Document MG5keeqnwrVnbrgK5QZdKQbBM
IN HOUSE PAINT FO
PROGRESS
1n Our HOUSE PAINT FORMULATION
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Book No.__ Assigned to
The information in this report is to ' be regarded as strictly confidential.
0007-SWP-000007383
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PROGRESS in our HOUSE PAINT FORMULATION
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i There is definite need for progress in our house paint formulation, which is brought about by the faot that the surfaces that we are
protecting are varying from year to year - due to new construction
* methods and new engineering ideas, suoh as air-conditioning, the * variety and quality of wood being used for construction purposes, i the length of time that buildings are allowed to go before re-paint
ing, due to eoonomio conditions, increasing labor costs for application > of paint, stressing the need for a minimum number of coats and many ( other similarly important factors emphasizing the need for keeping * alert in our formulations if we are to meet the present day needs.
t Add to the foregoing the faot that there is the possibility of obtain
* ing new paint performance, based on the availability, at lower prices, of the new pigments and improved liquids, which definitely bring t about the possibilities of:
t > 1. Adequate opaoity with fewer pounds of pigment.
l 2. Brighter and cleaner whites from these strong pigments.
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t S. Leas dead weight with these lighter specific gravity pigments.
l I 4. Better sealing with adequate adhesion, improved coverage and filling qualities in our foundation or first coat.
Although sufficient attention always must be paid to unforeseen com plaints that crop up from time to time in specific areas - which are probably due to extremes of climatic or other conditions at the time i of painting, yet, in general any ohange in our formulating practice must be based on wide-spread experience throughout very large areas
i so as to cover all possible experiences that are going to confront
> our goods by reason of our wide-spread distribution.
t Recently a few competitors have gone to the trade with claims of re
volutionary developments in house paint - and you may Judge for your self from the exposure records shown in the following pages just why these competitors found the need for these revolutionary changes in
their formulas. However, there is nothing revolutionary in the form
* ulating practice in good house paints. Improvement comes only from
the steady growth of teohnioal information gained after long continued
experimental work accompanied by adequate exposure tests..
All the experience of the years has taught us the utter inadequacy of
9 house paint tests limited to standard exposure panelb , or of following
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the ideas of some raw material producer overly anxious to sell his products.
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I A few years ago, to check out our old and new formulations as well as i the competitive goods, a series of buildings was painted on the out
skirts of Cleveland, that presented the type of surfaoes that would
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generally be net throughout the oountry for re-painting. The exposures were varied enough - east, southeast, south and southwest - so as to give the sort of results one would obtain under aotual conditions in the field.
These tests are especially interesting because the same buildings were painted with so many varieties of formulations of paints and the results can very easily be compared and the facts carried from one part of the building to the other, whereas in trying to oompare one building to the other there is always difficulty on aocount of the spaoe involved.
This book describes, therefore, in a very simple manner, the reasons why various changes in the formulation of SWP have been made over the last few years. Along with the photographs of the buildings there are close-up photographs, magnified enlargements of the paint surfaces and the information concerning each exposure is self-explanatory.
It can be seen by studying the following pages, that each move made in the- re-formulation of SWP has been the result of oareful technical development improving the product to meet the changing requirements of the trade and to take advantage of new and improved raw materials, as they became available. On the whole, these steps have been sound ones, leading us always towards a better balanoed formula.
The progressive development of our formulae, with the increasing use of titanium pigments, led us naturally to the acquisition of a new and unique process and a new plant for producing our own titanium pigments, thereby assuring us of proper oontrol of the quality of this important ingredient.
These same progressive steps in formulation led us also to the un mistakable fact that in the application of SWP we meet application problems that must be met or corrected by formulation, and to point to the need of some sort of a primer or foundation coat. The painter, who is used to applying a priming coat of lead and oil, without any great care, has occasionally run into trouble in the application of a ready-mixed paint as a priming coat.
The photographs, and explanations along with them, will point out conclusively that many of the competitive institutions have, perhaps unwisely, tried to solve two problems with the production of their primers - that of curing their application problems on hard, glossy surfaces and also trying to get abnormal ooverage with their primer which - according to our exposure tests - will eventually bring about failure of the film and an unsatisfactory condition so far as pro tection of the Job is concerned.
Building exposures will prove conclusively to you that these primers are not satisfactory evsn when used under SWP, wheras SWP, over lead and oil - or over itself - or over the priming foundation coat we are now recommending - has given a good aocount of itself.
The progress and the explanation of the photo enlargements are oomplete enough to tall, eaoh of them, a story in itself.
