Document LpkRv3xMb4m9614p2QBY15o65

$* &- .<* 4* <s _,dward Howard 6Co. r^K KrlMMMH Gwmri an ttfiluw ui I (ill and Knuwimn. Inc. Hril .Vvimr OoviamlOfm, UU5 2ltwMI*2lilO fd TO: Roy Gottesman Dave Peters Mike Reynolds Meredith Scheck Rick Smith FR: Nora Jacobs Chris Bozman Sandie Kroeger John Porpora Dave Taylor FYI, from the clips. CC: Market-specific items distributed as applicable to members of: OfTfectrical Materials Council cpfpe Resources Council (^yfnyl Packaging Council CTL029463 m-m plastics uwld hOHTHL'.' 6350(3 APRIL 1330 cupped by Bacon's jO"* stawTr^y '''t 3V tv --------- -*' ***?-- -------- " TlwjyM business will be 9.7-billion ft strong by the year 2000, and plastic will have a 60% share of the market--worth some S7.6 billion. That's the prediction of Leading Edge Reports, a Gevelandbased market-research company. In 1988, the total pipe market was about 6.6 billion ft, and plastic had roughly 56% of the business, which , translated to about $3 billion.' ^ There are several factors contributing to plastics' dominating pres ence in the pipe business. The big one is cost; plastic continues to have economic advantages over other materials, despite relatively vio lent price'swings for pipe resin, particularly polyvinyl chloride. A copy of the report sells for $1,700 and may be obtained by calling Karyn Thomas at (216) 791-5500. ^ 56B-7QQ 30UPNAL AMERICAN UATCR UORKS ASSOCIATION MONTHLY 44.000 APRIL 1390 CLIPPED BY Bacon'S j 3 v?^\ ...............-*- 'tte^injdJnalitute, headquartered in Wayne, NJ,, haslormed the Pipe Resource Organization (PRO) to pro mote the use of PVC in water and sewer pipe applications. PRO will sponsor research on the use of PVC in pipe applications, serve as a clearinghouse for product information, and work with other organizations that can influence PVC s position in the pipe market. l56B-106Q SOLID UASTE POUER BI-MONTHLY 16,000 APRIL 1330 cupped by Bacon's Corrugated Steel Pipe Performs Well in California In recent years, there has been a change in the pipe used for new construction of buried methane gas collector lines in Los Angeles County landfills. Polymer-coated, corrugated steel pipe (CSP) is now specified for use by the county's districts for cer tain purposes. Polyvinyl chloride pipe (PVC) is still used to meet other needs. This use of polymer-coated CSP in landfill gas-to-energy operations was a first for California and the U.S., says Boral Cascade Culvert, a supplier of CSP headquartered in Escondido, Calif. Orange County, Calif., has also shared in this change-over. Since 1986, CSP has replaced PVC for gas_col- lectorsjn that county's landfills. Re cently, OrangeTounty also installed poly-coated smooth-wall steel pipe for the above-ground "header" lines that transport the trash-generated gases, the supplier said. John Cosulich, supervising engineer for the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts, said his county uses the CSP for landfill trenches but not for above ground applications because it is difficult to seal. L.A. County still uses PVC above ground. The change to CSP for some landfill uses began about 5 years ago, when operators discovered that a number of PVC gas collector lines in landfills were not performing as expected. Probes placed inside those lines pin pointed failures in the pipe's ability to permit a flow of gas. Engineers turned to polymer-coated CSP for its strength (usually of 14gauge steel, in 12- to 18-inch diam eters). The pipe resists crushing from trash loads and heavy equipment. It is resistant to high heat or melt-down, and the pipe resists corrosion. CTL029464 66A-320 PLASTICS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION MONTHLY 200 FEBRUARY 1990 CLIPPED BY Bacon*! INDUSTRY NEWS ; MIXED VIEWS ON SUITABILITY OF PLASTIC PIPE FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS While trade publications, bulletins and talks point out the suitability of plastic pipe for many utility applications, the industry is still suffering from past improper installation and the use of unsuitable materials and/or extrusion practices in making pipe from 10 years ago. With the adoption of standards by the American Water Works Association (AWWA) during 1989, together with further standards