Document LpeN5YY3JmRngbpazXrmo6rv3

FILE NAME: Owens Illinois Library (OWL) DATE: 1954 June DOC#: OWL037 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Article from the Archives of Industrial Health Editorial - Experimental Lung Cancer A R C H I V E S OF Industrial Hygiene and Medicine EDITORIAL BOARD PHILIP DRINKER, Chief Editor 55 Shattuck Street, Boston 15 UISTOPHER LEGGO, Crockett, Calif. OSCAR A. SANDER, Milwaukee nr.nT O'CONNOR, Boston H. H. SCHRENK, Pittsburgh VNK PRINCI, Cincinnati CHARLES F. SHOOK SR., Toledo HERBERT E. STOKINGER, Cincinnati VOLUME ^ NUMBER 1 Section II Index to A. M. A. Archives of Industrial H ygiene and Occupational Medicine for t h e P eriod J anuary through J une, 1954 Published Monthly by AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 535 NORTH DEARBORN STREET CHICAGO 10, ILLINOIS Entered as Second Class M atter Jan . 4, 1950, at tlie Postoffice at Chi cago, U n d er the Act of M arch 3, 1879. A nnual Subscription, $8.00 I AL MEDICINE B ntal Lung Cancer, - : Ethylnediamine* ' ' uc acid precipitator, _____ tal conditions [ab* ap*!*'* . 84, 179, 266, 354, , 404 ff rum, 306 ff 402 i ophenyl thiono* ihosphonate, 581 - mine, 223 ff minetetraacetic o ff __ asoline engines, iff F * ------- See under names of industries particles, 291 '. 'irSt'i..*'-'m H " j also Public health ^ 148 ff f- , 133 ff ... : . 182 ,3 0 6 6L ..... 'benzene, 306 f f ___ _ id, 217 199 ff ms, 153 ff, 164 ff, 23 8 I -------- oxicology [ab- . 78, 178, 265, 345, SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 9 Insecticides, 359 Instruments for noise measure ment, 496 ff Insulin, 402 f Isotopes, radioactive, 359 J Jurisprudence federal, 451 ff medical, 148 ff L Lactate, 202 Lead. 9 ff, 114 ff, 205 ff radioactive, 114 ff Legal medicine: See also Ju r isprudence, medical [abstracts], 87, 358, 442 Lindane, 306 ff Longevity, 535 Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, 471 Lungs cancer, 153, 449 fibrosis, 403 M Madder, 113 f, 119 Magnesium sulfate, 48, 57, 60 Mecholyl: See Acetyl-0-methylcholine Medical insurance, 23 ff Medicine industrial, 360 and surgery [abstracts], 83, 353, 432 Metavanadate, 414 Methanol, 212 ff Methyl acetate, 215 Methyl chloroform, 523 Methyl ethers, 509 ff Methylene chloride, 212 Mipafox: See Bis-(monoisopropylamino) -fluorophosphine oxide Muscles, spasm, 476 ff Myalgia, 477 ff . N News and comment, 88, 182, 270, 359, 445, 535 Nitrogen oxides, 375 ff Noise, 496 ff O Occupational diseases and hazards [abstracts], 77, 260, 338, 425 Octamethyl pyrophosphoramide, 57 Ozone, toxicity, 366 ff P Papilloma, 158 Paranitrophenol, 37 ff Paraoxon, 329 ff Paraplex, 210 f Parathion, 37 ff, 45 ff Parathyroid, 11 ff, 118 f Parpanit: See Caramiphen Particles, wind-borne, 273 ff Phenylhydrazine, 386 Phosphorus, 1 ff, 142 ff Physiology and nutrition [ab stracts], 76, 258, 337, 425 Plastic substances; toxicology, 359 Pneumoconiosis, 249 ff, 297 ff Polonium, 19, 89 ff Pro-derna: See Silicone ben tonite Proteins, 284 ff Psychiatric treatment, 24 ff Public health, 183 ff, 445 Public service Bureau of State Services, 445 Department of Health, Edu cation, and Welfare, 445 Pyruvate, 202 0 Quartz, 29 ff Quinonizable substance, 124 R Radioactive substances and x-ray [abstracts], 269, 442 Radioactivity, 9 ff Radium D, 9, 18 f, 114 f E, 18 f, 115 F, 18 Radon, 89 ff, 335 Rehabilitation, 466 ff S Silica, 29 ff, 284 ff, 389 ff dust, 408 protein adsorption on, 503 ff Silicone, 194 ff bentonite, 101 ff Silicosis, 251, 315 ff, 402 ff Silver nitrate, 191 Skin, papillomas, 172 ff Smog, 245 Smoke, 245, 247 Sodium chloride, 72 ff citrate, 205 tetravanadate, 414 Solvents, organic, 212 ff Sulfur dioxide, 245, 247 trioxide, 248 Sulfuric acid, 247 f T Tar, 191 />-Tertiary-butyltoluene, 227 ff Testosterone, 402 ff propionate, 405 Tests ehloramine-T. 123 cholinesterase, 37 ff paranitrophenol, 37 ff c "W "fj&K IS v ifth edition. Pp. 715, Philadelphia 5, 1953. icerned with the treatadening concept of the ticularly as it pertains -.nt, this book provides cnee in cases appearing epresents an authorita- - uthor is of the opinion" al science as any other if reduction q t perma:cd to formularization ss of material and the author. The chapters ating disability provide s on the examination ke, M.D., Boston. rice, $7.00. Pp. 250 t.. New York 18, 1953. from several national \t the present time it d form, after critical - standard. al Terms, 62 pages); <28 pages); Chemical nentation (15 pages); ections are primarily i