Document Lgy39gN7NQer8ydyY7q1XQbk3

OIL. PAINT AND DREJQ REPORTER Ncoem ORGANIZATION MEETING National Paint, Virnish and La Association Chicago, III., October 31 and Novembe Tuesday, October 31 First General Industry Meeting, Tuesday Forenoon (The general meeting of the paint, varnish, and lacquer industry for the purpose of amalgamating the National Faint, Oil and Varnish Association and the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers' Association, was con vened in its first session`at 10r35 a.m,, October 31, by Samuel R: Matlack, N. P., 0. & V. A president.) Chairman Matlack: It gives me . pleasure to call together the first meet( ing of the general association. It is a 7 privilege to caU this meeting together I to form the new deal, to get down | ready to do new work in a new way. I I think the' first matter of business | on the program is the report of the j nominating committee, which is just a preliminary report. Mr. Horace Felton I will bring in that report. | Nominations Horace Felton*. Before I give the re port of the nominating committee, I would like to make just a few observa tions to acquaint you with some of the problems which have confronted us. Someone has written that new occa! . siona demand new duties,, and...It. has. JI been that situation which has confronted your committee. In th'e ticket which we are about- to present, we I want you to know we have given our i best thought and our best judgment to ; it. In fact, we have worked over the program for some weeks in order that Elliot S. Phillips, to serve for three years. . William Richter,' to serve for three years. Representing Varnish Manufacturing James B. Lord, to serve for two years.. Welle Martin, to serve for two. years. H. E. Webster, to serve for three years, Representing Lacquer Manufacturing (Industrial Pinching) J. Heath Wood, to serve for one year. 0. J, S. de Brun, to serve for one year. Wm, C. Dabney, to serve for one year.. Representing Kalsomine and Water Paint Manufacturing Stanley C. Dunning, to serve for one year. Representing Commodity Group D. W. Figgis... To serve for one year M, L. Havey... " " 11 two years Fred. M. Carter. " " lf three years For Treasurer For your treasurer we nominate Charles J. Roh. For Regional Vice-Presidents Before I announce the personnel of t-hO' regional vice-presidents, I- desire to call your attention to the fact that we are creating under this situation five zones in the United States and we are suggesting the inclusion In this of a new zone, the New England zone. I therefore, have the honor to nominate ing committee. As you know, addition al names can be added from the floor. Starting at the head of the ticket, we have one nominee. Have you any other nominations to.make? Vice President? Regional Vice1 Presidents? Represen tatives for the executive committee? from the paint group? The varnish group? Lacquer manufacturers? Kal somine or water paint? It is certainly nice to feel that the nominating committee have done-such a wonderful Job and that the entire as sociation sems to be satisfied with the names that have been put up and do tlo tio at offo th pre Am tur Pa do un to nis th the co tio be sh 19 I de Ch C ha rea be yo C nif po Mr T Is law co rep all N4831 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November f6,i 1933 9 Chairman Matlack: Do I hoar a sec- otl<17 , j, _ , (The motion was seconded.) Chairman Matlack: It hag been moved and seconded that the first two para graphs that Officer Chessman has. just read be passed at the present time. Are you ready for the motion? Alt in favor please- signify the same by saving "aye.' It is so carried. t Mr. Cheesman: The Right Admiral has no "no, no's1' in his business, Article II Membership Membership in this association shall consist of individuals, firms, corporations who are manufacturers and/or whole salers of paints, varnishes, lacquers, water paints and kindred products ; and Individuals, firms, corporations who are manufacturers and/or wholesalers of ma terials used In connection with the manu facture and/or application of paints, var nishes, lacquers, water paint and kindred products. There shall be five classes of member ship, as follows:-- Class A Membership Section 1. Individuals, firms, corpora tions who are manufacturers of paints, varnishes, lacquers, water paints and kindred products who support all asso ciation activities--the scientific section, unfair competition bureau, save the sur face campaign, clean up and paint up campaign, traffic bureau, and such other activities in which the association may engage--paying dues on the uniform plan based upon their domestic sales of their products. Each Class A member ts en titled to one vote at the association meetings and to receive all the scientific section circulars. They are entitled to membership In regional or city associa tions on payment of the regional or city associations dues, not including the na tional dues. I move the adoption of the Class A Membership paragraph. . (The motion was seconded.) Chairman Matlack: Gentlemen, you have heard the reading of the paragraph regarding Class A membership. Are there any remarks, questions or criticisms? Are you ready for the question? (The question was called for.) Chairman Matlack: All In favor olease signify the same by saying "aye." Unani mously adopted. (Mr. Cheesman continued.) Class B Membership Section 2. Individuals, firms, corpora tions who are manufacturers of mate rials used In connection with the manu facture- and/or application of paints, var nishes, lacquers, water paints and kindred products who support all asso ciation activities--scientific section, un fair competition bureau, save the surface campaign; clean up and paint up eam Paign, traffic bureau, and such other ac tivities in which the association may en gage--paying dues on the uniform plan based upon their domestic sales to the ^dbstry. They shall have representation at the association meetings through re gional or city association delegates as provided in the by-laws .and will receive all the scientific section circulars, They are entitled to membership in each reSional pr city association on payment of the regional or city associations dues, not including national dues. I move the adoption of the paragraph referring to Class B membership. Chairman Matlack: Gentlemen, you have heard the reading of the Class B membership. Do I hear a second? (The motion was seconded.) Chairman Matlack: Are there any questions, suggestions or criticism? Are you ready for the question? (The question was called for.) Chairman Matlack: AIL in favor please signify the same by saying, "aye" ; con trary, "no." Unanimously adopted. I'understand there is a possibility that In not calling for the "noes" on the other two, they may not carry from a legal standpoint, Would you like to have those two motions put again? "No" from the members.) ' Chairman Matlack': The "no, noes," don't go, so I have to have them. (Mr, Cheesman continued,) ; . Class C Membership Section 3, Individuals, firms, corpora tions who - are not eligible for Class A membership or who are not Class B members, but who are- members of . regional ..or city- associations affiliated with the national association, and pay- national, dues and dues as prescribed by the regional, or city Associations. They have representation at- the national con vention through;regional or city Associa tion delegates as provided, in the-by-laws. I move, Mr. Chairman, the adoption of Class C Membership as read. . - . Chairman Matlack! You have heard the reading of the constitution and by laws covering Class C Membership. (The motion was regularly seconded.) President Matlack: Are you ready for the question? All in favor please signify by saying "aye": opposed `ho." It is unanimously adopted. (Mr. Cheesman continued.) Class D Membership Section 4. Individuals, firms, corpora tions who are manufacturers of-paints, varnishes, lacquers, water paints and kindred products in Canada, may become members of the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association and secure the scientific section circulars, on the basis of dues as provided in Section 4, Article II of the By-laws. I move the adoption- of the Class D Membership clause. (The motion was regularly seconded.) Chairman Matlack: It has been moved and seconded that we adopt the Class D Membership clause. Are you ready for ihe question? AH in-favor please signify the same by saying "aye"; oontrary "no". Jt is carried unanimously. (Mr. Cheesman continued.) Honorary Members Section 5. Any-individual..who., has .rendered distinguished service to. the in dustry or to the association may, upon unanimous nomination by the executive committee, be elected an honorary mem ber by twO-thlrds vote at any regular meeting of. the association, I mqve the adoption of the -clause re ferring to honorary members. (The motion was regularly seconded.) Chairman Matlack: You have heard the clause referring to honorary member ships. Are you ready for the question? All In favor signify the same by saying "aye"; contrary "no." It Is unanimously carried, . (Mr. Cheesman continued,) Article III Officers and Their Election Section 1.. The officers of this associa tion Shall consist of: President: The president shall be elected by the members of the association for a term not to ex ceed three years. 4 Section 2, The vice president shall be elected for one year from Class A mem- Section 3. Five (6) regional vice presi dents shall be elected for on year from either Class A, B or C members of the association, one from each of the five (6) zones as designated In Article V of the Constitution. _ Section 4, Treasurer: The treasurer shall be elected for one year from Class A members of the Association. 'Section 6. General Manager: The executive committee shall appoint a gen eral manager for a period not to exceed amendmenta were offered and adopted to set the terms at one year "or until their successors are appointed"--which makes re-election permissible. The amendments are Included in the sections as published above.) Chairman Matlack (continuing at end of discussion) : That is .according to your motion,1 Mr, Howard? Mr. Howard: Yes, sir. Chairman Matlack: Are you. ready for the question? (The question was called for.) Chairman Matlack: All in favor please signify the same by saying "aye"; op posed "no." It is so carried, Mr. Cheesman: I move the adoption of Article III as amended, Mr^Presldent. (The motion was secondin' by Mr, Coon.) Chairman Matlack: Are you ready for the question? AH in favor of the adoption of Article HI as amended please signify the same by saying "aye"; contrary "no." It is so carried. (Mr. Cheesman continued.) Article IV Duties of Officers Section l. Duties of the President: He shall be the chief executive officer and shall be an.ex-officio member'of all com mittees. it shall be the duty of the president to preside at all: meetings of the association, to make such appoint ments as are provided for in the by-lawa, also those required by action of the as sociation and executive committee. He shall present at the first session of the fectly conscious of the fact that no iniqui tous executive committee could dispose of our real property. Chairman Matlack: Do you offer that as a resolution? Mr. Bennett: I offer It as an amend ment. (The motion was seconded by Mr. Chapin.) Mr. Cheesman: Before that Is offered, I would like to say that I have just been instructed by our legal adviser that the only property which the association will probably own this year is the property in Washington; and in case the United States Government take that property over (and I; understand that is a very probable thing) we could not Walt to get the authorization from the entire mem bership, as otherwise we might get a very much lower price than if we were able to offer a price which we could un der this authorization. With that before you, you cam vote to suit yourself. Chairman Matlack: Mr. Bennett, do you still want the motion put? Mr. Bennett: I am In a state of inde cision. It would seem to me that an authorization: of the entfre association should be necessary to dispose of that property. Could not a vote be taken by mail on the: proposition, should such a situation arise? Chairman Matlack: I can give you a personal experience of my own. During the last six months, we had a piece of ground to be sold belonging to a church end school. It had" been taken over for a post office. We practically lost the sale, and at -the end had to take 310,000 less than we originally would have, if we annual convention a. report upon the af could, have given immediate consent. We fairs of th.e association, together . with were tied up so that It took two men four such matters and recommendations as may be of interest. He shall perform Buch other executive duties as the execu- days traveling in automobiles to get the desired results. In that time, we lost the sale of- our property and then had directC0miri ^te6 f association may to sell it at condemnation proceedings for 310,000 less. Section 2. Duties of the Vice-President: Mr. Bennett: Mr, President, I didn't ;te shall. perform all of the duties of realize that la addition to being in the tbe President In hie absence and such paint, varnish and lacquer business, we other duties as may foe assigned to him were also in .the real estate business by by the executive committee. force of circumstances. I withdraw the Cutla of the Regional ViceJT'esldents: The regional vice-presidents amendment, . . N. D, Chapin; I seconded Mr. Ben shall perform such duties as may. be nett's- amendment because I felt it was delegated to them by the president and/or perfectly right and Just. It seems to me executive committee, At the request of it ought to be a part of the by-laws. If the president it shall be the duty of the we want this association to make or pass vice-president of each cone to officially visit any regional or city asso some special resolution dealing with the situation that Mr. Cheesman says we had ciation in his zone. better do It, but let it stand for the Section 4. Presiding Officer: in case future. I do believe Mr. Bennett's propo or the inability of the president to preside sition is a perfectly proper one. at any meeting of the association, the Joseph Ketnpf: I think it is customary vice-president shall preside, or In his ab for the board , of directors of the cor sence, the chairman of the executive com poration to have the power to dispose of mittee, or in hie absence, the vice-chair all of the property of the corporation. I man shall be the presiding officer. don't see why It should be any different Section 5. Duties of the Treasurer: it in so far as this association is concerned. shall be the duty of the treasurer to open 1 would be in favor of the resolution such bank accounts in such banka as standing as read. d o approved .by the executive com- Chafrman Matlack: Are you ready mltte; to provide for the receipt of all to go on with the reading of the by-laws? -monies due the association.. Disburse (Mr. Cheesman continued.) ment shall be made by voucher signed by the general manager, or in 'his absence Reading of By-Laws Resumed Frank P* Cheesman Chairman on Constitution and By-Laws three years, or until hfs successor Is ap pointed, He may or may not be a mem ber of the Association, Section 6, Secretaries: The executive irommittee may elect or appoint a secre tary of the association, or secretaries, to perform such duties as may be designated by the president and/or by the executive committee or general manager. Section 7, Honorary Offices: Other offices of honorary character may be con ferred upon any member by the by authorized representatives, as coming within the budget, and countersigned by the treasurer. Section 6. Under the authorization of the executive committee, the treasurer shall be empowered to Invest the fund or the association; to sell, convert or ex change securities or property owned by the association, and to execute any nec- eseary documents In connection therewith. Section 7. In the case of the death, Hi nes, disability or absence from his of fice of the treasurer, any one of the fol lowing officers of the-association Is hereby authorized to countersign checks and otherwise to perform, ad interim, the necessary duties of the treasurer--the president, vice-president or chairman of the executive committee. Section 8. The treasurer shall keep an accurate account of all receipts and dis bursements and shall submit quarterly a financial statement and operating state ' ment covering the period, from the last financial statement to the executive com mittee and an annual statement to the last day of September. This annual re port to be audited and certified by a cer tified public accountant and submitted to the executive committee at its .annual meeting and .by them presented to the annual convention. He also shall submit to the general manager thirty days before the annual convention, a complete list of the regional or city associations hold ing membership In the national associa tion with the number of their members in. good standing on his books, which list unanimous vote of the executive com mittee. Discussion shall be the basis of representation at the annual convention. He shall also Section 3. Executive Committee *. The executive committee shall consist of the president, vice president, treasurer, the retiring president (except during the first year) and eighteen elected members, twelve of whom must i>e paint, varnish, or lacquer manufacturers; three must be Class A members, but not necessarily manufacturers of paint, varnish, or lac quer; and three to be Class B or C mem bers, The Class B and C members will hav all the rights of other members on the executive committee except that they shall not be eligible to election as chairman or vice-chairman thereof and they shall not vote on the subjects which directly affect the paint, varnish, lacquer, water paint, and/or kindred products in dustry. , Section 9. Members of the executive committee shall hold office for three years, except that there shall be elected at the first : meeting of the association the eighteen members as provided above, six of whom shall be elected to serve for one year*, six of whom shall be elected to serve for two years; and six of whom shall be elected to serve for three years. Each group of six shall consist of four paint, varnish or lacquer manufacturers, one must be a Class A member, but not necessarily a manufacturer of paint, varnish and/or lacquer, and one must be a Class B or C member. Section 10. The officers of the execu tive committee shall consist of a chair Mr. Bennett: I am not sure that I understand that paragraph correctly. Does it provide that the treasurer shall dispose of all of the property of the asso ciation upon vote of the executive com mittee? That does not mean the real property of the association, I presume. That could hardly be disposed of without a vote of the association. . Chairman Matlack: I suppose It means the Invested funds, I do not know. . Mr. Cheesman: It means all. It is just the same as now. Chairman Matlack: That Is the way the old by-laws read j it is the exact reading of the old by-lawe. Do you feel It Would Ibe a good plan to change that? Mr. Bennett: By the old-by-laws, do you mean the National Faint, OH and Varnish Association or the American Faint and Varnish Manufacturers Asso ciation? The American Faint1 and Varnish Manufacturers. Association hold title to the property in Washington. I should think that ws hardly want to go to the extent of authorizing the execu tive committee to dispose of that prop erty, or to Instruct the treasurer to dis pose of that property. The words "per sonal property" could be inserted there. It would cover It, would It not? The treasurer, under Instructions from the executive committee, could dispose of the personal' property of the asscoiation. furnish a complete list of all delinquents. Section 9. It shall be the duty of the treasurer to render bills to regional or city associations for new members elected as soon a be is notified by the general manager of such election In accordance with the by-laws. Section 10. Duties of the executive committee. The executive committee shall receive for consideration and action at their meeting all reports, resolution and communications presented by the officers, chairmen of committees and members, which, in th Judgment of the executive committee require immediate action, the benefits and effectiveness of which, if held over for the action of the convention, would be seriously impaired or entirely destroyed; except changes in the consti tution and by-laws as provided for in the constitution and by-laws. The execu tive committee shall receive'for considera tion all reports, resolutions and communi cations before their presentation to meet ings of the association, and shall, through the general manager, submit them to the association with their recommendations. Section 11.: The executive committee shall receive and take action upon the expenditures of any funds of the asso ciation, Section 12.' The executive committee shall' have power to authorize the treas urer to open bank account; to buy, sell, convert or exchange securities and prop man. and a vice chairman who shall be Chairman Matlack: Then, Mr. Bennett, erty of the. association a provldea by elected annually at the organization meet you would need another clause, would you this constitution. ing of the executive committee from its not, authorizing how the disposal of the membership. In no case shall such of real estate could be carried oh? ficers of the executive committee be al lowed to serve for a longer term than three consecutive years. Section 11. Election and Terms of Of fice : The officers, incoming members Mr. Bennett: I don't think so. I think a vote of the association could take care of that, if the .question, ever arose. It would have to be a vote of the entire Association. of the executive committee, shall be elected by ballot at the last session of the annual convention in accordance with the by-laws. Those receiving a majority Chairman Matlack: I wonder if you would like to have- the American clause on that subject read at the present time. Mr. Shannon: (Reading.) "Under of the votes cast shall be declared elected. authorization of the board of directors, They shall enter upon their dutteB at the ' the treasurer shall be empowered to in close of said meeting, and shall serve . vest the funds of the association, to sell until their successors are elected. 