being prepared, plastic pipe may be on the road to recovery from the bad press which occurred as a result of the failures allegedly caused by the reported deficiencies. But those in the plastics industry, who are asked to comment on these failures, should readily acknowledge that they did occur and be able to show that steps are being taken so that they will not happen in the future. The failures in the past have included polybutylene (PB) pipe in several places where it was used for water service lines. The main cause of failures in these installations was kinking of the thin-walled tubing where the pipe was bent during installation. In other cases the pipe was buried in rocky soil without using suitable soft soil around the pipe to protect it from cutting by the sharp rocks. In San Antonio, the result was a settlement of several million dollars paid by material suppliers and the manufacturers of the tubing. There have been many reports of failures of polyethylene (PE) pipe where it was used for water service lines. It appears that most or all of these installations were made by one manufacturer who used inferior PE and/or did not extrude it properly. The most reported that commercial PE pipes had not exhibited any degradation of chemical, mechanical, or physical properties while being used in underground service for Chris Panetta, the utilities superintendent of Peoria AZ, disclosed that they were requiring that copper tubing be inserted in the lines of the houses which had developed leaks. He noted that some developments were much more prone to having failures than others. It was felt that some of this might have been due to poor installation practices such as improper laying of the service line in rocky soil and improper connections during installations, which led to stresses that accentuated the slow micro crack growth due to the water pressure (60-90 psi). Panetta noted that Peoria did not experience such failures until after 8-12 years, while many other Arizona localities experienced failures within 3-10 years. It is felt that fhtc miohf tr fK* D pumps its water from deep wells while the other localities used canal water which had been stored in reservoirs and thus was much warmer when it entered the distribution system. Since the service lines are typically only one foot deep, they can get very warm in an area where it is frequently over 100#F in the shade for more than 100 days a year. Although one might expect that the pipes would not receive much of that heat because of dry soil, most residents soak their lawns several dmes a week and thus the soil is a fairly good conductor of heat. Indeed, some residences hardly need to use a hot water heater in the summer--and a cold shower is impossible-since the entering water is over 110*F for much of the time. Since tests have indicated that PE develops microcracks much more rapidly at higher temperatures (at 140 vs. 72F), it is probable that these conditions accentuated the use of inadequate pipe. A Gas Research Institute Bulletin of December 1989 reported that commercial PE pipes had not exhibited any degradation of chemical, mechanical, or physical properties while being used in underground service for periods up to 20 years. This was based on two reports on i/fesearch studies by Battelle Institute and L. J. Broutman St Associates. In the Battelle test, PE pipe was buried in the service yard of Columbia Gas in Mount Vernon, Ohio with 50 psi gas pressure for up to 20 years starting in 1963. The pipe showed no significant changes from tensile samples of unexposed pipe. The Broutman project used pipe samples exposed for 1-20 years from all over the US. The tensile tests showed that there was no apparent change in the yield stress or energy-to-yield of the specimens during the various time periods, although there was a scatter of lower values in energy-to-break values within the age distribution of the sample. The bulletin did not indicate any determination of the causes of such discrepancies. Furthermore, carbonyl index measurements did not indicate any trends for oxidative degradation and for the few pipes with any effects of oxidation on the outer surface it was felt that this might have been due to outdoor storage