Document M44j15z4qy9E2JQD3Q6Gr1LQa

FILE NAME: Oil Industry and American Petroleum Institute (API) DATE: 1955 May DOC#: API 109 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Trade Journal Article - Industrial Hygiene in the Petroleum Industry s* . A N Y WAY Y O U MEASURE MAY 19 1955 -NSITV OF CALIFOR TRETOLITE PERFORMANCE IS CONSISTENTLY SUPERIOR iTOLITE 1FORMANCE ALWAYS VILABLE IN 3BLEMS NCERNING corrosion y;.*J(0N T 0L in hibitor S - S s j j j S - r ^^TR E n O . U n i, a S l 11"'J11'1I' >i'i: iiM .mw>iMii I i^ i i,_____________--"iL. L* : ' > 1; ---*rtrr~ * -* w<,hr* a*, i- t iiz & frfo Z t m ' 'S si WETQUTE SERVICE IS THE KEY TO SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE TRETOLITE COMPANY A DIVISION OF P E T R O L IT E CORPO RATION 369 M a rsh a ll Avenue, St. lo u is 19, M isso u ri 5515 Telegraph Road, lo s Angeles 22, California mm t h e Petroleum E n g in e e r M anagem ent Edition Exploration-- D rilling-- Producing R efining-- Petrochem icals-- G as P rocessing O R a nd G as Pipelining MAY, 1955 VOLUME XXVII NUMBER 5 General U. S. Companies Pass $5 Billion Mark for Annual Capital Expenditures.................... ......A-63 Ernestine Adams Industrial Hygiene in the Petroleum Industry............... E-2 A. C. Pabst Atomic Energy Versus Oil............................................. E-9 Walter G. Whitman Can You TAX Petroleum Out of the Market?............... E-13 Exploration . . Drilling. . Producing Future Possibilities in the Appalachian Basin.............. B-32 Earl H. Linn Photocopying Replaces Hand-Drafting.........................B-37 B. Osborne Prescott Bottom Hole Heaters................................................B-41 K. G. Parrent Plastic Pipe Proving Itself........................................ B-46 Development of Natural Gas Fields of Eastern Kentucky ........ Coleman D. Hunter Diatomaceous Earth Filtration of Water B-47 , for Sub-Surface Injection........................... B-57 A. F. Alciatore, M. B. Harris. W. E. Wallin Waterflooding Act'vlt'es in the KM A Field.................B-64 R. P. Dobyns, C. T. Burchett, Jr., D. S. McBride, R. R. Darner Hydraulic T o n g s..................................................... B-75 Jerry Stumm Nesson Anticline Winter Drilling Operations.................B-77 B. J. Sinex Hydrafrac Success .................................................. B-81 Jack Menneer Your Lease Can Be a Producer's Pr'de Through Properly Scheduled Maintenance................ B-90 F. W. Robson Shell Exploration In Venezuela............................. B-93 Pressure Build-up Curves Show Oil-ln-Place.............. B-103 /. Randolph Buck Surfactants Influence on Flood Recovery..................B-114 Charles P. Milner, Harry H. Power DRILLING FUNDAMENTALS Communications ...............................................B-100 W. R. Harrington Refining. . Petrochemicals. . Gas Processing Program of API Midyear Meeting, Division of Refining...... C-6 Refining Fundamentals ........................................... C-11 V. A. Kalichevsky Hydrocarbon Analysis Made More Accurate, Speedy...... C-l 7 Walter J. Podbielniak, S. T. Preston How Radio Helps Refinery Operation...........................C-26 Paul A. Greenmeyer Atomic Energy Will Not Oust Petroleum..................... C-34 Plastics In Perspective............................................ C-37 George Barsky Multiple Viscosity Motor Oils Analyzed....................... C-45 Eugene B. Brien Compact Design For New Oil Extractor....................... C-49 Collin M. Doyle, Edward Rauch Highest NGAA Award Goes to Pioneer Designing Engineer .............................................C-52 Petrochemicals Unlimited from Ethane, Propane, Butanes .............................................. C-53 Peter W. Sherwood Refin'ng and Petrochemical D'reetory of Eng'neering-Constructlon Firms .... C-6S D'rect Oxidat'on of Ethylenes to Ethylene Oxide.......... C-71 Ralph Landeau ' Techn'cal Forum Pur'fieation of Butadiene..................................... C-44 Gasoline Surveys...........................................C-48, C-7S O il. . G as. . Products Pipelining Advances In Multi-Channel Microwave Commun'cations ................................D-20 E. P. Elmore. Jr. New Deprec'atlon Methods for Equipment Investm ents....................................... 0-31 Perry Schwartz River Cross'nqs In New Dress................................... D-38 J. R. Sellers, S. J. Brady Radar Profil'nq ........................... ......................... 0-42 W. C. Eddy Communlcnt'nns S"stem Designed foir Automation.......D-47 Sv Orlntsky Reclaim T^at GWcol!...... ....................................... 0-55 O. G. Howe Instrumentat'on Makes Austin Field Dehydrat'on Plant's Funet'ons Safe. EfFic'ent.......... 0-58 Viscosity and Flu'd Fr'ct'on Calculation Fundamentals....0-62 CarI W. Boegehold Shortcuts far F'eH Calculations................................0-68 J. W. J. Bercher The Maintenance Suoervisor..................................... 