Document M2XnmxR2ZeKpm6rgXYJyy9Zx

TO THE MEMBERS OF AH HYGIENE FO'JNIATION: Copies of the complete articles abstracted in this and other issues probably can be obtained from the publications quoted, or may be available at any large library. Should a member desire any of the articles in full, it may be possible to obtain reprints from the author or, failing that, copy of the journal in vTiich the particular article appeared. Most libraries also have a photostat service. If a member is unable to obtain what he wishes through the usual sources, or if he desires further in formation, as to the address of an author or a publica tion, let us Know. It will facilitate matters if members try for copies directj but if you fail, write to us. Pittsburgh, Pa,, March 25, 1337 K. B. Meller Managing Director <F$ '7fr\ Air Hygiene Foundation of America, Inc., 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa., April 1, 1937 BFFEri'KCF- .0 RECENT LITERATURE A. News Items 174. 175. GREAT BRITAIN FACTORIES BILL, NEY.' PROVISIONS FOR HEALTH AND SAFETY. Coll. Guardian, 1^, p. 44 (Feb. 5, 1937). TV- Factories Bill, made available recently, is to come into force on July 1, 1938, but the Secretary of State is given power to postpone, either for factories generally, or for any class or description of factory, but not beyond -Jon. 1, 1940. The portion of most interest- is Part Iv, on health and safety, which includes improved provisions for dust removal. Details are not yet available. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS ANNUAL MEETING. Min. 7: Met., 13, p. 112 (Feb. 1937). The meeting r/as held at the Waldorf-Astoria, New York City, Feb. 15-19, 1937. Health and Safety in Mines, including silicosis problems, were discussed on February 13th. Any published papers of interest will be abstracted later. 176. MICHIGAN LEGISLATION. J, Am. Med. Assoc., 108, p. 648 (Feb. 20, 1937). 3111 No. H 127 proposes to amend t.te workmen's Compensation Act, in effect, to mike compensable "any disease -------- approximately caused by and arising out of and in tlx.- course, of employment". 177. 178. KANSAS LEGISLATION. J. An. Med. Assoc., 108, p. 648 (Feb. 20, 1937). 3111 H 162 proposes to amend the workmen's Compensation Act and to make com pensable any *n^ary or disease which arises out of or in th:. course of any employment. PENNSYLVANIA LEGISLATION, j. Am. Med. Assoc., 108, p. 650 (Feb. 20, 1937). Bill No. H 62k proposes a system of compulsory and voltsitary sickness insurance whose benefits are cc consist of cash and all kinds of medical and dental services. All employees are embraced in this bill except farm laborers and personal or domestic servants of an employer having less than 3 employees in such service. 179. CALIFORNIA LEGISLATION. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 108, 646 (Feb. 20, 1937). Bill No. A 2029, Introduced in California, proposes to amend the Workmen's Compensation Act, to make silicosis, asbestosis and pneumoconiosis compensable under certain conditions. 180. CONNECTICUT LEGISLATION. J. Am. Mod. Assoc., 108, pp. 646-7 (Feb. 20, 1937). 3111 No. H 640, introduced in Connecticut, proposes to require every physician having knowledge of any person suffering from poisoning from lead, phosphorus, ars-.nic, orass, wood alcohol or mercury or from anthrax or compressed air illness or any other disease contracted as result of employment, to report the facts within 48 hours after obtaining such knowledge to the State Health Dept. 181. SILICOSIS CONTROL PROBLEMS. Eng. News Rec. 118, p. 242 (Feb. 11, 1937). Foundry 6, p. 69 (Feb. 1937). Silicosis control problems summarized by conference. Four extended committee reports on silicosis pro oleins and regulations were presented at a National Silicosis Conference held at the Department of Labor on Feb. 3> 1937. I^bor representatives opposed medical examination of workers and demanded govern ment insurance. HMBB-0009555 P . 0 & :5? --. C\ 182. WEST VIRGINIA SILICOSIS SURVEY. Ccr. Age, 2, p. 53 (Feb. 1937). The State Health Department and Compensation Commission of West Virginia are making a survey of silicosis in the ceramic industries of the state in coopera tion with the United States ?yblic Health Service. The study is being carried out with a view to the establishment of eouxtaole compensation rates "or plants coming under the State Compensation Act for Silicosis. 183. NEBRASKA LEGISLATION. Nebraska House Bill No. 90, r.t.ich includes compensation for occupational diseases, was reported favorably by the House bn March 16. 184. AIR CONDITIONING A KINDOr.LESt; 3UILCING. Sheet Metal Worker, 28, pp. 34-40 fob. 1937. This article describes a system designed by ft. A. Hattis, Mech. Eng,, with Ambrose C. Cramer, inc., Architects, Chicago, 111. The installation was made by Narowctz Heating & Ventilating Co. cf Chicago. The heating and cooling of the office was accomplished through insulation, exhaust ducts and thermo static heating control. 