Document M4K3dK3g2Q46qj4BGwZ8kzgqz

I Air Hycicnc Foundation of America, In., 4400 Fifth Avenue, ' Pittsburgh, Pa. April 27, 1939. MOTE TO MSffigffi: Enclosod is a copy of Mellon Institute's annual report which has ju3t boen published and which contains a special section on the work of Air Hygieno Foundation (sec page 239). Parts of this section Kay interest various executives in your organization. May we ask, tbcrcforc, that you please bring the material to the attention of your associates? Also enclosed is a reprint of an important article on aluminum vs. silica dust. Extra copies of both reprints are availablo if desired. H. B. Holier Managing Director 0. ' U n ] r> ,v rttprintat/rom Newi Edition. INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY, Vol. i7, Paoe 233, April SO. i'XO Research at Mellon Institute during 1938-1939' specially prominent among the The work of the fellowship has included E institute's recent undertakings hru a survey of manufacturing operations arid been the inception ot researches methods ,3 use for the treatment nnd dis along & broader front for treater serviceposal 0/ spent pickle liquors in important to sciwe, imluttry, and humanity. In- steel-producing districts of tbe country. vestigntiom have been begun in several Preliminary studies have been made of 33 hitherto little stude-d fields of engineering propel, paicntcd. nr partially industrially materials and mechanical equipment for detelu-nu processes for the treatment of manufacturing, construction, and trans waste pickle liquors, and detailed investiga portation. Another feature of the year tions arc being conducted on a few of the 193S-39 has boon the expansion of work tn most prom.smg procedures. Already, in public health, industrial hygiene and eco three of these processes, decided improve nomics, pharmaceutical chemistry, electro ments have been ejected, and in two other chemistry, textiles, plasties, and building processes eauineers and chemists arc working technology. Special facilities and ap on suggested changes of likely benefit. A paratus have been furnished for tbe*e new series of experiments is well under way on investigations. possible uses for a material recoverable from Tho institute is the hub of the scientific spent pickle liquor, and plans are being made organizations in the Pittsburgh district, to carry on an investigation on the utiliza most of which meet regularly in its audi torium. National conventions held dur ing the year in the institute's home in cluded thorn af the A.ueuva.i Association of Anatonu- "'eeial Libraries Associa tion of pickle liquor and its chemical by products. The quantity of waste pickle liquors produced by tbe iron and stee) plants of the United State; iui win variously estimated at from 500.000.000 to S00.000.000 tion, Insula- Committee of the Na gallons per year. Hence the development tional Rest Foundation, Council, Air Hygiene of suitable processes lor the treatment of this the Society of Rheology. immense quantity of industrial waste and General Information on the Insti tute's Researches the discovery of uses for the recoverable by products nre indeed important. The iron and steel industry is determined to clean The 86 industrial fellowships--30 mul up is soon as possible this source of stream tiple and 66 individual fellowships--in pollution. operation during the institute's fiscal year March 1, 1035, to March 1, 1039. arc listed at tbe end of this report. These programs of research have required the services of 101 fellows and 90 fellowship assistants during all or part of the year. Thirty-nine fellowships have been in operation 5 years or more, and of this number 20 have been active 10 years, 11 have concluded 15 yean or more of re search, and 8 fellowships are 20 years of ace or older. The institute spent 81,104,4oo in conducting pure aad applied science research in 193S-33. New Fellowship* or lttS-39. Seven teen fellowships began operation during the year: Aeid Recovery, Draft, Electro Research 0.x Electrodepomtion. On the fellowship of the Standard Steel Spring Co., R. H. Lester has a broad program of investigation on electroplating of metals to produce corrosion resistance. In particular he will study the new electroplating process of the donor and will investigate its application in various fields. This process can give a plating of a pore-free type that has been found to be corrosion-resistant, especially in oil wells. The deposit can be made malle able and to withstand abrasive as well ss corrosive attack. Steel plated by the novel process has likely markets in tbe manufacture of pipe, tanks, barrels, special eoatainers. and apparatus. deposition, Ethanol, Felt, Filter, Gypsum, Improvement op AtR Filters. Last fail Iodine, Meter, Pearl. Printinc, Rubber, the American Air Filter Co., Inc., set up a Silk, Special Dves, Special Plastics, Tube, fellowship for the investigation of materials and Watch Technology. Fourother fellow of value for the construction of filters for ships have been accepted and will start air-conditioning systems. F. F. Rupert, tbe work soon. Brief accounts will be pre inctiabent. is giving special attention to sented here of the research progress to the chemical treatment and coating of steel date of those new fellowships whose estab wool end other filter materials to provide lishment has been announced previously. the greatest degree of durability and effi In addition, information will be included ciency. regarding the electrodeposition, iodine, and pearl fellowships. On the fellowship on special dyes, at the end of the year, G. B. Fcild replaced VV. E. Holland as the incumbent; the latter then joined the donor's organization in a technical ca pacity. Basic Research on Ctpscm Prooccts. The fellowship held by K. E. Simpson is investigating for the U. S. Gypsum Co. the fundamental chemistry of plaster teeh- nology as related to the properties of the various products manufactured basically from gypsum and calcined gypsum. The ' Prevention or Stream Pou-vnov r objective is the development of new processes Waste I'iceu: Liquors. The fellow and techniques which will have wide, applica ship on scid recovery of the American tion in the field of building materials. Iron and Steel 1mm.'le (\V. \V. Hodge, incumbent) was founded last summer to try' to solve tbe problem of preventing stream pollution by waste picklw liquors. Concerted efforts are Wing uivlo to improve existing methods and tn evolve new ones so that tvenliiafty a technically and economically satisfactory process will l>o developed for tbo treatment of spent pickle liquors. to ottain from waMC liqunrs elicnneal by.prcvhirt* and to discover tines for thorn, mol to produce (mm llio ariil waste liquors no Htlm-ot which will la neutral in reaction nnd satisfactory to public health ami industrial authorities. Iodine Research Resumed. During the period January 1, 192*. tn January 1, liiAt. the Iodine Educational Bureau. Inc., sus tained a aeries of fellowships in the institute wlm-e purpn-i. wns to extend tho use* for iodine. In the course of this investigational work C'. M. Karas, the senior frjiou, (irsf studied the cffcetivcnesi of iodine in the eon- trol i.f smut cm oats mid. in cooperation with veterinarians. I he place of iodine in veterinary unMicim-. lie next carried out a rnni|ir<-. herisivc rescareh on the behavior of iodine solutions nl hquid-Nnhd interface*, from which entne new knowledge iwiwcting llw Alolrset f Ike Twn! y.Sisth Annual Hrp-vt ( the ilUTCIor. H. It. Uroltna. to lh trusters el the uwtitvtum. welling jMiwer of inlmn from various anti peptic solutions and nlso A lie* indluv nnti- septic, lie then coiliilnifatcl in an exlrn- 233 mural pharmaceutical study of iodine solu tions for antisepsis, devised apparatus (jr use in the determination of locnnc m very low concentrations, and participated ia a thorough investigation 0/ th- value n! iodine for livestock in central Pcnnsj ivuma. con ducted at the Pennsylvania sts'c Coneze. Early in 1939 the lodino Liiucv.oanai Bureau again became a fellowship Conor, having decided to mpport scoj>e(ul invest:,;*lion on uses of iodine in industry, animal husbandry, and pharmacy, and F. 1. Johnson has initiated this project. Studies in Meter TcesxoLOOr. The Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Co.'s fcli-.-- :-? on meter technology, with R. L. \\ ahem.2 as the incumbent, is investigating the appaca- tions of synthetic res.ns and plastics as constructional materials for gas aod liquid meters. Modem expansion in the use of industrial eases, tbe development protu.-ts. such as propane and butane, aod increased attention to materials balance and utiliza tion of meters in establishing thi.< balance bave confronted tbe producer and consumer of these gases with circumstauces which often make it desirable to replace leather diaphragms of meters with materials more suitable to the respective conditions. This seed has been recognized for several years by tbe American Gas Association, ss wit. nested by tbe existence of an association com mittee to study Sector diaphragms and the active participation of L. M. Van dcr Pyt. of the Pittsburgh Equitable Meter Co., on this committee. Tbe meter fellowship, with bis collaboration, is pursuing a compre hensive investigation of the properties of synthetic materials which may be useful for this purpose. Within the pait two or three decades, tbe necessity*for meters in the production and marketing of various liquid commodities has increased in proportion to the expansion of the chemical, petroleum, brewing, and other industries, and the demand for meters to handle hot water and other hot liquids m industrial establishments has also grown enormously. This widened use of liquid meters and the increase in exacting re quirements placed upon them mako desir able a search for new materials of construc tion. The current vigorous development of the chemistry' and technology of synthetic resins, coupled with the versatility o; their properties and applications, suggests many new uses for them in tbe design of fluid meters of all types. With such applications ia view, the meter fellowship is undertaking an in vestigation of the behavior of plastics under adverse conditions which may in the future become standard metering conditions. As the dimensional tolerances in meters are necessarily lower than those in most other articles in which plasties have heretofore been utilised, special method* have teen developed for measuring heat rcn-uonre. deformation under load, and dimensional change in various liquid medio, nml an at tempt is being made to correlate th. -v ari-1 allied prnjiertics with the chemical nature and thermal history of synthetic pln>iics. Nuvr Knowlcpcr on Pimm-s. The members of Pearl Associates. Itiu.. repre senting tho feeding rerad and * >< dealers in natural oriental 1'Cirli m die I'niled Stateis established a fellowship. with A. H. Alexander ns the inetstnl-:>l. tn gather roinplrtc erientifie data on all pc ir:* nriiziniitlug in iiinrnnrilifemns innlln--. Microscopic atu-livs of thin" cimnc-l la-nrlx by tbo Mime have reveal, il 1h.it nl all SK-nrts aro eompr-wtl nf the urihorlnu.l.n: variety if caleintu cnrlemalr (m m-raiii). Sovend Urit>< natural salt water pearl- on 1 rr *> u ( t> 231 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY VOL. 17. NO. 7 KCtutiiins have l-en found to l frniM in part of ll.o mu'll commoner hcxac'inal furni of c.dciuw cjrl-.nalo (valri(c). D.