Document M4wGaq8O8a3vVV1z3gK704D6V

shortly after lining trapped for luluomy. Kigmtic'iint lUUKiiiliimirmtril rrgnm mid mh'IM fit fti-ding w* binli* amount* of POJI wont pmaunl in Arr-tiu jv-regriixw only which contain low coiicc'iitmlioiw of ohl<iritml*-d hytJru- O' fow months old (Kuh. 6 und 0), but higher rewniue* carbons. A pair which fledgod throe young m 1908 wont pnwitil in a around year Arotio bird (No. 2) and fed chiefly on pivwiinrs and columbiformcs during the exceptionally high rviddmw woro present in an adult breeding bcukoh. Both prey groups are relatively un- trapped in California (No. 4). In birds 2 and 4 I be tolul containiiiati'd (M. N. K-, H. W. K. and 8. G- H., in lipid roaorvoa wore very low, and in both the brain preparation). A clutch of egg* oollocted in this region oonoentrat ion* of DD1S nmt PC1I were high, porhop* at weighed ns much iih the eggs obtained in pre-war years, toxio levels, l'at mobilisation during roproduotinu or in whereas other |M-rcgriiui eggs from California collected tiinpN of starvation or tlrowa could bo expected to causo since tho Second World War havo been thin-shclicd aignilioant changes in (bo interne} distribution of chlori (rtf. 2, and D. W. Anderson, J. Hickey mid R. F. Christen nated hydrocarbon*. Steroid hydroxylase activity in the sen, in preparation). Despite official protection the liver might inoroaao at this tiino. Dioldrin concent rations surviving birds arc si ill subjected I o shooting by sportsmen wore lowor then in the peregrines analysed in Britain, and to harassment at tho eyries. If theso could be but DDE concentrations wero approximately com effectively reduced tho population miglit yet survivo. parable*'. In Table 3 are presented the results of analyses of Table 2 presents the results of analyses of peregrine marine and tom-atrial birds and of threo species oif fresh Eroy gpocics, remains of wliicli woro ooUcoted at eyries in water Ashes for PCD and DDT content and concentration. la/a California, Mexico. With tho exoeption of the From tho ratio of total DDT to PCD, it is sppurvut that romains of ono mourning dovo (Zcnaidura macroura) regions! fallout potterns exist. In most of the birds and of three fish but* (Pitonyx viveti), p<*y material from San Francisco Bay which havo. been analysed, found at four oyrios oonaistod of soa birds. Qi those, the including peregrine falcons (Tablo I) and eggs of the eared grebe {rodieeps cospteus) and the black petrel western gull, tho Caspian torn ftnd the blnrk-crowned (fjoomdania mtfania) oonstituted 32 and 25 per cent, night heron (Tabic 3), tho rutio was between one and two. respectively, of tho romains. . Another black-crowned night heron egg hod a typically Itlaok petrels, liko other ' polroU and shearwaters "ocean" profile, suggesting that tho adult frmolo Imd (Table 3), contained ospociully high concentrations of wintered along tho const. In most of tho birds from the both DJ)T and TCI). Reproductive suoooss in this Farallon Islands, which aro 27 miles west of the Golden population of poregrinoo seems to bo subnormal. In Gnto Bridge, this ratio was between 2 and S. In tho 1508 no pairs were observed to hatoh or ftcdgo moro than Gulf of Panama, where