Document M4B96Zqa5byxorb21yr6EyaEz

;mm The world's first mass produced nuclear reactor, 9 ft. high, and control console produced by Aerojet-General Nucleonics utilizes 7,500 lb. of lead for gamma shielding. See story page 2. N 1052 Lead Shielding In Mass-Produced Nuclear Reactors THE world's first mass-produced re CHARACTERISTICS actors, which are the first to be conceived, designed, constructed and Power, Licensed started up with private venture capital Power, with special provisions OF THE AGX-201 100 mw 5 watts REACTOR from a profit-motivated American in Maximum thermal flux 2.5 X 10s n/cnr/sec dustrial organization, have been an nounced by Aerojet-General Nucle onics of San Ramon. Cai. Three reactors have been completed and put into operation, nine reactors have already been committed and 21 more Critical mass Core size (cylinder ) Moderator Impregnation densitv iL"235) Reflector (graphite) 656 gm of U235 i20ri enriched) 10 in. dia. 9H in. high 11 kgm polyethvlene 50 mg/cm3 20 cm thick (1.70 grn/cnr) reactors (based upon a production Shield (lead) 10 cm thick (7.500 lb) schedule of one reactor every two weeks) are in the construction or planning stage. Production of these small, portable, self-contained, nuclear reactors utiliz ing lead for shielding, 157,500 lb. (water) Over all diameter Over-all height Over-all weight of reactor unit -- with water shielding drained 55 cm thick (8.700 lb) 61/2 ft. 9 ft. 22.000 lb 13.300 lb total so far, rests on an ingenious Temperature coefficient of reactivity --2.5 X 10-7C method of core fabrication with radia tion stabilized polyethylene moder ator. The reactor resembles a liquid efficient testing and pile oscillator test tope laboratories in industry which homogeneous type but actually has a ing. For example, bv the use of dan the reactors will create. Lead, because solid homogeneous core. Of further ger coefficient testing one can deter of its density, has the advantages of significance is the quadruple sealing mine 10 mg. of boron in a 50 c.c. comparative low-weight--small space of the core which locks in the fission sample, and in activation analysis, requirements, together with easv fab products and eliminates the problem vanadium content in gasoline can be rication and portability. Lead is of waste disposal and the escape of determined to one part in 10 million. readilv obtainable from manufactur radioactive contaminants. Along with Those using these reactors will ers throughout the country as brick, the normal reactor safety interlocks doubtless find many other applica storage safes, sheet, and in other a thermal safety fuse built into the tions for lead shields in the radioiso forms. core enhances over-all reactor safety. Reactor safety and control rods are activated from the reactor control console which also provides continu Cross section oj the AGOi-201 nuclear reactor. The lead shield is 10 cm. thick. ous reactor monitoring. ,, - -Thermal column Included in this emphasis on safety is the use of lead 10 cm. thick to pro .. -Water shield.ng tect personnel against gamma rays. The lead shield comprises only 7.500 .. lead shield lb. of the over-all reactor weight, with water for neutron shielding, of 11 tons. _ _ - 4" access Doris . . - Glory hole U" Thus the safety system combined with low cost derived from mass pro duction. portability, low power, and small comparative size allow the AGN 201 to be placed in an ordinary room for a multitude of applications. Early tests indicate many fields. The imme diate field aimed for is education and training although the long-range field is for industrial process control. There are indications that a reactor offers an excellent analytical tool for industry, particularly for danger co 110" Water tank 1 ; i ^' Fail-safe' magnet ; -j Jr | [1 f j / / i -t-------- . - -Bottom half corefuse support - - Control and safety rods 14 req'd) lead screws cover plate ~ Tank support -Access cover L 1* 261oo White Strips Of Porcelain Enameled Aluminum On A'ew Skyscraper An architect's model of the new 38-story aluminum and porcelain-enameled alu minum sheathed skyscraper now under construction in New York City by the Tishmun Realty and Construction Co. THE growing importance of prefab ricated metal curtain wall panels in skyscraper construction was sharp ly highlighted recently by the decision of the Tishman Realty & Construction Co. to use this type of facade on their now-under-construction 38-storv office building at 666 Fifth Avenue. New York City. The structure, when completed, will be the world's largest aluminum and porcelain enameled aluminum-faced office building with a facade area of high by T1/^ feet wide, each to contain more than eight acres, enclosing bet a window and spandrel, and separat ter than 1.000.000 square feet of air- ing these will be gleaming white strips conditioned office space. Carson & of 20 inch wide leaded porcelain Lundin of New York City are the enameled aluminum