0007-SWP-000007385
Building No. 1 Freshly Painted - 1934
* This building faces southeast and is used for the storage of finished m lumber, it is constructed of ordinary firwood siding which had been
painted but was considerably weathered. m ^ The chart indicates the variety of formulations tested. Observe that
all panels were pretty uniformly white when first painted.
* Building No. 1 Photographed in 1938
Building No. 2 Freshly Painted in 1935
This building is in a group with No. 1. It faces southeast and is *" constructed of ordinary northern pine siding. Painted, but weathered badly, it was given a priming coat over all of lead and oil. Then two - coats of each material to be tested were applied with the very slight
variation in whiteness observable at the time of painting.
Building No. 2 Photographed in 1938
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swp 2 NO STEF FINISH COAT
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Building No. 3 Freshly Painted in 1935
This building Faces southeast. It is constructed of ordinary northern pine siding considerably weathered. It was given an all-over priming coat of lead and oil followed by two coats of the various materials to m be tested. The appearance of the various panels does not vary greatly in whiteness (with the one exception) the failures are principally by cracking as shown in the enlarged pictures shown later in the book.
Building No. 3 Photographed in 1938
4HED PRIMED AU OVER WITH LEAD* OIL
(FIR SIDING)
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SWP 2 NO STF P^FINISHCOAT
DRIERS "
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^ ___ * . SPEC. PRIMERS SWP
SWP
SWP^
SWP
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Building #2 - Panel #19
The 1929 SWP Formulation
Label Analysis
Formula Analysis
Lead Carbonate
36$
Lead Sulphate
19$
Zinc Oxide
36$
Magnesium Silicate 9$
S-W Ozlo (leaded zinc) Lead Carbonate Magnesium Silicate
Vehicle: Acid refined oil.
55$ 36$
9$
Note:
The exposure panel is two coats of Rx 471, SWP OGW (1929 formulation) applied over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade.
Exposure reading:
After 36 months exposure, the paint is considerably darkened, but shows no film failure. It is chalking moderately with a uniform general appearance. It affords an excellent protective film.
Remarks:
The demand of the trade for a whiter, more attractive brilliant white paint constitutes the principal reason for changing this formulation.
0007-SWP-000007389
The PROGRESS OF SWP
STEP by STEP
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Building #1 - Panel #5
The First Step
the 1930 SWP Formulation
Label Analysis: White Lead Zinc Oxide Titanium Pigment
34# 29.5# 36#
Formula Analysis: S-W Ozlo (leaded zinc)
Lead Carbonate Titanox "B"
45.5# 18.0# 36.5#
(Titanium-Barium pigment) Vehicle: Combination of acid and alkali refined linseed oils.
Note:
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The exposure panel is two coats of Rx 471 SWP OGW (1930 formulation) applied over unprimed weathered painted fir siding of poor grade.
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Exposure reading:
After 43 months exposure, the paint is very white, shows slight crack ing and is chalking heavily. The general appearance is good.
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Remarks:
This formulation shows an improved appearance compared with the 1929 SWP formulation, but is inferior to it in protective value. At the time the change was made, Titanox "B" was the only available titanium pigment sufficiently developed and commercially available. It contributed whiteness but its barium content proved to be an objectionable feature.
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Note the number of fine cracks. Such cracks usually did not appear until after the second year of exposure. Many competitors, however, are still using this type of titanium pigment in both primer and finish coat - and in quantities which, based upon our experience, are definitely dangerous and unsafe to use.
0007-SWP-000007390
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The PROGRESS OF SWP - STEP by STEP
Building #1 - Panel #4
Building #Z - Panel #6
The Second Step - the 1934 Formulation
Label Analysis:
Formula Analysis:
White Lead
50.5#
S-W Ozlo (leaded zinc)
45.66#
Zinc Oxide
29.5#
Lead Carbonate
34.34#
Titanium Dioxide
10. #
Titanium Dioxide
10.00#
Magnesium Silicate 10.#
Magnesium Silicate
10.00#
Vehicle: Combination acid and alkali refined linseed oils.
Note:
The exposure panel is two coats of Rx 471 .SWP OGW (1934 formulation) applied over unprimed weathered painted fir siding of poor grade.
Exposure reading:
After 43 months exposure, the.paint is very white. It is chalking heavily and while it shows slight cracking, there is an improvement over the Titanox "B" formulation.
Remarks:
An improvement in toughness or elasticity was gained by eliminating the barium in Titanox "B" and replacing this pigment with Titanium Dioxide and Magnesium Silicate. The same type refined linseed oils were used.