185. DISCUSS nlETHOF TO PREVENT LUST. Foundry, 6, p. 70 (Feb. 1937). A discussion at the monthly meeting of the Chicago chanter of the American Fcuneryraen's Association, Jan. 11, 1937. The program was devoted to a des cription of measures taken by various plants to control dust. It was pointed ;t`that.cleaning departments g;ee: nerally .require the most.attention.in.dust elimination. CorS-rooms produce little oust unless considerable grincing is done. Use of non-silica parting on the molding floor has been found beneficial in restricting dust in that department. Difficulty has been encountered in providing suitable exhaust for swing grinders. American Manganese Steel Company has installed a ventilating system that gives 70 changes of air each ten hours in the foundry. Ventilation presents a Heating problem because the- heat eon- rcuiKC in importance with the correction of the oust problem. To reduce duet accumulation on the floor from newly-nado castings, one plant has a water pan installed covered by a grating flush with the floor which traps loose sand and dint. 186. NEW YORK TO HAVE SMOliE FREVENTION CONVENTION AND EXHIBITION. Combustion, 8, p. y.. (February 1937). This will be held at the Hotel Pennsylvania, New York City from May 31 to June 5 and will include an Air Pollution Exhibition, 187, INSTALLATION OF THE GUST EXHaUST SYSTEM. Foundry, 6, pp. 24,82 (Feb.1937). The Packard. Motor Company, Detroit, Mich., has remodeled its foundry and in stalled a dust exhaust system. This article is a detailed account of the method by which this was done, including a description of all new and modern machin ery installed, the feeding of the cupolas and the various processes the cast ings go through in an up-to-date arranged, well-heated, well-ventilated plant. B. General and Scientific Papers 1S3. - COMBATING OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE. Emery ft. Hayhurst. Safety Eng. 7, p. 58 (Feb. 1937) The Ohio Legislature of 1913 passed what is known as the "Occupational Disease Reporting Law", which requires that every physician shall report to the State Director of Health upon a specified form any case which he believes to be occupational in nature. Ohio has always enforced this law. The total msnber o occupational diseases reported for the 23-year period amounted to 19,343. Since 1921 tlx yearly list of cases reported has risen. In the first 6 months of 1936, 735 cases were reported. However, there are existent many more occupational diseases than are reported. All occupational diseases are due to exposure to industrial health hazards. The Ohio program is divided into immediate and long range projects. Research, and not intrusive investigation, is to be the character of the policy pursued. Occupational diseases, complain ts, reports of doctors, etc., will be given consideration. Examinations of HMBB-0009556 (Q)w^u'fjil[))(0)!ii,u ;ii HWBB-0009557 References to Recent Literature - 3 workers subjected to prominent hazards, such as dusts, certain poisons and infections will be made. Silicosis has been selected as tne first long-range project. The author believes that all industrial health hazards can be NO' ^ eliminated, including industrial poisonings and silicosis. 190. 191. INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE: INTRODUCTION. J. Simon. Practitioner, 122, pp. 257-9, (Sent. 1936). This paper by H. JJ. Secretary of State for Home Affairs serves as the intro duction to a symposium on industrial medicine. It outlines briefly the de velopments in organization and practice of industrial medicine in Great Britain during the past 20 years. The remaining papers treat different phases of the subject, but refer very briefly to silicosis and air hygiene if at all. DIAGNOSTIC METHODS IN INIU3TRIAL MEDICINE. Paul A. Davis. Ohio State Med. J., 22, pp. 2S6-292 (March 1937). In the State of Ohio there are nor 21 compensable hazards and a correct diagnos- igji?i95ieM!?lalIhtey^5r?r!lnSitl05iaSfiaEafiiffi??fa?&eaSSS?8einb^ifiI system, and treats benzene, lead and carbon tetr-xhlonae poisoning, dust diseases and dermatitis in detail, giving an outline of the examination, the primary and secondary symptoms, and clinical laboratory work involved in the diagnosis of each, and including preventive measures for silicosis and derma titis, and treatment of the latter. 192. THIRD LAV; ON TKh EXTENSION Or ACCIDENT INSURANCE FOR INDUSTRIAL DISEASES OF DECEMBER 16, 1936*. Reichsarbeitsblatt, pt. 4, pp. 353-358 (1936). This is a digest of a new German law. The most important innovation seems to be the inclusion of "severe" silicosis and silicotuberculosis as accidents, and all "severe or repeatedly relapsing skin diseases which compel change of work or giving up any gainful employment." The first decision regarding an occupational disease is now entrusted to the industrial physician. 193. THE DUTY OF REPORTING INDUSTRIAL DISEASES. A. Feil. Presse med. pp. 31-32 (1337) A short history of reporting of industrial diseases in France is given, follov:e> by a list of industrial diseases included in the order of Oct. 16, 1935, which . is unusually complete, embracing all common poisons and injuries, dust diseases and eye and ear cisturbances. 194. PRE-EMPLOYMENT i^AisIHATIONS. M. H. Barsky and J. Wolff. Indust. Med., 6, pp. 18-23 (Jan. 1937). About 1000 pre-employment examinations were made on applicants for work involv ing excavation, drillin.3, concrete v/ork and road building. The hazards were severe muscular work and silicosis. The examination v.a.3 more thorough than is customary, requiring 45 to 60 minutes for each man. Out of 494 men exposed at any time to silica dust, only 26 vere found to be silicotic. Their average ex posure to silica dust was 17.6 years. 