in coin lesions and silent phase cases. (4) Cases with he moptysis show a higher rate. The rate is also high for cases with lymphatic metastasis, as well as with hematogenous metastasis. (5) There is a close connection between histologic malignity and the positive rate. (6) There are close connections between operability, survival 03121548 9. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 rate and the preoperative positive rate. (7) Surgical manipulation during the operation is liable to isolate cancer cells and the latter migrate into the draining vein. Even in cases undergoing radical operation, cancer cells in the blood increase during the operation and are found for 40 days or longer after the resection. (8) Exploratory thoracotomy for in* operable cases should not be employed excessively, as it might accelerate migration of cancer cells into the blood. (9) Radiotherapy also tends to accelerate the isolation and migration of cancer ceils. (10) Almost all cancer cells in the blood are considered in* effective as metastastic matrices, but a few circulating cancer cells still present an im portant problem in lung cancer therapy. There are 27 references. - Authors' summary 861 The Etiology of Bronchogenic Carcinoma. A. Ochsner. Diseases of Chest 45, 586 (June, 1964). Bronchogenic carcinomas, an extremely rare disease 25 years ago, has become the most common of all visceral carcinomas, exceeding in frequency cancer of the breast and female genital tract. The unprecedented increase in the incidence of bronchogenic cancer began in the United States approximately 20 years after the First World War, when men began to smoke cigarettes excessively. The increased incidence of bronchogenic cancer definitely parallels the increased sale of cigarettes. Prospective studies involving slightly less than 2 million people show that the more cigarettes smoked the greater the incidence of cancer of the lung. Although influenzal infection was once thought to be the cause of bronchogenic carci noma, this has been disproved. Studies have shown that air pollution is of no etiological sig nificance. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References & Reviews 862 Health Education and Cigarette Smoking. A Report on a ThreeYear Program in the Winnipeg School Division, 1960*1963. J.B. Morison, H. Medovy, andG.T. MacDonell. . Can. Med. Assn. J. 91, 49*56 (July 11, 1964). - The smoking habits of Winnipeg school students were surveyed before and after a 3-year program of health education on the hazards of smoking, directed to 6,300 out of 48,000 students. The program consisted of informal approaches to students in elementary schools and a formal program of talks, lectures, films, and student participation for older students. There were fewer students at all ages who had never smoked a cigarette at the time of the second survey. There was a slight decrease in the number of regular smokers in high school, most marked in the school where the program was enthusiastically received and student participation was most active. A direct relationship between parental smoking ' and that of the student, and an inverse relationship between academic achievement and student smoking, were shown in both surveys. The majority of students believed that smoking caused lung cancer and other hazards to health, although this was less marked among smokers. The results indicated that an intensive program of health education directed to the teenagers in school was a potentially useful approach to the problem of cigarette smoking. - Authors' abst. 863 Japanese Encephalitis. P.V. Davis. Military Med. 128, 1091-1097 (Nov. 1963). Japanese Encephalitis Virus is transmitted by an arthropod vector from an animal or bird host reservoir. In the Far East the arthropod that has been most strongly implicated is Culex tritaeniorhynchus, which has demonstrated a remarkable efficiency in transmitting the virus from animal to animal and from animal to man. The recommended methods of control of the disease are the elimination of the breeding places of mosquitoes, destruction of the larvae of the vector, elimination of adults by use of insecticides in quarters, screening of quarters, use of repellants by night workers, and use of adequate clothing. There are 18 references. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 864 Rabies. Anon. Illinois Health Messenger 34, 22 (June, 1964). Rabies in Illinois showed an increase in 1963. There were 157 laboratory-confirmed cases of animal rabies, compared to 133 cases in 1962. Of the total positive heads, 77 were confirmed in the laboratories of the Illinois Department of Public Health, and the remainder in the laboratories,of the Department of Agriculture and the University of Illinois, College of 10. 03121549 HMBB-0019716 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 Veterinary Medicine. In addition, there were 13 cases of rabies based on clinical diagnosis of symptoms reported by the Department of Agriculture, bringing the total for 1963 to 170 cases. During 1962, there were 25 clinically confirmed cases making a total of 158 cases for that year. As usual, skunks far outnumbered all other animals involved in rabies cases last year. There were 102 skunks, 23 cattle, 14 dogs, 13 cats, 7 foxes, 3 raccoons, 2 horses, 2 squirrels, 2 bats, 1 sheep, and 1 coyote. During 1963, the health department distributed 760 Pasteur treatments, each consisting of 14 doses of rabies vaccine. This treatment is used for the prevention of rabies in man when known exposure has occurred or when exposure is suspected if the involved animal cannot be caught for examination. Because the reservoir of rabies is in wild life and particularly in skunks, it is advisable to keep a safe distance from any wild animal. Periodic immunization of pets should never be neglected. Without this safe guard, no animal is protected against the threat of rabies. 865 Rat-Bite Fever--An Occupational Hazard. F.A. Holden and J.C. MacKay.. Can. Med. Assn. J. 91^, 78-81 (July 11, 1964). A case of rat bit fever due to Streptobacillus moniliformis in a 28-year-old female graduate laboratory worker is described. The organism was isolated from the patient's blood. This condition was acquired in Saskatchewan, and a brief review of the literature regarding this disease is presented. The case, in which a dramatic response to combined tetracycline and penicillin therapy was obtained, has also been considered in a Canadian context. There are 21 references. -- Authors' summary 866 Serologic Surveys for Selected Zoonoses in Ohio Veterinarians. P.R. Schnurrenberger, et al. J.Am. Vet.Med. Assn. 144, 381-383 (Feb. 15,1964). A serologic survey for evidence of infection with O fever, brucellosis, psittacosis, and leptospirosis was performed on 452 veterinary students and 409 veterinary practitioners in Ohio. For each disease, the reaction rate as determined serologically, was higher for practitioners. From 1955 to 1961, the percentage of titers againstQ fever and brucellosis increased; the psittacosis rate declined. This corresponds with data from other surveillance techniques for Q fever and psittacosis but not brucellosis. Leptospirosis was uncommon over the entire period, Q fever titers were the most common, followed by brucellosis, psittacosis and leptospirosis. -. Public Health Eng. Absts. 867 The Incidence of Zoonotic Infections in Veterinary Students. P.R. Schnurrenberger, et al. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn. 144, 384-386 (Feb. 15, 1964). Serologic'surveillance was maintained on a class of veterinary students throughout their 4 years at a professional college. A clinical case of brucellosis was identified by the program. During the 4 years, based on serologic data, 3 students were infected with psit tacosis, 8 with brucellosis, and 14 with Q fever; none were infected with leptospirosis. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. SKIN DISEASES AND BURNS 868 Industrially Acquired Porphyria. J. Bleiberg, et al. Arch. Dermatol. _89. 793-797 (June, 1964). . The authors report an outbreak of chloracne and porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) among workers in a factory which manufactures herbicides. Of 29 patients exhibiting features of 03121550 11. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 chloracne, 11 were excreting increased amounts of urinary porphyrins. Never before has PCT been described as related to chloracne, nor has it been ascribed to industrial exposure in the United States. The patients all had contact with chemicals used in die synthesis of 2, 4-dichloropbenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, which are closely related to hexachlorobenzene and are widely used as herbicides. One intermediate chemical in the manufacturing process, a highly volatile ether containing 6 chlorine atoms, is suspect in the production of PCT, possi bly as a result of its fumes. On the basis of liver biopsies and repeated serum transaminase determinations from two patients, it was obvious that some reversible liver damage had been done. In an increasingly complex chemical environment, PCT may become more common. Evidence now exists that it may result from ingestion or inhalation of a variety of chlorine- containing compounds; it is probable that exposure to more than one hepatotoxin may precip itate more frequent and more severe disturbances of hepatic function. Thus, individuals ex posed to chemicals known to precipitate porphyria should avoid alcohol and barbiturates. Overt cases are readily diagnosed clinically, and by examination of the urine with Wood1* light, under which brilliant pink fluorescence is observed. In subclinical cases, the very simple Watson- Schwartz test is a most important diagnostic aid. The test may be employed routinely in patients who manifest excessive photosensitivity, in the presence of unexplained abdominal symptoms, and for a wide spectrum of nervous and mental disturbances which may indicate other types of porphyrin abnormalities. -- Cond. from J. Am. Med. Assn. -Editorial 869 Contact Dermatitis Caused by Saran Wrap. R.A. Osbourn. J. Am. Med. Assn. 188, 1159 (June 29, 1964). ` Recently, the use of thin plastic films as covering or occlusive dressings in therapy with ointments and creams, especially hydrocortisone derivatives, has been advocated for treatment of several dermatoses. This form of therapy is often very beneficial and is becoming increasingly popular. Only a few complications have been reported from the use of such films. Among them were discomfort from perspiration under the film, a miliaria-like eruption, and folliculitis. Where hydrocortisone derivatives were used, atrophy has also been reported . A rare complication, i.e., contact dermatitis, from the use of a film (Saran Wrap) itself is re ported. Saran Wrap is a copolymer of vinyiidine chloride and vinyichloride. Generally, it is considered to be relatively inert. The manufacturers advised that not a single positive re action occurred in all the skin testing on Saran Wrap as commercially available, nor have any skin reactions been reported over the years the product has been on the market. There is a . report of skin reactions to epoxy resins used as plasticizers and stabilizers in polyvinylchloride films, but these substances, according to information received from the manufacturer, are not ' used in Saran Wrap film. Furthermore, no literature reference on reactions to the pure poly.vinyichloride or to the copolymer of it with vinyiidine was found. In view of the large amount of Saran Wrap in past and present daily use, it is obvious that skin sensitivity to it must indeed be rare. However, because the dermatitis in this patient was limited to the area of its application and because of the positive patch test reaction to the product itself, the possibility of skin re. actions to Saran Wrap must be kept in mind when it is used as an occlusive dressing for therapy. 870 The Chemistry and Uses of Epoxide Resins. W.G. Potter. Trans. Assn. Ind. Med. Officers 13, 42-47 (July, 1963). ' Epoxide resins are very important and versatile materials which are used in most countries of the world. A measure of their importance is that outside the Soviet and Chinese areas of influence some 40-50,000 tons of epoxide resins are manufactured and sold each year. This large amount of resin finds its way into many different industries, the most important one being the paint (surface coating) industry. This probably consumes at least two-thirds of the total resin manufactured, the other important industries using significant amounts being the electrical, aircraft, engineering and constructional industries. The chemistry of the epo xide resins is discussed in detail and illustrated with numerous graphical formulae. 