Document M45Q96np3gro2EvjBjdDXmbmL

0 is*V.-u^|Kr'MWft'ifc*** LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION------------'~ 4S0 CBUMOTON AVOMC MCW TOOK IT, M. T. or ra roSLicmoi cHngcc. ooKsctucnowi Alfred ?. Knapp, Preddeni Knapp HUle, fee. v X should IDTM you to consider dth at the m of load la tbs chad.cs! Industry, ard by industry in general, to determine the position load now oooylse aa U aa Its fetors possibilities. V* *111 eoeflns m thoughts laregly to the m of load with adfrddeh are v oacxnone or to* csmsical indartiyt sulphate acid, ad aeida dxed dtl sulphate* But first it say bo letsretting to traoo ths aarliost refarenoee to sulphate acid, and to ths use of load in lta prodictioa sad handling* da find that la tha first century of the Christian Era Pltry, ths Beads asationad sulphurous adds aa being anplcgrsd to bleach wool* Ths first nan to develop aulphiiric acid, as we know it today, aqr here bean Geber, tha Arabian scientist, sho lived 1200 years ago* About this there la a difference of opinion but thora Is little doubt that In tha 15th century the writings of the Oaraan scientist, Bxssilus Valautlaos, clearly referred to sulphuric add, ad fas is rightly regarded aa a pioneer In its development* Apparently the earllast aanufacture of solptarie add on a oo--rclgl eoale goes back acre than 200 years* In 1716, ths English eclentirt. Or* John koeback, sada experiments which resulted In producing good, usable add* BLs srk carried on with fragile glass bells, jars and Jugs, but efforts to trane late his esperlnents on a commercial scale were handicapped by the ltdtatioae of ^lass equipment, or of steel end copper equlpoest, which had a rery short life* Fortunately 2r. Roebuck solved these difficulties* Bs constructed end lined production apparatus with lead, in the font of lead afaeeta, lead pipe and castings. He also persuaded English aamfacturara of sulphate add to Install lead-lined condensing chambers* The daaand for sulphuric acid ' as increasing treaendously st that tins* In ths textile Industry It proved far - uperior to sour dlk in bleaching, and ary new industries thougheut Europe tailed on it -- to pickle iron, steel md other awtala, to rwhice wood pulp for the sarnfacture of paper, and to prodoe ehedcal fertilisers* Other indetrles in which it was indispensable aide coal tar, drestuffs and petroleum products, sulphates ef iron end copper, aim md shoe blacking* All these handled, diced* trmeported end stored eulpburle add* Bay old records show the increasing use of leed in the ehedcsl indostxy in England and Europe, Naturally ths aqulpnent was mall, led ehanbere far producing sulphuric add ware frea six foot to ten feet square, but with p-- years their slse multiplied. Those at the Spence Hue Works at Newton Haiti wswy ff^fipwBdsiBNNWdiwip^ieq . iwjweasmwwM'iaais . MifeMhti tJMsndiMf&ai. Jg.a t.iiTU^ Uirfifrki'Y - 2- wwrw 7S feet leaf, hO fort wid* and bo fort high. - Jointly precaduros larelrad ~ the us* of load rivetod, unwelded, lock type mo b*. Sheet load, load pipe and lata eastings (irg excellent asnrlc* because tha operation of chaaleal equlpnaafe did not than involve drastic teaperaUras or taeparatura qrelea, high pressure, vibration or shock, nor vaa boat transfer a factor. In due tins tha Jointing procedure was iaprovod. Chaaleal piacta onead to us* aoldarad Joint*. That*, however, offerad only a partial solution, Tha tin in tha adder m quickly attacked by sulphuric acid* On tide aide of tha Atlantic the chaaleal industry oo--anrad about 1635, By that tine John Vintisrop, Jr. eon of the Colonial Ooverner of Maaaachosatta, had equipped a laboratory In Beaten. In 1650 ho planned tha flrvt cboslcal atook aa^nsf k> tM.sfvtelcha* bowa ary record,' In 1T93 Jolr. Harrison of Philadelphia built the first load chtaber acid plant, with a yearly capacity of 300 carboy* of aulphurie add. Fourteen years later ha built a larger lead chatsber add plant 50 fact long, 18 feat sida, and IS feat hlfh, with an annual production at m>rlw a Ktf 5* 3* ------------ -- sdcUitht! Hi , chaaleal works at Cincinnati, where he oanufacturad sulphuric acid, and in i860 expanded operation! ty building a new plant at Cleveland. During all these year* it was still the practice to adder lead, aod the oalatenance problaas of those who produced or used eulphurle add wore continuous and costly. Soon after tho Civil War Dugan* Oraaaalll learned of a now art developed In France, called lead burning. This uada It poaalble to wold aheets of lead, lengths of lead pipe or lead castings, by cslnc 1 burning bar or voiding rod with tho sans composition as tho laad product! thonsolvas. Exercising