them. . - sectionalized as it erms originate in any n standard dictionary rhter--a synonym for nym for a radioactive 'L ie Silverman. Volume 9 JUNE 1954 Copyright, 1954, by the American Medicai. Association Editorials Number 6 EXPERIMENTAL LUNG CANCER R E A T caution m ust be exercised in assigning a causative relation between ^ inhaled m aterials and lung cancer in human beings. In considering the cause i lung cancer and in experimental studies of lung cancer, one naturally examines ritically those m aterials which get into the lungs and which may have a local effect n lung tissue. T hus, various industrial dusts and fumes, tobacco smoke, and exhaust ,'ases from heavy autom otive traffic have been suggested as possible factors in lung ancer. These m aterials have been tested chiefly on the skin of mice. H owever, the nere dem onstration of m aterials in the air which are known to be carcinogenic to nouse skin is not proof that they can cause human lung cancer. Experim ental carinogenesis has taught that different species react differently to the same material i. e., the mouse skin is very receptive to methylcholanthrene but the ra t and guinea ;>ig skins are very insensitive) and different tissues of the same species have widely urying sensitivity to the same material (i. e., the rat skin is unresponsive to car cinogens but the rat subcutaneous tissues are so reactive that they respond with -arcoma production even to glucose). H uman epidemiological data give the only really sound way of associating human cancer with an environmental exposure. In the collection of such data, a sufficiently large sample m ust be obtained to perm it statistical analysis and valid conclusions, liven so. causal relationships m ust be further validated by continuing epidemiological methods, supplemented by animal experimentation. It is neither valid to conclude that animal experim entation provides definitive answers to the human cancer problem nor valid to conclude that it offers nothing to an understanding of the human cancer problem. Intelligent use of data obtained with animals should be coupled with intelli gent application of the information learned from human epidemiological data, in order to understand the further research effort needed and the practical control methods indicated. Skin carcinogenesis in the mouse has been used, and effectively, as a guide to the control of potential occupational skin carcinogens in man. The whole field of experi mental skin carcinogenesis arose out of the epidemiological studies of occupational skin cancers in hum ans, begun some 35 to 50 years ago, and yet today a complete understanding of the mechanism of human skin carcinogenesis has by no means been realized. F or instance, the relative im portance of carcinogens and co-carcinogens in >kin carcinogenesis is still being intensively investigated. The mechanism of lung carcinogenesis in the mouse has not yet been w orked out, let alone this mechanism in the hum an. W e are today in about the same stage of understanding lung carcinogenesis as we were in skin carcinogenesis in 1900, prior 449 3 J ..-riili] '< I Fi I INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE to the artificial production of skin tumors in experim ental animals. A study of occupational lung cancers suggests that a completely different set of mechanisms may be at work. Thus, chromium and nickel under some conditions, asbestos, and an as yet unidentified factor in isopropyl alcohol m anufacture are today most suspect as human pulmonary carcinogens. The only experim ental lung cancers produced by inhalation have been in response to beryllium and radioactive metals. It therefore seems highly dangerous to draw conclusions about human lung cancer from experimental evidence based on the presence of mouse skin carcinogens. R ather would it be wiser to display temperance in the interpretation of present day data until we have developed a much greater fund of knowledge concerning the mechanisms of lung carcinogenesis. Robert e EcKARirr P hilip Drinker (Courtesy of the Saturday Review and of the artist, Robert Kraus.) 