03121551 12. Hi! S3 _ wj M Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 871 Dermatitis From Epoxy Resin Systems. C.D. Calnan. Trans. Assn. Ind. Med. Officers 3, 38-41 (July, 1963). Clinically; contact dermatitis from epoxy resin systems tends to affect the exposed parts of the skin, namely the hands and forearms, and the head and neck area. The genitalia are sometimes involved by finger contact. The dermatitis occasionally spreads beyond the exposed parts in severe cases, and may involve an exceptional site, such as the foot, by accidental contact. In the author's experience the eyelids and the face are most frequently affected and the hands and forearms less commonly. The occupations in which epoxy resins are used are legion. For various reasons, dermatitis from them tends to be most often encountered in small factories or in "small part jobs" necessitating the use of small amounts of potted resins by hand, followed by baking in an oven, as found in the radio, electronics, - television and similar industries. Opportunity for exposure must also be considered; the chemical mixer, who may be largely or solely employed on measuring and mixing resin and hardener will be particularly vulnerable. Protection methods for him are of paramount im portance. It has been suggested that, because many epoxy resins and hardeners have little or no vapor pressure at room temperature, dermatitis of the face and eyelids must result from finger contact. However, the author believes that the explanation is to be found in the fact that the resin-hardener reaction is an exothermic one. Both constituents are vaporized when the temperature rises, as a consequence either of mixing in a pot or heating in an oven. Furthermore, persons have become sensitized without handling resin systems, but merely by working in the vicinity of such materials. Theoretically, all components of the resin system should be fully reacted when the hardening process is complete. Experience shows that this is usually so, but it may not always be. Rarely, a patient will develop dermatitis from sand papering a "cured" resin. Patch tests and methods for preventing epoxy dermatitis are des cribed. 872 Epoxy Resins--Control of the Hazard in Factories. R. Owen. Trans. Assn. Ind. Med. Officers 13, 48-56 (July, 1963). Epoxy resin handling may include receipt, storage, dispensing, mixing, pouring, heating, unjigging, reheating, trimming (that is, sawing, filing, drilling) and assembling; occasionally for recovery of expensive components from a faulty resin cast or adhesive joint, breaking, dissolving or .grinding are necessary. A severe case of dermatitis occurred in an instrument maker who had joined small brass bellows to aluminum end discs with resin; during oven curing some of the resin joints had distorted, and as the brass bellows were costly imports he recovered them by dissolving resin off in a mixture of solvents. Apart from severe effects on the hands and arms which might have been attributable to the solvent, he had gross edema of the face. Personnel at risk include storemen, process workers, machine operators, assemblers and maintenance men; in some small factories these are one and the same man. Much work has been reported on the relative hazards from the basic ingredients, the partially cured and the fully reacted systems. From the point of view of handling, although the majority of effects recorded have been on the skin, it should not be forgotten that acute respiratory irritation has also been described, nor that some of the components, the aromatic amines, are known to possess another type of toxicity. Some such compounds are solids, incorporated into the resin mix by melting. Vapor pressures and sublimation of these materials deserve study from the health aspect. Even more sinister is the prospect of components which might be carcinogenic, although the common compounds now used are not suspect in this connection. The author further discusses protection, inspection, cleanliness, and education in the handl ing of epoxy resins. CHEMICAL HAZARDS 03121552 873 Separation and Identification of the Steam Volatile Phenols Present in Cigarette Smoke Condensate by Capillary Column Gas Liquid Chromatography. G.A.L. Smith and D.A. King. Chem. Ind. (London)^, 540-541 (March, 1964). Test mixtures containing phenbl^cresols, ethyl phenols, and xylenols were methylated 13. HWBB-0019717 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 with dimethyl sulfate and analyzed. In preliminary experimental work on cigarette smoke condensate the phenols were removed by steam distillation from an acidified solution of the smoke condensate. The separation of o- and m- cresols was important because they were two of the major phenolic components found in cigarette smoke condensate. By conversion of m- and p- cresols to their acetates, an excellent separation was achieved using a stain less steel capillary column coated with 2:4 xylenyl phosphate. The retention characteristics of phenol, cresols, ethyl phenols, and all the xylenols were evaluated by acetylating synthetic mixtures of the phenols in alkaline solution with excess acetic anhydride. -- APCA Absts. 874 Some Hydrocarbons of the Gas Phase of Cigarette Smoke. R.J. Philippe, et al. Anal. Chem. 36, 8S9-865'(April, 1964). Gas chromatographic analysis on alumina of the liquid air condensable fraction of cigarette smoke showed the presence of 37 compounds, mainly hydrocarbons. Twenty of these hydrocarbons have not been previously reported in cigarette smoke. Retention times on two different packing materials and infrared and mass spectrometric techniques were used as identification criteria. Semiquantitative analytical data, obtained by gas chromatographic techniques are given for most of the identified compounds. Preferential occurrence, in ciga. rette smoke gases, of some hydrocarbons over others in relation to their structural con figurations are discussed. -- APCA Absts. 875 Thin-Layer Chromatographic Separation of Benzo(a)pyrene and Benzo(k)fluoranthene From Airborne Particulates. E. Sawicki, T.R. Stanley, J.D. Pfaff, and W.C. Elbert. Chemist-Analyst 53, 6-8 (Jan. 1964). Benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(k)fluoranthene have been separated from airborne parti culates by column and thin-layer chromatography and have been characterized by chromato graphic and spectral methods. The benzene-soluble fraction of airborne particulates was chromatographed with alumina as absorbent and 19:1 pentane-ether as the developer. The benzpyrene fraction obtained by this procedure was separated further on a thin-layer plate with cellulose acetate as the absorbent and ethanol-toluene-water (17:4:4) as the developer. This separation into 5 spots is shown in a figure. The following Rf values were obtained: benzo(a)pyrene, 0.16; benzo(k)fluoranthene, 0. 38; perylene, 0.46; and benzo(e)pyrene, 0.47. ' Since benzo(k)luoranthene brings about strong interference in nonseparative methods of estimation of benzo(a)pyrene in airborne particulates, any simple method, to be deemed worthwhile for application studies, must be highly selective for benzo(a)pyrene and must not ' react with benzo(k)fluoranthene. Cond. from Public Health Eng. Absts. 876 The Separation and Anaylsis of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Present in the Human Environment. Parti. E. Sawicki. Chemist-Analyst 53, 24-30 (Jan. 1964). This first part of the review gives the background of research into the separation and analysis of polynuclear, aromatic hydrocarbons and presents a few of the different types of separation procedures. Over 40 polycyclic hydrocarbons that have been reported to be carcinogenic to animals are listed. Also listed are a few natural mixtures that are carcino genic to human beings. Furthermore, many different materials that are present in the human environment and that contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are listed. References to re search on the separation and analyses of these materials are presented also. Special attention is given to the presence of these contaminants in the atmosphere and in air pollution sources. The separation procedures discussed are sublimation, distillation, and solid-liquid extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, and column chromatography. There are 127 references. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 877 Toxicity of Fourteen Volatile Chemicals as Measured By the Chick Embryo Method. J. McLaughlin, Jr., et al. Am.Ind.Hyg. Assn. J. 25,"282-284 (May-June, 1964). The toxicity of each of the following 14 volatile chemicals was tested by use of a technique of injecting the chemicals into chick embryos: acetone, allyl alcohol, benzene, 03121553 14. HWBB-0019718 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 butyl acetate, n-butyl alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, dimethylformamide, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, styrene monomer, and toluene. A comparison of the toxicity of the volatile solvents as determined by the chick embryo technique with the Threshold Limit Values indicates that there is a correlation of the data in general, although some of the solvents show a greater or lesser toxicity by the chick embryo technique. These discrepancies may be partially explained by the fact that, apart from toxicity, the undesirable properties of a chemical such as odor and irritating effects, which necessitate a lowering of the Threshold Limit Values, have no influence on the chick embryo technique. Similarly, teratogenic effects result in a relatively high toxi city by the chick embryo technique, but have not been considered in establishment of the Threshold Limit Values. The injection of chemicals into the yolk sac of fertile eggs prior to incubation is a method which can be advantageously used as an element in the evaluation of the toxicity of volatile solvents, and in addition can provide information on the teratogenic effects of these chemicals as an additional factor to be considered in the determination of safe levels in their use. 878 Criteria for the Evaluation of Chemical Toxicity. F. Princi. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. 14, 154.157 (May, 1964). - The understanding of the effects of long and continued exposure to and absorption of chemical agents depends on useful criteria of physiological response. These standards, in turn, are only useful as the understanding of physiological mechanisms can make them. Al though many new explorations of physiologic activity are now under way and newer ones will be developed, there is already a sufficient amount of knowledge and understanding to protect and safeguard the public. However, both the old and the new must be applied thoughtfully and coherently. Seven criteria for the determination of the toxicity of chemical agents have been proposed. These have been related specifically to biologic considerations and do not eliminate the need for standard concepts of chemical toxicology. - Author's summary 879 Cyanide Poisoning. F.G. Hirsch. Arch. Environmental Health 622.624 (April, 1964). The case reported here concerns a 23-year.old white female technician who was beset by psychiatric problems. One day while alone in the chemical laboratory she scooped up a spoonful (about 5.2g.) of sodium cyanide, placed it in a coffee cup containing 60-80 cc. of water and drank the solution. Almost immediately she had misgivings about what she had done and ran out into the hall of the building and told a coworker she had taken cyanide. Emer gency measures were immediately applied and these are described in detail. One of these measures was the intravenous injection of 0.9 g. of sodium nitrite followed by 12.5 g. of L_n sodium thiosulfate also intervenous. Ho attempt was made to lavage the stomach. The patient was taken to the hospital where she recovered 18 hours later. There were no detectable sequelae at the time of her discharge. When it is considered that 0.2 g. of sodium cyanide constitutes a probable median lethal dose (MLD), it can be concluded that the woman ingested approximately 26 times the MLD. There is good evidence to indicate that the MLD of either sodium or potassium cyanide is somewhat higher than 0.2 g. This factor is probably low by a factor of ten. There is sufficient difference between the lethal inhaled cyanide dose and the ingested cyanide dose to justify an attitude which suggests that poisoning by ingested j >- cyanide is not apt to be quickly fatal and, further, that the specific treatment of it is almost always successful. Up to now enough cases have been reported to warrant the conclusion that cyanide poisoning can almost always be successfully treated by the nitrite-thiosulfate technique. Dr. K, K. Chen, of the Indiana University Medical Center now has recordsof55 cases being thus treated with 54 successes. 