'securities, or property owned by the as Section 12. The first officers of the sociation. and to execute any necessary association--shall be elected by the in documents in connection therewith." Section 13, The executive committee may appoint a general manager, a sec retary of the association, and/or secre taries as provided for in this constitution. Section 14. Bond: The association shall provide indemnity bonds for the president, vice-president, chairman of the executive committee, treasurer, general manager and such employees a the ex ecutive committee may direct. The ex ecutive committee shall designate the amount of the bonds. The bonding- ex pense to be paid by the association. Section 15. Dirties of the General Manager: The general manager shall perform such duties, a may be delegated to him by the president and/or by the corporators. . A similar paragraph, is already in the executive committee in the Interest of the I move the adoption of the entire by-laws of the N. F. o, & V. A., giving association arid the general Interest of the Article III as. just read. the executive,committee, such authority. industry. ; (At this point there was discussion of Mr. Bennett: I think now Is as good Section Ifi. It shall be the duty of the the point that the term of office of vice a time as any to correct that,, and Insert general .manager to provide minutes of president, regional . .vice-presidents and .the word "personal" in there, so that, we all meetings of the association and the treasurer had not been specified. Proper would. start out with a clean late, per executive conimlttee, to preserve all the JO November 16, 1933 OIL. PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER records belonging1 to the association and to perform such other duties Incident to his office as may not otherwise be pro vided for. It shall be his duty to submit a quarterly report to the executive com mittee and at the first business session of the annual convention a report upon the work accomplished during the year. Section 17. It shall be the duty of the general manager to approve or provide for the approval for payment of all proper expenditures of the association as pro vided for In the approved budget. He shall report to the chairman of the mem bership committee all applications for membership, and shall notify the treas urer and new members of .their election to membership, and further, 'Shall notify the treasurer of the names and addresses of all members elected in regional or city associations as soon as he receives such notice from regional or city association secre tarles. Section 18. It shall be the duty of the general manager to collect and account for all funds received and to deposit same in banks authorized by the executive com mittee. Section 19. Duties of the Secretary of the Association The secretary of the association shall be sworn to the faithful discharge of his duties. He shall be custodian of the seal of the association and may affix the same to any instrument requiring It and when so affixed It shall be attested to by his signature or by the signature of the treasurer. That concludes the 19 sections In Article IV, I move their adoption :as amended. (The motion was seconded by Mr. Coon.) months, prior to the date of the annual convention, ,, . Section .3* Special Association Meetings : The president shall call special meetings upon written application of not less than thirty (30) Class A Members if and when approved by the executive com mittee. -, Section 4, Executive Committee Meet ings : The executive committee shall meet at the call of the chairman immedi ately following adjournment of the an nual convention, and thereafter quarterly within twenty (20) days before or after January I, April 1, j uiy 1, October I, The January meeting shall be the or-, ganizatlon meeting, A report of the quarterly meeting may be made to the membership through the general man ager's bulletin, or otherwise, as directed by the executive committee. Section 5, Special Executive Commit tee Meetings: The chairman shall call special meetings of the executive commit tee when in his Judgment Jt is necessary, or upon the written request of not less than nine members of the executive com mittee. , (I move the adoption of Article YII as read.) . (The motion was seconded.) Chairman Matlack: You have heard the motion that Article VII be adopted as read. Are you ready for the ques tion? All In favor please signify the same by -saying "aye"; contrary "no. Carried. (Mr, Cheesman continued.) Article VIII them at once to the executive commit tee of the association for election. If the vote of the executive .committee is favorable, the general manager shall notify the applicant. Upon payment of dues the applicant shall be enrolled by the general manager in the mem bership of the association. Class C members in regional or city associa tions shall be members in this National Association/' They do not have to be voted on by the association. (Mr. Cheesman continued.) Article II Association Annual Dues Section 1. Class A Membership. Dues Eased on -the Domestic Sales ot Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, Water Paints and Kindred Products. Class. 1 2 3 4 .6 6 7 5 9' 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Sales. Amount. Under * 60,000 ? 25 5 50,000 to 100,000 50 100,000 to 150,000 100 150,000 to 250,000 150 250,000 to 500,000 300 600,000 to 750,000 450 750,000 to 1,000,000 600 1,000,000 to 1,750,000 1,000 1,750,000 to 2,500,000 1,500 2,600,000 to 5,000,000 2,600 5,000,000 to 7,500,000 3,750 7,500,000 to 10,000,000 4,750 10,000,000 to 12,600,000 5,750 12,500,000 to 15,000,000 6,760 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 9,000 20,000,000 to 25,000,000 11,000 another classification in the financial scale, that now reads: Amount Claes 5 $250,000 to $500,000 $300.00 This added classification would be: Class 6 $500,01) to 760,000 460.00 Class 7 750,000 " 1,000,000 '600.00 Chairman Matlack: You have heard the motion and It is seconded. Are you ready for the question? All In favor please signify the same by saying "aye"; contrary "no." So ordered. (Mr. Chessman continued.) Section 2, Class B Membership. Dues based on the domestic sates to manufacturers of paints, varnishes, lac quers, water paints and kindred products. Class. 1 2 2 4 6 6 7 3 Under $ $ 50,000 to 100.000 to 150.000 to 250.000 to 500.000 to 1.000.000 to 1.750.000 to Sales. Amount. 60,000 $ 20 100,000 40 160,000 80 . 250,000 120 500,000 220 1,000,000 440 1,750,000 800 2,500,000 1,200 10 2.500.000 to 6.000.000 to 5,000,000 2,200 7,600,000 3,200 11 12 7.500.000 to 10,000,000 4,400 10.000.000 to 12,500,000 6.400 13 12,500,000 to 15,000,000 6,400 1'4 15.000.000 to 20,000,000 8,500 15 1/25 of 1% over20,000,000 -f-8;500 Dues are payable quarterly on the first of January, April, July and October. New members shall pay from the date nearest the date of their acceptance into the membership of the association. Section 3. Class C (Membership Dues. Mr. Daum: I think It is Under Section 9 (I didn't raise the question because I thought It would be provided for else where) It says"It shall: be the duty of the treasurer to render* bills to re gional or city associations for new mem bers elected/' Who is going to render bills for old members? Will that be the duty of the secretary or the treasurer or the general manager? ' Mr. Ch'e'eamaii: I think that ought to be inserted there, "for new and old mem bers/' or "for old and new members." Chairman Matlack: How about "all members." Mr,- Coon: Just cut out the word "new." Chairman Matlack: You have heard Amendments This constitution may be amended or revised at any annual convention of the association by an affirmative vote of not less than three-fourths of the voting power present as provided in the by laws. However, no uch amendment or revision shall be considered unless the same has been first submitted to the committee on constitution and by-laws In writing, who shall present the same with, their recommendation to the executive committee, and by them presented with their recommendation to the association at a- regular session prior to the session at which final vote la taken, . I move the adoption of Article VIII. Chairman Matlack: Can't we go on 17 25,000,000 to 30,000,000 13,000 18 30,000,000 to.36,000,000 .15,000 19 35,000,000 to 40,000,000 17,000 20 40,000.000 to 45,000,000 19,000 21 45,000,000 to 50,000,000 21,000 22 1/25 of 1% over 50,000,000+21,000 Dues' ore payable quarterly ctn the first, bf January, April,' July and Octo ber, Hew members Bhall pay from the date nearest the date of their accept ance Into the membership of the asso ciation. Discussion - The above table is as amended. Dis cussion by which it was amended was as follows) : On October 1 each regional or city association shall, through its secretary, furnish to the general manager a com pete *lst * *ts Class C members and said association shall pay as annual dues the -sum of $20 for each eligible member so reported, and $1,70 per month for each new Class C member elected after October 1 until the following October 1. Regional or city associations located out side the United States shall pay as annual dues the sum of $10 for each Class C member In United States funds or its equivalent Section 4. Class D Membership Dues. Individuals, firms, corporations, manu facturers of paints, varnishes and lac quers in Canada, with a sales volume of the reading of Article IV, the 19 sections. and read three or four? Mr. Arnstein: In Class 6, $360,000 to !n'00(L?r more' shall Pay annual dues of Are you ready to vote? All in favor ' Mr. Cheesman: That finishes the con $500,000 the dues are $300, and then it $5> -Arose with sales volume of less please signify by saying "aye"; opposed "no. It is carried. stitution.' Chairman Matlack v Article VIII finishes goes on to say "Class 6 under $500j000 to $1,000,000, $600," I believe that the than $50,606 shall pay annual dues of $25. All other classes of Canadian members (Mr. Cheesman continued.) the Constitution, Is there a second? majority of the paint manufacturers In may affiliate by becoming Class C mem (The motion was seconded,) . this country come under that heading, bers by paying $io In addition to the Article V Chairman Matlack: All in favor please Bignlfy the same by saying "aye"; and Class 0 membership is actually 100 per cent more than Clase 6, Now the * of regional or city associations or Canada. If admissions are made dur Zone Classification contrary, "no." So ordered. (Mr, Cheesman continued,) object of the association is to try to get ing the fiscal year the dues will be In almost every paint manufacturer Into pro-rated. . Por the purpose of administration, the the association, You will find that manu Section 5. Scientific Section Circulars: association is divided into flte zones, com prised of the following States: New England Zone: Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont. New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut. Eastern Zone: New York, Pennsyl vania, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware. District of Columbia. Southern Zone: Virginia, Mississippi, west Virginia, North Carolina, Texas, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ala bama, Louisiana, Kentucky/ Tennessee. Central Zone: Arkansas; Illinois, InOhio, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri. Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, Wis consin. By-Laws Article I Applications for Membership Section 1. All applications for Class A, Class B and Class D memberships shall be referred by the chairman of the mem bership committee, whose duty It shall be to submit them at once to the executive committee of the association for election. If the vote of the executive committee Is favorable, the general manager shall no tify the applicant. Upon payment of dues the applicant shall be enrolled by the general manager in the membership of facturers that operate from $250,000 to $50$,000 are Just about on the breaking point, and every added expense is quite a hardship to them. I would suggest that Class 5 and Class 0 should oe scaled down in accordance With 1, 2, 3 and 4, and a smaller differential should be made, from $150 to $300 and from $300 to $600. You impose a certain amount of hardship on that class of manufacturer which 1 believe is predominating in the United States. The Jump from $160 to $300 I think should be modified a little and from $300 to $600 on Class 5 and Class 6 I think deserves consideration, Mr. Chairman. Chairman Matlack: Mr, Treasurer, Scientific organizations at home and abroad, foreign manufacturers of paints, varnishes, lacquers, water paints and kindred products, may receive the section circulars on payment of $106 per annum. Section 6. Honorary Members: Honor ary members shall be exempt from the payment of dues. Section 7. Expulsion: The executive committee, at Its discretion, may declare forfeited any membership for good and sufficient reasons, or for non-payment of dues that may be in arrears six (fc) months. Section 8. Annual Dues: The fiscal year shall commence October l end end Western Zone: Arizona, California. Colorado, Idaho, Montana, -Oregon, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming and Washington, I move the adoption of-'Article V as read. (The motion was seconded by Mr. Coon, Put to a vote and carried.) (Mr. Cheesman continued.) Article VI the association. Class C members in regional or city associations shall be members in this national association. Section 2, No individual, firm or cor poration holding Class A membership shall be eligible to membership until they have signed the agreement relative to non-exchange of products and the anti bribery agreement of this association. Discussion have you anything to say on that? Mr. Roh: The only comment I have to make on that Is that this scale fa the scale that was worked out three years ago by the reorganisation and refinance committee. I might say that on all those memberships under $500,000 sales, the scale is just the same or less than the present dues paid b> the present mem bership, or the old membership of the American Paint and Varnish. Association, September 30, but dues of Class A mem bers and Class B members shall be based on sales reported to the association !??,t nqJ^rterl as v soon figures are "*0*h\* afler Jfnuary i. All other membership dues shall be paid in advance to the national treasurer within sixty days after October 1, I move paragraphs the in AarcticceleptaInIceas of the eight amended. second?TM10 Matlack: Do 1 hear a Vacancies in Office Section 1. President: In 1 the event of the office of the president being declared John Henry Coon: As I understand what Mr, Cheesman has Just read about the membership, the local clubs except that there has been added the scientific circulars which were net dis tributed except to those who contributed to the educational bureau, and In addi /The motion was regularly seconded.) _'^``airman Matlack: It has been moved ?ndASSSndTY *hat the et?ht Paragraphs vacant by action of the executive commit tee, the vice-president shall:act as presi dent until the next annual convention when a successor shall be .Elected, Section 3, Vice-President'and regional vice presidents: In the event of the office of the vice-president and/or atty regional vice-president being declared vacant by action- of the executive committee, the regional vice-president's /successor shall be appointed from the same !Zone and the vice-president from any zone within thirty (-30) days by a majority vote of the executive committee. _Sectlon 3. Executive Committee: All offices or memberships of the executive committee shall be filled by Imajority vote or the executive committee.; (! move the adoption of `Arlcle VI as read.) (The motion was seconded.) , Chairman Matlack: It has been moved and seconded that we adopt Article VI as read. All in favor please signify the same by saying "aye"; contrary "no." Carried. Gentlemen, I am going to suggest that unless you have some objection, or some questions to raise, we take a longer time are entirely eliminated from any ques tion about membership. It says that the executive committee has the power to elect any member in Class A, B, or C. . Where does the local club enter Into the picture? .. Chairman Matlack: I think it Is "D" Instead of "C." Mr. Cheesman: No, "C." Mr, Coon: As this was read,, the local clubs have absolutely no option at all, If a firm or Individual applies for membership . in the Association, the executive committee elects him wheth er or not the local club approves it or otherwise. , It is my understanding that Was not the intention, Mr. Cheesman: That is as It reads now. The only change in that Is in Class C members, which we didn't have before. Mr, Roh: I do not think that is the intent., There is only one way in which a manufacturer of paint, varnish, lac quer, water paint and kindred products tion to that, the membership In the local or regional clubs, which now cost you $20 apiece. In other words, these dues have been figured out (I want to repeat this because the amalgamation committee made a strong point of it) so that all manufac turers of a million dollars or less will be paying towaTd the -organization acti vities considerably less money than they now pay, and that afreets 96 per cent of those members. I just want to say that - In explanation, Chairman Matlack: Does that In any way answer your question, Mr. Arnstein? Mr. Arnstein: It answers my questions, but there are an awful lot of paint manu facturers who have sprung up in the last three or four years who are under that classification, and I think the or ganization would benefit If it were made possible for them to come into the organlzatlon. I think we would be very much better off to have them' in than not In, and to jump from $150 to $300 may some times keep them out I have no objection personally to it, but X am speaking for the benefit of the organization. You are All in favor P ease sienlfv the same by saving "aye": 0p?S*e^ys,Z10, -ft is SO carried. (Mr, Cheesman continued.) . Article III Meetings Section 1. Ouorum: Fifty does A members -and delegates shall constitute a quorum at any meeting of the associa tion. . Twelve members shall constitute a quorum of any meeting of the execu tive committee. Section 2. Representation at meetings: Class A members shall have full prlv*. of the floor and one vote at all meetings of the association. Section 3. Delegates: Each regional or city association in good standing shall elect delegates to meetings of this asso ciation, as follows: . One delegate for 10 members or less. Two delegates for more than 10 and not more than 20 members. One delegate for each additional 10 members over 20 'members. between votes. I think we can gain time and save a Tot of trouble, if you are willing. Unless I hear something to the contrary that Is way we will proceed, (Mr. Cheesman continue.) Article VII Meetings Section 1. Date: The association shall hold annual conventions during the third week of October subject to change of date as provided for In Section 2 of this article. ' Section 2, Time and place of annual convention: The time and: place of the annual convention of this association shall be determined ib'y the executive commit tee. This committee may change the date of the annual convention if in their judgment such change is of benefit to the association and provided that the annual convention be held Within 'twenty (20) days of the date specified in Section 1 of this Article. Notice of time and place of annual convention shall he sent to the secretaries of all regional or city as sociations and trade papers1 at least two can join the association and that is through the national organization. By doing so he automatically becomes a member and by paying dues he auto matically becomes a member of the local or regional organization in the vicinity of his factory, and he pays no national dues to that local organiza tion. He pays the club dues or the re gional or city association dues. What article is that? Mr. Cheesman: That Is Article I, Section l .of .the by-laws, on page 12. Mr. Roh; Is it all applications for A. B, C and D? . . Mr. Cheesman: No,.`applications for Class A, Class B and' Class's D. :Mr, Roh'; 'Will yoU" Explain why that doesn't, include Class ,C:t . " '. . Mr.1. Cheesman: Glass 0: membership is.^Q*: Included,L:':;The article refers firs.t to ''Class A, ClassB and Claes D memberships shall be referred'by-the 'chairman of the membership commit tee', whose duty it shall be to submit facing new conditions In the United States as far as the paint industry Is concerned. There are an awful lot of new paint manufacturers sprung up in the last few years and I think it should- be made possible for them to Join this organiza tion, Mr. Roh: I am wondering, Mr. Arnetein, if this wouldn't help. I can see that the jump from half a million to one million Is a big Jump, and I am wondering If we couldn't insert another classification between $500,000 and $1,000,000 that read something like this: . Amount Class 6 $500,000 to $760,000 $460.00 Class 7 750,000 " ,1)00,060 600.00 Mr. Arnstein: Anyway that you would modify it, Mr, Roh, to enable people to become members of the organization, would be satisfactory to me. Elliott Phillips: Mr. Roh, am I to take that as a motion from you? . Mr. Roh: X make that motion, yes - Mr. Phillips: I second the motion. ': 'Mr: Roh': The motion, then, 'is to add I move the adoption of Article III, Mr. President. (The motion was regularly seconded.) J. H, Coon: As I understand, Mr, Cheesman, it provides for two delegates for more than 10 and not more than 20 members, but one delegate for each addi tional 10 members over 20 members. Isn't it the intention that there be one delegate for 10 members or less over the 20? I think that is the way it was in the old Constitution. Mr. Shannon: it is that way In the old Constitution, . Mr. Coon: It has not been lived up to that way. Mr. Cheesman: The headquarters have interpreted it that way when they have told you. how many members you are entitled to. Chairman Matlack: All in favor please signify the same by saying "aye" ; op posed "no." It Is so carried, (Mr. Cheesman continued.) Section 4. Alternates: .Each regional or city association shall elect an alternate for ahy -delegate, who shall act for such 'delegate during his' absence, and whose OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November ]6, 1933 11 vote shall be binding1 the same as If east by such delegate. . Section 5. Voting power: At all meet ings of the association a motion or reso lution, except amendments to the consti tution and by-laws, may be voted upon by Class A members and delegates of the association present. -Each delegate shall Arrangements and Entertainment Committee Section 11. The president shall appoint-an arrangements and entertainment committee of three or more members, who shall arrange for the ensuing annual con vention. They shall receive the assess ments for the same as provided in the published or made a matter of perma nent record. . All members are cordially invited, In cases of dispute, to avail themselves of this service and thus avoid the expense, delay and m-feellng of litigation, Resolutions Committee Article X Press Representation 1 At the annual convention representa tives of the local daily press and others may be admitted to the preliminary open ing session when civic representatives ad dress the convention and reports of the he entitled to one vote. Section 6. A qualified member or dele gate may demand a vote by roll call or Class A members and delegates, Said vote may be taken at once or during the next regular business session. The result of Class A members and delegates' vote shall supersede the result of a vote on the same question by the membership at large. Section 7. Delinquents5 No member or delegate or alternate representing a regional or city association who may be delinquent in payment of dues shall be allowed voting privilege. Section 8. Floor privilege: Honorary members shall be entitled to the; privilege of the floor without voting power. The privilege of the floor at any meeting may be extended to delegates or representa tives from other organizations or to .other Individuals upon favorable vote by twothirds of the voting members present. by-laws, and shall make all the neces Section 17, The president shall appoint sary disbursements from said fund, ren from the membership of the executive dering report to the executive committee committee at