Document M4NM4Oob4G9oq9Ddmx4EqkXg7

sipf AL R26 0620 RECEIVED OPPT CEC WIKAR20 ANIL Sulfonated Perfluorochemicals in the Environment: Sources, Dispersion, Fate and Effects Prepared by 3M March 1,2000 * 000002 Table of Contents 1.0 PREFACE . 4 2.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 3.0 INTRODUCTION TO FLUOROCHEMICALS 9 4.0 PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUOROCHEMICALS 13 5.0 ANALYTICAL TEST METHODS FOR FLUOROCHEMICALS 7 6.0 SOURCES OF FLUOROCHEMICALS 19 61M6.a1n1uWfaasctteurSitnregaWmaCshtaeracStterreizaamtsion 612 Air 222 66..1134 WSaosltiodwWaatsetre 2 2 62 Supply Chain Waste Streams u 63Releasesfrom WasteTreatmentandDisposalMethods u 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION 2 8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING FOR FLUOROCHEMICALS 27 8.18E.1n1viHrisotnomreicnatlaDlaLteavels . : 8.12RecentAnalysesofWildBirdsand Fish 227 2 8.1143 TPelsatnitngStofAFnsahlmyseeasl UsedinRatStudies: 815: Biosphere Sampling 33 2 828H21umMaunltEixcpioessurSeaLmepvleilnsg 822CarpetUse Sudies 23 3 882234PEaxppeorsaunredPSaccckraigoisngStudies 33 2 9.0 FELNUVOIRROOCNHMEEMNTIACLALTSRANSFORMATION/DEGRADATION OF 34 9.1 Hydrolysis Studies 3% 92 Photolyss n 93 Atmospheric Studies =" 9.49.B4i1odMeigcrraodbaitalioSntuSdtiuedsioesn Pelurochemicals 9.42 Biological Transformation 3E%l 9.43 Optimizing ConditionsforBiodegradation 33 10.0 ECOTOXICITY TESTING OF FLUOROCHEMICALS 40 11.0 COMPREHENSIVE EXPOSURE -PLANTO ASSESS ENVIRONMENTAL 45 11.1 Plan Overview " 112Component1: CharacterizeFateandTransport Properties " 113 Componen2t: Estimate Releases " 11.4 Coupoucu3t: Caractere Distribution athe Eavironment 115 Componea4t;Estimateexposure o 12.0 ECOTOXICITY DETERMINATIONS a9 13.0 ECOLOGICAL RISK EVALUATION 50 14.0 REFERENGES 51 3 X eros ---- iors - 1.0 Preface `dThiispasperppfraeotviardnedsesfafneiocvtesorovfniseow,moefo3fMit'sscfulruroerinntaktneodwclheedmigceaalbporuotdtuhcetss.ouIrtcsepesc,ifically t`hadodsreecssoemspsuolufnodnsatweidtphearfnleuiogrhotncaatrebdcohnecmhiasitnrsytaruncdtuprreo.dTuhcetsr,ewairtehotthheemrafljuoorrfioncatuesdon chemicalproductsbutthesearenotcoveredinthiswhitepaper. p`rTohpeeprtaipeesrapnrdesaesnstesstsheestphasetqutaelsititnygoafndtahdeesequcahcemyoicfaplsafsotrteesntviinrgo.nmIteanltsaolplryesreenletvsarnetcent `rmeasnuultfsaocftuernivnigrpolnamnetnstaanldsfarmopmlipnrgo,deuscttiumsaet,esaonfdqnueanwtdiatiteasoonfpwhaysstiecsalg,ecnheernastiecdaaltaad ``ceocmoptorxeihceonlsogiivceaelxpporsuorepasesoefrsssutmlefinotnepatlesadncpuerrrfelnutolryobcheeimnigciamlsp.leImtednteeds.Tchiirsnpdileatbaniilesthse acihmemeidcaatlspironvtihdeienngvaibreottnemreunntdaenrdstwainldlihneglpotfthheectroamnpsapnoyrtd,eatteermainndeaepfpfercotpsroifattheefsuet.ure actions. ~ FAosrtthheissersetausdoine.strheetreusmudlattsao,ftpersetspelnatntsewsitlilnbgsehroeuvlisdebdettorienactoerdpcoaruatitoeunselyw.infSoormmeadtaiotna. rdeypnraemseinctefinrsvtaittremoptnsatmtecsehtamnraatctrtieacreilsza.tTihoneopfrocgormapmlexicnhecmiocarlspinnoevwerraynaadlityftfeiiccsaulltand chtaecnhgneoalosgrye,suclotmspflreoxmmcourdreelnstalnypdmlaannnyedvtaerisatbilnegso.nTdehgorsaodaintiitioanl,fbioilognicadarlroiescuenbpjtegocrtsts,o `wastesfrommanufacturingfacilites andotherexposuredataareobtained. `eTnhviispraonpmeernsthaoluilsdsbueesraesasdoicniactoendjwuintchti3oMn'wsistuhlpfroenvaitoeudspseurbfmliutotraolcshaembiocuatltphreohdeuacltthlianen,dIn JPearnfulauroyr1o9o9c9ta,n3eMSuslufbomniattet:eCdutortehnetEnSvuimrmoanrmyeontfalHPuromtaenctSieorna,AgHencey(aEanPdAT)loaxircteoplorohtg,y `pDatar,thetopfsrpoevreifdleundordoecotcatiaelnseofsaunlaflonyastees(oPfFpoOoSl)aev d hienldosr werlesvy aemlsp.leIsntFheabtrduearmyo1n9s9t9r,a3tMehed. thpreohveiadletdhaocffoomcptrsaenhednbsaicvkegrreovuinewd,chTehmeisStcriyeanscseoocfiOatregdawniicthFlPuOorSo.chAemmiostthrey,rdreespcorrtibing \ Osveurvbiewm,tdioesEctPrAitbienseMhaodwy 31M99p9r,oFdluucoersoscuhlefmoincaatledUspee,rDfilsutorriobcuhtieomni,caalnsd,Rwehliecahseproduct lisnuebsmiinscsoiropnosrhaatveethbeeme,nafnodrwtahreduesdestofoErPtAherseelpartiovdeuctotst.heFsienaslullyf,onvaatreidoupserSfelcutoiroonch8e(mci)cals. 4 5 were e-- om .- 2.0 Executive Summary r3TehpMilsappcrreoohdcyuedcsresoscgrseeunaltfaeotsnoamatcseoodmpnpetrlfhelexuoaornrgodacvnhairmcifiaecbaelldessmtboiycxkaoanfnecdlhceeacmtrirbcooacnhl-escmiainrcabwlohnifblcuohonrfdilnsuaoatrriieonnepartoocemsss.. crreeaartmeadnagrede.cBecoaunsesotfiothbdeecvaeerrbyrosnte-afblldueo.riPnebeonrd fforlmeudboytrhhaiosvpercoccohemseps,emttheiesucbcosmtiaptoulutinosdn's otfefnsilon udrafomoartrihcyaidlrloyn,geaenc.t aFs catlalysuts foor olcirgaonmro eerpiezcalbtioothnhawnaedtpeoralmynmdeoriiilzsa,ctrieonda,ucaenl sdurfsace. fusnucrftaicoenpurnodteecrteoxrstraenmdescuornfdaicttainoinss.. Majorusesforsulfonatedperfluorochemicals are, F`lcuoontrriinbeu'tsinhgitgohtehleetsttarboinleigtaytainvidtnyocnornefaecrtsivaesctronhg poalaorrfitpyeatroflccuaorrbtoonc-hefelmuiorcrailnemobloencdusl,es. `aTdhdeiytaironeoufnucshuaarlgaedstmhoaitetpirefsltuoortohaelckhyalicnhmaiauysaafrfeebctotthheolaetoeprhosboliucbainlidtyhoyfdtrhopehsohboirct.erThe chains. `pTehrefhliugohroeoscttvaonlesuumlefsounlyf!ofnlautoerdidpee(PrOSfE)l.uAfoterr osypnctrhhoedseuiscm,edintbiisyuc3sMeadiltso create several dpergordaudcattliionneso.ccDuurrsi,ncgurtrheinrt lriefseecayrcclhess,ugPgOesStFs paenrdflPuOoSrFo-ocbtaasneedspulrfoodnuacttes, may degrade. (FOS) and a If vfaorwiaobtlhee,rwpietrhflsuoomrienaptoeldymfeorrimcaparroedduecgtrsaadpaptairoennptrloydsutcatbsl.e Tfoirmveefrryamleonsgfpoerrdieogdrsaodfatiimoen.arc a`nTahleyitdiecnatlifcihcaaltlieonngeasn.dqRuealniatbfliecamteitohnoodfssuflofroenxattreacdtpioenr,flsueopraorcahteiomnicaanldsipdoesnetidfiifcfaitciuolnt of shualvfeonbaeteenddpeevrefllouporeodcohnelmyicianltsihnltaitsfseuews aynedares.nvNierownmaennaltyatlimcaatlrtieccehsnhoalvoegyevisolpvreodviadnidng ciadpeanbtiilfiitciaetsioofnodfetmeecttaiboolniitneswiadnedvbarrieeatkiedsoowfnmpartordiuccetssa parts per trillion (ppt) levels and aAsssefsusllmyednetsacnrdirbeeldattherdosucgiehnotuitfitchsitsupdaipeesrw,iclolmrpelqeutiiroenmoafnaycyoemaprrseohfeinnstievnesievxeproessueraerch. sc3iMeintsipfuicrrseusienagracnhaigsbgereisnsgicvoenpdrucotgerda.m" Itotrsendoutctehreelpeuarspesostoetofhteheinsvpiarpoenrmetondtewshcirliebethtahte `hmaatsuirneiatniadteedxtaewnitodfetrhaantgueondfearcttaikviintge.sRteoaudteilriszsehaovauilldabbleemoappdoertauwnairtiee,sfhoowrreevdeurc,ttihoants3iMn r`emlaenausefsa.ctuTrhiensgefahcailvieteisn.clTuhdeedyihnastvaellaaltsiooninocflnuedwedcpornotdruoclts tsoterweadrudcsehiwpasetfefosrttsretaoms in 3M `canodmtmhuennieceatdetoteoxceursttcoamreerfsulamnadndaogwenmsetnretoamveurstehre,siensfuobrsmtaatnicoens.reIgnaradidndg filuto3iroMochhneam,iscals tuonrdeedrutcaektenhemvaojolrumefefoorftfs tolreuinovenrt ios pcursohdeudceitnstmthhoirsoecupgrhaotdhulectusss.eoAflalltoefrtnhaetsieveefchfeomirwstitrlsyl 5 cbarercioentdionutu.ed withintensitywhilethescientificresearchdescribedin thispaperisbeing rae3nlMdeadisisesespxotaso mtailh,neFieinnrgvtsihtretolnsimdefentetefcrrmyoiocnmfimlinategnswusafusaltcfetosuntratrieendagmpprsegoeecfneuesosrreaostc,ehsdeutmphiproloayulcgphhraoioundtstu,hcpertloosidfuiecdcetynuctsliets.y nTehciessisnafroyrsmiantcieonnowtialllbweaussteedptrooedsutciemdaiterceulveiarsoendmeontthaelerenlveiarsoensm.eTnhti.saMpapmruofaacchtfrsing `p`cwroaonscsteeesrssvteaustd.iivPeesFlayOerSse-tbuianmsdaeetderdwwtaayosatbetetahbreoeau3mtMs1pg.le1anmnietlrliaintoeDndepfcorautounmrdt,shApelseaerbymaeamanrua,foaanbcotPuuOrtSi9Fn0-gpb%raaoscseesdsosleisd are r`ewadsutce,edmaomsotuonftwshoifchPFsiOnScaicnteuraaltleyddainsdchdaerstgreodtyeodt.hReerciveenrbtwyahsatlefwsaitnecreco1n9t9r8o,ls have eDsfattiamlaftreoudmcbuusostionsmreoeslrsiaudonnsisdtoesclhndadivhnuetsihedereeUwnantsiimtftieeesdditSkrteeayatcmepsr.ioandMu1oc9stl9st7toh.faUttshcioennwgtatashitinesgsthaelemeasnjioneriftrofyrroaomfmatttthheieeosd3neM, tsooulracndefsililsi,nwtahsetefwoartmerotfsroelaitdmewnatsptleanRteslaenadseistnotchieeneanrreavaltlibieoirfnnrgoominpvnreosdtmiugcatetdedi.snpostal Sestvuedry.alIndiitfifaelrlcyamtfoadteealsnadretbaeuispnogrutsweedcfhuonrsicsrteaesnhiangv-elbeeveelnaIssdessemeanttsaos ifipmofptoelrnttaeinatldftoate: u`nmieqcuheapnisrms.oMuplotfei-fmlreudoirtoacfhuiegmaiceciatlsysm.odelsareunder developmenttoincorporatethe Saunldfwonialtdebdirpdersf.lLuoorwolcehveemliscwaelsrheadveetbeceteendidentbeicrtdepdlaatslmoawanledvbeilrsidnlsivoemrse.s3peMcbieelsoiefveeasgles tshcartetehneinsgesseatmspolfidnagtoafatrheeinisuvfefriacnidenstetdoidmernatwsconnecalrutshieoDnescwaittuhramnaynustfaatcitstuircianlgmpelriatn,t,In uPsFeOdiSwntahseprdeessiegnntoifnafmeowrseacmopmlpersehceonlsleicvteedpnreoagrrtahmeoofutbfiaolsl.phAelrle shaimsiplnifngo.rTmhaetgiwoaoalsnof tgheeobgiroaspphhieclroocsaatmipolnisnagndptlaoniidsetntoisfoyracreeanfsoornPwThiOcShactroofsoscausrasncgieeontfifsipceicincvse,sthaibgiatattistouonnl develop abetter understandingofanypotentialenvironmentaleffects, h A muu ltai-nimdteicesoa sltougdinycawlilelxpdoestuerrem.iTneheenmvuilrtoin-mietniteaslstdudiypasirstciatrnedsipwoitbtehnstuiiganltisfoiiucracnoetsonf ``miwaianttuhfo,uutcssteiudgriniminefngitoc,arnactnuodmsmedie.srLpceoivsaaelllusfsaoceifoliPftiFfeOsl.SuoaArdnoddciihtetimsoipncraaelllcpyu,rroslodervuesclwtssailrwleibbteehciminetgaemssuerofeatdhisensufaaorromides,eisnidagzire,. fromcarpetuse,productusesandpotential migration intofoodfrom packaging. `sTuhlefornoalteeodfphyedrroflylsius,oprhoocihtsbeoeaminlndigbsycitouasldoilgieidscs.alRepserarcohsiucgngteehsetdssetghsraatdteahteison of biodegradationoffluorinated sulfonates requires the presenceofhydrogen at the alpha 6 cbarrebaokndoownntohnelfyluaotrninoatned-chlaiunoanrdsitihndaetacphteariefnlsdu.orDinaetegdmrolaecdoulfaessutalrfioensoautsnecedptibleto pSetrufdliuesorsoucghgeemsitctahlastiscnoomtpcooumnpdlsemtaebduetfrresoumlPtOsiSnFp,roadcuocmtmieorncoifaoltlhyeirmpfolruotraoncthemicals. `apneortfhleurosruolcfhoenmaitceadlppreordfulctuaonrdoinctheermmeidPicFaaOtleS,,.aPrRtOraSndsofeorsnmeodtduaprpienagrtmeotfaubrotlhiesrdmetgorade exbcyinceinepratiton. Seenvveirroanlmseunltfaonlattoexdipcietryf.lDuiofrfoecrheenmtiscpaelcsiheasvveabrieeednsisgunbijfeicctaendtltoyibansthieciscrreeesnpionngsteesttstfheor susaimnegcphuerimfiiceadlseulvfeonnawtheednpuseinrgtfhelsaumeolabrormoaetaocsruyhrperdeotceemsdtuicroenc.ceanNterlwattsioen,s,saistunniwdieddnrew.gay vaorfteistoergatnisyms.Results ofthesestudiesarereportedinthiswhilepaper. Tahreepraersteoafrcahcporomjpercethsetnhsaitvaerpeiyaineltdoiansgsneesswtihnefpootremnattiiaolnpoantshuwlafyosnoatfeednpveirrfolnumoernotcahlemicals `peexrpfolsuuorreoacshseomciicaatledpwroidtuhcttsh.emFainguufraect1upre,uoserathnedtpdliasrpnocsoaamlpoofynseunlstfson.atWeodrk ontheplanis