extending the architects. entire height of the building. The total The over-all design of the facade weight of the facade is just over 375 will include aluminum panels, 12 feet tons. Lead com pounds are a major constituent oj the white porcelain enamel on the aluminum strips on this A eu lock City skyscraper, the first two of which are shown in place, just above the scaffolding. Contributing to the decision to use modern panel wall construction, ac cording to the architects and contrac tors, was the new developments in aluminum panel production, including improved die design and stamping techniques, plus the new method of placing enamel on aluminum. This last named development includes the use of lead compounds which are a major constituent of the porcelain enamels used on aluminum. The lead imparts greater smoothness and bril liance to the enamel as well as improv ing its elasticity and increasing its chemical resistance. Of particular importance to the use of porcelain enameled metal curtain wall construction is the increased re sistance to chipping provided the enamel by the addition of lead. As a result, porcelain enameled panels can be sheared, sawed, punched or drilled on the job with little or no chipping of the enamel. The Reynolds Metals Co. is fabri cating the aluminum panels and Hamlin-Stevens, Inc. is applying the leaded porcelain enamels to the alum inum strips. LIAJMo i I Red Lead Prii Bv State Tu v i PENNSYLVANIA TL'KM'IKE COMMISSION The Delaware River Bridge and ail other sleet bridges of the Pennsylvania Turnpike are protected against corrosion by red lead paint. As the motorist travels non-stop across Pennsylvania into THE use of red lead for primer paints for exposed steel highway Ohio Turnpike Commission and the Indiana Toll Road Commission, to bridges and other structures has longgether responsible for the construction been standard practice among engi and maintenance of almost 1.000 neers in practically all the state high miles of safety engineered dual high way departments. way. MotfTrecentiy as State Turnpike or The highway traverses each of the Toll Road Commissions have been states and interconnects at the state organized, the same preference for lines to make it possible for today's red lead's outstanding rust-inhibiting motorist to trarel almost a third of properties has been shown bv the en the way across the Lnited States with gineers in these agencies. Among the out encountering a single traffic light manv such semi-public agencies that or intersection. specify red lead paints are the Penn To incorporate these important sylvania Turnpike Commission, the safety features, the engineers had to Ohio Turnpike Commission Shop Primer Paint Specification Ohio, the same rust inhibiting pigment A' -- such as on thetr second largest. Mel' design and construct more than 1.50U bridges over this ihrer--tatr hijihwav -\>tem. or about one and our-half bridges per mile of hiph*av. Controlling the exported corrosion of the exposed steel of thr-e bridgewas of course a major eon^idcration. particularly when thev would In* Mjb- jeeted to varvinc rorrr>M\e from rural to highly mdu'(naii/'-d atmosphere. j ^ j j j Percent AlJERMATK Pigment: Vehicle: Red lead (959c Pbv.O* grade > Red iron oxide Raw or fractionated raw linseed oil Gum Turpentine Drier 75.0 min. 25.0 100.0 Pigment: 95.2 mm. 07 Vehicle: 4J 100.0 Red lead (959c Pb^O< grade > Iron oxide Percent i - 2.5 % ) 75.0 25.0 , Linseed oil and * synthetic resin =oi ids Drier and thinner 100.0 80.6 19.4 Pigment 71.5% <3: 1.097 ' Vehicle 25.55c < -- 3.09c) Wt. per gai. 22 !b. Drying time for recoaung 36 hours 100.0 Pigment 80.0% (:r 2.5% ) Vehicle 20.0% i 2.5% ) Wt. per gal. 23.5 lb. Drying time for recoating 18 hours IViiiisvIvjtiiialf i i'lcnt'-Hi: f\Vr| Lh .| \lumnuifti '(caratf ' \ ehi' ie : Ra w linseed oil Pale heat bodied ii Volatile mineral i'igmi M Whirl M, U't. AM (-1^2610 2 ii; is Preferred ij (ominissions INDIANA TOLL ROAD COMMISSION Indiana, red lead paint is protecting the steel bridges oi the Indiana Toll Road Commismtssion. The bridge across the Pigeon River, above, is one of the 312 bridges in this highway system which has been primed with red lead paint. 1 Tlie one rust-inhibiting paint pig) merit specified for the all-important j 'hop or primer coat of paint on the ' -truclural steel by all three Commis) sions was red lead, whether or not | !hc exposure was rural or industrial, j One of the reasons for this unaniJ mous agreement on the use of red I lead paints is its outstanding perform ance record under almost all types of i exp1 osure. Contributin'? to this out- if oiniiiissioii Reification Percent W.5 0.5 100.0 I Min, Max. 35.0 50.0 l 15.0 -- 30.0 35.0 Tfl Mil d Max. I* 1 Min. 100.0 standing performance record is the fact that red lead is an active pig ment. rather than a passive one. and has the ability to combine with linseed oil to form lead soaps in the paint. These lead soaps strengthen the