VCB contamination might cumu ft single young. In tho past, two to four young, tho from tho CAttal Zone and industrial areas in Panama numbor normally produced by healthy peregrines1*'1', City, tho ratio is between 1 and 2 (Table 3). wore raised by each pair (L. W. Walkor, personal com In tho Gulf of California, a region relatively remote ' ' munication}. Tho Oueknes* or fragments of a perogrino from tho sources of either DDT or PCD contamination, ' oggsltol), with its membrano, ooileotod in 1908 below an the ratio was in most cases approximately 9 or 10. This yrio whore one young hatchod, was 0-24 mm, a docrcaso was true in the egg of tho peregrine falcon (Table 1), of 14 por eont from tho moan tliickucsa of 0-84 uim 0'015 in all of tho block petrels and loast potrols analysed, mm (96 por oent oottfldonce level) in twenty-three oggs in tho Craven's mum-lots (Tablo 2), in five of six osprey odIIaoUk) in the area beforo 1947 (D. Andorton and eggs and in six of sovon western gull eggs (Tablo 3). J. Iliokey, personal communication). The region is wilder- Among tho exceptions tho fish bat, with low concentrations noss, will) litUoor no hunianintorforcnoo, ftnd ia remote from or both DDT and PCB, was the.most, divergent, with n ouroos of pollution. ratio of 43 (Tablo 2). It is not clear whether this reflects In California, numbers of broeding peregrines havo differences between avian and mammalian physiology or boon roduoed by at loast 80 por cunt in roccut years. a fundamental difference in feeding habits. Tho other The romainin.T fow pairs, howevor, seem to bo reproducing exceptions include species whioh aro present in tho area normally suul rear, when umlistnvbod, betweon two and only during the breeding season (Table 2). four young oaoli yoar. They aro found, like moat of tho In sea birds from tho Pacific tho ratio was usually surviving pairs in Great Britain"-**, in a relatively between B and 10 (Table 3). PCB waa not fuund in ogga wools soar %rar Tab)* I. res AMD DDT IH TBST SFBCIS* or riStOalNS riLCOHS M THE COLT or CALirOSNU DDT E U4> DDT tp.p.m.) Percentage DDE PCH (*f> I -- 0'tS.-*. *7 . JfMf wms soar 71 (W) Bteyst tsrs tl> Imssas'i gall (1) M01 (1-7*-1 m (S*1-Mg7g) W<W 1$ (M MIL) to-s-iS) Contexl Is of whot*bodte* sad sir*-;, eoneeutratlon* Itos p.pp.m,. wet weilgsht |(W) or tDlppldi. w...ei_ght IL..).. All sjaelmrni wars collected In Uw vicinity of four peregrine eyrie* In Bale California. Number* le pereath**** are the number of remains of eaeh pw epeolr* which were round at the eyrlea. Also found were remain* of one cormorant {rhnlttrorouu *|>), one red pbalarope {thalnmpu /ofiranue), ^n* nortlx-rn phalarop* (L6ipn letatue) and on* mourning dove (Zrneidurt awrreura), but local specimen* of these p--ec-l-e-*---w--e--r-e--n--o*t --analyse-d. *E*g--sa o1f B aat selrela, elegant Wna aod Beemann'a lulli were from dltnrtnt oluwhea. Eared grebe: J*odierpt bleepk pelrrl: Aoomehmia metoiHa: Vraat Pb'lrel: ValwifUM nbriWMs; 0*h bat: I'iiMps Orwl: Cnnrt'i mmltt: EndamgrlOiro ctarett; elegant ten: 71kalasmti sfegoua: Hacrmaon'i gull: Uot msaaured, latarferiog peaks os chromatograms. Blh aggo also aoatUsM OOSp.p.m. CliMrls (UpM weight) 0-1T p.p.m. endrln (Upld weight). MGNS 048S66 miiw CPS9 Swi* n*i>i <*; rnhMr(l) I f DmiireWr (0) 4r- AsiviMtri(IO) fewvanitwnoi) CtllforvJft *KS*< BwWSUrdl)*o*. ftnoSftPoraMraaUtO) frCfiifucwt *&&!