ecenendahl* foresight end initiative, Orase alii brought to AnarlM a highly skilled French lead burner tuned Valiant, Kith teldaring replaced by lead burning, such oarkod laproTenants resulted that OrasteUi'i production aatarlally incroased, It took years far ether chaaleal aunufacturera to apply this sow development, but eventually all construction involving lead vaa dona ty lead burning, MaenuhUa, fabricator* of shoot lead and lead pip* kept paea vlth the grating dcutnd for their products, They iaprored their aetbods and rqnlfant to produca lead ehoota in larger visa*, lead pipe in greater Hanotora, end lead In all fonts in nor* ualfoni thicknesses. As chemical equlpaont grew larger oonetruction problcna increased, but ehaalcsl enginoars dorised nsy* to strap or support shoot lead atd lead pip* so th.it its physical lioltatlons awo not overtaxed. And so, for ajoy years, tha choadcal industry '..us an outstanding oarkot far lead, tot only did land do the Job tsall, no satisfactory ccnpctis^ product uas rvaildglo. Following the first World War thla happy atato of affair* charged, Kay processes in tho chuaiccl industry bocoaa increasingly ocnpleu. Thtaa wolved high tosperaturo* and rapid teaperatura changei( vacuum, agitation, vi bration, high pressure and erosion. Shoot load, lead pipe and lood a&atlj^a, no natter hr./ conatructed and eupportod, did not have the piytleal qurditl** seoeuaiy to sect thesa cotuitlwns. For a ti--o all Cu m at interest did tha best they could to contlnuo to use load. The developed alley*, such aa hard or ontiaonial lead, and lctor tellurlua lead, but those ijprovencnt* Mere out * full eolation. Then a variety of product* Mere offered to tho ehonloal industry tgr other*, to aoct tho not? condition*. At first nary of those product* Mere of United aoopo. They often bod tho physical qualitloa to Boot operating ooo* ditlana, but raroly oquallod load in resitting oorrosion, The organisation* iWlJBWM!1 "VW pres*inc the* Included tin 0. 3. Steal Co., sad its subsidiaries, International----------Rickcl Co., Gooiyear, Goodrich *n<l 0. S. Rubber Co., Luksns Steel Co., Duriren Co., The Pfeudlsr Co., Maurice 1. Knight, The 0. S. Stoneware Co. and tlx HtrtlaooWslker Bafrectorios. They were agsressive, technically abla, and well financed. They faced their probiens and opportunities In a nathodical, intelllgor.t, deter-- slned w^r. As a result laad waa supplanted In many Instance*, by duriron, oors*' lea, stainless ataala, ty nickel, nickel tiler*, clad aetals, and by rubber linings, brick lining* and glass lined equipnisnt* Then tlw u*e of lead received another heary blow, For with the advent of the contact eystea aulphurle acid could be produced at a concentration not corrosive to ordinary steel. It did not require lead, la nore and acre acid m aade ly the contact system, there was a decrease in cocetructlon of the old lead type chamber which had eaployed thouaands of tons of sheet lead and pipe* Meanwhile chosicel engineers had becone Increasingly diseatlsfied with the peiw, fomance of lead. When ueed beyond lta ptywieal llnlta, the reault was preo*tore failures, loses* la production and heavy maintenance costs* The lead burners, who had been hlrhlv arvenleed. --I itlfhwlt to deal with, end where lead aacrs tried to train their own lead burners, they had to contend with poor workmanship for long periods of tine. It was clearly apparent that the high corroadon value of load undor the operating condition* descrlbod was not ruffldent to Insure Its use, but that the physical properties of a given wediua are of equal Importance, that fact explains the succoss of the ccepetitors of lead* Addod reasons wore the leek of oareful technical tnfemation on the performance of lead* Englneoring ;nd design "know how* In publicised fora was also lacking* Those engagod in lead burning and lead construction could not contribute such to rcso^y conditions* At that time they dercted their efforts primarily to collecting groups of lead burners, to go out in the field and put up a lead Job. without technical organ ixation thcaoolves, and lacking in personal, their efforts were inadequate and ineffective* If the battle had been fought with the participation of powerful factor* in the laad industry -- if the miners, smelters, refiners and large fabricator* had beer, cade fully aware by those engagod in lead construction that mary deci sions warn being node to use other products to supplant load -- tho fight would hare boon won. For during the unfolding of those dovclopnents the solution tor load was closo at hand, though still to be dovelopod* Teehrdquee had boen discovered for bonding load homogeneously to steel. The