its annual meeting a com within thirty (30) days after the close of mittee of three (3) to be known as the the annual convention. The president shall resolutions oommittee. In accordance also appoint a ladles' reception commit with the by-laws, this committee shall tee of three or more ladles. consider all reports, resolutions or rec Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America ' ommendations presented In sessions of the annual convention pertaining to mat ters that have not been before the ex Section 12. The president shall appoint ecutive committee. They shall submit to annually a chamber of commerce of the the convention such resolutions and re United States of American committee, ports with their recommendations. When composed of a chairman, who shall be the. necessary, they shall draft and submit national councillor, as provided for in the. . to the convention resolutions on subjects by-laws of the chamber, and the number irequiring action. of delegates to which our membership, may entitle us, and as provided for In the by Trade Mark Committee laws of tne chamber. The national coun cillor and the delegatee are empowered to represent this association in accordance with the by-laws of the chamber, and to . Section IS. This committee shall di rect the work of the trade mark bureau, as provided In the by-laws. cast their votes for this association upon* any subjects presented to them. The ha- Special and Subcommittees officers are read; All subsequent sessions shall be executive In their character and none but members, applicants for mem bership, or delegates of affiliated or ganizations, or delegates from ether ac credited organizations shall be admitted except by a two-thirds vote, and the presi dent shall appoint a daily sergeant-atarms, whose duty it shall be to exclude all visitors except as herein provided for. Article XI Nominations Section 1. Nominating Committee Re port: The report of the nominating com mittee shall be presented at the third busi ness session of the annual convention and shall be voted upon at the last business session of the convention. Section 3. Six weeks prior to the an nual convention, the nominating commit tee shall mall to all members, entitled to vote, the names of six candidates to Article IV tlonal councillor shall present to the cham ber, upon approval of the executive com 1 Section 19. The president shall appoint upon the request of the executive com be elected to the executive committee, showing the names of their companies. If Voting by Mail Section 1. Executive Committee: When necessary, the executive committee shall vote by mall on questions presented by the president or chairman and a majority of the votes received within fifteen (16) days shall be decisive. Section 2. Members: Questions which In the judgment of the executive commit tee are of sufficient importance for the consideration of the association* and not Important enough for a special meeting* may be voted upon by mail, and a ma jority of the votes received within thirty (30) ,days from the voting membership of the association shall be decisive. I move the adoption of Article 3TV as read. Mr. Trigg: I second the motion. Chairman Matlack; It has been moved and seconded that Article IV be adopted. AH in favor signify by saying "aye"; opposed "no." It is so adopted. (Mr. Chessman continued.) mittee, such subjects as the association mittee and when the exigency may arise, may submit, and no proposition, resolu or when In his judgment it may be re- tion or question shall be presented .by the qulred, additional special or subcommit national councillor to'the chamber without tees, to whom the president shall refer the. approval of the executive committee. or delegate to investigate, support or Regional or City Association Program Committee Section 13, To consist of not less than confer on subjects not within the scope of the duties assigned to other commit tees, as provided for in this article. five members. The duty of this com mittee will be to prepare at the beginning of the fiscal year, a series of programs, which shall be sent to each regional or city association for use by the regional or city association during the year. Nominating Committee Duties of Committees Section 20. It shall be the duty of all committees, unless otherwise specified, to receive for consideration, all subjects In volving the interests represented by said committees; to formulate such recom mendations as may aeem to serve the Section 14. At least three months pre best Interests of the association, for pres ceding the annual convention, the presi entation in such form and manner as are dent shall appoint, subject to the approval prescribed for committee reports in the of the executive committee, a nominating by-laws. committee of seven members, as follows Four to be selected from Glass A mem Communications . cbership, two to be selected from Class B or membership (none of whom shall be Section 21. All communications relat ing to or affecting any interests covered officers) and the president. The names of by committees, shall be referred by the twenty-five members, entitled to vote, wish to place other candidates, in nomination, they may do so by filing the names of said candidates with the nominating committee three weeks priflr to the convention. Pro vided only one. name be filed from any one regional or city association. Section 8, Other Nominations: Other qualifying nominations may be made from the floor, by anyone having voting privi leges, at the first business session suc ceeding that at which the nominating committee makes its report, and shall be voted upon at the last session of the con vention. Article XII Rules . Section 1. Parliamentary: The pro ceedings of all meetings of this asso ciation and its executive committee shall be subject to parliamentary rules as in dicated in Robert's Rules of Order. Section 2. Appointments: All commit Article V the nominating committee, shall be read at general manager, upon the approval of the first business session of the annual the president, to the chairman of such tee appointments not provided for shall be made by the president. Committees Trade Sales-- convention and the committee shall at the third business session reporting a ticket to be placed In nomination in accordance committee, who shall make reply or re turn to the general manager such rec ommendations as his committee may In Section 3. Order of business. 1. Preliminary opening of conven tion. Section 1. There shall be a national with by-laws. dicate. ' 2. Address of civic authorities. trade sales committee, the chairman of which will be appointed annually by the president. Section 2, 1 The- president and the presi dent of each regional or city association shall appoint to. this committee a regional Publicity and Press Section 15. The president may appoint annually a publicity and press committee consisting of five members, whose duties It shall be to furnish the press with such That completes Article V. I move Its adoption, Mr. President, (The motion was regularly seconded and carried and the article adopted.) (Mr. Chessman continued,) 3. Reply of association. 4. Roll call. 6, -President's address, 6. General manager's report 7. Treasurer's report 8. Auditor's report, , ' 1 1 or city member having a thorough knowl information as In their judgment the pub- 9. Committee reports, f edge of trade sales In his district. Section 3. It shah be the duty of the lie might find interesting and which shall not in any way Jeopardize the interests of Article VI 10. Resolutions. 11. Unfinished business. chairman of each regional or city trade rales committee to thoroughly organize those Interested In trade sales In his dis trict. It shall also be his duty to organ ize those members of lacquer sales to auto accessory wholesalers. The reac tions of these regional or city organiza tions shall be presented by their chair men to the national trade sales committee meetings. Industrial Sales-- the association or any of Its members. This committee together with the general manager shall edit all reports of the an nual conventions or other meetings of the association. There shall be made a steno graphic report of the business proceedings of the annual convention; upon applica tion such report shall be furnished as edited and approved by the publicity and press committee to any of the trade pa pers subscribing. The expense of the sten ographic report shall be divided pro rata Reports, Resolutions^ Communications and Amendments Section 1. Reports: All committees shall submit through their chairman to the general manager at least thirty (30) days before the annual convention, for presentation through the executive com mittee to the convention, a written re port, accompanied by recommendations, if any, on the subjects assigned said committee. 12. New business. 13. Election of officers and members of the executive committee. 14. Installation of officers and mem bers of the executive committee. I move the adoption of that, Mr. Presi dent. Mr. Trigg: I second the motion. Chairman Matlack: You have heard the motion to adopt VI, VII, VUI, IX, X, XI and XII as read. All in favor please sig nify the same by saying "aye"; contrary Section 4. There shall be a national between the association and each of the Section 2. Resolutions: All resolu "noM. It Is carried. Industrial sales committee, the chairman trade papers making application for the tions, special reports or communications (Mr. Cheesman continued,) of which will be appointed annually by report, . _ shall be submitted to the general man the president. Section 6. The president shall appoint Arbitration ager before the annual convention for the consideration of the executive com Article XIII as a member of this committee a member Section 16. To be composed of six of a regional or city association thorough members of the association, four of whom ly acquainted with industrial sales In that shall be Claes A members, and two of district. It shall be the responsibility of whom shall be Class B or C members. this committee member or local chairman to organize members of industrial sales locally; members interested in industrial sales of paints; members interested in 1 industrial `sales of lacquers, etc. The re actions of these regional or city associa tions shall be presented by. their chairmen to the national industrial sales committee meetings. . National Advisory Committee-- Rules of Procedure for Arbitration 1. At the time of asking for an arbttration, the parties shall forward to the chairman of the committee bn arbitration their written agreement to abide by the decision of the arbitration committee. They shall deposit with the treasurer of the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association a sum of money designed to defray the expenses of the committee on Section 7'. Budget and Finance Corn arbitration, including traveling expenses er the officers of the national association, to the place where hearing is to be held the regional vice-president1 and chairman of the club program committee/and presi dents of the regional or city associations, and shall meet annually prior to the na and all expenses incident to the hearing. The amount of thlB deposit In excess, of such expenses will be returned pro rata. If first deposit is Insufficient, the parties tional convention at the call of the presi to the controversy shall pay the additional . dent. The president of the national asao- . amount, same to be divided equally be elation shall preside at such meetings, Section 7. Budget and Flnnace Com mittee. This committee, consisting of three or more members shall be appointed by the chairman of the executive commits tee and shall be approved by the executive committee. Section 8, Unfair Competition Com mittee, This committee shall be ap pointed by the president in collaboration with the chairman of the executive com mittee and be approved by the executive committee. tween them. 2. When the parties to the controversy have compiled with Rule 1, the chairman of the committee on arbitration shall con fer with his associates and fixe a time and place where the arbitration ie to be held and notify both parties, . 3. Unless otherwise agreed between the parties of the controversy, each party shall submit to the arbitration committee his side of the case in form of a type- written statement, which shall present his position and contain his arguments In support of same and cite any precedents mittee, before presentation to the con vention. Any resolution, report of recommendatlon presented In convention ses sions pertaining to matters' which have not been before the executive commit tee, before action, shall be referred to the resolutions committee for considera tion and recommendation. Such resolu tions, reports or communications must be1 submitted prior to the final business session of the convention, Section 8, Amendments: The associa tion shall by majority vote adopts reject, or amend any resolutions, reports or rec ommendations made through or by the executive oommittee, or substitute there for any resolutions or recommendations upon the same subject matter. Article VII Bureau of Trade Marks Section 1. A trade mark bureau shall be maintained In the office of the general manager. Section 2. The trade mark bureau is for the purpose of keeping records and giving information as to marks in our in dustry, also giving information on trade mark matters In general The bureau shall be regulated and supervised by the trade mark committee with the cooueratlon of the general manager. Section 3. The trade mark committee shall, subject to the approval of the ex Code of Ethics We, members1, of the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, In<x, recognizing our ^ responsibilities ana obli gations to' promote the public welfare, and to maintain honorable, fair and friendly relation's among men, do pledge ourselves:-- 1. : To compete! always with fairness and honesty, seeking; patronage on merit and service; to refrain from false derogatory reference written, oral or printed, to com petitors or their products; and from the circulation of harmful rumors regarding such competitors' products, or their per sonal or financial reputation; to strive, by sincere and Intelligent' co-operation with our competitors, In all lawful ways to Increase the efficiency and service to the public of the/ industry as a whole; to base our advertising exclusively on the merit of our own products and value of our own service, without false, deroga tory reference to the products of com petitors or misleading comparisons there with. 2. To be guided by a spirit of Justice, honor and fairness. In all our relations with members of the allied trades, real izing that the standard of ethics main tained in our industry must vitally affect the standard observed In associated In dustries ; to encourage the adoption by the allied trades of similar codes as guides to govern their practices; and to discourage unfair trade practices In those Section 9. Clean up and paint up committee. Save the surface committee. Scientific section committee. Traffic committee. Legislative committee. Distributors committee. Kindred products committee. Simplifications committee. Constitution and by-laws committee. Membership committee. Credits and collections committee. Memorial committee. Production clubs committee. Trade mark committee. The aboce committees shall each con sist of three or more members appointed by the president and each may be organ ized In the same manner as the trade and Industrial sales committees, If de sirable. Section 10. The budget and finance committee shall fix the compensation of the president and have charge of the allocation of all Income of the associa bearing on the case. This shall be ac- ecutive committee, make such rules and companled1 by original papers or exhibits . , regulations as may seem desirable, with referred to in the statement 4. .No person shall sit as a member of the committee on arbitration at a hearing who Is Interested in any manner in the subject matter of the dispute or who has previously expressed an opinion on the regard to the registration of trade marks In the trade mark bureau, the furnishing of reports and publication to members and non-members relating to trade marks and the fee to be collected therefor. The chairman shall make a report at the merits of the particular controversy .or- annual .convention of the association. who would be subject to any common law disqualification of a judge to hear and determine such controversy. Article VIII 5. A majority of the'Committee on ar bitration shall be necessary to constitute Expenses of Officers ' a quorum empowered to hear and. deter mine the matter in dispute and such ma jority may, If it desires, select substi tutes for other members of the commit tee who are unable to attend. Such sub stitutes shall be members of the asso . As may be authorized by the budget and finance committee and approved by the executive committee, the necessary ex penses of the president, general manager or duly accredited agent or representative, shall be paid. . ciation and qualify under Rule 4 and shall serve only in connection with the controversy for which they have been Article IX selected. 6. The record of the action of the com Annual Convention Registration mittee shall be made in triplicate, one The assessment at the annual conven trades, oven though such practices might at times be to our own Immediate' ad vantage. < 3. To represent our products truth fully in advertising, labeling and brand ing : avoiding therein all false or mis leading statements or descriptions. 4. To avoid- and actively strive to prevent all forms of commercial bribery or corruption b^ members of this asso ciation and by the industry in general ; and to the end we pledge our support to the Federal Trade Commission In locat ing and prosecuting individuals guilty of such practices, j 51 To recognise the right of employees to use all honorable and reasonable effort to better their condition, but to re frain from direfctly or indirectly solicit ing or bidding for the services of the employee of another member. 6. To recognize that only when an employee shall take the Initiative shall we have the right to negotiate with such an employee of another member. tion, Including the allotment of such funds copy of which shall be given to each of tion shall not exceed twenty dollars ($20) 7. To refrain from the unethical prac as may be required for the work of the paint Industry recovery board, subject In turn to the approval of the executive com mittee of this association. the contending parties, and one copy sent to the general manager of the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, Inc., but no report of the same shall be for each person attending the convention; the amount to be determined by the ex ecutive committee prior to opening of the convention. tice of taking In exchange the paints, varnishes or other kindred products of another manufacturer, distributor or dealer. OIL* PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November /6f 1933 13 8. To adhere faithfully to the rules of conduct herein set forth and to inspire our fellow members to do likewise, be lieving that the Golden Rule is the only safe guide of conduct In the relations among men. 9. Any violation of this code shall be referred by the president of the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, Inc., to the executive committee for con sideration. Article XIV Amendments Section l. These by-laws may be amended or revised at any annual con vention of the association by an affirtnatlve vote of not less than two-thirds of the voting power present as provided for In the by-laws. However, no euch amendment or revision shall be consid ered unless the same has been first sub mitted to the committee on constitution and by-laws in writing, who shall - pre sent it with their recommendation to the executive committee, and by them pre sented with their recommendation to the association at a regular session prior to the session at which Anal vote is taken. Section 2. Any portion of the by-laws may be suspended for a definite puiyose by unanimous vote at any meeting of the association." f I move the adoption of that article, Mr. Trigg: I second the motion. Chairman Matlack: It has been moved and seconded that Article XIV be adopted. All in favor say "aye"; opposed "no." It is adopted. I think it Is customary to take a general vote on the entire constitu tion and by-laws as amended. Mr; Cheesman: I so move. Mr. Trigg: I second the motion. Chairman Matlack: It has been moved and seconded that we vote on the entire constitution and by-laws as amended. All in favor please signify the same by saying "aye"! contrary "no," It is carried. Mr. Shannon will have a few re marks to make, Mr. Shannon: The industrial sales meeting tomorrow has an especially attractive program arranged, and in order to provide-frank discussion on all subjects, It has been decided to have a closed session--that is, only manu facturers of industrial finishes will be present. Chairman Matlack: w;e will recon vene promptly at two o'clock when Mr. Trigg will have charge and we. will take up the code. A motion to adjourn is in order. <Upon motion regularly made and seconded, the meeting adjourned at twelve thirty-five o'clock.) Second General Industry Meeting, Tribute to Mr. Peters I think, Mr. President, if I may, that this might be a very good time, a proper time, for the industry to express to Mr. Peters their appreciation of the services which he rendered In this manner In con nection with this very vital document of this Industry* and If It Is within my prov ince, I should like to move that we ex tend to Mr. Peters our very sincere thanks and appreciation of the work which he did in this matter, and with assurances of our very high regard and best wishes for him In every way. I make that mtoion, Mr. President. (The motion was regularly seconded and the audience arose and applauded.) Chairman. Trigg: Gentlemen, the code, so far as we know, Is not yet signed. I hoped to be able to say to you at this time that the President's signature had been affixed. It went last Friday from .General Williams to General Johnson, with General Williams' approval and en dorsement. General Johnson had it on Saturday and we hoped to get word that General Johnson had passed it along to the President on Saturday. We didn't get that word on Saturday. The office in Washington promised to telegraph imme diately If that was done, but we got no wire from them. However, yesterday we learned that General Johnson had ap proved the code and had passed it along to the White House, where It Is now. The delay in the President's signing the code, so far as wo know, Is not In any partic ular due to his objecting to anything in it (I say so far as we know), but Is due rather to the fact that he hasn't been able to get to it. He is pretty busy, of course. We talked to General Williams at one things which we were confronted with constantly In our discussions on maximum hours was this'question: If we permit you to establish a basic 40-hour week, how many men will that put hack to work, and will that number of men that you put back to work come somewhere closer to the peak of employment in your industry? "Will :it mean that your indus try will then bp forced to employ addi tional help so that the aggregate number of men employed In the paint industry would equal 1939, or if not 1929, would it equal an average of 1925 to 1928, or some other