880 Oxygen Therapy in Cyanide Poisoning. J.L.C. Dali and W.M. Hannah. Brit. Med. J. 2, 33-34 (July 4, 1964). Cyanide owes its extreme toxicity to chelation of the metallic moiety of cytochrome oxidase and other intracellular enzymes concerned in the utilization of oxygen in the tissues. 03121554 15. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 This results in cellular asphyxia, and because of this feature of the poison the blood remains oxygenated until respiration fails. The bulbar centers are rapidly paralyzed after a period of excitation manifest by hypopnoea and alternating tachycardia and bradycardia. Vomiting and convulsions are terminal events. The work of Chen and Rose (J. Am. Med. Assn. 149, 113 (1952)) established sodium nitrite and thiosulfate as effective agents in treatment, the former to bind as much cyanide as possible as eyanmethemoglobin and thus minimize the effect on tissues, and the latter to promote natural detoxication by the enzyme rhodonase. Arising from the experimental work of Cope (J. Am.Med. Assn. 175, 1061 (1961)), which showed that hyperventilation with oxygen before a dose of cyanide had a protective effect, the sugges tion was made that oxygen therapy might be of value in treatment. In the present case oxygen therapy was started after the "terminal events" of convulsions and apparent failure of vital functions. Despite this, it was possible to reverse the terminal stages and obtain recovery. Though it would appear from the timing that improvement was related more closely to the hydrocortisone injections, these were given primarily as supportive therapy and it seems more reasonable to suppose that resuscitation was chiefly due to continued administration of oxygen and artificial hyperventilation at the critical early stages. While no conclusions can be drawn from a single experience the authors have been left with the impression that, though potassium cyanide is a rapidly active tissue poison, the effect on cellular metabolism may be more transient than has been appreciated, and if vital functions are maintained even in the face of apparent death recovery may be possible. -- Cond. from authors' comment 881 A Field Investigation of Fluorosis in Cattle. H.C. Wohlers and C. W. Newell. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. ^14, 139*148 (May, 1964). A comparison has been made of the results of a detailed field investigation of the effects of fluoride on cattle with research results from controlled feeding experiments. Specifically, the comparison was made on the basis of the fluoride content in the feed, die fluoride content of the ribs, the fluoride content of the urine, and the fluoride effect on incisor teeth. Under the conditions prevailing at the time of this practical field study, it has been shown that fluorosis in cattle might be expected within a 2-mile distance of these industrial plants. At this distance the following conditions were determined: (1) The forage contained more than 40 to 50 ppm F--approximately 2 mg.F/kg. of body weight per day. (2) The fluoride content of rib exceeded 4,000 ppm. (3) The fluoride content of the urine exceeded 15 ppm, and (4) Almost 50% of the incisor teeth examined were in Grades 4 and 5. Corre lation of the results of a field experiment with the results of controlled feeding experiments was excellent. With these comparison data, the authors have shown that it is possible to delineate herds or areas in which damaging or nondamaging effects of fluoride might be ex pected. -- Authors' summary 882 Altered Function in Animals Inhaling Dow Concentrations of Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide. S. D. Murphy,'et al. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 25, 246-253 (May-June, 1964). Quantitative measurements of respiratory function of guinea pigs were made before, during, and after exposure to low concentrations of ozone and nitrogen dioxide. The earliest effects detected during exposure to either of the gases were increased respiratory frequency and decreased tidal volume. These effects were noted during 2-hour exposures to concen trations of ozone as low as 0.34 ppm or within 4 hours of exposure to nitrogen dioxide at a concentration of 5.2 ppm. Previous exposure to ozone did not result in tolerance to the res piratory function changes produced during exposure to a 1.5-ppm concentration of the gas. Voluntary running activity of mice was depressed during exposure to concentrations of ozone between 0.2 and 0.7 ppm and to nitrogen dioxide concentrations of 7.7 to 20.9 ppm.--Authors'abst. 883 A Comparison of the Acute Effects of SO; Administered Alone or in Combination With NaCl Particles on the Respiratory Mechanics of Healthy Adults. N.R. Frank, M.O. Amdur, and J.L. Whittenberger. Intern. J. Air and Water Poll. 125-133 (Feb. 1964). Changes in the pulmonary flow resistance (RI) of healthy male adults, induced by 3 levels of S02: 1-2,4-6, and 14-17 ppm were compared when the gas was administered alone 03121555' 16. HHBB-0019719 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 or in combination with submicronic sodium chloride aerosol. The subjects were seated in a volume-displacement-body plethysmograph, breathing by mouth. At least one month trans pired between exposures. No systematic differences were found between the responses to the gas alone and to the gas-aerosol mixture. Essentially the same dose-response relations occurred in both circumstances; that is, the group showed no change in RI during exposure to 1-2 ppm of SO* and showed a smaller increase to 4-6 ppm than to 14-17 ppm. In a second type of experiment the gas and gas-aerosol mixture were'administered one after the other, separated by a 15-minute period of room-air breathing. The response to the second exposure whether it was gas alone or the mixture, was smaller than the response to the first exposure. -- APCA Absts. 884 Comparative Toxicity of Stable Rare Earth Compounds. 111. Acute Toxicity of Intravenous Injections of Chlorides and Chelates in Dogs. J.G. Graca, F. C. Davison, and Joyce B. Feavcl. Arch. Environmental Health 8, 555-564 (April, 1964). Stable rare earth chlorides, citrate, and edetate complexes were injected into a total of 135 anesthetized dogs. All rare earths, except promethium, were included. Yttrium was also included in the series. An amount of 100 mg/kg doses were administered intravenously as 5% solutions, in 10 mg/kg increments at ten-minute intervals. Observations were made on heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Blood samples were taken preanesthetically, and at 0, 10, 30, 60, 100, and 160 minutes for RBC, WBC, and differential counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, sedimentation rate, prothrombin time, and coagulation time. No distinctive physio logical response was found with any of the rare earths. Specific effects on blood constituents were an increase in prothrombin and coagulation times. The other constituents were not speci fically affected by the rare earths. The chlorides were most toxic and the edetate complexes the least. Acute toxicity was of a low order; however, latent symptoms and pathology were found in single-injection preliminary studies. There also, was a gradation of decreasing effects from the lower to the higher members of the atomic series. Gross and histopathological examinations were essentially negative. There are 15 references. -- Authors' summary 885 Electrocardiographic Changes in Experimental Thallium Poisoning. O. Grunfeld.et al. Am. J. Vet. Res. 24, 1291-1296 (Nov. 1963). Thallium, a heavy metal discovered by Crookes in 1861, is characterized by its green line in the spectrum. The thallous salts have been extensively studied. Thallous sulfate, an excellent rodenticide, contains approximately 80% of the metal; it is the only form of the poison used as a pesticide. Its use as an internal medicament and depilatory has been abandoned because of its toxicity, and today the principal use of thallium is in the control of rats, mice, ground ants, roaches, and other insects. Thallous sulfate (40 mg.) was given orally to 15 rabbits; 5 control rabbits were given none. Serial electrocardiograms were ob tained before and after administration of the heavy metal. Clinical, radiographic, chemical, and histologic examinations were made. Many electrocardiographic changes were found. There were no instances of myocardial infarction at necropsy. The main histologic findings were generalized congestion of the tissues including the heart, in all cases and bronchopneumonia in 7 cases. Gross enlargement of the heart was not observed radiographically. Thallium was found in higher concentrations in the liver, kidney, and skin than it was in the heart and brain. Changes were not observed in the controls. There are 31 references. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 886 Milk Supplementation as a Prophylactic in Industry-Jts Use and Misuse. R. Lockhart. Trans. Assn. Ind. Med. Officers 13, 65-66 (July, 1963). It is well known that workers in the lead and paint industry are subject to the risk of lead poisoning. The systemic absorption of inorganic lead and its deposition in the tissues as well as its predilection for bone marrow followed by mobilization, excretion and consequent damage to the cardiovascular and renal systems are likewise well known. In 1939, Tompsett, in experimental work on mice, found that on high calcium diets the absorption of lead was low, while on low calcium diets it was high; later, in 1956, Backup, et al. fed rabbits suffering from lead poisoning with a variety of food components including milk. In 1954, an experiment on tne 17. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 prophylatic value of milk on rats suffering from lead poisoning was carried out by Wittgens and Neederstadt. Both Backup and Wittgens came to the conclusion that milk had no pro tective effect, rather the reverse, and deduced from their findings that the consumption of additional milk by lead workers should not be recommended. The result of these and similar experiments do not appear to be generally known and it is significant that the supply of milk to lead workers in England has never been suggested at any time. In view of these findings, it was thought it might be of interest to carry out a small pilot study into the extent to which additional milk is given to workers engaged in paint spraying in Dundee. Of 19 firms en gaged in paint spraying or a similar process, 12 supplied free milk daily to certain of their employees. The reasons for giving it were investigated, and it appears that some firms con sidered it a statutory requirement, which it is not, while others were following established custom. It would be interesting to know how widespread is this practice of supplying free milk in industry, as revealed by this small pilot study. 887 Roentgenographic Changes in the Lungs of Children With Kerosene Poisoning. S. Brunner, H. Rovsing, and H. Wulf. Am.Rev. Resp. Dis. 9, 250 (Feb., 1964). Of 92 children with kerosene poisoning, pulmonary changes were found in 87% of the children examined roentgenographically. Only 4 children had auscultatory changes, all 4 of whom had pulmonary changes as seen on chest radiographs. It is emphasized that 37 children with negative auscultatory findings were shown to have distinct lesions when ex amined roentgenographically, a fact which underlines the importance of roentgenographic examination. A characteristic of the pulmonary changes is that they occur very soon after intake of the poison. The rapid development of pulmonary changes and the unmistakable pre ponderance of lesions of the aspiration type suggest that the pulmonary changes are due to direct aspiration of the poison. According to the authors, gastric lavage should be performed after the ingestion of large quantities of kerosene, since the consequence of absorption of the poison is a relatively important factor. Follow-up observation on 60% of the patients showed, however, that the long-term prognosis of kerosene poisoning in children is favorable. The importance of early and repeated roentgenography is stressed. -- Can. Med. Assn. J. Absts. 888 Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of Kerosene Poisoning: A Series of 200 Cases. B.J. Baldachin and R.N. Melmed. Brit. Med7j.~2, 28-30 (July 4, 19^4). A series of 200 cases of kerosene ingestion is reviewed. Clinical and radiological findings suggest that the most significant complication is pulmonary damage following as- piration. Systemic effects of kerosene absorption appeared to be of little practical importance. A standard conservative regime of prophylactic penicillin, without gastric lavage, was em ployed. The mortality rate was 0.5%. A review of experimental reports and clinical findings indicate that treatment.should be conservative, and that gastric lavage is contraindicated in the management of this condition. There are 9 references. -- Authors' summary 889 Exposure to Cuthion During Spraying and Formulating. 