combined product had the high corrosion value of load and the great physical strength of steel -- the letter being the Important factor in operatic conditions where lead by Itself was not suitable. It eras found that homogeneous load^llned steel will withstand high vacuua, vibration and repeated shock* It has high hast transfer value; It operate* at temperatures dose to the Beltlrg point of lead, and it stands rapid changes in temperature, because the lead expands and contracts with the base aetal to which it is bonded. This procedure was applied in tanka and vessels, as well as pipe, fittings and valves. It was developed to cover steel pipo, copper tubing and other bo tala with lead* Wby wars these products not ueed promptly and widely* to retain the plnoo of lead in the chemical industry? There were at least four reasons* 1. The processes, particularly for lining vessels and ooverlng oopper and steel pipe, were now and not sufficiently developed* ?. In many esses fabricators had large capital investments in sheet lead* lead pipe and other lead products, with which the new products Bight conflict* m. itwees awssagesBe a* **eg mem mm isvwifl.Bwenijuij r mmm f ilipj ii ii|Hpp wammm wmmmfttmm i LIA16223 j k- ' 3* Homegorujus load linings and covering* '.era generally rsgardod as being orOyfcr highly spocialitod, sorer* u*o. Tbervforo t:*jr turo eusto*-built and priood accordingly. h. {fcoogvnooua lsad-llnod aquljrwr.t era* fabricated in maty lnstsnoao by anill operators, vno did not h*v* ttaa facilities and tactattleal kno-lodg* asantial to dapundabla node. I Hc-.-ovor, in *plto of all Afflcultis* and handicap*, tbo a** of hasogaacm* load-Uncd pipe, fittlnc* and valves, vaasal* and coils, incroasad stoadUjv so that by 19ii5 the total annual valtcoo raj nor* than aoveral Billion dollars* Uargr oners of chemical oquipaont hare learned that stainless atool, nlckal alloys* elad notals, duriron, rubtor linings, and other products they hrra turned to* sore not the hoped for solution to their problona* They are raety and tilling to fm oonsidcr la ad, eh*n they roalisa ho? groatly its physical quslitlos have boco atrongthoned and improved through bsoeeorcous bonding. This trend Is steady and persistent, oven though thu lead industry as a tzholo ha* not yet put forth a concerted, united effort to tin back lost portion* of it* market, and acQalro t JW For same years there have boon reliablo proccssos for load-lined steel pipo, fittings and valve*. But there ere no? tuo other relatively no? pracc of groat significance and value. The first not only produce* hcaogoaooo* load covered copper or steel pdpo of high quality, for uso a* hoating and M"g coils, but docs it at an oeoncelcal price. Tho second produce* facaogunoous lead-lined vessels and process cqulpoont of rdlablo quality ct very reasonable cost. Through use of all the so processes cooplotc oquipsont for a chodcal installation may bo nrovldod, using a dependship homogonooua lead n<"t or oovurlng. The first cost of these products is loss than stainless stool, nicks!* rdckal alleys, durlroc, coracles, etc. and uhilc it is truo thqy cost acre than rubber linings, vhdeh ars only of value -hero tesperaturos arv loss than 180 7., they dll out-perforn rubber linings vith sulphuric add, often tea to And *e m approach tha end of our discussion about load, and those are tho conclusion* I -jould leave rith yous First, the markets which remain for sboct load, load pipo and cartings will continue to bo attacked by aodluas other than load, but unless nomor pro ducts aro dovalopod it la hepod coapotition ha* dono it* uorst- Second, these market* pill bo bolstered by tho grovlag intorost in tbs ttt 1 la-Packard typo load chrnnhnr, a development which is bocoolng popular aaoag produoors of sulphuric acid- Thlrd, tho employment of shoot lead, load pipo and load cSatires for aost present applications remains fundamentally sound, and tho oconooica behind thair uso should withstand the closest scrutity. Fourth, henerror, it oust bo ro allsod that hoaogonoeu* load-llwd oquipmant is ecsmanding ever--increasing acoeptanco. With properly exploited prooossea it may ba axpoctod to supplant ahoat load aad load pipe la ary isrtssoss. Fifth, a united. Pall-supported affort by tho minora, amoltors, rufInara and fabricator* of load if made, vlll now rocapturo important load market* la tho chemical industry, and create oos markoto. Sixth, if no uso all of our weapons, vo can ro-osteblish load and mafem It outstanding again, a* the prefarrod notal, for uso ulth sulphuric add la all of its ramification*. --^"^vsmg----^mmiimwi 4u i apa^nni;_yf ii ius>miww^iajsHmsa^P!WisMmni'mwv***--saw l