Notes regarding panel #6 on Building #2 The exposure panel is two coats of Rx 471 SWP OGW (1934 formulation) applied over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade.
Exposure reading:
After 36 months exposure, this material is very white, has no surface failure and is chalking heavily. The general appearance is excellent.
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The PROGRESS OF SWP - STEP by STEP
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Building #1 - Panel #3
Building #2 - Panel #7
Label Analysis
Formula
White Lead
50.5# S-W Ozlo (Leaded Zinc)
Zinc Oxide
29.5#
Lead Carbonate
Titanium Dioxide
10#
Titanium Dioxide
Magnesium Silicate 10#
Magnesium Silicate
Vehicle: Specially refined linseed oil.
45.66# 34.34#
10.00# 10.00#
Note: Panel #3 Building if1
The exposure panel is two coats Rx 471 SWP OGW (1935 formulation) applied over unprimed weathered fir siding of poor grade.
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Exposure reading:
After 43 months exposure, the paint is very white. It is chalking freely and shows no cracking or other surface failure. The general appearance is excellent - both from a distance and up close.
Remarks: After arriving at what seemed to be the most desirable pigment formulation, attention was directed to further study of the vehicle. A new process of refining the oil was developed, which not only resulted in the improved toughness observed in the exposure panel, which also eliminated, completely, the crystalization we were experiencing when the paint was stored for considerable time in hot rooms.
Motes regarding Panel #7 - Building #2 The exposure panel is two coats of Rx 471 SWP OGW (1935 formulation) applied over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade.
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Exposure reading:
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After 36 months exposure, the panel is slightly darker than Rx 471
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using old oil formulation. There is no surface failure. The paint
is chalking freely and has excellent appearance.
0007-SWP-000007392
SWP QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE PROGRESSES - STEP by STEP
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The Fourth Step - the 1938 SWP Formulation
Label Analysis White Lead Zinc Oxide Titanium-Magnesium Pig.
Formula Analysis
45.5# S-W Ozlo (leaded zinc)
45.5)6
29.5#
Lead Carbonate
29.9%
25.0#
Titanium-Magnesium-Pigment 24.5#
Vehicle-Special refined linseed oil (developed for 3rd step SWP)
Note: This panel is two coats Rx 471 SWP OGW (1938 formulation) applied over unprimed weathered painted fir siding of poor grade.
Exposure reading: After 43 months exposure the paint has an excellent appearance of uniform bright whiteness. It is chalking uniformly and freely. The protective film has been improved through increased toughness or elasticity and a better control of chalking.
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Remarks: Further refinements in balance of pigment formulation have been based upon findings of our many experimental formulations under observation. An outstanding development is a new combination pigment. TitaniumMagnesium pigment. The increased use of titanium in our formulation allows us to obtain proper opacity with less weight per gallon. And with these new light weight, strong pigments, weight per gallon has no significance today in the value of paint. In fact, these new pigments offer the same possibilities to the paint formulator as did the new light weight alloys to the automobile Industry. This represents the very best thought of both our own and the industry's pigment men. The sum total of all these developments is a bonafide top quality in SWP with superiority over every known house paint on the market.
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We are entering upon an enlarged program of closely observed paint test
ing in the field - described elsewhere in this book. We have a number of
"exploratory" formulations at this time. The conclusion is inescapable -
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based upon all our experience - that just as certain as we have this 1938
SWP that is absolute TOPS today - there is going_ to.be an SWP of TOMORROW
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to beat it in some desirable respect. But until.that time comes - we
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consider ou_r_1938 SWP formulation to be without equal anywhere.
0007-SWP-000007393
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The 5th Step -
The Hew Member of the SWP Line - SWP Primer-Dealer1 -
Everyone admits that the Painter has had trouble in general with the application of prepared house paint over some surfaces and certain new types of wood. It has been our hope that these two problems could be solved by speoial thinning directions, but we have learned long since that the Painter cannot be depended, upon to follow directions on the label and in oases of diffioult types of wood, such as Redwood, he will not, at times, allow the necessary drying time before proceeding with the seoond coat.
Because of our desire more nearly to meet the demand of the paint trade and at the same time with our ideas of proper formulation for this purpose, we are introducing into the line the new Sherwin-Williams* Foundation Coat-er Primer. (/#D**-<*>* rjSA.
The demands for a product of this type call for definite characteristics, which we are sure are included in the goods we are offering:
1. Easy brushing with a "slip" somewhat akin to Lead in Oil. 2. Far greater opacity than Lead in Oil. 3. The proper adhesion to either new wood or an old finish no
matter how badly weathered. 4. A certain amount of filling qualities for badly weathered
surfaoes, 5. An adaptability for tinting easily without changing the
fundamental characteristics. - 6. Relatively quick drying with a semi-gloss possessing the
proper tooth" for the following ooats.