195. CLINICAL, ANATOMICAL .uND SPECTROGRAPHIC RESEARCH ON THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ACUTE METAL POISONING V.ITH SPECIAL REGARD TO ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN LEGAL MEDICINE AM INDUSTRIAL PHYSIOLOGY. . A. Esser. Deutsch. Zt3chr. f.d. ges. gerichtl. Mec., 27, pp. 253-289 (1937). This is a conclusion of the author*s previous papers on the subject. More than traces of metal are never fouid in the central nervous system, and he concludes thLt the ganglion damage is caused by poisoning in "the sense of a metal stream" rather than by deposition of the metal. Vi* ^ tt_J* ^1 References to Recent Literature - 4 196. INDUSTRIAL POISONS. D. Hunter. Practitioner, 127, pp. 290-313 (Sept.1936). The principal subject of the paper i3 lead poisoning. The most important recognizable symptoms are colic, palsy, anemia, encephalopathy and the pre sence of lead in the urine. Stippling of the red blood cells is an indication but not conclusive. There is danger of attributing to lead poisoning all symp toms occurring in persons exposed to load. In preventive treatment a high calcium content is needed, aperients'must be taken regularly, and cleanliness must be observed. After the acute symptoms have passed, low calcium diet, with potassium iodice, aar.:oniun chloride or phosphoric acid is beneficial. Benzene poisoni.'p is discussed more briefly. Treatment has been largely un successful, and prevention must depend upon avoiding exposure. Poisoning cy chlorinated hydrocarbons ond toxic gases is briefly discussed, 197. INDUSTRIAL POISONING. ff. Brandt. Chen.-Ztg., 60, pp. 901-5 (1936). A review of the ^ost important industrial poisons and injuries. 19c. CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION, PHTSICAL-CHi-ilCAL PROPERTIES AND PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION, A CONTRIBUTION TO THE EXPLANATION OF CHRONIC POISONING. E. Stnrkenstein. Klin. Wchnschr., 1, pp. 1865-71 (1936). The paper is largely a discussion of theories of the relation of poisonous effect of metals io their place in the periodic system. The periodic group including mercury, thallium, lead and bismuth has the most pronounced effect. Two basic conditions raaicu chronic poisoning possible: the accumulation of poisoning in the bocy and the summation of injuries caused by small doses. Chronic poisoning is caused almost exclusively by substances having a paralysing action. Those that only irritate do not produce chronic poisoning. 199. CARBON TETRACHLORIDE POISONING. G. G. Davis and II. A. Hanelin. Indust. Med., 6, pp. 24-29 (1937). A cable-splicer cleaned insulators in a presumably unventilated manhole with a mixture of gasoline and carbon tetrachloride. He became dizzy, with a head ache, and entered u hospital 4 days later, suffering from suppression of urine and threatened uremia. Details of clinical findings and. successful treatment sri. given, with u review of the literature and an outline of treatment to be followed. However, the greatest emphasis is laid on prevention, especially the need of ventilation when working with carbon tetrachloride and similar solvents. 200. -CHRONIC XYLENE POISONING. De Oliviera. Chem.-Ztg., 60, p. 837 (1936). Tiie paper reports the case of a lithographer who died of aplastic anemia after a long period of exposure to xylene fumes. Severe damage to the bone marrow, atrophy of normal cell elements in the spleen and lymphatic nodes and atrophy of lymphoid tissues were shown by the autopsy. 201. THE TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS: 1-4 DIOXAN (DIETHYLENEDTOXIDE). W. ffirth and Xlinner. Arch.f.GewerbepathtuGewerbehyg., 7, pp. 192-206 (1936). This substance is largely used as a solvent for spraying lacquers, but also finds use in cosmetic -aid medicinal preparations. The experiments reported show that it is not as harmless as is generally supposed. Cats and mice exposed to its fumes for several hows developed inflammation of the lings, and death followed several days after inhalation of 30 to 40 mg. per liter for similar perioe.s. Dioxan was found to be recognized by its odor and effect on eyes anc throat v.hcn 5 mg. per liter as present, but toleration was acquired in r. few minutes. That concentration, hov/ever, is dangerous when exposure lasts for several days. There is no distinction between the pure and commercial forms in their toxic effects. It has no effect on the skin except drying. HMBB-0009558 HMBB-0009*559 202. COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ON THE ACTION OF VARIOUS STIMULANTS IN POISONING SY CARSON MONOXIDE AND BY BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVES. K. Thiel. Z.f.c. ges. exp. Med., 100, pp. 1-19 (1937) Various stimulants were tried on a dog poisoned by carbon monoxide, and deter minations made of the speed of separation of carbon monoxide and the inprovemen in circulation and respiration. A mixture of caruiasol and sympatol was found 'C' N^3 better than a somewhat similar mixture suggested in an earlier paper. 203. QUESTION OF CHRONIC CARBON ruOUOXItE POISONING. pp. 2/+-2P (193?) A review of development of symptoms of chronic some attention given also to acute poisoning. X. ?'otzka. Xlin.Wehnschr., 16, carbon monoxide poisoning, with 204* CARSON MONOXIDE .CID THE ^NTNRIOR LOSE OF THE PITUITARY. Arch.f.exp.Pathol, u. Pharmakoi., 18, pp. 152-5 (1937) From experiments on guinea pigs the author concluded that the thyroid is activat ed by repeated light exposures and twat the thyrotropic hormone content of the anterior lobe of the pituitary glana is decreased. 205. LUNG IRRITATION "ROM CHLORINE. 0. Schulz. Aertnl.Sachverst.tad.-Ztg. 2, pt>. 14-15 (1937) A physici- a used is a disinfectant for a room, a mixture of lye, boric acid, glycerin*., and chlorine. Sickness after a half-hour's exposure was followed by inflanr;.a:-i -n of t.-v; lung 3 c-iys later. The author thus affirms the connection between Iaiu-lar.ior. of chlorine one irritation of the lung. 206. MANGANESE POISONING. . C. V. Loebe. J.f.Psychol.u.neurol., 7, pp.220-1 (1936 Ttvo cases of manganese poisoning reported and described in 1932 showed marked improvement in 1t36. . 