-vovrry of the presence nf caleitc in naiural *xli wali-r pearls proved important "Inn snt>- tv'iui-nt experiment* "ere conducted on the Omi of optical and \-rn.v equipment as n Oleum of di-iinc'iixhiiixrutlitrvJ from natural pearls. The Japanese cultured pearl luj been shown to possess a large core, which, m r-prcjcntativv specimens. avernces from 7o to00 imr cent of the total linear diameter. Th funling ) ' variant* with rmplicatinti* in puhlMied statements generally accepted by the buying public as valid. Another phi.*, of the fellowship research has involved tes'inc equivalent in use to diitiucuuh cul tured from natural pearls, tr, find methods whereby this equipment could be improved. A ease m point is x-ray procedure, employed for many year* for pearl differentiation, which ha* been modified to yield information eu pearl substance quickly and accurately. The chemical, physical, and optical tests performed on pearl* and the data obtained will iortn the basis for ft comprehensive report. The work completed so far ha* demonstrated the superiority of the natural pearl in esthetie Quality and homogeneous trotter* oxer U pearls made by artifice. Research is Watch ivsr.is-.Tiox. The Elgin Xatioeal Watch Co- founded a fellow ship for the study of chemical aspects of technical probtezsa in the watch industry, with C. E. Barker as the fellow-. The first objective is the development of improved watch lubricants. The lubricant being aoughv must be nonvolatile, nonaprending. noncorrosive, and chemically stable; it must possess the proper viscosity, pour- point, and solidification temperature, and nutt lubricate satisfactorily. Special meth ods have been developed by the fellow for measuring these properties. Among such accomplishments have been the design and construction of an instrument for evaluating the "oitinesa" of watch lubricants. Par ticular attention has been devoted to a cor relation of the desired properties with chemical composition. These studies have led to an intensive investigation of many synthetic organic chemicals, which have been learned to possess certain superior qualities over the older, commonly employed animal, fish, and mineral oils. Promising results have been obtained with some of these new products in actual watch test*. Completed Fellowship Research Procrams. The following fellowships concluded their investigations during tnt year: Dairv Technology. Drying, Flavor ing, Food Container, Glaring, Household Utilities, Pharmaceuticals, and Stone. There follows a description of the general activities of and the development of "Thor" products for foundry use by the fellowship on dairy technology. Then there will be given the present status of flaked coffee, a creation of the food con tainer fellowship. The principal research accomplishments of the fellowships on pharmaceuticals and stone have been published. New Products most Skim-Milk Soli os. Industrial uses for milk ingredients offer a solution to the large problem of profitable di*i<isjl of dairy wastes and by-products. Though there is very little outright wastage in the processing of milk, thcro is a hirgu amount of material winch finds its way into feed markets as an expedient for quick dis posal. Treatment of such milk products in yield itidisMtially useful aui'-tc* has Iwn one objective of the dairy industry for :i numlxr of yean. Cvin glues anil plastics are already well c.-taMi-lu-d in commerce. Additional outlets for milk by-priKluct-* were the objective.* of the fellow-hi|i siijlnmvil by tlio Burden Co. from Oetobcr 1, I'.ctl, to January 1. 1933. The eeopo of this program iu siirh as to include for investigation the several types of material obtainable from milk--namely, carcin, laetnlburnui, and lactose, and the combinations thereof oc curring in skint milk and whey. The several projects were carried to varying stages of development. A new application of the adhesive proper ties of milk proteins is seen in the de velopment of a line of materials for foundry use. Three products, protected by patents, marketed in dry form under the trade name 'Thor'' by the Borden ea*ein division, have been made available; a eore hinder, a eore paste, and a silica wash, the latter for em ployment in steel foundries. Adaptability of milk proteins to these uses has re sulted through the discover}' of means of solubilising and rendering effective the otherwise insoluble proteins. High adhesive strength, resistance to moisture, and unique burning qualities of these materials have enabled the formulation of products pos sessing features of sjteetal importance in foundry molds and cores. The research ineluded some sew measurements of proper ties of foundry binders, pastes, and washes. Simplified methods were devised for evaluat ing these produets which bear on their employment in practice if. K. Salsbcrg. the holder of the fellow ship throughout its life, was promoted to the donor's tcchaicai stall in Baiahridge. X. V.. on January l. to participate actively in the further development and commercial introduction of "Thor" products. Fusco Corrcc. In 193-1 the food con tainer fellowship of the Continental Can Co. annouoced the production of flaked coffee, ob tained by rolling freshly roasted and ground coffee (see News Ed., 12. Hi (103J)}. Flaked eoffee offered to the consumer a better balanced cup of coffee and a greater economy in the uso of eoffee. because the flaking operation, by thoroughly crushing the cells, renders their contents more readily acces sible for extraction. This economy, in feet, amounts to a 50 per cent increase in the number el cups of coffee per pound. Flaked coffee hss been available for three years in packages, but its use has been limited to the brands so packed. The latest de velopment is a counter flaking mill for the retail food market, whereby any eoffee. according to the customer's selection, may be flaked to order. This Baker will also be useful in the hotel or restaurant kitchen. Coffee so processed has the same brewing characteristics ss packaged flaked coffee, and it is believed this new development will greatly extend both the popularity and availability ol coffee flake*. Bibliographic Statistics During the calendar year 193S, 17 bul letins, 27 research reports, and 43 other papers came from the institute. Twentyfour United States patents and 3$ foreign patents on fellowship inventions proceeded to issue- The total publications ior the 2$ years ended December 31,193$, have bn 20 books, 174 bulletins, $03 research re ports,and 122omisecllancoitsnrtielcs; 714 United State* patents were granted dur ing the same period, Aiiiiounccable Progrcs* In Continued Industrial l'cliowslup Kocureltcs Uses ron AxTtirtACtTK. Completely automatic heat is readily obtained with Pennsylvania nnllirnfitc. without the twcc*'itv of any -attention fur weeks At a time. This rt-.uU is secured l>y using n stoker which withdraws nutluaritc from the but. hums it under thermostatic con trol, nml drops the ash hv gravity into an nsh-slorngc pit lienenth (he healer. Tho multiple fellowship of Anthraeilu indus tries, Inc. (II. J. Rose, senior fellow) Iris liindc cnginr-crtnr; ilii,hr and pii-jnr..d d-. Signs for modern anthracite bin- th.t -.1 new standard* of cunvgmrrve, eh-.mi-i>. ... and npjK-nranco. Compictr-d buU:uis give working drawings, cnnxtriicti-jn tail.*, and estimates for gravity i-:,-re moval methods. In many eases, anthracilc ashes may he used to advantage bv the hou'chokler. fur it has been found that they imi.ro-.c ti.c texture and tilth of clay rod. The eji.c* ai.*o reduce soil cracking and cro-i'm help plants to withstand drought v con ditions. Ashes arc thought of simply a> a soil-amendment agent and not as a fertilizer. Research on uses ior onti-ra-itc ashes and colliery refuse for the mm.i.fiicture of building materials has continued with interesting results, particularly m the field of heatiiiuhuiwg materials. Data were collected on the inherent chemical and physical properties of nr. cite nnd on its combustion character.sties. A study of the potential scuoke-pto-iucing tendencies of cotiis o: various ranks was completed. "CaLcoxite" ix D.wrt Cleaning. In consequence of laboratory and lsrg-.--jc-.:e work conducted by the multiple fellowship of Calgon, Inc. (B. H. C.,-er.io: ft,, low), the use of ''Calgoiutc" was found to be advantageous in the cleaning of da::\pasteurizers, heat exchangers, and ?:o.-.ir'o tanks, as well as in the washing of can* and bottles. The large-scale investigation of can and bottle washing was supplemented by a b&cteriologic study which yielded lurther confirmation of tbe sanitauena! value of film-prevention in cleaning proc esses. Now in progress are researches on the constitution of sodium inttaphosphale nnd on the role of sodium rnetaphosphate in plant nutrition. Chains and Electric Welding Rons. In 1935 the McKay Co. established a fellowship for investigating problems c: tire and industrial chain manufacture, v. ith D. F. Helm os the incumbent. Later the study of flux-coated shielded-arc welding electrode*, another wire product, was added to the program of the fellowship, which was expanded to a multiple basis with the appointment of J. E. Harris as junior fellow. During 1023 a number of successful welding electrode coating com positions lave been evolved by this re search group working in cooperation with tbe donor's laboratories. These products have been carried through the full cycle of development and arc now in production. It is planned that researches will be pursued broadly alone the lines now under way, including studies of the processes of manu facture and durability of chain products, origination of shieldcd-nrc welding elec trodes for special purposes, and investiga tion of general problems in tbe domain of welding technology. Commodity Standards. The multiple fellowship of Kaufmann Department Stores, Inc., which is concerned with robiems of retail merchandising, las een in successful operation eight year.-. During the past year the fellowship staff, headed by Jules Labarthe, Jr., lias had a program consisting of the following five general branches: pre-evaluation of mer chandise offered to store buyers, t-!al>. lishment of specifications and informative labels for own-brand and other staple merchandise items, cvalunlio.it of customer complaints nlvjut merchandise servicea bility or usefulness, rendering technical service to the store maintenance depart ment, nnd education of xalcsjicoplc nnd eti>iimm. Tlits pro-evaluation of nit-rchrunli-e ha* liecn conducted a* far u |xil>lo or. Curding to iccogiiiicd standard tot moth- 0 k vl 7 i APJlll. 10.1930 od>. Two or more competitive items ere invariable compared and the superior merchandise recommended for purchase. Kightv-two specification-standard staple items were added lo the Jot begun two years ago, and t!ie knows prepared the copy to appear on the informative label for each of these articles. Eight hundred and forty adjustment cases were studied, of which* 213 were judged to be justifiable complain:'. T >st common causes of failure i*. defective roerrban- dh 'n dyes affected by at -s, poor color fast- nt . crocking, and inade- S . in lower priced mcr: ..jus promulgated to the ssl .nsetive material on mer- ehaiid.:-. . _cv and care, both in the form of written information and by occasional informal talks. The senior fellow ad dressed nearly 40 women's clubs and other eon.