It would have been relatively easy for us to offer a product similar to many competitive house paint lines, but in the very type of their formulations we recognized hazards we were not willing to take. Frankly, we recognize the desire for two coat work and we believe that a oertain satisfactory quality in two coat work can be obtained if suf ficient oovering and opacity are obtained in the first ooat, but we also recognize the hazard in attempting to get three ooat performance with a two ooat Job - especially when we have, as our background, the excellent three ooat experience we have had for years with SWP. And we refused to be stampeded into any two coat syBtem on the basis of being
equivalent to a three ooat system until these systems have been given a thorough and sufficient "road test".
Very definitely, we know that the story baok of the formulation of most of the present two ooat systems is an over-powering desire on the part of the raw material manufacturer to move the kind of pigments he has for sale and if one were to study materials used therein, he will note that the majority of the produots call for an exoess amount of Barium Pigment, Titanox B. Thie is the same pigment with which we had a some what unfortunate experience a few years ago even when we used it to a much less peroentage.
The basis for building up the so-called "first ooat" of the two coat system has been not to meet satisfactory priming with acme opaoity, but to meet Questionable priming with an extreme opaoity that is almost
0007-SWP-000007394
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equivalent to "surfacing* the Job. The competitors goods are heavy bodied and poor brushing,. so that painters naturally would have to leave a heavy ooat on the job, the oovering being out down to about 400 feet per gallon. With this oovering and beoause of the faot that their formula calls for no zino whatsoever, they do not have the value of zino as an ftaher^ae characteristic and their foraulators knowing well that a thick ooat of this primer will not dry without the presence of zino, add rosin varnishes to obtain this adhering or drying result.
Repeated oheoks on this type of formulation have proven to us that suoh a foundation ooat, even when followed with the more orthodox type of finish ooat, is dangerous in the long run. Our previous experience has shown that a high inert barium-titanium type formulation looks fairly satisfactory for the first two years, but eventually fails both in ad I herence to the old film and in oheoking thus presenting a poor repaint ing surfaoe. We feel certain therefore that the high inert Barium Titanox formulation that is in vogue - to which must be added rosin varnish I and still further complicated by the faot that they are applied as a thick coat - is far too dangerous a foundation formulation. And we will not rush in an attenqjt to meet this competition with this type of formulation.
Frankly, the new SWP foundation -eeat primor 1b formulated and designed from the same type of pigments and the same type of oils that have ! always characterized SWF. You will note, from the label, the presence of Leaded Zino and Lead Carbonate coupled with the Titanium Magnesium I Pignent which has proved so satisfactory in our exposure test and whioh pigment is the basis of our present SWP.
* You will find the product so formulated as to give, without any reduction except in oold weather, the added amount of opacity that the oustomer desires on the sort of work he is meeting in the field these days. You will note that we have not diBoounted the idea of having plenty of oil for penetration into the old film or into the new wood. We know from our experience that a oertain amount of oil and penetration is desirable and has proven so over the million of Jobs that have been finished with the typical SWP formula. However we have given you, in this new founda tion primer, a dual-purpose vehiole so that we d get a primer aotion and sealing at the same time - there is not an excess of oil. The produot dries with a semi-flat finish, even over a hard glossy, nonweathered finish, which has been the oause for the number of oomplaints of crawling that we have run into with primer reduced with oil.
We oannot stress too much the faot that we maintain our allegianoe to Ozlo Leaded Zino base whioh has proved itself so satisfactory over the years now as the best base for ready mixed paints. Although the amount of zino has been materially out down in this formula, there is just a proportion there to bring about the proper drying of our film to put the first ooat in an exceptionally good shape for the receiving of the following ooats.