average period? In other words, they had to be shown, and we had to produce statistics. They were not at all interested in any conjectures we might make. They didn't care a rap for the idea3 that we expressed as to what we believed would occur, but they wanted to have the actual: facts and why. And we were able to present figures that would pretty well satisfy them and. satisfy our selves that the hourly provisions now In our code would make a very satisfactory showing for the paint industry in so far as the employment of additional help goes. Of course, we were obliged in what we said on that subject* to consequently keep before the administration the fact that un less there was improvement in the volume of business and If the volume of business continued to shrink further, we couldn't be responsible for assuring them about the additional employment, but based on current normal . conditions, we satisfied them and satisfied ourselves. The same general line of procedure had to be gone through with in so far as the minimum wages were concerned. Changes in the Code Tuesday Afternoon o'clock this afternoon, or two o'clock their time, and he said that up to then I am not going to take your time to read ail of the code unless, Mr. President, the code had not been signed, but that there is a request for it, because I am as The general industry meeting for We lost track, or at least the chairman It was right before the President and suming that probably everybody is pretty * discussion of the code of fair compe I tition of the paint, varnish and lacquer manufacturing industry was called to order at two-twenty o'clock on Tues day afternoon by Ernest T. Trigg, has lost track of the number of editions to the code which have been printed. Wb got to a place a long time ago where we arranged with the printer to keep the forms standing, so that on almost a min ute's notice he could print a new edition, familiar with It by this time. But I would like to go through the code by mentioning the names of the paragraphs and then call ing your attention to any change which has been made In any paragraph during the last month or so. j chairman* of that code committee. leaving out a paragraph, or making a Mr. Kurfees: Gentlemen, will that be change in one, or adding something, be satisfactory to you, to omit reading the Code of Fair Competition cause we have gone through a process of almost continuous adjustment, not chang entire code as we take for granted most of you are familiar with It* but as Mr. ( Mr, Kurfees: Gentlemen, we have a ing so much in the sense of anything vital, except one or two things which I will tell Trigg suggests, taking up certain para graphs which he-would like to talk to us very important subject for discussion you about, but changing the language, about? Is that satisfactory? !this afternoon, the code of fair compeition of the paint, varnish and lac quer manufacturing Industry. Ernest changing the way subjects had been ap proached, so that the various boards and groups and administrators, et cetera, In Washington might be satisfied with it. After getting down to a place where Chairman Trigg; I would like to sug gest, further* that as we go over each paragraph, If there are any questions which occur to anyone, if he will ask them I will do my best to answer them. we thought that the code was pretty nearly a finished product, where at least Paragraph by Paragraph T. Trigg, chairman of that code com mittee will present that subject for our earnest consideration. Mr. Trigg's Address Chairman Trigg: Gentlemen, before I go into the details of the code with you, perhaps it might be Interesting to sketch briefly for you the development of the code and how it came into being. The educational bureau, as you know, on the fifth of June this year authorized the appointment of a code committee , charged with the responsibility of prepar Ing, presenting and completing a code of I fair competition for our Industry. InciI dentally, that was eleven days before the : national Industrial recovery act was signed 1 by the President of the United States, ` which was on June 1$, but It was so evi" dent on the fifth of June, or in fact before that, what was' going to happen that the r educational bureau came together in a special meeting for the purpose of consid ering this subject and determining what to do about It. The appointment of the code committee was the result. The code committee started its work that night, the fifth of June, and It has been at the job almost continuously ever since. But I suppose that as you men * look over the copies of the code which has been given to you, or have already looked over copies, some one of the editions that has been sent out, you may wonder why with so comparatively few and what may seem so simple paragraphs, it has taken so long to get the code together. List of 3000 Manufacturers We started out with a list of something over 10B0 manufacturers In the industry, . In the United States, that list-being ob ' talned from the census bureau of the De partment of Commerce In Washington. We have been adding to that list con stantly and are still adding names to it as new names come to us that are not on the list of the department; so that we have for some time -had a list totaling over 8000 manufacturers in the United States, and your code committee has had the job of writing a code which met the ideas of those 3000-odd manufacturers as well as possible. There naturally were many different manufacturers located, all the way across the country, from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast, varying sizes of com panies from the very smallest* doing a little local business in one city, all the way up to our large national distributors and manufacturers who are selling in. every state In the Union, and with the widest possible range of manufacturing interest on the part of those companies, some of them manufacturing practically only one class of goods and another manu facturing another class of goods, and so on, it meant there were all shades of opin ions, all shades of ambitions, and Ideas as to what ought to go into our code. It has been the policy of your commit tee from the beginning to give genuine, sincere and sympathetic consideration to every proposition which was put up to it, particularly every objection' which was made to any provision in the code, and to every suggestion which was made for an exception of some kind or other because of unusual or peculiar conditions. The com mittee, or at least some of its members, have done a great deal of traveling, have gone to different cities where they have held group meetings, talked the proposi tions out which were bothering the local manufacturers, and In every way that the committee could it has worked to the end of presenting as simple a code as possible, it was ready to be formally presented to the deputy administrator, General Wil liams, who Is In charge of our code, we took the precaution of sending out the then latest edition of it to all the manu facturers on our list, giving them an op portunity to consider everything which was In the code* and then arranged for the usual public hearing, which has to be arranged for In a very accurate and legal form. There must be certain repre sentations made there must be communi cations passed back and forth that estab lish the public hearing. The public hear ing was held on the twenty-sixth of Sep tember, and it was very well attended by members of the industry. Article I is on the subject of the Pur pose, which pretty well speaks for itself. Article II on Definitions has not had much change made In it It originally contained in the definition of the indus try, in the first of that article* the wax and polish business* but we have elimi nated that from the code because we had difficulty in finding out from the wax and polishpeople what they really wanted to do. we found that there were at least three other associations that insisted that wax and polish belonged In their code and not in ours. We had no desire to force any branch of the industry to come under our code if there was sufficient reason to feel that it might properly go somewhere else and they wanted to do It* but we Protests From Only Seven . were perfectly willing to have them come I think It Is a compliment to the vision of the members of the Industry* a com* llment to their knowledge of what fs E&ck of all of this NBA. business, to know that out of over 3,000 manufac-. turers who had copies of the code, who knew there was to be a public hearing, who were Invited to attend that. public Ernest T. Trigg Chairman, General Code Committee that he himself had communicated twice with the White House this morning to see if he couldn't get it signed so that under our code and really believe they should do so. Finally, about a week before our last filing of the code, we talked over the long distance telephone with two of the princi pal manufacturers who specialize in that business In different cities, and made it very clear to them that if they wanted hearing if they objected to any provision In the code and state their objections at lie could send word to us today that it was approved and definitely settled. Gen to come along with us, we would be glad to have them, but we had to have some that time---out of over 3,000 manufac turers when we came to the public hear eral Williams thought it possibly would he Blgned this afternoon, and If It is we thing definite, if possible, because we couIdn?t wait any longer, and wouldn't ing on the twenty-sixth of September there were only seven manufacturers who will get word immediately either over the long distance telephone or by wire. they please let qs know within a week, and if they did say they wanted to come appeared to make a protest against any So in presenting the code to you today, in under our code, wouldn't they please one provision of the code. So your com It seems desirable for us to go through send u q information indicating that the mittee felt gratified that situation existed. It. but you must understand that it is not group who acted upon it represented at Following the public hearing* the very next day* the committee got down' to busi ness with the administrator and with the members of the organization who sit alongside of the administrator, and If he doesn't think of something one of them Is. pretty sure of doing it, The deputy administrator- is flanked on. either side by representatives of the labor group, of the so-called consumers advisory board* of the Industrial advisory board, of repre sentatives of the statistical and planning division, of the Legal Division, and per haps some others who might come in for a few minutes and dispose of some sub ject rather quickly and pass along again. We were very fortunate in that the' administrator, or rather the industrial advisory board, Mr. Stettlnius. following the usual custom In matters of this kind* appointed an Independent industrial ad visor to sit with them on our code. It Is the practice to have some man from, the industry sit in each code, who thoroughly understands the industry, but who does not have too much direct or personal In terest in It* or at least has had no Interest In the preparation of the code Itself* to get such a man to sit with them to ad vise the deputy administrator and his associates on various matters that come up In connection with the code. So we were very fortunate in having appointed by the industrial board, 33. V, Peters, to represent the Industry with the admin istrator. He was not our man. Ho was their man. He was the man -to whom the deputy administrator and the members of the various boards would confer if there was some question-not quite, clear In their minds, or If they were quite fully yet approved by the President of the United States, and you must understand, therefore, that while It has passed all along the line and gotten the okey of nverybody now except the President him self, there is always a chance that at the last minute the President may see some thing in it that he objects to and. he may order that out and send the code back to be revised again. So please under stand, then* if you will, that we can't go away from this meeting unless we do get word that It Is signed before going away, with the understanding that any part of this Is as yet approved by the President and hence In effect so far as our industry is concerned. Mandatory Features You all know there are certain manda tory features of the national industrial recovery act. For instance, that act re quires that in every code there must be a. provision for maximum working hours, for minimum wages, for collective bar gaining, and then a clause known as the presidential authority clause, which gives the President the right In the code to make whatever later changes he might see fit. Of course, the real purpose of the codes from the administration stand point is to bring about a condition which will mean the employment of more men and the increasing of wages to those men who now have Jobs and to the new men who will be - put back to work so that the aggregate spending power of the great mass of workers will be -substan tially Increased.' Those provisions have.to go in the code.' There is no code without they are there. least 7B per cent of the number of manu facturers specializing in that field and at least 76 per cent of the tonnage repre senting the volume of business done. We didn't hear,, anything by the end of that week and it was holding up the code and its progress,, so we said to General Williams, "Please.take wax and polish out at this time and we will send word to the wax and polish people as to what has been done and why we had to take it out, but that the code will be open any time In the future, after it is approved by the Presi dent* for them to come in." That can be done at any time, you understand. There can be supplemental codes filed, which of course have to go through the usual pro cedure in Washington, be okayed there, but they can be filed. Export Trade Defined You will notice that in the first para graph under Article II* the last sentence, that has been added since some of the codes were printed. "The term 'export trade* means any business transaction with any purchaser for shipment of prod ucts of the industry outside of the con ' tinental United States." We had to put a definition of export trade in the code, making ft clear as to just what it would cover, because In subsequent paragraphs we excluded export trade from the code. Article III, Industry Law and Effective Date* has been added to in the last part, as follows; beginning In the fourth line, near the end, we have added these words, "except that all .articles .of this code, which are included in Fart 2 hereof, shall not qpply to export trade." That is a sort of basket or catch-all clause. You prepared to accept what the members of The question of what should be the will find later on in some of the fair the committee said to them, they would maximum hours of work and the mini practice provisions that we except export confer with Mr, Peters to get his opinion mum wages in an industry is not arrived trade, but it occurred to us that perhaps and advice. Mr. Peters sat through our at in a haphazard manner, It has to be it might be overlooked somewhere and it public hearing; In fact he sat In some arrived at by most exhaustive study of the would be better to have a general over preliminary meetings before the public existing conditions and of the conditions all clause that exempted export trade, hearing. Then he sat through the public in previous years of better business so we put it In here and In order to handle hearing, and he sat with us through our activity* and on an average basis, and in the Job right so far as this feature of It subsequent conferences and rendered a every conceivable way the administra Is concerned, we rearranged the code and very distinct and signal service to the tion Itself, as well as the code committee, put In Part 1, the part we are discussing administrator and his associates, in help digs Into the question of what hourly basis now, with the mandatory features under ing them to understand the industry and shall the Industry adopt in order that the the act and certain other matters, such as satisfying them that certain provisions reduction in hours will be Sufficient to In monopolies, state .laws, reports and ad or certain statements or certain additions sure the employment of a substantial ministration ; then we set up a Part 2, were as represented. number of additional men. One of the ' which deals only with the fair practice but yet one which was satisfactory to the Industry in the main, and one which would stand the test at Washington* and which, above everything else, would ren der a real service of benefit to this indus try and through the industry to the public. 14 November 16, 1933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER provisions, and you will see that when we come to it. * Collective Bargaining Now, Article TV, Collective Bargain ing:, is another mandatory provision which any part thereof, you may work 9 hours a day, if you wish. On the 45-hour basis, a manufacturer might continue to operate five days a week at nine hours per day, which would be 45 hours; or, he might work five days, eight hours each, 40 hours, for watchmen; that they should come in with other classes of labor. General Manager McFadden: I think I understand 'Mr. Goldsmith's problem. As you will recall, until this and further on you will find that the 40-cent rate is provided for factory men and the $15 rate is the minimum for the office people; so that I think it applies to the office watchmen as well has to be in a code, just as it Is in the and five hours on Saturday, or four hours, code becomes effective, that if fifteen as to the factory watchmen. act. You will recall that we originally or whatever he cared to. days after the President signs it, so Are there any other questions, included In -our code---In fact, It 1b now in the copy you have before you--the socalled merit clause which was developed by the automobile manufacturing industry and was in their code. Of course, there The same exceptions are In here that were in before, supervisory staff (includ ing foremen), maintenance workers, engi neers, and firemen, which exempted em ployees may not work In excess of the far as your hours and minimum wage conditions are concerned, if you have taken advantage of the exceptions per mitted for this industry and are so gentlemen ? (Mr. Trigg continues) Explanation Continued has been much controversy over that so- called merit clause, with the result that General Johnson and the President both said it would not be permitted in any code after it went into the automobile code. And we have been told every time maximum hours stated except by the pay ment of one and one-third rate for over time, if such employees are compensated on an hourly basis. Bach week during any 26-week period shall be considered as a complete unit, and so forth. Then, we operating; under the NRA, you will still be guided by those terms as an nounced to you on the 4th of August, and at that time there was a provision, similar to this, excepting watchmen, All right now. The Presidential au thority speaks for Itself. That is un changed. Monopolies: Nothing In the code must promote monopolies, et cetera. the question has come up, including at say, "If an excepted employee on an so that they are not bound by an maxi In Article YHI we agree to abide by the public hearing when we read this hourly basis works more than 40 hours mum hours. the laws of any state If they are more merit clause, that it would have to come out. At the public hearing General Williams stood up and said"Gentlemen, I have no choice in the matter. It is not optional with me. I am under positive instructions from the President o the United States and not more than 46 hours in any one week, the employer shall compensate him at the end of said week for the hours worked In excess of 46 hours at the extra rate or shall declare to the employee that such week will be considered .as one of the 6 weeks in which a maximum of 45 Now the Balitmore official board apparently hasn't understood that, and they are reading the President's' Re-r employment Agreement without con nection with the special provisions for our Industry and that, if they persist stringent than the ones In the code; as a matter of fact we would have to do it anyway. Article IX provides that certain re ports shall be made. Administration and,General Johnson not to permit that clause to go into any code, so it will have to come out." , We said, `Well that may be, General, but we don't want to take it out." . However, when we got down to the final consideration last week, and he was ready to pass it up to General John son, and from there on to the President, there was nothing left to do but for him to tell us In a letter that the clause would have to come out, And so, when he put It to us that way we considered that he was taking It out. In your copy, therefore, that paragraph should be scratched out.- If anyone happens to have a copy where the second paragraph of Article IV, Collective Bargaining, is not scratched out, it should be, because It is not In the code. By the way, on that merit clause, let me say this -.