207. NERVE EvUOiGE IN INDUSTRIAL MANGANESE POISONING. 0. Crouzon and H. P-ris r.oc'., 26, pp. 361-5 (1936) A description of a typical case of manganese poisoning in a worker pulverized raw materials in a storage battery for four years. Deaoille. who had 203. DISTRIBUTION OK MERCURY AFTER ITS INHALATION. 71. tfirtta. Arch.f .exp.Pathol, u. Pharmakol., 134. pp. 91-92 (1936) It was shorn by experiments on dogs that the lungs quickly absorb mercury in large quantities and quickly eliminate it. Kidneys and liver store it for longer p:-*rioas. Some is taxen up by the brain. 209. HISTOCHCMIC<*L DETECTION OF LEAD IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT. H. Schoenlebe. Arch. f. exp. Pathol, u. Fhanuakol., 184* pp. 289-295 (1937) Various portions of the digestive organs of guinea pigs chronically poisoned by lead re re tested for that- metal, first by fixation with alcohol and hydrogen sulfide. Lead v;v.r> found in the g:.blet cells of the small and large intestines and in the epithelium of the large intestines and stomach, especially in the pyloric gl.uid. The most massive deposits were found in the connective tissue framework of the rauoo3a and submucosa with the greatest density of the cecum. The conclusion derived is that tho3e points where the lead is found are tne points from .hich the greatest effort to eliminate the lead is made. 210. EXAMINATION OF LaAD IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OF NORMAL AND LEAD POISONED PERSONS. F. Schmitt and W. Sasso. Slin.wchnschr., 16, pp.65-66 (1937) In the cerebrospinal fluid oi 13 normal persons, 15 to 38 micrograms % of lead were found. In 5 cases of lead poisoning the quantity rose to 80 to 493 micrograms %. This is not parallel to the ratio quantities in the blood. 211. LEAL POISONING IN FRANCE ACCORLING TO OFFICIAL STATISTICS. A. Feil. Presse me-- p. 32 (1537) The number of cases of lead poisoning in France is falling steadily; for examrl there we re 1525 cases in 1928 and 674 in 1934. Of the latter, the greatest nur.` were in storage battery plants, followed by metal enameling and lead foundries. The number found in load dye factories is strikingly low. The greatest number : cases aff:cted the digestive tract. In most cases the disability lasted 8-15 U-' <?*?) O r rf 0 rvcxui wliCus i*u ___ -i*.-.............. . - _ 212. THE EFFECT LEAL OH TISSUE METABOLISM. I. Lolov.itz, J.F.razekas and H.E.Kimwicfc. J.Ind.Hyg.&Tox,, 1, pp. 93-4 (Feb. 1937) The par^r is a study of lead effects on oxidation dehydrogenation and glycolysis of some tissues affected in lead poisoning such as brain, kidneys, liver, testis. The respiratory quotient of the brain was also tested and, although sodium acetate had little effect, lean acetate disturbed tissue oxidation sj much that results v't-ro unpreo'ictable. It was found that lead causes a decrease of oxygen consumption of all four organs. Tests on the brain created most attention due to interest in encephalitis. The experiments suggest an underlying pathogenesis far varied lead poisoning manifestations. 213. GEOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE SILICOSIS PROBLEM. G. ST. Tyrrell. Coll.Guardian, 154. pp, 20-21 (Jan. 1, 1937), Also Iron and Coal Trades 6ev. Jan. 1, 1937. No stronger contact exists in the borderland field of science than that between petrology and pathology in respect to the subject of silicosis. According to present British law, a miner must prove that he has been working in "silica rock" (including quartz, quartzite, gunister, sandstone, gritstone and chert) in order to obtain compensation for silicosis. Trie established effect of asbestos, and possible effects of other silicates, have led to the suggestion of the terra "silicatosis" for dust ci.:oases not due to free silica. The author discusses the sericite theory mid stresses the need for further investigation. 214. SILICOSIS AML SILlCO-IUILuCULOoIS 1*1 a WESTPHALIAN AX GrJMEING PLANT. M. Frese. Tubenc.-Bibiiothek, 9, p. 2H. J.A.Barth,, Leipzig, 1936. Silicosis was found in many workers engaged in grinding with sandstone wheels containing 91.5% free silica, ana giving a duct count of 1226 particles (presumably rc-r c.c. equivalent to 70 million particles wc r cuoic foot). In some cases silicosis occurreo after 2 to 4 years* work. V.'ith another type of wheel, containing 62.33 free silica, and giving off only about a fifth as much dust, silicosis was much less frequent. X-ray picture and autopsy material are pre sented ir. 1;' cases. It is interesting that a lung expert, familiar only with coal miner's pneumoconiosis, denied that 3ili.osis was present. 215. WHAT 13 SILIC03IS? P. Heffeman. Tubercle, 16, pp.397-405 (June, 1935) Pneumoconioses that are materially differing from "classical" silicosis are far more frequent hd-serious than was formerly supposed. For most of these condi tions the oust of silica or silicates is -t least partly responsible. The author suggests the following classification of these conditions: (l) simple silicosis* (2) infecteo silicosis (tuberculous or non-tuberculorus:) * (3) mixed silicoses (silico-onthrucosis, silica-siderosis, etc.)* (4) silicatoses (e.g. asbestosis, " "sillircintosis", "sericitosis"); (5) non-silicotic pneumoconioses (e.g. "cardroom disease" ar.thracosis, etc.)