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THIttnNO DIRECTIONS
SgP and NEW SWP UNDERCOATBR Ho 450
Wo oro oonfrontod with tho nocossity of changing tho labol instructions on our SWP, making suitable montion of our non Undorcoator, and in lino with tho fact thqt thoro is nothing wrong with SWP, oxoopt for crawling on an occasional job, wo aro going to spooify- dofinitoly that SOP roducod as previously indioatod on tho packago still givos a satisfactory job* At tho sono tino, wo will, in another box, oall attontion to tho fact that host rosults aro obtained by tho use of tho Undcrooater, and also point out that tho Undorcoator can bo usod as a primor bn throo-ooat now work by proper roduction of tho Undorcoator for tho first ooat--ono pint to tho gallon*
Our competitors, who had vory unsatisfactory proparod houso paints, make no mention on their labels of using thoir houso paint as a first coat, oithor for priming or for repaint work, and they lead ono to boliovo that it is absolutely nocossary to buy both of the articlos which they offor, primor or undorcoator, and house paint, in ordor to got a' satis factory job. Roalizing how inadoquato thoir previous goods wero and tho system thoy reoommondod to givo satisfactory performance, we can understand thoir dosiro to right-about-faco on tho wholo program, but such a situation doos not oxist with our houso paint* We understand, also, that oompotitors aro finding it nocossary to carry two linos of goods, thoir old formula as well as the now formula, which must present a very difficult stookkooping proposition*
SHADING DNDERCOATER: Our labol directions will dofinitoly point out tho fact that tho Undarcoator may bo tinted with Color in Oil, and this is tho way wo will oxpoct tho paintor to handle tho problem. At tho same time, wo also call attontion to tho fact that tinting with as much as ono pint of SHP givos a porfoctly satisfactory job.
The competitor is obliged to havo sovoral shadox of Undorcoator, because the formulation of his first ooat primor or undorcoator is ontirely different in nako-up from his top coat, and, in order to make his story sound, ho has to carry four or fivo, or in sono oasos as many as eight, various colors of undorcoator, whoroas sinoo our story is an equally balanced pigaont of the samo typo, both in our undorcoator and finish ing coats, there is no objection to the addition of a certain amount of SUP for tinting purposes.
Wo aro tr img to avoid, of courso, tho oxtromo gloss which caused our crawling, and, thoroforo, wo limit tho amount of oil that will bo addod by limiting the amount of OTP suggostod for tinting. If a dorkor shade is used, for oxamplo, on tho Vordas Green, wo will uso ono pint of Willow
Groon to a gallon of Undorcoator. Labol instructions on tho SWP Colors will specify tho moans of obtaining the proporly tinted Undercoater, whioh moans that tho customer will buy SWP, tho Undorcoator, and a small package of a tinting SWP color, if ho elocts this syton rathor than using Oil Colors for tinting, although oithor of than will givo an oqually satis factory job.
0007-SWP-000007396
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&AJ1& /1 4 & & 4 4 4 4 4 4 * t t * 4 4 4 4 t t t U U
Panel "A" SWP over competitive Primer
Panel "B" SWP over competitive Primer
Panel C"-"C-A" SWP over experimental Lead titanate Primer
PRIMER EXPOSURE TESTS
Building Ho. 3 Panels 26-27-28-29-30
The uniform finishing coat of SWP over these various first coaters reveals strikingly,, the important part played by the foundation coat. Over panels A & B,.SWP cracks. Ovep lead titanate primer the paint film is good on good boards but cracking badly on rough boards (3-A). The adjoining "control" panels D & E over SWP & lead first-coats, respectively are in perfect condition.
Panel "D" 2 coats of SWP
Panel "E" SWP over lead 4 oil primer
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0007-SWP-000007397
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This church shows a two year old exposure of SWP Foundation Coat under
SWP OGW 1936 Formulation. For "control", a section of the building on > the front - facing South - and a section on the East side - were painted 5 with our standard recommendation of 2 coats of SWP.
The closest examination fails to reveal any difference in either appear ance or condition of the two paint films. I Because of the attractiveness of this little white church in-its rural * setting it is reported many wedding parties come here from far and near.
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0007-SWP-000007398
The PIGMENTS of SWP
S-W 0ZL0
Leaded zino has oome to be employed in the majority of the leading house paints, today, and S-W OZLO (leaded zino) is, more than ever, the key stone of SWP pigment formulation.
OZLO is a ohemioal union (one single pigment) of lead sulphate and zino oxide. It shows many times greater resistance to sulphur fume disooloration than lead carbonate. OZLO tempers the lead carbonate in SWP with less of the objeotionable zino brittleness than if zino oxide were used as a separate pigment. It contributes proper smoothness and impermea bility to make SWP the outstanding washable house paint.
S - W LEAD CARBONATE
Lead oarbonate is retained because SWP Is a better paint with it than without it. It oombines with OZLO to secure the desired balance of lead and zino. Lead carbonate has good adherence and affords good protection. ItB weaknesses - which we overcome in SWP - are surface oheoking, spotty chalking and darkening due to discoloration. The film of straight lead and oil paint is not smooth enough to wash well.