0-75 R. R. Bessler Transco to Install First Engine-Centrifugal Station........ 0-77 Dean Hale New Bridge Des'qn for Tough Rivers.........................0-80 Dean Hale locate Rig^-of-W ay the Modern W ay....................... 0-82 J. H. Mitchell Bosun's Cha'r Makes Bridge Maintenance Easier Task.....0-86 C. Thompson In the Good Oide Days When Pipelines Fought Fire with Cannon Fire................................ 0-88 letter! ................... .... A -Z Course of O il.......... .... A .4 F r^m B?*re S k y to Blue Chips Advertisers* Ind ex ....... A-4 H ighlight! ............. ... A -1 0 Petroleum Profile ....... A - 14 A. W . Peake Meetings ............... ... A -Z l Drilling News and Comment .......... t-3 Exploration AttlvlHes..B-1 12 W hat's Doing in D rillin g? .......... 1 -124 Running Tour With Men In the In d ustry...... 1 -130 Refining News a n d Comment .......... C-3 FEATURES Refining and Petrochemical Personals ..............C-76 Pipe Line News a n d Comment .......... D-3 Ripe lin e Developments..D-J Pipe lin e Personals.... D-94 Ripe lin e Contrarlors D-lO O Ripe lin e Rro|ects...... D -102 W om en at W o rk .... .... 1-14 M arvonn Dengon Carmen W alker General Personals .......- 1 4 Deaths ............... .....1-17 The Retroleum Engineer's Contlnuous Tablet ....... D -l 9 (Installm ent So. tto ) R ooks ..................... .1-14 la u gh With Ram ey... . . M B Oil and Gas Trade News ........ ..E-29 Trade Rersonalf ...... ...E-J4 New Equipm ent ...... ...I-4S New Literature ....... ..E-47 ' The Petroleum Engineer, published monthly, August through June, semi-monthly In July, hy The Petroleum Engineer Publishing Company, 800 Dams Building. D alits 2, Texas. Subscription rate to the Petroleum Industry. United States and Foreign, $5.00 per year. $8.00 for two years; $1.00 for single copy. Bntered as second-class mall matter May 1, 1932, at the post office in Dallas, Texas, under the act of March 3, 1879* Tool of the industrial hygienist: The midget impinger, an instru ment which draws a measured volume of air through a trap containing a liquid collecting medium. Here, the midget Im pinger is being used to sample atmospheric concentration of toxic dust. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE in the Petroleum Industry ? A. C. Pabst A. C. Pabsf, industrial hygienist, Socony-Yacuum Oil Company, Inc., Is called in at the blueprint stage where basic hygiene meas ures can be incorporated into plants, processing units and other installations, helping to save time, money and problems for management. i B i i nm n E-2 T H E petroleum industry has made re markable and enviable progress not only in developing new and better products, but equally in anticipating market demands in terms of both qual ity and quantity. It has an extraordinary record for providing the customer with what he wants, where and when he wants it. New processing methods have been necessary, of course, to achieve these results. Many of these processing methods represent highly complex chemical op erations that present problems and situ ations new to the industry. With fore sight and planning, the petroleum in dustry is solving these problems, and, in fact, anticipating situations so that they do not become problems. To ac complish this, comparatively new sci ences like health engineering are studied with the same zeal as other types of research. Practically unknown 20 years ago, today's occupational health includes the fields of industrial hygiene an<| industrial medicine. Because industrial hygiene is one of the newest phases, many people do not know the meaning of the term, or the functions of the industrial hygienist. Nevertheless, the safeguarding of in dustrial health already is on a business basis, with labor and management recognizing its importance. Govern ment, too, takes an active interest, and 19 states have health department rules on industrial hygiene. Today, there are only about 800 industrial hygienists in the United States, and a large number of this group are not in industry, but are working for the federal govern ment or state departments. People hearing the word "hygiene" usually recall they had a hygiene course in high school which dealt with per sonal habits such as bathing, cleaning, the fingernails, teeth, etc., and ini-;; mediately jump to the conclusion that an industrial hygienist in industry must be interested in keeping employees, clean. In my first visit to many of out refineries, it seemed that I was always taken first to the locker rooms and toilets to inspect shower and lavatory facilities. Of course, industrial hygien ists are interested in the employee's cleanliness as it is necessary to protect his health, but their primary interest is not in sanitary facilities. They are more interested in