* and (6) pulmonary fibrosis not due to dust (gas fibrosis, syphilitic fibrosis, one* fibrosis due to microorganisms, molds, etc.). The author believes that the interaction that produces silicosis is electro-chemical and is caused by free silica in a state of electro-chemical activity, acting upon certain cells of the pulmonary tissue. Freshly powdered silica is active electroc.;emics.lly, as are probably some silicates, e.g. asbestos, to a more limited extent. Tin? harmful properties of these- dusts are muen modified by the presence of certain other dusts. By way of illustration, the silica sand used in making -silica oriciis in Derbyshire, has a free silica con tent of 9'l, hut each grain of quartz is surrounded by a pellicile of clay-like material, and fine dust irom tije sand contained only 3?$ of free silica, which is no greater than in harmless shale dust. 216. All i:-.'iPOtvTAMT ITALIAN INw.OIdX XiilO SILICOSIS. L. Gilbert. pp. 429-434 (1937) a brief report on a general discussion by G. Panchori in "Securitas" on silicosis and its incidence in Italy. Bruxelles Med., 17, the Italian journal HWBB-0009560 ei a - ^ -iy References to Recent Literature -7 217, PHEUMOCONIOSIw Ctl UWLD BY TITANIUM. L. Lend. Ra32.di med.appl. lavoro indust., 7, pp, 301-18 (Oct. 1936) Titanium oxide was found to produce an inflammatory reaction in the lunge of guinea pigs exposed to the dust for periods ranging from 2 hours to 4 months. The effect is similar to pneumoconiosis, and the author proposed the word "titaniosis" to describe this condition. 218. Pathology OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS: SILICOSIS; SILICOSIS AND TUBERCULOSIS; ASDESTOSIS; SIDEAOSIS; ANTKRACOSIS. 0. Auerbach. Indu3t. Med., 6, pp. 39-4S (Jr.n. 1.937); Quarterly Bull, o: Sea View Hosp., 11, pp.3-27 (Oct.l;36) A general paper, reviewing briefly some of the literature on pneumoconiosis. Thevidence for and against the mechanical and chemical theories i3 given briefly, and the Ssricite question is similarly discussed. The effective particle si;:c.r and time necessary for exposure are discussed. The appearances in the lungs ar' describee, v.ith Illustrations. Asbestosis is considered briefly. 21*. SANDBLASTING AND SILICOSIS. K. Becgerhoff. Arch, f.Gevrerbeoath u.Gewerbehug., 7, pp.156-181 (lv36). This paper referes to tiie sit ration in Germany. In cliaidvSft. and x-ray examina tions of 175 sandblasters, 100 were found fit and 75 unfit for the work; definitr pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 24. Most of the workers give up the work af ter a few years, so est.Uxition of the hazard is difficult in comparison with that of grinders and st^ne .itr...;rs. The author considers sandblasting the dustiest of all occupations and dons not believe that methods for removing the dust have so for been very successful, : : s- tent th* t nr;sics and positive pressure helmets are unnecessary. Diagnosis of oilicweiu caused by sandblasting is cifficult. In the early stages, the iutiv.r sit -.-.ay t*. confused .ith the diffuse fibrosis often founa In healthy r.ror.-le. Tuberc-loai.? present with silicosis, as in other eases, changes the wboi' picture. .Susceptibility to silicosis has been claimed to depend largely uron the filtering action of the nose (e.g. see next abstract). However, -.his ha;? a<-t been found true in sandblasters, in a rather small masher a observations. Electrical precipitation for laying dust has been fotad effective in some occur*-tun.; .no. .U worthy of trial In this one. 220. PROTECTION AGAIKS: INJURIOUS DUST IK INDUSTRY. 7/. R. H. Kranenburg, I. F. Groeneveld and E. Noermu. Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbchug., 7, pp.133-155 (1930. In healthy persons the action of the nas^.1 mucous membrane in arresting dust particles varies from 80% down to 5%, but is quite constant for the some person. Thw filtering action .von remains unchanged after several hours* passage of dusty air through the nose. In observations made on 62 miners in the Ruhr district r.hc hac v.orxed for 10 years or more, the most silicosis was found in those with the poorest nasal filtering. It is suggested that only miners with well-filtering nosec should be accepted for work. It is difficult to estimate the efficiency of respirators, because different testing methods give different results. The capability of any kind of filtering material depends upon ti kind of dust. No filtering material can take up 100% of the dust without great resistance to respiration, but the limit of bearable resistance varies greatly '/ith individuals. One-way breathing is preferable for very fine respirators. Colloid filters have been found very efficient for metal fumes. Sandblast helmets are now made to give perfect protection against du; 221. .ANTHtUCOSIS AND ITS DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS FROM SILICOSIS AND OTHER PNEUMX0N10SE?' R. Hollman. Aerst. Sacnver-stand.-Ztg., pp.1-13 (1937) This article is of interest in that the author o/ikes a strong claim that pneu moconiosis may be caused by carbon dust. He observed workers in different duet for over u year and concluded that most dusts, iron and silicon carbide (carborundum) are harmless, -and that only two dusts cause pneumoconiosis: quartz and carbon. (The list is not available in our source of information, and preaumabl does not include asbestos). The firm where the investigation was made produces a HttBB-0009561 g a .