$=S?3rUhi (tt) 10,476 6.000 (10-161) (47-59) 0,0 7, 00-0 ttt (166-160) 4,640 114 (O'0-16-6) 6-1 6-6 6-6fen m 160 1*7 0 166(1.) 60-4 (W) 0 41 <W) 6-4 (W) 17 5 (W> 60 (W) IIS (W) 10-6 (W) 6-6 <W> 66-0 (W) M-t(W) ivta> 10-0 (L) 6a) 10-0 (W) o-ro (w> 0-64 (m 0-66 (W) 0-0(1) 06-6 <W1 6-0 (W) 65 (L) pen <0-0llp*/eg* (p.p.Nl.) 0-004 (W) O-OOS(W) 0-OM(W> 0*000 <w) 0 06(W) 0 64 (W (16-30) 10 4 (0-0-11-7) 0-4, 6 7.64 0 M (T7) * (W) m (0 97-SI) 0 6. 4 0 (40-76) 4-6/rcg 4-0/*f* 6-8/roo 17-6 TO. 6-0.101 64, 7-0, 10 66 4 0-6,10-1, I S. 111.9 7,11) IS 7 tu baaas?" .IrnWdaMtmtfi Ow*iii (era (*0> MlumMim HMmmkoBw 1*4 HwlUVMftT) uMa*Kwm{M)acp 006 (066-1,1*6) 4161106 (600-766) 1.606 (601-6,460) (680-1,810) 100166 (tl-167) 006 (000-060) 1.010 (660-1,000) 0 1l.l1-0t-.61,60-00., 10-7,10 j 60 iW8 ssrar*" 160.661 tUXh t-T(W) #16 (W) 77,66 Yol 4kkM4 0-10 (W) HipMwaM) wort (64) t1t'4V5/m35 K`7P 0-10, 6'6 (W) Wflwelihl (W)Df lipid wrtrtl (L). 10-4/4** * **,IM ^WTiiillill tM6rnlM.MftljrMawn of wtoia bod**. KodiUi widXlirl* ** (<te>U6*d do the U*) of reUnUoo Umn 01 both QP1 tail JXMOO 2- C*--*1 oyWw4t. 60l I. Char l*ke. Ukc 0., CWIf.. 1f7 ipeo. is as*''" r`ta" ' . MMHCtf. InterferiBi pMkr* *"d CcWw*,ef*- AJ li#4i *'' Mo*CTT **> Novwnber l, 1PM. C: 0*lf of California, Way 1606. MU Mol if ^rSSr "*Inm maOwlri*. BKwte In Aotlialla. Unimi a u * jf 1 If &**??.???*" {V*'?0* *P7H Advil twite jKASS"*-u: m. 4e?lwWS,l,i F,bn"ry 1Ha W W BBilfMO Tor dhldriu tBd twlito. Meldrla. 1 - ,~m w MOMS 048867 TUi > (evittinutd) . AnlpUtrtaaptrti. JtellHi* furk, gas IMrso, Filmrarr IMS. FlrM f**r fMMlr. 41*4 of . fkiitwlM, Man l.i>lft UMijm Co.. (`(If., Apill IMS. I'llulcknl rn In wit wltrre one young i rated. Ku *l*u miuImiI 4 T m ot dlriilrln. 1-0 Mt f Iwntiitlikir rpoiMr, but 10 endtln. '. null of *llfi*rnl. >lirrli IM^.Ow CM *1*0 eonUloed 010 p p m. dlcldrin and 0 !S> p.p.m. eixltla <Uphl wclfltt). MnierrMiili. KIniM.............,.... Win* fptrttri, Run )>lrgo Boy, Msy 10^7, tlptraprtnf empia, lOOf. I'tulirwM/nltrcriM, Momrtry Iwy, .November I. I0M. Uria anlff. Kerelhm lelnnde, May 1007, HpthtumpAw aitutirwt. Fmallon liland*. April 10M. |>A eniteewm. Mtmimy Any, November 1,1090. CrrwAiiu-a mwiomnfa. Moitlmy Jly. N'nvrmter ), 1048. S'ft>4nr* merrenre. San Worn, July 1008. TotooMe. Clutch A from Contra Coia Co., (feltC, tUicfc 1000. iftiriwUe Mftefo. J>vlt, Calif., Deocsiber 1087. Cloleh B from Yolo Co., Calif.. April 1090. of tho Adolio penguin from Cajio Crosier, Antarctica. In there, however, tiio amount of DDT waa very low; with a DDT 1 PCD ratio of 18, no FC13 would have been dotcotod, A larger amount of fnt material from Antarolio organism*, which would ooutain moro DDT, would therefore have to bo analysed before concluding that PCD lias not yot roaolied tho Antarctic. Individuals of species roaidont in industrial areas have, a expoolcd, higher PCD levels than Individuals of tho nnw ipooios from moro romoto regions. Analysis of ton rni from ton clutoltus of tho wostern gull from tho Farallon Islands iltowod an avorsgo PCB content of 1940ft |ag (90 per cent confidence lovol). PCB oontont of four eggs from throe clutches from an islond in San Kranoisoo Bay averaged 805 pg with a range from 580 to 1,810 (Table 9). Sevan egga from eovon clutches in tho Gulf of California contained 99 90 ug of PCD. The DPT oontont of tho eggs from tho Farailons was not ngnifioantly different from that of'tho Baja Califoniia **fllrd from ilto Gulf of California also contain dioldrin and eudriu (Tables 3 and 3), but the number of analyso la as yot intuflioionl to comparo tltoir relative abundance with tliftt of DDT ftnd PCB. Despite tho inability of the Shell Chomieal Company to find any chlorinated hydroear* bons in the Gulf of California and at tho mouth of tho Colorado River**, wliicli drains into tho Gulf, it is likely that aome do enter from tho Colorado River and from agricultural areas in western Mexico. A significant fraction, howover, must oomo from the atmosphere*4, and air trana|>ort best explains tho preecneo of PCB in romoto arooa. In oxtracts from tho Gulf of California one PCB oompound waa present in relativoiy small concentrations. This compound is readily degraded by altravkdot light irradiation in laboratory experiments, and may therefore be selectively degraded in the atmosphere. Although VCD is not soluble in water, it has a low but Anile vapour pressure*'. Incineration of materials containing PCB would greatly increase the rate of ontry into the atmosphere. PCB la used in the manufacture of many industrial products, so the high amounts found in Sun Francisco Bay, Puget Sound* and Stm Diobo Bay presumably result from direct discharge of industrial wastes into those waters and from looal fallout. The prasonoo of PCB in tho fow land birds and froth* water nsh analysed indicates thet It is also distributed among continental eooayatoms in North America. Pere grines eould therefore aoquini PCB, as woll as the othor ohlorimtat hydrocarbons, over all their global fango. No PCD residuo data ere available for prey species from tho Atlantio, but compounds which scorn to bo PCB have 'been isolated from aeoJs**. A aooond year male peregrine spent tlio winter of 1907-08 on Isle Paclieoa, Piuunvv. whrre tho pelican, booby and frigate-bird eggs of Table 9 Iwvre collected. Tho Cooper's hawk whioh waa analysed, h species which also preys upon birds, oontainod high roai* Hues of both DDT and PCB (Tabl 3). Cooper's hawks have declined in eastern North Amorioa and in some regions have produced thtn-shollnd eggs (D. Andorsoii end J. Hickey, |>orKonal communication). Several species of raptors do not acoumulnte high amounts of tho organo.chlnritu' com pounds (Table 3), a result of the very lew residue levels usually found in their pray. American kestrels and bare owls aro common resident* of California cities. The white.tailed kito, which was near oxtincl ion 40 years ago in Co lifomio, is now abimdnnt in areas whore insootiohlo use is intense, yet bocause it preys primarily upon tho shorl-livt-d and herbivorous vole, Afieretus, the spoeios aoouinuletcs very litllo DDT or PCD (Table 9). . Previous work11 has shown that both DDT and dioldrin induoe hepatio onzymes in tho pigeon which, in an in vitro preparation, increase tho