keeping an employee's lungs, skin, and other organs free from exposure to hazardous gases, liquids,*' 1 dusts, and other harmful substances. The petroleum industry is becoming increasingly involved in the handling of all kinds of chemicals having various degrees of physiological effects on man. These chemicals might be described by quoting from a publication issued by duPont's Haskell Laboratory of Toxi cology." " It Takes All Sorts" "Chemicals, like people, can be mild, fractious and often exas perating. "Like people, chemicals are of many types and dispositions. Most are uncomplaining, law-abiding citizens who present no special problems. Some are unstable and unpredictable. Some are out-and- ' out neurotics, requiring a sharp and observant discipline. Others, harmless by themselves, may be influenced by bad company. Still others are troublemakers in soli tary, but docile and helpful in tandem. Some are just plain bad actors." THE PETROLEUM ENGINEER, May, 1955 Many of the compounds with which thte petroleum industry is concerned are new or are being studied more fully. The industry's concept of in dustrial hygiene compares favorably, however, with similar activities in chemical and other industries, which have worked many years on these prob lems. The advent of catalytic cracking re sulted in the production and handling of aromatic hydrocarbons with health problems similar to those long asso ciated with the coal-tar industry. The use of new chemical catalysts, inhibi tors, and other chemical compounds creates health problems that the chem ical industries have faced for years. To illustrate this trend we need only look at the modern gasolines, fuel oils and motor oils. Years ago motor oils were practically 100 per cent petroleum in nature with little, if any, additives; today they contain up to 15 to 20 per cent of chemicals, additives and in hibitors. This trend doubtless will con tinue because there is no question that additives contribute much to improve performance characteristics. With every change in formulation, any busi ness makes careful studies regarding the health and safety of personnel and customers. Problems that may arise are solved, many of them by industrial hygiene. Hygiene is defined as that branch of medical science that relates to preser vation of health, and therefore, indus trial hygiene may be defined as the science of prevention and control of oc cupational illness. It resolves itself into the problem of looking for any factors or conditions in work places that could cause or contribute to illness or serious discomfort of employees, and of de vising the methods and means of elimi-: : nating or controlling such conditions. The typical industrial hygienist usually started out as a chemist or ; chemical engineer who became in- ;terested in and studied toxicological effects of chemicals on man. Conse; quently, he has a good background of ' chemistry and engineering combined with some medical knowledge-- a sort , ofone-third doctor, one-third engineer, tad one-third chemist. His objectives f*rethe protection and improvement of health and safety of workers in the tijodustrial environment from all manner ' harmful exposures related to occution- In the petroleum industry, inustrial hygienists usually function as i important part of the medical de- nent and in close collaboration *iththe safety department for the proflotion of employees. * Basically, the practice of industrial ^ en e in the petroleum industry is the ie as in any other industry, and it be boiled down to four general 1. A knowledge of the toxicology of chemicals and materials. 2. A review of all chemicals or ma terials used or produced, how handled and the tabulation of toxic or potentially hazardous substances. 3. The measurement of worker ex posure to toxic substances. 4. The recommendation and instal lation of adequate control meas ures and the evaluation of the effectiveness of such corrective steps w'here indicated. Toxicology of Chem icals In regard to Item 1, the toxicology of chemicals, it is difficult to give an adequate definition of a toxic material because practically anything can be safe or harmful depending upon how it is used or where it is used. For example, air and water are not regarded as harmful, but both are quite deadly under certain conditions--air if in jected into the blood stream and water if introduced into the lungs. In the same manner, the use of carbon tetra chloride in a process having proper ventilation would not be hazardous, while the use of carbon tetrachloride for mopping floors would be quite dan gerous. In other words, a toxic ma terial may be hazardous or non hazardous, depending on the conditions of its use. In regard to toxicology, there are three ways in which a harmful sub stance can cause adverse effects upon man: 1. It can be ingested or swallowed. 