Document M4BGkEBY3vQ60d98amq25rBkj

^ Effective October 3, 1937 SHanwiN'WtujAMa Pmoouorm LEATHER, TOY, AND REFRIGERATOR INDUSTRIES To better enable our representative* to successfully approach these three mportent manufacturer* a thorough research of the finishing method* and material* employed by these three induttrie* va, recently made at considerable expense to the company, and represent* month* of specialised study and effort. Every representative who hat any leather, toy, or refrigerator aeeount* in hi* territory can digest this data to very good advantage, a* it outline* not only the finishing schedule* employed by the larger manufacturer* of tbeae product* in the leading industrial centers but definitely provide* the product* in our line that have proven to meet the requirement* of these particular classification* of trade. You can recommend thete schedules and rexes with confidence, a* these systems are based upon successful use in actual production and furthermore carry the approval of our manufacturing and technical departments. Slight modifications may be necessary to meet individual requirements or certain local condition*, but other than a possible exception here and there these schedules represent the best finishing practice for toy, refrigerator, and leather fabricators. ft is our atm and intention to concentrate on tbeae three type* of manufacture this year with all the force of our salee organisation. We aspect unusual activity in the close cultivation of *ucb account*. Arrangement* for teat* of our products should be made immediately and then followed up personally to that the introductory work i* quickly completed so that the maximum sale* can be credited to the indhviduai territories for the current fiscal year. Bvery toy. leather, and refrigerator manufac turer. large or small, should be aggressively solicited an every territory, not only for their finishing material requirement* but their maintenance and up-keep paint* a* well. Changing condition* in industry demand greater specialisation coupled with standardisation. We feel we are keeping pace, or possibly a step ahead, by making a specialised study of the leading manufacturer* in taadardijjog schedule* developed to meet the requirements of one class of trade only. Our success in the development of Opex Automotive Lacquer sale* can be credited to simplification and standardi sation. Further industrial survey* of this character will be carried out, dependent upon the response and performance of the salat department to this foundation, covering what we consider the three largest industrial consumers of lacquer finishes the present market present*. So as not to handicap the small manufacturers nor penalise the targe consumer* we are not establishing any book price* on the new product* incorporated in this data. Special prices will be authorised dependent upon the potential consumption of each manufacturer. Application for telling price* should be made to the district Mfrs. Sties Manager, who in turn will take this up with either the Chemical and Technical Products Department, or the General Lacquer Sale* Department at Cleveland. Each and every request must provide the following information for individual analysis: 1. Customer's name and address. 2. Rex number of material. 3. Type of product manufactured. 4. The rise of package, a* to 1's, 5`s, or druaa. 5. F. O. B. Chicago or delivered price. 6. What material we have sold the manufacturer in the past. 7. Name and type of product they are using at the present time. 8. Amount they will order at one time. 9. Estimated annual consumption. The General Lacquer Sales Department will also welcome detailed correspond ence concerning the finishing operetions each representative encounters in his search (or new business in these three fields. We will be particularly interested in the fol lowing information, so that careful analysis can be made of each individual problem: 1. How is surface prepared? 2. Type and nature of surface. 3. Type of primer or sealer used, 4. Type of turfecer or filler used. 5. Type of finishing eoats used. 6. How many coat* in all? 7. Is the material air dried or baked and how long? 8. I* the material sprayed, brushed, or dipped? 9. The type of finishing equipment employed. 10. Any sanding or rubbing? 11. What tests ere made? Should tests of regularly established rexes prove the necessity of a alight change in formulation, follow out the instructions covered under "Special/ on page 302 of the Opex Industrial Price List. LEATHER FINISHING 2. Classification. 2. Synopsis of treatment from raw hide or skin to finished product. 3. Description of most importent machine* used for finishing leather. 4. Application of lacquer. 5. Type* of lacquer used. 6. Advantages gained by use of lacquer. 7. Finishing schedule for eelf skin. 8. Finishing schedule for kid. 9. Test* and definition of terms used by the leather manufacturer. 10. Shoe finishing. Lac. B U-27 -- 319 -- SrtmmNni/+WtUiHkM&. > Rr g o u g t s . <di>n )Q.'A C/ClASSIFJCATION >>* ' Hfd 9qj ti/oniim^^JEATI^ER MADE FROM: -Idi. ill)if- " :;-v, S'* Kip? .foft ,' ' tFctts fromlargeyfull grow*.anlmals--eow. hocne.etc. .Ute--H*t t leather (of shoe*. bfhiac, <adfcm(n.'`'Wtatlato ipliti used fornppers, begs, upholstering,' etc. Characteristics--stiffness, -strength. Brim tf iadtrM4 hor*ea.ctc. -Skins . Obtained from email animal* such aa .< . i. - calves, .