annaolwytuincdaelrawdavyanucseisnagnadctohmibsienxatetnisoinvoefre3sMearrecshoeufrfcoerstaanrdeeoxuptseicdteedextpoecrotnst.riRbeucteen:t signitofabiettceruandnersttanldiyng ofenvironfamteaenndetffeactls. Tdahtea,fiwnidllibngesurseseudlttoienvgaflruoamtteheecocloomgpirceahlernisski.vWehpilalne.tahliosengwvitahnelwiseucuontadoexitrcwoailyo,go3ieManiltsest irmepdluecmeernetleiansgeasoctfisounlsftoonraetdedupceergfelnueorraotcihoenmoifcawlassitnetionthmeaennuvfaicrtounrmienngtptrhorcoeusgshesparnodcetsos imprwasote rveducetionmandeenginneert ingrs edes, ign. 7 Figure 1. Diagram of Fluorochemical Assessment Plan. EEEeE =] = EEme]Jo]mms [mr ao e=m| )et -- rmmem EN[EE== esime= sEn=[]=] ~~ === Ente Ecalogical rr Risk a 8 Lee rer---- -- -- | 3.0 Introduction to Fluorochemicals ' i| AuFlnsuicoqorumoecpahonendmeuiascteasfluoslfaprprreoocpdeourmctptioesns,.etnThethyseoryefapsreelevbesorttaablhilwema,pctoherertmaainncdatol3illMy,pinrreeorddtuucacentsdulgirenfneaescrdeautleelntysoinootnnhermieuraccthive, | lfounwcetritohnawnhoetrheeortshuerrfaccotmapnotu,ancdtsawsocuatladlryastpsifdolryodleiggroamdeer.izationandpolymerization,and 3fMluhoraoscphremoidcuaclesdbfy clombuiniongranhocyodmcrmoeurhschiyaedllrymofgoeinrofvlcueorr4aid0eylweiatsrhs.hy3drMopcraordbuocnesstock in || thpreopducred beyo3fsMeilee scptreirncfalluc eonreoroecgtya.nTeshuelhfiognyhlesftlvuoorliudmee(sPuOlSfEo)n.atedfluorochemical | CH,SOF + 1THF > 4570V GFSOF + 17H, } 1-Octanesulfonyl fluoride Perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride (POS) i| mTihxteufrlueoorifnbaytpiroonpdruocctesassnodvwearsaltleyoifeludnscahabroauctte3r5i-z4e0d%asntdrvaairgihatcblheacionmp(onosrimtailo)nPcOoSntFa,ianinndg:a || hleingghtehrs o(r7l%oowferprsotrcaeisgshtocuthpauitn)homologues,1-C,Fau., SO;F,ofvarious chain || 8. CFSE, CF,SOF, GF,SOF | ! "branchedchainperfluoroalkylproductsof output) CF, various chain lengths CF, (18-20%of CR 1 | | | 8. CF,CF,CF,CF,CF,CFCF,SO,F CF,CFCF,CF,CFCF,SO,F |i -straight chain,branacndheyeeldic pe1 rfluoarndoetahelrs(k20a-n25e%osf output) eg. CF, Ce Fy CF CF, oC, { includin"gtmaorlse"(cuhliagrhmhoyldercouglenar(w1e0i-g1h5t%folfuoourtopcuhte)m.icalbyproducts)andotherbyproducts, tmBioexcltoauturasenepdorfforsdlouimcgpehldtadbniyftfttehorpeelenalcneesctit.rnNopucrhmoeecmreioscusacslopfnrldouicoteiisnosanststi,oernpapswraomrcaeteuessrseivadalrstio,eacsonnsdvoeemqreutiwtphhmaeetfnfltru,ootmrhlienoatted | `mixture into fina products. | 9 | Ee -- = so DTebchaetyluarr,gp eAsltaaprnbroaddmwuacaot,sitaoennd pdrotofidu fsulcuptolsc raaonrcthet eftmohirecmfs aeoldsco.ucsTcohufersvuoarltaettnhietlesw3tuaMdsmitaeens.puDrfoiudcruticuntrgsihpnragovpdeluabcntotioionnnv,menatneyq 10stheeatlbmoystcphheerarmeailnsotxihdeeaptaissotnb.uTthiemtparrosvaermedeinstpsoasreeduantdehrawzaayrtdooucsawpatsutreelaannddfdiellsstorroythese wtithrhybedyroiagnceintnaetreaotmisdosnt.iTlhperbeysperao,daurcetrse,cymcalneydobafcwkhiinchouprreoicnecsosemspolretpearltyifallulyodriengartaedded isslneusctdoagnbdeiialsriyzulaatsniedosfn.iplreodc.esSsoesmaeonfddtihsecnhaorng-ePdOtSoE-wbaassteewdabtyeprrtordeuacttmseanrtesryesctoevmesr.eTdhaentdrseoaltdmfeonrt r`aTthheeprroadmuicxttoufrethoefiesleocmterroscahnemdichaolmfolluoogruiensat.ioPnperorcefssliustohursonochtahavepeuciroecmcphalelemtisecalbut misuxbtsutriteuotifoanpopfrfoxlimautefoloyr7rh0yid%rloingneeena.rPTOhSeFcderoivamtivmesaendrP3O0Sc%FbdirearniacvhedeldpPrioOdSuzFctdseearriedvead imspyunrtihtesiiesso.fPsOuSbsFtiasncuesseudsaesdiapnrmoadnuyctoathnedris3aMlsporaodnuicmtpso.rTtaontainlteessremreedxitaetneti,hnotmhoelogues. OffPoOSFr, o[mfCotFahert3SMOiFprowoduhcntsen.=r2-e9, exclusiveof8], are also componeusnedtisn the SroelmaetioveflythleowPOmSolFedceurliavrewdepirgohdtuc(t~s5a0r0edsaulrtfonasc)e.acTthievseemamtoenrioamlesrasnadrmeuosneodmaesrsloofw ``wmeoilgehctuloalriwgeoimgehrstasunrdfpacotlaynmtseorrsawriethjoaimneidxwoifthfoltuohreirnmatoendaonmdeurnsfloufoorirnmatheidgphoerrtmioolnes,cular Fluureotrhoacnhe,eomritcoaalcmroynlaotmeebrasckcbaonnaelsstobhreoujgoihneesdtteorapnhodsopthhaetrelsi,ntkoapgoels.ymTehriecmaandjoloigroofmie3trMi'ycs, ssuulrffoancaetseadpnedrmfaltueorriaolcsh.emFiocralesxparmopldeu,cefdluaorreoucsheemdiicnaplolcoynmteariinicnfgopromlfyomrertsre(autrmeetnhtaonefs, ahcroymleifcusrannidsheisntgesr.s)canprovidesol, sain,andwaterresistancetopersonalappereland ScousmteomperrosdwuchtosusysnetthheesmizaesdfinrtoemrmPedOiSaFteasnodritcsohmopmoonleoagtsueosftahreeisroprloddausctrsa.wmTahteerials to intermediates can be covalently bound to a varietyofpolymeric hydrocarbon backbones. (`PTrhoed3ucMtplriondeusucstilnignesfthaltuseusulfoonatrtheadtpcoeornftlcauionrnohcohseuemlifcoanmlyslagirrcouspcusmamraaerniozlteldibssteeldo.)w. 10 Surface Treatments FCaarbpreitc/PUrpohtoelctsotrey(HPirgohteMctWor p(oHliygmhemrosl)ecular weight (MW) polymers) PLaepaetrhaernPdroPtaeccktaogri(nHgiPgrohtMecWtorp(oHliygmehrMs)Wphosphateesters orhighMW polymers) SurfactSapnetcsia(lLtyowsuMrfWaccthanetmsical substances) Household additives `ECloeacttirnogpalantdicnogaatnidngeatdcdhiitnigvbeasth surfactants . Chemical intermediates Carpet spot cleaners MFiirneiEnxgtianngduOiislhiSnugrfFaoctaarmitCsoncentrates Other Uses Insecticide Raw Materials(LowMW chemical substances) u`Tnyrpeiaccatleldyoar pfalrutoiraolclhyermeiaccatlepdrsotdarutcitncgomnattaeirnisalassomrailnltearmmoeudinattoefs.flRueosriodchueamliscwahlircehsairdueals: ``pceormflmuoonrotooctfaonremuslualtfoinoantsoe(fPsFuOlfSo)n,aNt-eedtpheyrlf(lourorNo-cmheetmhiycla)l pperrofdluucotrsoioncctlaundee:sulfonamide Nal-coEhFolO(SN-AEtorFNO-SMEeaFlOcSohAo)l o,rNN-t-hMyc!F(OorSNE-amlectohoyll)) apnerdfpleurofrlouoocrtoaoncetsaunloifconazcmiidd(oePtFhOyA!). `aTnadblfeor1miudleanst.ifies some sulfonated perfluorochemicals,theiracronyms, chemical name, ji Table 1. Perfluorochemical Glossary = i re [rey [rr Jee [Po [ree eo | --er] [rem em [[ om [ e mee e[omnmsoNe cme [ema [[ oe r [em re T= E "Nero We CFSONCHCA) CHCH0 o[ m o [ r r ee ee e ]-- -- 'N-EtFOSEA. N- `CaF1780;N(CH,CH,)CII,CIT,0COCT-CIl, ErE emem rrTEROSEA (pEoeg mi e oTFoSOrNA m0C0CEH:y | [RJ] 12 4.0 Physical-Chemical Properties of Fluorochemicals Flouloerciunlateesdboeragrainnigcostahreerlheaslsowgeenlsl,deLse.crbirboemdiinnetahnesdccihelnocreinlei,twerhaitcurhethhaavneobregsaanimcore Ftlphurooorproeiruntgeihehlsayosifnsvfeelvsuetoriragilnacathteaedrdbacoytregmraainsnitciyscr,setistheiaastrncdeihcfeefressrsifanrrpoyumtboltdiheseshocetrdhireberephotahrletospg.reonTpseoruatnnieddscoeofrntfsrltiuboatrunithnedeef,o theunusual propertiesof luorochemicals, R Flouthoerrihnaelhoagesnsa,vaannddeirsWosatarliscaraldyisuismiolfar1t.3o5aAh,ydmroorxeyclogmrpoaurpa.blFelutooritnheathoafsotxhyegheingthehsatn `epelreicotdriocnteagbatliev.iTtyh(i4s.c0onPfaeurlsinasgtsrcoanlgo)poolfaarlilttyhteohtahleocgaenrsb,oni-nfdleucodritnheebhoingdh.eTsthienctahreboneAnueorrgiynebboonnddciosntornieboutfetshteostthreonsgtaebsitliitnyonaftufrlueo(r~o1ch1e0mkiecaall/sm.ol). Thisverystronhigg,h tTohweehaikgihntieonri-zaantdioinntproatemnotlieacluolffalriunotreirnaect(i4o0n1s..8Thkicasl/ismdolee) amndotsnlosbwytptohlrearliaozwabtbioliietlyidnlegads tpeonisnitoson fanfdluloorwocrheefmriacctailvse rienldaetxi.ve Ttohemoplaerctiutliaornwiengigbheth,aavnidotrohefiprerefxlturoermoeallykalnoews siusrface hiuynmdumrsiuosapclhi.obbSlieocp.mheaAsp.eecsr,hfaldrugomerodonasmliokriaaentteiys,nwgshtuhecanhtmapsierxcfaelrduboowrxiiyntlahithoeydadccrihodac,iansruslbaforonensibacontadchiwodal,tepeohprohfsoopbrhimacttaehnrode.rea: qmuoalteecmulaerymaomrmeowantieurmsgorluobulpe,bwehceaunsaettoafcthhieedthyodtrhopehpielrifclunoartiunraeotefdtchheasine,cmhaarkgeesdthmoeieties. thTheeprreefosreen,cesoucfhthfeunscetcihoanralgiezdegdrfoluuposroocnhsehmoircatlcshcaainnphearvfelusourrifnaattiednctopmroppoeurtnidss. (T<yCpi6c)ally, noticeably increases the solubilityofthe compound in water. nPheyesdiecdalfodraqtuaaalviatiylcaobnlteroonl ufsleuoarnodchmeamtiecrailasl ahtan3dlMinhga.veTbabeleen2prsiuncmimpaarlliyzethsotsheeppahryasmiectaelrs ddeatvaelfoopreldofwormuosleecoulnaMrawteeirgihatl,SPaOfeStFy-DbaatsaedShfeleutosro(cMhSeDmSic)a.l products that have been `pSroimmaeroifltyhuesseedpearsfilnutoerromcehdeiamtiecsalipnrtohdeufcotrsmaarteiopnroimfaproillyymuesreidcaosrsuorlfiagcotmaenrtisc;optrhoedrusctasr.c dSomeeogfthreosefaplooldwymmoaelreictcucloairmpweooiugnhndts.fSluoomroeccheamniaclalssoraerseualltsforloimkeenlyviinrtoenrmmeendtiaatles in the retrmaenmsfboerrmatthiaotntohfesoethdeartlawoewrmeoolbetcauilnaerdwuesiignhtgpfrloudourcotcshtemhiactawleprreondouctthsi.ghIltyireifmipnoerdt,aanntdto nproondfulcutosromcahyemhiacvael cmoomrpeotnheanntosntehaftleunotreorchientmoicdaeltecrommipnoanteinotno.f tShoemevalmuaesy.haBveecause of `ipmrporceosvseomfebnetisnignarneapllyatciecdablytebcehtntierquqeusaalintdypdraotad.uctrefinement,thesedata areinthe 13 Table 2. P(hDyesvieclaolpeDdatfaoroUnsFeluoonrMocShDeSmiSchaelPetrso)ducts : ASourrcve:iMnSD:SsNn"temesasudredmtbI,mmHyN . i fmeasc ae1d2mn ey Be | |g PFrliunocriopcahlemical | Bmpolalt)ing ||| mpvarpetorss|| d|veaenpsoirty || [Be1vaapkreate|| |sinolrubility | | GSpaevci.fic ome Ty [{oteemmeedr,|[POMSeEFOSEalcoholT|175593565[<N0D [[5N1D0 [[<N0DTToeglmis y|=r17 wNaA ]| oemed|NEFOSER__[=[TToZ0oa5oem"|[<0[T>TT0 [w<0 [mermed.[NEFOSEMA |-1505[<i0_[>1o [<1.0" [ee |[nwergly e [15a a] Jis Twa] |[[SSE Sitifacifcaciceaamn:[[[PPPFRROOOSSSLNiEEsLaskalt T|1[~0N80A266[[|5W4A [TW1WDA0 [[<110 [WA [mcoodmeplrene[[=~1.L1.[1--[47 ]| Taign [065 [S |ee es r|Pe L I l 77l Eic d | [FSreeereereer [To [weeeT e e] ENr ctyleeoxr ideaidhct IlI cl 134 id . improvedthe reliabilityof currentdatacomparedtothereliabilityof theso historicaldat `Avdodliutmieopnraolpdhuycstisc.alTdyapitcaawlleyrtehedseevdealotpaeadrienrtelhaetemdtioddev-el1oa9pnid7nega0arnlsuynd1er9stao8nndai0nfges owf, high `environmental fate. e.g. data on soil mobility and partitioning coefficients. They are summarizedin Tabl3e. 3Mhasevaluatedthesedataforreliabilityandthereliability codes areincludedaspartof the table.Progressinanalytical techniqueshassignificantly Current physical/chemical data are found in Table 4. 14 Table 3. Historical PhysicallChemical Data on Fluorochemical Products Related to Environmental Fate "`(Th1ceA)orSnteucldeyaunystcewoderdrpeauewbmthleiiiascshhoeudnfroeesl.tloAgwulsiltdhlqeuianleeisttyvcoarolnuwtereolil.ddou acauwmeernetaer cdcpIerspotcaebedleue r.rre.eWdhes rfeoalplpolwisc:able, (1)BS)tRedsyu`lmA.tesCewotesnrcaelelcntbttharciarnitetiedNrboiOyanTfmsoamteqbaumsaaulrtiteiydat--lepseatsritnaignm,acbtiuietornbd.aestoenrmsionremdavrieadienfdiicrieecntcmieeassurement. 