Document LpxDJva8agj7nD05J4VmgNq7w

| Id. XXIX May 1959 MO. VII ^TBNTIAL TOXICITY OF LEAD CONTAINING PAINTS by N. T. Phelps Manager, Paint Production, Marcus Hook, Pa. In the last year or tiro, considerable emphasis has been placed by various States and Cities, including New York City and Baltimore, on restricting the use of paints containing lead pigments and other lead compounds. The restrictions have been aimed, primarily, at paints which are used on objects which might be chewed by small children. This Includes furniture, babv carriages, children's toys and interior woodwork. It is the opinion of the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association that the danger of lead poisoning from paint ingestion has been somewhat overemphasised. The Association has been instrumental in persuading the States and Cities involved to use moderation in writing their ordinances per taining to lead containing paints. Generally, the ordinances require the paint formula to be shown on the label and a warning statement to the effect that the paint contains more than a specified amount of lead (usually \%) and should not be used where it might be .chewed by children. Although in a different category, the danger of domestic animals ) being poisoned by eating paints containing lead pigments is of some concern. There are cases on record where, apparently, cattle have died after eating lead containing paints. Due to differences in the digestive systems, cattle are more susceptible to lead poison ing than humans. It is not our intent to unduly alarm anyone over a remote potential danger from using lead containing paints but to indicate the trend of present day thinking. We agree that, if eaten in large doses, paints containing high lead content could, possibly, cause poisoning of humans and domestic animals. We do not believe that paints con taining relatively small amounts- of lead constitute any significant danger. PNYC 00013218 V burns, whereas the parts of the skin behind the white or light colors were left'unscorched, leaving a ghastly pattern of burned and unbumed flesh to corresDond to the patterns on the clothing. On a leHs grisly note, the following example will further attest to color having a great capacity for affecting temperatures# The French scientist Piccard had the gondola of his balloon painted black before soaring on his first flight into the substratosphere. Although the outside temperature was a 75 F. below aero, the gondola had an inside temperature of over 90 F. above sero. On his second ascent, the gondola was white# This time the inside temperature dropped to below freezing. 7/hen two American balloonists. Settle and Fordney went out to establish an altitude record, the top half of thegondola was white and the lower half black. At an altitude of twelve miles, the temperature at the top of the gondola was near sero and a 100 F. at the floor. This resulted in a generally comfortable mean temperature inside. These amazing discrepancies have stimulated the study of using color vs. temperature commercially. For years, gasoline and solvent storage tanks were painted black, gray or red lead. It was discovered that over a period of months, the dark tanks lost nearly 4# of their contents due to evaporation. When the tanks were painted white, or a very light gray, the loss dropped to less than Since these tanks exceeded 10,000 gallons in capacity, this loss was costly indeed. In spite of these findings, it is unfortunate that suppliers of gasolines and solvents still use a black drum in most cases. It is common practice in the manufacture of paints to replace the bung cap finger tight, or not at all. One can readily appreciate the loss due to evaporation. The black sides of the drum hasten this loss - and as the "fastest" solvents are also the costliest, light colored drums would certainly be in order to help reduce this waste. The supersonic age is also having an effect on the type and color of paints used in the missile field and military flying. For years the Navy's operational aircraft were a dark blue. But since most of its present fighter craft is capable of exceeding MACH I, the color was changed to off white. At very high speeds the skin friction generates sufficient heat to be dangerous to pilot and machine, and this light color helped reduce this heat. And although leaving the airplanes unpainted would have nearly the same cooling effect, the Navy must of necessity paint its carrier borne airplanes because of salt water's corrosiveness. Function ally speaking; white is a poor color, as a downed at sea airplane can easily pass for a white wave, from a high altitude. However, the color must be light. Different applications for using color as a "magic" thermostat are tblng compiled daily. Refrigerator box cars and trucks are painted white to help the cooling machinery perform its task. Candy manufacturers have found that chocolate bars wrapped in aluminum or a lightly colored wrapper helps keep the contents from melting. Advertisements inviting us to spend vacations in the tropics show ocean liners painted white. This color keeps the hold at least 10 cooler than if it were the tradi tional black. PNYC 00013220 '1 In hotter weather, clothing should be as light colored as practicable. The white house is still good insurance against summer discomfort. Some years ago, baby carriages were black. Today*s younger set rides in gayly light colored buggies, look very happy, and are not likely to develop persecution complexes as a result of being stuffed in & stifling hot black carriage. Warren Cox, the noted authority on lighting and color suggests that in order to keep a room cool, it should be painted dark colors. His throty is that dark colors absorb and retain heat, and since reflected heat causes the discomfort, dark colors in this instance are in order. As a final note, we can't help but cite the following story. At the peak of World War II, the Russians needing the lend-lease supplies desperately, helped allied shipping enter the ice-choked ports in win ter by simply sprinkling soot and coat dust on the ice, thus hastening a thaw. The black dust did the trick. These little notes should help those engaged in the sale and application of paints to plan their colors wisely, since using the right shade to control temperature is relatively simple. 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