--All that merit clause says is thisIt says that the employer shall continue to have the right to select, re tain and advance employees, based upon their own individual merit, without regard to their membership - or non-membership in any organization. That Is all it says. It isn't permitted in the- code. However, the President has fairly re cently addressed a communication to Gen eral Johnson, which has been made public, and a copy of which we have, In which the President states to General Johnson his Interpretation of the situation, and sets forth the fact that It is his under standing that under the national Industrial recovery act, and this collective bargain ing paragraph, that the employer does continue to have the right to do these things. So that while it isn't to be per mitted In the code, and hence cannot be come the law of the land after being approved, probably the next best thing to that is to have a statement published broadcast all over the country from the President of the United States saying that that is what he understands it means. It is our purpose, when we print the code, after final approval, and distribute it to you and other manufacturers for your use and record, to reprint the Presi dent's letter on this subject In the back part of the code. hours is permitted. If such excepted em ployees arc paid by the week, month, or on a yearly basis and enjoy vacation pe riods, sick leaves, and other benefits in it, should be clarified in Washing ton. We hope that in two weeks, or fifteen days time, all of that will be granted to salaried workers, they shall over, and all you will have to do will not be paid an additional amount for any be to hand them a copy of this code, reasonable overtime work," and say that there are no maximum We believed that that was a fair and hour provisions'for watchmen, proper provision, and we were supported In It by the Labor Department, and the labor advisory board representative. Chairman Trigg: I think It may go just a little - farther than that, I am glad, Mr. McFadden, that you said Management Exceptions what you did, but I think there is such In paragraph (e), watchmen, janitors a thin*g aa taking too much advantage and caretakers are exempted from the maximum hours provision in the office and also in the factory, as are also em ployees in a managerial, executive or other capacity who receive $35 per week, or more. of an exception, I don't know any thing about what you are doing In Bal timore. But I think that we would all agree that Just because watchmen and janitors and caretakers were exempted Paragraph (c) is not changed. Para from the maximum hours of labor' graph <e) is not changed, except in two respects. I call your particular attention now to the fact that In (e)r-which has to do with the wages or salaries paid to office employees, you- may hire persons doesn't mean that we have an actual right, or if we do have the actual right, certainly we do not have the moral right to work watchmen for 12 who do the work of office boys or office or 14 or 16 hours a day, perhaps on girls at 80 per cent of the minimum rate, Saturdays and Sundays too. There if you,choose to do so. ought to be some place in there where You may be interested in knowing why we let our own good' Judtgment, backed that is expressed Just the way It Is. You will notice that it says, ''persons doing the work of office boys or office girls," We had it originally that office boys and by our Ideas of fairness and consider ation for our employees, to enter into the situation. office girls might be hired. They objected Mr, Goldsmith, I do not know any to that. They don't like to have the age thing about what your situation is, distinction or discrimination put in the code. They said, "Please change that b o It will apply to any person .who does the work of an office boy or an office girl." There was no objection to that, and so we but I am taking advantage of this opportunity to get over what it seems to me is an important thought In the matter, because we do have exceptions. changed It Maybe we ought to he more careful They said to us, "You might hire a man ?0 years old to do that work, and you could hire him at 80 per cent of the mini mum wage, if you care to do so." How ever, at 86 per cent of the minimum wage, persons doing the work of office boys or than possibly we would be otherwise not to abuse them; because if we do, if it becomes known that the paint in dustry is taking advantage of some of .these exceptions that we had to fight office girls, could not, at any time, exceed pretty hard to keep in the code, the five per cent of the total number in the President with one scratch of the pen employment unit; provided, however, that a small employer who might have less than 20 persons In his employ would be entitled to one such person, If he wanted on. can cut them out of our code, and they woll no longer be there. There will be no formalities or delay whatsoever with respect to his cutting them out Article X on administration has one new feature in it, right at the very be ginning where It says, "This board shall be composed of the following members: Not more than three members without voting power to be appointed by the President." The President of the United 'States will give us three people to sit on our administrative board, without any voting power, but to sit there to watch what we do and assist us, cooperate with us, and In general be the touch between the administrator on the one had and the industry on the other. We will not be required to pay any expenses of those men, That will be taken care of by us In another role. H. M. Howard: la It arbitrary, have we any choice in any matters to be dis cussed to ask them not to sit in, or do they have full power to demand that they sit in? Chairman Trigg: They will be Just as much a part or our board aa anybody else, and If a meeting is held of the board they must get a notice of that meeting and be advised in ample time bo they can attend. If we have something that we-want to talk over, and some of us want to get together and discuss it, I don't know of any reason why we couldn't do It, but at a meeting of the board they are just a3 much a part of our board as anybody else, except that they don't vote. There have been some other minor changes in this, nothing, however, which affects the principle or the functioning of the paint industry recovery board. I might say to yoi) for your Informa tion that at the first meeting of the paint industry recovery board, which was held last Sunday night here In this hotel, we had 42 out of 48 members of the board present, which ia pretty good rec ord and starts us off In good shape. Furthermore, I may say to you, just to indicate the Interest which the members of the paint Industry recovery board have taken, I had occasion to send telegrams to 47 members of the Board. "We have 48 members and the chairman 1b one member, so 47 telegrams were sent out on one afternoon and by noon the fol lowing day I had 47 replies. Every single one or them were back by noon the next The other change we made in this para if he wants to do so. day. I think that augurs well for this Wages and Hours Article V--Minimum "Wages and Maxi mum Hours. In paragraph (a) covering office and delivery employees,' there is a change as against the original code. You will probably recall that'the original code provided that office and delivery employees might work a total of 1,088 hours in any 26-week period; 1,088 Is the sum total of 20 weeks at 40 hours, and six weeks at 48 hours. We put It in at 1,088 hours over the whole period In order to make it just as elastic as possible, so that the employer might be able to adjust his delivery people, or adjust his office people in whatever way he saw fit. We were not permitted to let it remain in the code that way. Objection was made In principle to that very elastic method, and the more specific objection was made, or a point was made,; that this 1,088 graph, except for this office boy business, is almost literally taken from the P. R. A.---the President's Reemployment Agreement-^-the thing that came out along, I think, sometime shortly after the first of July, known as the blanket code. "We found that there was objection to the language Jn the President's Reemploy ment Agreement on the part of his ad ministration. They dldn t like the fact that It worked down to towns of 2,500 or less. We found that there was only one small manufacturer In the industry, so far as we could determine, fn a town of less than 2.660,- and we felt very sure that he would not be affected by it, there fore we eliminated that last breakdown of the classification, of wages paid based upon the population of cities. Aoe Distinctions Walter F. Yarnell: Do I understand, then, that Mr. Trigg's Interpretation is that if we work a watchman 60 or 70 hours a week we may 5till pay him the minimum wage of $15. Chairman Trigg: Sometimes it Is a lot easier to ask a question than it Is to answer It. I should not like to go on record by saying that you could work a watch man 76 or whatever hours you said, or 80 hours a week, whatever it may be, and continue paying him $15 a week, if that Is what you were paying him. I do not believe that anyone who did that would be living up to the spirit of the National Industrial Re covery Act. I think possibly- from a board, and for the Interest in its future conduct. . At our meeting last Sunday night we decided, tentatively at least, on a plan of handling complaints as they might arise. Of course, whatever plan we work out must have the approval of the ad ministrator in Washington; so as soon as the convention Is over we shall make it our business to set up a plan and present It to the administrator for, we hope, his approval. We believe that just as soon as the effective date arrives and the code Is In effect and the law of the land, aa they say In Washington, there la apt to be some considerable misunder standing, possibly complaints, charges that a competitor has violated the code, and that some kind of machinery should be set up to check those things, and to dean them up as quickly as possible. hours In 26 weeks was to!be the maximum, that a manufacturer instead of working 46 hours a week for 20 weeks and 48 hours a week for six weeks, might work SO hours a week for the first three months of that six-month period, and then get aid of some of the employees that he had been working -for that length of time and hire another crop that could work for 86 hours a week for another three months, and so on. Indefinitely. There is some justification in that view point, as they see it. We have changed that provision to read that the office and delivery people work 20 weeks at 40 hours and may work six weeks at 48 hours. Please note that is 43 hours In the case of office and delivery employees. Please note, too, that in that particular paragraph, namely paragraph (a) dealing with office and delivery people, there is no maximum number of hours per day provided; there is per week, but pot per day. So that, subject to:the final approval of the code, It would be possible for an employer to work a bookkeeper or some other office employee, or a chauffeur or delivery man, if necessary, nine houre a day or ten hours a day, but he would have to average that up during the week so that the maximum -number of hours worked would not be, for the 20-week period, over 40 hours, subject to the ex In (e), you will recall, we originally said that adult male employees should be paid a minimum of 46 cents, and that women and boys under 18 should be paid a minimum of 86 cents. Again, we struck that objection In Washington to age dis crimination. So after checking on the situ ation to some considerable extent and finding that apparently the employment of- boys between 16 and IS was not such a serious thing in the Industry (of course, you cannot employ them under 16) wo eliminated the reference to boys under 18 years altogether. Now, our code says that male factory employees shall be paid 46 cents an hour, and female factory em ployees shall be paid 36 cents an hour; provided, however, that if a woman does the same kind and amount of work as a man, that she shall be paid the same wage that a man Is paid. (G) That ia the partially Incapacitated paragraph that haB been in almost since the first. "We believe our code was the first one to- recognize that sort of a situa tion, and a number of other codes are fol lowing us In It. Now, Mr, President and ladies and gen tlemen, that covers the labor paragraphs of our code. I will stop long enough to ask, Mr. (President, if I may, if there are any questions anyone would like to ask. purely technical standpoint, taking the liberal reading of the code, provided you were not working him more than you did before this thing came up, and providing that you hadn't reclassified the work that he was doing In some way or other, so as to bring him osten sibly under the definition of a watch man, you might technically be inside of the provisions of the code, but you would not in mty opinion he living up to the spirit of It, and to continue doing so might result in what I re ferred to a few minutes ago. You know the PRA, as I remember it, I think that is where it appeared, had a provision calling for the in equitable adjustment In the wages of all employees, and I would assume that If an employer was paying a watchman $16 a week, which is the mlmimum in the larger cities and In the code and In the PRA, today he would probably pay him something more than that, because an.increase Is certainly called for and we have agreed to do that very thing. X do want to emphasize again that, Local Complaint* ' So the tentative set-up that we have Is this: That each one of the community representatives on the paint industry re covery board, and there are 20 community representatives on that board, shall con stitute himself as a key man In bis own particular trading area to clear all the local complaints through as far as it Is possible for him to handle them. We expect that there may be. as I said, 16ts of misunderstanding, For example, a manufacturer might not immediately, per haps because of a mistake of a clerk, put the terms of 66 days, 2 percent off for cash In 10 days in the trade sales end, or 36 days 1/10 in the Industrial end of It* into effect. A competitor might get one of hta Invoices and see that some billing clerk or somebody had put down on the industrial sale 60 2/10, and make a complaint about it. Another thing that might happen, some manufacturer might complain that a com petitor was continuing to guarantee the life or the service of his product. He might still be seltlng some paint with a label on It reading, "Guaranteed for five years." "Under the code that is pro hibited, if It comes through approved by the President, Some manufacturer might nay that this man has violated that pro vision of the code. ception. stated, which has!not been changed. In paragraph (b), which deals with, fac tory workers, we had 'that In our first code' at 20 weeks at 40 hours and 6 weeks at 48 hours. We met some resistance to the 48 hours for 6 weeks,' particularly from the Labor Department. They wanted Discussion Mr. Kurtees: Would you like to ask Mr. Trigg questions? . Mr. Goldsmith: The NRA officials of BaUtmore have taken exception to of course, reason must be exercised with respect to exceptions, Failure to do It may work a hardship not only on the person who fails to do It, but on all the rest of the people in the Indus try who are being reasonable in the We think that those things, for a while, at least, will bo largely misunderstanding, or inability of the manufacturer to 1mmediately check up on everything, and that the local keymau could very well function as between the complainant and the accused, to straighten those things that cut down, and we finally compro the hours of labor of watchmen. I things which they do. put between them, without any bad feel mised that on the basis of 45 hours for the minimum period of $ weeks, leaving the 20-week period at 4'0 hours* as it was before. : would like to have some information about that. . Chairman Trigg: I think you will J. D. Patton: X have just listened to your explanation of watchmen. As I read thiB I think your watchmen, ing and to get the accused manufacturer cm the right track. Certainly that would be much better than having complaints go down to Washington, with the assur Bo that now. In the factory, the maxi have to give us a little more informa your male employees, would have to be ance of an Interminable wait before defi mum hours are 20 weeks, 46 hours each; tion before we- can give you any in paid 40 cents an hour under Section nite action is taken on them, and to be 6 weeks, 45 hours.each., That Is, you may work that much. These are maximum hours, understand, 'not minimum. When you are working on a 40-hour basis, you are limited to working 8 hours-a day; formation. . You say the NRA officials In Baltimore have taken exception to the hours of work of watchmen. What exception do they take? (f) of this Article, and not $15 a week. Chairman Trigg: No, I don't think so. If you will look again, Mr. Patton, you will see that paragraph Co) ex made an official thing down there, with perhaps all of the unfavorable publicity i that might follow IL We want-to try to t do a reasonable Job on this proposition, i Our plan, however, la that we' would jj but when you might be working on the Mr. Goldsmith: They claim that empts watchmen who come under require each keyman in each one of these J 45-hour basis for a six-week period, or there, should not be unlimited hours either paragrph (a). or paragraph (b>, 20 different districts to report every case \ OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 15 that cornea to his attention and that he dispose of locally between the two peo ple* wipe It out of the way*--'he must, nevertheless, report it to Washington, so that we may gradually, as rapidly as pos sible, build, up a record of all of these cases and out of this record be able to make more definite decisions and make refinements of other decisions, so that In time we can have a chart to go by, something that we might send, out to all members of the industry by way of In terpretation of different things, 00 that there won't be after while much excuse for anybody not living fully up to the code* If the Iceyman got some kind of a case that he could not settle, then that would have to be sent,, with all of the facts, to headquarters in Washington and the necessary steps be taken there to start Investigation, If that Is the thing to do, or at any rate to accomplish an adjust ment and a straightening out of the prop osition. That might result If it was a complaint on lacquer of some kind, we might feel. that the complaint should be referred to the five commodity lacquer people on our paint industry recovery board, for their opinion; or if it was varnish we might refer it to the five commodity varnish representatives on our board. I mention that to give you an indication of the line of procedure which was dis cussed and, as I said, tentatively approved at the meeting last Sunday night of the Board* Amendments. There is no change there. We would not be surprised to see the very last paragraph, that little paragraph of three lines, stricken out but it hasn't been so far. Code of Fair Practices This part of it Is what we are doing for labor, and how we are backing the government in its very ambitious and very iaudable plans to eliminate unemployment and bring back buying power and start the wheels of Industry moving. So when we get over to Part 2 we have taken ad vantage of those previsions In the Na tional Industrial Recovery Act that say that an industry may, by joint action and with the approval of the administrator, set up a code of fair trade practices, to eliminate from the industry abuses and unfair dealings of one kind or another. There is misbranding, mislabeling and false advertising; gifts to employees of another, which is another terra for com mercial bribery. Manufacturing restrictions are the old simplification program which we have taken care of In Schedule A back of the code. Article XV Is exchange of goods. Let me say In connection with these things, you may say to yourselves:--"What is it all about? We have had our agreements on commercial bribery, or misbranding, mislabeling, et cetera, on non-exchange, and on the simplification program, or, as it is called here, manufacturing restric tions.'' True, we have ; but please bear in mind that what we have had on those and other things are only voluntary agree ments between those members of the in dustry who chose to sign them, They were not compulsory so far as all mem bers of the Industry were concerned. They were not binding upon anyone who did not choose to sign them. They were not signed by all of the members of the in dustry by a great deal. Now we have in this cede our first real opportunity to write these provisions Into the law of the land, and It is just aa mandatory, if this code with its present provisions Is ap proved, It is just as mandatory that one manufacturer should not exchange the stock of another, it la just as mandatory that no manufacturer should put up any sizes that are prohibitive in the manufac turing restrictions, and. that he should limit the number of colors to those that are provided for In the schedule A; it Is Just aa mandatory that he should not mis brand or mislabel or make false state ments with regard to his product, as it is that he must not commit arson, or rob bery, or murder, or anything else that is against the law of the land* These things are just as much the law of the land when they do go into effect as any other things; no that this puts the teeth into the propo sition that all the voluntary agreements In the world couldn't touch. It puts the United States government right back of it 100 per cent, with full penalty provisions for its violation. Exchange of Goods Now the exchange of goods paragraph, known by most of us as the non-exchange agreement, has had to be changed from that which we have had in the agreement that existed between ourselves, because we had in our agreement a penalty of our own, that, if a manufacturer was found guilty of exchanging hla goods for that of another manufacturer, he was penalised two or three times the value of the goods which he took back. "We took the liberty of putting that Into our code when we went down to Washington, but they couldn't see It that way. They didn't exactly like to be a collection agency for our industry, and so they required us to change that, and we have had to take that provision out. The real objection on their part seemed to be the fact that we were extending the non-exchange agree ments beyond the manufacturer; that we were making them applicable to the manu facturer's customers; namely, the Jobber or distributor, and Washington objected to that* So what we have done In an effort to take care of that sort of a situation is to write It this way: 'It shall be a violation of this code Eor any manufacturer in the industry to take or allow to'be taken In exchange for his own products, any products of the in dustry, or to give or permit the giving of any advice or assistance In facilitating such exchange or replacement, or to make or permit to be made any concessions, al lowances, or gifts of any kind to promote or facilitate such exchange, "Every member of the industry is re quired to enter into a written agreement with his jobbers and/or distributors whereby such jobbers and/or distributors agree to refrain from the practice pro hibited by this article." You see, what we are doing is requir ing the manufacturer to enter into his own agreement directly with his jobber or distributor whereby he will bind the dis tributor not to violate the non-exchange agreement, "It shall be a violation of this code for any member of the industry to deal or continue to deal with any Jobber and/or distributor who shall have acted contrary to such agreement, provided that no mem ber of the industry shall be held respon sible for such dealings as he may have engaged in prior to the time he has re ceived notice of the breach of such agree ment by a jobber and/or distributor, and provided that no member of the industry shall be held responsible for such dealings after the paint Industry recovery board has given approval for further dealings with a Jobber and/or distributor who may have violated such an agreement The paint industry recovery board may require each member of the industry to file a copy of each agreement which he may make with a Jobber and/or distributor." That seems to be the best provision that we could put in there. Article XVI, Standard Terms of Cash Discount is Just as It was. Discussion M. Arnstein: I believe that you and the code committee members who worked- with you are fully aware of the fact that today in the United States, in paint, almost every dealer and Jobber is more or less, roughly speaking, in the dumps* They have been through a terrible selge of times Just the same as everybody else. They hve been giving all kinds of terms up to now. They haven't made any money in the last three or four years. Their capital structure has shrunk considerably. Their private assets that they possess have probably gone down to about 15 or 20 per cent of their original value. Do you think in your mind, or in 3'0ur associates' minds, that you can change the terms in this country sud denly, over night, by writing it Into the code, and hold them to these terms, or does it mean, as I read it now, "On and after the effective date the terms granted by manufacturers, excluding export trade, shall not exceed: Trade flales Accounts--2 per cent for