9)StudyBd.oAensalnyotticmaelmeettchroideolioogryqquuaelsittiyonaebslteingus 0 B`A.. IDnesmufofnisciirenattemdetwheoadkonleosgsyesdienscerxippteiroinm.ental procedures. )Stady.daUtnaarcceeapvaibliaeblqeuoanllkyyacsosnruomlm.aries. Orirepgortiswmnavaalable. PNrIoDd=ucntotdetermineSdol.ubility Principle | in | poacrttioen ts|Toocganolivater | waodsorption |Fcoarrtgone Vaper presare C water |cosficient | partition | coefficient | adsorption = PROSKsali |E 10e80 GnA)|E a 5 EJ=a05y5 awro co alNcEoFboOlSE [a080)3 lSe000l% [350 S aEny) RTTB =] [| 27 HE (TB =[ [TM TM eJeeee [NEFOSEA T08GB) [ND [>6GB) [ND [wb [eoxicmaA| an Hi`psutroerpiecrafllluyo,rfoocrhmeumliactaeldspwreodruecutssecdonttoacionlilnecgtotphhyesriccoamlp/cohneemnictasladnadtrae.siWdhuiallesrmaotshteortfhtahne obptraoiduncetdsfaobrotvheepcornosdiuscttlaarregenloyotfliokneleytahctoisveeffolrutohreopcuhreimfiiceadlfcloumoprooncehnemti,ctahlealvaolnuee,s Ceonmvpiruotnemernmtoadleflastuesaendditnrcaonnsjpourntcotfitohnewsietshuebmsptiarnciecsa.lsEaxmipsltiinnggcmaodneblesucsaendrteoqpurireeditchet PfoKl,loowcitnagnoplh/ywsaitcearl/pcahrteimtiicoanlcdoaeftfaicfioernotp,evraatpioorn:prmeossluerceu,lasorlwubeiilgihtty,, Hboeinlriyn'gs/mlealwticnognsptoainntt,, `demnescihtayn,ioeevnaspoirnaitrioannrdatwea,theerat(hoyfvdraoployrsiizsa,tpihoont,obliyosciosn,caenndtrbaitoidoerg:rfaadcattoiro,na)n.dPdreegsriasedavtailounes pforrodtuhcet(psa)reanrt felsusoenrtoicahlefmoircaclomcpormephoeunnsdi,veitpsriendtiecrtmieodnisaatebso,utanednvtihreoennmdendteaglrafdataetiaonnd wansport. 1s octanol/waterpartitioncoefficients, air/waterpartitioncoefficients,andsol t3heMasissidsetvaenlcoepoifnsgetvheeramliscosnisnuglptahnytssi,cWalhiiclheemliacbaolradtaotrayosntuidnideivsiadruealunfldueorrwoacyhoemnicals with `physical/chemical propertiesof `being developedtoestimatethe PFOS, EXFOSE alcohol and MeFOSE alcohol, models physical/chemicalproperticsofother sulfonated ` are `opferCfhleumoiroccahlesmdiecvaells.opTehdebdyattha earOergbaeniinzgadteitoenrfmoirnEecdounsoimngictCheo-Goupiedrelaitnieosnfaonr dtheTesting meDletvienlgoppomienntts,(bOoiElCiDn)gpofoirnpthsy,sviacpaolr/pcrheesmsiucraels,tedsitsisnogc(i3a)tiwohnecroensatvaanitlasb,lwea.teWrhseorluebpiolsistiyb,le, `adsorption/wdilelsbeodretpertmiinoedn. Thisinformationis neededforboth eefnfovritsraornemheanmftpaeatrleedmobdyellasc`kaonfdmdaantuafaocntpuhryisnigcaelm/icshseimoicnamlodpreolpser.tCiuesr.rentmodeling DataarebeingcollectedaccordingtoGoodLaboratoryPractice (GLP) standards.The aainrd/awantoeurtpasritdieteixonpteerstt.iRessnuonl-tsstwainldlabredr.e`vThiieswteesdbtpyrsoetvoecrolalwtaeschdneivcealloepxepderjtosi,nbtloytbhwyit3hMin the 3M Environmental Laboratory, and outside the`company. sc3rMeeinsignegsnteurdiaetsi.tTnhhegeisnfeodramtaatwiionlloanidsioinlt`hseoervptailouna/tdieosnoropftitohnecthraarnascptoerritpstrioccseasssnaonnd-GLP, partitioning. Forexamplweil,l afluorochemical`be retaibny ethde soil matrixor remain in thewater phase? The bioconcentration potentialof PFOS and EtFOSE alcohol will be `examined through empiricaltestingthatdetermines theextentof the uptake ofthese chemicals by fish. Work on degradation including hydrolysis, photodegradation and biodegradation is described in another section. (See Environmental Transformation/Degradation.) `The physical/chenical testing is proceeding in orderof PFOS, EtFOSE alcohol, and aMneoFcOtaSnEola/lwcaotheorl.parTthiteiorenscuoletfsfitcoideanttemaarkeersepiotrdtiefdficiunlTtatboldeo4.preTdhei.ctiinvaebimloidtyeltiondge.termine Table 4. New Physical/Chemical potassium salt Testing Results on PFOS, [Parameter ---- TRenils [Sob feredseawater [ovmgtr EL i ---- CAE i"DWaattaedrevaelropiedniCnosstuhpipcoernttofo_ ther-- s-- tdies-- ; ot dC T eveloo pedusic ngGLa Psan-- x dards.i-- oy 16 Tcwhoinleslimaseitdtehnitonfdtoshreumsraeetdvstiiehnwathtaaensrdeesiccnotumerpreannartitispohonynaoslilfcydaflaa/tmcaihleoimniaericanadnitdvaiedcsucsaewlpitfelludpo.rrToohvciihdesemsvitacaalnludsaersadrniedzpaiotnrimtoeonddienl oovepraleimrapnraodvpteremdieinctotsiionnn.sTahmpeldeahtaanwdillilngc,osnthriipbpuitongtaonandasltyotircaaglemaestwheoldldaesvmealnoupfmacetnutraiundg. 5.0 Analytical Test Methods for Fluorochemicals P`rvoercyehdiugrheslfeoverldoeftteeccthinnigcaanldexipdeernttiisfey.inMgofsltuogreoncbrhaelmiacnaallsyitnitcahlemeentvhiordosndmoenntortepqruoirveidae `eprnooduugcth,tsehnesmiutlitviipotlreymsaetlreictcievsiityn.wThhiechctohmepylceoxumlidxrteusriedeofpco.sgs.tihbelaetcmoomsppohneeraet,ssoiinls, spulrafnatcsepweaciteesr,,gfrooodusn,dweatct)e,r,anwdasttreawcaetleerv,elddiefteercetnitoannriemqauilrteissseuleesc,tidvieffeexrternatcatnioinmaalndspecies, diverse analytical techniques. Eabecnhefededlforueveroy rmraetqruiixor.esVacaluindihaqtuioeenaonaflem yaticchailmmeetcthhoodidaosltoilgmye.iSnetpenasriavtee,mOefttheno,dsmay siidntesanentndisafiritdcisavteairaoenndnhoantvoenav-basiepleeacnbildfeie.cveRalneoallpiyeatbdilcoeanlqlumyaenwttihittoaditsni,vtesheumcelhatshatosfd"estwoftyoaerlaeorxsrt.graaPncriticioofrnl,tuoosretiphdaaetr,a(trTieOloRant)ai.vn"edly wereused. `iTnhceluadneaslyctoicmablintaetcihonnosloogf:y used in extraction, separation, identification and quantitation - High High PPreersfsourrmeaSnoclevLeinqtuEixdtrCahcrtoimonat(oHgPrSaEp)h;y (HPLC); -- GEalscCthrrooSmpraatyogTraanpdheym (MGaCs)swiSptehcatrFolsacmoeplyo(niEzSaMtSioMnSD)e:tector (FID), `2PMhaostsoSIpoencitzratoimoenteDret(eMcSt)o,r (PID), or ~ HPLC-Quadrapole- Time OfFliagnhEtlmeactsrsonspCeacpttruormeeDteerte(cQtTorOF()ECD) teFcohrneixqaumepfloec,uasneaslyqsuiasnotiftPatFioOnSonextthrraecetseedcfornodmartiysisounessorefquoinreepsrEimSaMrSyMioSn aantalaysspiesc.ifTihcis HPLC retention time. TEnoviprroovnimdeentpaosliLtaivbeoriadteontriyfiucsaetsioanoqfutaadrrgaeptolaenatliymtee-osfi-nflciogmhptlmiacsatsesdpmeacttrriocmeest,ert.heT3hMe instrument provides high mass accuracy (0 0.0005 amu) and so is useful in identifying. 1 | | fs`ltCuaoonmrdopacorhduecnmodimcipdaeolnumteinftdiacsbaotoilfoisntiiemssibalaanrsdseitdnrotucentrurmreeeda,isaortneeaassbfolonearHbwlPheLiicChrnesttteannetdairrodnptsiaorrmfeeefanrtosatagcamvoteamniiptlaaoibrolenend.sto ~ associatedwiththeprimaorny, inteorfthpeacrcureatetmaassstpositasom.snat agreementbetweentheexperimental andtheoretical molecularweight(0.0005amu). `Theadditionofnewtechnologyhaspermitid 3Maualysts ncressethe mumbersof sulfonated perfluorochemicalsthatcanbeidentified, expand thematricesin whichthey ecxaapnabnneddaeedttoeltbchteyevpdor,lisaounrmdieetsilzoosewfde.arnWtahhleeysnleesvsealhmsapatltecwsahcibacnehndtoohtnebyee.aarnNeadleoytzeecntdsedoe.o`nTctahafepttaaeecrcictohclynlloeilcmotgieyohnr,asiasrr,eeis tparkeevnenttossatomrpeltehdeseamtpleesr appiarnoopdrcr ioantatealtmyifni oarto tihoenn.matrix andtheanalyticalmethod,bothto 3M nowhasinplaceseveralmethodsforanalysisofsulfonatedperfluorochemicalsin `severalmatrices. `Themethodsproducedata of varying quality. `Theymaybeusedin `combinationtoproduce testdata. `Themethodperformancecan be categorizedas follows: 1.1Q0uaGntoiotdatLiavbeomreatthoorydsPrtahcattihcaevse(bOeLePn).vTahliedsaeteedxbiysstfuodriaensacloynsedsucotfesdaamcpcloersdoifng blood, liver,andseveralanimal issuesofcertainspecies,drinkingwater,and `certaintypesoffood. 2. Quantitativemethodsthattypicallyar basedonmethodologiesthathave exis for wastewater, sludge, and sir, for example `met arehvaoliddatsed by extensive quality controltesting,butvalidation studiesmaynothavebeenconductedaccording to GLPrequirements. `These methodsbutfo whichvalidation studicsareLackingor quality assurance 3. `Semi-quantitativemethodsthattypicallyarebasedonthequantitative cannot be demonstratedbecause, forexample, standards areunobtainable or `sample matrix isextremliemilteyd. 4. Screeningmethodsthattypically are underdevelopmentor a resultof exploratory studies. These methyio elddonslyqualitativedata,i.c.they - reliablydetectthe presenceorabsenceofananalyte. validationof low level analysesmaybeconfirmed tauniversityo ober contact Methoddevelopmentiscontinuing,notonly atthe 3MEnvironmentalLaboratorybut alsoatindependentlaboratoriesinconsultationwith 3MEnvironmentalLaboratory scientists. Forsomematrices, the detection limits sought areat lower levels. Method laboratories,asappropriate.`Whensamplesare sentto consulting laboratories, 3M `supplies the methodology or sharesexpertise to develop themethod.Qualityassuranceis 18 irenqtuhiree3dM,aElnovnigrwointmhenmteatlhLoadbvoarlaitdoartyi.on andoversightat levelscomparabletothoseused. `qCuoannttiitniueasliismepsrsoenvteimalenfotrsaarensuomubgehrotifnreanaasloyntsiscuaclmheats:hosdcsraeesntihnogablialbiotryattoordyestuepcptltireascaend deentveirrmoinnmienngtssopurricores1oifnpietrifatliunogrtoocxhiecmiitcytaelsst,ianng,dffoorrduentdeecrtsitnagnednivnigrpoenrmfelnutoraolcehxepromsiucrael, for `metabolism kinetics. 6.0 Sourcesof Fluorochemicals `Agfeoecwhfelmuiocraolcprhoecmeiscsaelss.oScecvuerrnaatlugrraelleyniplnatnhtesbpiroosdpuhceerem,opnroodfulceudobryobaicolaeoctgiiidcaland (prCoHd,uFcCedOObHio)l.ogiScoalmleycfounntgaiipnroondluyceomnoenfolfulouroirnienaattoemd. oVrogalnciacnso.esAlalnfdlouthreorchgeemoilcoagliscal . pcrhoclesosers porfodlucueoteirtnrsaofmlcuaoalroqreutabhnytolietnniee,ss.sulfur hexafluoride, perfluoromethande some `Manodsutsfel.uRoerlocehaesmeiscoaflsfilnutorhoecehnevmiicraolnsmiennttoatrheepernevsierntoansmeanrtecsaulntoocfehuuramtaenamcahnsutfaagcetoufrtehe sfyinntohrenscihzeemdi,caclonptrionduuectd'usrilnigfeicynccleo.rTphoeryacotafnitboheenrfellueoarsoecdhwehmiecnatlihnetfoluaporroodcuhcetm,icdaulr1i5ng tdhueridnigsdtriisbpuotsioanlporfatchteicpersoadtuacltltoofutsheersse,sdtuargiensg.theuse oftheproductbyconsumers,and `3ThMeiisnuitsailngeffaotrwtsohsatveepfaopcpursoeacdohtnodeestteirmmaitneienngvwiarsotnmeegenntearlraetleeda;stehseosfecfolunodrsotcehpewmiiclalls. fporcouduscoenddweitlelrrmeisnuilntginreleraesleesa.sTethoitshtewenovsitreopnampepnrto.acMhiuscnheocfestshaerwyassitnectehnaottiaslglewnaersatteed. iesndveisrtornomyeendtt.hrEoffuogrhttsarreaetamlesnotboeriontghmearwdiesteoafcutritvheelrymtiagnhatgenesdutcohpcroenvtreonltsr.eleaseintothe 3maMnuhfaascetsutriimnagtperdowcaesssteesg,etnheersautpipolnyraonmdediascthriobfuttihoenfcohlalionwsi,ncgulsfteocmyecrluessetsaagnesd:the product/wastedisposal. , Foeqruievaasleenitnsc."omPpFarOiSnegquwiavsatleesnttrseaarmetdahteaw,ewiagshtteosafrCeydFe,s,cSrOi,bperdeisnetnetrimn oasful"fPoFnOatSed `bperrteluaorkodcohoefmwtihcnealpprroodduucctt..TIhtiesathemsasssofuPoFfOcmSommopllpeectuetblreestaihkadtoowwonutnlodPbFs eOfSoromfeedaicnhthe suunllfioknealtye"dwpoerrsftl-ucoarsoec"haesmsiucmapltpiroondsu.ctV,airnitohuesydeeagrraidnawthiionchtteshteipngrofduicatnwbadrsossaodldr,aangreeof 19 `epnrvoidruoctndmeegnrta,dwaittihonlroantgesha.lSf-olimveesp;ooltyhmeerrpioclpyrmoedruscthsydarpopleyazretqoubicekqluyi.testableinthe 6.1 ManufacWatsuterStirenamgs bTehgeinasswsiestshmmenatonftuhefrealewacsaesotftseuuglerfneoirnaatntieodgn.peSroflmueorwoacshteemsictarlesamisn,tsoutchehaensvwiarsotnemweantter