2. It can come into direct contact with the skin or parts of the body. 3. It can be inhaled as a gas, vapor, mist, or dust. Ingestion Fortunately, petroleum materials are not commonly or intentionally taken in ternally and therefore, trouble from this is rather rare in a refinery, although it occasionally does occur unknowingly. I recall watching a worker who had been complaining of stomach trouble, PETROLEUM E N G IN EE R , M ay, 1955 whose duties involved the compound ing of litharge or lead oxide in a doc tor solution--this man proceeded to empty the bags of litharge into an out door mixing tank and, because of the dust and mists generated, he correctly wore a respirator. Of course, his hands were covered with lead oxide, and to my amazement, the first thing he did when he came down from the catwalk was to take from his lunch box an orange which he started to peel and eat, probably one of the most effective ways to get lead poisoning. When petroleum products get to the consumers, ingestion is more frequent, but nearly always its occurence is a result of carelessness or mishandling. Small children whose parents care lessly leave products within easy reach may have unhappy experiences. We have had hurry calls from doctors in volving children drinking kerosine or such products as penetrating oil and fly sprays. Sometimes adults are even worse. There are cases of anti-freeze poisoning, drinking of brake fluid and one, I recall, of a radiator flush that contains muriatic acid and chlorinated hydrocarbons. This occurred despite the fact that the product was fully labeled, including poison warning with skull and cross bones. It should be emphasized that hardly a substance exists that is not capable of producing adverse effects on the human body if taken in sufficient quantity or TABLE 1. Average effect of alcohol level in blood.* Ounce of whiskey consumed in 1 hr % alcohol or less in blood H 0.01 l 0.02 2-3 0.05 5-6 0 1 8 0.15 10 0.2 16 0.3 24 0.*- 0.5 0 0.6- 0.7 . " Behavior . Normal * , Feeling of warmth, pleasant social behavior. Judgment blunted,- . Boastful, impulsive, Officially still sober. ' Fumbling, staggering gait, clumsiness, slurred speech. Officially drunk. Responses and motor coordination strocgly affected. Helpless, nausea , Stupor Coma * Paralysis of the respir* atory center--Death. P fizer Spectrum, JAMA. March 27, 1964. r* Problem for the industrial hygienist: Instructing employees in the proper handling of toxic materials. This posed shot represents an actual instance where a worker, handling lead oxide, neglected to wash his hands before eating. If his careless habit had not been corrected, he would have had a real health problem. It should be a part of any occupational health program to educte :j employees in the correct handling of materials and to warn of the s; hazards of excessive exposure. Here, a kettle is being charged ; > with a chemical which generates toxic dust. Note use of respirator, gloves, ventilating equipment, and coverall. under wrong circumstances. Even com are primary irritants but are usually tains a lot of lead because the case was mon table salt is toxic if taken in suffi weak irritants since prolonged or ex diagnosed as resulting from an excess cient amounts. It is reported that many tensive contact is generally required of lead tetraethyl in the special gaso years ago, the Chinese used table salt to cause skin irritation. The petroleum line. We thought this strange because. as a means of committing suicide. industry now is handling large quan lead tetraethyl is not a primary skin Every chemical, therefore, has a non tities of chemical additives and inhib irritant and never has been known to toxic dose and at toxic dose. This can itors, many of which are strong pri cause dermatitis, although it is known be well illustrated by Table 1 on a mary irritants and are active chemical to be a poison and can be absorbed widely used commodity. compounds. through the skin. . Skin and Body Contact It should be a part of any occupa tional health program to educate em A review of records of gasoline ship-,, ments into the particular area showed In the petroleum industry, skin con ployees in the correct handling of such the regular gasoline actually contained ' tact is not generally experienced to the extent that it is, for example, in the materials and to warn of the hazards of exposure. Recommendations and in the same or sometimes more lead than, A the special gasoline, clearly indicating, metalworking industries where a daily structions also are given for protective that lead tetraethyl was not to blame, eight-hour contact with cutting oils equipment like respirators, goggles, but that some other material was re often takes place. Cases of oil derma gloves, and aprons. sponsible, possibly the coloring agent. titis are uncommon among our em This applies to concentrated or un ployees but they are reported nftt in diluted