2. Jegier. Arch. Environmental Health 8, 565-569 (April, 1964). During the formulation of Guthion (O, 0-dimethyl-S-(4-oxobenzotriazino-3-methyl) phosphorodithioate) 25% wettable powder and the spraying of apple orchards with sprays contain ing 0.5 to 6.0 lb. of 257* wettable powder per 100 gallons of water the following air concentra tions and exposures were found: Average air concentrations in the operators' breathing zone during spraying, tank filling, and formulating were found to be 0.64,2.76, and 4.24 mg. per cubic meter of air, respectively. In the absence of chemical cartridge type respirators, the average daily respiratory exposures during spraying, tank filling, and formulating were found to be 1.12, 0.95, and 4.48 mg. when determined by the direct method using the filter pad tech nique. In the absence of protective clothing, average dermal exposures during spraying, tank filling, and formulating were found to be 49.5, 39.6, and80.9mg. per day when determined by the direct method using the absorbent pad technique. The results of measured respiratory and dermal exposures indicate that, under conditions such as obtained during the above survey, workers in apple orchards and formulating plants are unlikely to exhibit symptoms of acute Guthion poisoning. 03121557 ... Author's summary HWBB-0019720 03 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 890 Malathion Poisoning Successfully Treated With Large Doses of Atropine. A.G. Richards. Can~Med. Assn. J. 91, 82.83 (July II, T9&*)! A woman who was moribund after drinking malathion in an apparent suicide attempt was treated with very large intravenous doses of atropine (850 mg. over a period of seven and a half days) and artificial respiration. She survived and was restored to good health. It is concluded that the prompt and continued use of generous amounts of atropine may save a patient from what at first appears to be fatal poisoning with an organic phosphorus insecti cide. -- Author's summary 891 Effect of Iron Loading Upon the Formation of Collagen in the Hepatic Injury induced by Carbon Tetrachloride. G. Kent, et al. Am. J. Pathol. 45, 129 (July, 1964). The effect of massive doses of iron dextran upon the formation of hepatic collagen was studied in rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride. In the animals receiving iron dextran, fibrous septums developed earlier and to a significantly greater extent than in the carbon tetrachloride treated controls. The degree of cirrhosis, moreover, was considerably enhanced. A close topographic relationship existed between the developing septums and the iron-laden macro phages, collagen formation being particularly pronounced in areas rich in these cells. The septums also contained much extracellular iron, often identifiable as ferritin. The findings suggest that iron-laden macrophages and extracellular iron may be important factors in the observed effects of iron loading. They may represent one of die mechanisms responsible for the increased fiber formation in human iron storage diseases. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References it Reviews INDUSTRIAL DUSTS 892 Pneumoconiosis: The Morphology of the Inert Dust Reaction. P. Gross. Beitr. Silikose-Forsch.Sonderband. Grundfragen Silikoseforsch. Vol. 5,273-283 (1963). Hauptverwaltung der Bergbau-Berufsgenossenschaft, Bochum, Germany. Reprints Available from Industrial Hygiene Foundation Upon Request. - A study of lung suctions of guinea pigs exposed for one year in inhalation chambers to kaolin, aluminum oxide, and silicon carbide dust respectively: and pastured for an additional year has provided evidence which indicates that intrapulmonary deposits of inert dusts are prim arily intra-alveolar and not interstitial. Many dust foci, as seen in the sections, were composed of 20 to 60 or more alveoli filled with dust-laden cells around which the alveolar walls were con tracted and tightly applied. All three dusts were intracellular and evoked a relatively mild al veolar reaction characterized by proliferation of alveolar cells and reticulin stroma. Because the stroma does not tend to collagenize the reaction is classified as inert. Possible reasons * for the contracture and tight application of alveolar walls about dust-filled cell masses are discussed. The cellular thickening of alveolar walls which characterized the dust deposits extended beyond the latter for reasons which are not clear at present. Some of the intra- alveolar dust-laden cells were supported by reticulin fibers extending from neighboring al veolar walls, whereas other such cell masses contained no supporting reticulin fibers. The reasons for this difference are not known. Becanse many intra-alveolar dust cell masses are unsupported by stroma and because reticulin stroma is labile, intrapulmonary deposits of inert dust are fragile and may be broken up by pulmonary edema. Perivascular lymphatics were demonstrated to be wide-open and free of dust. It is pointed out that the concept of pneumo- coniotic lymphatic obstruction in lung tissue is probably based on a failure to discriminate be tween lymphatic vessels and alveolar lumens. -- Author's summary 03121558 19. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 893 Evaluation of Inhalation Hazards Based Upon the Respirable Dust Concept and the Philosophy and Application of Selective Sampling. F.E. Morrow. Am. Ind. Hyg, Aaan. J. 25, 213*236 (May-June, 1964). The genesis and evolution of the respirable dust and selective sampling concepts are described. The background material includes a resume of current ideas on dust de position and retention in the human respiratory tract and a brief but critical examination of modern dust sampling instruments and methods. Theoretical and practical developments in selective sampling for the respirable or hazardous dust fraetion(s) are reviewed. There are 126 references. -- Author's abst. 894 Biochemistry of Lungs in Relation to Silicosis. XI. The Effect of Quartz Dust on the Protein Amino Acids of Guinea Pig Lung Tissue. P. Baily, et al. Arch. Environmental Health547*554 (April, 1964). A study of the individual amino acids in the lung tissue of guinea pigs exposed to quartz dust has been made. The results have been compared with those from normal healthy animals, and 5 amino acids (hydroxyproline, alpha-alanine, glycine, lysine, and proline) have shown statistically significant changes from normal. The results indicate that (a) the amino acid con* tent of normal lungs does not vary with age; (b) the increase in lung weight in dusted animals is not due to collagen alone, or edema, but to tissue low in collagen-like proteins; (c) intra tracheal injection of quartz dust into guinea pigs gives completely different results from ex posure to quartz dust inhalation; (d) histological staining for collagen and reticulin does not agree with the chemical analysis for this type of protein. This requires further investigation. -- Authors' summary 895 Asbestos Pleurisy. H.B. Eisenstadt. Diseases of Chest 46, 78*81 (July, 1964). A case of benign asbestos pleurisy has been described. This disease differs greatly from the classic picture of pulmonary asbestosis. It is probably not as uncommon as it would appear from the sparsity of reports in the literature. Asbestos pleurisy is usually not recognized because it has a benign, self-limited course requiring no specific therapy. It can be suspect ed in a person having been exposed to this substance for a prolonged period of time. Such con - tact may have taken place recently or a number of years ago. The correct diagnosis requires not only pleural, but also lung biopsy for the demonstration of asbestos bodies. Asbestosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of any form of idiopathic pleurisy. -- Author's summary 896 Asbestos Exposure During Naval Vessel Overhaul. W.T. Marr. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 25, 264-268 (May-June, 1964). The Long Beach Naval Shipyard has several men on disability compensation and one death due to asbestosis. Many of these employees have more than 20 years' experience as pipecoverers and insulators working primarily aboard ship. Asbestos exposure during ship overhaul and repair varies extensively giving an entirely different problem from exposure in mining and manufacturing operations. The maximum allowable concentration for pipe covering operations or for short duration massive exposures is unknown. There still remains a difference of opinion among medical authorities on a MAC and the effects of long-fiber and short-fiber asbestos. Chest x-ray examinations of employees exposed to asbestos can be misleading as it usually takes a minimum of 7 years for cases of asbestosis to develop. Shipboard pipecovering and insulating during overhaul and repair is a hazardous trade. Employees in this trade should wear respirators when exposed to dry insulation material containing asbestos. -- Author's summary 03121559 20. HWBB- Industrial Hygiene Digegt September, 1964 _ 897 Is There an Endemic Asbestosis? F. Wagler, H.Muller, and M. Anspach. Z. ges. Hyg. u. ihre Grenzgebiete ^8, 246-255 (April, 1962). The observations made by Kiviluoto in Finland which revealed that people living in the neighborhood of an open-cast asbestos mine got asbestosis with bilateral calcareous de generation of the pleura without having ever worked in these dust-laden enterprises can be confirmed. Asbestos pneumoconiosis was also found in the neighborhood of an asbestos processing plant in Dresden. The question of obligatory indemnification is discussed. The necessity of installing cyclones is pointed out. -- APCA Absts. 898 Radiological Aspect of Silicosis by Pumice (Liparosi). G. Pancheri and E. Zanetti. Rass. med. ind. 32, 432-446 (Sept.-Oct. 1963). Italian. .. The radiological features of liparosis, a particular type of silicosis due to pumice stone dust, are described. Since tuberculosis is nearly always absent, it has been possible to study and follow several eases of (pure) liparosis. Its evolution follows a fixed pattern. First, an overspread emphysema appears, followed by a generally pin-headed reticulation. Later, small nones of opacity develop in the middle basal regions. This stage promptly turns into the massive form, characterised by very wide zones of opacity. This is thought to be the characteristic evolution of liparosis. -- Public Health Eng. Absts ns. O' 85 85 PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT 899 Studies on Dysbarism. I. Development of Decompression Syndrome in Genetically Obese Mice. W. Antopol, etal. Am. J. Pathol. 45, 115 (July, 1964). The decompression syndrome was produced regularly in genetically obese mice ex posed to 75 pounds per square inch (gauge) air pressure for 6 hours and rapidly decompressed. The syndrome did not develop in thin siblings or other nonobese mice exposed to the same con ditions. Mice succumbing to decompression illness showed bubble accumulation in the spleen, bone marrow, adipose tissue, adrenal, and pituitary. The intestines were markedly distended with gas; this was minimal in thin mice. It was postulated that the intestine might be an organ for gaseous exchange. The spleen seemed to act as a reservior for bubbles, thus preventing their entrance into the circulation. There was a direct correlation between degree of obesity and susceptibility to decompression illness. Bone alterations seen in both obese and nonobese mice, long after decompression, are discussed. Genetically, obese mice are satisfactory subjects for studying decompression illness. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References & Reviews 900 Current Concepts of the Mechanism of Occupational Hearing Loss. M. Lawrence. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J..25, 269-273 (May-June, 1964). Environmental sound exerts its effect upon those structures that are vibrated mechan ically, and essentially, the damage that occurs as the result of vibrations of excessive am plitude depends upon the characteristics of the impinging sound and upon the condition of the aural structures. A blast may damage the middle-ear structures. The long-term steady, loud sounds more often encountered are more subtle in their effect and produce changes in the inner-ear structures. The process is purely a mechanical one and appears to have several stages, the extent of which depends considerably upon the state of the human organism at the time of insult. ' -- Author's abst. 03121560 21. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 901 Changes in the Hearing of Personnel Exposed to High Intensity Continuous Noise. ' J.L. Fletcher andM. Loeb. Military Med. 126, 1137-1141 {Nov. 1963). Preexposure and postexposure thresholds were obtained for 23 persons acutely ex posed to a loud, continuous noise. Reasonably completed data were secured regarding type and duration of exposure. Correlations between noise exposure and hearing loss were not statistically significant. The correlation between reference threshold and initial shift was negative and statistically significant, as was the correlation between reference threshold and permanent loss. The correlation between initial shift and permanent loss was positive and significant. .. Public Health Eng. Absts. 902 Permanent Threshold Shift Changes Produced by Noise Exposure and Aging. R. Gallo and A. Glorig. Am.lnd.Hyg. Assn. J. 5, 237.245 (May.June, 1964). A study of audiometric data-indicates that for long-term exposure to industrial noise of approximately 90 dB octave-band sound pressure level (SPL): (1) Most hearing level change at 3,000,4,000, and 6,000 cps occur in the initial 15 years, whereas at 500, 1,000, and 2,000 cps, hearing level ehange is approximately linear with exposure time. (2) Large individual differences in the amount of hearing level change are evident; these differences increase with audiometric frequency. (3) Men have greater hearing level changes than women. (4) Hearing level changes produced by noise-exposure and by aging may not be differentiable. . -- Authors' abst. RADIOACTIVITY AND X-RADIATION 903 Application and Measurement of Ultraviolet Radiation. R. Nagy. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 2, 274-261 (May-June, 1964). . Commercially available ultraviolet lamps are mostly mercury vapor lamps, either low pressure or high-pressure. Low-pressure lamps are used extensively to destroy bacteria. - High-pressure lamps are used more for lighting. The power, properties and effectiveness . of each type are discussed with precautions for safe use. Methods of measuring the intensity of ultraviolet radiation are reviewed, but there is no simple, inexpensive meter available. There are 16 references. .. Author's abst. 904 Cardiovascular System Condition in Persons Dealing With Radioactive Paints. L. G. Tsenterova. Gigiena i Sanit. No. 12, 42-46 (1963) . Russian. The health of painters exposed to the chronic action of radioactive paints in their work was studied for 9 years. In some of the painters, examinations revealed labile pulse; disturbed or inert oculocardiac reflex; changes in rhythmograms; a tendency toward gradual fal 1 of arterial pressure; a decrease of amplitude on electrocardiogram, especially that of the T-wave; and a slight slowing of conductivity. In certain cases a vasopathy syndrome was present. The functional changes of the cardiovascular system may develop even in the first state of chronic action of radioactive paints, and may be detected by means of functional tests. The incidence and the extent of these disturbances are definitely correlated with length of ser vice and sanitary working conditions. - Public Health Eng. Absts. 03121561 22. MWBB-0019722 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 905 Measuring and Monitoring Fallout Radioactivity. J. H. Harley. Arch. Environmental Health 8, 598-605 (April, 1964). A general description of the measurements and equipment required for estimating hazard to man from radioactive fallout has been given. Emphasis has been placed on the peacetime situation where we have experience, but a few points have been made regarding nuclear warfare. In general, the high levels of radioactivity resulting from a nuclear war would allow hazard assessment with simple instruments, while low levels existing in peace, time require more complex instrumentation and detailed measurements. -- Author's summary Si s [5j S3 [=3 906 Radioactive Fallout in Peace and War. H. Hollister. Arch. Environmental Health 8, 590-59? (April, 1964). It should be evident to persons professionally engaged in environmental health that the sheer size of any radiation hazard depends upon how the hazardous situation comes about and upon conditions in the environment, especially weather. Orders of magnitude (factors of ten) separate nuclear war on the one hand from peacetime activities, both normal and accidental. There are scientific aspects of these hazards that turn on the phenomenology of fallout, as discussed in this paper. Particles fall, radioactive materials by definition emit radiation and decay (reduce in quantity). There are, of course, no data on large-scale nuclear war, nor even on the probability of occurrence. Nuclear weapons have been fired, of course, and most of our solid information about fallout is associated with such firings. Information also exists concern ing gaseous or particulate release from atomic energy plants in normal operations. Information has been developed on the behavior of reactor components such as fuel elements when these have deliberately been stressed in the laboratory to conditions far exceeding design levels for normal operation (temperature, corrosion, etc.). Reactor accidents have been few. There has yet to occur a major radioactivity contamination accident from a reactor in any nation, so far as we know. An abundant literature exists on the technology of fallout. The references listed may be used for further reading on the problems discussed above. More extensive discussion of particular topics such as measurements of radioactivity, the transport of radioactive mater ials up the food web to man, and fallout shelter will be given in subsequent articles. Seven teen references are given. Author's summary 907 Radioactive Fallout Problems in Food, Water, and Clothing. M. Eisenbud. Arch. Environmental Healtn 8, 606-612 (April, .1964). The problems of food and water and clothing in the postattack period would be dominated by the influences of blast and fire with radioactivity contributing in a lesser way. The principal effect of radioactivity on food supplies would probably result from lethal radiation effects on livestock. Major losses of food supplies would also result from the extensive fires which would occur on a national scale following a major nuclear attack. Fresh foods that survive the initial effects and which can be delivered to the consumer before rotting, would probably be heavily contaminated with 1-131 for a few weeks after the attack. The dose to the thyroid from ingested 1-131 is likely to be a limiting factor on theamount of radioactive contamination the population can tolerate. Exposure of the intestinal lining to intensively radioactive particles ingested with foodmay also be a limiting factor. Compared to these sources of exposure. Sr-90 would he far less of a threat. Radioiodine would also be the limiting, factor in determining the amount of radioactive contamination that is permissible in water. -- Author's summary 908 The Current Fallout Picture. J.H. Harley. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 25, 304-308 (May-June, 1964). A general picture of the subject of fallout of stro:jtium-90 from weapons testing is ' presented. The data as of May, 1963, on this nuclide in human bone are discussed. Indications of the techniques of predicting this level by calculation from diet levels and from fallout levels are given. Author's abst. 03121562 23. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS 909 Air Sampling With Plastic Bags. W. D. Conner and J. S. Nader. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 5, 291*29? (May-June, 1964). An inexpensive sampler has been developed whereby air samples can be collected in plastic bags without pump contamination and shipped to a laboratory for analysis. Data are presented to illustrate how well these bags contain (1) sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone in samples collected from synthetically prepared mixtures, and (2) hydrocarbons in samples collected from an auto exhaust irradiation chamber. The inorganic samples were in the concentration range of 0. 5 to 1.5 ppm, and the hydrocarbon samples were in the concen tration range of 7 to 20 ppm. The samples were stored for periods of several days. * Authors' abst. 910 A Water Cooled Probe for Sampling Gases from Shaft Furnaces. D.G. Evans. J. Inst. Fuel 37. 108*112 (March. 1964). A probe is described which is suitable for sampling gases from shaft furnaces. The design requirements of a probe system for drawing samples of gas from shaft furnaces are: Coverage of the whole firebed, non-interference with firebed reactions, quenching of gas re actions in probe, resistance to blockage, mechanical strength. The composition of a typical set of gas samples drawn from an iron melting cupola with the probe are given. ** APCA Absts. 911 A Personal Measuring Instrument for Atmospheric Sulphur Dioxide. T. Nash. Intern. J. Air and Water Poll. 8, 121-124 (Feb. 1964). The instrument was developed for the measurement of sulfur dioxide concentrations within the range 0. 1*5 ppm. It weighs about 1 kg. complete with battery and solution. Readings are taken by squeezing and releasing a flexible bottle, which aspirates air into a small con* ' ductivity cell containing dilute hydrogen peroxide solution. Fifty or more readings can be taken on one charge of solution, each reading taking about one minute. Calibration was done on outside air during periods of high pollution continuously monitored by the recording in strument and linearly assumed. -* APCA Absts. 912 A New Analytical Technique for Sulfur Dioxide in Air. K. J. Leong, C.F. Dowd, andH.N. MacFarland. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 5, 309*313 (May-June, 1964). An analytical system capable of recording continuously and practically instantaneously changes in sulfur dioxide concentration in air has been developed. The method requires re latively small volume of gas samples for analysis. Contaminated air reacts with acidified hydrogen peroxide solution in a counter-current absorber to form sulfuric acid. The impedance of the effluent bears an inverse relationship to the amount of sulfur dioxide being absorbed ranging from 0*500 ppm. Changes in impedance are detected by two parallel electrodes when the pre* determined, high frequency voltage across them is disturbed. The applicability of this technique for other gases and studies is discussed. -* Authors' abst. 3121563 24. HW0B-0019723 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 913 Spectrochemical Determination of Beryllium in Air, Biological Materials, and Ores Using the Sustaining A.C. Arc. R.G. Keenan and J. L. Holtz. Am. Ind. Byg. Assn. J. 25, 254-263 (May-June. 1964). A spectrographic method has.been developed, using a sustaining a.c. arc. for the quantitative determination of beryllium in amounts as low as 0.001 microgram.The method is based upon the excitation of beryllium volatilized from a chloride matrix which is prepared from a lithium chloride-graphite buffer, liver ash, and the ashed or fused sample. Experiments with Be-7 have provided quantitative recoveries of the radioactive tracer from urine samples and from bertrandite and beryl ores. Application of the method to samples of beryllium ores ' provided, in 6 out of 6 cases, less than 10% deviations from the results of the chemical analyses reported by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. -- Authors' abst. 914 Methane Composition of Urban Atmospheres. A. P. Altshuller, et al. Intern. J. Air and Water Poll. 29-35 (Jan. 1964). Methane levels have been determined in Los Angeles, Cincinnati, Chicago, and Washington, D. C., by analysis with flame ionization gas solid chromatography. Samples were analyzed directly from the atmosphere and after collection in a variety of flexible con tainers. Most of the concentrations of methane measured in urban atmospheres are in the range between 1. 5 and 2. 5 ppm. However, values ranging from slightly below 1.2 to 6 ppm are observed. The geophysical methane level appears to be in the 1.0 to 1.2 ppm range. -- APCA Absts. 915 Recent Isocyanate-in-Air Analysis Studies. K. E. Grim and A. L. Linch. Am. Ind. Byg. Assn. J. 25, 285-290 (May-June, 1964). The reagent and sample volumes for the Marcali method for the determination of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in air have been modified to accommodate the 1961 revision of the Threshold Limit Value (TLV= 0.02 ppm). A lightweight,easily portable assembly which includes the "Uni-Jet" Constant Rate Air Sampler, reagents, and a compact set of permanent liquid color standards for the range 0. 01 to 0. 