<c - deferences to decent literature - 5 wide variety o.C carbon articles. The raw material contains less than 1% ash, of which a large portion consists of silicates. A few cases (26) of pnetsno- coniosis which differ in no way from silicosis have been found among 547 worke" using this carbon, and they were in am who ht-.d worked for 14 to 40 years. Three of these victims were in wfiat corresponds to the third stage of silicosis The author claims that there are fewer cases among men working with carbon dust having a slight admixture of silica. Tuberculosis a;.ong the carbon workers r;s :\uch milder and no re inactive than in silica workers.. The author concludes that anthrucosis can be caused by pure carbon. The effect of silicates (free silica being absent) must be shown by further study. aan. JT3WBAKENTALS RELATING TO THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF EXHAUST SX3TEMS. T. Hotel and others. American Standards Exhaust Code Comm., No. ASA-Z9, 29pp. Amer. Tlnndards Assoc., N, y. (1936) (Price 40) This preliminary report contains specifications to guide those intending to install and use exhaust systems, as well as to the aonufacturecs and designers Oi such systems. The code is divided into seven sections; (1) definitions* (2) plant layout, building construction: (3) exhaust hoods* (4) exhaust pirin ' (5) air-cleaning plant* (b) exhaust fan and (?) construction, maintenance. The first section distinguishes between dust, fumes, mists, vapors and gases. The section on exhaust hoods is both mathematical and practical, including minimum air velocities to avoid dispersion, and design of hoods to accomplish the result vdtb the least expenditure of energy. The need for much further investigation is indicated. Tho section on exhaust piping gives calculations o tlie size of piping necessary, pressure losses, etc., on theoretical and practi cal bases. Tho code is completed by an outline of a method for testing the ex haust system for efficiency of operation. 223. TENTATIVE CODE 0? TECOSE-iiNDSD PRACTICES FOR GRINDING, POLISHING, AND BUFFING EQUIPMENT SANITATION. J. ft. Allan, chairman. Am. Foundrymen*s Assoc. Industrial Hygiene Codes Comm., A.F.A. Preprint 36-38, Dec. 4, 1936.(Price $2.,' The bulletin includes a series of definitions followed by specifications for hood and branch-pipe requirements, details of design of abrasive wheel and belt enclosures, nnd minimum air velocity standards, with illustrations of eaci type of hood application. Siet-grinding operations are exempt from the pro visions of the code, unless they give rise to a noticeable quantity of spray or mist in the surrounding atmosphere. 224. TENTi.TIVr, CODE OF RECOKiiFUDED PRACTICES FOR TESTING AND MEASURING AIR FLOW IN EXHAUST SYSTEMS. J. ft. Allan, chairman. Ac. Found rynea's Assoc., Industrial Hygiene Codes Coma. A.F.a. Preprint No. 36-27. (Price $2.00). This code prescribes the general type and proper use of instruments for measur ing air flow in exhaust systems. It eovers the application and testing pro cedure for pitot tubes, nanometer gages, revolving vane anemometers, and srdnging vane direct reading velocity meters. Eleven illustrations are include* xith a graph of air velocities corresponding to water-gage readings for use with the pitot tube 225. INDUSTRIAL DISEASES OF THE LUNGS VvITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SILICOSIS. ff.E.Coo/ Practitioner, 137. pp. 314-323 (Sept. 1936). This paper is a brief survey of the field of dust diseases, presenting most well-known facts, but in a well summarized form. Only free silica and asbestos dust have been proved to be biologically active and to cause extensi*. disease in workers, although temporarily harmful effects may be attributed to many others. In the case of asbestos, possibly the fluids of the lmg dissolv the magnesium and calcium, leaving the fiber pure silica. It has been claimed that silicosis is due to sericite and not to free silica, but out of the con troversy has come general acceptance of the view that sericite is not the primary cause- of silicosis. Sidcrosis and anthracosis are names given respectively to the red solid lungs of ironstone rainers and the hard black lmgs of coal miners. In each case, hor/ever, silica has been shown to be HHBB-0009562 References to r.cont literature - r HMBB-0009563 primarily 'ceronoiblc, .nc the disease is fundamentally silicosis. This is il lustrated in the situation In British coal nines. In South Wales, where the percentage; of fro. si Lien is high there are many f;:o re cwses of "unthracosis" in proportion to the working population than in Worth Wales, '.'.-her', there is little fr..e silica. Several years' exposure; arc- generally required in orocr to bring on silicosis, hut- exclusive exposure's, rs in sane blasting, and the presence of free ai.cali, as In scouring powders, accelerates the action of silica. Individuals vary in cutfcept.ioLlity, females anc those over 40 acquiring the disease in a shorter time t..an others. Several oth-.r diseases predispose to silicosis. To produce disease silica must bo soluble, but probably electrochemical protx. rtics arc al so important. At least 75^ of silicotic patients contract tuberculosis, znr oth-.r infections are not uncommon. The- earliest x-ray evidence is an increase /? in the density of the shadows of the vascular tree. Later the snail arteries annoax to have bude along their course. The parenchyma looks hazy, anc nodules apnear and lut-.r coalesce. The earliest indications r.rc in the mid and lcm r lung tones. Inerts-; in the root shadow due to involvement of the glancs is constant. Shortness o;' breath increases to a point r-hwee it is static. Working capacity is impaired, but without distress in working. Kith tuberculosis, loss of v-rjg -.t, night sweats, hemoptysis and. more abundant sputum arc noticeable. Tu'o-.-rclc bacilli may bv. difficult to find in snutum, anc guinea pig inoculation may be necos.r.rv, The blood sedimentation rate is useful in diagnos 0 ing silico-tuberculosis. Physical eigns are not characteristic of silicosis one ao not be.? a;y rr.'iz-tiunship to the extent of lung involvement. Diagnosis is based on good :.