-goats, aad sheep. Uses--Upper* for shoes, pocket-book*. beekbiawai,; - . flora, and fancy leather. Characteristic*--Light aad pliable. i SYNOPSIS OF TREATMENT FROM RAW HIDE OR SKIN TO FINISHED PRODUCT Soaking ......... The hide* or akiai a* they eomc from the pecker are ealted to keep them-from putrefying. When received at the tannery they are .first aoaked to wash off the salt. Liming ' mi,. ..The hair i removed by immersing in a teak of lime water. This both looechs the hair aad ewelia the hide. Originally the.hair was removed by scraping with a blunt knife but this same operation is now mechanically performed,.by an.unhairing machine. Dciiming or Batdng This remove* excess lime which is detriaaeatal to-tanning. Tanning The hide*, after beiai washed, are now ready for tannine. This keep* the akin in a stable condition, and without this the akin would aooo become stiff and disintegrate. >'* There are two general method* of tannine--vegetable asd chrome.' Most leather made for coles, heels, or betting is vegethble or a combination vegetable and chrome tanacd. -Shoe uppers, glove leather and fancy leather are generally chrome tanned because thi* give* a more pliable leather'/ , The essential material used is vegetable tanning`ts tannic acid, which occurs in various barks, wood*, nuts, leaves.*ete.'' r n chrome tanning Chromium salt* are used. Dyeing The next operation is the application of the dye. This is a study in itself. The application and type of dye varies considerably, depending on the kin and use to which it is put. * '' ; F*t Liquoring . .... v. . No matter how well tanned the bides or skin may''btf'ff-they arr not properly fat liquored they dry out stiff and lack that well nourished -feeljthat 1 essential. Pat liquor ia an emulsion of soap, oil. etc'.,,which shouMibc-abforbed entirely by the_,leather. If that is.any excess on the surfsce.'the subsequent finishing with lapSn^rl^ j^ed'ait l^mpo**ible for lacquer to ndberetou greasysurfsce. Drying The leather is now dried out ahd thee lightly dampened again to get it in a soft ened condition prior to staking or softening. Staking -. . < This t* accomplished by the use of machine comparable to the Closing Machine, which is described later. It ba* a movable arm and dull knife in place of the glass cylinder. Thi* stretches the leather. When dry it i* ready for the application of lacquer. -- 320 -- 0007-SWP-000012053 Effective Octobor 3,1937 Gh k k w ih Wi l u a ms 'Pnoouorm DESCRIPTION OP MOST IMPORTANT MACHINES USED FOR FINISHING LEATHER This operation {apart* a U|b iltn finish to the leather. The b ic Um need f as am provided with a flan or Mate cylinder held stationary white the am runt forward and hack over the base or the machine oo which the *kia to be treated is placed but only touche* it on the backward motion. The friction caused by thi* action five* a polish white at the same time tmoothiat out the akin. Rolling When a cemi-glo** finish is required this method is used. The mechine it the some ns used in fisting with the exception that a steel roll replaces the glass cylinder. This smooths out the akin. On account of there being lee* friction the gloss or polish is not as high. Smooth Plating This operation leaves the skin smoothed oat but with a dull finish. The leather is placed between the plate* of an embossing machine, which is fitted with smooth plates. This machine it capable of great pressure and steam hast is applied at tbe seme time which make* the pressure more effective. Embodatng When nn artificial grain is required the skin is inserted in an embossing maehine. tbe same as is used in smooth plating but with an sagrsved top plate used in place of e smooth plate. Ironing In place of smooth plating, some tanneries iron the leather. A plate bested to ISO degree* is laid over the leather and ironed with a gas heated iron, similar to the type used by e clothes presser. This leaves e dull finish and is not'es severe ns smooth ptettiog when need on light weight skies. APPLICATION OF LACQUER The application of lacquer to teaeber is quite standardised. A regulation spray booth is need end has inserted a wooden rectangular frame on which is tacked e wide meshed screen. This is slanted backwards about 30 degree* from vertical. The skin is thrown on the screen end held in position by nail* which protrude in such a posi tion that tbe four sooner* of the skin* ere held in place. A better method is tbe use of toggles or snap* which are attached to the screen and snapped on to the akin. Tbe draft created by the fan also tends to bold it is place. The lacquer is reduced 300%. Quality and durability depend to a great extent on the application end tbe seme material can either be driven right through tbe akin or laid on the surface giving widely different result*. The oil type finishes being very slow drying have a chance to penetrate tight ioto tbe skin. Lacquer, if thinned doom and sprayed on wet also has a chance to penetrate. However, if an extremely thin coat is applied with less thinner it dries as soon a* it hit* the surface and lays right on top. TYPES OF LACQUER USED There are three main type* of lacquers used on leather: 1. Lacquer Enamels. 2. Lacquer Stains. 3. Clear Lacquer. Lacquer Enamels . If a heavy coat is required to get proper covering there arc distinct disadvan tage*. -la the first piece a heavy film produces an excessive break in the finished leather. Secondly, it will have less adherence than a thin film. Opex Leather Lacquer is properly balanced to meet these condition*. The rexes of our latest development* ere as follows: Red........................... White.............................. .................CE 1037 Black................................ .................CE 103d Yellow .......................... .................CE 1035 Light Blue.................... .................CE 1034 Blue.................................. ................CE 1031 Brosrn............................. ................CE 1042 Light Yellow.............. ................CE 1164 Green............................... ................CE 1032 Lee. B M-27 321 -- 0007 -SWP-000012054 BHKKWtN'WtLLtAMa '*P*ODUCTS APPLICATION OF LACQUER-^Continued : Lacquer Stain* Tbit one operation (tain* and lacquers the surface. While water-proof 'in 'the that it wiU net apot with water a dampened rat will show color when rubbed ever the enrface. By applying a coat of Clear, 04*09, on top thie it overcome. The reset on the Leather Lacquer Stein* are at follows: Red........................................................................CL*92 Blue......................................................................CL*93 Oreen................................................................... CL*94 Brown..................................................................CL395 Yellow.................................................................CL*9* Black....................................................................CL*97 Leather may be stained alao with regular water voluble stain first, and finithed with 04*09. A* water soluble ataint are fatter to light the color i* more permanent in thit method. Where a satisfactory adbeeioo cannot be obtained by using the lacquer enamels at a first coat. Opes Clear Leather Lacquer, on account of the absence of pigment, eervee at an priming coat. It it also used at a finish coat where the highest pomibte gloss is required. The res on thit clear lacquer is as follows: Clear..................................................................04*09 ADVANTAGES GAINED BY THE USE OF LACQUER The advantages to be obtained by the adoption of lacquer io the finishing of' leather varies somewhat according to the akin in question. Side Leather 1. Particularly io the light colors the shoe manufacturer has to go te quite heavy expense and trouble in order to keep the eboet dean in the process of fornica tion, because the finishing materials are not water or grease proof. Some factories go to the expense of using linen to protect the enrface of the shoes from the work man's hands. With a lacquer finish all that is necessary is to wipe them dean with a dampeaed cloth. 2. Leather is graded according to its degree of perfection and oa this grading depends the price which the tanner receive* for his product*. Naturally the problem with which they are continually wrestling is to have as much of their output as possible io the top grades. With the pigment finishes it is very difficult to control the uniformity of the finish, but Opes Leather Lacquers are overcoming this trouble. S. Our latest development for this type of leather -has mere flexibility and twice the covering power of our earlier developments thus allowing a lighter coat to be applied. Sole Leather Chrome tanned sole leather when coated with Opcx Leather Lacquer Enamel* is made to look like a vegetable tanned piece of goods. A* the sales value depend* largely on how the leather look*, and as lacquer* have improved the appearance resulting ia increased value, tanner* are very much interested in this development. It also protects the leather from water and oil stains and these ean be easily wiped off from a aide coated with lacquer, where ordinarily they left a permanent mark. Patent or Semi-Patent Finish 1. The durability of this type of leather has never been oil that could be desired. Cracking or "piping'' occurring after the shoes have been worn for some time. Patent leather produced from lacquer will stand five times the number of beads that the. oil finishes stand. 2. The time consumed for oil finishes to dry, space taken up, tabor In putting the skin* out in the sun and taking them in has been a costly procedure. The speed of drying in the lacquer finishes is just as important here a* in any other production job. 3. The highest possible gloss it required in this type of leather and lacquer give* a higher lustre than is possible by the use of the oil finishes. Bag and Fancy Leather 1. When a woman pays a big price for a fancy bag and this is permanently potted when raioed upon, he is naturally ditappoieted. With the u*e of lacquer a waterproof fiaish is obtained which make* the ultimate product more satisfactory and is a sale* aid to tanner, manufacturer, and retailer. -- *22 -- 0007 -SWP-000012055 Effective October 3, 1927 SHtteww?Wil l ia ms Pb o d u c t * FINISHING SCHEDULE OF CALF.SKIN Calf Skin--it* naet--ihoet, bags, belt*, etc. . - i ' " Finishing Schedule y ri*-.dl jr>! " .!*' 1. Apply by sir brutb--40 lb*, preuure. One light cost; of Ope* leather Lacquer Bnamel, reduced 900%. 2. Apply at tight englee to the Ont coat a second light coat at the Mae praetor* aad reduction. 3. The akin it then plated, glased or ironed. 4. One coat of Opes Clear Leather Lacquer, 04009, re* duccd 200%5. The this it ajraia plated, fitted, or ironed. Thia give* a very toft, flexible aad high luatre flniah that it ex* ceediagly durable. . I;;,. i FINISHING KID While we have teat* being made on our materiala for finiabing hid. at the preaent time we are not in a poaitioo to give definite recommendation*. TESTS AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED BY LEATHER MANUFACTURERS Waterproof A big advantage gained by tbe.udoption of lacquer ana leather finiab it Ita water* proofing qualities. The finiab it retted for thia propertyby wiping o dampened mg over the surface and aeeing if it remove* any of the color. Adherence At the first lacquer* did not adhere very welt, naturally the preaent dey lacquer* are tewed very carefully for this property. The severity of the test depend* npeo the subsequent nee to which the leather it to be put. A* oboe leather it formed over the last and tome wpmen'a shoe* are turned intide out in the procea* of manufacture, leather for this purpose moat stand extreme stretching. If the adherence is poor the finish crystallise* or flakes under very little stretching. While thi* might be termed a ``knock down" test, it nevertheless g)ve*|a good ides of the various degroet of.adheresies at the different lacquers. Break `. -'When* skints folded with the finished grain ride owlb* inside, the finish should break is the same places as the grain of the material. The break of the.