Odtihscehrawragsetoercdiasnpboseagleonferoaftfe-dsdpuecrpirnogdauncyts,ofctahnebsetaenptsirceiqpuaitreeddatnodpcroondturcoeltshpreovided. fluoroancdmhanuefamctuiretcheaprolducst. ``DTehceagtruera,tAelsatbparmoapdluanctto.HfietohrneepParOeSnFtifslcuroeraotcehdeimineeallpreoducctt, PrOSoFc,eclolhcseaeunrdmsauintdtcehreagoles t`nhuemfaecrioluitsys.tBepescatoucsoenovfeirttsiptriondtuocftiinoanlpvroolduumcet,s.tShaelDtescoaftuPrfFaOcSilairteyahlassobemeanntuhfeafcotcuursaeotdf ~ `mmanaagneduanfddaiwsapcsotsteesdtuorferparmosivtiunddeisegsa.beUtternunddersteanwdairsntgoesfgepnoteternattiaiaolnraennledahdseoswiiwntaostntheesa.gre seuncvhirreolnemaesnets..Thatunderstandingwill helpto identifyopportunities forreductionsin m`oThreemtahnuafna6c0t0uirnitnegrpmreodcieastsefmoarnsuuflafcotnuartiendgpseterpsfaslsoucioarteodwciithshectohmmepiplrciocdaautlcetdsi.oTnhoefrPeaOrSeF v`aenndtiPnOgSFor-tbhaastegdepnreordautcetwsa.sTthewiastterraonsrlsaotelsiidnwtaostheu.ndA redsl ofprt tohceesmh sasntuefo pasctthuu artinrgeg qpuriorh ceess autntteimlrpetcsetntolcya,ptthuerue,nriequuseec,haenmdisrterciyecslcermeoastetdfilnuoeraocchhsetmeipcaolfstahsedpersoicreesdspcrooudludcntomtatbeerial, , parnoacleyszseidspdryecniasmeilyct,owciotnhfriaprimdcloycmhpanogsinigtmaaintdrotincoesqauanndtimfaynaymopurnotcse:ssTshteepmsa.nuOfnagcotiunrging Processoptimacitivzitieasctontiinuoousnlychangethewastestream profile. Ptreocghrnieqsusehsaasnbdeemnetmhaoddesicnoaunladlqyutaincialtttievchenliyqiudeesn.tIinfy1t9h9e7p,reansaelnyctiecoaflloanbloyroantoery `fandmletuhodoswrearnoeadleyctveeilhnoapeewdafsmotreaiwddaitcteiromanaatlrflilxu.oIrnoch19e9m9i,cailmapnraolvyetdesanainlyatwiacasltteewcahtneirques matrix. InAfdrvaarnecdespdefciterldosmcoonpiyto(rFiTnIgR)te.cThhniolsofgiyelhdtaosobleheansdbeeveenloupseeddtbeosdeedteocntwFohuerrieeremTirsasnisofnosrtmo acihaanrgeeoocrcuarcroinntgrdoulrtiencghtnhoelomgayncufaancdteucrrienagspertohceerseslaeansde.toevaluatewhether aprocess 20 Asbetteranalyticaltechniques becomeavailable,effortsarebeingmadeto: --wcehavasartlaeucasttteerrietzaheemtseh;efmafjoercmatnoufifafcuvtoureroicnnhgeeprmrsioccaselssreesgmeonvealrattoicnhgaofllougoiroosc;haenmdical = provide betterestimatesofthe amountsandkindsoffluorochemicalsreleasedto the environmentfrom manufacturing processesandfromwastetreatmentand disposal. Rotprecise,a thismethodologycanproduceonlyroughapproimations. pIrnofcoersmsaetsiaontcDuercraetnutlryasdveairliavbeldefornowmaesntgeisntereeraimnsgcgaelnceurlaattieodndsu,raiingemmiasnsuifoancstmuroidnegling, and limited testing. Anoverallsite materials balance`wasdevelopedinthemid- 1990's usingthe amount of POSF-based solids initially createdintheelectrochemical cell and the amountofPOSFcontained in final products sold. `Thedifferencewesanestimate of totalwaste streamsgeneratedduring processing.`Theemissionfactorsderivedfromthis balanceareusedtocalculatewastestreamsfromproductionthroughput. `Theyarethe `basis for theestimatesin Table 5. `These estimates derived from thematerial balance are `TheestimatesinTable Sreflectthemostcurrentinformationavailableandcombinedata derivedfrom several sources: information ftr he o mid-m 90ssitebalance,wastewater testing,wastedisposalrecords,processmodels and supplemental information from 1997, 1998and 1999.Several changesinwastedisposaland processing havebeen implementedsince the mid-1990sin ordertoreducepotentialreleases tothe e`nmvuinricoinpmaelnlta.nd`fWilalsftoerwdaitseprosshauld.geOsfft-hsaptewcem reoancetltahneadtawpr eprleiieddisona chsairltgeeads rteonowwassetnetwtaotaaerre nowshippedoff-site tobeincinerated. `Tabl5e helpsto demonstrate thevastdifferencebetween volumes of wastesgenerated `andvolumesofreleasesto the environment,since the vastmajorityofwastes sent to incineration aredestroyedintheincinerationprocessandmostmaterialsentoff-siteto landfills will be effectively managed to prevent release to the environment. Table 5. Estimated 1998 Wastes Generated (in PFOS Equivalents)atthe DecaturManufacturing Plant [Prsehpe Tearos mien] D Wassenttoe fefisshoe VLandisr or Tmo| S000 enNovtier:onTmheent10a,f0t0er0wIbass/tyerwoaftePrFtrOeSaetqmueinvta,lneontttshien[tbhse/dyirsgcehnaerragteetdoptrhieorritvoetrraeraetemsetnitm.atedreleases tothe 21 M`woarseteemxaplnaangaetmieonnotffotlhleoewsst.imatesandeffortscurrentlyunderwayin ir,wastewaterand 6.11 Waste Stream Characterization ``pUrpodcaetsisnegnmgaitneereiraslubsaelaancmeosdfeolrotfhpermoacneusfsasctteuprsitnogcparloccuelsastieasiarneomnisgsoiionngse.ffNoertw. Today eifnffoorrtmtatoidoentiersmbienienpghcyosmipciall/ecdhteomaiciadlwpirtohpemrtoideeslfoopresrualtfioonnaatneddpwearsftleucoarloccuhleamtiicoanlss.Twhilel imuprnodveemordesloifntppruaotcsenasnsddchweaimsitnsetsrgtyream calculations. Analytical technologyisimproving Datafromtheprocessengineers'availablematerialbalancesinthe plantsreporting systemhavebeenusedtosupplementtheearlier sitebalancein estimatingairemissions. fIeniwteiarltrheapnor1t0skferoymsttehpisssiynsttheemeianrdliycsattaegtehsaotfmoPsOtSsFiptrewoadusctteiaonnd.aPirroecmeisssseixopnesrrtessaurlctfrom i`nextahmeisntienpgst.hesestepsfor waystoreduceor eliminateth' eimpuritiesandwastes generaied In 1999,theDecaturplantinstalled adiscothermunitwhichheatstheprocessmaterials, vaporizingandcapturingthe fluorochemicals.Ttwillsignificantlyreducethe `organofluoridesinthewastewater.`Thistechnologywill operatetoreduceemissionsand `wasteatthesource. Itwillmakeiteasiertosegregatewastestreamsandrecycle fluorwo astcesh bace k im ntoi thecproacel ss. 612 Air 3M engineershavereviewedspecificprocessstepstodetermine what airemissions testingisfeasibleandappropriate.`Testing ofcomplex batch-processing systems is diifsfoilcatuilntgdupreotceosqsueisc;khloywcehvaenrg,icnghpraocressacocndittteiesotnirsn,gviemnaztyianbgeptproeissssioubrlenes.,aTnhdedtiefcfhinciucltaylin Afneaysiebmiilsitsyioofnpsetrefsotrimnginwigltlhriesqtueisrteinmgofdoirfticwaotmioanjsotropprroocceessssevseinsntsoawnudnmditeirgeavtailounaotifon. : p`oetqeunitpimaelnstaufseetydhtaozmaradkse.suAlbfoountat8e0dspeeprafrlautoerovcehnteimnigcaplosi.nts are associated with the 6.13 Wastewater Analyticalmethods havebeendevelopedduringthe past yeartobettercharacterizethe wastewater discharge from the site. Thefirsttesting of wastewater beforeand after treatmentforspecific fluorochemicalsoccurred atDecaturearlyin 1998. `Thetestingwas " 2 l`i`wcmeoirmtepeoidsdaientntedirsfieaefmdlpielncettseohdefowpiaensrftaleutewinantgtacenordnwdeiertei:fonasfdfioeolrsrtaeourrneoleefawtEienFveeOktlyS)sEhSoarlotcmpoeehorofilo,tdhEoetfcFtoOmSpEioa(ul2ncm4dohhsooteluh,art MFOSE alcohol, PFOS, FOSA, PFOSAA, PFOA wid PHS. `Iwnas1t9e9w8aatenritnrteeartimmecnatr.bDoantaadfsoorrtphtieoenfftlrueeanttmeesnttismyastteeimnwTaasblinestSraelflleedcatsstphairstcohfange.This itnroeradtmeernttosyrsetmeomvterePaFtsOtShaenldaorgtehsetsrisnugllfeonsaoutrecdepoefrflfuloruoochreomficrcohamlteh-mecwoiawnscattseaawtiaeltnweiasrtn.egr `tChoempeandroisfo1n9o9f8itnhedriecsautletsstfhreoqmuaSnatmiptlyionfgPdFoOnSeidinsFcehbarrugaerdyto1t9h98eTweintnhessasemeRpivldeorinneign odpereatcionblaylciahbaonnugteehaslwdfe.reTnmaadddietiinonotfof-tshpeeccaprrboodnuacdtsdoisrcphtairognseypsrotceemd,uirne-sptrhoacteaslsso contributed tothereductioninPFOScontentofthedischargetotheriver. t`rTehaetcmaernbtosnyssytsetme.mMhoansibteoerninignicnodripcoartaetsedtahastwaiptehrpmraonpeenrtoupeprgartaidone,ofcatrhbeownasadtseowraptteiron `rpeemrfolvueosrboechteemritcahlasnv9a9ri%eso,fbPuFtOthSe.trReeamtomevnatlaeppefarsftoiporfocovtiihdeereashuilnfgohcndaetgyerdeeof removal fboerinmgodsitv.erAtendutmobtheerromfawlatsrteeawtamteenrtsftacrielaimtsescufrorrednitslpyogsoali.nTgthoisswewielrlseasruelitinnthaerperdouccetsisoonf inttheevacluesfholrinswtaesdtioenwTalatbelroetr5e.ga3tmMeynhta.sVcaornidouncstnepdgarnaedxetsaenrseicvuerreenvtileywboefinstgaetvea-lofu-attheed-a.rt ``Tehned-loofn-gptipeertmrgeoatamleonftwtaosrteewmaotveernteraeraltymaelnltsautltfohneatpeladnpteirsftlouuotriolcizheemsiocuarlcsefcroonmtroland wasprtiorteodiwschaargetto thee rirver. 6.14Solid Waste Awanstefeftorrattckoiindgeinstdifoynaelolnwaasstietsetbraesaims,ssaondttihseidirfdfiiscpulotstaoldimsettihnogdusiishsuthnedpearrwtaiyc.ularEsxitsrteianmgs dwiistpohsPaOlSoFfcthheemmiastterriya.lTlhoestmfirdo-m1p9r9o0duscetmiiosns,isoonessitteirmeactoersddsiwdenroetudsisetdiinnguciosmhbfiinnaatlion `rwitehtsheeufxrilsotmtidnigisepmonissagsli.onestimatestocreatethecurrentpicture ofpotentialreleases diAsrpeovsiaelwloocfatpiloannstrfeocrotrhdessfioer.19A98 hcasbceetnoocDoemcrpalteudtrepdltainotdrenetceorrgmdisn,e6p3r%imoafrtyhweaste: iflnuhoarzoacrhdeomuiscwaalscotnetalainndifnilglwsaasntdes4a%reisnennotnt-ohianzcairnderoautsowrass,t3e39l%aondfstihlelw.astesaredisposed 2 6.2 SupplyChainWasteStreams isUonsl1ii9nd9gs7uasilenetdsihdneaptUanr,io3teMdduSitdcaeTtnthetesissf.i.eMepodkrsoetdycupocrmtosmdrouencpltryset,shetanhttecs8oe9np%traooidfnuPcatmFsajwOoerSriet-syooclfqdthuteoicfvsouoomalrmdolbeceyhnean3mlbiscal userswhoappliedthemorincorporatedthemintotheirproducts, stUprsreiovnaigmdtseh(eqTiuaanblflioteramt6ia)v.teTiihonnefdsoerevmeeaslttioiopmnea.dtUfesrsiaonrmgetsiahmlpeersce,hcei3mMsieecasantlifdmobaratmseuelddcaofunostrsoePmvFeerOraSal,nadsthseeunmdputsieornws,asbtute as`uscouormmoppcatrhiieonmngistcooatflalcsolomspsloeeswoteeflrbseruceloiafnokvndeadortwtenedsdpt0eorPfF"luOPoSFrOoocSfheeeqamuicichvasalulslefnaotnnsdaiftnoerdcepoaemrspfealirunioenrgsotlcohisesmmeasi.ctaiTalhnedg tpPrhroeodgdueucnctet,rwiaatnsittoheneostyfreweaaarsimtneeswsthtiirmceahatmtehsseaarptrseobudapupscletydcwohanascisononlfsadec,rivlaiartteiieuvsn.el,Tiwhkoeerlssyet"acwraoesrosefttacesanssbuem"apatsissouonemsnpdatbioounts. woopisedsroeatfaorpuregoxdpuiecrntiwereenssctiedeousratlesrniegnainmtechaeelrwciaunlsgatetesistotinrmsea.atImenssebrsaettcihameurastteihinangnfwolarasbmtoaertsai,totonhreyotsneestdthaestapanrdodopcenaronttirieenssocullfutiden reesstiidmuaatletsahinsdplrososc.essesatsupplychainfacilitesand enduserlocationsisinadequate to, ibImnypitrcioalvuiesntgismcautsotetsfoeamsoaescorhcsmbituaetsweeianrwedasrssshtuienpsspitrtra.ecTathmiescsgeeesaneesnrtdaitm3eaMdtpfersraoordmeuuhcsetelrspeaiennnggdtidnoiefseoprcoiusnasgl.oeAfffsotrhtiseseipvnrioddeunctt,s mostofthe waste generatiesdinthe formofsolid waste. Table 8. Customer and End PFOS equivalents, User Ibs in Waste 1997 Stream Estimates, [ome [ove M[eWastTe2T16w20.0a000 ter| 1m81,0w00 SolidWaste 000 Ime [mer 5 [oo] Tae 6.3Releases from Waste Treatment and Disposal Methods s3eMvearnaldliatndscfiolnlssualntadnwtaasrtcegwaattheerrtirnegiantfmoernmtapltainotnoswnhtiecahtrmeecnetivaenwdaswtaesstceohnatnadilniinnggat sulfonated perfluorochefmriocmatlhessupplychain facilitesand 3Mmanufacturing 2 . fafcaicliiltiiteess.aInndfloarnmdaftililosniinstahlesoUbneiitendgcSotamtpeisilneodordnesrotmoeesotfitmhaetleatrhgeepsottewnatsitaelwater treatment pasesrofcliuaotreodcwhiemtihcatlheresluepapsleyscthoatihneoernvmainruofnamcetnurtfinrgo,mmunicipal disposalfacilitiesnot Isniuclinfnoencraatiteidoncnofeosmrpratofhauainvstodpruseir.dp3oodsiMnesa.poTnsdhaeiltmbseactsoihnscoubdlobtneadcnatbaurrseeeafokufiitnthgsechhrieemgvihaslrtuaratyteisoonfgfttdhheeesertfrmfuaeclctdtieiosvnteornufecstsioofn otfePcOShFn-boalseodgfliueorsoc/sheusmcithcaaulsas,mttuhniieocdiensptasrluictniconinefefircaieatnncoidretssho,efvparriouos thdatucoucldrtesuslt thf3erMorammnaidlnetcxrotamenprslfneoatrlemlacitteioroantmuprrebotdouuccasotrmsetopeiflilesemuoielnfnfontonsraomtfeatdtphieeorsnftoiunudotyrh.oeTcfhhoeermmisacttaulidsoy.nainndpvroopaelrtriveevseioeswf of Meon`dvieprlolinanmangedwnnlitalnftldrsbsoielmul,tssh.eedatmooduentetromfimnaetteortihaleseexnttetnotpirnaccitniecraalt,itohne,rwealsetaesweastteortthreeatment Thegoalsofthe fecyclereleasestudiesare: - troideentlaifnyedicmhapeomristsatnrety;fluorochemicalsbasedonvolumeofrelease,modeof -teonpvriorvonimdeenvta;luesforuseinmodelingthedistributionof fluorochemicalsinthe - -ttoodpertedeircmtiwnheiscahmfplluionrgoscihteemsaicnadlsrueblsetaasnetsimaateysraemspullitnignreexsuplotssu;reto humansand -tthoeideenntviifryoflnumoreonacnhted;micalsthatrequirefurtherstudy astotheirtransport,fate: `andexposurepotential. 