-roy film nd history of exposure. When diagnosed the silicotic should be- removed from the silica hazard and as far s possible from risk of infections. The real trzutmv.nt lies in the prevention of dust at its source. 226 DUST RESPI-UTOsS. E. Smolczyr.. Gaemaskc, d, pp. 121-9 (Sept.-Dee. 1936). The vide use of respirators dates from the Werie Tlr, although simple forns sue!" as handkerchiefs have been used for centuries in the Sahara. The development oi good :*i.spirators-largcly occurred in the decade 1920-1930. The author states that there tpo two ways of obtaining an effective- filter: (1) increasing the thickness, and (2) increasing the area; thereby increasing the length of time for the air to pass through. (The last statement is open to grave doubt.) Since- the resistance is increased by thickening the filter, the seond method is preferable. The advantages of positive air helmets are discussed. There is increasing need for good respirators. The article is well illustrated. 227 rtESPIlATUrty: PROTECTIVE DEVICES. Carlton E. Brown J.Ind.Hyg.& Tox., 1, PP* 95-107 (fob. 1937). Although the use of other preventive or control methods is pref-.rabli. to the use of respirators the latter are desirable if not essen tial in many situations. The history of respirators dates back earlier than the time of Pliny, the Elder, who describes the use of loose bladder skins for the purpose. The hose type was also Known in anciont times, and positive pre- sun devices were knorvn at the beginning of the 17th century. Modern respir ators are classified- according to the material from which protection is neces sary, as follows: (1) in-ospimblc atmospheres far from a source of fresh airj (2) gaseous contaminants in low concentrations; (3) irrespirable atmospheres near sources o* iresh air; (4) particulate contaminants, such as dust, and (5) high concentrations of ganeous and particulate contaminants. The first type re-quires a supply of oxygon, -aid a regenerator or chemical for removing carbon dioxide. It must bo carried, by tac ,;ear<*v, 2nd therefore its length of use is limited. No respiratory cquipm-at vill nreboot against absorption of harmful gases through the skin oc irritati -a of the skin. This type is used in mine rescue The second type includes the gas .asks for war use, and other forms for all /.incj of rases used in industry. The third type is the positive pressur' device- similar to tiat used in sandblasting operations, but hand-oper ated, for nee v.ith bearxn-- anc other organic poisons. The- fourth is the ordin ary cust rc-soirutor, o.C which a number of satisfactory forms arc now developed. A simp!-, practical test of efficiency is given. The fifth is the positive pressure helmet used in sandblasting. HMBB-0009S64 'w sis o L."*J -1 B References to Recent Literature - 10 There is still room for improvement in all types of present respirators and developments are listed. A four-page table of types, protection, service periods, weights and approximate prices is included. 223. THE .INERw CONTENT OF THE SILICOTIC LUNDS OF AN EARTHENWARE WORKER. N. Sundius, A. Bygden, and T. Bruce. Trans. Ceramic, , pp.167-81 (Aor.1936). The distribution of dust in the lung of a worker who had died from silicosis ?r. exanmeo by *irst destroying the organic tissue with the aid of hydrogen perox ide. ?:ie dust was found. to be distributed fairly well throughout the lung. The quantity in the lymphatic glands, referred to the dry weight, is about the same as in the remainder of the lung, but it is more finely grained. All components of the raw materials arc present in the dust, but the proportion of quartz and feldspar is somewhat decreased, with a corresponding increase in kaolinite .and mica. The average diameter of the dust is below 2 ro 4 microns. When the atmos pheric cust in the factory is separated according to size by suspension in water, the fine dust is found to have the same composition as the lung dust. It is concluded that no chc-n.ical decomposition of dust in the lung con be proved. 229. HKlOft/JITJl; Oil THE REDUCTION Of LOST LURING JSINIHJ OPERATIONS. J. I. Graham. British Colliery Owners' Research Assoc., 1936. 20 pp. The author states in the introduction that "the breatiiiijgof dust in high con centration is definitely harmful if the dust contains a high percentage of free silica and, even if the Litter is not the case, repeated exposure to very dusty atmospheres will probably produce oronchial trouble......... It i3 obviously most desirable that the atmosphere breathed by ir.en in underground operations should be as free fror.. dust as is reasonably practicable." A brief discussion of the nature of silicosis md safety limits Tor dust is followed by a description of tiie various safety measures used in. mines - wet drilling, suction hoods, dust traps and respirators. Let drilling prevents dust, but the use of compressed air with water gives off fine dust with the spray. Suction hoods (local exhaust hoods) are successfully used,' and rotary drilling is better than percussion drilling, 5ai3t projectors are used after blasting to remove dust and injurious 230. IfSoSPHEAIC POLLUTION- THE PRESENT POSITION. C. U. Qpie. J. Roy.San.Inst., 7, pp. 437-43 (Jan. 1937). The author is Chief Smoke Inspector for the City of Liverpool. The question is discussed mainly from the standpoint of smoke pollution. Less progress has been made in abatement of air pollution than in any other aspect of public health work. The domestic chinney is the chief culprit. The author urges increasing the efficiency of the domestic fire, the use of smokeless fuel, and correct furnace management in industry. Acid gases from industrial chimeys can be decreased by pre-treatment of fuels. 