-umer organizations of tbe Pittsburgh district. Four of the five phases of the program have become of direct benefit to (he con sumer. Tbe basis of every evaluations! procedure deals with increasing merchan dise serviceability, determining the cause of occasional failure to give good service, and providing useful directions on how to judge quality in goods and bow to care for them, in this day, when the so-called eousumcr movement u of such importance to retailers and manufacturers and labeling legislation is to general, the unbiased tech nical advice of this fellowship is of ever increasing value to tbe donor and tbe public. Cotton Foundation Fellowship This multiple fellowship--supported by a philanthropic group of business men or ganized a* tlie Cotton Research Foun dation-devoted its first year to a com prehensive survey of the literature on eotton and cotton products and to a laboratory research program for the pre- Ktninarv examination of potential new uses. The provision of this activity by voluntary contributions from a large num ber of participants in this commendable movement is worthy of special note. Broadly speaking, the aim is to make both fundamental invc.-ticatioiis and practical studies of any subjects that carry the possibility! improving thecotton economy of tii'' country. In order to progress as rapidly ra possible, the imts.ii fellowship personnel--coiiM-iting of I). M. Mus-er, U. 1*. Nickerson, and 11. S. Olcott--has been expanded by the addition of five assistants. A review of the iitvciturc on the proper ties of hull bran and of previous suggo* tions for its uiilUalinn lias been com pleted and submitted fur publication. NEWS EDITION 23: Moreover, a compre hensive r hemic al ormly.sisof tins material and a |'etrograpl.ir examination of its ash have been earn'd out and will -*<vin apivar in print. The fellow ship ha developed a sweeping romjxiund baaed on cottonseed hull bran that is be lieved to be more ef ficient than existing commercial types; con siderable interest has been shown in this product, and it is ex pected that a number of companies will un dertake its manufac ture in the near future. Problems concerned with the isolation and properties of eottonseea proteins have rc- Ra-ir work on the proportion of ration hut relating l" rcrlniri yj'iri.ih/id .. ............I application* is in progre-v Moilu, . ,/ pror-c-iiui and puulu alum of bull bate:are iH-mg inspected. )`hc Cotton Rc-earcli Foundation, contimiine its policy of providing iiuauoi.ii ,;d to in.-titiilioiis nroju.-iug iiitere-lim; re search projects lor rollon utiii/.ition. b C-tiiblishcd, through tlie ageney of Mi :i>.u Institulr, three fellowor i-elmhir-kpn in southern uiiiver-:tic m addition to that foi winch an.ingr",iriit wc-ic nuuie at the L'nivcr/tty of North Caiolm:, l.-i year. This latter problem r.- an mvcstig.i- tion by G. C. llolroyd, under the ii ship of F. K. Cameron, of methods of pulping the entire cotton plant to prov i.;an advantageous source of cclluh>.-e. A; the University of Tcxa-, in a program b-. ing supported jointly by that in-tipu'mn and tlie Cotton Research Foundation. !i. B. Alien is studying the products of cata lytic hydrogenation of cotton with a -..in to developing Uses for hnters and up grades of bnt. W. 3l. Richards, at tne ecived much investiga tion. Not only have methods been devised for carrying out the preparation of coi tonseed globulin on n pilot-plant scale, but also a number of studies are in proerc-vs on po.-sible industrial applications. Another project is nn invc'tun- non on the ]>o--.'ibili<y of obtaining an effec tive activated rartwn by the thermal deCgmix'-iliun of votluii.-ieil indt bran. Tlie nutri tional projiertics of eottonaccd meal of various lyin'* arc ing thnrotiglilv timhcil by means of growth cx|icriini'Hts with nit*. A research laboratory of the Multiplo Industrial Fellowship on Meat Insulation 2JG INDUSTRIAL AND JiNGlNFJtMNG CHEMISTRY VOL. 17, NO. 7 Texas Technological College, is dctcrinin- inn arid examining the ron-.tiiui-nts of collon burr*. A fellowship, of winch U. A. riufhcilaitd is the incumbent, on the utih/.ilinn of cotton-red l"ill bran as a lource of li^iun and fuifuinl, lias icccntlv been |>ul in operation At the University of Tcnnc'scc. Realizing that economic as pects are of vital Mgmh'ninie in the de velopment of new ims, a novel departure ii seen in the fellowship on felhtlo.-c eco nomics at the Lnivcroty of Pittsburgh. G. D. Jlicbcr, whose undergraduate and preliminary graduate training has been in the field of chemistry, in addition to pursuing a curriculum of studies ns a candi date for a higher degree m the department of kconuimc*, wilt correlate the results of the investigative activities with analyses of the economic situation in cotton tech nology. New Foods. The major accomplish ment of (he multiple fellowship on food varieties of H. J. Heinz Co. (L. II. Hard ing. senior fellow) has been the complete technological development of a line of special foods for the feeding of children beyond the strained foods age. These new products are the result of a demand from physicians and mothers for foods for young children that are of .r texture and require chewing, afiord good nutritive bal ance with special emphasis on the content of vitamins and minerals, are of easy di gestibility and free from spices and other unsuitable ingredients, and have interest ing variety and appealing portability. These foods arc aLo particularly suitable for convalescents and other adults on special diets who need easily digestible foods of high nutritive value. Nine of these foods have been put into production in the donor's factories and titree others are ready for manufacture. Most of these products arc composed of a number of in gredients combined according to new and unusual recipes planned especially for food factory adaptability. Many prob lems had to be solved in preparing, cook- iog, packiiging. and sterilizing these foods in order to preserve flavor, color, and food value to the most favorable degree. The twelve varieties include vegetables, both plain and creamed, meat products, fruit, and puddings. Specifically, the names adopted for this line of "Junior Foods" are Creamed Green Vegetables, Creamed Diced Vegetables. Creamed Tomato and Rice, Creamed Diced Potatoes, Lamb and Liver, Chicken Farina Vegetable Por ridge, Clioppcd Spinach. Chopped Car rots. Chopped Mixed Vegetables, Pine apple Rice Pudding, Prune Pudding, and Apple-Fig-and-Datc Dessert. The nutritional studies of the fellowship have been carried forward, and vitamin assays have been completed on most of the junior foods, as well as on several strained foods. A new variety in the strained foods line--namely, strained peers and pineapple--has been developedand pm into production following the establish ment of its nutritive value. Surface Hardness or Glass. Tlic term "hardness" admit* of no explicit defi nition; it is indeed generally used with out regard to dclimiiun, bringing thereby confusion rather than clarity into many statements. Hiudno; may have as many meanings when applied to glass os when applied to Other materials. Hut, a* one Of tlic specific advantages of gla>s is its ability to UjiiMiMt fight, m tempi* have been made by the multiple fello:-hij> on technical gki-sw.-ire of the Corning tila Co. (It. It. McGregor, senior fellow) to determine tin: ability of diffcicnl com position* to re>i't surface alteration of a type that would reduce diuu'l light trans mission. Methods and apparatus have been dcvcioicd that enable the Appraisal of surface hardness According to that point of view. It ha* been found that tloj sur face stability hie* not necessarily any rela tion to tin- Nimeiurd stability or mechani cal strength of the glass. Attempts nrc being made to evaluate certain glasses on the basis of the services required of them. Heat Insulation Research. The multiple fellowship of the l'luhp Carey Co. (R. 11. Ifcilninn, senior fellow) hr.i been active in mailin': thermal conductivity de terminations on low-temperature or budd ing insulation. A study of the thermal and physical characteristics of various heat- insulating cements has aLo been con ducted. Considerable time has been ex pended by the fellowship in experimental investigations leading towards standard' methods for determining the thermal and physical characteristics of heat-insulating materials. This work has been carried on in collaboration with various committees of the A. S. T. M. Since the Mono Cotile disaster on September 9, 193-i, when many lives were lost, stringent specifications have been de veloped for materials used in ship con struction to eliminate the hazard of fire at sea. As a means of preventing tins spread of fire on shipboard, it is ~z..:'.'-rv to have fireproof construction for bulkheads, cabin enclosures, and storerooms, and "Carey Fircfoil" has been developed for this pur pose. This material, which can be pro duced commercially in large panels suitable for fire-safe bulkhead construction, is made of alternate layers of fiat and cor rugated asbestos felts having eight cor rugations per inch of thickness. The lov ers of asbestos felt arc joined with a newly developed waterproof adhesive, resulting in a board or panel that is hard, rigid, light, and strong. The 1-inch thick ViteioU tore weighs approximately 2 pounds per square foot. It has sufficient strength after soaking in water for 72 hours to withstand a pressure of approximately 75 Pounds applied to a 1-inch square die onthesurface. Fircfoilismanufactured in widtlis uu to 4$ inches and can be furnished in any thickness from 'A inch up by '/, inch increments. The fellowship has as sisted in the acquisition of technical in formation on this new product, w hich has already found a number of uses other Ilian in ship construction, including boiler and furnace casings, oven walls, casings (or air conditioning units, interior building units, and insulating finings for stacks. The fellowship has also aided in secur ing additional technical information on the Carey all-asbestos insulating air duet, de scribed last year, which is having a steaditv increasing acceptance in the air-condi tioning field. Labokatort Constructional Ma terials. "Kemitc" and "Karcilc," lowsfirinkftge, acid-resistant ceramic bodies, the pores of which arc GUed with carbon in the form of coke, conceived and de veloped by S. M. Phelps, of the institute's refractories fellowship, have kept in largescale production through the year. These products have been specified for many new laboratory installations, and the reports concerning the ware which has been in use for longer periods have been uniformly favorable. The table top-, sinks, window sills, and chain pipe employed in lli<- in stitute's building have continued to give excellent service. During the fourth year of the fellowship maintained by the Ceramic Products Co., with K. ii. Marbaker us iiicumlieiit, prospective new raw materials wcic evaluated, studir-* looking