TITANIUM PIGMENTS
There are now 5 different pigments offered in this group of titanium pigments - 4 of them concern us in house paint - we have used 3 of them, have discarded 2 and will probably supplant the one we are now using for the latest development, by manufacturing it in our own titanium pigment plant - now being built and going into production early next year.
Titanium dioxide used in SWP is the whitest and most opaque white pigment known. Beoause it was prohibitive in cost and not a stabilized safe pigment to use in 1930 when we made our first step in modernizing SWP, Titanox B" (titanium barium pigment) was employed. We achieved whiteness and brillianoe in this SWP formulation but considered the barium content un desirable as tending to cause cracking of the film. Pure titanium dioxide was introduced in 1934 and proved its superiority as the exposure panels shown in this book disclose.
The combination of titanium dioxide and magnesium silicate has yielded excellent results. The ohalking appears more uniform and better controlled. The paint film shows freedom from surface failures of cracking and oheoking and is tougher and more elastio under all the exposures we have observed.
0007-SWP-000007399
WHITE LEAD
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE VEHICLE
The samples of linseed oil shown here are: left to right. {1} Aged raw linseed oil (2) acid refined (3) alkali refined and (4) the new specially refined oil used in 1938 SWP.
Every paint maker serving southern warm states experienced the trouble illustrated below, whether he would admit it or not. These lumps are "zinc soap" commonly called crystalization, "cornflaking" or other names. We know for a fact that competitors sought the solution - just as we did. We have conquered the difficulty in the new refined oil we have been using in SWP for the last two years. No longer is there the hazard of crystalization in storage in poorly ventilated warehouses or on the dealer's shelf in southern states.
The new oil is not chemically bleached to the water whiteness of our former refined linseed oil vehicle for SWP - but the 1938 SWP on the house is whiter and stays whiter - and it stays Safe in the Package.
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Panel "A
Panel "B
White Lead (Carbonate) and Oil
The characteristic "lead check" is familiar to all paint men. Panel "A" exposed 43 months has chalked away the gray smudge that appears on Panel "B" exposed 12 months. Both panels are very dark in appearance because of atmospheric discoloration.
Panel "C" appears at the end of Building No. 1. The owners "no smoking" sign was stencilled over a panel of white lead applied over our SWP ex posure panel "for permanence". After 43 months the contrast is most striking. Panel "D" is a closeup magnification of the two surfaces.
Panel "C"
Panel "D"
0007-SWP-000007402
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Building #2 - Panel #2
At the time these exposures were painted out, this competitor had the following label analysis.
Competitor "B"
Pigment: Lead Sulphate Lead Carbonate Zinc Oxide Silicates
Label Analysis:
Vehicle:
18.81$
Linseed Oil
36.19$
Turpentine &
35.00$
10.00$
Japan Drier
92.00$
8.00$
Note: This panel is two coats applied over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade.
Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint shows considerable darkening, cracking is quite general and there is heavy chalking. Its appearance from the distance is only fair.
Remarks: This formula resembles SVVP Rx 471 of 1929 manufacture.
This competitor has at the present time these two formulations:
Analysis Lead Carbonate
Type 1 29.2$
Analysis
Type 2 36.3$"
Leaded Zinc 35/65
30.8$
53.8$
Magnesium Sil.
9.9$
Titanox "B"
40.0$
(No exposure on these two)
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4* Building #2 - Panel #3
At the time these exposures were painted out, this competitor had the following label analysis:
Competitor "C"
Label Analysis:
Pigment: Zinc Oxide
Titanium Dioxide Undetermined
74.0J? 23.2$
2.8%
Vehicle: Tung Oil
Note: This panel is two coats applied over lead and oil primer, over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade.
Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint is slightly darker. It has only slight cracking, but has chalked so excessively that the paint has washed very thin over high parts of the surface. Ridges, knots, and nails are conspicuous and nails show rusting.
Remarks: It is evident that this type of formulation is helpful in showing what to avoid in house paint.
0007-SWP-000007404
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Building #2 - Panel #5
At the time these exposures were painted out, this competitor had the following label analysis.
Competitor "E"
Label Analysis:
Pigment:
Lead Carbonate
29.12#
Lead Sulphate
12.48#
Zinc Oxide
23.30#
Titanox "B"
35.10#
Vehicle:
Linseed Oil Japan Drier Naphtha
88.00# 3.70# 8.30#
Note: This panel is two coats over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade.
Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint appears very well, only slightly darker than SWP (Step #2). There are no surface
I* failures. It is chalking heavily.
Remarks:
Resembles "First Step" of SWP.
t
This competitor now has the following formulae:
Analysis:
Type #1
Tpye #2
Lead Carbonate
49.3#
Lead Carbonate
29.0#
Leaded Zinc 35/65
31.3# .