film, which is tough and elastic when dry, so that it can expand and contract with temperature changes, in har mony with the surface on which it is applied. As a direct result of research, recent developments in the field of red lead paint formulations include paints that are faster drying, such as those shown in the primer paint specifications ac companying this article. Also, red lead paint formulations have been devel oped that will meet other exacting requirements to meet specific condi tions. and a list of these will be found under the heading "Red Lead Techni cal Letters" in "The Lead Library" section appearing on the last page. Indiana Toll Hoad Commission Shop Primer Paint Specification ALTERS ATE "A" Pigment: Red lead 195% Pb-Oj tirade i Red iron oxide Percent 7.5.0 rnin. 25.0 Vehicle: Fractionated raw linseed oii Gum turpentine Drier 100.0 95.2 min. 0.7 4.1 100.0 Pigment 74,5% 1= 1.0%) Vehicle 25.5% ( n 1.0% ) Wt. per gal. 22.0 lh. Drying time for recoating 36 hours --O-- ALTERS ATE "B" Pigment: Red lead (95% Pb304 grade i Iron oxide Percent t-2.5%) . 5.0 25.0 Linseed oil and .-vnthetie resin soiids Drier and thinner 100.0 80.6 19.4 100.0 Piement 80.0% (:r 2.5% ) Vehicle 20.0% (^2.5%) Wt. per gal 23.5 lb. Drying time for recoating 18 hours llAZblr- Lead Bonded Steel Tube Sheet Construction THE use of lead in a rather unique application is illustrated by the tube sheets incorporated into the "Shell and Tube" type heat ex changer, manufactured by the Swen son Evaporator Company, a Division of Whiting Corporation. This novel approach to handling of corrosives is illustrated by the accompanying de tailed photos of the heating element for a phosphoric acid evaporator com bining both the strength of steel and lead's corrosion resistance in tube sheet construction. Detail of the Karhate tubes installed in a homogeneously bonded lead covered steel tube sheet and the entire Suienson heating element for a phosphoric acid evaporator. On the acid or tube side lead is exposed to the liquor-box or chamber while on the steam or shell side steel is exposed. Each component in the evaporator, therefore, is performing its design function; Karbate tubing, heat exchange surface; steel, struc tural support for lead covered tube sheets; and lead for resistance to phosphoric acid. Another feature of bonded lead is its increased resistance to creep and buckling and resultant increased service life where high or fluctuating temperatures are involved, thus expanding lead's field of useful ness. In the accompanying detail of the Karbate tubing as installed, one inch of steel supplements lfA in. of homog enous bonded lead, giving an over all sheet thickness of 2V2 in. Mote recesses in the lead for retention of three neoprene ring gaskets for seal ing and flexible anchorage < patented i of the tubes which avoids difficulty connected with expansion. This as sembly is capable of functioning at 10 to 15 psi. steam pressure, or even higher for special applications. This same type of bonded lead equipment is also offered for service with such other corrosives as mav be found in industrial chemical opera tions. with sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, and spin bath for viscose ravon manufacture being tvpical. Colorful And Permanent Lead Class Labels HIGHLY decorative and permanent this expanding application of glassare the leaded glass labels now technology. found on many Bottles, ranging ail The base glass with which practi the way from those containing expen cally all glass decorating colors are sive perfumes to returnable "pop" made is essentially a lead boro-silicate bottles. glass, having the comparatively low These colorful permanent labels add melting temperature of 900 - 1000 safes appeal to all kinds of glass deg. F. packages. In the case of the perfume Lead oxide, which is a major con bottles, the labels are applied because stituent of these glasses, has a dual of the richness and glamor this type role in that it is responsible for its of label imparts to the product. On low melting char:.ueristics as well the "pop" bottles, the clean, crisp ap as providing the proper coefficient of pearance of the label is a decided thermal expansion so as to be com advantage as is the cost-saving made patible with other glassware on which possible by elimination of delabeling the glass colors are applied. and relabeling each time the bottle General procedure for making the is refilled. glass colors involves first, the mixing A glance at any super market's shelves of glass containers will reveal the wide range of colors that are available in applied color labels, a -name the ceramic industry has given Glass container with permanent ceramic color label. This teas one of the first out side of dairy and beverage hollies lo use such labels. --6-- Ll*2frl04 TYPICAL FLUX FOR GLASS are known as eiass colors, or in case of fuses to the glass. Later it passes on COLOR those used for applied color labels as through the tempering section and the (Percent) PbO ....................... ...................... 