450 IN D U STRIAL H YG IEN E A N D OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE Experimental Infective P neumoconiosis. E. J. K ing, C. V. H arrison, G. P . Mohanty, ; and D. A. Mitchison, Arhiv hig. rada 4:289-300, 1953. Quartz and coal-mine dusts were introduced into the lungs of rats by inhalation in a high concentration for four months, and then groups of these dusted animals were infected with a virulent strain of human tubercle bacillus (37 Rv). Dusting was continued for a further period of 10 months in the case of the coal-mine-dust group. N'o variation in lung pathology was seen in the quartz group, although both groups produced classical silicotic nodules. In the case of ^ coal-mine dust the infective group showed slightly more fibrosis, diffuse in nature, than either su the noninfected or the tuberculous control group. These are preliminary experiments, and the results must be considered as both tentative and not very conclusive. W ork is being continued. F rom the Authors' Summary. ; Breathing of P neumoconiosis-P roducing D usts. C. N. Davies, A rhiv hig. rada 4:301- 306, 1953. V Pneumoconiosis-producing dusts must be insoluble or have a very slow solubility. Dusts which caused long-term cumulative effects act in three ways--by stimulating the growth of fibrous tissue (quartz), by producing mechanical injuries (asbestos, talc), and by accumulating large quantities of particles in the lymphatic system and throughout the lungs. Another kind of risk from dust accumulating in the lungs arises from radioactive materials, particularly from solid products of radioactive decay of radon. An association between the normal content of radon in the atmosphere and lung carcinoma in the general population cannot be dismissed as impossible when varying susceptibility is taken into account. F rom the Author's S ummary. P neumoconioses W ithout F ibrosis. D. M. Marchan, Arhiv hig. rada 4:402-427, 1953. The avowed object of this article is to bring some order into the vast tableau of those pneumoconioses which are not associated with pulmonary fibroses. All dusts are more or less injurious, depending upon their nature and am ount; no dust is really inert if in excess. Size is always important, since particles more than 5 m in diameter cannot get down into the pulmonary alveoli. The construction of the upper air passages decides why some persons are less prone to dust damage, as the particles are caught there instead of penetrating deeper down. First, the fibrosis-causing dusts are dismissed, including those consisting of silica wholly o r in part. The presence, if any fibrosis develops, of some percentage of silica must always be suspected. X o dusts are harmful on account of their hardness or sharpness. Short allusions are made to a great number of dusts, some of which are said to be pathogenic. Pure coal and graphite are considered nonpathogenic. There are the metalloconioses which are caused by toxic lead, beryllium, and manganese as well as nontoxic iron and zinc. Then come the myco- conioses, including weavers' cough and cotton-strippers' asthma, the latter being known medically as byssinosis. Among the diseases sumamed allergoconioses are cannabiosis and bagassosis. (Adding the suffix "osis" does not seem to introduce any order, but readers will be grateful for the excellent list of references.] E L Collis [BuLL. H yg.]. s^2eh?'-. V*-' Clinical E valuation of Disability in Silicosis. J. F rost and J . Georg, Acta med. scandinav. 147:349-357 (Dec. 30) 1953. In cases of silicosis there has been established no correlation of the x-ray picture, the symp- *terns experienced, and the degree of disability. In order to reexamine the position, clinical examinations and measurements of pulmonary function were carried out on 50 persons with silicosis (from among whom patients with tuberculosis, cardiac diseases, or high blood pressure were excluded). X -ray films were taken, and fluoroscopic examinations were made of diaphrag matic movements; electrocardiograms were made. Vital, residual, and total capacities of the lungs, together with maximum breathing capacity, were measured, and a special working test on a bievde-ergometer was made. The cases were grouped into three stages of silicosis. W hen the observations were analyzed, a significant difference was noted between the total capacity for Stage 3 and for Stage 1; the same held good for vital capacity and maximum breathing capacity, but differences between 344 t > TRA ..... 2 a: of \ .-sing :on. us co: sing c:. RE A ,V. U: lie cla cys, a* iffe set ide p< ,-d Fo: be gebed. -t- thn ning. . most nea a: hila: :ing K mgs. >e sue they ?es slv 'e later ges m;. ride, 'i alveola: - rcsem 'LYTIC.'. Ruth July 15 : ''cause logical i; all quant 'me to : ''"it of i "rably i. 'ed to 1 "ived pr "plexinc unity of "union o: !<vU.ie> Ralle -Abstrae: "'-'ect ind.