Leaded Zinc
36.0#
Titanium Dioxide
11.0#
Magnesium Silicate
8.4#
Barytes
Barytes
26.3#
(No exposures on these later formulae)
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Building #2 - Panel #3
At the time these exposures were painted out, this competitor had the following label analysis.
Competitor "F"
Pigment: Lead Carbonate Zinc Oxide
Label Analysis:
Vehicle: 50$ Linseed Oil 50$ Turpentine Drier
Turpentine
91.00$ 2.06$ 6.94$
Note: This panel.is two coats over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade.
Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint is dark in color, there is bad cracking over the entire surface; it is chalking heavily and its appearance is poor.
Remarks: This paint exhibits the characteristic failure of lead and zinc paint.
This Competitor has now changed to an entirely different type
paint, as follows:
Analysis:
Leaded Zinc
45$
Lead .Titanate Titanox "B"
7$ 48$
This is recommended as a finish coat over a special first coat. IVe have panels of this system now on exposure for two years. Another year or two will probably indicate the type of failure. The present appearance is bright with a noticeable yellow cast.
0007-SWP-000007406
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Building #2 - Panel #10
l At the time these exposures were painted out, this competitor had the following label analysis.
t Competitor "H" Label Analysis:
Pigment:
Vehicle:
i Lead Carbonate
55#
Linseed Oil
86#
Zinc Oxide
30# Drier
14#
\ Magnesium Silicate 15#
Note:
t This panel is two coats over lead and oil primer, over
weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade.
Exposure reading:
t
9
After 36 months exposure, the paint appears very dark, is
* cracking badly over the entire surface and has heavy spotty
t chalking with very poor appearance.
9e
t Hemarks:
9 This paint exhibits the characteristic lead-zinc failure.
i
This competitor has now changed to the following type formu
lation:
Label Analysis: Pigment:
Leaded Zinc
47.2#
r
Lead Carbonate
15.8#
Titanium Dioxide
9.0#
Magnesium Silicate 28.0#
0007-SWP-000007407
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Building #2 - Panel #11 ft
ft At the time these exposures were painted out. this Competito ft had the following label analysis:
ft Competitor "I"
ft Label Analysis: Pigment:
Lead Carbonate Lead Sulphate Zinc Oxide Titanium Dioxide
34.34$ 16.16$ 29.50$ 10.00$
Magnesium Silicate
10.00$
ii
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Kote: This panel has two coats over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade.
f. ?
Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint appears white, with no surface failures, is chalking heavily, with excellent appearance.
Remarks: . This company copied exactly our formula' for Rx 471 Second Step.
From an analysis of a later formulation, certain changes are noted, the most important being an increase in Titanium Dioxide.
Latest formula:
9*
Pigment:
Lead Carbonate
35.7$
35/65 Lead Zinc
34.3$
Titanium Dioxide
12.0$
Magnesium Silicate
9.0$
ft
0007-SWP-000007408
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Building #2 - Panel #12
At the time these exposures were painted out, this competitor had the following label analysis:
Competitor "K"
Label Analysis:
Pigment:
Vehicle:
Lead Sulphate
56$ Linseed Oil
Zinc Oxide
34$ Turpentine and
Magnesium Silicate
10$
Japan Drier
88$ 12$
Note:
This panel has two coats over lead and oil primer over weathered painted northern pine siding of poor grade.
is?
Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint is considerably darkened with heavy cracking over the entire surface and chalking heavily, with poor appearance.
Remarks: Paint shows characteristic lead-zinc check with heavy checking, possibly promoted by poor vehicle balance of oil and drier, otherwise similar to S-W 1929 formula.
This Competitor has the following label analysis at present:
Pigment: Lead Sulphate Zinc Oxide Titanium Dioxide Magnesium Silicate
Similar to S-W "Step #2"
49$ 31$ 10$ 10$ - 1934
Vehicle: Linseed Oil Turpentine and Japan Drier
formula.
89$ 11$
0007-SWP-000007409
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Building #2 - Panel #13
Competitor "L"
Thermolyzed Tung Oil Paint (No analysis available)
Note: This panel, two coats over lead and oil primer, over weathered painted northern white pine siding.
Exposure reading: After 36 months exposure, the paint is very white, has slight cracking and is chalking excessively. Appearance is excellent.