toward* the development of additional nierties were carried out, and new cation* were investigated. Meat 'J'kni'UhizsTH'N. . A fellowship was established November 10, 19115, by the Kroger Food Foundation of the Kroger Grocery mid Unking Co. (M. D. Coulter, fellow), for tfic application of current .scientific developments to the solution of naturally occurring problems in the retail merchandising of toe meat supply of inn country. Three and a half years of research have culminated id the dcvclopmuil to com mercial status of a new proems making an improvement in the pabtabihty of beef through increase m tenderness and juici ness. The proccs parallels thut ior.g practiced in the `'Hanging'' of beef for periods of 4 to G weeks to produce steaks nud roasts of high quality and price. By acceleration of the reactions occurring :n the beef there arc avoided the large- capita! investment involved in 'hanging'' beef and the losses due to trimming and shrinkage. Id a period of days a tender product of superior juiciness car. be pro duced io the price range of the generAi market without applying any treatment to the meat other thas altering the atmospheric conditions under tvhiea it is hung. Beef is made up of small muscle fibers 'Asj inch in diameter ana 'A ineh loag filled with liquid materials containing protein, f.uhiie sub*'an:.:, a;,d kio acids. These fibers arc bound together by a fight connective tissue composed for the most part of eoiiacen ana eiastin. The degree of toughness 'of beef is caused in major part by the comparative tough ness and weigh: of the connective tissue. Softening or weakening of the connective tissue results in appreciable increase Ln ter.dcrneos. In well-conditioned animals of proper age deposittoa of fat occurs within the connective tissue, destroying its continuity and weakening it, with the result that the "marbling" of the meat grades is owe of tlic more reliable criteria of oxcclic.-ice. During the "hanging" operation a slow softcsiug o: the connec tive tissue occurs because of the action of enzymes naturally present. At cluil stor age temperatures (33* to 3S F.) the reac tion proceeds very slowly, Increase of temperature accelerates tins rcactioa with the result that, while a period of weeks is required for the desired degree of comple tion at 33* F., uniform tenderness is attnined in 5 days at 55 *F,, in 2 days at 63* F., and m a few hours nt 85* F. Reduc tion of shrinkage losses is accomplished by raising the relative humidity of the proc essing and storage coolers to a preferred range of 85 to 90 per cent as compared with tbe 70 to S3 per cent usually maintained. It has been demonstrated that no deterio ration of meat will occur if protection against the exterior attack of bacteria is afforded. The combination of higher temperatures and a more huinid atmosphere presents an ideal situation for the growth of bacteria and mold, and therefore means of over coming this grow th arc required. While many agencies for maintaining surface sturdily have been long available, no practicable means applicable to this problem had been found prior to the de velopment of the Wcstiiighousc "btcrifiimp," In the presence of high tempera ture and relative humidity it is po.-sibic wan tins lamp to maintain a practical degree of surface sterility on all sides of hanging beef without damage to the caicass or untoward action on workmen con stantly employed in the cooler. L'lttaviolet souicis previously known were not lliniti-d in radiation characteristic* so :u> to coniine the radiation to bactericidal wave length.-. Willi elimination of wave lengths damaging tl> organic ti-wie and fat. In Cimncclion with radiation, w slow cirei:!..tion of cnulcr mr is required and must be of Ihu volume to provide for uimosphcrie 010 7 C chance without r.f the beef or undue loss by shrinkage. In a practical way it has been found preferable to maintain a temperature of GO* f. in the proc essing cooler to enable the treat ment of the heaviest quarters in a suitable period of time. At ap preciably lower temperatures the processing period is unreaoitalily long and at higher temperatures an extremely accurate control of the lime period is required to avoid cither "under-processing" or processing to a degree greater than that which is behoved de sirable for general consumption. Relative humidity is maintained ia the previously indicated So to 90 per cent range with a gradual replacement of cooler air by con ditioned air taken from the out side. A special refrigeration problem was encountered in the design of such a cooler, involving the maintenance of the relative humidity level desired without inducing a too high velocity of air circulation through the condi tioning apparatu-. Following processing the beef is moved to a chilling cooler maintained at 33* F-. where the interior tem peratures of the quarters are reduced prior to removal to dull storage to avoid the tempera ture fluctuations that would inevitably occur with the in troduction of a load of beef at the process ing tempetature. In storage the meat is handled according to present packing house practice with the exception of atmos pheric conditions. In the present ease storage is at 30* K. to provide n rigid piece of beef for butchering. Under the condi tions of storage a higher storage tempera ture may be employed with savings on re frigeration eo.-ls but it is reflected in less rigidity of the bevf tor cutting. Ultra violet radiation is provided during proc essing, chilling, ami storage, and relative humidity is held nl $." to 10 per cent. The hitter condition is di'licult to nlinin m the early stagi-s of the shilling operation hut i kept ns high as |K>mbli>. The intensity level of radiation is held in low as possible, employing a larger number of lumps at low inlvn-ity m pri-ft-rctirc to n smaller number (`iterating at high intensity. App'icainui of tin- new pti-ee-s bus Wen mado to the entire beef carcass. The Oa J7 usual steak employed for broiling n'/' frying rite iiiercjwd in iciidi-rars.. The eftud is evident in rib and dm k rm, funimonlv ><-nvd ns ro.ij!>. }r. rr>i:nti>. the eye, U'liilorloin ti]>. ami t"|) !\m:id arc tendered, but results with t!i>- fri-qtivritly flexed bottom round muscles arc not uni form. Flavor is inappreciably altered. The juieine.'S of tlie tieef is greatly in creased. '`Gramme's'' is lessened, the presence of individual fibers being unde tectable, differing in this respect from originally tender beef that Jins been ne-i/ur processed nor him;. The general l: is judged ns advancing the beef at ic::-t one government grade in genera! paint.ib.hty The foregoing conclusions have been derived from physical and chemical ex aminations, submittal of sample* to com petent authorities in meat mercLir/hsms and in culinary art, palatabihty te.-tt, and consumer acceptance tests on the o.-m-j-- tion of an experimental unit plant over a period of a year and a half. Science ix the Use of Xatciul Gas. On the Hope Natural Gas Go 's fellowship (J. B. Garner, incumbent) many problems Upper left-bond. Basis re search in the development o: a "Junior Food" Center. View in one of con ditioning units in the re search on meat tendonainq. showing the "Steriiamps" (upper right) and trmperature and humidity recorders (center right). Left to right, H. C. Rer.tsshler(pcr:ictra! the "Sterilamp"). G. D. Seal (the fellowship adviser), and M. D. Coulter are examining 'e quarter of "Tenderayec" beef Lower right-hand. A mo ment of record in a study of the Industrial Fellowship on Chemical Hygiene 21M1 INDHSTWAI, AND KNGINKIiTUNG OUUMISTRY VO!.. 17. NO. 7 having fo do with fnrlor.* in the distri bution and utilization Of natural g have boon >{ili-l. tin- condition', *uc h 6' prevail In the tn--t', nllcx *, school*. chnrchr-. iin>ti'"n-]vi tine thea ter', nni| Ik--in the gr.-.fer i'itt<- burgh di-Unt. have liven surviyrd. The appno.iitim <-i iwcfln1o te:i*nrr ha* followed and con-cqurnfly the hazards of ya* lr.iV.Hp.' have been ur<;itly U'v-cnrd. Case# of Mflwn monoxide poi*nmg, cau*c<l by either mtproiwr adjustment of ppf-.nce* nr inadequate venting, bare had attention. A suimnaty of this in- vc.-tig.ifion appeared in PitUltuigh's Health, June, 103^. Three problems of economic imjiortanee have merited tne study it ha* been possible to pivc them, ami tuithcr research on a larger scale has been scheduled. Refer ence is had to inhibition of hydrate forma tion when natural gas is transput ted under high prti.-urcs and at relatively low tem peratures; removal of hydrogen sulfide nd organic ruiiur from natural gas (tre mendous volumes of "sour" natural gas re available for treatment) b.v a new method evolved by the fellowship which, it is believed, will t>c more efficient than the procedures now in use; and liquefac tion of the hydrocarbons of natural gas and their subsequent separation at .low tem peratures. A eompreher.'ive general survey of the entire natural gas industry of the United States has been prepared and is to be published. Organic Svsrntsts Krcrs to the Fore. The Carbide and Carbon Chemi cals Corp.'s multiple fellowship (H. F. Robertson, senior fellow) entered its twcnty-fiuli year of continuous activity with a unit of the Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. as a donor. During this period of time the manufacture of syn thetic organic chemicals has grown to such proportion* that it is now one of the im portant industries of the country, owing largely to the production of an ever in creasing number of new ehemicals having n extending *pher of usefulness- In 103S-30 the ieilowsldp bat followed this trend by carrying onmanl the preparation of new compounds os aa experimental scale and by investigating possible appli cations of these compounds and those of others already available. Work hss been kept up in the field of amines, and some new derivatives of this class of com pounds were found that appear to be of potential industrial importance os textile softeners, netting agents, mid pickling and corrosion inhibitors. Other novel prepa rations enable the formulation of emul sions under venditions that make the usual emulsifying ac'-nts unsuitable. In addi tion, many application problems involving ttie use of the now more generally known amines, such as the ethanolnmines, ethyl ene amines, and morpbuhnes, were in vestigated. Thu prepaiaticm of new derivatives of dikctviie and it- dimer, dvhydracetic avid, has Urn extended. Some of the com pounds prepared arc of interest a* pla-ti- cizcr and a* phannaeciiltcul and dye-duff lllU riiK dint-*. lyiMiig to the potential Ux-fulin-' of dikctciu- a* an intermediate in the syntlu-si* of n large nnmler of new material', a pa|ier, to be published soon, will Ui'-vrilie many of Ihe reactions of tin- ml!!/.,>1)1)4. Work wa* mrunlaiin-d on tlic preicira- tiotl of urn (vent* of the ethylene mid propylene glycol hth-*, : wore cxgieri- inent' mi iie u-e' for iho'C derivative' already rninMn'icirdiy av.uj.iblr. tied | ; d 1 n-n-. mve-tiuatiil included the II-.' I.l these inateriaK a< conkiiil* or iM-nl-tran-fer media. a softener*, pia-lt- ti/,i.. in tondili'iiiing agents, mill ti* do livilration agent' of ga-e*. Various pruh|i nii invnli in" mi!\ ill', oilier than tho-e of the glycol vrrn'-, were al'O stuihed. *J 111\ work imbrued tfie refining of Inhii- C.Hing oil. by solvent methods, degreasing experiment-, and le.