08 ppm was developed for field surveys. A similar unit, modified to provide permanent liquid color standards in a visual comparator adapted to the required 10-cm. light path, was completed for the Ranta determination of com bined TDI and TDI urea. A satisfactory laboratory test, based on the Marcali method for TDI, has been developed for traces of MDI (methylene-bis-(4-phenylisocyanate)) in air. The method easily detects 0.01 ppm MDI in a one cubic foot air sample. - Authors' abst. PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING C=3 916 Code of Safe Practices for Industrial Scuba Diving. P. A. Breysse. J. Am. Soc. Safety Eng. 13-18 (July. 1964). It is safe to state that SCUBA (Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) diving has become a popular sport, practiced by well in excess of 3 million devotees. Scuba diving involves heavy exertion. Even if a diver only goes down for observation purposes and does not perform any other function, he will sooner or later find himself in positions that tax his strength and endurance. It is therefore of utmost importance that the diver be physically qualified to perform this function. Persons with certain physical defects should not be permitted to dive or should be strictly limited. These defects include the ability of middle ear and sinuses to equalize pressure changes, lung disorders, alcoholism, chronic gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular system abnormalities, certain diseases, active venereal disease, and any or ganic or neurologic disorders, or a history of epileptic episodes or loss of consciousness. 03121564 25. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 Since physical condition is important to diving whenever any question arises regarding a diver's capabilities for diving the advice of a physician versed in diving hazards should be sought. A psychological examination may also be in order since claustrophobia, reck lessness, or emotional instability and other such manifestations may seriously endanger a diver underwater. A diver, therefore, must be physically and mentally competent to func tion effectively and safely underwater. The author discusses equipment, air supply, under water environment and presents a case history of a patient who was subject to the bends. COMMUNITY AIR HYGIENE 917 Air Pollution in South America. E.T. Wilkins. Smokeless Air (London) 34, 217-222 (1964). The scientific study of air pollution is in an early state of development in South America, and there is a special interest in techniques for determining its nature and extent. Methods which should be used by local authorities for the control of air pollution based on maximum allowable concentrations are discussed. The chief value of maximum allowable concentrations is in the planning of new developments particularly for estimation on the basis of certain diffusion for mulas and general experience, suitable heights for chimneys, and changes in wind direction and atmospheric turbulence. The lack of information on developments in other parts of the world is due to insufficient scientific literature on the subject. Air pollution in Argentina and Brazil are discussed. - APCA Absts. 918 The Secular Increase of the World-Wide Fine Particle Pollution. R. Gunn. J. Atmospheric Sci. Zl, 168-181 (March, 1964). The increase in the world-wide fine particle pollution of the atmosphere between 1914 and 2962 is inferred from measurements of the electrical conductivity of the atmosphere over the surface of the North Atlantic. Systematic instrumental errors have been discovered in some of the early measurements of conductivity made by the research ship Carnegie which have long ' been considered as standard. Measurements for the 7th cruise of the Carnegie should be multi plied by 1.39 to correct for errors introduced by eddy diffusion. Notable improvements in the design of the electrical conductivity apparatus and an electric field meter permit the continuous collection and recording of data at sea even under adverse conditions such as heavy fog and light rain. More than 12 days of continuous new measurements in all kinds of weather during May-June 1962 are summarized. A comparison of the new measurements with the corrected values of the early Carnegie observations suggests that the electrical conductivity of the atmosphere over the North Atlantic has decreased by about 5% between 1929 and 1962. This implies a measurable and parallel increase in the average fine particle pollution of the atmosphere that is doubtless world wide and represents an increasing hazard to the health of all terrestrial life. Measurements fail to confirm Wait's 1946 forecast of a very great and alarming increase in world-wide air pollution. -- APCA Absts. 919 Air Pollution Potential Over the Salt Lake Valley of Utah as Related to Stability and Wind Speed. P. Williams, Jr. J. Appl. Meteorol. 92-97 ( Feb. 1964). Synoptic situations associated with strong air pollution potential in the Salt Lake Valley of northwest Utah are described. The trend of low visibilities in smoke during the past 30 years at the Salt Lake airport is shown. A smoke index was developed to indicate the amount of restric tion to visibility due to smoke. Day to day changes in the smoke index are associated with stability and wind parameters. The effect of precipitation on the smoke index is also discussed. -- APCA Absts. 03121565 26. MWBB-001972*! Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 920 Status Report: Study of Vision Obscuration by Nonblack Plumes. W. L. Crider and J. A. Tash. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. 14, 161-167 (May. 1964). Plume emissions both black and nonblack, cause visibility reduction as well as econo mic damage. Both economic and visibility effects are considered in air pollution control re gulations. Plume effects on vision obscuration are of primary interest in this research study. Present methods of inspecting a nonblack plume generally involve visual observation of the degree of opacity of the plume as it leaves the source and mentally equating this to the opacity of a reference shade of a black plume of equivalent opacity. Because of the growing interest in particulate emissions as a source of air pollution and because there is some question as to the accuracy with which an observer can use subjectively a chart of various shades of blackness to determine the opacity of nonblack plumes, an objective instrumental method is being sought. The Edison Electric Institute and the U. S. Public Health Service are cooperating in this study, which has as its objectives the investigation of the fundamental aspects of vision obscuration by nonblack plumes, the development of an objective instrumental out-of-t*ckmethod of measur ing obscuration by plumes, and the determination of the relationship of subjective measure ment to instrumental techniques of evaluation. The subject is discussed under the following subheadings: Light transmittance of plumes, experimental plume transmittance measurements, visual appearance and vision obscuration effects of plumes, and pilot field study. Because the research study described in this paper will continue for some time, the conclusions from the work presented are necessarily tenative. Also, the conclusions are limited in scope because most of the work to date has been concerned with plume transmittance rather than with vision obscuration, which is influenced by many factors other than plume transmittance. 921 Personal Air-Pollution Monitoring Devices. W. T. Ingram. Am. ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 5, 298-303 (May-June, 1964). The development of monitoring devices that can be operated while attached to an am bulatory individual is discussed. Two have been selected for more detailed study and develop ment. A preliminary report of tests performed with one instrument equipped with impregnated silica-gel tubes and controlled air flow for collecting and measuring nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, total hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide, together with a filter disc to capture parti culates, is offered for discussion. The first phase of development of a second device using silica-gel pack from which the gases could be desorbed and analyzed by gas chromatography is also presented. The schematic assembly of components is described for each of these devices. -- Author's abst. 922 Local Circulation Around an Industrial Area. F.H. Schmidt. Intern. J. Air and Water Poll. 7, 925-926 (Dec. 1963). ` The hypothesis that waste gases from an industrial area arise over the heat source and sink nearby was investigated. The distribution of divergence and convergence in horizontal winds, as measured conventionally, was used to draw conclusions about vertical motions; these motions were also measured directly with pilot balloons. The results indicate that the diffusion theory must be applied with caution where factories produce much heat. Meteorological ob servations to be made in a proposed study of pollutant concentrations in Vlaardingen, The Netherlands, are described. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 923 How to Get the Most From Air Pollution Control Systems. J.E. Yocom and D.H. Wheeler. Chem. Eng. 70, 126, U8, 130, 132, 134. 136 (June 24, 1963). This is a review of the factors that enter into the operation and maintenance of an air pollution control system and a short discussion of the main components and elements of different types of collectors. Trouble can be forestalled or solved to obtain maximum effi ciency for even the best designed and selected dust control equipment, which must be con sidered in the same light as processing equipment. Increasing demands for good control necessitate greater attention to more efficient performance of equipment. The authors dis cuss the dust-handling operating conditions of ducts, fans, cyclone collectors, scrubbers, 03121566 27. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 electrostatic precipitators, and cloth filters, and give many practical suggestions obtained from experience. An electrostatic device developed in England for the continuous-stack dust-emission monitoring of coal-burning plants is briefly discussed; the device could be applied to other monitoring uses. -- Cond. from Public Health Eng. Absts. 924 Effects of Hydrocarbon to Oxides of Nitrogen Ratios on Irradiated Auto Exhaust. Part I. M.W. Korth, A.H. Rose, Jr., andR.C. Stahman. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. 14^ 168-175 (May, 1964). The effects of changes in initial hydrocarbon concentration, initial oxides of nitrogen concentration, and HC/NOx ratio are summarized in terms of the individual response variables. In general, increasing average irradiation time showed no effect except on the NO* formation rate, which indicated a somewhat lower level for the exploratory 180-minute average irradiation time. Three distinct types of plant injuries were produced by the irradiated exhaust gases. The under surface glazing type and the total phytotoxic injury were related to HC/NOx ratio, decreasing with decrease in ratio. No injury of these types was observed at ratios of 3:1 or lower. The other type of injury increased with total oxidant in the system. No plant damage was observed at total oxidant concentrations below 30 pphm. . - Cond. from authors' summary 925 Effects of BG/NOv Ratios on Irradiated Auto Exhaust. Part II. P. W. Leach, et al. J. Air Poll. Control Assn. ^4. 176-183 (May, 1964). The relative concentrations of individual hydrocarbons have been shown to be in dependent of auto exhaust concentration in dynamic irradiation experiments. The absolute concentrations of the individual hydrocarbons are linearly related to total hydrocarbon con centration. The decrease in the concentration of reactive hydrocarbons during irradiation is found to be independent of whether a 120-or a 180-minute average irradiation time is used. A fourfold reduction in initial hydrocarbon concentration at constant hydrocarbon to nitrogen oxide level causes a slight increase in the relative amounts (per cent) of hydrocarbon consumed during irradiation. The same fourfold reduction in initial hydrocarbon concentration at constant nitric oxide level results in a decrease in the per cent of olefins reacted, but does not affect the per cent of aromatics reacted. If the hydrocarbon level is kept constant, while the nitrogen oxide level is varied, an increase si nitrogen oxides caused a marked reduction in the per cent of olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons reacted during irradiation. The aldehyde yields are lin ' early related to the total hydrocarbon level. No significant effect on aldehyde yields was found ' when the average irradiation time was varied from 120 to 180 minutes. The aldehyde yields did vary with a decrease in yield both at very high and very low ratios of hydrocarbon to nitrogen ' oxide. The individual hydrocarbon and aldehyde concentrations are shown to fall well within the range of atmospheric concentrations. Although the aldehydes may be responsible in part for the eye irritation, the presence of other eye-irritating species must be postulated to explain the shape of the eye-irritation response curves when plotted against nitrogen oxide concentration. -- Authors' conclusions MANAGEMENT ASPECTS 926 Employment of the Mentally Subnormal. H.C. Gunzburg. Trans, Assn. Ind. Med. Officers 37-61 (July. 1963). It has been estimated that there are approximately 8 million people in Great Britain who have intelligence-quotients below 83. and at least one million have IQs below 70. Con versely, there are about 145, 000 registered mental defectives. 