cash in JO days--net 60 days," et cetera, does ihat mean that the manufacturer gives the merchant 60 days to pay his bills, but that the merchant can take 60 days nr more, or 00 days, to do it, or is it a violation of this cade If you don't onforce the terms according to this code? Will it be subject to complaints ana fines if you can't make the man pay his bills in 60 days, or will he be permitted to take any additional time In which he can conveniently pay in an honest way? I don't mean the un scrupulous one that chlBels along on everything that comes before him, but 1 mean the honest merchant, the honest-to-goodness merchant who is today in worse condition than he ever has been in his career? Can you change consistently the terms from fhe long terms that existed, or exist now, in the paint game over night to *0 days? Chairman Trigg: Is that your one question? Mr. Arnstein: Yes, sir. Chairman Trigg: Yes, you can, I mean to say by that, If the entire in dustry does it. This isn't a case of Just a few manufacturers getting to gether and deciding they are going to do it, but everybody must do it. it may mean that some merchants who have been,in the habit of buying with out much regard as to when they were going to pay for goods and expecting to carry it on indefinitely, will have to use a little better judgment in their ordering. They may have to buy in a smaller way and perhaps buy oftener in order to take care of their accounts when they become due* But when you ask the question. Can it be changed, I think there is only one answer, that if it becomes the law of the land. Yes, it can be changed?' it will Just have to be changed* Written Agreements Mr. Howard: May I ask one question? Every member of the Industry is required to enter Into a written agreement. Does that mean that when you open a dealer account you must have a form that you must have ready to file. Chairman Trigg: It doesn't refer to a dealer at all* It only refers to Jobbers and distributors, who In turn sell to dealers. That Is the point we are trying to cover here. Member: Why is there the difference between trade sales accounts and indus trial sales accounts with regard to dis count? Chairman Trigg: I think the answer to that is a comparatively simple one. It has been the practice of a very substan tial number of manufacturers, selling in dustrial goods, to'sell them on a 30 days 1 off 10 basis. In setting up the code we followed what we believed to be the general practice, recognizing, however, that It was not the practice with some branches of the industry, that they were giving longer terms and greater dis counts ; that they would be put In little closer touch with the amount of money they had standing out if they did have the terms of 1/10 as we have them here* The same reasoning was followed In setting up the trade terms of 60 2/10. More specifically in reply to your ques tion, the reason for shorter time and a smaller discount to the industrial buyer than to the trade sales buyer Is that the industrial buyer purchases his materials for his own consumption, to be promptly applied to the goods which he is turning out in production, while the dealer puts them on his shelves and sometimes car ries them for three, four, six, eight or tan months, or whatever it may be i there fore. there Is, we believe, a very definite Justification for the difference In the terras In addition to the fact that we feel that we are following the. general prec edent of the industry, recognizing that there are exceptions* E. P. Wilson: In reference to section <e) under exchange of goods, the second paragraph, I assume from that that aa soon as this code is signed by the Presi dent, It will be necessary for a manufac turer who has distributor accounts on his books to make up written agreements and send one to each of these distributors. Assuming that the distributor refuses or neglects to sign and return this agree ment, would the manufacturer then be compelled to discontinue selling him? Chairman Trigg: I wouldn't say so, but I think It Is the responsibility of every manufacturer to keep diligently after his accounts until he gets them. We all know that you cannot send out a form like that to everyone of your Jobber ac counts if you have very many and ex pect that they are all going to come right back immediately. But you have your salesmen calling on thosB people. They should be coached as to what to do, and reasonable efforts put Sorth continuously until you do get them all. There Is another case where I think the best answer to your questions Is, the thing is a reasonable proposition and not an arbitrary one* Mr* Merken'e Question M* J. Merken: On Article XVI, may I ask you this: la it a violation if a sale is made in the trade sales to a buyer, and the purchase is paid within eighty or ninety days from the time of sale, and he Is continually being shipped after it Is known thaft-. the payments are being made in eighty or ninety days--is it a violation of this code? Chairman Trigg: You are net referring to cash discounts, are you?' Mr* Merken: I am talking of net 60 days. Chairman Trigg: Not cash discounts? No, I would not say that was a violation of the code. That may sound like an arbitrary decision on that subject. Question on Dating* D. E. Spaulding; Will you please ex plain the relation between Article XVI and Article XVIII? If you don't mean 60 days, why was it put in there7 Yon state In Article XVII where datings may be given and how they may be given. What we are trying to get at is a definite answer to this. Is It a violation if a man has an account TO days' old or 80 days old, and he orders more material, to get another order without having paid for the first order? The only way that I can interpret the reading of this thing here Is that it Is a violation of the code* Chairman Trigg: I think that would be a fine interpretation, if you want to put It on. My Interpretation was based, again, upon trying to start oft in a rea sonable manner, In so far as some of these provisions are concerned. The point that you have raised is a question that comes up every time we talk of the code. It has never failed to come up. Every meeting that I have sat in somebody said, "What Is going to happen If the dealer doesn't pay his bills until eighty or ninety days from the date of the invoice, and then they have to try to sell him as well as they can. So I think the question of whether you are going to ship him a second order be fore he pays for the first one is not a question of the code so much as it is a question of the man's credit condition, whether he is entitled to get a second order that Is charged. I didn't have a chance to finish answer ing Mr* Merken'a question before Mr. Spaulding asked his, because I didn't want to leave this thing just cold, as I stated It to Mr. Merken, without some further comment on It. I don't care how much language you put In a oode, It isn't going to help you to collect an account in sixty days from a dealer If he can't or won't pay you at the end. of sixty days. We can't set up a col lection department or collection codes that are binding on anybody outside of our industry, I think we all must recognize that there will be times when a customer just naturally cannot pay at the end of sixty days. Maybe he had. every expecta tion of paying at the end of sixty days, when he placed the order, but something has happened that prevents him from do ing It, and yet the man's credit Is per fectly good. What-are you going to do? The code doesn't say that you have vio lated It If you give that man a few days extra to pay that account. Defeating the "Chiseler" The danger In what I am saying to you (and I know It Just as well as any one of you do) Is that under the kind of interpretation that I am giving to you now, it might seem like encouraging (I think somebody used the term ,4chlselerM-- maybe that 1s as good as any), the chjseler to take advantage of this situa tion and go around himself or send hlB salesmen to the customers 01 his com petitors and say to them, "Don't say any thing about It, but Merken makes you pay him In sixty days, but so far as I am concerned, If you can't pay at the end of sixty days, Just let it go along." That is the danger of It, But I am in clined to think, gentlemen, that there are safety factors in the situation to take care of that, . Washington Is depending upon these codes being pretty much self-policing; that members of Industry are going to be on the job checking up what the other fellow is doing all the time. I don't think any manufacturer in this industry can get by very long on something of that kind. If he was making a practice of winking at delinquent payments beyond the sixty days, I think some smart salesmen repre senting a competitor would find it out pretty soon. A lot. of these customers are none too close-mouthed,- I can't think of any more unfortunate position for a manufacturer to be in than to have a charge brought against him, and supported, that he was trying to evade on a point of this kind, to cheat and take advantage of his fellow manu facturers and his competitors than to have himself exposed to fine, and a fine Im posed on him, and if persisted in, prob ably followed up by a jail sentence. I think that there are factors in this thing that will automatically check the fellow that might try to put over too much along that line. Anything else, gentlemen, on that para graph. Mr. Schumann's Question C. J. Schumann-: On this Article XVI, 1 followed your explanation of this, if a man cannot pay me in sixty days, I can not make a practice of taking his two months' or three .months' note and tying him down to a time when I might get my money. If he does not pay me in sixty- days. I shut down on him. I am holding the bag. Number two comes along and sells him for sixty, days. He does not pay, and he Is also holding the bag; he cannot sell him any more. Number three comes along and does the same thing, and so on. The fellow keeps on buying and keeps on in business; we just hold the bag and whistle and wait. It seems to me, as I interpret that thing --I may be wrong--My interpretation of that has always Been that I cannot bill on terms beyond sixty days, in trade sales, and I can't give the man the discount in . seventy or- eighty :days. Today, If a man comes In who owes me $200 and says, "I have this $200 to pay you, hut your bill is sixty days overdue. If you give me the 2 percent discount, I will pay you ; if you don't, I will pay Bill Jones, and yon can wait another two i months." The chances are that you will take the 2 percent off and take the cash; Chairman Trigg: That would be a vio lation, Carl. . Mr. Schumann:1 I realize It would, I grant you that. Chairman Trigg: It would be a vio lation. Mr. SchumannI have to shut down on him. Chairman Trigg: I made no such in terpretation of it- I haven't made that interpretation, and I don't Intend to, as far as I am concerned. I don't think that is reasonable. I think that there has got to be a certain amount of reason used in this situation: and, I repeat, if somebody tries to stretch that reason too far, they are automatically going to be checked up on, j Anything else ?; Explanation Continued (Mr. Trigg continued his explanation,) Datings: On spring stock orders to established dealer and/or jobber accounts, there may be an April 1 dating given, with regular terms, one order to an ac count, and such orders may be shipped at the manufacturer's convenience after October 16. New accounts, trade sales, the maximum dating, initial stock only, to new dealer and/or jobber accounts, ex cluding export trade, shall be limited to four months from the date of shipment; provided, that orders shipped between October 15 and December 1 of any year may be with an April 1 dating, and with regular terms. ' The reason for Including that October 15 there Is because if we provide that the manufacturer may supply established dealer accounts for shipment after Octo ber 15, then he ought to be permitted to do the same thing with new dealer and/or jobber accounts* There is no change in the other provisions In Article XVII. Guarantees Article XVIII--Guarantees, Those two paragraphs are Just the same as they were, except that'(b) formerly was (c), and we had another (b) la there. The other (b) was that paragraph which you will recall set forth the fact that the manufacturers, the jobbers and the deal ers have their peak load inventory on approximately April 1, and that during the three succeeding months, April, May and Jane, they have got to convert that stock into sales, and Into money, realize on it, and they have purchased that stock at the prices existing as of April 1, and therefore were entitled to an opportunity to get their monej^ out of the stock during those three good {months* Consequently, our paragraph (0) provided that duringthe months of April, May and June, that no trade sales, no manufactured trade sates should reduce the selling prices dur ing that ninety-day period. That was thrown out by the adminis tration after a very determined battle was put up by the members of the code com mittee to keep it in. We were not able to do so. There were a number of objections to it* One of them was that It would pre vent the manufacturer who did not do business through the dealer and/or jobber from cutting his price during the active months of the year, namely, April, May and June, and thereby stimulating busi ness, and saving the buyer an opportunity to benefit by a reduction In price. Please remember that the consumers board in Washington Is one of the most active boards down there, and they are right on the job every minute, protesting everything that hae in their opinion the least semblance of making the price any more than is absolutely necessary. They had one complaint against this paragraph (b), which is now out, from one- of the small mail-order houses seTUndirect to consumers. I said a small order house* It was not Sears-Roebuck or Montgomery Ward. This manufacturer wrote that he was just a small manufac turer doing a limited business, and -he wanted his interest to be protected. He stated that he orly had 10,060 salesmen, and it was going to be a very great han dicap on blm. I presume that that busi ness probably was. He might have had a list of 10,006 salesmen who he considered were working on some kind of commis sion arrangement. We couldn't make that paragraph stick. It had to come out. It came out only after we had exhausted every possibility that was at our command to keep It In. Consignments Article XIX---Consignment, We have a couple of changes in that. In the first place, we have refined or interpreted a little bit better the places where a manu facturer may warehouse his goods, if he cares to. This consignment clause does C .. .; . ' . * ""A" .4 -" - :.v [-*, . : .. . . OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 17 not prohibit manufacturers from carrying a stock of their goods in a public or pri vate warehouse at their own expense In any section of the United States; provided that such stocks must not be warehoused with or for the account of any person, Arm or corporation' dealing In or handling as a merchant, or using as a -painter, products of the industry* . Mr. Dabney called our attention the other day, last Sunday night, to the fact that it might be well to have in that paragraph something similar with regard to the storing of industrial goods with customers who were In the habit of using those goods. Of course, we Just must not make any changes. I don't say that ar bitrarily. We are now waiting for the President's approval, and any change. If we changed Just one word in this coda. It would have to start again at the bottom and come up to where it is now* So, we wouldn't like to even contemplate making any change now. But, the point that Mr. Dabney has made is one that should be taken up, and will be taken up, looking toward a modification or correction on that point as soon as the code Is signed. Then another change which was made, one manufacturer out of a total of seven manufacturers who appeared in Washing ton to protest any provision in our code-- as I told you earlier this afternoon, out of over 3,000 manufacturers there were only seven, there to make any protest-- protested against the consignment para graph or article, not that he objected to the consignment article, not at all. What he did object to was the fact that It gave manufacturers who now have consign ment accounts the privilege of continuing those consignment accounts. The reason that it was written that way was that we belfeved that most consign ment accounts were the result of a bad credit situation, where the manufacturer felt, for hla own protection, that he should take over the title to the goods, but per haps left them wfth the dealer so he might have some goods to sell, and in the hope, from the manufacturer's standpoint, he might eventually turn that stock over* However, in an effort to recognise the complaint that was made by this manu facturer and to give him the same , op portunity in his own business that each manufacturer who has such a consign ment account enjoys, if you can call It enjoyment, we have put this provision in, namely, "Until such time as an account as listed above (namely, a consignment account which is continued after the ef fective date of the code) is discontinued, such accounts may be similarly supplied by any manufacturer in the industry." Provision for Other Accounts In other words, if the Brown paint manufacturing company had a consigned stock with a dealer in Columbus, Ohio, they would be permitted, If they wished, to continue that consignment account with that dealer in Columbus, Ohio, after the effective date of this act, hut there would have to be a record of that filed with the headquarters office. The In formation would be available as to who those accounts were and where they were located, and any other manufacturer might, If he chose, then go to that account In Columbus, Ohio, handling the Brown manufacturing company's goods under consignment and say to that dealer, "Now, you have so-and-so's goods under consignment here. We would like to ship you a stock of goods under consignment." A manufacturer would have the right to do that if he was, If I may be permitted to say so, foolish enough to want to do it. But he has the right to do it anyway now. We hope that will satisfy the objection on that point. The we added another paragraph here that is an addition: "The paint Industry recovery board shall, subject to the ap proval of the Administrator, develop such plans as will effectuate the ultimate elim ination of : consignments from the in dustry." In other words, we want the paint In dustry recovery board to consider seri ously ways and means of the gradual elimination of such consignment accounts as are temporarily carried along. They can't give very much consideration to that until after the Hat of the accounts is made up and we know who they are and where they are located, and so forth. Then the board can commence to give consideration. . Free Deals. Nothing much haa been changed in that. It is just practically the same situation. Discontinuance of Shades and Colors is unchanged. Selling Below Coat Selling Below Cost, You will notice the absence there of the original first paragraph which referred to the package schedule, the package differential sched ule, which was In the back part of the code. We were not able, to make that stick. The administration objected to it on principle. They said that those pack age differentials guaranteed a profit to the Industry, which is true. As a matter of fact, we have to have a profit on them. We never pretended they did not.Include a profit, and we assured the administra tion to that effect. They have stricken it out, J I am now reading from a letter signed by General C. C TVilllamu, deputy ad ministrator, dated October 17, addressed to the chairman * 1 "As a result of my telephone conversa tion of this date with you, it is apparant that my letter of October 16, on the code of fair competition for the paint, var nish and lacquer manufacturing Industry was not clear." . General Wflliams's letter of the six teenth came to me on the morning fo the seventeenth, and in1 It he discussed the principle that he objected to it on prin ciple, and also discussed the amount of the differentials, and that there was prob ably in some of them a pretty substantial profit, which we had assured him was the case, because we told him that on the small package goods, the Industry had to have a chance to average up for some of the other things. After getting his letter, I confess I didn't know whether General Williams was saying, that .they objected to It on principle, or whether they objected to it because, of the .scale of figures which we used, I promptly tie- phoned to Mr, McFadden in Washington, asked him to please see General Williams, and find out from General Williams what his real position was, because If he ob jected on principle, then we could have nothing more to say. On the other hand, If the real objection was with respect to the amount of the differentials in any one size, one or more sizes, then that would have meant .that we had done a pretty poor selling job, and we thought we had done a pretty fair one and that in such event, if that was the case, please say to General Williams that the code committee would be sitting down on hts doorstep probably the next day, to start arguing all over again with him. So then General Williams wrote the letter, the first paragraph of which I have read, in which he says It is apparent his letter was not clear. Then he continues: "I object definitely on principle to the idea of a package differential as set forth In your code, and do not desire to recom mend to the administrator for the ap proval of the President a code containing such a differential. . "Mr. McFadden went over the matter with me In great detail this morning, but in view of the fact it Is not figures that are In question, it does not seem neces sary for your committee to present addi tional data." I guess maybe he was just glad not to have the committee down, there again, because we had put up some real argu ments to him. Lacquer Thinners We jump now right Into the paragraph on selling below cost. This lacquer thin ner paragraph, you will notice, Is now ex pressed a little differently than It was In earlier editions of the code. What the lacquer thinner clause says now is that lacquer thinners must not be sold at a price less than the sum total of the ingre dients which go into it at market price. Now, I think you men understand pretty well the reason for this exception, namely, the fact that we are, or have been. In a way at least, In competition with the solvent manufacturers In this business, some of whom have and probably do sell thinners as such direct to the large con sumer, and others who, while they have not sold the thinners as such in that they did not compound them themselves, nev ertheless did go to the consumer and tell him how he might mix them and there upon the solvent manufacturer would sell the consumer, a large automobile manu facturer, If you please, the various sol vents in the quantities which he required and he would do his own mixing. That haB been a very contentious prop osition and. we have not finally got it worked down to this basis as a result of conferences with the solvent manufac turers Who have protested to us with great earnestness, and wa have every reason to believe they mean exactly what they say, that they do not desire to sell to consumers, if any one of them has done it In the past, and it is our hope that we. are going eventually to work around, to a place where we are not going to have this competition at all from the solvent manufacturers. In the meantime, however, we have put this paragraph In the way we have it now, and the Solvents Institute in their code will put in their code a corresponding paragraph, a letter to which effect I have in this hotel In my room, assuring us that they are going to handle It so that if they should do any compounding, they must not seU It at less than the sum total of their selling prices covering the Ingredi ents that go Into such a compound. In other words, their selling price would be our cost, so that means they couldn't sell under the price at which any one of us could sell if we wanted to do so, and of course it still limits the transactions so far as lacquer thinners are concerned, to the large bulk sale^that Is to say, tankcars and tankwagons containing not less than 1,000 gallons if sold and delivered to one customer. We have some changes In the other paragraphs of Article XXII. We are still standing up on the. market replacement cost of raw materials- That Is still In our code and we are sort of holding our breath, but we hope It is going to come through with the President's signature. Containers and/or packages, paragraph (3), Is just the same. Cost of Processing Cost of Processing:--The cost of proc essing, you will remember, originally was covered by a schedule In the back of the code which went into considerable detail as to the various Items which were to be figured as a part of the cost, and I think it was so complete that It rather over whelmed the people In Washington and they thought It was going a long ways. 6o we finally agreed to cut out the schedule altogether and Just say, "To Include all direct costs (such as power and labor), depreciation figured In accordance with provision of the Federal Income tax laws, plus a proper proportion of alt Indirect factory expenses (excepting interest on investment), in accordance with the share each product should bear, provided that the distribution of indirect factory ex pense per unit of production shall be on the basis of the average rate of utiliza tion of plant facilities of profit-making producers during the years 1528 to 1532, inclusive, and provided that such average rate shall not include any plants not in operation/' Do you understand all that dearly? ("No" from the audience,} Chairman Trigg; Well, this came from some of the expert accountants in Wash ington, who stand alongside the deputy ad ministrator, and they just hand these things right over to you without having stopped to thing much about them. When they gave us this language I asked the man who was responsible for it If he would be willing to come out to Chicago on Tuesday, October 31, and tell the mem bers of the paint industry what it meant, and he assured us he thought it was a very simple thing, that there was nothing difficult at all about It.' However, it is a thing :that will have to he worked out largely, by the administration getting cer tain figures and statements, and so forth, from the income tax division of the Treas ury Department on the business of the profitable concerns, as they say here. I want to see if 1 can give you an ex a job. We have them, through a com planation that maybe you can understand mittee, thinking about some of these par and I can understand as I go along. 