-inc oilier problem* The alkyl siiieate. haw ronimued to he of interest and several of their uv*. inch a* in the formula'ton of coating' re*iMinl to heat and alkahr', 'vere inve-ugnted. Keseaich ha* rd*o proceeded in the field of vinv| ro'in coating' with particular einphats being pi.aee.J on adapting the connnerciallv available vinyl re*ms to specific appheations. 15cidc* the investigation earned Out on coating*, experiments vro conducted on other uses for these resins, such as in hot molts. New Devices fok Petiioi.ecm Rs- sEiKfj]. In connection with a broad study of the constitution of certain i>ctruleum products, which the multiple fcilov. ship of the Guff Research & De velopment Co. (W, A. Gruse, senior fel low) has bear, earn ing oo over a period of several. years, the need has arisen for quick and accurate measurements of the physical constants of oil hydrocarbons, when only very smo11 *>--p's of the ma terials are available. To'meet this re quirement, the development of a series of applicable methods has been undertaken. For viscosity determination, the design of new type of equipment was necessary. The resulting instrument, although in tended primarily for samples less than 0.1 gram in amount, is quite satisfactory for general viscomctry. The principle involved is the determination of the rate of fall of a short segment of liquid entirely contained in a longer capillary tube. The aptiaratus is a small, self-contained, port able unit having an absolute accuracy of the order cl Z per cent, which compares favorably with that of the better instru ments now current. The precision, how ever, is within 0.1 per cent, and a complete determination by an unskilled operate: takes only 10 minutes. J. R. Bowman, of the fellowship staff, plans to describe the instrument in a paper in the near future. The determination of the apparent molecular weight of petroleum oils has always given much trouble, the available methods being either fairly slow and in accurate or moderaielv precise while veryslow and clumsy. The devising of an improved procedure was taken up bv W. E. Hanson and J. R. Bowman, ana the result of their study i* based in principle on the Cottrell t.vjie boiler, employing a Menrics-Wright differential thermometer. No adj...-imcnls are necessary and the apparatus is rugged and simple. It is satisfactory for many types of chemical compounds as well as oils, is quite rapid, docs not require a purified solvent, ami operates with an error of lc*s than l per cent. As it is believed the appliance will be quite useful in laboratories oi organic chemistry, ft Uvscriplion of it will be pub lished. D. R. Stevens and assistants have com pleted a bu'ie study of the cheini'iry of the gasoline suivtciiing proees*, by which oITcumvc ami harmful sulfur compound* are removed or converted into lc.-< objec tionable *ub.-t:iiii'i'*, and they expect to region the results shortly. i.ut'iiovr.'iE.vt* j.v 1`iii.s'Ino Mk'jh.v- Kkv. Among the several fellow'lup* working on pii'hlrni* in textile u ehii(>l'>i:v i* that of the l'. S. Ilolfimui Machinery Corp. with K. I!. Clark a-fetUnv. Main tained cmitnui'Mi'ly Mine il'.'s, the work commenced with a study nf the , iTcet* fit hint, niui'luie, mid pri-Mltc on wool and Mlk fahrn-*. The re-catch wa> next ex tended to mil in the <1>'',it!n of improved prv"ing mm Iniiery for u*c t>y tadois, dry clemief.', and clothing luantilat tilrcr*. Retler average quality of workman-hip and creator prodie iem p. r op, r:;'.,,r n;t, I''*' ialutiie have been au.iinr,| in -everai fields, irot.ihly in the tcfnn-hin^ c/ -,!E dic--e* nfier cleamnu operation*. Ti.e exlen-mn of the iloiior's aetiviiic* into the fields of lirv-ri'-aiiuiu and l amih .-me ma chinery cnii'lrnction liroaden.-J t!,e -cope of t fit- fellow ship, ami cun is daiiioi.. to t:.e art* mvoKcd have been made a* to nil-:and for pnrif,> me ike Jiipn I- um J am! a$ to complete compnet um t . :it - w inch permit even tiie sntallei cMabh-!.meats to give high-grade service. A r.ew, :ifer, and purer type of petroleum iinphti.e. fri-.s Deeu widely introduced to rep'.icc 'ci'i-j'ia.-J solvent''--a development for viucii a former institute fellowship v.a largely re sponsible--where fire in"irir.:o :..tcs in volved in the ue of the latter were pro hibitive. This naphtha, kr.w n a* "MO-f solvent," is a thoroughly refined, sharply fractionated product ivith a "Tag" e!.-"c.icup flash above 110 F. and an A. S. T. M. end point below 410* F. Despite its high boiling point, it i? eflcctively removed at safe temperatures iu special drying devices. Protective Co.minus. The ntuitipie fellowship of Stoner-Mudge. Inc. (G il. Young, senior /C)Jc-.v; ujj ;,..."e*seo in investigations on ti.e fundamental struc ture and properties of organic rep.r. f.ims on metals and other suriaccs. Consider able attention hss been focu'cd or. the mechanism of su.'face-eat.tiy.'ed (hemal decomposition of lulocen-eontsinr.g ther moplastics, and kinetic studies on such breakdown have led to the di ve.oi.vv.cnt of suitable thermal stabihrers for incorpora tion in Hints expected to wu!.stand ele vated temperatures. The first oi a senes of patents coverm? such ji.tnihrod ccatiiig comcositions has been issued (U. S. Patent 2,130,924). Researches m the field of thermosetting poiymers were primarily directed at evolving suitable oase-coat primers for use under the .'aatbsr vir.yi and acrylic copolymers. In eounection with these.studies, a detailed investigation of the mechanism and reaction kinetics ol the phenol-aldehyde condensation has been undertaken. Stud.vs or. ti.e nature of metal surfaces, with particular emphasis on the modification cl such surfaces by chemical pretreatment prior to coating, have been continued. An investigation of the effect on organic coatings of residual oil and metal soap contamination resulting from improper cleaning of tinplate was successfully concluded, and the necessity for careful control of cleaning operations was clearlv demonstrated. Font ard >tcps were made ia studies oi resin emulsion application to wood, textile, and paper surfaces. Resexrci! os REFH.\cTOr.izs. Id its twenty-second year the multiple fellow ship of the American Refractories Intitule (b. M. I'hvlps. senior fellow) provided technical service to the refractories indus try by conducting studies for individual concerns and by currying out researches of broad nature for the benefit of tin; whole industry. Some of this work has had to do with the development of new tc*t methods for use m controlling the quality of nioduet* and lor the study oi their prub.tblv behavior ut aotu.il -t.-iiec. Coimerution has been extended to many usrioi refractiirie* in Ih'-ir jiroblwii' ami in the writing of siwciiioainiii'. An imv.'ligation of general uderv't Ua licit uued to iilien fimk, p:UUi uf.iriy ti.a-.-u lirirk known in the trade a- ' niultled.'' lit the tinitiln- lllimilf.u'liire Ilf silir i br.rk, il ueeasioimlly lia|i|i.'ni that s.ilm- of the brick as tlic> ci.iiio fmm th.- kiln are diveul.iod m varying digr.\*. In.. t!s-- cuUnatuiii meiir* a* 'in:ill -i...!*, or inav iliercii'O in si/c to large h*i,Iili< nj.i.-h may cover over half ihe xurfm-v of the 0 1J73 Al'ISII, JO. 1930 news edition 229 brirk; it mav vary front a light hri>u tn has been nbtain-d. In the la-t Ivvn years dark redih-b lifmwi. Manuf:i<iur.r Lave slaiide-x ire |:.,s lieen adde-l to the line of Studied lias behavior fr>>m linn- to Inn'-, pfiKlta ts of tlie donor and tli-' pritu-ipl'-t of but no reliable nun-dy has been brnugUt rarlxm wire tcehnologv have been applied forth. Although there arc no n t o.--U lli.it to the iiianuf'ieture of -tandrsj steel wire 0fb brick art- inferior to lliC inoio at'jxal- with beneficial reull<. Recently Con ing crenm-Ctil'iriil product, nevcrth'le-s siderable tune lias been spent on problems some consumer- have taken the altitude of manufacturing scamle-> tubing with the tliat they would not give comparable aim of increasing quality and decreasing serviie. Because of tlb- fact it "at do- production costs. Si^cifiearinns, finishes, tided that the fcllohip should compare corio-nvii, and coatitig problem-, as well the two types of briek in all their projv-r- asdevcloprnent workon paperbacked build ties. The information obtained fiom thi ing fabrics, are the subject of continuing research shows there i no significant differ- studies. 00'* between the colored and normal New Uses rott Sclfgr. The investi brisk. It has long been kn.mn that gation of plasticized sulfur has been con heating a discolored brirk in a neutral or ducted for the Texas Gulf Sulphur Co. oxidizing atmosphere to a m<>dcr.itely high with emphasis on the evaluation of both tenv-.raturv wilt cairc the discoloration to plasticized and ordinary types of sulfur diminish or to rh-appear, which inj'vatc* cements. P. V. McKinney and associates that it is caused by some material which is on this fellowship have cooperated with oxidized by the aid of the heat treatment. the A. S. T. M. in outlining a program for Petrographic examination has demon the standardization of such tests. strat'd thnt the darkened areas arc caused Traffic reflectors and other markers are by iron oxide in solid solution in the cal readily set in highway surfaces by the use cium silicate glass e.hich forms the bond of suliin-joiritiiis compounds. The sulfur ol the brick. This iron is present m both composition which was used as a filler in the normal and mottled brick, nnd the the construction of brick roads is in its state of oxidation i< responsible for the fourth year of service; it can now be pre color. In view of this finding, differences pared st less expense. This type of ma in physical proper'ie* if tva types are terial is also under trial for minting of not to be expected, especially because the glass blocks for skylights. Washing ma total amount of iron us any silica brick is chines in which the tub and rim section arc very small. joined with a sulfur cement are now in the Novel Silica Products A study of tenth month of consumer test. The prop the properties of "Garspar" in ceramic erties of many porous materials are bodies, enamels, and glares has consti greatly changed by impregnation with tuted one of the mam projects of the min sulfur. Sandstone imbued wuh sulfur lias eral products multiple fellowship sustained proved to have superior qualities as an by Norbert S. Gnrbnch and headed by G. abrasive in a special application. For a J, Dair. Garspar, the new ceramic raw similar use abr.arive aggregates have been material developed by the fellowship, con bonded with sidfur cement. Water ab sists of an exceedingly fine-grained, homo sorption of both sandstone and stoneware geneous mixture of quarts and processed has been eliminated and the swelling of glass, produced by means of mechanical wood greatly reduced bv impregnation and chemical treatment which controls with sulfur. Tough, pliable packaging both its chemical composition and physical materials have been produced by lamina f-roperties. Garspar is being supplied tion of paper products with plasticised rom a Large plant designed and built sulfur. under fellowship direction. Urban Air Pollution--A New In In whitetvnre bodies, Garspar is used in EUce of flint, feldspar, tale, and auxiliary uxes. It increases the workability of the vestigation in Pittsburgh. During 193$ the fellowship cm air pollution control cooperated with the Department of Public plastic bodv, adds whiteness and strength Health of the City of Pittsburgh in a study to the fired ware, has a long vitrification of municipal air contamination. The range, shows no overfiring at cone 13, program was carried on under a federal improves glate fit, and decreases moisture government grant and it is expected tiiis expansion of the body. project will be continued through 1939. A new dustless batch-preparing process A sootf.ifi survey is being made on a has been developed by the fellowship for more elaborate scale than the studies of compounding Garspar in glass and enamel 1912-13. 