* skin, should not be increased after finish is applied. . Fin'. .. .V t ... '.i. c\- .... When the skin is folded loosely with the finished grain ride on the outride aad the finger* drawn over.it, the Leather should have.* soft pliable fyel. .*,,; Topping 'v On embossed leather the tee it often .given a-coat .of a different color than the ground coat and this is'applred lightly to' the surface *of tfie skin! SHOE FINISHING n-. %*r ' A tuccettful Leather.-Lacquer must sadkfactorily meet^thf mqtdriripeata'of not only the tanner, but the shoe manufacturer and thculticfiat* consumed--the wearer of the shoe*. In tboaame manner ahat we in the marketing of, our product studied jtifthe requirement! of the tanner, tbe-tanher inyturn must keep Tn'tnind and study tbe.raquirameutavof thewho* manufacturer. The easts hSiputs finished, leather to sh0tdd.be dbsigued teouchawayaato tail him whether thg 4satlwr poll,be,able to withstand the abuse no;which it is putin the fabricatratnof foot-woat* asmto have atai intelligent! uaderstandiog of-.thq coop>laU.anwm.qtuiMgyproma from the raw skin to the finithodshoewp/arerbrieffyrTOUWinTngkbCjppqrqppn^ an- countered in the manufacturing of the leather into ahoct. V12U0C-V. -'A Gutting '**:*;.'.'*r- The various pieces of leather that govto-aake rip>the-ohoe are cut out from the stock by a teries of diet. Sklveing '*'[} The topi are skived to a proper, thickness so-they, can be'folded. A bard or brittle finish would crack or tear during thia Operation- Fitting of Shoe The various piece* mutt be properly.and carefully fitted'so*that the finished shoe will not be out of line. , Lac. S M-27 --- 3p3 -- 0007-SWP-000012056 QMrXWIN-WlLUAHB *0000*9 SHOE FINISHING--Continued Pulling the Shoe The fitted ikt j* palled down tight to the lest. A brittle w herd ftaieb would not stretch with the leather aad would creek or powder off. Lasting the Shoe Side <*<| u where all the etreteh ie tehee oat of the leather. Tot T-Hng The leather h formed over the toe of the laet. Ttaie operatloa pate a very great etreio oa the leather aad it ie thie operation that cause* many finishes to fail. Seeming Filling The bottom of the ehee it filled with eerie. Laying of the Sole Stitching the Sole Faet to the Welt Trimming Sole trimmed to proper ebepe. Healing If the precaution* aad methods which hare been previously indicated hove beee carefully followed no trouble .will he encountered la the making of ahooe from leather finished with Opes Leather Lacquer. TOY FINISHING 1. Advantage* of a Lacquer Finish. 2. Type* of Toys Manufactured. 3. Different Surfaces Bncountered. 4. Finishing Methods for Different Surfaces. ADVANTAGES. OF.A LACQUER FINISH Lacquer, being e quick drying finishing material, ie exceptionally well adapted for use ie all production aheps. As most toys sir assembled after the separate pieces have been finished, great earths* to be exercised in transporting porta hen ooe operatide to another, and in actual assembly where the oil type of enamels tot used. There is scarcely a group of manufactured articles that have to stand the abuse to which toys are put. The toughness and durability of lacquers fill these require ments. - On Interviewing sains of the larger toy jobbers in Now York City they agreed unanimously that the quality of the finish had more to do with the salability of toys than any other factor. TYPES OF TOYSTrlANUFACTURED The variety of toys manufactured is almost numberless but they can be grouped into several divisions according to the Usd of toy. Automobiles--Baby Carriages- Baby Walker*--Jumper*--Bank*--Boat*-- Children's Vehicles Composition Toy* Construction Toys--Dolls--Engineering Toys--Furniture--Iron Toys--Kitchen Sets--Mechanical Toys. DIFFERENT SURFACES ENCOUNTERED In view of the wide variety'oTtoys, pmcticnOy every surfnee which is acoutcred in Industry ns a whole is found in this business. From a, steadpoint ofthe finish ing foreman. It ie net so mock the kind of toy manMnctved that he Is Intersatodkn. as the piece of wood or metal, the sine and shape and the use to which it is put. Taking this as a bode for classification, we'find the fellowing:- A--WOODSN 1. Small Turnings. 2. Large Turnings. 3. ^t111*" or Irregular -Wooden Pieces. B--METAL 1. Sheet Metal. (a) Black Iron. (b) Tin. fc) Not Rotted Sheet Steel. <d) Cold Rotted Sheet Steel. 2. Cast Metalfa) Iron. C--RUBBKF COMPOSITION. D--SAWDUST COMPOSITION. Effective October 3, 1927 &rwam*rtmfim**t*Mi\**oooaxw FINISHING METHODSJFOR `DIFFERENT*SURFACES, A--1. Pint Coat Wooded Turning*1{Small) Oil Type Primary Coat The Bt economical way to apply the first coat to small wooden' turning* 1*^ by tumbling. .-Those at* muoy shops rwho could cat'Che cooU-io xbio.operatioabcon. sideraMylfitbe, tumbling aethodewerc .adopted. Lecquers,oo oocoaat of theiroutch; drying propcrtioiJtfamBot be<eppHed by-this method. 'Our I'WmJ.Rsamcls.oshco i property *ndneed; beve|woe*n`ea*yituemfiil.far tumbling. - -r.v The equipment involved is comparable in principle to the agitator tanks'used in reducing paints. la tumbling. however, the drum itself revolves rather than the . agitator. A stationary shaft attached to; the center of ,tb-bottom ^rotrpdes about half-way up the middle of the drum. It ts fitted with a cap on the end. 