58.6 SiO-i ....................... ...................... 26.6 B0O3....................... ...................... 2.5 ZrOn ....................... ...................... 3.5 Na->0 ..................... ...................... 5.1 TiO., ....................... ...................... 3.7 Pigment to be added. A.C.L. colors These glass colors are then applied to the outer surface of the glass bottle or other containers to be decorated bv one of several means such as hand painting, spraying or by the screen stencil process. For hand painting, the leaded glass color is mixed with a suitable mixing oil glass is cooled and annealed. One of the many returnable beverage bot tles on which Leaded glass labels are applied to eliminate delabeling and relabeling easts. such as turpentine and fat oil. For of the raw batch components which spraying, the glass colors are mixed are indicated in the accompanying with 3 parts water and 1 part alcohol. table. .Next the mix is melted, water Glass colors applied by the screen quenched and placed in a ball mill for process are mixed with a special oil wet grinding. At this point the color called squeegee oil in the approximate pigment is added in amounts varying ratio of 4*A parts color to 1 part oil. from 10 to 20 percent and with the Fusing of the leaded glass colors is )k other ingredients is ground down to accomplished by passing it through a pass through a 325 mesh screen. What continuous decorating lehr. Going into is now a glass color is then removed, the lehr cold, the ware is gradually dried and pulverized. heated to a point where, as it enters Commercially the pigmented glasses the firing zone, the color melts and Lead For Plumbing Fixture Connections On Small Homes LEAD pipe and fittings are widely accepted materials for use in to closet connection, subjected as it is to the differential expansion and con day's plumbing installations. W'her- traction of the rigid piping system e\er sound, sanitary practices are fol and the building itself. A lead con lowed in installing plumbing, lead nection at this point provides the will be found among the materials flexibility to absorb the expansion and used and often required and more contraction, plus any vibration or un important, most often required in even building settlement that may those areas of the system that are occur without damage to itself, the subjected to the severest conditions. fixture or the rigid piping. An example would be the water As a matter of fact, wherever a connection between a rigid piping system and a fixture is made, such as for the water closet, a bathtub, sink, urinal and the like, lead's flexibility can be used to decided advantage. This is true of lead whether it is used in the plumbing system of office sky scrapers, large apartment buildings or single-family homes. A group of small Cape Cod type residences now under construction in The plumbing roughing-in for Cape Cod type homes in Canton. Ohio, includes lead connections jor nil fixtures. Below, the lead P-trap for the bathtub. LIA26105 Lead pipe sink wastes connected tu vertical and horizontal drainage lines installed by the /. P. Rt>th Plumbing Co. jn homes in Cttnltm. Ohio. Canton. Ohio, exemplifies the use of lead in the plumbing systems of sin gle-family homes. Each of these homes will have two bathrooms and all fix tures will have lead connections to the cast-iron drainage lines. The J. P. Roth Plumbing Co. of Canton. Ohio, is installing 4-in. lead bends for the water closet connections. flexible lead P-traps for the bathtub waste connection and lCd-in. lead pipe for the waste connection from the kitchen sink. Another of the advantages inherent in lead's flexibility is the ease with which changes of direction can be made without the use of expensive joint fittings that can add immeasur ably to the cost of a plumbing installa tion. Typical examples of this feature of lead pipe are shown in the accom panying photographs. Lead connections have a number of other desirable qualities that enhance its value in the vital sections of the plumbing system and these are its resistance to corrosive mediums, such as hydrogen sulphide gas commonly found with sewage, its smooth inner bore that offers no obstructions to which solids can cling and cause clog ging, and bonded wiped joints that are as strong, if not stronger than the pipe itself. ` 'js.To/ Technical Information The following irtifle* and reprint* contain information, drawing* and iprrjfiraiioni an the u*e of lead product* helpful to architect*. engineer* and other* interested. TTiey *re available, free of charge, except where -otherwise indicated, upon requett to the LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 60 EAST 42nd STREET. NEW YORK IT, N. Y. MATERIALS OF CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION ANNUAL REVIEWS -- LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS Up-to-date report* on new development* to (be uae* of lead and lead alloy* in chemical construction including research progress, engineering applica tion*. *od technological advancement*. With bibiiographv. 