1 agraphs in here through their accounting think this will have to be worked out in people and w4 are working in various this way: In the first place, there would ways to get these different provisions In have to he certain concerns picked out to here all set up ;so as to be able to present be used aa typical units of production them to the administrator, we hope, for and they would be the concerns that were Me approval, before the effective date of operating on a profitable basis, and hence the code rolls' around, even though it presumably efficient, because the purpose is not to permit of our using an ineffi cient plant as a basis; and'having picked might be signed today. Competitive Relations out say twelve or fifteen or twenty con cerns as typical ones, maybe selected in different sections of the country and dif ferent sized plants, then they would arrive at a figure to represent the average annual production of those plants for the years 1528 to 1932 Inclusive, five years, as com pared with the total plant capacity. Competitive reTationg, article XXIII, is the same except that we were obliged to leave out one paragraph we had in here which prohibited a manufacturer from advertising that he continually sold his product for less money than anybody else. They wouldn't stand for that with out some qualification so we thought it How Stipulations Apply best to take Ifi out. Article XXIY. returned goods, is un To illustrate: Suppose they found that changed and I i think there is no change these fifteen or twenty concerns, or what m the simplification program. ever number they use, had an average plant capacity of 100,000 gallons of paint or of varnish or of lacquer; ant[ suppose General Discussion they found that for the five-year period an average annual production of those plants was 70,000 gallons per year. That' would mean, then, that they had arrived at a figure of 70 percent as the average figure to use for the purpose of this para Mr, President, that is the code. I would be glad to anjwer any questions I can. Mr, Kurfees:: Gentlemen, have you any questions you would like to ask Mr. Trigg with reference to the code? . graph, Then they would say to all other manufacturers, you must for the purposes, of thlR selling below cost paragraph and not for any other purpose--but let me say this, parenthetically, that this selling below, cost paragraph has nothing to do with the regular cost figuring in your business. Somebody asked me one day if he would have to figure his inventory all over again on this basis. It has nothing to do with inventory :or regular cost fig ures, or anything else. The only place where the selling 'below cost paragraph enters , into the picture Is this: If any manufacturer la figuring on a very sub stantial volume of business, maybe supply ing the United States government or the state or some' large consumer, where he knows he has to. get .down awful-close on it, before he makes that very close price he will say,-wait a moment, I had better check up with the paragraph on selling1, below cost to see If in making, the price of 87% cents a gallon that I am figuring on making, 1 am not selling below the cost as arrived at by using this formula. Now, to go back to where we were, we have arrived at the fact that 70 percent is the average production.as compared to the capacity of these plants that are used for a basis. Then we through our admin istration, with the approval of the admin istration in Washington, would say to all paint manufacturers, now for the purposes of this paragraph, figuring costs.' to this formula, you must distribute your over head on the different products you manu facture as though you were running your plant 70 percent of capacity, even though, you might be running it only 60 percent of capacity. For Instance, you take the fig ures that I used. Suppose some plant had a 100,000 gallon capacity and had an average of 70,000 gallons production over a five-year period, but in 1033 might have turned out only 50,000 gallons. If that plant had an overhead of 510,000, they would have to load that 510,000 ratable In the ordinary cost figuring as those do It who use their immediate past experience --they would have to load that on 60,000 gallons of material or they would have to put 20 cents a gallon on each gallon if it wag all the same kind of material that they were making. As materials differ, of course, the load might be distributed a little differently, However, for the purpose of this clause, the manufacturer couldn't do that. Even though he had only a 50,000 gallon pro duction In 1933, ho would still have to figure as though he had a 70,000' gallon production and he would have to divide up that expense at the rate of a 70,000 gallon production, or about 14 cents a gallon rather than 20 cents a gallon. That is what that paragraph means. I don't know whether tE have been able to state It clearly or not Transportation Costs J, C. Corcoran: I should like to inquire If the inclusion of transportation costs, f.o.b, destination, might preclude the pos sibility of the; national distribution of your product. It is sometimes necessary in order to have national distribution, to get that product to the dealer at a cost that will enable him to make some profit, and as a national advertiser, it is your thought to have your product purchas able at all points throughout the country. I am just thinking that there .is a pos sibility at some point where freight rates are very high, `that in order to have na tional distribution, the Inclusion of trans portation costs- f.o.b. destination, might not enable thei manufacturer to do that If he Is prohibited from selling below cost.: i Chairman Trigg; Bet me see if 1 under stand your -question. You are from the Alabastlne Company* You say that you are1-referring to the section of article XXU which says that to the other cost elements must he added the freight, if any, to destination, and then because of the Inclusion of freight In the cost, it might well be-that on some products it would mean that the cost would be higher than the' seliihjg price to the dealer. Is that correct? Mr* Corcoran.: The selling price to the trade, enabling the dealer to make some little' profit on: his turnover. Chairman Trigg: Well, if It hadn't oc curred to us that this paragraph would anywhere have: any effect on the dealer business, I mean the sales from the manufacturer to the dealer, because the margin of profit between the cost and the selling price on dealer business Is usually sufficient to take care of any Item such as you have spoken about. Our experience has ..been that it isn't always the selling price to the dealer that is so bad, as the things that you have to do for the dealer, the advertising you have to supply, and- other expenses that' you are put to, that pulls your profits down. Of course, this thing only deals with the selling price as eompaerd with cost. It hag nothing to do with advertising or any thing else. Now, you present a proposition, if I get it correctly, in which you raise the question that it might be that such a thing would happen. Of course, that is a pretty difficult thing for somebody to answer, because I would have to just wander around in a field of imagination, as you did inj making the suggestions, unless you dor.have some specific infor mation on it that would be the basis of giving that point consideration. .1. would likei to suggest If you haven't got it, that you make it your business to check up on that thing, and we would ap preciate your; communicating with ug Ten-Percent Paragraph Out We had in our original code, you may remember, after saying all the things that must go in, we would add 10 percent to about it, if you will, if you find there is any necessity for doing so, because then it can be referred to the paint Industry recovery board and considered In due course by them* cover a portion of the general administra tive and overhead expense outside of fac tory. The administration wouldn't stand for a flat 10 percent figure. That had to come out, but In place of that we have this clause in here which doesn't mean anything yet, but which will t "There shall also be included In the cost a proportion of the general and administrative ex Mr. Corcoran: I bring up the question, Mr. Trigg, because this code, unlike some others we have had to deal with, does not provide for meeting an established delivered price]on your product, in which event it might be necessary to absorb a part of the freight According to this code, ft might ;be Impossible for a manu facturer to place his product at some far penses, such proportion to be determined distant point and thereby reap the bene and to be recommended by the paint in dustry recovery board to the administra tor for.approval " . There will be some kind of a basis fit of national: advertising, without that manufacturer possibly selling below cost. Returned Materia) worked out for adding something to the F. C. Atwood: Some manufacturers cost, the factory, cost, to give, us back a have been faced occasionally with the part of our general overhead expenses. situation of having material come back, What that will be nobody knows. They and they have! been In the habit of un suggested In Washington when we dis loading that material probably at below cussed it, that we might aay all of the cost* They are wondering what they will general and administrative expenses after do in the future. factory, excepting 'executive salaries and Chairman Trigg: There isn't any an selling expense, including advertising. I swer. to it except that you will have to said that I didn't know what would be abide by the bode. I suggest that that left, that that is a pretty big part of it. be another one of the matters that your Further than that, we have all kinds and very efficient production group get busy shadea of schemes of doing things. There on and see what you are going to do are manufacturers who don't pay them about it. i selves any salaries. They had a small business and they just take a little out . when they want It, and what profit they Code of have at the end of the year, they pay themselves something out of that, and that Fair Competition is the way !t goes. Then, of course, we have the other type of concerns who just The code of fair competition, ap pay straight salaries to their executives proved for thfe paint, varnish, and lac and to their salesmen and everybody else, quer industry under the national indus so it would be awfully difficult to deter mine just what the elements,. If you are going to describe them as elements, are that are to go into this coda So that has been left op6n for. further considera trial recovery act and adopted as a part of the by-laws of the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, is as follows:-- : tion. ' X would like to call your, attention to ; Article I this fact, gentlemen: You will remember the very excellent report made by Mr, : Purpose Atwood of the Federation:of Production For the purpose of effectuating the Clubs yesterday morning, and the refer policy.of title IIof the act of June 16, 1933, ence made by htin to the fact that those known as the National Industrial recovery men in the production clubs were a part act, the following provisions are estab of our manufacturing organization and lished as a code of fair competition for were anxious; to serve-and be helpful the paint, varnish, and lacquer manufac every way they can. We have given them turing industry. 18 November 16, 1933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER Article II * Definitions The term, "the industry," means aU persons' in the continental United States engaged in the manufacture of paint, kalaomine and water paint, varnish (in cluding shellac varnish) lacquer, and kin dred products, including -putty, semi finished base materials for lacquers, thinners, and diluents (when such semi finished base materials are sold or of fered for sale in competition with the finished products of this industry), liquid and plastic roof coatings arid roof ce ments, and artists' colors; and/or such branches or subdivisions thereof as may from time to time be included under the provisions o this code, provided that Lf any member of the industry also manu factures products of any other Industry, the provisions of this code shall apply only to that part of his business which is included In this code. The term, "ex port trade," means any business trans acted with any purchaser for shipment of products of the industry outside of the continental United States. The term, "employee,'' as used herein Includes any person engaged in any phase of the industry in any capacity In the nature of employee irrespective of the method of payment of his compensation. The term, "employer," as used herein includes anyone for whose benefit such an employee is so engaged. The term, "member of the industry," includes any manufacturer who shall be subject to this code. The term, "member of the code/' includes any member of the industry who shall expressly, signify assent to this code. The term, "association/' herein means the American Paint and Varnish Manu facturers' Association, Inc., and the Na tional Paint Oil and Varnish Association, Inc., or their successor or successors. The term, "association headquarters/' means the office. maintained jointly by the associations at 2201 New York avenue, NW., Washington, D. C. The term, "trade sales," as used herein means all sales to jobbers, dealers, painters, automotive refinishing shops, and sales made directly to the consumer, with the exception of such sales as are hereinafter defined as "industrial sales." The term, "industrial sales/' as used herein means all sales to the following classes of buyers, coverrug products of the Industry used by such buyers on their products or for the finish ing of their equipment and for the paint ing, upkeep, and maintenance of their plants, equipment, tenements, and for any with the exception of (I) supervisory staff' (including foremen), (2) maintenance workers, engineers, and firemen, which excepted employees may not work in ex cess of the maximum hours stated above except by payment of one and one third rate for overtime if such employees are compensated on an hourly basis. Each week during any twenty-six-week period shall be considered as a complete unit of employment for the purpose of paying for overtime to excepted employees. If an excepted employee on an hourly basis works more than forty hours and not more than forty-five hours in any one week, the employer shall compensate him at the end of said week for the hours worked in excess of forty hours at the extra rate or shall declare to the employee that such week will be considered as one of the 6 weeks In which a maximum of forty-five hours Is permitted. This does not, however, mean that an excepted em ployee, when necessary, may not work more than forty-five hours at the extra compensation. If such excepted employ ees are paid by the -week, month, or on a yearly basis and enjoy vacation periods, sick leaves, and other benefits granted to salaried workers they shall not be paid an additional amount for any reasonable overtime work. (c) The maximum hours fixed In the foregoing paragraphs (a) and (b) shall not apply to watchmen, Janitors, or other caretakers; nor to employees In a man agerial, executive, or other capacity-who receive 335 per week or-moro; provided that with respect to the exceptions In this .paragraph and In paragraphs (a) and. (b) of this article there shall be no evasion of this code by reclassification of the function of workers. A worker shall not be Included in any one of the above exceptions unless the identical functions which he performs, were Iden tically classified on June 16, 1933. (d) The provisions for maximum hours set forth fa paragraph* la) and (b) of this article establish a maximum number of hours of labor per twenty-six-week pe riod for each employee so that under no circumstances shall any employee know ingly be employed or permitted to work for one or more employers in the industry In the aggregate fa excess of the pre scribed number of hours. ' 1 (e) Employers. In the industry^ subject' to the exception ,provided in paragraph (h) of this article, shall not pay any of the classes of employees covered by para graph (a) less than ?15 per week in any city of over 500,000 population, or quirements,'-regulating the age of em ployees, wages, hours of work, or general working conditions, than under this code. Article IX Reports The Paint Industry Recovery Board, through association headquarters, shall collect and provide all reports required by the Administrator under the national industrial recovery act. Every member of the industry shall furnish such reports as are required pursuant to such require ments. In addition to Information required to be submitted through the Paint Industry Recovery Board, there shall be furnished to government agencies such statistical information as the Administrator may deem necessary for the purpose recited in section 3 (a) of the national industrial recovery act. Article X Administration ' After this code shall have been ap proved by the President of the United States, It shall be administered through the association by a board to be imme diately created and to be known as the "Paint Industry Recovery Board." This board shall be composed of the following members; Not more than three members without voting power to be appointed by the President, the eight members of the present general code committee, twenty members, representing commodity groups, twenty members repre senting communities. The members of the board represent ing commodity groups shall be elected as follows; Five members' to he elected by paint manufacturers, five members to be elected by varnish manufacturers, five members to be elected by lacquer manu facturers, five members to be elected by kalsomine and water-paint manufacturers. Provided that each of these groups shall contain two members from the East ern States, one member from the States fn or west of the Rocky Mountains and two members from the remaining States. Nominations for election to the board for said commodity groups shall be made by .members of the- industry at large, -re gardless of membership In any associa tion, and the nominations so made shall be submitted to a mail vote of all mem bers of the industry throughout the United States and those receiving the out of the association funds when attend ing board meetings, but actual expenses of members of the board when engaged in the business of the board, other than attendance at board meetings, may be paid out of such funds provided prior authority for such expenditure or expendi tures has been given by the board. Article XI Amendments Such of the .provisions of this code as are not required to be Included therein by the national Industrial recovery act of June 16, 1933, may, with the approval of the president, be modified or eliminated as changes and circumstances or experi ence may indicate. It is contemplated that from time to time supplementary provisions to this code will be submitted for the approval of the President to pre vent unfair competition in price and other unfair and destructive competitive prac tices and to effectuate the other purposes and policies of title I of the national Industrial recovery aet, consistent with the provisions hereof. Members of the industry or a local >palnt manufacturers association, If any such exists, shall sub mit desired amendments of this cod to the Paint Industry Recovery Board through association headquarters. By agreement of a majority of the board, an amendment, so received or one ini tiated by the board itself, shall be referred to the Industry fa the following manner: those members of the board who represent the commodity groups shall submit the proposed amendment to their respective groups, lf in their opinion it is germane to the interests of such groups; those members of the board who repersent manufacturers from the several cities shall call meetings of the manufacturers in their communities. The several board members shall then submit Individual re ports to association headquarters, which shall collate them and submit a full re port to the board. Thereafter the board shall vote on submitting the amendment to the government and shall b o submit it if at least two thirds of the board vote to do so, provided that the proponent of any amendment shall have the right to submit such amendment direct to the Na tional Recovery Administration for Its consideration. By presenting this code the members of the industry do not thereby consent to any modifications thereof and reserve' the right to object individually or jointly to any such modifications. ither purpose. in the immediate trade area of such city; highest number of votes in each group Industrial plants of all kinds (such as Automobile manufacturers, implement nor less than ? 