'When the pieces fall on the:cep. they:arc spread to the outside, giving a;,drcu!etioa ofitbe articles being coated. The tank is set at an angle of about 60 degreetfrom horisoatal which facilitates the circulation. Another type of tumbling machine is composed of a cylinder which revolves on its horisoatal axis, similarly to the ball mill types of paint miser. In both teases She , most important factors to set ond control are the body of the paint and the apeed sfthtomr. The paint-sbould bechiaSoellow as perfect on intermingHag as possible between the articles andeoating material. The apeed must befost,enough o prevent the pieces sticking together. . -i'- By forced drying of the first coat to 200 degrees F. for on hour, the disfigure ment of the surface, due to the formation of bubbles where thf.subsequent eoej iik dipped, is overcome. Second Goat--Dipped ' . X'Jt As tW process is more Ufcely to' raim the first coat; than spraying, care must be aaken to.nnxc it thoroughly dned. : The pieces nrc dipped singly, in groups, Orby machine. duly special toys which are not made in a production way are dippad.singly. - The nest bast method is to dip in groups. Where it is feasible a hole is punched in the end of the turning so that it can d c stock on a rack fitted with nails. In this way a number of pieces may be dipped at once. This operation is done by band. The dip tank should have as small an opening >as possible in -order that evaporation of the lacquer'solvents, may he redoced-to'n minimum. > The maintenance ofiuniform viscoaity or body is essential in dipping- When the proper, body.<has.been ascertained by trial,.this cao he readily maintained by the use of. a hydrometer. The tank should.be tested-at frequent intervals and as it bodies up more thinner sfequld be added to mskc up for the loss in evaporation. If the wood is vtky elwarptive tbe material which drains off will haveh greater percentage of pigment and be shhrter tfcan the original lacquer.enamel. lfehe'pigment particle* seem to stick^togctber leaving a rough finish this may 'be overcome by adding a small.portion of ttedflacqucr'and mixing it^n well. v: -a , - ! <s<rt . .'"The speed of Upping plsyi'a more'important part `laneeigfcfff 'good Job when using "taeqaer. than itdoetarith'oil enamel*.. Because lacquerLuet* yy npuy, if the piece is: withdrawn bukkiy,. .a heavy .epating is depqitedesft|iTfe* before.It has a chance to'fiowS..^rhwbersomefkgtBt)t2itue 'formatipn of g tip dfie to the Accumu lation of excess material it at bottom. If the articles hit tdmed spddt'Am after draining for a carefully determined w*gth'nf-tiaei'tihiUt fiowUit. !If this is done too soon, the lacquer will flow beck. `partJMlerty *oa the idet.nabd run* occur. If too iate,Ttheceip'wiU bare sot npaad wiU-not Aowout, ... ,Vnc : ;,a '~%y dipNhkrdosrlF tbe1aeUuit6a*>d,hattee to flow dosraas the article da being removed and n thinner HHa iv apphed and the danger of nM-is minimised. While some ortictes are dipped satisfactorily by, hand, modern production^methods eall for,special automatic machinery. This machine i* designed forthe port>oaet>f auto* mSrtichllr '-dipping -all 'hinds of small wooden and metaL items 'at the ienstTpoasible cost.1 They'nave s edpatity of ftniahing from 3500 to IdOlOOO email item# per day depending' upon the sice and shape Of the article bciag dipped.1 the Operator,nod the quality of finish desired. A flat can be dipped faster than a glads." The -choc of these machines run* between $500 and 5600. The manufacturers of these machines will develop the proper rate of dip and srtll also correctly finish the first batch ofhamplcs in Onex to any purchaser we refer to the manufacturers of the dipping machine. Full information as to the source of supply of this equipment wUhbe- fdrgiabdd you J| your district M8p manager. The rate of dip is dependent upon the eise and shape ,Jhoijlbbtis| dipped -generally1 it overage* fisc -inchesrpm. sninute--smalt ______h'WtbdlesWreueuatly withdrawn from-the lacquer tanks *t the era of one to*foiSr'Tnthei :pernmiu'ute. 4<A peffect <dippiov'<bporataon>oears aolid nrtth'no rune ilium ritti >I.r .. .. rtd'.nu . -lil - . `id most ca*e*the*c twOopcTStion* arc the complete finishing ^schedulejUthough where an extremely high'gloss It required,'* third coat of dear lacquer is dipped. A--2. Fim Coat Wooden Turnings (Large) ; ^'um .: i .drtiifl * TurfiWitig'eidhnofbeused to advantage when the eurttiag ts more than* 6 inches *t in.lrafMdisfiksiM'1 For the first cost the lacqner.primer is dipped.::Thc method" of application* try'dipping and in eomeaeset by spraying. Opex WhiteJNUeti 31601, is the most satisfactory; first coaterfor eitberdippiog or spraying woodeta itUmiags. If forceti drying is qae,d. the finishing time pan be reduced:1)'Many plants -wTiieh hadinstalled ovens Tor baking enamel*.'.are.using these to advantage id the applies- . tioe of ladquer. The temperature should net be in excels of 22s'degrees'fbr forced drying lacquer. ' v i- " ' Lac. B M-27 325 -- 0007-SWP-000012058 9HMn*iM9*tiuMa9i\nmoo&ar*^ FINISHING^METHODS'FOR DIFFERENT.SURFACES t 1 .> ,;i ...vTii'' Second Cot **v; Method of -applieatioo efsthc aoeood coot depends aeon the sice of the article-' Over It inches they nr* usually sprayed. -At dippieg is cheeper. Itie used whereverfeasible. -If the 'dippioc process it uaed a standard body should be mamtamrd by theMt of a hydrotoeter. Specify Opex Industrial Basatli, ia trade aad color desired: by cutoacik A-3. Angular or Irregular Wooden Placet There are to many trades -used that ao definite rale for application can be leyed down. Whether the dip or epray method it attd depeadt oa the aise aad tbape of the artielc. B--Metal Tbeprraaratioe of the Beta! tarfaee is of extrssse importance. Mo matter what quality finishing materials are-used taoet unsatisfactory results trill be obtained., ualeas the atatoat care it ttkea ia the trettmeot of the metal surface. B--]. Sheet Meta) -:i' () BLACK IRON Dee to the speed with which rest forms oo this metal ft is at boot dangerous to ate. Orest care should Be taken in cleaning aad after handling, aad not more than a few hours allowed between cleaning and finishing. Aa ail Kutr, each as No. 36. should be need rather than a lacquer primer, fol ded bjr oae -hr two coats of Opex Industrial Lacquer Kaamet. Ia meat cases the finish is appliad by spray, bat if the shape permits dipping it acheaper method.