7.0 Environmental Transport and Distribution `pTrhienctirpaanlslpyorotnatnhdeifatneoftcheembierctawlaesienncetnhtveierniovnimroeonntnmaelntcdonedpietniodnsso(ne.mga, nwaytfera,cttoermspbeuratture, arseunal,igehlte)v,eannidmcphoertmainctaflaptreoapenrdttireasn(sep.go.rtpmaertcihtaionniisngmsafnodrresaucltfiovnitayt)e.dpeInrftlhueoernovcihreomnimceanltsal havebeen idenftorfiurftheirsteuddy.Theseare: 1. 2. PIartintioandiirndgeobpoestoiwteieronn;irandproduct, i.volatilization fromproducttoair; - 3. 4. FAatecancdturmoanuaniorlbtsohreanseptptraarottoiiscrpuholeatrtene;s; 2 5. 6. DAecgcruamdualtaitoinon(iantcltuhdeessuhryfdarcoelwyasitse,rmpicrholaoyetra;ndobilodeygrasdatiions); 7. 8. UDipstsaokceiaitnipolnanitnsw;ater; 9. Uptake in fish; 10. 11. EfUfpitcaikeencinyobifrwds;asttereawtmaenttsysetemrs. `Amalthoefmtahteisceaflaetqeuaantdiotnrsantsopsoirmtumleactheaannidspmrsehdiacvterbeealeenvleinntksaedntdopmroodceelssse.s.MoMdaelniyntgyupseessof mSiomdpelles mwoidleblesocfoencsiodseyrsetdefmosr,usinedoionrthaiis,eaffnodrtttroeaetvmaelnutatseysstuelmfosn(awtaesdtpeewraftleuro,rloacnhdeimiillcsa)ls. saarmepbleiendgeutescetditoonslcirmietesn.foFrorpeosxsaimbplleef,uotenempercehlainmiisnmasr,ypsocsrseiebnlienegxmpoosduerlessu,gagnedsptosstshiabttleop. t`rTohpihsfiicnldeivneglwsapesciinecsosrupcohraatsefdiisnhtcoatthiendgebsiirgdnsoafntdsheeabimoaspmhmearlessasmhpoluilndgbpeleaxna.mined. ` cChheemmiiccaallssidnitfhfeeegnrvoiatrloynminenthteairrebedhuaevitoorp.hyTshiecamla-cjhoermdiicfaflerpreonpceerstiiensb.ehAalvtihooruogfohrganic allacboohroatloarnydstMuediFesOaSrEe ualncdoehrolw,aymoodnelphsyasriecable/icnhgemdiecvaellporpoepderttoieesstoifmaPtFeOtSh,e EtFOSE tpihmyesaicnadlt/ecshteimnigcraelqpuriorpeedrttioegsaotfhoetrhtehresseudlafotnaaftoerdupseeriflnueonrvocihreomnimceanltsa.lfTahties mwoildlelrse.dice the F`aungdacbiettywiesean ocnoenceenpvtitrhoanmienutsaeldmteoddiesucmriabnedtahneottehnerd.eDnicfyfoefreantcmoemdpioaunidntcloumdiegirra,tewaitner, asonile,csoesdyismteenmt., Parneddibciottiao,nsalalobfouwthmiocvhetmoegnettheorafcocmhpeomsiceaaldmyunsatmiincc,orinptoerraatcetibvoetshyisttsem--- Vhaypsoircparleiscshuermeidcoaelspnrooptermteieasnaancdhtehmeicenavliisronnomtepnrtestehnetcihnemiirc.aIltismainy. eFvoarpoerxaatmeple, a low acaptperreicnigabtlhye pfhryosmicwaalt-ecrhdeemsipciatleparolpoewivtaypdoartparoenss4urceheimfiictahlasinltoowasfoulguabciiltiytymiondwealteor.faBy. lgiekneelryibcoershpeacivfaincidefnoavtier.roTnhmeenotu,tipt uitspof tohessectaolsecsultiaitmiaobtnesgcleanneebraelprfeseentaeodtfnuamucehrerimcaielclaysls and pictorially. (6) Fu`pgearcfilutoyromcohedmeilcsawlsi.lEbxeisutsiendgtfougparecdiitcytmfoadteelasntdyptircaanlslpyoratroefbsauslefdoonanteexdperiencewith achdlaoprtiinnagtemdodoerglasnitcosc.onAsnidienrttehmeatuinoinqaulelyprroepceorgtniiezsoefdfmloudoerloichnegmeixcpaelrst.isTdheeveglooaplionfgt/his p`emrofdleuloirnogcehfefmoritcsaltporhodauvcetsaamnudltaissmoecdiiaatmeoddbyeplroordumcotdseilnstaovparreideitcytotfheecfoastyeostfesmusl.fonated % ' -- - 8.0 Environmental Sampling for Fluorochemicals 8.1Environmental Levels 8.11 Historical Data Idinsttrhiebluattieon1o9f70f5l,u3orMocchoenmdiuccatlecdonasvteitruyelaitmsiitnetdhneuemnbveirroonfmsetnudti.eSsetvoearsaslefsrsetshhweaterfish sopmbeattcaeiireinsaelwdsfe,rr3oeMmtethshatesescdeofsnotcruldauidneesudmitbnhceaornotthfeexfstleuhooiftrsothcoehrceiumcriarcleadnlattckaonamorpwolhueindgdhgsley.Ioqfntuhreeebesvhtaiviieooetwrnhonidefadmtnahabtgeyals.bee pmriessleenatdmiongr.e`rTehleiraebfloerdea,tthaeaynadriennfoortmiantciloundceodlilnecttheidspuaspienrg.vTalhiedsaetcetdsioanmspfloilnlgoawinndg analytical methodologies. 8.12 Recent AnalofyWisldBeirsds and Fish IIsnlaannadilynsitshienPa1c9if9iocOfctehaenpalansdmeaogflteennesftilsihncgastiinngMbiidnsn,ealsboaattnradossMinecshtilgianng,saPtFMOiSdwwaasy de9t3ebcytDerdi.nJeoahcnhGioeftshyeosfaMmpliesfcroShmteaaitgelUengsi.veaTrshinetsyaamspplesawoefrroetchtoelrlseucrtveedyisn. 1T98h9,r9o2fe,tahoned aDlbeatrtosseadcublutttsnosahtoqbwuaendltinfoeidaeb,tleectleavbellesloefvPelFsOoSfwPeFrOeSfo(u<n1dpipnbthdeetreecmtaioinnilnegveall)b.atross sacmopllleesc,tbieondt1h9c9o2l-l9e3c.tedSfereoTmabbilred7s.lTeshsetsheadnaatayaeraersoelmdi.-Aqlualnailibtaattriovses,sscarmepelneisngweqrueality. A`msatornilxyspaiskmeaswlelraempoosusin(bt<leItmoeLs)toifmpatleatshmeamweatshaovda'islraebcloetveorcyeofnfdiuccitetnhcey,anbaultytsheesm,entohods usedhavebeen characterizedinother,similar matrices. AwfitledrbtihrdeisnwiatisalesxcarmeienneidngfroesrutlhtesproensweinlcdeboifrdPpFlOaSs.ms(,SteheepTlaablsema7f.)rTohme asseocounordsfctehteeo,f fprlaosmmNaowrathstAhmreereisceaa.eaTghleesscaomlplleectsewdefrreocmotlhleecBtaeldtiinc S1e9a9a2n-9d3saenvdeangbaailndbeyagDlre.sJcoolhlnected qGuiaenstyi.tatPiFveO,Sswraescadieutgecqtueadliitnya.lTlowfothmealeraigxlseppilkaessma(s2c5r0epepnbe)d.preTparh eddafte raoamrseeagsleeemip-lasma `wereextraandcanatlyezedd.Bothsho>80w%reecovedry. 27 ( Table 7. Levels of PFOS in the Plasma of Wild Birds ET EY LC TY -- C-- TO S -- [[[AAAllebssrrtooosssss-- 1[11T583bDDaeeycc9o325 Albatross ||MMMiiidddwwwaaayyysssotolollll [[s0y"en m [Midwaysoll |TSyears Bpprrrop----------------]] Tip | [BaldEagle 12Jun 97 | Wiad Crook OF |mesling, BLBLDQ==BBeelloowwLLiimmitiooffQDeutaenctiimosniosnp(p1r0opnpitm)sly |ppt) [371] Followingthebirdplasmastudies,sixtyliversamplescollectedby theU.S. Fish & `Wildlife Service from various speciesofbirds were analyzed. The dead birds were collectedat a varietyof itesacrossthe UnitedStates.Theywerenotpartof acontrolled f`irsesheacracthisntgsupdeyc,iebsu.twTehreessaenldehcitleldcfroarntehseairrleoacnaitnisoenactnedatdiientg.sApleclibeust. sTahndehpilulcrrapneoosfastrheee analyses was todetermine if the presence of PFOScould be detectedinthesesample `matrices. 3Mbelithaetthvese e sestsof data areinsufficietnotdrawconclusionswith anystatisticalmerit. The PFOS daint Taba le 8aresemi-quantitative, screeningquality, `with a margin of error estimated at + 30%."Thelimitofquantitationfor PFOS is 6ppb. . Table 8. AnalysisofWild Bird Livers. LQBelow imi ofuati(o6 ynt) i ee EE E SmdillS Case -- i |ReaA mey,Ne-- a TrYg-- [PB [SsSewmndddhhuiilllcCCarrsaanneee | CChocohisce CChoo.iAAsZZ e ||CChhocohissee cCoo..AAZz TmiBm LgQ --o----]-- [E5E 7Whi Pols |Cal7lin.cA--{15-- [F5E BBrraadtssCCoommoorarnmte |--SSoan--nDDiei--gno,,C--cAA--T46--30 ------| [[2ZoolDDbW..CCrrreeesstteeedddCCCooommmommroonarnt_|SStStt..MMaarictalvtielii,en,LL.TAAA [519 85]1] mo E[EY 2EB4 CDWoI.CmrsmtCedorrant| St Y Martnville --Se 76-- -- E[2E TBPwoabrdeen [M MamTiY -- er TNoE-- me s] E E E1 E EE O-- CS-- S -- iS S---- -- -- -- ET E | SeadillCrse |SocoR m CoNM |Big-- [36 Dbl.Crested Comorant [Naples FL [212--------| [EX I0--X Dbl.Crested Commarot [NaplP esFE-- e --T15-- -- 57] [[f2 [oBoomwmPideenm --T[Gc il lppuaTria 3sac %ca ] h| 29 J FT|[GGreartBuesHbereo [|W.aMalrdei.T A359T EEFK BEO Gre Bieern Stbv tA w.--1AS-- T-- -- --------] EE EE K Whi YPe=le-- s TFv alloNn, A A o -- --o-- r -- Be BomPeln [TFiCYudeAdieF 5 -- CE0R [BI [rrBoroowwwanPY PPeeollliilcoeannn--[T|FL FFT eeELCanuoddedrT edairlo e,e, FFLL-- .. r 77-- 15--] ------] develop sampling programs. Table 9 reports he findings. Inadditiontowildbirds, somefish from the wild weretestedfor thepresence ofPFOS. `Thefishwerecollectiedn 1997-98from sitesinMichiganaspartof `byDr. John Giesy.Theywere stored frozenand analyzeidn 1999. surveys conducted Six species were tested. Low levels ofPFOS were detected in fourofthe twelve `samples. Since no qu`aslamiptlyeonmlya. t Nowcrelreiaerac mveaiaelnaibsnlgefcoarnm bedarast wpnikfr erosi tmutdhix eesd,atthae.seTdhaetyaaarreebof secriuesenneidtnggo Table 9. PFOS Screening in Fish. BLD= Below LimitofDetection (approximately Tppb) `BLQ=Below Limit of Quantitation (approximately 70 ppb) [[ a eee erm EI Semi [risktod|y F[e akWaelleTyreost DaekoslSRoivierr, M--T ----ioewhboloeboyty--{|5BrEg 0------|| Ty OT -- -- IS Comme!Cath Take.ClieMTTmuse 515] (| 2 ]CChhaansmneellCutiishh ||LTaakoe5Se.CClliiee,,M MI IT Teeggsg T[rBrgg 30 8.13Testingof Fishmeal UsedinRatStudies W"`heSinuldmoemgpaeeznryoofuofsr"ImllieanvmgehalusnmoSafernsP,FhOeHSalitehntsoaoxanimcdeiTotlofyxstithtcuedonilaehoisgvy(esrDeaaettsPae,ursJfealnduuioarnrotyohc1ts9at9nu9e)dS,iue3lsf.MoTnfahtee:oleCvuuerlsrrent foundintheratliversranged from29ppbto 300ppb.Liversof ratsfrom onesupplier shno oPFw OSabe oved the detectionlimitof15 ppb. Further investigation revealed fishmealtobeaningredientintheratchowfedtotheratsinwhich PFOSwasdetected. Fishmealwasnota dietary componentoftheratsthathadnodetectablelevelsof FOS. 3Mdeveloped acomplexanalytical`methodtoanalyzefishmsaempalelscollectedfrom diffifsehrmeenatlfainsdhsntootcdk.Aetatdieettechctrieoetsnlaimempiltedos.f2Aptpthmi,s PiFmOeS,wthaessoddeatetcataedoinnotthcroenesslaumspivlee:s of 8.14 PlantSiteAnalyses InMarchof1998, 3Mconductedscreeninglevelsamplingfor POS aroundtheDecatur pBlaankte.rs`CThreeoeukt.falBalokefrt'sheCrDeeeckatfulrowwassitnetwoattheertTreenantemsesnetepRliavnetri,saaltaabrgaeyrinveeartrhtahtesmupopourttoshf barge traffic. Abou2t5 milesdownstream is Wheeler Dam. Thesamplestestedwere of `watersurface film,subsurfacewaterandsediment. Agoalofthesamplingwasto `experiment withsampling technanidqanaulyeticsal methods. Therefore, the analytical dataare of screening quality only. Dataon PFOS.from thesamplairneign Table 10. Table 10. Sampling Near the Decatur Wastewater Discharge BUSaPCmL:pl&BeaULkoPecr:'astCTiroeonass:mbesloRwivoeurt,au]pseamof discharge WQDI &Q2W:BDa:keTreaCnrcesesko,dRiovwenrsbeealomwoWfhdieschearbgea,inquietwatersnee TennesesRiver FTe UR [Wp RorTaiTor Tomomr [[rFFoBosShoomoelogrs <[n<T[<<o oan |{t |oowIs0 o0[[{<o<_oawrsoT T[oo<oo< yrn0[[<o <oo0t10ot|J<o<a0ni]0|| [fFerooShsomologies [wwee T[wwoc]otez[[<toww|o<mam [wNee NweE [[PrFOoSRsomologues T|o<om50T|<=0s0[|<sosou[wec [wwec[Toose|<<0o5w0]] `NSSueCrdfiam=ceenaftctcmcmoslpallemecptslewedasrweecrlslkciemdmeodfrothtihvetoopodfvthienwaasn,EhstanhDreedlger,m ec,l rere ake eat `waterCollectionpot, fsedimentvas ackingther, chose a pos 10. 