3956. 1955 and 1954 review* (edition* are Dot cumulative) available. Reprinted from "Ipduatrul and Engineering Cbetniairv," September. 1956. October. 1955. and October, 1954. LEAD REFERENCE SHEET (Part. 1 <& 2) A abort outline of the type*, grades, and chemical ana rbvairtt properriei of lead in chemical eonttrucuon. with a summary of tbe corroaion characternuc* of lead in uae with a large number ot common chemical* tod tolunon* uaed in vtriou* Industrie*. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineering Progreaa." Jinuarv and February, 3955. INSPECTING LEAD LININGS Lateat method* of retting and inspecting aheet lead and bonded lead lining* uaed in the chemical proceta indutrnea are deacribed. Reprinted from '`Chemical Engineering." November. 1956. BEST DESIGNS FOR LEAD INSTALLATIONS A ipenal report on the application* of lead and lead allov* in tfte chemical and metallurgical In dustrie*. Recommended practice for joining lead sneer*, and the conatructioo of wood stave tanka, launder*, tower* and flue* where lead u involved are included. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineer ing." March. April and Mat. 3956. PORTABLE RADIATION SHIELDING MATERIALS A special report on commercially available abieldin* form* that can be uaed to build readily as sembled. hand Hacked ihielding w*il*. Prepared by the editora of "Nucleonic*." May. 1955. LEAD IN MODERN INDUSTRY $1.50 Poatpaid A fully illuatrated. 230 page, cloth bound book deicnbing ail phase* of the production and uae of lead, lead alloy* nd lead compound*. LEAD WORK FOR MODERN PLUMBING $1.50 Poatpaid, $1.00 per copy in quaaii. tie* of 10 or more Profusely illuatrated viib over 340 photograph* aod drawing*, thi* textbook preaent* clearly :o the plumbing *rodem the nereaaary tool*, procedure* and the method* reQUired for lead work. LEAD BITLDINC CONSTRUCTION BULLETINS A *eriei of aoecificarion* far the use of lean in budding construction, i Available cD*rteiv.) BULLETIN NO. J Specification for Lead Waste Connections for Plumbing Fixtures witL Integral Trap* (Water Gloseta--PerteataJ Urmala--Service Sink*!. BULLETIN NO. 2 Specification for Lead Shi<*T and Safe Lana. SUGGESTED SPECIFICATIONS FOR CHEMICAL LABORATORY DRAINAGE SYSTEM A complete guide to the selectioa and installation of drainage ivittmi in chemical laboratories. In clude* laboratory waste and 'nt piping, trap*, lioka. acid tray*, troughs, safe pan*, neutralizing basin* and other topic* LF.AD IN MODERN PLUMBING-- WHY, WHERE. HOW IT IS USED *> 24 page booklet containing descriptive informa tion as ej! four page* of detailed drawing* for plumbing installations in various type bouses. LEAD W ELDING An informative as weil at practical guide to lead welding. Reprinted from the "Welding Handbook, Third Edition" published by the American Welding Societv. LEAD FLASHINGS IN MODERN CONSTRUC TION Lead flashing* as uaed in an ultramodern bouse in Randolph. Yt. Reprinted from "National Roofer." October. J954. LEAD SUPPLY AND DEM \ND IN THF UNITED >TATE5 A short resume of lead suppiv tod demand ,o ifie United States in 1956 and the outlook for 195?. Reprinted from "Engineering and Alining Journal". February. 3957. THF. STORY OF LEAD -- MATERIALS THF Rh II.ROAOS BUY (Parts 1 aod 2) Lead from mine to finished product with soeciai reference to it* naea bv the railroads. Reprinted from "Railwtv Purcbaae* and Store*." December. 1954 and February, 1955. RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTERS A sene* of technical letter* containing rr.i taint formulations, (Available separately. i r*-i Technical Letter No. 3--fled Lead Primer* , foe Atmospheric Exposures Technical Letter No. 6 ---- Red Lead Paim Formulations Technical Letter No. 8 -- Primer* for Rail road Structures and Rodina Stock Technical Letter No. `>--Red Lead Point* for Galvanited Steel. Rusted. Weathered or Treated New Technical Letter No. 10-- L.I.A. Formula 3-T, A Red Lead-Alkyd Vehicle Primer for Industrial and Marine Environments. Tecboleal Letter No. 11 -- Recommended Surface Preparation of Steel for Red Lead Paiot*. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION TT-P-86a Paint : Red-Lead-Base, Ready-Mixed Lover* four type* of red-iead-btse paints including two fast-drying formulation*. Maov intended appiirstions listed. PAINT GALVANIZED SURFACES? Thy gaivtoited surfaces should be painted, the kind of pretreatmenr that ahould be given, aod the correct painting system* are diacusaed. Reprinted from "Factory Management tod Maintenance." April. 1956. UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARCE, TO THOSE INTERESTED. AND VIU COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS. rm-vTt.D i n i. ,. a LI A 26106