Remarks: Excessive chalking is serving to keep paint white in appearance, but is rapidly reducing its protective value
j. s i j
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0007-SWP-000007410
HEW UNIFIED PROGRAM
fr* ^ 4 -4 .4 4
for COUNTRY-WIDE EXPERIMENTAL HOUSE PAINT TESTING
In order to taka advantage of new developments In pigments and all other ingredients used in making house paint it is necessary for us to have means to test new experimental formulas - adequately.
The fact that SWP House Paint is used under all climatio conditions makes it necessary for us to parallel these conditions with ex posures in every part of the country. These exposures must he above all - actual house paint jobs with each house selected with oare and aoouraoy according to pre-determined plans to be oarried ' out in every section of the country. This is to make oertain that
no unforeseen variables enter into the situation to nullify the - value of the data obtained. In order that these variables may be
taken into consideration, the following information will be record ed for each testt
A. Type of House
1. Kind of wood 2. Type of eaves and cornices
(a) flush (b) extended (o) boxed, etc. 3. Type of insulation, if any 4. Air-conditioned 5. Percent of moisture in wood
B. Condition of House ,
1. Drains and downspouts . 2. Paint
(a) Number of re-paints (b) Condition of paint
(c) Age (d) Material used for last paint job () Type of paint failure now on house. 3. Structural defeots 4. Ventilation
0. Location
1. Topography
(a) Valley (bj Hillside
(o) Hilltop, eto.
2. Direotion ,faoed
3. Looality
(a) Suburban
(b) Country
* (o) Metropolitan
4. Location with respeot to nearest metro
politan area.
6. Immediate vioinity
(a) Industrial
(b) Residential
(o) Business
0007-SWP-000007411
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D. Atmospherio Conditions
(a) Temperature (b) Humidity (o) Rain fall (d) Sunshine (e) Air pollution
The following looations hare been selected tentatively both be cause of a olimatic condition obtained and account of proximity to a S-W faotory point:
Massachusetts Hew Jersey Florida Texas Minnesota Kansas Missouri Illinois Ohio California
Sea ooast - fog Sea ooaBt Extreme ultra-violet rays Extreme dry heat Cold winter Wind erosion Humidity Extremes of heat and oold Extremes of heat and oold
Sunshine-heat
The table which follows supplies interesting data covering the
4
I
variation in olimatic conditions in different parts of the country
*
k
and will show how important the aoouraoy of all exposure readings must be in order to make them dependable.
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Stata
Maine Mass, Corm*
City from which fol lowing Star tistios were taken
Mean Mean Min. Max. Annual Winter Summer Precipi Temp. Temp. tation of of Inches
Annual Snow
fall
Inches
Rela tive BnddUy A.M.
Rela tive Humidity P.M. .
Sunshine % of Possible Hours
Portland
18 74 43
Boston
21 78 44
New Haven 22 T8 47
74 77 75
45 74 70
40 76
74
58 . 55 61
Now York
Albany
18 80 37
Now Jersey Atlantis City 27 76 42
Banna,
Pittsburgh 25 83 37
Maryland Baltimore 29 84 43
Va.
Norfolk
34 85 50
N.C.
Charlotte 34 87 50
55 76 76 18 82 31 78 66
24 71 69 9 81 75 8 78 63
54 62 44
58 54
S.C. Got* Fla.
Charleston 44 87 53
Atlanta
36 86 50
Jacksonville 47 90 53
0 78
wm
3 85 65
0 82 76
56 61 60
Ala. Miss. La.
Montgomery 40 90 51
Meridian
38 89 53
New Orleans 48 88 58
2 81 2 85 1/2 83
65 72 72
58 53
Texas Okla.
Ark..'
Galveston 50 88 48 Oklahoma City 28 89 32 Little Rook 35 89 50
1 83 78 8 80 60 11 81 63
60 67 64
Mim. ?iiso. Mioh.
St. Paul
7 80 29
Milwaukee 16 73 31
Detroit
20 79 32
37 80 63 51 88 72 37 79 71
54 47 52
Nebr. Kansas Iowa
Omaha
15 84 31
Dodge City 19 88 20
Des Moines 14 83 32
24 78 61 19 78 53 33 80 64
60 69 60
Mo. 111. Ind.
Columbia
22 87 38
Springfield 22 64 37
Indianapolis 23 84 42
18 71 20 78 23 76
65 65
69 -
54
Ohio W.Va, Ky.
Tenn. Colo. Calif.
Cleveland 22 77 36
Elkins
19 81 46
Lexington 28 84 43
Chattanooga Denver Los Angeles
35 87 18 84 45 82
-- _______ :
52 14
16
43 76 66 87 21 78
6 81 47 61 m 78
70 45 76 37 65 59
68 55 39 69 64 73
0007-SWP-000007413