of the pipes before installation. The oxidation induction time (OIT) and percent of crystallinity were also measured to give indications that after periods of up to 20 years antioxidant was still present. Both research evaluations were conducted with compressed-ring environmental stress crack resistance tests; they showed that there were only small differences. In addition, Broutman squeezed PE pipes in elevated temperature stress-rupture tests and found that the aged pipes had no significant decrease of their stress-rupture values. These results indicate that PE pipe should continue to be the preferred material for gas service lines. Although there are some installations of PE pipe for water transmission of up to 54 inches diameter-and new CTL029465 CcnJ-' Sinches-PVC remains the major plastic pipe material, mainly due to its higher hydrostatic design basis and its chemical resistance. Additi nally, there have been no reports of failure of PVC pipe; e.g., Panetta volunteered that "the C900 pipes of PVC are greatT These and other successes form a good base upon which to promote even greater use of plastic pipe in the future, while providing better assurance that the standards will prevent failures. For further information contact: Gas Research Institute, 8600 Wfest Bryn Mawr Ave., Chicago, IL 60631 (312/3998100); Stanley A. Mruk, Plastics Pipe Institute, Vfayne Interchnage Plaza Q, 155 Route 46 West, Wbyne, NJ 07470 (201/812-9076); and AWWA. //. f. 3 CTL02 9466 consider these factors in order to r\ X It r By Julio Coto, P.E. Manager, UtiUlic* Dealgn Dept. Bowjrer-Singteton h Aaaociatea avoid premature pipe failure due to fatigue. Fatigue pipe failure becomes sig nificant in piping systems where the pressure variations equal or exceed 50% of the system working pressure. Piping systems which typically expe rience high frequencies and magni Figure 1 FVC Pipe Cyclic Fatigue Life When Subjected To Large Pressure Surg s tudes of cyclic surging are sanitary Fatigue Failure OfPVC Pipe sewer force mains, transmission mains, irrigation piping systems and frost control systems. Pipe materials can experience fa tigue failure when exposed to se Practical design limits for the determination of the PVC piping system's capacity for cyclic surging vere cyclic surging. Cyclic surgincga,n be determined by using empirical which is caused by pump starts and equations developed by H.W. Vin shutoff, valve operation, gas entrap son1. These equations predict the ment, etc., results in non-steady state number of surge cycles to failure. conditions common in piping sys Therefore, by determining the eki tems. These conditions tend to de pected number of cycles and the velop cyclic pressure variations magnitude of the pressure variation^ within the piping system and it is the per cycle, one can estimate the life of magnitude and frequency of these the pipe before it fails through fa variations which cause fatigue failure tigue (see Figure 1). in the piping Bystem. The design of The values obtained in this fash the piping system, therefore, should ion are conservative because the ---------------------------------------------=& empirical relationships were obtained y subjecting the PVC pipe to large treasure surges at frequencies not .ypically encountered in municipal 56A-440 THE FLORIDA SPECIFIER HONTHLY 37,385 sanitary sewer force main systems, transmission mains or irrigations systems. Furthermore, the equations do not take into account the stress From: Handbook of PVC Pipt Design and Construction, Uni-Belt PVC Pipe Associalion, Uni-Bell Plastic Pipe Association, Dallas, Texas, 1982. relaxation capacity of PVC pipe. MARCH 1990 CLIPPED BY Bacon's Sustained surge cycles in excess of parameter. The Vinson relationships those predicted by these equations provide the designer with a conserva have been cited for C900 PVC pipe. tive estimate of the PVC piping sys The cyclic surge fatigue phenom ena should be considered in the de sign of municipal PVC piping sys tems especially where cyclic surge fatigue becomes the critical design 1) Handbook of PVC Pip* Dealgn and Conatruction, Uni-Ball PVC Pip* AtaodaUon, Uni-B*l] Plaatic Pip* AaaociaUon, Dallaa, Txaa, 1982 tem's capacity for cyclic surge fa