1923-21, and 1929-30. Instead batches. The outstanding characteristics of 12 to 20 stations, there are 100 stations . of tire new batch arc complete homoge for the eolieetion of precipitated sofids and neity, good heat conductivity, quick melt* 50 field men who make direct observation* ing and firing, absence of dust, and no of smoking chimneys. Data are tabulated danger of segregation during handling. according to the type of plant--hcavv An experimental unit has been erected industrial, light industrial, commercial, and is being operated by the fellowship. and domestic. There are approximately "Carbond" and "Cortex," in various 5000 stacks in the classes regulated by the grades, are some of the new products de city's antismoke ordinance. There are veloped by the fellowship during 193S. 131,000 dwelling units, 119.000 of which Carbond is being successfully used in burn roai for fuel, and none of t hem is sub foundries as an admix to molding sands ject to smoke regulation. Indications arc and as a mold wash. Gartex is a social that the dwelling, units are the greatest filter material, surface-processed to obtain source of air jvifiiition in Pittsburgh during proper wetting by organic solvents. the winter months. At several tuints the 1'roorei* is Steel Wnu: ami Tcmxo air is licing sampled for the pur|>e.<r of Technology. The fellowship of the measuring sa-pendud solids, Ktablihcd Pittsburgh Steel Co. tins been interested methods arc u-'ccl fur companion tilth re primarily in problems in the manufacture sults from uiMrumenti ilmvlopvd hv the of Mcci wire, and since 1927 many de group of s;-ri:di>ts associated with the velopments in processing suitable for higli- project. The new instrument* arc de (ixx-ification tnatcriaf* have boon ae- signed to gtic mntintioo- records of mu- enmphhed by N. A. l-ralcy. In 1!*H7, U. iwndrii snlnU. The re-nil- may lie re K. Italiroek was ndd.-d lo the i-reniK-l of corded m terms of density as with the the fellowship for tlie express pnr|*se of Owens automatic filter, by nb-trmtion of studying stfvi wire for Che rn.tmifacfuic of light a* indiC.ifi-<J bv /de'l'x-h-e!1if cell-. <ir coaled elvclrixK-H. This work has pro iu puitirtcs rounted under ,, micmeopc. gressed ratdly mill much information on A S|*'ctro-c.,|. was built for tlie study of tlie equilibria existing lietwivn the Kteel sunshine. Visible light, mar ulti.iviolel, fia>e arid (fie liux coating placed thereon mid (.if iiilmvmlct aw 'recorded sepa rately. Metoornl.'gieal data obtained from the l.'. S. Weather Itureau arc com pared with dm records of sootfaff, suijiended contaminant}, and sunshine. The .study of autop-y material is being continued at Singer Memorial Lahoret-vy in the effort to determine possible effect- ol air |alhition as noted m l`iilsbiv-'!t in enu-mg or aggravating respiratory dis eases. In connection with this work and with the eoo|>oraltoii of thn />.tirvim.'s Coojicrativc Sales Association, Milk Icc Cream Salesmen, Drivers and Dairy Employee* Local No. 205. 100,000 ques tionnaires on the effects of smog <re distributed to homes in the city. The Pittsburgh ncwspaj>er3 and radio st.it'on- aided actively in bringing this question naire to the attention of Cue public--a ante that was of great value m stimulating returns. The answers have been tabu lated and will be appraised by medical specialists. Investigational Advances of Air Hygiene Foundation of America Historian J. T. Adams has observed that "Today people arc thinking to a very great extent--some of them entirely--of what a corporation is doing for the general social good." The 2-50 corporations affili ated with Air Hvgi.aa ruur.uation have contributed to the welfare of their ap proximately 1,000.000 workmen, and therefore to "the general social good," through the work ana accomplishments of this organization during 193S-39. Air Hygiene Foundation is a nonprofit, science organization with headquarters and a multiple fellowship at Mellon Institute. It represents a collective effort by em ployers in behalf of employee health. The toundation. in addition to its pure, funda mental research in industrial health, pro vides member companies with practical, plant applications to prevent industrial illness and to foster industrial hygiene. During the year the foundation's pre ventive engineering committee, headed by Philip Drinker, of the Harvard School oi Public Health, prepared and issued eight bulletins detailing chemical and engineer ing measures fors.afeizuaiding occupational health. These publications, coveting a wide range of current, everyday- p.'nn: problems, arc as follows: "Determination of Benzol Vapor in the Atmosphere," "Use and Care of licspirAtors," "Deter mination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Vapors," "Design of Exhaust Hoods," "Design of Duct Work for Exhaust Sys tems," "Determination of Lead in the Air," "Identification of Industrial Dusts," and "Routine Sampling for Control of Atmospheric Impurities." Each month the foundation issues a digest of latest pertinent literature on in dustrial hygiene, thereby keeping itmember companies constantly posted on progress. Approximately lOw separate articles were abstracted during the yc.u. An exhaustive legal study covering "Com pensation Legislation--A Critical Re view" was completed and released early in the year, at were the full |>iwretli:igs of the 1937 meeting. Two information circulars were produced. A number of special articles, describing activities of the foundation, were publi.-hcd in medical, engineering, and nuuiugvnicntal jouir.aU. Meanwhile, under research grants from the foundation, sncntific iiivcAtignti.m* progressed at Mellon institute, ll.irv.,rd University, the Univeirity of lVni>s>l- vanin, and Tlir ftaiunne l.alxirnto.-y. Various wcll-indicab'd. slimt-timc Stud- /uiareeojiiliicled at tin- in-tilutc under tlie siqicrvisimi of 11. I!. Mdlir, senior fellow I'hint surveys and speeud invc-digattim* nrc lieing made nlmo-t ronliiui.dly fur ini'iubcr coiiJ|xiim-s through the finimia- 0 1J 7 0 210 INDUSTRIAL AND i:.NGlNi:i:iUNG CHEMISTRY VOL. IT. NO. tion's hiiornlory in the institute. Also IhfOit'th its hi-O'iqunrti-rs here tlie (ouiid.a- 1,011 svr\'3 re', ft central intent for t!ie culh-dioti, cm rc lition. and iIi-m iiunation of data on indu,trial health MibjetU. This useful fiim.-l-mt help* curtail Coolly dnph* cntien nnd ants m orderly advancing our frontiersuf kn<n>ledue. Two grade..to fellowship- were cst-ab- h^hc-it by the fmiiiitatiuii at liaiv.trd Univcrsslv to mve-ncatc engineering prob lem}. " Tlic-e iciiowrIntis will tram men m indu-tria! hygiene and help build up 3 *killc-l pniC'iiiiel to meet the increasing demand ior specialists from industry and government, t hie fellow* wall study funda mental; 0/ baod design for control o: gas- .* find vapor, where low velocities are tier. misible. The other fellowship will relate to the identifiration and distribution of dusts iu li.-j'ie. Tho preventive engineering committee advises that The question of "what i the best appara tus and method for dust dcicrunnatiun*'' is still about where it was a year ago. The Uurcau of Mines has shown that the im pinges is inctiicient for collecting lead.fumes in air aad supccsu the use of an electrical precipitator. The bureau of Mines has described a la'rt^et imu'-ccr which is run at a few liters of air per minute, instead of 1 eu. ft. <25.3 liters). Tins equipment. very light and entirely band operable, may gradu ally replace the large ioipincer. especially for work in mines- The various grab samplers are helpful, particularly for routine control. S. R. Warren, Jr., of the University of Pennsylvania, hat reported on research in roentgenography being supported by the foundation which seeks to improve x-ray techniques for industrial purjwjes, as in large-scale medical examinations of groups of workmen. He and his associates ex perimented in taking parallel x-rnv pic tures on paper and film, and showed their results to 33 of the country's leading roentgenologies. These pictures re vealed all stages of chests from normal to advanced I'orm- of lung lesions. The ex perts were asked if the paper pictures were adequate for diagnosis aad their answers were analyzed m order to prepare the groundwork for standardization of roenlgcr.ograpklc procedure ia industry. Ac cording to Warren, It is apparent from the data *0 obtained that i-ai-er rarntgenoeraat may be used for survey work if the technique is at least equal to that used in the tests and if means art available for following up suspicious cases by the use of stereoscopic roentgenograms on x-ray fiJro. This conclusion is qualified by the fact, noted by most of the men who examiu'.d the films, that x-ray film has a wider ranee of density than x-ray paper. In conclusion, the results of this survey are interpreted in terms of the practical pro cedure necessary in industrial survey work. L. U. Gardner, director, The Saranac (N. Y.) Laboratory, has disclosed his find ings in a study of "mixed" dust* and "pro tector" du-ts which he ia condtu'ting under foundation grant. His experimental data supjwrt the the.-i< that various mineral* ii**ocirdcd with silica tend tr> in hibit it* action upon the body. While many substance* may net os inhibitors, not nil :.ie equally effective. When the proportion of >t!iot reaches M) per cent or mure of the mixture, prolong'd contact with the ti -iMa may ulliiu.itvly -nn-e fibrnb-. ] Hit la- oh.-rrvntion- of metallic aluminum and the hydroxide* of alumi num and iron indicate (lint each of tbe-r fu1<*tniur.< may ho more (silent in proloelive effect-. (h,n luimeiou* other mineral* examined m llic lost*, lie added: The Hat* Micccnt (hat annlyns of (he rock being work.-d does not iu-c,---:,r,ly constitute a men-uiv of the sihc.a l.xr.r.l in a particular industry. When n-irs evidence bus been analysed it mav b-.- found practical to use the i</oiior'i'in of silica in the Attno-phur :u the hjsi.< of state codes. It is hni>cd that the modifying influences of oilier dusts may also be ci'nhlishcil ufvin a prnelirnl basis. The prue-ipl.