231. HYDROGEN SULFIDE, THE CAUSE OF BEE DISEASES IN THE VISCOSE-ARTIFICIAL SILK INL'USTtu. V. Hortsch. V eroeffentl, a.d. Geb.d.Volksgesundheitsdienstes., No. 41 66 pp . Berlin (1937). A thorough Investigation of an eye disease prevalent in a viscose rayon factory, and & consideration of all possible causes, leads to the conclusion that hydroge. sulfide l3 the only cause. This fact has been known, but the value of this volum is that it finally settles the question. A full review of the literature is included. 232. AIR-BORNE INFECTION. r. ; ells and V. Veils. J. Am .Sled. Assoc., 107, pp. 1693-1703 unU 1005-1309 Uov. 21 and 23, 1936). This is t. general review of Mr. Veils' notable contributions. He has demonstrate ec that bacteria remain suspended and viable for many hours in droplets in the atmosphere. The period of survival of the influenza virus is ouch briefer. Sneezing may produce heavy atmospheric contamination with mouth bacteria. The best bactericidal agent in air is ultraviolet radiation, best between 200 and 300 millimicrons in wavelength. This method is in experimental use in hospitals and food nreserving establishments. Its application to factory workrooms would require muon further experimentation, as there arc many unsolved problems. wk~- deferences to docent Litcrnturtt - li HMBB-0009565 233.OCCUPATIONAL CANCER OF THE LffiKS. L, Teleky. J. Inri.ayg.4Tox., 19, op.73-83 (Feb. 1937) The author doubts rainy current atatwentf that cancer has increased within recent years, attributing the appearease to bettor recognition of the disease. The sane is true of silicosis, street dust is given as a cause o#increased cancer, but in spite of increased traffic there are no such clouds & dust as there were years ago. There have been many reports of isolated cases in the scientific literature, linking cancer with silicosis and other industrial diseases, but the rarity of such cases and the variety of the diseases do noth ing to prove any connection. Some animal experiments tend to establish a rela tionship, but even if the results turn out to be more positive than they now are, they would not prove the case for human beings. On the oth- r hand, there arc two occupations, in one of which cancer tar.y be strongly suspected as a result of exposure to certain materials, and in the other there is no doubt of the connection. The first is the chromate industry. Some cases of cancer have been found in workers in old factories, usually ifte 20 years of work. In the newer factories no cancer has been reported. It is possible that improved hygienic conditions nay prevent its development. The other dangerous occupation is radium mining, and several pages ore devoted to a diwcussion of that industry. Other possible causes, such as arsenic, have been eliminated, read there is no doubt that it is traceable to the radium com pounds, especially tilt gaseous emanation. The question of prevention among these miners is difficult. C'urcoal-filled respirators cannot be worn con tinuously, and ventilation is only partly successful. The only effective means are shortening of the worx day and entire period of work, and alternation of work, 234. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ANILi:*; CANCER. J. Bercnblum and G.lt. 3onser. J. Ind.Hyg.&Iox., 19, pp.86-91 (Feb. 1937) It is accepted fact that a prevalence of blacVer cancer exists in the aniline industry, although the cause of the disease is still obscure. The substances most probably responsible arc the intermediates, benzideoe and a- and b- anplithylaraine. The tumors develop after a long latent period, usually 13 to 25 years in man. The investigation involved 2 aspects: (1) the induction of bladder tumors by long continued -administration of some of the- suspected products used in the industry, and (2) a search for the proc.-ncc oj* carcinogenic substances in the urine of workmen employed in the dyo industry. Intrapcritoncal injections, feeding, and inhalation wore -used as means of introducing the suspected tutorials into the bodies of animals (rats in so;;* instances, rabbits in others). The results were entirely nega tive, confining the work of most investigators, but disagreeing with that of two others. The results, of course, are not conclusive in disproving the elioct in man. 235. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 1936. Charles F, Sharkey, Chicly-Labor Law Information Service. U.6.Dept. of Labor, Bur. of Labor Statistics,Bull. No. 625. Washington, D.C, 1937,. 52 pp. The introduction also appeared in U. S. Monthly Labor Aov., 2> pp. 1096-1101 (nov. 1936). Establishment of the compensation principle fop occupational disease has been much slaver than for industrial accidents. In the past 2 years, however, legislation providing compensation for silicosis ant other occupational diseases has born passed in a number of states, A summary of the substance of recent laws is followed by copies of all statutes or sections relating to occupational disease. This bulletin nay bo us.ftil to members as a supple ment to the. Legal Bulletins .ncl may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, for 10 cents. Corrections on March abstracts^. Abstract 107, on ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINATION FOR HIGH JEJPEtUTURE .EAT BATHS, should have Veen credited to 3. D. Tebbens. Tte number 170 v*rs duplicated. Please refer to the article by Angus and Stewart as 170a.