- * <b) TIN- *"' " ' ' r l ... :... This ltas fatten into disuse by the toy manufacturers. Because of its vary - - smooth surface tbe-dlficulty of getting tbeftnish to adhere properly it vary* great. Train tracks are -made of this metal and the twitches are often painteddor tbit purpose with long oil vaatael, such as Old Dutch. (c) HOT ROLLED 8HBET 8TBBL ' ,-j Wbca'debverad (kiiiaettl is covered wHb gtease aad often rusted ia spyts. There, are suay methods *ad tar its cleansing. The old method was with : e-eaasticWQiuaea,but this has ia asaay rates been replaced by pracesees, ' of which the Oakite Process it a toad example. The equipment consists .or ..three httha; the first.is filled with a hot Oakite solution into which the ' sheets are dipped, the second with is cold ruaaiag water, aad the third .cbateiBS boiling voter.. After being removed from the third the .sheets sre _ .... dried in aa' paen. These should not be left more than overnight before* .. coating. iThcyArp generally finished by gpfsytng at follows; :il. ; Oas.coatOUrBakiac Rrio>er No. 36.- -- -3.Otoe coat Open Industrial BasmeL - - An alternative method'is using lacquer primer, which >is' satisfactory. pro ,, :-lvided:craat ctttii taken ia removing.every trace of rust aad grease from * the.surface., Opex Lacquer Printer No., 64giv** excellent results. <d) ,CpLD,ROIJ-KD 8SKKT 6TKKL -.H >- -^Thujs.smoother^thaft the hot rolled steel, which casks* a better finish..' <-rpossiblc. hut trith,which it-is barter,-to set the proper adherence. ,-Th:-sr?- 1 i--Tinr ffinrfuirt fn--Issniag aad finishing that is used for hot rolled sheet. . '-steel is.need Acre. #>:. : : -ii.: -i.f.' l-'lt irtl tO ir'j'.i.' B--*2. 'GMt'MeOU - . . n<v i.-t man - - 'I . - - ...... ... Cast -iroBccagiaas. -automobiles, end similar irregularly shaped articles' ..I provide the-bulk ofothis classification.. They are,generally -cleaned.by. i ordumpiagighem-sato.a-mesh basket -aad then dipping tham iato-a cleaning, solution. Up to the preseat time color varnishes give the best resultsjuJt. ..it generally.necessary pt-oac coat to provide a smooth, well covered fitusb v that dogs net leave any drain at the bottom when dipped. C--Rubber Composition v,. . ,, i Borne boats,-ioe.emampleiiBre made from molded hard rubber composition. The* only precaution accessary for finishing this OMtcrial i* to-give a light atad. Oftan some portions of the surface will have quite e glasc and it it this part, ia particular, that should-be given.a tooth for thesucceeding oats- When this precaution hasbeen taken, lacquer,ensmel can be quite successfully applied direct trithout the use* of a primer. Asmost of these boats are atade in two-tooe effects they generally makeshields. which arc oo hinges, divided in the center into which the boat fit* up to the desired level. Specify Opex Industrial Lacquers. -- 326 -- 0007-SWP-000012059 Effective October 3, 1927 80WM4W4JJW4 FINISHING METHQDS^FQK (DIFFERENT ^VflfACES D--Sawduat Compoeition--Poll.Henda nXnn They are molded from * mixtvre of uedwt. ktareh.mid |loe, which ii baked, leaving*.very,porous brittle surface. f_.,. First Cost "'" The bead ii dipped into a sealer f the following approximate formula: 100 tbs. glue--30 lbs. rise oxide--20 lbs. glycerine. . * This is reduced to the proper consistency with water. Second Coat The checks and tip of chio are spotted with aa aaalinc dye solution. Third Coat . One coot of Opex Flesh Colored Lacquer Enamel, Jtcx CB 1125. The advents in the enamel dissolve the aaalinc dye which bleeds up through the top coat, giving the natural bloom of the cheek. The requirements of such an enamel are net it cover solid ia one eoat. heve o velvet finish, and aatural fiesh color. Then as the dot! beads are exposed in store windows it should also bold its color without showing traces of "tun-burn" when expoaed to the sun. CB 113S meet* all these require ments'satisfactorily. : Fourth Coat Opex Tan Btumel, CB 1134, is sprayed an the top of the heed to represent the hair. For the eye-brows stencil masks are'made and the eye-brows sprayed on, uaiag CB 2173. REFRIGERATOR INDUSTRV In the past few years, due to the introduction of domcetie electric refrigeration, great changes have taken piece within .this industry. Some of the leading manu facturers of electric refrigerators were unknown as far as this trade is concerned, a short while ago, although in -most -caaee they-are.powerful-corporations in other isHnoin. -'The extensive ndverritiod carriedvan dfistt'bu opened up an increased market. ?-> Color, which hat been playing.ah ever iaereaaiac pan in the finishing of most manufactured products, is now creeping into this industry as well. Up until a few years ago the great majority ofboxes were finished in a conserva tive golden oak stain. Then came the demand for. white enamel, and this caused a lot of worry and loss to the manufacturer, retailer, a08 consumer alike in its first stages. At ehls'time:practically-ell the boxes were Of wend and even today there ere very few manufacturers who wtU1 finish wooden boxes in cither oil or lacquer enamel. In traneportetion cracks almost invariably develop and in use the finish wilt often peel off because no matter how well the inner surface is sealed some moisture gets through and forces the finish off. -- The next 'development was the tise of sheet metal-attached do -e-wooden frame work. Black Sheet iron, galvanised iron, Galvaneei. ahset steel, *aad lead-coated sheet steel are'oTJ used with varying degree* of success! One-to'the improper treat ment of the metal prior t o the finishing, many really good finishing nmstcrials -have beenotrtesist. . -:s::-:--.n .Tr-t'1- .v> - 5 -. A.' Types Of Refrigerators - -tshv til trim' ' , *: .