-* involved m lheu studies probably explain the variations in the role of development of silicosis w dilTervm indus tries. L'liimateiv they may make it posjihle to neutralise the efTects of silica upon the tody. At present their influence is not suifieiently understood to be used in this manlier. In thu writer's opinion the major ubjvetive in tho campaign Against silicosis is still (he elimination of silica dust from the working atmosphere. T. C. Waters, of Baltimore, chairman, Maryland Occupational Diseases Com mission and member of the foundation's legal committee, has commented on pres ent legal trends as follows: Twenty-one states have laws compensating disabilities arising from occupational dis eases. The laws already enacted have given rise to various controversial questions affect ing the relationship of employers and em ployer- Their prtren, uvi ,uu.re adminis tration will create further problems. Tho subject of time lost by industrial workers because of disabling illness, and the economic need for the prevention of such illness, with its attendant Ssaneia! loss to employees, sro of vital importance. As disabilities caused by those diseases which c call "occupational" arc far less numerous than thoso caused by the other common ills of life, it is a matter of concern to indus trialists today that occupational disease laws should not be administered as genct.nl health insurance ln-.es, to provide compensation for time lost by employees owing to common ills. The 1030 sessions of the legislatures will en act new laws relating to ibis subject or amend laws now effective. Careful consideration should b* given to this legislative program These laws arc the result 0! definite economic need to afford to employees adequate com pensation for injuries they have sustained during the course of their employment. At the time of enactment employers were con cerned nbout tbc additional cost to which they would be subjected, but to date it does not appear that the laws now effective have placed an unjust burden upon indus try. It is too early to predict whether or not the administration of the laws presently enacted will be successful; but >1 they fail to accomplish the purposes for which they are designed, they should fail becauso of their inherent defects and inequalities, and not becauso of the attempt by employers to avoid tho imposition upon them of costs for compensating injuries resulting from opera tions to which their employees have been subjected. Further employee health improvement was the theme of the third annual fall meeting of the foundation held at Mellon Institute November 17, 1933, which was attended by more than 200 indus trial executives representing companies throughout the country. Resides prog ress reports on research projects, authori ties di-cu-cd the social and economic im plications of the foundation's activities. V>'. U. Ifotchki-s. of Carnegie Institute of Technology, former president of Armour Institute, pointed out that, nrenrdmg to eoiujictent estimate*, 2(t,0oO.()t)0 working days ;iru lost .annually Iw-causo of illui-s-, nu-.uiiug los-es of hundrvdi of miliion* of dollars to ftnplovcrs mid their employee*. "The only question about the future of a problem like- this," bn continued, "is whether it is going to be handled sanely nnd constructively, and its n eonserutieo way hired on science, or whether 111* gmeg to be handled emotionally aad restricted!)" nnd uniiiteUig'-ntly." ' V. I'. Ahcnrn. executive secretary. Na tional Industrial Sand Association, ex plained explicitly the interest of industry: A steady job. decent hours with good pax-, is no longer the role criterion. To tint met Is added industrial lienltli. It is often rh.-vratlcrutic uf government that, when it swines with tho pendulum, it swines too far and thus ageravates rather than cure*. Unwise occupational disease laws hat c been written, but who can deny ilia-, there ;s an irreaistihlo trend toward the enactment of such laws iu every State? Those Inns are responsive to the apprehension of employees about health hazards in mdus-ry. Indus try will do well if 11 recognues that fact and meets it intelligently. - This question of industrial health is not the single problem of a single industry. Neither is it an emotional nor izarinier.tal problem. It is a practical probl-ra for industry as a whole to solve. Statutes of themselves will not proviJt industrial health. As in the case of industrial scctstnts. industry has always shown a capacity, onee it recognize* and confronts a problem realis tically. to make steady :**; toward r. solution. Air Hygiene Foundation presents a useful vehicle through whieh industry can pool its forces in eliminating or controlling hazards to health in industry. Other addresses were made at the meet ing by E. P. Pendergrass, of the University of Pennsylvania, member of the founda tion's medical committee, by R. R. Sayers, 15. S. Tublic Health Service, also a member of the medical committee, end by T. F. Hatch, New York State Division 0: Indus trial Hygiene, a member of the preventive engineering committee. With the growth of industrial hyciene units in the various states (29 have been established to date) and the work of federal "agencies in this field, the founda tion has been able to cooperate to a con siderable extent in these governmental activities. Publications and data arc ex changed and a mutually helpful spin*, of collaboration has developed to an en couraging degree. The year lias also been marked by heavy requests from the public for information relating to industrial health subjects. The foundation makes every reasonable effort to fulfill such needs for facts. There is an increasing public insistence that the talents of industrial management be directed to a greater de gree toward public welfare, as well as toward private enterprise. And there are more and more indications that manage ment is heeding the demand for broadened socio-economic leadership. A concrete illustration is the existence of Air Hygiene Foundation which, beyond its contribu tions to work-a-day health, refiects favor ably upon the progressive policies of these 230 companies and associations supporting this work, which benefits not only the employer, but also the employee and the community. Results in the Department of Hvscarch iu Pure Chemistry CttrMOTttrturr or Tskcmon'i*. In vestigations of chemotherapy in pneu monia, under way in tins department (L. M. Crutcher, head) for more than 10 year*, have been actively pursued during the tieriotl covered by this report. C. L. Itutler, Alice Renfrew, Mury Hostler, and Mary Clapp have participated in the publication of paper* 011 the elu niii-id reM-arche* involved, nnd K. H. Mva-c Ini* liei-u 111 ehnrge of pilot-s-ealu producti-'ii and cngiucvtmg developments, 'flic 01d00 M'lUI. 10. 1030 NEWS EDITION 2U utmly of derivatives of alWW'frinc lias been fOTi'-i'brablv < \teii<l J by ll: pfejut- ration of a number of now alk>! ami hydroxyi*H*vl etb.-ra. Certain modified liitfaml.iinulv derivative, "hi eh contain quinoline Or cinchona subaiitiant* have lievn preiuri'd and tiiliv< uf other rsi<<Ji- firation? of liic cinchona molecule itfr. in prngroi-. Talents have Wo npplicii for amt aome granted, both in tins country joicl abroad, covering the more valuable siib-fxiuvs dcvc.'9(>crl and the methods for their pr- jeiralion. The patents are bcins acquired in order that proper control tnay be had ovvf s;>cnfii:iti<'::5 and distribution to the bvt interests of the general public ari.l rot for profit. The department has suffered the lo-s durmt: the past year of C. L. Butler and Mary liosclcr, who ac cepted positions d-e'.'hcrc. .New mem bers of the chemical staff will be an nounced later. To date the biological and clinical stud ies of the cinchonas under the institute's auspices hive been necessarily limned to the pneumonia problem. It is planned to extend their application to other infectious diseases as opportunity offers. Though seveial interesting and active compounds have been discovered none has appeared to lw s generally suitable as hydroxyethyl- ap- yreitte (N'o. *1). a compound which has -mi mentioned in previous reports and . .eientiSc publications, both chemi cal a: ! medical. A y covering three years of clinical experience hsa just been published bv tl;c medical coiiabo- rators, W. \V. G. "Maclr.chlan, J. M. John ston, M. M. Bracken, and G. E. Crum. The conclusions reached in tliis paper are as fellows; (1) The mortality figure in pneutao- coccic pneumonia in adults during the past year has been greatly reduced in those cases which received iiydroxyctiiylapo- eupreine. (2) In comparing the mortality figures of the ehrmically treated cases, which were of course smaller in number, with the tcrum-treitled cases in Pittsburgh, for the tame typos of pneumonia during the same period of time, almost identical results were observed. (The drug, however, can be used effectively in all types of pneu monia.) (3) Hydroxycthylapocupreinehaaihown no evidence of disturbing vision. Arrangements Lava Men made for elinieal investigation of the material in cities other than Pittsburgh. Experimental work thus far completed, here and elsewhere, has shown that, in identical doses within the effective ranges, bydroxyethybpocupreine will protect agaim-t pneumococcal septicemia in mice better tl>an sulfanilamide and fully as well as suKiipvriiline. These comparative nudi'-i are b--mg continued. .Nirramos .wo D> ntsi, Ovhhs. The (rurc re-c.m-h fellowship smuunmi by The Buhl Foundation, on the relation of nutri tion to various phases of denial caries (tt, J. Cox, asnstid by \Y. I'.. Walker, Sam Dtxun, and .Margaret .Matusdmfc), lias made certain advances in techniques and lias disclosed some new rclation-iups of food to tooth decay in its work of l'.'uS-C'J. As tooth decay is highly variable m its frequency, none but a statistical approach to the solution of the problem of preven tion of dental caries can be satisfactory. Obtaining the data necessary for conclu sions from any experiment in this held demands the use of a large number of ani mals--in tins ease albino rats--and the toil of examining the teeth becomes very time-consuming. During the past year a method of preparing serial ground sections of all the molars of 50 or more rats simul taneously has been developed. This method not only permits rapid grinding but also enables the easy accomplishment of the examination of the teeth and the re cording of the findings--tasks that arc much more difficult with the usual serial sections- Previous findings of the fellow ship have been based solely on cavities observed in teeth without sectioning; now it is practice! to make a complete study of the teeth of both past and future experi ments. Research on the beneficent effects of fluorides in the formation of teeth resistant to caries has not beeo entirely conclusive. Meanwhile there is evidence being accumu lated elscwheie to show that children with mottled enamel, as caused by fluoride in drinking water, iiavc increased resistance to dental caries. Analyses by others have demonstrated more fluorine in enamel of sound teeth than in that from carious teeth in the same mouths. Two of three erics of experiments by the fellowship have divulged that a minimum content of fluorine in the diet of rats during the for mation of the molars leads to diminished resistance to dental caries. A third ex periment was inconclusive. But the agreement of the two successful tests with the two lines of evidence cited above, as developed by others, indicates that ex- ?rrimental proof of this function of itorine can be supplied by the rat tech nique of the fellowship. In an attempt to determine what factors in meat confer caries resistance to rat teeth, a scries of diets varying in protein content has been fed to rats. No differ ence in caries susceptibility was noted from diets ranging by 5 per cent steps from 10 to 55 per cent protein. A similar study of varied calcium to phosphorus ratio showed that in the rat the mother during pregnaney wnl lactation cun pro vide C ileniin nnd pho-phonis tor e--.il troll, over a wide ranee of ratio of calcium to phosphorus. On the low ratios, huw. over, mothers and voung di-pl.,yid detrimental effects of the diets so far os body "l ight was concerned. Some preliminary experiments have indicated that suppression of saiiva I-.