31 | . Blaosceatdioonnsethxitseinndietdaflrsoammpalbionugt. a10mmoirleeesxutpesntsrievaemsoamfptlhiefnagcwilaistcytoond2u5cmtielde.sbSealmopwlitnhge `faancaillyitsye.soAfstaherseesuslatmopflaensailsytpiecnadlitnegc.hniquesbeingdevelopedto lowerdetection limits, 8.15 BiosphereSampling t3haMticsobuulidlddeitnegctotnrraecceesntoifsnufolrfmoantaitoendpweirtfhlaudovroacnhceemsiicnaltseacchrnooslsogytraondgeesoifgsnpeacpireosg,ram 3eMn'vsiraopnpmreonatcahlhaistbiotuastesaenxdisgteionggr.sacpiheintciflioccaaltliyornes,ciongcnliuzdeidn.gssaoimlp,lwiantgearnadnddaotragcaonlilsecmtsi.on sproomgerbamosunidnsoorndetrhteogmeiongirmaipzheitchreegtiiomnesnweheedreedstuolfoobniastienidpnefrofrlmuaotrioocnh.eTmhiecaglosaariestoset ``cguernreernatllycfaovuinrodn,miedennttsiffryoarmefausrtthheartssahmopullidnrgeicneitvheemiomrmeeidnivaetsetifguattuiroen.,aKnedyeelciomsiynsatteemss.ome `eacnodsspyesctieemssorfecmootnecfernosmumrraounnduingfmaanuacfnacdttuuusreilrnogcpialtainnotngssa.rebeingtestedaswellas `Wthheeprreipmoasrsyi:bfloec,ussyonfoipntiitcaslasmtpuldieessofisstoisls,useesdaimmpelnets,afiroomrbwiaoltoegriacraelalrescoebpetiornsg,teaskpeecni,ablluyt tthoodseetiernmuipnpeearpptrroopphriicalteevsetlusd.iTehsefoirnafsocremrattaiinoinngobctrzitiinceadlipnatthhweaiynist.ial studieswilbeused 8.2 HumanExposure Levels Studiestoinvestigate humanexposurestakeseveralapproaches: 1. `Epnhvaisreosntmenhtalreaxpo"oMsuluutrie-gCoiftthiheesgSetnuedrya.l"UT.hSi.spionpvuolaltvieosnwfiielldbienavsessetsisgeaditionofn u`psaei,remdactitciheesd,ownietwhiatcihtsyigwniitfhiocuanttkmnaonwunfascitgunriifincgaonrtucsoem.mTehrceisatludlyuwoirlolcihnevmoilcvael directsampling fordietaryand environmeprnestenacel. 2. R`esimdenetiaalesxopuofstuhrreepwerioldlmubcete'assrnseelsetsaesdests.hrTohuigshstapurdoydwuictl'lmsueasseuarnedrceolnteraolsloeefsd fluorochemical residaundatoltasl PFOS from carpets. 3. fTohoedmiisgbreaitnigoqnofusualfonnafttoerdsipevfeerairlfeofoddls.uoruseodicnfhooedpmacikagcinag tlo thse 2 821 Multi-ciesSampling Tcfhiueoersmo,uclh(tethimrm-eiiectpaialeipsrsrsto)udaduryceptbaseibiranssgaedeioxtanymhcinuaesvdti.onTmgehsriisgsanmlifaeisycwabinettmehaancuxiftaycpttuharadtidenopgneeosnrdncdioonlm.gmeoneinr(dcianilialt,lyisuailsxe.of I`odrceastauatlitoson.npsoTwthienetthmiauvllatrsiio-oucurisctleeesssvoaeflmhpuolfmifnalgnuwoeirxloplcohsyeuimreilecd.aeTlnrhveielrecoainstmieeesnsawtnaelrdevasireiloseucsttetdrytpdeiosaortbefapurmaesutsnweiiencltioulpranabslan cwoalteurmsnuappnldiessu.rfTacheemsiacmrpollaeysetro,bseedoibmteanitn,edi,vwehrefirseh,pdosrsiinbklien,agwra:teurrbinatnaakier,,tsrueraftaecde water dfr`oioonrdkkpsi,ngrswaotlerw,diatulnauldpbwmd eaucstnaeirmctg,ipplteehsledeil.anTnfdhl.fueieslnletialnencadclehufadtfeel.:ubeeAnetfdt,odppoiurbtkl,iicchloiyacnko"aemwnanl,rehlkdaewyttasdhoatgsesk,etctraeotafftimsseehnv,teral efgrgosm,lmoiclakl,fbarremaerds,'gmraereknebtesa.ns, applesfromthree grocerystoresand,ifpossible, produce 8.22 Carpet Uso Studien Tahpielcoatrspteutdsytoufdycawripleltessftiinmdastesiagnnyifliocsanstoreflfelausoesr,octhheemnitchaelsftruodmynwoirllmaaslsuessesohfucmaarpnets, If exposurethatmayoccurvia inhalation,dermal andingestionroutes. 8.23Paper and PackagingStudies RheasvuelbtesenofspuabsmtisttutdeidetsootnhtehFeDmAig,raatnidonFDoAffhlausocrloecahreemditchalesufsreoomfpapcapkeargianngdipnatcokfaogoidng porfonteecwtomrsfeortfohodoasditnodoielrxetocrtafcgtoovidaraeidodsuistifvleuso.rCoucrhreeminctawlosfrrkofmopcuaspeesroanntdhsedeevveelforopoamdesln,t thenperform quantitative, low level analyses (<1 ppb). 8.24ExposureScenarios T`hTheesiespsucrepnoasreiioswtiolplrbioerdietivzeeleoxppeodsuusrienpgadtahtwaafyrsofmorreflueratshee,rfsattuedaynbdyddisetvreilbuotpiionnsgtudies. `lqoucaanttiiotna.tiveestimatesofspecificexposuresunderknownconditionsin aspecific 3 F9.l0uoErnovcihreomnimceanltsal Transformation/Degradation of Thg hyderroa elaysrievsmaanndi toypthprohar tynossliyfsco oiars,m,ocn ahrneddmebigmicroaatldiaeecnmmdoeblcaiehocaluont lgieiscsma.slT,mheeescyphieacnincailllusydmmesiatcbhriaoottboiipcaemlremaetctehaibanotnlhiiessg,mes.g,, peBrneoecrcageiusesssee,tsnhiatestccularearalblvoyango-ecfclruueorqrriuniiernbegsiolnnatdrhigesebaoimonoseuponhftetsrhoelefasectnrkeotrnhggeye.srteMiqonuinsartteudceren,ehrwgieyt.hmIahinnigdtphhcbhelyoasanbidoclraaltory, ptdeoertgfarllauodorargtoaianolinkcymcleaccrhhbaaoinnni(ssTamOrseC.)nCoaotndmaeblguyrszaetdriesotdnihdanottcushsedecevhseetrmryoiryceoaarclgtoaixnvyiegccefhnledmuieocmraaolncadbned(muCliOtDcr)aatvnleidssotl,etnorin degradation isfoutdinhightemperatureTOCanalyzers. Ishnipeelrdfilnugotrhienacteadmorlebculoesn,bt-ohencdfsuaforrroinmbeaststouarcnrko.uTnhdtehfelcuoarribnoenatcohmasicncoonmfpelreat"erliyg,idityto" tth`omejoocliecnouwlinetbhefecnoozmyremosemfmsto,ahrteehtmeofrlleiuebocyroubillnenao.tcekdTi,hncigasbrriibogolinod-gicitacyrcablooauntltbdaocmnkdaoskf,etcihaterdcbaoirnb-ohfny-dffcroaorrgitbehoncneabmnouodnlcdela.crubtAloens.a fluorinebondsal typically increaseinsrength. Edleaagrcrlkaiydnwagotniornokfnwfliuotouhrnipdnelaritfteltuldeoosrrgoucahnseimccipoceratlppirottnosidopudbrceotgidsrauuldscaieitndigteossnyts.aenf(diSaaerledliyTzanebodlsbociro1ec1.eh)neimFnilgcutaoelrsotoscxfhyeogmreincals edxeptehcatnedd(fBrOoDm)t.hTeihronsoeu-wfiltuohriionnaitceadlployrbtioonndaeldoorngea.niFclsusorhoocwheemdiBcOalDsurnfeaacrtantthsosweith covbaonldedeorgnanitcpolrtiyonsproducedmixed results. thIehteecsatrrleysdualttsa.onthesedegradabiliystudieshasbeen given areliabilitycodethatfollows 34 Table 11. Historical Results of Standard Degradation Tests on Fluorochemicals ITo ETEE EERkED [[FPEOMSeEFOSEsfehol15[10605-07002(00)[[nNilD@) {[wNlDd[[sw0i(tdh) [[WNDD |TmiDcy--[wp------] -- poo g==iE . . Ml Pll15 ll ll ar Jon [an [sil@ TWD TWD (8) [wp | QA) 24) 2A) F:a ontocodd acidanaloogfuNe- | (1) Rr te [PFOSLImi@ |56000 @ @a) [WD @ @n [Wb a) [Wb @a [Nb [Wp @ [Wp | iu EEL ET =2 iPl I a Cand li (CHHOad)du,ct |(1) @ slla @ 8B) BIAS BA) [=[=e la ee =[TM [=] 2R oemer e EThe etnetser `whilebreakingdown aknownamountofatestsubstance. 35 TchOoDmemainspsfTuhleoloyrmeiutniecranallOixzdeydg.eTnhDsemvaalnude.seIaisetuhlatehedoursetiincgaltqhueasnrtuictoyroefooxfyhgsetnoutsechdewmhiecnalt.he tet BpIrAecSimpeistanswBiissmbuitohsActttivaeiSoudbosbainscemsu.teT. hareematserieal,suchaswsatieersoluble persplyethosy de `ND meNoa tDetn ermis ned. `(C1o)dSCetomuncdeeyanutnrsiaetdniapogurnbessl:wieshreodmteestsugriedde,linndsaolrlwqueallitlyc-ondtroolcdsutmprweoecnreedtaucreceedsp,table. @) StudyA.meeCtsolnltcheecrnitetriNraOafTotmqeiuaaslouitrnyetdse.stingbuthas deficiency 3) Stud`yBA.d.oAeDnsaNlyOetTicammlemeettocwhreotadnrkonltoefgssoysriqqnuutaeelxsitptieyiornitaembsealtneit.nagl;tdpartoaechedauvdreeosn.eormorelaws. BC.. IUnnsaucfcfiecpiteanbtldeespcerrifpotrimoanoncfeomeftchoondt.rols. (4)Dataareavaiableonlyassummaries;originalreports notfound. 9.1Hydrolysis Studies Hymdorloelcuylseiss,iasltahmoaugjhorimtreacrehlayniissrmescpoontnrsiibbulteifnogrtcooambpiloettiecddeeggrraaddaattiioonn.oTfhoreghaynidcr:olysoifs sulfonated compounds is described below. i i R--8--X + HO -- R--S| --OH + HX 0 [J X= halogen, OR, NR [F3aMties,eTvraalnusaptoirntgatnhdeTproatennstfioarlmfaotrihoyndTroelsytsGiusiodfelfilnueosr,oHcyhdermoilcaylssiussaisnga FEuPnAcgtuiiondoafncpeHand alTceomhpoelr,aatsuwree)l(l2a)s,oanndfliusocroocnhdeumcictaiplnHmgondoempeerndse,nttoessttimuatodefihPaelFfO-sSlivaesn.d MSeelFeOctSeEd. scfrlueoernoicnhgepmrioccaelspsr.odFuocrttsahroesebtehiantgdseumbojnescttzeadtteoahysdirnoglylseitseomrpeardaetvuiraeti(o5n0foC)r,mvfairrisatbolrepdeHr. bkeiinnetgircse, mvulitiepwbleyepadHn,omuutlstiidpeleetxpeertm. pesturdieasatrepularn. need. Hydrotlesytdastaiarse 36 9.2 Photolysis `PLthrioaktneosdfheyogdrrrmaoadltayistoiinsoo,nfpoohcrocgtauoardiescgprrmiaomdlaaertciiulolyneisin,saabirum,tajrinoarsreahlbayilroletosiwpcownmasetiecbrhl,aeonfniossromcioclmoapnnltedritvbeeugdteeitgnargtatidovaettihoen. tsloeupsrsfascoh esf.oIro tinsslot ilukbelleo yaaarnnedd itmshpooorsrbe etemadoncstgotmclptiookruerlniydntsa t.bheePfd ruaotsdeeuodcaftossuotalt dnuodbolriei snatiennrdsmo vueondlliaian tgthietls.emcoosmtposuusncdepst,ible Inusilntcdioeahrlolliy,n,vtMehesetFdiegOagStriEaodnaa.ltciToohhnoetlh,fraMsttemFistgOuhSditAeo,sccaBruIerFiuOsnSipnArg,oadthunecdtPsFFdOOiSsSAso.plrveLecaudtroesrrosrssutussdpuieccnhsdwaeisdlEilCnuFsweOatSPeEOrSFis`sbeamsie-dvpoollaytmileersl.uoIrfoscihmepmliecmaeldtehgordasdactainobnienftoeurmnedd,igaatsesphwaislepbheotionlvyesstiisgaotfevdo.latileand. THhoewperveelri,miEn(aFrOyrSeEsualltcsoshoulg,gMesetFtOhaStEPFalOcSohioslu,nEcthFaOngSeAdaansdaMreesFulOtSoAf laisghwteelxlpoassuare. suhryfdaricdtea,ntaannddofleofainms.erpPrFoOdSucwtaalslnaoptpdeeatreecdtteod.unOdneerpgroopdhuoctto,laysniasrtoomaFtOicSAp,erPfFluOoAro,ocatane sulfonate, did photodegrade to form PFOS. 9.3 Atmospheric Studies AElWtFhOoSuEghalPcFohOoSl,hMaseaFOloSwEvoallactoihloilt,y,MseeFveOrSalAP,FEOFSOpSrAec,urasnodrsFaOrSeAvo.latWilhe.enThpreesseenitncalsude: prreosidduucatlissisnprpodurctasna,dthtyehseenepdrreidceudr.sOornscceoiunltdehveaaptomrosaptheiernet,otthheeactommopsopuhnedrsecwahnernetmhaeinin t`hoeutgwiatshphtahseem,,ocronbdeewnseaonpsaoruttihcwuilteahteasdpirne.sTehnteimnetahseuartemdovsapphoerrperaensdsubreecoafrrEite-dForOsSeEttle aclcooholnis osdnpuearftincfulhsaiitgemcehattihtdaetree.ssGneantsticahllrlyomayaltliocdafitsaisliukgteglyesttotbheatointthheergparsepcuhrsaorsasanerdenot `ewvaesnhmooutrefrvoomlatthielea.tmTohseplhoewrwsaitnerraisnovliunbtielri.tyofthesecompoumnadkess itunlikelythey Tthhueisrtphheotroactheoemfirceamlorveaalctoifvitthye,s.e8p.retchueirrsorresafctrioomn wtihtehathmyodrsopxhyelreiownisilnltihkeelaydtmeopsepnhdeoren. `HPohowtowcihdeemliycadlisttrrainbsuftoerdmtahteiyonarteolmoocarlelys,orleugbiloenoarlllyeosrvgolloabtaillelyprdoedpuecntds.s on the rate of 3alMcoihsolexaanmdiMnienFgOaStmEosaplhceorhoilc wliilfletbiemetsoesfttedhefsorerPeaFcOtiSviptryewcuirtshortsh.e OInHitriaaldliycaEltiFnOtShEe gas pdheatseer.miMneodteheliirnggawsi-lplhdaesteedremgirnaedtahteiiornatprmoodsupchtes.riTchlenithfoseeapntrdopaienramtliyetesicosaftlhwoerdkegwrialdlati~ on Ed wpirloldubcetdsettheartmaiffneecdt.rTehimsionfvroaartmelastfiroonmwitlhlebaetumsoedstpohperer.degi.,ctsdisotrilbutuaionnbodvfaithpeolsrepriestsurye, `compounds resulting from atmospheric mechanisms. 