metabolism of progesterone and trsioslorono. This work has now been extended to study tho metabolism of oestrodki) by enzymes induced by p.p'-DDK, technical DDT (Dupont) mid PCD (`Aroclor 1202'). Tim experimental procedure previously described1* was followed oxcopt that the olilorinatcU hydrocarbons were injected intramuscularly rather than given orally, and in the separation of ocstradiol and its metabolites t)ie solvent system used was tho upper layer of a mixture of bciueno:hcptHiio:iiiot)tanol:wator 7:9:8:2. Tho strips wore monitored with an autographic strip scanner. The profiles obtained for tho various inducing agents aro shown >u Fig. I. It will be noted thnl the profiles of the metabolites obtained after enzyme induction umg DPK, and DDT aro identical, but that a different i.*talrolit is produced by the enzyme induced by I'CB. The amount of metabolites formed was calculated from tho radio activity of tho peaks. The results obtained are given in Table 4. TsMe . nrosiASt or osstaiPioi. nbtabomin bt hobos iivss tososxsTss rsos birds nsaren na yaxiocs osmsiksth> ivuhocirmrs ' Aawmot of sote mtUbsUtei formed In Burneto Control MlKMOlM/kfl DPT (10 rat/h> FCW (SO S-8* 0-4 t 418-1 8-1*11-8 lSOCtlO-4 Boeb flora l the sverar wllh Uwlu4 d*Uitkm of 1 turns of ftw Mrdo. la oil oosi-o 800 nunnokt of or*ind!ol-0,7-T <800 mtl/mmokl woo gnosai la the tncuboUoB mixture- Ineubotton time M ia>n, weislit of mkroeowiel freclloa mopS 800 ibr. All cltlorlnaicd hrdrorartOM won injected ItiUranacolxrir late the peoterol mtwek 7 doyo Mforc droth. Body oonociitrations of 40 p.p.m. of p.p'-DPE signifi cantly incroasod tho rate of oostradio) degradation by the induood entyinca in the experimental oonditiono. On a weight basis tiio PCB preparation had an ocstradiol degrading potontinl approximately five times that of j),p'-DDK or technical DDT. Both DDK and PCB. which are apparently tho most abundant of the chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutants in tho global ooosystum, have therefore the capacity to produoe sublethel phj-siologioal effoets in birds. Studios on the activity of induced enzymes in tho rat at various timos after a singlo injection of DDT or dioldrin have been raado by Ghasai sf ol.H. He found that it took 70 days for tho activity to fall to half its maximum value in tho com of DDT and 15 days in tho ease of dieldrin. Experiments with dioldrin on pigeons HONS 048868 ifesgfPipre W'1- (wrenHe-t*"**-' 1 '""wuss CONTROL Tiii* work was supported by tho US National Sciunoo Foundation, tho Ituroim of Sport Fitthorios and Wildlife and the US Public Health Service. Pure p.p'-DDE vraa , supplied by tho Fedornl Drug Administration, and samples of 'Afootor' by the Monsanto Chornies) Company. Reoelvod AufustM; mM Xovembet It, IMS. `Xatollflfe, D. A., Beiur*,SIS, SOB (1M7). k Hickey. J. J., and Anderson, D. W., Science, Id, 771 (ISIS). * Rliebroufh, B, W., Is CWiee/ Fallout, Fieri Raahaeler Ca*leaoe an Toned* (In the preae, 1668). * Bimklw. X.. Calcium in Reproductive PAytlotory <RUboW, Maw York. 1097). * OlakfM, X., Biel. fin.. M, Ml (1*91). , * Clamt, J., and RcooU, J..CB Sec. bid., Pari*. 1M. MS tlttt). ' K*M. P., art Poller, T. B., Anal. Rn., **, 177 (l*3J. * Hart, X. B., Steealwck, K.. Levkovoky. KteUten, B. W. J., Batata, 3. 