\:i to promotion of decay. These rc.Mil:* arc in nirrccmcnt with observations of others on the relation of supply of saliva oral human dental cants. Researches at the Woatcrn Pvuiisvlvnniu Hospital Under support of lh institute, oa rec ommended by C. 11. Pchildeckcr, chemo therapeutic studios with aromatic s'i:-';r compounds have i >-cn conducted by R. R. Mellon and his staff of eight, 'using princi pally pneumococci and streptococci as in fecting eeents and rats and mice as f.osts. Extended comparisons of effective dnsace and protective values have been naue with large numbers of tr.imais nnd numer ous compounds. Investigation of the mode of action of snuandamitie indicates that the compound likely permits the over-production ol mctaooiic products by the infecting pneumococcus or strepto coccus, which results in an alteration of the growth rate or growth charade- of the latter. These results wfj b ,v basis for further study. Over usi above journal publications, 2338 saw the issue of "Sul/amimnide Tccrapy in Barter.a', in fection;,1' a book that surveys the litera ture reporting the experimental and corn ea 1 studies conducted ;a this country sad abroad. Fundamental research in baeterir.l varia tion, using streptococci and tubercle bacilli, has provided additional experi mental evidence that transformations do occur witbm the present accepted classi fications. These findings are uvlr.g ap plied both di.-.gnost.rally and therapeuti cally as opportunity offers. Host factor?, such as fatigue and shock, have bee: studied itr correlation with susceptibility to infections, as well as various forms of therapy which influence a subject's ability to resist infection. Always supplementing usefully any investigative activity is the contrivance of apparatus which will contribute to the elucidation of the problem. The chief product in 193S was a microcmcmato* graphic apparatus which provides suffi ciently high magnifications to record single bacterial cells. This device was put into use late in the year and earlv test films denote that it will facilitate the study of bacterial growth and variation. In<iu5lriiil Fellowship* in Operation at Mellon JjiAtituic during the Fiscal Year, March 1, 1930, to March 1, 1939* FttLOwarttp Nave \ tun, Abruitt* newt Arid Rttarrry (ISIS) Air liyticM (1935) Air Pollution Control (iv;a) Amin* (1037) Anffiraoia Iiijuiinc (1037) FmoweaNp ,SimTAti A. P. Tbomrcea \Y, \Y. Hodea A. E. Cra;e. auiitaat, from Job. 27 )1. ll. Miller, ttaior fol low 3. F. MMaha W. II. )loek. from June I F. F. Rupert. loOcl. I II. D. Mrller Ftitovauir Nvt (with FotxaaTicn Year.) Bone Produele (1035) Dread 0930) Cattaaisinc (1033) Cea (193S) Carlmn tUaak (1937) R. V. Riee II. J. Knee. <exir ft)lew X. (.1. Jul.nann E. T. Srhe. Jr. Mirieto (Inllith.auiltant I Ceramic -L (1033) Chemical, L. l~ J i.. aaa*t- ant. from July IB J. H. Shield,. Mutual, Chain (lw30) liea bepu 10 Ftttows asa Aaaiatakra E. P. Iturret! J. ft. Meet, auiitaat U. A, Kobmen B. B. Cilmore. eeuior (el- law O. O. Hall C. I>. Jene. eei.ior fellow R. E. lienrj- W. J. Ueruinelun C. W. Bweitaer. eenioe feltew, tv Aiirii I A- E. Crais. ai*at. to Oec. IS \V. J. nelJwia O. F. Helm, eeniur fellou J. E. Ileuie W. A. SeiOerl. Ji . M- eteiM.l, (rum Se|>l. IS FELVowaair Naut 3 tan) Feiiowa sd Aaaiaraxta h. O. Marlui. Jr , an- Cbemleal Hyeien (1037) aiatant. Iron, Jao. 10 f!. F. Smyll,. Jr. Jane Seerna, e,;,;a::r lui,e Leilie. n>i.v.--u Cliromiuia (1030) R. T. SeS-rer, a,,.,(not, trow Set,-.. 19 Mare Darrin 1). F. Altumcr, a>,:,ta0t. frmn June I Dam-I Snjder, autetant, (,oin Mar. 21 to May 20 J. K. Troutrnau. aa,-,!- ant. (o Mar. 21 Cir-tcl Teehnnlojy (lV.i.'> C. y. Ila*ly. ret-ior fellow A. tV. 1'elra Cvinum.Ut)' Standard, Julaa T.abartl.e, Jr., aen- (HMD ...r fell-- A. r. 7>er M. S. Mvrtao 0 j. J s i 1: industiuai. and i:nc;ini-:i:ihnc cukmistuy VOL. 17. NO F.U.cweMie I.IMI -..< SI.AT.ON Yami Fill.Owelllr N'svi. (wrrit 1'ntaoitius Yuan) Cork 09.1*1 Cotl,,f Foundation 11930 K. Ci. Km;11. G. MmlbauCll. Stout- Sill F. Wi-i-sert. assistant. from Kl<. 15 I). M. Muster 11. F. Nickerson It. S. (Ilroll 0, I). Orsen. asnvlant. from M vy 1$ 5 T. I). Fcntume. assistant. i /rniu /use 0 1 II. C. Eii-il. assistant. (tom JvK 35 i C. 1). limber, assistant. 1mm Sept. 1 C. It. l.enne. assistant. from Sept. 15 C. D. Thornton, ii.il' sot, from dan. n A. E. assistant, to May 1C Cellos Yrn (1925) CottOfiOCerf Products (1950; Dairv Teebnoiojty (1931) Dielectrics (193*) Draft (193$) D.-yin; dOJi! Elect rodeposition (1939) Ename's (1935) Ethanol (193$; Ftll (1939) Filter (133$) FLaveriuc (193$) FoodConcatnerdffSwl Food Yarieliet (192!) Garment (1939) Gluing (1935) Gypsum (193$) Beating (1929) C. F. Celdikwan H. L. Heir!!r. assistant R. G. ColdOi'iut. as sistant. Irons June $ to Sept. A. IV. Harvey H. K. SaJiber; R. X. Wemel Paper (19281 K. J. Millar Pajlecniatson (1936) it. it. Fulton Betty Dossier, as.i-tnnt. 1 /tom July 5 ls Nov. i , Pearl (193S) R. K. Utter 1 Petroleum Refining (1911) D. G. Dennett I H. \V. Colee j IV. E. Tourney.assist- > ant. from Oct. 3 P.. R. Fulton F. F. Rupert F. F. Johnson Q. O. Mtfre.-. sentu." fe))<aw J. 51. Soys], to Jah. 1 E. R. K*rd:.-ir. senior fel low Helen Wjgcisn L. I* Uehat, from Feb. 15 TV. C. Hell, aieittnnt Fred Peetor. assistant, from June 20 is Aui. It Pharmaceuticals (1922) Plate Ciaas (193C) T. It. Swan. etnioe fellow H. C. Donaldson L L. Wakama# K. E. timpaoo UYsusc Arthur Vein, assistant, I to Dec 1 Household Ytilitiei (1936) E. F. Breaker Inaeetieidea (191*) O. F. Hedenburg InaulatiosandRos&of R. H. Heilman aenior (1915) ,, (allow R. W. Ortmiuer Iodise (1939) Laboratory Construc tional Materials (1935) Lead 0930) Xleat Mftehnndiaiss (1935) Meter <192) F. F. Jobneon E. E. Marbnker F. J. Williams M. D. Coulter G. J. Feheelli, esiistant J. F. McCarthy, assist* ant. front Xov. 1 R, L. Wakentan Mineral Products (1930) O. J. 11:,ir. senior fellow R, N, Palmer P. J. lliel.ki. aaaistnnt. from Feb. 1 R. J. P.srraf. assistant, from Prli. I T. II. Trevisrrsiw, assist ant, from Feb. 1 Xa-siml (is. (1915) J. It. Gamer Xe rinstir. <`.9J3) J. K. Simons Xiiriwea (mnji'iuniia P. J. Will,>ii, Jr., senior (l>iU> J'trssinit Machinery (1925) Prinl.u; (193$) Protected Meta'.s (191M Optifjl Class lltmt) F. I.. Junes I. 11. Klein, assistant, (rotu July 5 tu Auu. 91 On- iir Ss'iiih. *is Ut'l l> II. F. Kvberlton, aem-.r tell,.. It. It File 15-ted nl|.l.:,lK*tieally Aee.uilin- to nnmt. 1 Fts.lretive CssttK.'l (11)35) Fi t.1 nsse sxn Assl.tsM. fs-Linw -Hta N tor, (wiiii lut-NOsnov Vs-.mO A. tl. Hor-e. Jr. H. 1) ('..yen It. C. Uuarh li. G. C,,o.i..m. Jr. Helen Wax-rll C. P. Met.leilist,d A. 1.. M ilson. tmin Jnn. I J. M. Russ. Jr.. Iron. Protrm (I9.1T) ft.Win (1930 Jen. 1 D. C. Lewis. front Jon. I C. W. Patton. Iron, Jan. 1 C. O. Stroller, from Jan. I E. C. Marlin, assistant T. K. Maher, assistant C. I. Spesuril. aarisioiit Kiehard ShiCler, assist ant R. T. Hull, assistant Frank Snyder, assistant B. M. Stitts, assistant D. K. Fraheiaco, assistant IV. R. Drown, asvstant D. 31. Clarke, aasittanl. /root Due. I i 1 j B. C. Wilkes, to At:;. 1 Walter Kuroe, aui.uant. to Dee. 20 R. C. Bella, eaisitant. to Rayon (193.1i Nov. 30 P. R. Davidson J. D. Alley, to May C W. D. Claua C. F H-.! K. A. Stejeman A. E. Alexander ltefraelO'ies (1917; W. A. Gruat. aenior tef lon D. R. Slerena W. P. Hulenour John Metsehl J. R. Dow-man Rubber 191 $) C. J. Usinsttona W, E. Hanson J. E. Niekeli Salcty Fuse (1930) C. I.. Wolfe, assistant Sfcnv.n; (1932) Gustave Fill, assistant J. D. McK:u!ey. assistant S. K. Koplf. assistant, J Silicate (1317) SJk 0359.' from June 1 Slat (1921) R. C. Fatiuier. assistant. from Sept. 1C C. W. Statler, assistant, to Aug. 15 Soybean (1935) Special Dyes (193S) H. W. Cole*, senior fellow Mary Dedda F. TV, Adams, aenior fel Speetal Plastic* (193S) Steel (1927) low Lee Devol Stone (1931) 2. D. Jenkins Sulfur (1931) II. 0. Farr Marion Maclean P. W. Crist, assistant C. A. Bishop, assistant W. G. Andrews, au.stnnt H. K. Letner. assistant 11. W. Quantiser, asaist- attt 5 Suryicnl Supplies (1330) P. W. French, assistant Alexander Lets'", assist ant R. J. Cowirs. assistant. from Oct, 10 It. E. Simpson, to Dee. 15 K. B. MeAlpine. to May Tar Acid* (1933) 16 P. It. Dewey, to May io C. B. Decker, to May io W. If. I.yean. to May 1C H. H. Donates, to .May 16 ),. M. Adams, to April | Tar Properties (1937) W. K. Motr.Lt. assistant, to June C I 2. L. Kyrt. assistant, to May- 1C J. B. Cobb, assistant. i May- 1C Teeln.ieal Glassware (1V31) Turrcll Cleman. assist ant. to April I E. H. Clark M. W. Weioa J. II. Vouuc. senior fel low Tcstih- Finl-I.iii: (IV3t) P. W. Jenklira A. It', ('sifiiisn I), S IliihUell (I. K. Doiubaulil. aaslsl. Thread (lvi'5) TlllMl (Ittlw) G. F. Otlitei. assistant Wwleh Teelim-h-ty S. 1\ . MeCwnc, aasi-tnnt. Iii,m Feb. I l (ly.ls) Yeast (13-1.,) l^euy l lu.uiiison. as-ixt- ant. from 1YI. I (!. II. Youmi. asimw frlia It*. K. >r(inc,,(er C. V . v.v>en G. M*. Ctrh.,rdt, asnst* ant W. S. Claus, senior fell.-w W. L. *J homi-jun J. W. Itni-noldi, senior fellow W, M Kuti G. A. Mcbu E. E. fleck, assistant, from Mss 16 2. w. MeClime, srsist- ant. from June 13 F. F. For. as**s:sn;, Ifum Apr. 2! lo Dec. 1 D. M. Clarke, a.'-stant. from May 2s to Dec. 1 G. >1. EiUic. lu;i:s-.l. from June 27 to Dec. I Burton Barnes sss'.taet. from June 27 to Dec. 1 blare,is Cermelj. Jr.. *> aisiant, from Juis' 1 to Dee. ) It. T. Seheref. assistant to May 15 W. D. Duratti. senior fel low R. O. Denves W. R. Muter G. E. ARer. Jr., assist ant. frr.m Nov. : W. I. be.it. iv.,s-.aat. to S. M. Phelps, senior fel low E. H. Read E. C. Ketne R. W. Lin es J. P, Maloaey. assi.taut R. C. Brunt G. H. Kadie. assistant. from Feb. 2 D. E. Fearsvil L. C. Hewitt H. F. Sloeivc/ Traey- Bartholomew X. J. Desber W. E. Kn!l..nd P. C. Alessnder. assist ant, from Sept. 20 W. L. Has: S. A. Braley. senior fellow D. E. bibcock R. C. Brian: P. V. McKinney, senior fellow- M. G. Mayberry W.nton Drown L. C. Kowe. assistant, to June C \V. L. Nelson F. P. il.nlett. atsDlant. from Feb. 20 II. J. Cibula, assistant, from Sept. 2$ to Feb. 18 W. E. Tournay. assistant, to Oct. 3 E. B. Kester K. If. Caldcrwood. ustst- ant W. L. Willisma. s-sist- *Dt. from Juuc U to Sept. 10 W. F. Fair. Jr. If. R. Deck, assistant J. L. Keller, assiiiant. from June 13 to $cpi. R. R. M i Crcjor, semor fellow E. L, Warrirk J. \Y. Jordan, assistant, from July 15 J. >2. Troutman, assist* ant, hum Mar. 21 to 5e|,t. I V.. li. AeUvy T. A. Wilson, senior fel* ll.W L. It. McLean D. F. Menard G. T. tUrkvr 2. 2. linrntht. senior fel. In. 11. li. Fmite II. W. \t ili.s-r. sssi-iant l'.iil.l., Il-elcl n.i.t I'uiaraa iv F. H. A. 0 i v) 8 2