9.4 Biodegradation Studies Biloivdienggroardgaatniiosnmis, eessspeenctiiaallltyomtihcreofbuensc,tioobnrinegaokfdloiwvningcsoymsptleemxs:.orNgaatnuircamloslyesctuelmessretloyon simimcprloebiianlorcgoamnmiucnmiotlieecsuhlaevstehdaetmcoannsbtreatreecdytchleedabbialcitkyitnotodetghreaedceossyosmteexme.noSboiomteic `decgormapdoautnidosn. iDntuerrimnegdibaitoelsogpircoadlulycecdataarleyzferdedqegureandoattfliyoanmooftlehceuslearcostmrpuocutunrdest,hatthenaturally trocecautrmse.ntPsarytsitceumlsar,lysiompoirtlanst e/nvsierseotnudmareinietssmafnoedrwnbeitotlloasgnidc,sa.lBborteahkadeorwonbiacrae:ndsevainaageerobic organisms play important roles several approaches. in degradation. 3M is studying biodegradation using 9.41 Microbial Studies on Perfluorochemicals `CrWiodrdklaetuMsiecdhaiglaabnoSrtaattoeryUniisvoleartseitoyfabybaBcltaekreiuKme,ya(P6s,e7)uudnodmeorntahsesdpierceicetsi,ontoofinDvre.stiCgraatie.g tfhleuoproitneantteidalsfuolrfbonaite ocomdpoeundgso:frifflaluourodirnoaamteedttshualinfeoonsautlnefso.naTthee(rDFeMSs),eiafrluucsoerhodmmeeotrdheaslne s(u1lHf,on1aHt,e2(HT,2FHM-Sp)e,rf2l.u2s,r2o-otcritfalnueosruoleftohnaantees)u.lfonate (TES), PFOS and HLPFOS `Ccroimdpdoluonedtsolc.ondteamionnisntgrhaytderdotghaetntahne dmuiscreodotrhgeamnaissmsudlefgirxasdoeudrtcheossfeorflguroorwotchheumnidcearl sulfurli`mwihteninsgu,lafeurrowbaisccnoontdiltimiiotnisn.g.ThTehyeloartgearfnoisumndctohmaptlseuteclhydedgerfalduaotriionantoedccDuErMreSd.inIstouiseedven DPFFMOSSawesrtehepsarotlieaslloyudrecfelouofrsiunlaftuerd,.bSuitxnvootlaatsilaesopurrocduecotfscwaerrboendoetreecnteerdgfyo.r `HT-EPSFaOnSd,Hlel cioen.tTaiFnMinSgaonxdygPeFnOaSn,dnfoludoreingebruatndowtaastuslffiouuro.ndnW.hCerriedtdhleecetaarlb.ocnsowenrce flulutlhydaftletuhodreinated, catrrabnosnfoornmatthieofnoflfuluoorriniaatlnekdyalsctuhlafeionnda.tTeshreeyqtuihreeodritzheedptrheastewnhceeonfhhyyddrrooggeennisaptrtheesesnitpahat thacecaeslspihbalce.arPbeornf,luaosriineaftoerdactotamcpkoiusnpdrsovhiadveedaanridgitdhietcyacrobnofne-rsruedlfbuyrbtohendfblueocrionmeesmore substitutionandnostructuresthataresusceptibletoelectrophilicor nucleophilicattack. 38 9.42 Biological Transformation tht i fected. Enzymesatack atnon-Muorisind achtaiends. Ratthanhcomepter `When perfluorinated organic molecules do biodegrade, it is not the fluorinated portion. degradation, i.e. degradation to inorganic. compounds, another fluorinated molecule resultsfrombiodegradationprocesses.Existing studies ofmetabolismappear to indicate that for POSF-based compounds; the biologicaldegradationhalts when PFOS is formed. CFuSO-F. + HHO --+ CF,S0, POSF PFOS CFSOR ----s-- + -- CF,S0; 'POSF derivative PFOS 18 under stay. Once formed, PFOShasnotbeen showntodegrade anyfurtherunderanynatural conditions except combustion. Because PFOS is resistant to physical, chemical and `biological degradation, it persists in the environment, but the mechanismofaccumulation 9.43 Optimizing ConditionsforBiodegradation Past studies on fluorochemicals with hydrocarbon portions have demonstratedresistance to biodegradation under standard test conditions, i.c. aerobic microbial degradation using a wastewater inoculum. These studies did not examine all combinationsof conditions that could be optimized tofavorthe degradationofpartially fluorinated chemicals. 3M is conductingnew screeningstudies forbiodegradation. Thesewilldeterminief `aerobicand/or anacrobicdegradationofkeyfluorochemicalsocoursusingactivated sludge, anaerobic sludge, aquatic sediments and soil. Ifdegradation. occurs, the studies `willdetermine towhatextentitoccursand thenatureof degradationproducts. Ttwill alsoprovide infoo ntr hedem grea eoft fluoi roco hemin cal sorop ntt omiicroobin al sludges and toxicity to microbes. New studies are being designed to promote degradation. They `willuseenrichedenvironmentsthatsupportbiodegradation, e.g. `sewage,soil,sediments, `and culturesof microbes selected for biodegradationcapabilities. 39 10.0 Ecotoxicity Testing of Fluorochemicals EcEotcoxiocotloogyxisistthucedeixoetsemlnesaioosnugorfeitthoecxeifcafoeloclgtysotoftahceheecmoilcoaglicsaulbsetfafnectesionftchheeemnivciarlso.nment Ec`oowhntieonrxeditichgoeelnooogruigscpaaonlpidusalmtasatlaiiroveen.aspTponfrooarpqgruaianatitiesclmeysci.onttTeohrxepsryteuptdreioedsvw,iidwtehhakatnmomwaelyebdecgteooxhtfictoauheensdteniecmroacsitoyenshdtsaieztmaimrodn.s fcarcetaotresdpirnetsehnetlaibnotrhateoarqyu,atmiacyebcoesmyostreemowrhliescshtaofxfieccitnbtiohaevaaqiluaabtiilcietyn.viAlrsoontmehnetcdhueemitcoal it`smeeltfamboalyisbm.oAtn srecauranteeasv3aalfuraetosiuolnrtooffmpthheyestioxcdiacliatnyodbfioalcohgeimciaclamlercehqauniirsesmksn,oiwnlcleuddginego. f thesefactors. Stuelsftsoonfataqeudapteircfolrugoarnoichsemmsi.cDailfsfseprpeenatsrpteocpireosdhuacveevaavarriieedtsyiogfirfeiscpaonntsyeisintnhseiinrgrleessppoencsiees0 ethnevsiaromnemcehnetamliccoanlceevnternatwihoennoufstiennsgutbhsetsitaumteesfloarbkornaotworiynpgrtohceedaucrteu.aIlanmeocuontotxiorcdoolosgeyo,f a acnhdemtihceiarlrenetleraitngiaonnvsoarhrgiiaenspifsrmo,mbsutpconecetcnotrsiapteiecoinessa.nd dose may notbe directly related `Bpaescifoleunovriocrhoenmmiecnatlasl(tsoexeiTciatbylseer12o)o,nailntgdhoautgahtahxeeiarvaqiuallaibtlyofios rvmarainabyle.sulIfnocnoantseidderingthe wtoexriceidteyvteelsorpeesducltosn,siitdiesriimnpgowrattaenrtstoolnubolte,tshteabyleeaaronfdtwhelelt-esdti.sTpeesrtsepdroctoomcpoolusntdyspi.cally `Ciomnpousndsopsoulclyhmeaursiscu,blofornisautrefldapceeirafcltutiovreonycahteum,riec.aTlhs ecolhderadattleasmtlapryorteeofclonelcstdgtuheeesteotetshetir folilmliotwataiconcse.pOtledd,esrttaensdtaprrdoitzoecdotlessatrmeentohtocdosm(paOrEaCbDl/eUtSoErePcAe)n.tandcurrentbioassaysthat Aplemroflsutoarolchpermeivciaoluss.tIesntionlgdtuessetsd,ptrhoedsuucltfsownhatiecdhpaerrefcluoomrpolcehxemmiicxatluprreosdauncdtnuostepduwraisfi.ed pluirkietlyymhoarveesvariiagblen, wiitfihmmiporrocovieamdponuvreittrctlsibmyee.caSeuvseermaalntuefsatsctwuerrienghparomcepsseebsrayntedhdperoduct `imeansursedsooolulfbitluhietpybe.rfiluloroichetmicyal andresarueexlprtesssedas greaterthanthe thTewiorususlcfaosnaintseedcpteircfildueosrioncahnentiacnadlrsohaacvhebamiotrsettaotxiiocnsi.tyTtheesstdeapteartfhalnuoothreorcsbheecmaiuascreaeoNlfsdE iscloF suraensO dfPleOdS SbyLotihA searlrt.eTgoxiicsittyurdnaadtenarottnhsteheFesdeecroamlpIonsuencdtiscimdae,yFbuengfiocuinddeianntdhe Rodenticide ConActt(rFIoFRAl). : "0 3Mhasevaluatedthereliabilityof its aquatictoxicitytestdatabase.`Thenumerical descriptor is modeledafter thereliabilitycodingused byEPA'sOffice of Toxic Table 12. EPcrootdouxcitcsity Testing on Sulfonated Perfluorochemical `Subforstht eAa QUInREc (Aqeuatsic Information Retrievyal)toxicologydatabase. i SPSalelmleempnhagalaeisnpcrrooipmr=eiRlcaaoicrn=mbiFoouwnsweoGdtrmeinnngoew DLaMapiphronomiitsaommxaFgahnoaciVorbeaoriBiFclmluepghoislipsheaotri=ess sa1R.teiSslfatabciytlotruyyi.CdToodpxeiucsla:nsteodnecesafgruaiidolniwneissmewseulrdeo.Tmeetwdiperocpeesr.sC,onpFrslupedroorpmaencdewvapss wee m2eSstsudeydm.AetNsomlilnahelcetstbsaonecqealcoinyceentirantioun;tshtasaonoe armmoersonfthnetfmolelwring)deficiencies: DBC... AATnowssyttweiacaael qmcueatlihctoydvooalormgiyawmasectniooqotnur(edsWetApaiRso)niwso.reebwecdd.e. 3. Study"dBAo..eDAseSnomlteoestctttwhiwtcehrusnikmoteeiassfeuosrrqeiduneacxopyenereiiamrenunt,iaoClnhpsarwraiocstcecreoimzsdeudbciydosn ohf trheesfcoalclsowoifnpgr:ecipi or D. UnseCo.mTaoesuiunldfcicssiosetonnltavadleedsmcccrohieoprmtiiiyocn.alof meio. : ProductsPrincipal Fluorochemical "Test Organism `Stady Type Results mg. Coa Relia- bility NMeFOSE esol NEFOSE atl EFC . |LeDppomismamragosc |SPciancphraicporromneles Topanga Pinephalesproneles Cortodepmadubia Dpeipmhepnhiaaimeapgroa SsOaEbeLiCSc0s | Seoul =3 | 01r8dodaawyytbhEusCciShv5,al|51032000[7513|5p `NLhiOsoEtocpathology Soamn |m |nD "RamEELTi0 awnoe, | 63s sz [|m om[aec [a [2c s[sSHw6kNieOLiiEsnoL || | 2n0e6 10 a[58 [38 [|5zkace aac |saa8whwneEeoimso0, ||| 3zo2im8s [[f5s3 [a|2waacc6 |ssegwhaiEccsso su2 |lu u||m 41 FiuoTraoccPhremiicaaital Rbialliy Coan FOSNH,sak FROST | MPPiiinnccpehpoahleaslsprpporhomameesllpzsao_--|r|esm|93306mBxiTLCCSBsC00S 51000 77 Ey Daphiamagra pimephatr |Ses48mhheirNcEoCsSeo)c || 21i1000 aPPnyy Wrote [Er oSommaaEBCCso) || 2045 [|o51 [|22Aa 7 fu | Selinccsronn 4sdaayCnSDo | 27 cllcout [|34 [|5%4 Pincpholespromeles cHllaceocm so | |0dayNoec | os 1 |m [a [7 | Lepomismacrochins | sS6oharyLiCoseoc 36h LCs0 sw[1s [[77 ||a @ [nm | SiDPiamnpeiopohgioaalmersanpgrreoamteles || | 9468bkeeLECcSsD0 96h LCS0 0uo fmm0 fu f(aa |a i DERE PiC nctphaesE lpromellas~_| = 98 C30 I 2 EE nlE n FSeearreCTaOtsafe |MPDiincereptheoipxes aromeles || E9so6mhEngoCcssoo | 3w4s IPA 2 aFcRiOodSEsosolfkoocgowubeloorfyNiEet- |Pinephale promels Slenasran |S66hhrrNiOCsB)C somECcs) | 5se oo Tlo oT[a [97 [2A cDoaprpihcmoiramumtgerna |prs48eihusnCoe3k0c | 21061 35 [l3o7r [(22aa [7 | r MPiicnreopthaolxespromelas |S6ossmommLeaCLicScisDoo || 2si0s 1s [a|917 2[|aB3 NctEhFyiOenSoExSidoesl _||TDaaphnpiaomsmmaegnchs [48SbrEECCsS0 nla2 TableKey EogCnaSscpleMlsiefrocacnhaErabfcytce5rii0vst4iCcoocfncothemeaptraearsietoodn1g.0nIhitescthre(oceo.)n,cieamnmtoerbaitiloSinzpoaetifiiaoedeofetxSs0pu%bosostfanhcpeeteDhraat.cpa1u,sesre50d96offict eendspsowihnetrnegaroowxtihys meetawmitehdD.aphniasad othesloganswherdest i ba 0Gees i a2 LoCrgSa0ni~sMmesdeixapnosLeetdhoalitCionncesnptercaitfiioend.tIitmes. tIhiesctohnecuensturaalteinodnpoofintsiubnsatnaanccuettehattoxiiclitsySte0s%twoiftthheftse,st 1pCrSoc0e-ssMofiaatnesLtoaribgiaonriysCboyuc5c0al%ru(t8i.onl.ig1htp3rdodhucctoionncerperspaiornatoifona)taefsttesrusbpseacnicfeicehdesxapobsusrepaerlioodgical NORL=NoObmervedfc Level _ NOEC~ No ObservedEffect Concentration `aa`ttediErffseoLrleunb~tlloea.ELdoiAanfwgdasittfneogr,paeLrLep=ccaLreettcchaacilholtofveardtmacicetnoingooc.neTn(htdeWrsaAteFaai)orine.tsuTpshreeeedpwsaohrdleeutdri.oTnthsherteeessmttissxubeusdtaannbcdeitsishsnlotloitaqcduaoeidmdipnSlnreatccmetalotyneer dectouaseanthetesetwatder. IAndidtiitailloynpaulrsitfuideidePsFaOreSuanndderEwGaFyOoSnEeacloctoohxoicliatryeubseiinnggetsetsatbelditshoeddetOeErCmiDn/eEacPuAtmeeatnhdods, chronictoxicityto awiderangeofspecies.Theresultstodatearefoundin Table 13. 