0,, and /ohaaon, 6. N,, J. Rial. CAsm.. SI, ITS (]92S). WtJletobe,hXut.rrMCo.,nfleerevnince, mW.T, oaxnidcitCy (oIn*wtlyw. Apr.rwH)... Chemical Fattoal, Fire* * Hartal* O.^SohuHloo, X. W.. and rout*, 3. K., Taaieal, Ay*. Fhamacal., lliow that only quarter of maximum activity remains after a month. Thu* there i ovidenoo that the efieeta of them induood entyine* oan persist over a long period of time although more studies are ncoded to determine the eteroid tiegrading potential* of livers of thoao apoeiea oontaminatod with ohlorinatod hydrocarbon*. The profile of tho motabolite* should be aomo indication of the Ittolory of oxposuro to elilorinatod hydroosrbon*. The reduction* in eggshell thieknoa* and eggshell woight Increaeo the ohanoe* of ogg breakage*1-", and water roteutkm whioh effect* hatehing suceeso**"41, might bo impaired. Tho environment in whioh bird* now exist to therefore no longer tho anmo a* that in whioh Umy evolved) it to unlikely that any tpeoioa has the goniotio oaiMoity to moot I)h selection prrmurus resulting from the eWupt environnxnitol ohtingo which has produoea the thin eggsholls. Tlie porogrine falcon to a species long highly revered end respected. 0. H. Thayer" has desoribod it as "til* embodiment of noblo rapacity and kmtdy freedom". An irony tlrcrefoTe oxists m tho faet ^ to bo extirpated 'Cooney, A. H,, Pharmacol. Haa.,19,117 (1SS7). '* Xupfer, D.. JkiMw Hex., IS, U (1007). *' Oerboth, 0.. and Beliwabe, V,, Arc*. B*p. Palhel. Phanaalel., MS, |SS (1004). ** OUlttV, I. W.. 3. Ayrie. Port CW.1I, IK (ISM). " Bebwab*. V.. ArtntimiUelFcrteh., It, 19I (lift). " Peakall, P. R., Balvrr.Stt, BOS 0*t7). " Welch. X M., levin. W., aod Cou*r, A. H., 7mW Jppl. Pharmacol. (Is lb* prom). * Bltisaa, 7., Oeoll, H. O* Bank, 8. 7., iM Frlm, 0. F., Srkm. lit. 171 (IMS). *. M Retcliffh, D. A., Brit. Birda, II. tl (ISM). ' " ReieMffe. D. A,, BirA Study, IS. M (IMS). RUl1ffe. D. A.. Bird Stud*. II. SO (1091). Ratellffe, D. A.. Bird Study. 19. IM (1S97). , " Either, J. J.. Ptrafrina Falecn Population*: TMr Biahn end BatUaa (Unmnlty of Wlmwln Prom, Is IM prem). * Beebe. P. L.. Candor, 98. m (IMO). " Cade, T. 3., Whit*, 0. M,, aw) Uauft), j. R,, Candor, TS. 170 (IMS). M Badenoe. J, H., and Ber*M, U. D., Candor, TO. 140U098}. M JtOKB, B., New'Sei.. OB, SIB (ISM). " widmark, 0.. J. Aaaaa. Of. Anal. VAem., |, JOBS <1MT). Holme*. D. C.. Btamow, 3. H., and Talten, 3. O'O.. Nature, til. 7 (SS7). .. " Bne, F,, Beveene, A., and Beekman, H,, Bnff, Bnakan. Cant. Taakat., 77 (1M7). WWW. c. M.. Art., ns USSS). " Jrfferko, P. and TmU, I.. Brit. Birds, SO, <1 (ISM). * AUtla, tMMrin, Xndrtn (A BiOirt lityori) (Tta Bbvti Cbnalea) Cempatiy ISS7). . * Ktorhrmifh. R. W,, Hinuct, R. 3., Orlflta, J. J.( and dsMhetf, I. D., fr<rw,190. IISSOSM). H TteA. Butt. BX-IO* (Mon**nto Chemteal Company), Holden. A. Y., art Hamden. X., Nature, BIO. 1174 (1007). * Ohatal. A.. XomMky, W.. Forttf, 7.. VotiUnd. B. W,, art Xtempa*. 1,, Aceh. Exp. PalAai. PkamwM .MO, 1 OMt), M7owe, X. art LeopoW, A. 8.. J. Wild!. Uanaeamtnl. 17. Ml SS7), " Kaybew, W. W,, J. WihU. Hanasement, 1*. It USSS). Thayer. 0. H,, Bird Bw,rl.!l7 (1004). NUNS 048869