inhibitors. Finished petroleum Inhalation . > frequently among industrial users of petroleum products. products should and usually do con tain such a small quantity of additives Of the three avenues by which chem icals can be taken into the body, im-st ? I It is definitely established that skin is not an impermeable barrier to chem and in such dilution that there is scarcely more harm in the finished halation probably has received ibftf most study and investigation because|f ical substances. In fact, it is increas product than there would be from it is the avenue of greatest importance^ ingly important as a route of absorp straight mineral oil itself. in industrial operations. From a 'v t t || tion for many materials. Regarding ex Bizarre and erroneous conclusions amount of research has come pubUciJ| ternal or local skin effects, chemicals sometimes are drawn in industrial der tion of very useful data on safe huAai>i| i may be classified either as primary ir matitis cases as to their cause, even by exposure levels known as Threshold) ritants or sensitizing agents. . those who should know better. I recall Limit Values or Maximum Allowably ; A primary irritant is a chemical that a case of a young man who worked in Concentrations. This is a list of severffi, may cause dermatitis in individuals, a gasoline station and developed a hundred commonly encountered chenF|?| Sg frequently after only one contact. It ma have a strong chemical action, like acid, alkalis, amines, etc., or it may severe dermatitis. He went to a physi cian who made patch tests on him and found he bad a sensitivity to special Icals, solvents, d u sts, e tc., the tox!-1^ cology of which has been carefully studied by medical research and in*|i have a weak chemical action and re gasoline but practically no reaction to dustrial experience. u lS l quire prolonged contact to cause der matitis. Most petroleum hydrocarbons regular gasoline. Apparently, the physi cian had heard special gasoline con- The list is compiled annually by ffieijy American Conference of Governmental ' * E-6 THE PETROLEUM ENGINEER, May, 955'3 TH Industrial Hygienists and is published by the American Medical Association in AMA Archives of Industrial Hy giene and Occupational Medicine. In troductory paragraphs define the values as follows: . "Values are given in the following tabulation for the maximum average atmospheric concentration of con taminants to which workers may be exposed for an eight-hour working "V day without injury to health. . These values are based on the best Available information from indus trial experience, from experimental studies, and, when possible, from a combination of the two. They are not fixed values but are reviewed an nually by the Committee on Thres hold Limits for changes, revisions, or additions as further information becomes available. Threshold Limits should be used as guides in the con trol of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They represent conditions only They represent conditions only within which it is felt that workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without their health being ad versely affected. It is felt, at the pres ent time, that workers should not be exposed to a working environment containing any of these substances in excess of the value indicated. These values are not intended for use, or for modification for use, in the evaluation or control of com- 1 munity air pollution or air pollution nuisances." A few of the materials encountered in the petroleum industry and their Threshold Limits are listed below: GtMfl and Vapor* Bobe tane Parta per million Beoesene (benwl).........7................ . Carbon dioxide........................., ......... Carbon monoxide................................. Carbon tetrachloride,...................... Gasoline................................................ Hydrogen tu)6de.................................. Naphtha (petroleum)........................... O c ta n e ............................................... Sulfur dioxide...................................... 35 5000 100 25 500 20 500 - 500 10 Toxic dusts, fume*, and mist* * Bubetanee Milligrams per cnbie meter Iron oxide fume..................... Lead....................................... Sulfuric acid.......................... 15 0.15 I Mineral dust Substance Million* of particle* per cubic foot Asbestos........................................... 5 Dust (nuisance, no free sibra)......... 50 ilica high (above 50% free BiOj).......... 5 medium 5 to 60% free SiOj)......... 20 low (below (6 % free 8i0i).......... ................. 