23 Table 13. NewEcotoxStudies on PFOS, potassium salt "WasBatcteoriaw(OiECeD20r3)[|eSRNOwEC ewTomgL 3Ih.nEhCs@i0hbighiesttcoinco(10n00 >1000mg Senenciirumcopra "96 iN) OECGrow rte) n3%g (greaalgae) Dah magna 9966hbrE. ECiICS00. "Acute 4 brNOEC 61538(1529-56154)m9a)rtmg.) mL (rshwterflea) : |`AAccuuttee4488bbrrECC5100 `Acute48br EC90 5676((<3162-9599)9m)gmgr 6(<25%m9g) Worldopssbia 2121 ddaayyssemei-msaitfifsceoctcyycclaleeNNtOOECEi_C||_ 2136mmgg//L. "Ac9uthor NOB T2mgl (marine shrimp) A35cudtaey9f6lobwrEthCrS0iecycleNOEC 4002683m5g0men. Freshwater muse] ; "A35cdaeyf9 lNtEhouClwifecycleNOEC Z05lm (PGitmheepehdlwesoprmom)elas "Aoci m 9br" NOEC Avis 3614LC30 10S6e-m1a2mgr 4N7odEayC carly lifesagetoxicity 033mg. OysterShellDeposition "4A7cutdaeyc96aryNlfOosEtaCgo toxicityLOEC|__Z0i.m6mg5l Acpurteech9u6dherdEECCSS0D)(Soabillimlitys | >3.3mL AvianDietary TouchyTestog Inh@ihigbhesit otnei(3.3omg/nL) 2% "AcuteMallrdDuck LC50 70032-1050) mgs ` ``AAccuutteeMMaallllaarrddDDuucckk,N0O0mEorCtality 1060mmegfhiiyg ``AAccuutteeBBoobbwwhhiitteeQQuuaaiill,nLCoSm0e.ntality 214(1603-26m0) mefig `Acuts BobwhiteQuailNOEC 0 mf DatainHallesaefromdraft reports. A`alndtohfotrhoerieasaulctlsesarhnoewendfionrThaibglhequ1a2lsiutfyfecroftroonxmilciimtiydtaattiaonssiinngthesetraelbilaibsihleidtyOoEfCthDe/dEaPtaA, a`vmaeitlhaobdlse.neTewstdiantga(oTnapbulreif1i3e)daPnFdOtSheahnidstEoXrFicOdSaEtaaalrceochoonlisisitnepnrtoignrtehsast.alHmoowsetvaelrl,the `tmoxgi/cLitaynvdamlouesstfaorrePgrFeOaStearntdharnel1a0temdgs/uLlf.oAnanteexdpceerpftliuoonrioscthheemfiactahlesaadrmegirnenatoewrrtehsaunlt|s reportedonTable12for N-EtFOSEalcohol whereapparentlythereisnoacute toxicityat " hoarsasbiomvieltahraeqwuaatteircstooxilcuitbyitloetivhtealty.oTfohtehaevraainliaobnliecnseurwfdaacttaanotns P(9F).OSFietwsoeltfhseurgcgoensctltuhsaitoints realinebseorneclhiraoblnyidcrtaowxincaitttyvhailsuteism,e.bFutotrheinrsetaarnecet,oeocfoelvodgiactaalornistkhaisssteosdsrmaenwtantyypically conclusions. 11.0 Comprehensive Pl toAa ssen ss Environmental Exposure o`uThteaosnpgaoritnogfacati3vMitdieesvedlesocpreidbceodmipnrtehheepnrseivvieopulsasencutsiionngsoafctohmibsipnaapteiroanroefbe3iMnrgecsaorurriceeds p`aontdeonuttiaslipdaetehxpwearytsso.fTehnivsiprloannm,esnutmamlaerxipzoesduirenaFsisgoucriea1te,diwsidtehstihgenemdatnoufaascsteussrteh,uese and disposalof tssulfonatedperfluorocheprmoiduccatsl. 11.1Plan Overview `Theplanstructureconsistsoffourcomponents: 1. Cshualrfaocntaetreidzpeertfhleuporroopcehretimeisccarlist.icaltounderstandingthefatandtransportof 2. Estimatethereleasesofsulfonatedperfluorochemicals. 3. Cheanrvaicrtonemreinzte.thedistributionofsulfonatedperfluorochemiicnatlhse 4. Estimatehumanandecologicalexposuretosulfonatedperfluorochemicals. S`ecvoemrpaonlienndtisvpirdouvaildreeisenafrocrhmaprtoijoencntesefdeeeddtionfcoormmpalteitoentihnteoleaatcerhocnoemsp.Tohneunstt.hTeihnefeoarrmlaytion baseexpandswhenonegoesfrom component 1 fo component4. d`eTshcirsispetcitoinosnporfohvoidweasnadnwovheyrtvhieewroesfeatrhcehpplraonjaecntdsatrsebeseeianrgcchopnrdoujcecttesd.caSnpebceiffiocundin thceopmbir nedweitshec tchteieoecnosotd ofxtihciiosldoogn ciucmaegsnttud.ieTshteoredsuletsgvaeneasnslesebosymetrpnhtisoapflratinskw.eilAldbtee:ntative isntiutdiiaetisownidlaltceofnotrineuaechoovefrtsheevreersaelayrecahrpsr.ojectsisfound inFigure2. Itisexpecthtatethde 4 Figure 1. Diagram of Fluorochemical Assessment Plan. EEN =E = T = Font ==] dye = Erem s. m BweEen) NrE==] == TEiee or = a 46 Figure 2. Schedule for FC Exposure Plan Components. 1Q=First Quarter, 2Q= Second Quarter, 3Q=Third Quarter, 4Q=Fourth Quarter ChFaartaec&taTrriaznseport Properties PFOS PhysiChom --Properties Initiation Dates Complete EMIeFFOOSSEE aallcooohhoollPPhhyyss/iCChheomm PPrrooppeerrttiieess 110022000000 - PHhyBoidtordooedlggyrsraidasadtaitoino(naaernodbAictmaonsdpahneareircoTbriac)nsport 1110aQ 111999009999 . `PSFoOrSpoBnioPcrooncceesnsteastion - EFOSE alcohol Boconcentration 220021000009 42000 RoBleostsaoss IM Plant Effuent & ProcessWasteAnalyses 1 1990 EEssttiimmaattoe WMiags,tSeupRpellyeCahsaeisn,& UsoWasle Steams FC Thermal Desinuctabity 1Co0m1p9l0e9t9e 221989 e eee e CDihsatrraicbtuetriiozneIn Environmant BUS iB&cidFiLsihvAenraslAynsaelsyses `CCoommpploettee BMiuolsipmheedrieaSMaomdpeilnigngPan Mult lies Stuy 110021009090 101699 -- ees---- Exposure CaPrappeertSantdudPyackagi.ng Studies Exposure Scanarics 21Qa 111090909 221069 e ----e -------------------------- EDectootromriincattyions PFOSAcuteEcolaricty 121999 PEFFOOSSECharloonihcolEcAocountiecElcyoloicly EFOSE alcohol Chronic Ecoloxcly 220021090909 322000 FFOOSSAAACchurotneiEccEoclootsocdtlyy 210022000000 47 11.2 Componen1t: CharFaa teac nd t Trane spor rtPi ropz erte ies `This comwap sdevo elon pedie nthrn eestt eps.First,theimpofutratndtarannspotrt mechawenreiidesntimfiesd. Next,prioritiesweresetfortesting,withthelikely degradationproductshaving the highestpriorityfortesting. Finally,methodsand laboratorieswereselected to dothe testing.Forsulfonated perfluorochemicals not tested, `models arebeingdevelopedthatwillpredictphysicalandchemicalproperties. The specificresearchprojectsunderwaarey: 1. Physicalandchemicalpropertiestesting. 23.. HyPdrholyositstesotindgs.nedatgmorsphaeridctraanstporitteostinng. 4. Anaerobicandserobic biodegradatetsitionng. 5. Soilandsedsiorpmtioe nten stit ng. 6. Bioconcentrationtesting. 11.3 Componen2t:EstimateReleases `Thiscomponentwas alsodevelopedinseveralstages.First.productsalesdata from 1997 ``waenrdewuassetde tsotriedaemntsi,fmyqadsetoufdyresleetaosfeparnoddpurcotds.ucTthcehsemtiusdtyrsye.tNweaxstb,aesevdoanvlouleufafmoertotsfioufostehne `wastestreamsgeneratedfocusedonthose studysetproductssoldby 3Minthegreatest `quainnthteUinittediSteats es. Commercialandresidential usesof theseproducts, includingtransportation,handlingandapplication during thesupplychains that leadto pruo se,wdereuexacmint ed. Additionally, thereleases likely toresultfromdisposal duringtheseportionsof theproducts' lifecycleswerealsoestimated. Theestimates includeddisposalvia incineration, landfillingandwastewater treatment. `Wpastrestowreearcmesagelesnoeesrxaatmseidane,tdt.hBeesttatretroefsttihmeaptreosdaurctesc'olnitfeicnytcilnegst,obice.tdehveemlaonpuefdaoctfuwraisntge streamsoccurringduringthemanufacturingprocess. . 11.4 Componen3t:CharacterizeDistributioninthe Environment `Thiscomponentis distinguishedby iterativeinteraction betweenmodelingandfield sampling. Models arebeing usedtosuggestsampling locationsanddetectionlimits. Fieldsamplingisplannedtoobtainempiricaldatatovalidatemodeloutput andimprove pfroecduiscetdi.onTsh.eAsresneeawrdchaptraobjeecctosmceoamvpalieltabeldeo,rrepsleaanrncehdptroocjheacrtascbteerciozmeeenmvoirreornemfeinnteadland distributioninclude: 48 1. Fieldsamplingofenvironmental medianeartheDecaturmanufacturingplant. 2. 3. SAcrenenianog flowfeiaylgdlbesiarndlidiavlesbrast.rossplasmaand fish tissuefrom archivedsamples. 4. Biospheresamplingplan todeterminelevelsinbiotaofdifferentgeographic. locations. 5. Development ofamultimediamodelforpredictingdistribution. 6. Multi-citiesstudiesinwhichcitiesof asimilarsizearepaired,one demonstratingsignificant manufacturingorcommercialusesofsulfonated perfluthoeotrherohavcinghnoeidenmtifiieducseaofslulfsona,ted `perfluorochemicals 11.5 Componen4t: Estimate Exposure `Whendatafromthereleaseanddistributioncomponents areavailable,hypotheseswillbe developedaboutimportantexposurepathways. erativesamanpdmoldeliingnwillgbe `usedtotestthesehypothesesandtodeterminetheimportant exposurepathwaystobe `usedinriskassessment. Theresearchprojects planned toestimateexposuresare: 1. Carpetreleasesandlinkstoingestion,inhalationanddermalexposure. 2... Paper andpackagingstudiesandingestionexposure. 3. Exposurescenarioswhichcombineinformationfromtherelease,fate,and samplingstudies. 12.0 Ecotoxicity Determinations Inconjunction withthestudiesdescribedinthefour componentplan described above, 3Misconducting ecotoxicological studies. Ecotoxistucdieosalreuosegdtioecstaimalte hazard.Initialecotoxtestingisfocusingon PFOS,EFOSEalcohol.and FOSA. The results ofthe release,distributionandexposureassessmentsmayprovidereasonstotest moresubstances. `Thefollowingresearchprojects onecotoxicityareplannedorunderway: . || 1. Aquaricacutetoxicitysudies:sewagemicroorganisms,freshwaterandmarine algae, duckweed,daphnia,raysidshrimp,freshwatermussels,fathead `minnows. 2. Terrestrialacutetoxicitystudies:mallardduckandbobwhitequaildietary . exposurestudies,earthwormtoxicitystudies, andgreenplantgrowthand 3. uApqtuaakteisctcuhdrioensi.ctoxicitystudies:oystershelldeposition,daphaia,mysid shrimp,frog embryodevelopment andfishearlylifestagestudies. | [3 4. rTeerprreosdturcitailocnh.ronictoxicitystudies:mallardduckandbobwhite quail 13.0 Ecological Risk Evaluation hEevaalltuhartiisnkgeswcohleorgeicaaclleiasrkericsomnonreectcioomnpclaenxbaenddrmaowrnebuentcweerteanidnotsheenaansdsreessspmoennsteo.fhuman _ Afrsatmheiwsocrokmiprnewhheincsihveecoslcoigeinccaelarnisdkecxapnobsuereevaaslsueastsemdweinltplbroegdreavmelporpoegdr.eTsshees,evaaluation ofecologicalrisksund human riskswillbothuseinformationaboutdistribution inthe. tehnevsicroonpmeeanntdamnadgenxiptousudreeosftgheneeorveartaeldlbpyrtohgirsacmo,mapsrpeehcetnssoiftvheeexkpnooswulreedpglaegn.aBienceadwuislelbofe o`n eccotooxicomlogpicaalipnrtoropdeirtsticerse,meftacteleeamnendnttrstatnoscaproeratltmetchihsafnzriasmmeesw,oadrnkd.eFnvoirreonxmeantmalpalsdeat,a dgisteriboutgionararreaeadoeprvleholcoaipleidtcy,.tThheyewsiclilebnecuedsaetdataonedveanlvuiarteoencmoelnotgailcsaalrmipslkiwnigtrheisnulatcsewritlalibne aBpupillideidntgoaanvuemrbyesrpoecfitfhiecsaerceoamapnadrstemteonftsapleecviaelsutatoieovnaslwuialtlerreesluatlitvienraismkusicnhtmhaotraerea. cooumlpldtetaekpeitcotmuirenoimfiezceothleorgeliercaisaselks.oTfhsiuslefonvatedapelrwfilluuloirdoaecnhtetimfiycaiadldsi.otionnalaction.s 3M Ceres 50 Tr-- ip ramen m er 14.0 References f1o.rCAonbarslsyezni,ngJ.HJ.eaalntdhCaonvdelElnov,iVr.oTn.meRnitsaklARniaslkyss,iUs.:SA. CGouuindceiltooPnrEinncviiprloensmaenndtaMletQuhaoldisty, ExecutiveOffice ofthePresideat,1989 we a2.nFdatTeo,xTircaSnusbpsotratnacnedsT(rOaPnsPfToSr)ma8t35i.o2n1T1e0s,tHGyudirdoellyisniess,asOfafiFcuenocftiPorneovfenptHiona.nPdesticides Temperature, EPA 712-C-98-057, January 1998. 3.Flynn, R.L.in"IndustrialApplicationsofOrganochlorineCompounds," Proceedings o`fCotmhpeoSuyndmsp,oCshiiulmdsoannEdleFcutcrhoicghaemmii,stErdys,inTthheeEPlreecptarroacthieomnoicfaFlluSoorciineetya,Inndc.It:sPennington, NI, 1997; 97-15: 51. 4. GuidefolrtihenTeestisng ofChemicalvsol,.1,Section1,"Physical Chemical Properties," Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France. 5. GuidelinesfortheTestingofChemicavlosl,. 1,Section2, "EffectsonBiotic Systems," Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Paris, France. 6. Key, B.L; Howell, RD.; Criddle, C.S. "Fluorinated OrginathenBioisphceres," : Environ. Sci. Technol, 1997, 31: 2445-2456. C7.oKmepyo,uBnLdLs;bHyoPwselelu,doRmDo;naCsrSipdd.lSet,rCa.inS.D2",D"efElnuvoirrionna.tiScoin.ofTeOcrhgnaonlo,f1l9u9o8r,in3e2:Su2l2f8u3r2287, P8r.oMpaerctkiaeys,anDd.ESnhivu,iWr.Yo.n, maneFdanMttae,afoKlr.CO,rgIalnuisctrCahteemdiHcaalnsd.boVookolufmPehy1s: iMcoanlo-aCrhoemmaitciacl: `Hydrocarbons, Chlorobenzenesand PCBs.LewisPublishers, Chelsea, MI. 1992. 9. Scholz, N., "Ecotoxicologyofsurfactants," Tenside SurfactantsandDetergents, 1997, 34229032. a 51 -- rr - roe