* . :i: 1--MSTAL REFRIGERATORS : vd t-><:--' .-r,,-.- - ,-r ' 1--<A>9bei.Metal if- . . .ST L : b-- . i -Tbeiebeet metal Uassembled on a Boi^.dtame.it^ich.^s^dipped in. p*r Vernish. rex 02191, or,Radi ^tbofiql... >,P jnn f-t, snoijib * The'metels used are Mack iron, galvdaiaad-firon. Qalvaneel/.auromo- bile or furniture type sheet'ateel. wndMad coated -hfaeetatscecl. -To obtain a satisfactory finished Job the proper pre-treatment of the metal is absolutely essential and each variety of metal present*-its specie! problems. .`V i. b e a c h s h e e t i r o n ;1 This is perhaps,.the mostV.dapgenmu one.to use due toAhe i extremely rapid rusting *ikb,Aake {dcc-s -A* practically -.i 'every manufacturer who used, this pasberipl aai ' discarded it. it meed not be discussed xgy.tully. here,'qgeept to say that i . where it-is-wsed unless tiuLauifface basJbeen extremely Well i cleaned <end.then coated within, a few .hours..trouble will he experienced. ... Lac. B M-J7 -- 327 -- 0007-SWP-000012060 SHW*WtN`WlLUAI*9 fWOWOT* REFRIGERATOR llOT>USTRl^Owitlaiid 2. GALVANIZED 'WOK ' While tbt^alvaaUai imeM awtoiM.Hit danger of cuatia*. the (rent tai acid which icuie oa the surface are the* worst of caemiee to iar ivbMfwat'ltfAlat Coot. () The surface U carefolty washed with Veaiiae. (b) The surface it washed with dilute Acetic Aeid about the strength of Viaegar. (c) A rag dampened with alcohol -should be uaed to give the final wipe-off. There are of courac many variations to be aaed ia the dean* iag of tbit metal. Ia some place* a eatorated copper sulphate duties replace* the Acetic Acid. 3. OALVANEBL Thi metal it rece&t refinement of galveaiaed iron, the de velopment of which wa* earned by the daagerou fiaiahinf surface the regular galvanising procea* left. It doae aot birr the smooth, scaly appearance but it dull aad ha* a somewhat porous surface. Coaeera* using tbit material are limiting their treetmeat to washing with naphtha aad are obtaining good result*. While it* eurfaee i* lee* daagerout to coat over, it* poroo* aature moke* it more diAcalt to obtain a smooth finish. la aotse case* o surfacer coat 4* aeed. i. AUTOMOBILE or FURNITURE TYPE SHEET STEEL The aoft fool-proof method ia aaad blasting. This leave* a bright, dean, almost fool-proof eurfaee. As this method is costly it is not a* generally uaed a* some other method*. The ordinary method for deaolag this metal is the alkali hath, although safer method* are taking it* place, of .which the OaUte aad Wyandotte method* ore good example*. In these method* sheet* are taeeeeriveiy dipped iato three teak* aad finally dried. The first taah consist* of a boiling chemical solution, the second tank i* filled with cold running water, and-the third 1* JUled with, boOing water. Sheet* ore then dried and finished with the ell primer,`net more than four hour* after cleaning. .. . , . . 5. LEAD-COATED. SHEET STEEL This aecme to he deeitablc metal for aae ia refrigerator*. It ha* t iaoetb surface aad doe* aot rust. It is cleaned by the following method: (a) Washing: with Naphtha. (b) Wet sanded.. i(e> -Washing with Viaegar. Cd) Dry sanded. > Wiped with a rag wetted with alcohol. - Priming ' Wherever possible the priming coat i* applied before assembling- While the usual method of application t spray, ia some ease* where condition* make it possible it i* dipped. The beet result* are obtained by the war f light coat- -Primer should be fiemble sad yet adhere strongly to ehe surface. It should premat a smooth surface to eliminate surfacer, particularly where the original sheet metal is smooth, a* in. many eoae* the finishing coat of lacquer enamel ia applied directly over the primer. It should be aon-porou* io order to hold out the lacquer. Y7S11 i extremely long in oil. giving a tough elastic film, which properties are retained after the aobfication of the lacquer coat*. It may be applied by dip or sprey. AtlllOhF.ttk'.firf^B lb boor* or at ISO* Fhlb hour*. Th;a ia our beat recommendation. Y7099 iM dip riner. It bake* in I hour at 300* 7 er l *> boon at 1S(P 7. Y0037 it the setntqualtty a* Y7099 but i* better for epreyme a* It baa -leer tendency to ran. `These me* Shook!-be recommended where eaaditiOBe do aot allow tbe time taken fay Y7SI1 to bake.'' The-'longer the primer tbe wore.durable febe finish ao chat every advantage as to -focraased ' temperature or loagerbokiag should be token odvantage of. . - - , > - Surfacing '! Surfacer ia not accessary when the arid ia smooth.- Wbeq.it ia uaed. on account of file mark* or imperfection*, it should he well sanded, oalyTemaiaing in the placet which It wa* intended to fill. At best, because of tbs' abortus** of tbe material, it weaken* the film and a* the proportion of pigment to vehicle it greater than tbe primer coat it dee* net bold out tbe finishing coat* a* wen osthe primer. Whether to use laequer or oil surfacer* depend* oa tbe condition* existing ia tbe individual plaat. If tbey have baking equipment, oil surfacer* should be specified, but if air drying then recommend tbe use of lacquer surfacer*. The tame applies to tbe choice between lacquer and oil puttie*. -- 32 -- 0007-SWP-000012061 Effective October 3,1927 GHm/nan-WiLUAMav Po o u g t * * REFRIGERATOR IND.USTR V--Continued Finieh Cost Tboquiek drjriog nature of lacquer, aswcll as Its toughaem cod durability, hu been ctpittlited upoo by this industry. Ra Ct 1133 should bo recommended wbere a sharp blue-white color is.required, oad CB 377 where a cream-white is wanted: They are both reduced approximately 