tigue. ***** CTL029467 SPECIAL REPORT Plastic to remain leading pipe ^By Bill Bregar Though the construction market NEWS STAFF___________________ is by far the largest user of pipe, both studies point to the energy Led by a resurgent domestic en sector as a particularly fast-grow ergy industry, plastic pipe is ex ing pipe mairket. Polyethylene, in pected to continue its dominance particular, will benefit from a over steel, copper and other mate healthy gas and oil industry. PE rials in the United States through pipe now dominates the market the 1990s, two market studies re for local gas distribution lines. In port the oil industry, PE has become a Plastic was the leading pipe ma popular, economical alternative to terial, as well as the fastest-grow steel for applications at the drill ing, from 1977 to 1988, according ing site, such as gathering lines, to a new study from Leading Edge downhole tubing and water supply Reports, a market research com and disposal lines. pany in Cleveland. Plastic pipe Freedonia said construction sustained an average annual growth will be slow through 1993 growth rate of 7.3 percent in because of maturing markets and terms of feet produced during the the fact that pipe systems with im period. That compares with only proved durability and corrosion 2.7 percent for the total pipe mar resistance are already in use. In ket. Leading Edge predicts growth frastructure projects, previously in plastic pipe demand in the postponed by local governments, 1990s will slow to 3.8 percent a will help stimulate construction's year from 1988 to 2000. demand for pipe, Freedonia said. Polyvinyl chloride, which con Overall, improvements in pro trolled 73 percent of the plastic cessing technology and material pipe market in 1988, will lose mar- properties will propel the contin Icet share as other resins continue ued growth of plastic pipe, ac to gain acceptance as competing cording to Freedonia. Further pen materials, Leading Edge said. But etrations into markets such as pipe in the year 2000 still will sewer mains and chemical pro a strong lead, consuming cess piping can come from mak more than three times the volume ing pipe with greater strength and of resin used for polyethylene, the better tolerance to temperature No. 2 type of plastic pipe. extremes, pressure and corrosion. PE is one of the fastest-growing The Freedonia study also said types of plastic pipe, boosting its that plastic conduit applications share of plastic pipe from 8.5 per will grow at the expense of steel, cent in 1977 to 13 percent in 1988 owing to plastic's smooth bore, and a projected 17 percent in sealing properties and ease of in 2000. PE pipe growth will continue stallation. at nearly 6.5 percent per year in By the year 2000, the plastic the 1990s, Leading Edge said. pipe industry will consume more Meanwhile, steel pipe, the No. 2 than 7.2 billion pounds of thermo material in terms of volume, plastic and thermosetting resin should rebound to annual growth and materials. Leading Edge pre of 4.3 percent during the period of dicts. 1988-2000--following its decline of The Leading Edge study offers 1.6 percent annually from 1977 to these projections of plastic pipe 1988, the study said. By year 2000, by type of resin: plastic pipe's volume should be Polyvinyl chloride--Potable triple that of steel and four times water pipes will remain the big- that of copper, according to Lead ~gesr pipe market for PVC resin, ing Edge. but growth of PVC usage in this Another study, released last application is expected to in year by Freedonia Group Inc. of crease by less than 2 percent an Cleveland, gives a much lower nually in the 1990s, much slower rate of annual growth--4.4 per than before. The report cites three cent--for plastic pipe during the reasons for this: PVC penetration 1977-88 period. The Freedonia already is highly mature in service s^^ predicts that growth will j^Hightly to 4.1 percent through l^rol the last year for which it and distribution applications; oth er resins will give PVC increased competition; and acceptance of gives annual growth projections. PVC is likely to move slowly in The Freedonia study also gives municipal water applications re somewhat lower volume amounts quiring