50_______ Nineteen states observe Threshold Limit Values in their laws or regula tions, and more are sure to follow. In dustrial hygienists, as part of their duties, advise management of the ex istence of these requirements in order that precautionary measures may be taken to avoid excessive exposure of personnel. E-8 Industrial hygienists undertake meas urement of air contaminants for com pliance with states' codes. Even a com mon material like gasoline has a maxi mum safe level which is 500 parts per million. -- The following are just a few of the hazardous materials that are en countered in petroleum refinery opera tions: terial by customers. However,' t quires extensive work, knowledge? product, and toxicological inform a^ to determine what products inustp labeled and how they should?^ labeled. Prior to 1932, only a handful of sons were engaged in industrial giene procedures. By the 'id; o f| next decade, there were industrial MftterUl* encountered in petroleum refinery operation* Respiratory irritant Acrolein Acetaldehyde Aluminum chloride Aptinouia Asbestos Ditertiary butyl para creeol Dusts, physiologically inert, Dusts, attapulgus clay Dusts, bauxite Dusts, catalyst Formaldehyde Fluorides Furfural Inhibitors Lime Nitrogen oxide* Osone Pine oil Silica 8moke Sulfur dioxide Welding fume* general Toxic material* - Aniline, liquid Aniline, dye* Bento) (Bemene) Cadmium Carbon monoxide Chlorinated hydrocarbons Chrome compounds Cobalt, metal Hydrogen sulfid* Inhibitor* Lead, metal ft fumes Lead, oxide, litharge * Lead, tetraethyl Lead, soaps Manganese Mercury Methanol Radioactive materials, general Toluol (Toluene) Xylol (Xylene) Zinc . 8km ' * irritant ' ; Adda---all kinds . Amines Bento) (Bemene) : Caustics Chromium alts Coal- tar compounds Cobalt, metal and compounds Dyes Inhibitors Nickel salts Oils, general Oils, high boiling aromatic Oils, inaoluable cutting Phenol Pitch Solvents Ultra violet radiatioo Wax, untreated Product Labeling One very important function of the industrial hygienist in the petroleum industry concerns precautionary label ing of products. This is receiving more emphasis as state after state passes la beling regulations. One of the most re cent is the State of New York, where on February 26,1954, the Council on Pub lic Health passed labeling regulations which became effective August 26, 1954, as Chapter IX-A of the New York State Sanitary Code. These label ing regulations have the force and effect of law and require precautionary label ing on any product that entails a haz ard in a reasonably anticipated use. A hazard is defined as "the risk of injury or illness which may be en countered during or as a result of any reasonably anticipated type of handling or use of a substance, or during its specified use, if any, by reason of toxicity of the substance through in gestion, inhalation or absorption through the skin, or due to its corro siveness or irritating properties, or be cause of its flammability or explosive ness." Somewhat similar labeling regula tions already exist in California, Illi nois, New Jersey, Oregon, and the Territory of Hawaii and are in the making in many other states, so more can be expected. Most state regulations are guided by recommendations of the Manufacturing Chemists' Association, Inc., and with Some exceptions, con formity in one state results in conform ity in other states. * It is recognized that, as a rule, label ing of many products is advisable and results in safer handling of the ma giene divisions in nearly every indus trial state, and in many insurance com- 1 panies. Industries themselves, however. : have made the greatest expansion in in dustrial hygiene units over the past 22- year period. Today, in most large in- pi dustries, industrial hygiene is being con ducted under the guidance of increas- ij ingly well-trained, professional per- -j sonnel. -'j No longer is industrial hygiene seen by industry as an "aimless effort of in tellectuals collecting bottles filled with ; nothing so that they can prepare long < and useless discourses that few read or understand or would know what ac- ' tion to take". Instead, the safeguarding | of health is assuming a new signifi cance. It not only saves time, money, and problems for management, but it j actually improves employee morale ; and efficiency by eliminating appre hension in occupational environments. \ Instead of telling what mistakes have ; been made and how to correct them :i with costly changes, industrial hygien- fi ists now are called in at the blueprint stage where their ideas can be incor- t porated into factories, machines and | other installations to accomplish the most good easily and inexpensively. Industrial hygiene at its best in the petroleum industry requires the co operation and skills of industrial physi- dans, industrial nurses, toxicologists, chemists, safety men, and industrial hygienists working together hs a team. ; American industry, particularly the oil industry, is aware of the benefits of more and better production derived from environmental control and health- promotional activities. It needs only to be guided in the application. * * * - THE PETROLEUM ENGINEER, May, 1955