44. 000 are in hospitals for the subnormal and 16. 000 are cared for in local authority centers, leaving a very large number unaccounted for. The problem of mental deficiency or mental subnormality has for a long time 03121567 28. MWBB-0019725 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 U LI & been bedevilled by a quite unjustified overemphasis on intellectual defect, conveniently expressed in the IQ. The IQ is quite useful for the purpose for which it was originally devised--educational classification, but a device which applies fairly well for purposes of schooling has much less justification in the work situation. We are not so much in terested in whether a simple-minded man could benefit from formal education grounding, as in whether he can .adjust reasonably well to an ordinary work and life situation, without requiring constant supervision. The IQ will not tell us this, and it is unfair to the simpleton, and unfair to the makers of the test, to dispose of a ''case" by simply quoting the ready-made excuse of a low IQ. The problem of the subnormal is not one that can be avoided by containing him behind institution walls. He is, and will always be, a liability, yet under favorable con ditions he is to some extent an asset to society, because he can work. One has to be realistic and not entertain hopes of bringing up to standard what always has been sub-standard. On the other hand, society in its total effect on the subnormal has often been responsible for making things worse than they need be, and has probably a moral obligation to undo theVdamage it has unwittingly caused. 927 Why Penalize Firms Hiring Handicapped Workers? H.B. Burr. Harvard Bus. Rev. 41, 56-58 (July-Aug. 1963). As is frequently pointed out, workmen's compensation statutes are now so broad (foT types of disabilities covered), and interpretation of the laws is so liberal (for occupational causation), that practically all disabilities are now indemnified under these acts. In addition, the disability charged to an employer frequently includes not only the degree of incapacitation resulting from a particular misfortune occurring while the worker is in his employ but also previous incapacities which may be bound up with it Clearly, the effect of these statutes is to discourage employment of those with handicaps, since existing handicaps are a potential source of future loss to the employer. To reduce such discouragement, a number of the states have established second-injury funds. Here disabilities which existed prior to an occupational accident or disease, but were aggravated by the subsequent misfortune, are covered from a fund contributed to by all employers participating in the state's compensation program. When such a second-injury fund exists, an individual employer is responsible for no greater liability in any case than if no handicap had existed before employment. Such funds, however, do not change the over-all employer compensation burden since, as a group, em ployers actually pay all second-injury fund costs, as well as other compensation costs. Thus, pre-existing defects of handicapped workers continue to pose an excess cost risk for employers even in states with second-injury funds. There are three other costs which occur when em - ploying seriously handicapped personnel: (1) The excess group insurance costs needed for * handicaps such as heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes which predispose to future im pairment and-death prior to the normal retirement age. (2) The increased capital costs re quired to adapt jobs to fit individual handicaps. (3) The excess costs imposed by extra em ployees and overtime payments needed to offset the inability of handicapped workers to move from one job to another, plus the additional administrative costs caused by this limitation in work-force flexibility. Taken together, the barrier to employment of the handicapped imposed by these burdens appears to be even higher than that put up by excess compensation risk. Business organisations should be allowed to reduce their respective yearly federal taxes by standard amounts, to be applied as credits against the excess costs of employing seriously handicapped individuals. Medical evaluation and certification of handicaps might be carried out through the nationwide system of federal-state vocational rehabilitation centers. By this means, certification would be independent both of those whose handicaps it would evaluate and of employers-->the two parties standing to benefit most directly from the evaluation. py L----- J t=3 928 Ageing and Employment. A. Heron. Trans. Assn. Ind. Med. Officers 13, 62-64 (July, 1963). The success with which industrialized societies provide for the successful adaptation of their members to the internal changes with age and to the external changes with economic and technical development will depend in the long run on the way in which the findings of relevant scientific research are applied. In this application the warm and close cooperation of research workers, general practitioners and industrial medical officers is absolutely vital. -- Author's conclusion 03121568 29. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 929 The Human Relations Committee*--A Breakthrough in Collective Bargaining? W.B. Owen, et al. Conference Board Record 1, 22-31 (May,~1964). Designed to help solve complex and potentially explosive labor-management problems, the human relations committee or joint study approach to collective bargaining has gained widespread attention. All appear to agree that a basic prerequisite to the success of this approach is a genuine desire by both sides to solve problems. The relationship of this key factor, and others, to the accomplishments of the steel industry's human relations committee was analyzed at a round table discussion at a recent management conference of The Conference Board. Some of the variations, implications, problems and limitations of the HRC or joint study approach in general were also discussed by the panelists. Their observations, edited for space but substantially intact, are presented. The panelists were: Malcolm L. Denise, Vice President-Labor Relations, Ford Motor Company; John S. Harrison, Executive Vice President, Aluminum Company of America; James J. Healy, Professor of Industrial Rela tions, Harvard Business School; R. Heath Larry, Administrative Vice President, Personnel Services, United States Steel Corporation; Marvin J. Miller, Assistant to the President, United Steelworkers of America, AFL-CIO; W. Boyd Owen, Vice President-Personnel Administration, Owens-Illinois Glass Company, chairman. -- Cond. from Conference Board Record ACCIDENTS AND PREVENTION 930 Study on Use of Safety Belts in Sweden. Ciaes-Goran Backstrom. Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl. 208, 5-98 (1963). The summary of this monograph emphasizes that fatal injuries were significantly more frequent among those persons ejected from cars than among those not ejected. Com paring injuries sustained by 424 persons using safety belts with those in 228 persons not using such belts, it was found that the overall frequency of injuries was reduced by more than 50% in the beltwearing group. There were 8 fatal injuries in those not using belts and none . in those using belts, in head-on collisions the rate of injury was about 50% less in belt wearers than in nonbelt wearers, and in accidents in which cars were overturned, the difference was still greater, chiefly due to the fact that ejection was prevented. The belts significantly re . duced injuries even at speeds of 50 miles per hour. Injuries to the head, face and upper ex tremities were greatly reduced by safety belts; reduction in injuries to the lower extremities was almost statistically significant. The occurrence and location of rib fractures in some motorists wearing diagonal shoulder belts suggest that it might be advantageous to combine this type of belt with a lap strap. The investigation also revealed that safety belts are not as effective in small as in large cars. The limited space particularly in the front caused by impact of per sons against the front wall of the vehicle, and the seats were sometimes torn from their floor attachments, thereby increasing the possibility of injury to belt wearers. - - Cond. from J. Am. Med. Assn. International Comments 931 Damage Control~New Horizon in Accident Prevention. F.E. Bird, Jr. Iron Steel Engr. 40, 83-85 (Sept. 1963). This paper presents a discussion of an accident damage control program initiated 7 years ago by the Lukens Steel Company whose goals were reduced injury rate and cost im provement. Various aspects of the second point are considered. Four basic control methods described are reporting, investigation, analysis and remedy. Typical accidents are reviewed to show importance of remedial action resulting from investigations. Accident rates for several years are compared and cost savings indicated. -- After J. Am. Soc. Safety Eng. Absts. 03121569 30. HMB8-0019726 Industrial Hygiene Digest ! September, 1964 ywJw/ /V--m \^j<y <r=n fel >voa, b--J C=3 MISCELLANEOUS 932 A Study of Responses to a Questionnaire on Fluoridation. G. Masterton. Am. J. fWic Health 53, 1243.1251 (Aug. 1963). The residents of 5 communities in Camden County in southern New Jersey returned over 4,400 questionnaires relating to their attitudes on fluoridation and th&rraoeio.economic levels. There was no consistent relationship between their response onJthejluoridation ques tion and their age, education, and size of family. The majority of residents in each community favored fluoridation whereas only 13.4% opposed it. The most common reasons for opposing it were lack of effectiveness and safety and infringement of individual rights. --- Public Health Eng. Absts. 933 Sulfur Dioxide. Properties, Methods of Handling and Applications of Sulfur Dioxide in Water and Waste Treatment. E. J. Laubusch. Public Works 94, 117.121 (Aug. 1963). Methods of manufacture, physical and chemical properties, transportation, handling, storage, and use of sulfur dioxide are discussed in their application to the fields of water and waste.water treatment. Tabulated relevant chemical reactions indicate the amounts of sulfur dioxide required to accomplish the desired reactions. Precautions to be observed in the ex posure of personnel to gaseous and liquid phases of die chemical are presented. Transportation, labeling, and storage in transit fall under the.purview of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Classes of containers designated by the ICC and the physical properties of sulfur dioxide that affect the utilization of the gas from these containers are outlined. The author lists piping materials for several categories of use within water and waste.water treatment plants. Piping layouts and a listing of recent prices for commercial and refrigerant grades of the chemical are indicated. .. Public Health Eng. Absts. 934 Suds Control and Transfer. Anon. Public Works 94, 107 (Nov. 1963). A final sewage treatment process that removes detergents more completely than any previous process and delivers a better effluent has been announced.. It is designed as a com plete package that provides apparatus for concentrating detergents into a foam which has many other organic pollutants suspended in it. After creating the foam, the apparatus collapses it and recycles it back through the sewage treatment process for further biodegradation. It is claimed that the process will not only end the foam problem in plant effluents but will make the foaming detergent an important partner in sewage treatment operations. - .. Public Health Eng. Absts. 935 Degradation of Aromatic Compounds by Phenol-Adapted Bacteria. C.W. Chambers, H.H. Tabak, and P. W. Kabler. J. Water Pollution Control Fed. 5, 1517-1528 (Dec. 1963). A bacterial culture adapted to metabolize phenol as the sole source of carbon had the ability to degrade a variety of phenols, benzoic acids, benzaldehydes, and benzenes. In general, the following trends were observed: (1) Dihydric phenols were oxidized; most amino and chlorophenols were degraded to a lesser degree; trihydric phenols were not oxidized; and nitro and chloronitrophenols were difficult to oxidize. (2) Ortho-, m-, and p-crescl and most dimethylphenols were oxidized; chloromethylphenols were more resistant. (3) Oxidation of some classes of compounds was markedly affected by the position of substitution on the benzene ring. (4) Benzoic and hydroxybenzoic acids were oxidized, but sulfonated benzenes and methoxylated, nitro, and chlorobenzoic acids were not, m-toluic acid was oxidized whereas the o- and p-forms were not. (5) Benzaldehyde and p-hydrobenzaldehyde were oxidized, but the nitrobenzaldehyde were not. (6) Benzenes were oxidized with difficulty or not at all. There are 28 references. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 31. 031215*70 Industrial Hygiene Digest September. 1964 ) 936 Health Effects of Detergents in Water. R. L. Woodward, H.E. Stokinger, and D.L. Birmingham. Arch. Environmental Health 8, 584-688 (April, 1964). Concern over detergents as water pollutants is widespread in this country as well as in other countries. In England and in Germany efforts are being made to bring about a sub stitution of more easily biodegradable surfactants for the currently dominant tetrapropylene derived alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS). In Germany, legislation adopted in 1961 requires that this be accomplished by 1964. There is some indication that other industrialized western European countries will take similar action. A number of states in the United States have proposed legislation aimed at reducing water pollution by detergents. During 1963, several bills have been introduced in Congress patterned after the German law. Although present day household synthetic detergents cannot be considered as significant hazards to health, they have contributed significantly to water pollution and waste water treatment problems. Substitution of more readily biodegradable surfactants for the currently dominant ABS would help to solve some of these problems. The detergent manufacturers and their present and prospective suppliers are working toward development of such materials. The status of these developments is cloaked in commercial secrecy, but it is believed that such products are approaching commercial production at prices which would make the change feasible in view of the benefits which the change should achieve. It should be emphasized, however, that ABS is only one contributor to die problem of water pollution. ABS is generally associated with sewage and sewage .contains whatever our affluent society chooses to flush down the drain. These wastes change with our standard of living, our social habits and our technology. Deter gents have been blamed for effects due to other materials which they accompany in our wastes. This is not to minimize the desirability of solving the problems caused by detergents, but to warn against overestimating their contribution to the water pollution problem. -- Authors' comment 03121571 32. HWBB-0019727 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 INDEX ' Accidents) damage control study on safety belts in Sweden 931 930 Air analysis, use of plastic bags 909 (gD, u--i v Air pollution control operation of control systems increase in world-wide in South America measurement s) gas circulation around industrial area personal monitoring devices obscuration by nonblack plumes over Salt Lake Valley Arsenic-lung cancer theory 923 918 917 922 921 920 919 855 Asbestos pleurisy 895 Asbestosis endemic form from shipboard pipecovering 897 896 Cyanide poisoning oxygen therapy in recovery from ingested 880 879 Cummings memorial lecture 846 Decompression illness, in obese mice 899 Dermatitis, dermatosis(es) epoxy resins , porphyria cutanea tarda ' Saran Wrap v Detergents health effects in water waste disposal ; 871 868 869 936 934 Diving . safe practices for scuba 916 Dust sampling, samplers selective sampling 893 Environment changes--stress or benefit? 846 Atherosclerosis natural history of coronary Benzo(a) pyrene separation from airborne particulates Benzo(k) fluoranthene separation from airborne particulate's 850 875 875 Epoxy resins chemistry and uses dermatitis hazard control in factories Exhaust gases, automotive engines effects of dilute irradiated effects of HC/NOg on irradiated 870 871 872 924 925 Beryllium spectrochemical determination 913 Books heat and cold effects 643 look at U. S. Division of Occ. Health ' 844 smoking--the great dilemma 845 Cancer lung arsenic-lung theory cancer cells in the blood etiology ' 0o review of 995 cases - occurrence of oral oral cancer detection center for dentists and physicians 855 860 861 856 852 853 854 Fallout in peace and war measuring and monitoring problems in food, water, and clothing strontium-90 as of May, 1963 906 905 907 908 Fluoridation of water responses to questionnaire 932 Fluorosis in cattle 881 Gas(es) sampling probe for shaft furnaces 910 Gastrointestinal disease blood pepsin and ulcer disease 851 Guthion, exposure to during spraying 889 t=3 Carbon tetrachloride poisoning effect of iron dextran on rats 891 Carcinogens, separation and analysis 876 Chemical toxicity, criteria for evaluation 878 Handicapped persons, workers employment of mentally subnormal why penalize firms in hiring ? Health examinations evaluation of outpatients 926 927 847 Chick embryos use in solvent toxicity tests Hearing loss 877 current concepts of mechanism 900 33. 03121572 Industrial Hygiene Digest Heart disease predictive study of coronary 849 Heat and cold effects, their control (bk-. rev. l 843 Industrial relations human relations committee and collective bargaining 929 Influenza effect of vaccine on pregnant women 648 Insecticides exposure to Gutbion during spraying malathion poisoning and atropine therapy 869 890 Japanese encephalitis, methods of control 663 Kerosene poisoning clinical and therapeutic aspects roentgenographic changes in lungs 886 887 Lead poisoning, milk as prophylactic 886 Malathion poisoning, atropine therapy 890 Methane, in urban atmospheres 914 Nitrogen dioxide, effect on animals 882 Noise effect of high intensity continuous threshold shift changes 901 902 Occupational health look at U. S. Division of Occupational Health (bk. rev.) -844 Older worker, ageing and employment 926 Ozone, effect on animals 882 Pneumoconiosis morphology of inert dust reaction 892 Porphyria cutanea tarda, from herbicides 868 Potassium cyanide poisoning oxygen therapy in 880 P_s^cholo^ employment of mentally subnormal 926 Rabies, in Illinois in 1963 864 Radioactivity effect of radioactive paints on cardiovascular system 904 Rare earth compounds, toxicity of stable 884 Rat-bite fever, an occupational hazard 665 Safety belts, study on use in Sweden 930 September, 1964 Salt Lake Valley, air pollution potential 919 Saran Wrap, dermatitis from 869 Silicosis from pumice lung biochemistry 898 . 894 Smoking effect of glucose on cardiac output 859 effect on ciliary frequency 858 hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke 874 mortality among British doctors 857 phenols in cigarette smoke condensate 873 report on program in Winnipeg schools 862 the great dilemma (bk. rev.) 845 Sodium cyanide poisoning recovery from ingested 879 Solvent(s), toxicity tests 877 South America, air pollution in 917 Strontium-90, in fallout as of May, 1963 908 Sulfur dioxide applications in waste treatment determination in air effect on healthy male adults personal measuring instrument 933 912 683 911 Thallium poisoning electrocardiographic changes 885 Toluene diisoc^anate. air analysis studies 915 Toxicology evaluation of chemical toxicity 878 Ultraviolet radiation application and measurement Veterinarians, zoonoses in 903 866 Veterinary students, zoonotic infection in 867 Waste disposal degradation of aromatics by bacteria health effects of detergents suds control and transfer use of sulfur dioxide 935 936 934 933 Zoonoses in Ohio veterinarians in veterinary students rabies in Illinois in 1963 866 867 864 03121573 34. HMBB-0019728 t Industrial Hygiene Digest t ADDRESSES OF JOURNALS ABSTRACTED September, 1964 Acta Cfair. Scand. Suppl. Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica Supplement P. A. Norstedt fc Soner Tryckerigatan 2 Stockholm 2, Sweden Brit. Med. J. British Medical Journal British Medical Assoc. Tavistock Square London WC1, England Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn, J. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 14125 Prevost Detroit, Michigan 48227 Can. Med. Assn. J. The Canadian Medical Association Journal 150 St. George Street Toronto 5, Canada Am. J. Pathol. American Journal of Pathology P. B. Hoeber, Inc. 49 East 33rd Street New York. N. Y. 10016 Chem. Engr. Chemical Engineering McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 330 West 42nd Street New York, N. Y. 10036 Am. J. Public Health American Journal of Public Health American Public Health Assoc., Inc. 883 Broadway Albany, N. Y. 12201 Am. J. Vet. Res. . American Journal of Veterinary Research American Veterinary Medical Assoc. 600 S. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60605 Am, Rev. Reap, Pis. The American' Review of Respiratory Diseases National Tuberculosis Assoc. 1790 Broadway New York, N. Y. 10019 Anal. Chem. Analytical Chemistry The American Chemical Society 1155 Sixteenth Street, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20036 Arch. Dermatol. Archives of Dermatology American Medical Association 535 North Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60610 ' Chemist-Analyst J. T. Baker Chemical Co. Phillipsburg, New Jersey 08865 Chem. Ind. (London) Chemistry & Industry (London) Society of Chemical Industry 14 Belgrave Square London SW1, England Circulation American Heart Association 44 East 23rd Street New York, N. Y. 10010 The Conference Board Record National Industrial Conference Board 845 Third Avenue New York, N. Y. 10022 Diseases of Chest American College of Chest Physicians 112 East Chestnut Street Chicago, Illinois 60611 Gigiena i Sanit. Gigiena i Sanitariya Medgiz, Gig. 1 Sanit. Petrovka 12, Moskva U.S.S.R. Arch, Environmental Health Archives of Environmental Health American Medical Association 535 North Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60610 Beitr. Silikos-Forsch. Sonderband. Grundfragen Silikoseforsch. Beitrage zur Silikose-Forschung Sonde rband. Grundfragen.aus der Silikoseforschung Hauptverwaltuhg der Bergbau-Berufsgenossenschaft Bochum, Germany 35. Harvard Bus. Rev. Harvard Business Review Soldiers Field Boston, Mass. 02163 Health News James J. Quinlivan, M.D. New York State Dept, of Health Albany, N. Y. 12208 03121574 Industrial Hygiene Digest September, 1964 Illinois Health Messenger Department of Public Health 503 State Office Building 401-South Spring Street Springfield, Illinois J. Inst. Fuel Journal of the Institute of Fuel 18 Devonshire Street Portland Place London Wl, England Instr. Control Systems J. Water Poll. Control Fed. Instruments & Control Systems Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation Instruments Publishing Company 4435 Wisconsin Avenue 845 Ridge Avenue Washington, D. C. 20016 Pittsburgh, Pa. 15212 Med. J. Australia Intern. J. Air and Water Poll. Medical Journal of Australia International Journal of Air and Water Australasian Medical Publishing, Co., Ltd. Pollution Seamer Street, Glebe Fergamon Press Sydney, Australia 122 East 55th Street New York, N. Y. 10022 Military Med. Military Medicine Iron Steel Engr. Assn, of Military Surgeons of the United States Iron and Steel Engineer ' 1500 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Association of Iron & Steel Engineers Washington, D. C. 20005 1010 Empire Building Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222 Obstet. Gynecol. Obstetrics and Gynecology J. Air Poll.Control Assn. Paul B. Hoeber, Inc. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Assn. 49 East 33rd Street 4400 Fifth Avenue New York. N. Y. 10016 Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213 Public Works J. Am. Med. Assn, Public Works Journal Corporation The Journal of the American Medical Assn. 200 South Broad Street American Medical Association Ridgewood, New Jersey 535 North Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60610 Rass. med. ind. Rassegna de medicina industrials e di igine J. Am. Vet. Med. Assn, del lavoro Journal of the American Veterinary Medical As6n. Via Alessandria 220 . 600 S. Michigan Avenue Rome, Italy Chicago, Illinois 60605 Smokeless Air (London) J. Am. Soc. Safety Engr. National Society for Clean Air Journal of the American Society of Safety Field House Engineers Breams Building American Society of Safety Engineers London EC 4, England 5 North Wabash Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60602 Trans. Assn. Ind. Med. Officers J. Appl, Meteorol, Transactions of the Association of Industrial Medical Officers Journal of Applied Meteorology 47 Lincoln's Inn Fields American Meteorological Society London WC2, England 45 Beacon Street Boston, Mass. 02108 Z. ges. Hyg. u. ihre Grenzgebiete Zeitschrift fuer die gesamte Hygiene und ihre J. Atmospheric Sci. Grenzgebiete Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Clara-Zetkin-Strasse 96 American Meteorological Society 45 Beacon Street Berlin W8, Germany Boston, Mass. 02108 03121575 36.