9Spef beat for spraying. Requirement* of the Finish A there baa been considerable lots doe to the lack of durability in the dalab used naturally the manufacturers are using very severe test*to determine the quality of the finish obtained by my schedule recommended- They lay the greatest stress on the humidity teat. The refrigerotor la filled with ice. or. in the case of the tetbss type it is put into operation, and placed in a room in which the temperature is con trolled at around 130 decrees; moisture is condensed on the surface end the bos "sweats." It is left here for about 15 days and there must be no softening of the finish, or discoloration cither by yellowing or staining from rust. Both the primer and lacquer must retain perfect adhesion to Che metal, The requirements of a re frigerator lacquer, which are met by Opes refrigerator lacquers, are as follows; 1. Satisfactory condition In the package to eliminate grit caused by stirring up settled pigment. ' 3. It should take good reduction--et least 56 per cent. 3. It should spray well without excessive spray dust, "orange peel." or o tendency to sag- 4. It most cover well--solid over light grey primer in three-double coots without sanding between coats. 5. It must dry quickly without blushing and with a full gloss. Gleaning th Metal This is such on important step that we are stressing It agsia because no finish is any better than its adherence to the surface. It is the most important operation where a permanent finish is expected. The primer will adhere properly when the metal is clean, but when the metal is not properly cleaned no pnroer, or any other finishing cost, eon be expected to adhere. There are several different systems of cleaning metal employed, these being more or less dependent upon the type of metal used in the fabrication of the refrig erator. If gasoline is used it should be high test gasoline to insure against leaving an oily film. Opex Cleaner and Remover, although more expensive, is more effective than High Test gasoline because there is tfo possibility of leaving behind any residue. Sandblasting is the surest way to clean metal, not only because it does not leave any foreign substance but because it roughens the metal and thus gives the primer a better tooth to bite on. Dioxydine is a mixture of alcohol and phosphoric acid. This is used to prevent rust forming but the primer must be applied within g to 10 hours after Dioxydine is used. Dioxydine is particularly recommended for black sheet iron and other metals that have a tendency to rust quickly before tbe priming cost can be applied. Dioxydiac, however, it not recommended os a cleaner or remover for greasy, oily surfaces. Where the problem is particularly one of removing a greasy, oily surface the Oakite or Wyandotte processes are generally employed for most efficient results. Wyandotte cleaner is a mixture of caustic sods, sods mb and soap. It removes ?eaoe by forming, an emulsion which should then be removed with hot water. be bath should be changed frequently as the oil content increases to s point where grease is not removed but is merely transferred from the cleaning solution to the surface that is being cleaned. The Copper Sulphate solution recommended for galvanising iron is 5 per cent to 10 per cent solution which is generally used by wip ing over the surface with a rag saturated with this solution. The sheet is then washed in a hot water bath and wiped dry with clean cloths or dried in as oven. 2. Wooden Refrigerators (A) GOLDEN OAR STAIN FINISH Still the most popular finish in tbit class of box it tbe Golden Oak Stain Finish. Perhaps the most popular wood used is Northern Ash. A tested satisfactory finishing schedule is as follows: 1. INSrDE (a) One coat of White Oil Bond Cost. Res 33366. This sir dries over night to a very light gray--dull finish. Reduced 35 per cent with Naptha. <b) One cost of White Enamel (Oil) Rex 22301. Tbe above is s high gloss. For a dull finish use 22320. 2. INSIDE An alternative method for the cheapest grade of bos is one cost of White Enamel. While this method is not to be recommended nevertheleae there is a real demand for this type of material, and we have developed Rex-6017 which air dries in 1 hours with a rich high gloss. Lac. B M-27 -- 326 --  >i> - .-..rci `REFRIGERATOR UNDUffTRY^Gtfsfittttod OUTBIDS 14;,:) ,Uu: (a) One coat Faete Wood Filler. Golden Oak, Re_s N. o. 5. Thi* i* jedoced'SbtlM per'cent with Turpentine or miin- .raraldj>iHtt. : (b) One-pr twoepatg of Varsith, Keg .QlleS. tbrayed. . (B) OKAY 8TAIN FINISH . One company o mUb i wooden Iw k i Iwt'istB'ttOTble fa UtiUai Is ................ l widen wiasd, sad wishing to .replace it with aomething other than Ooldea Oak Stain they wot oat to their agent* a few temple boxes with the following finith.whieh ha* become to popular that it now represent* M per cent of their production, although only etarted one year ago. , - l'l. -A etiff wire braeh it generally need to open sp the pore* of the wood. ' ."i . 2. .One coat of Gray Handcraft Stain, Hex 14531. /v ' ' . 3. One coat of Oil Filler, each n* Flat-Tooc White, Kez 1S1C5. it bntahed on and robbed off with a rag filling the pore* white. 4. One coat Opes Flat Lacquer, Rex 64595. Thi* it tprayed without reduction. Two coot* over a well filled box will give attiefactory retulta. Interior Pinlah We do not recommend Opex for the finishing of the Interior of refrigerator*, a* in oar opinion there cannot be on nbeolotely odorleat locqner. Freviene experience hot proven that althoogh a lacquer may have no reeidnal odor, when confined within o cold damp refrigerator interior, perishable food it eubiect to contamination whore lacquer hat been used for finishing the intide of the refrigerator. :. , '.Ui . o -- 330 -- 0007-SWP-000012063