larger-diameter pipe. for plastic pipe than the Leading PVC pipe consumption is ex- *<v nwn** *"r<r\et <" *i#*l*l in material 64A-365 PLASTICS NEUS WEEKLY FEBRUARY 19, 1990 CUPPED BY Bacon's the process industries, such as chemicals, petroleum refining and waste processing, because of ma jor expansion and modernization plans of large companies and the increasing substitution of plastic in low-temperature, low-pressure applications. Polyethylene--PE, the sec ond most widely used pipe resin, made big gains in the 1980s in oil and gas pipe applications. Energy industries consumed 40 percent of all extruded PE pipe in 1988. Demand for PE grew by 22.7 percent a year from 1977-88 in the catch-all structural, mechanical and miscellaneous category. The study looked at the overall PE seg ment It did not break out various types of PE. In potable water applications, high and volatile polyethylene prices helped PVC increase its edge over PE during much of the mid- to late 1980s. But as new PE capacity begins production, prices should soften and stabilize, ac cording to Leading Edge. Strong PE growth also is expect ed in conduit, drain and sewer, drainage and irrigation. Total PE used in pipe applications should aninw an annual rrrnwth rat* wall CTL029468 I U.S. Pipe Market l (milll n fet) By Application ITEM 1977 1988 2000 % Annual Growth 1977-88 1988-2000 Jfctal pipe Market^X&m Potable Water Pipe Drainage & Irrigation Pipe Process Pipe sggaBBKiuHaBggfflais^^ 4,888 6,575 9,784 2.7 1,850 2,781 3,845 3.8 -.501 624 825 _. 2.0 537 648 850 1.7 724442-.,22780. 1.335 ',2. 5.3 253 247 320 (0.2) 2.853 "12.630^ . _,1,184 69 69 115 -- 38!^777*796 '1,310 22:6.9 3.4 2.7 2.4 2.3 .7.4.6 .2. 2.2 . 5.4 ^: 4.3 .4.2.' "*" ITEM alpe Maneatr:^a>saigtfa:v Plastic Copper Concrete Cast Iron Clay . ______ Source: Leading Edge Reports By Material 1977 1988 2000 % Annual Growth 1977-88 1988-2000 ^4,888.;.26,575.2.2.9.784, .2-7 1660 3,600 5,643 7.3 21^242Si .027 "2~'J 1,695 2,: 0.6) 1,018 1,002 1,342 (0.1) <5m^372 :2224761: : 599 , "2 (2.3) ' 348 273 245 ____ (2-2) 22101::22157 ... 22.253 4.1 . 97 30 17 (10.1) 68 2-- ~.222(16.0).. 3.4 . 3.8 4.3 2. 2.5 J.9' ,, (0.9)..... 3.7....;,' (4.6) above 6 percent. Leading Edge said. Reinforced Thermosets --Most commonly using polyester resin, these materials will lead growth of ail plastic pipe through the 1990s, with an annual rate ex ceeding 7 percent Process mar kets are the top users of rein forced thermoset pipe because of the material's corrosion resistance and strength. By 1995, the conduit market will have overtaken the drain and sew er market as the No. 2 consumer of reinforced thermoset pipe. An nual growth rates will settle from the thriving 19.2 percent seen dur ing 1977-88 to a "more sustainable" 7 percent throughout the 1990s, Leading Edge said. ABS-- ABS is a potential competitor in plastic sewer and drain applications, with projected annual growth of more than 6.5 percent The material's wide oper ating temperature range should help it move into non-standard service and distribution, as well as municipal water pipe applications at 10 percent a year. - Overall, however, ABS should average slightly below 3 percent annual growth. -- Non-tradltlonal resins --Some resins not generally asso ciated with this sector should make inroads into unique market niches unfilled by the traditional pipe resins. Overall growth for non-traditional resins is expected to climb about 7 percent a year in the 1990s. In conduit applications, polypropylene's initial quick growth during the 1970s cooled as less-expensive, traditional pipe resins gained ground. Demand will remain strong at nearly 4.5 per cent as PP enters the potable wa ter market substituting for PVC in some applications, according to Leading Edge. Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), with good high-temperature properties and flame retardance, has helped plastic pene trate process industries and spe cialty applications such as fire sprinkler systems. Potable water applications should remain the leading market for CPVC pipe, however. Typical uses for polybutylene pipe have expanded from hot- and cold-water applications and oil field downhole tubing into process and other specialty applications. ' CTL029469