14,50 per 'week in any city of between 250,000 and 500,000 popula shall be declared to have been elected to represent the commodity groups. The Part II--Trade Practices manufacturers, furniture manufacturers. tion, or in the Immediate trade area of members of the board representing comsuch city; nor less than $14 per week in munitles shall be elected In the follow Article XII Transportation companies (including street railways, bus, and air transporta- ion companies) Car and locomotive builders any city or town of less than 250,000 population, or In the immediate trade area of such city or town; provided that employers in the industry may pay to ing manner: One each to be elected by the members of the industry doing business in the logical trading areas of the following cities, which manufacturers Misbranding, Mislabeling, and False Advertising Misbranding, mislabeling, and false, de public service companies Oil refiners and pipeline companies any class of employees covered by para graph (a) who perform the work of office shall be called together for the purpose of such election by the president of the ceptive, and misleading advertising are prohibited by this code, Packing houses Steel manufacturers and those who boys and office girls, not less than 30 per local paint club, or local paint manufac cent of the minimum wage designated by turers' association lf any such exists: Article XIII fabricate their own products. Bridge builders and bridges. this paragraph, provided that the number Atlanta-New Orleans, Baltimore, Boston, so excepted shall not exceed 5 percent Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland. Gifts to Employees of Another Coal or other mining operations of the total employees of the employer JDallas-Houston, Denver, Detroit, Kansas It shall be a violation of this code for Steamship lines, shipyards. Wharves, ^nd docks and provided, further, that each employer City, Los Angeles, Louisville, Minneapoltsmay have at least one such employee. St. Paul, New York, Philadelphia, Pltts- any person engaged fa the industry, to offer or give--or to permit any repre All departments of any State, county, Population for the purposes of this code bugrh, Saint Louis, San Francisco, sentative of his to offer or give---any com-, municipal, or other political subdivisions, aut oniy for the following products: traf!ic paint; road -paint; products used on >rldges, trucks, and machinery; automo bile license tag coatings; or materials for inishing furniture, or any other products nanufactured in prisons or reformatories, ill other business from State, county, 'mmlcipal, and other political subdivi sions, such as products used On buildings, nstitutlons, etc,, to be classified as "trade shall be determined by reference to the 1930 Federal census. (f) Employers in the industry, subject to the exception provided in paragraph (h) of this article, shall not pay any em ployee of the classes covered by para graph (b>, or employees excepted therein, namely, supervisory staff (including fore men), maintenance workers, engineers, and firemen, less than 40 cents per hour to male employees, or less than 35 cents Seattle-Tacoma-Portland. No person shall be eligible for mem bership on this hoard who Is, not' directly engaged in the manufacture of products of the industry, except the members to be appointed by the President of the United States. Furthermore, no company or group of affiliated companies shall have more than one representative on this board, Vacancies which may occur in the board for any reason whatsoever mission, gratuity, or other thing of sub stantial value to employees of his cus tomers or prospective customers, except In the case of payments made with the consent of the employer for a definite ser vice rendered. Article XIV Manufacturing Restrictions It shall be a violation of this code for lales." All departments of the United States per hour to female employees. The fore going distinction In minimum rates be shall be filled by election in the same manner as hereinbefore provided. This any manufacturer to fail to abide by the manufacturing restrictions as set out in government, regardless of usage. . Article 111 Industry Law and Effective Date On and after the fifteenth calendar day tfter the President of the United States shall have approved this code,; the provilions hereof shall constitute: standards >f fair competition for the industry and :hall be automatically binding upon all nembers of the industry, except that all irtlcles of this code which are included In ?art 2 hereof shall not apply to export rade. Article IV Collective Bargaining In accordance with section ? (a) of the uct of June 16, 1933, known :as the naLonai industrial recovery act, it is agreed: 1) that employees shall have the right b organize and bargain collectively hrough representatives of their own ihoosing, and shall be free from intermce, restraint, or coercion of employers >f labor or their agents, in the designa tor! of such representatives or in self-irg&nization or in other concerted activiles for the purpose of collective bar gaining or other mutual aid or-protection; '2> that no employee and no one seeking employment shall be required as a condiion of employment to join any company mlon or to refrain from joining, organlsng, or assisting a labor organization of Us own choosing; and (3)" that em>loyers shall comply with the maximum lours of labor, minimum rates of pay, md other conditions of employment apjroved or prescribed by the President. Article V minimum Wage* and Maximum Hours (a) No employee engaged In account ing, clerical, office, or delivery service in tween male and female employees Is not a discrimination by reason, of sex but because of a difference in the work- done. Where female employees do the same kind and amount of work as male employees they shall receive the same wages. It la agreed that this paragraph establishes a guaranteed minimum rate of pay re gardless of whether the employee Is com pensated on the basis of a time rate or on a piecework performance. (g) The provisions of paragraphs (e) and (f) of this article Bhall not apply to any employee partially Incapacitated through age or otherwise,.who has served not less than 10 years in the continuous employment of the employer, provided that the number so excepted shall not exceed 5 percent of the total employees of the employer, and provided that each employer may have at least one such employee, and provided further that the minimum wage paid to such employee shall not be less than. 30 cents per hour. (h) Employers in the industry shall not .pay less than 90 percent of the mini mum wages provided in paragraphs <e) and (f) of this article, to employees In the Southern States. For the purpose of this article, the Southern states are defined as--Alabama, Arkansas, Flor ida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mis sissippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee,' Texas, Virginia, (i) No person under the age of six teen shall be employed in the industry. Article VI Presidential Authority As required by section 10 (b) of title I of the National' industrial recovery act, the following provision is contained In this code: The President may from time to time cancel or modify any order, ap proval, license, rule, or regulation Issued under title i thereof. board, subject to the approval of - the Administrator, shall elect .its own chair man, adopt its- own rules of procedure (not In conflict with any other provisions herein contained), appoint such commit tees as may to it seem necessary from time to time, and may delegate its author ity to such committees. A majority of the board shall have the power to recom mend to the Administrator for his ap proval the addition of representatives of other groups or communities to Its mem bership; provided that such additional members shall be elected In the same manner as above described. The staff, association headquarters, and other facilities of the association shall be employed In carrying out the work of the Paint Industry Recovery Board. Such funds as may be required for the work of this board shall be subject to appro priation by the budget and finance com mittee of the association. All members of the Industry or groups thereof who qualify as such under this code are eligible to membership in the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers' Asso ciation, Inc., or Its successor, without payment of initiation fee, which has been temporarily waived. If group member ship, such groups shall pay into the treasury of the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers' Association, Inc,, a total amount equal to the dues of each member of such group as if. each member were a direct member of the American Faint and Varnish Manufacturers' Asso ciation, Inc, If for any reason an eligible manufacturer does hot desire to join this association he may, nevertheless, receive all of Its benefits, including participation in this code, by paying a fee to its treas urer equal to the dues, provided that Bhould any member or this code desire not to become a member of the associa tion and desire not to pay to its treasurer a- sum equal to the dues, he shall never theless pay his (proportionate share of the amounts required to pay th cost of schedule A which is-attached hereto and made a part of this code, provided that this article shall not apply to expert trade and provided further that paragraphs' 2, 4, 5, and 6 of schedule A shall not apply to products commonly known as 5-, 10-, and 26-cent merchandise which is sold at retail to the consumer at not more than 25 cents per package. Article XV Exohange of Goods The practice of taking in exchange for one's own goods, industry products of an other manufacturer, distributor, or dealer, is unethical, unfair, and is hereby pro hibited. It shall be a violation of this code for any manufacturer in the industry to take or allow to be taken in exchange for his own products, any products of the industry, or to give or permit the giving of any advice or assistance in facilitating such exchange or replacement, or to make or permit to be mode any concessions, al lowances, or gifts of any kind to promote or facilitate such exchange. Every member of the industry is re quired to enter into a written agreement with his Jobbers and/or distributors whereby such Jobbers and/or distributors agree to retrain from the practice pro hibited by this article. It shall be a violation of this code for any member of the Industry to deal or continue to deal with any Jobber and/or distributor who shall have acted contrary to such agree ment, provided that no member of the in dustry shall be held responsible for such dealings as he may have engaged in prior to the time he has received notice of the breach of such agreement by a Jobber and/or distributor, and provided that no member of the industry shall be held responsible for such dealings after the Paint Industry Recovery Board has given approval for further dealings with a Jobber and/or distributor who may have my office or in any other place or manner, excepting employees in retail stores and Article VII assembly, analysis and publication of . violated such an agreement. The Paint necessary reports and data and of the Industry Recovery Board may require ixcepting outside salesmen, shall work ir he permitted to work in excess of orty hours per week for twenty weeks md forty-eight hours per week for six veeks in any twenty-six-week period, (b) No factory or mechanical worker -r artisan shall work or be permitted to vork more than forty hours in one week Monopolies No provision In this code Bhall be in terpreted or applied in such a manner as to: (1) Promote monopolies; (2)- per mit or encourage unfair competition; (3) eliminate, oppress, or discriminate against .small enterprises, maintenance of this administrative au thority and Its activities and the Paint Industry Recovery Board shall assess each such member oc the industry with his proportionate share based upon the value of sales or otherwise as the Paint Industry Recovery Board may prescribe, subject to the approval of the Adminis each member of the industry to file a copy of each agreement which he may make with a jobber and/or distributor. Article XVI Standard-Terms of Cash Discount On and. after the'(effective date the ior more than eight hours fa any onej ay; provided, however, that during any ' [ Article VIII trator. The Paint Industry Recovery- Board terms granted by -manufacturers, exclud ing export trade/ -shall not exceed:-- lx weeks of a twe-nty-six-week period the first period to begin on the effective State Laws shall have full responsibility for Its ex penditures within 'the limits of such ap Trade sales accounts, 2 percent for cash In ten days, net sixty days; Industrial ate of tins code) employees may work "Within each state, members of the in propriations as are made from time to sales accounts, 1 percent for cash In ten ot more than forty-five hours a week dustry shall comply with any laws of time; provided that'no traveling or other days, net thirty days; except that the or more than nine hours in any one day, such State Imposing more stringent re- expenses of board' members shall be paid discount to trade sales accounts may be OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November /tf, 1933 19 extended to the tenth day of the month (f) The sale of alcohol, turpentine, lin (b) No sizes less than gallon cans that it is only fair to the men in this following purchase and the discount to industrial sales accounts may be extended to the twentieth day of the month follow ing purchase to customers who regularly discount In the month following purchase, and provided that no discount shall be seed oil, or any other products not manu factured by the industry at prices less than the resale market price, Article XXt In shingle stain. 3. No hart-gallon cans in the follow ing products;--Aluminum paints, barn paints, roof paints, auto-top dressing, wagon and carriage paints and enamels, oil stains, spirit stains, and varnish, stains. room who heard this code described this afternoon to appreciate what that code represents in the way of effort, time, attention, and devotion to it, as was given to it by Mr, Trigg, allowed after the discount date. Discontinuance of Shades and Colors 4. No half-pint cans In first-grade I happen to have been on the code Article XVII Datings Except as specifically provided by this When It becomes necessary and advis able for any manufacturer to discontinue certain shades or colors In any tradesales line, he shall give bis dealer and/or Jobber customers who purchase such lines house paints. 6. No half-pint cans in first-grade flat paints. 6. No quarter-pint cans in all house paint and fiat paint. committee, and the members of the code committee, besides myself, did quite a lot of- work. But from the time that the . national recovery act was passed, right up to the present article, members of the industry shall not grant any datings on the sales of any in dustry products. (a) Spring Stock Orders.--Datings on orders to established dealer and/or Jobber accounts, excluding export trade, shall be limited to datings on spring stock orders shipped at the manufacturer's convenience after October 15, with an April 1 dating and regular terms; one order to an ac count, J (b) New Accounts.--The maximum dat ing on trade sales stock orders (initial stock order only) to new dealer and/or jobber accounts, excluding export trade, shall be limited to four months from the date of shipment and with standard terms, provided that orders shipped be tween October 15 and December 1 In any year may be with an April 1 dating and with regular terms. six months advance notice prior to dis continuing the manufacture of such shades or colors, providing that this article shall not apply to export trade. Article XXII Selling Below Cost Products of the industry shall not be sold at less than cost as herein definedj-- (1) The cost of lacquer thlnners in full tftnkcars or tankwagons containing not less than one thousand gallon quantity, when sold and delivered to one purchaser, shall be not less than the sum total of the' current market replacement price of each and every ingredient In the com pleted thinner. The cost of all other products shall In clude the following:-- 7. No oblong or square varnish cans in sizes smaller than one-half gallon for any product, excepting shellac varnishes, carriage and automotive finishes (clear and colors), lacquers, lacquer thinnera, liquid wax, liquid polish, varnish re mover, bronzing liquid, Japan and liquid driers, penetrating stains and spirit stains. 8. No shades or tints in excess of the following maximum numbers for each brand and/or color card:-- Interior floor paints and floor enamels.......... 10 House paints..................... E2 Flat wall paints .................................... 20 Enamels ............ 18 Porch paints .................................... ...................... * Roof ana barn paints ..................................4 Shingle stains ......................................................... 14 Wagon and carriage Paints or enamels.... 10 Oh stains .................................................................... j j j Varnish stains ............................. 6 time, `Mr. Trigg has devoted himself not only in time but In money, atten tion, personal : inconvenience to the development of . thfs code by traveling around the country. During that period, he practically neglected his own business, because he couldn't be: in two places at the same time and attend to two Jobs at once, i don't think that at any time In any trade association such unselfish sacrifice haa been made for the benefit of a whole organization, and I think the thing should be recorded and understood by the men in this room. I think it was because of the re markable Job that (Mr. Trigg did in this connection that the nominating (c) Roof Coatings and Cements,--A (2) The seller's total market replace Spirit and penetrating stains............................ H committee (and I was not one o l maximum dating of four months may be ` given on a carload of not less than 40.000 pounds of liquid and plastic roof coatings and/or roof cements, not Including other products, whenever the lowest published less-than-carload freight rate (by rail or water) is more than 50 cents per cwt, (d) Anticipated Discount.--It any dat ing shall be permitted under this article, an anticipated discount may be allowed to the extent of one-half of one percent . a month. ( Article XVIII | Guarantees (a) Price Guarantees. -- Guarantees 1 against price decline shall be prohibited I except In the case of an order on Which a dating has been allowed under article l XVII, when such a price guarantee may I be given for a time not to exceed the I dating period granted. 1 (b> Time Guarantees.--Definite time guarantees on the life and/or service of I the products of the- industry are hereby i prohibited. I Article XIX ment cost of raw materials {based on cost furnished monthly, or oftener If necessary, by authority of.the Paint In dustry Recovery Board through associa tion headquarters, subject to approval by the Administrator) : and if any raw ma terials are used (such as varnishes, japans, driers, etc., purchased in finished form by the seller) for which costs are not furnished monthly or ofteneit as herein provided, the cost used for such Item or Items shall be the seller's total current delivered replacement cost. (3) Containers and/or packages. (4) Cost of Processing.---To include all direct costs (such as power and labor), depreciation figured In accordance with provisions of the Federal income tax laws, plus a proper proportion of all in direct factory expenses (excepting Inter est on Investment), in accordance with the share each product should bear, pro vided that the distribution of indirect factory expense per unit of production shall be on the basis of the average rate of utilization of plant facilities of profit making producers during the years 1928 to 1932 inclusive, and provided that such average rate shall not include any plants (All the foregoing exclusive of black and white) Oil colors ................................................................... (Including bJaok, but counting the several shades of a single color as one color.) . 32 8. (a) The maximum number of grades for the following products shall be Architectural and marine varnishes............. (Interior and exterior) Other varnishes .............................. . (Including all not previously specified, such as Japan driers, asphultum, etc.) 10 S 9. No oil colors In other than liquid measure or in other than three sizes, namely, gallons, quarts, and half-pints, with the exception -of tubes, and except ing also glass jars when sold as a part of a sales unit with white base paint to be tinted with such colors in oil In glass jars to standard colors, which sales unit has been especially developed for this purpose by the manufacturer. Manufacturing Restrictions for Kalaomine and Water Paints.---10. No shades or tints in excess of the following num bers for each color card:-- KalBomlne (hot water)........................................ 20 Kaisomine (cold water)..,................................ 20 . Water paint, interior non-waehable. .White only them) must have insisted on drafting him to the Job for which he has been nominated, President of this associa tion. It must have taken a good deal of thought. It . must have been a hard decision for Mr. Trigg to have made, to sever his connection with the paint business in an active way, to get out of the paint business in order to lead this association. I think that a good many of us m6n would have hesitated to make the decision that he did, I think that all of us should appreciate how fortunate we have been to be able to get the benefit of' his leadership continuing on through the association after we know:what he has been able to do In this code work. It would have been a revelation to any of you men to have participated In those meetings in Washington, and to have seen the grasp of the entire situation which he had, and the leader ship which he . gave those of us who were doing our feeble, level best to help him to get the code through, | Consignment not In operation. ! j I ; The practice of supplyig accounts on consignment and/or trust certificate agreements, except as hereinafter pro- . vided, is prohibited. This also includes consignments which are sometimes made (5) There shall also be Included In the rest a proportion of the general and ad ministrative expenses, such proportion to be determined and to be recommended by the Paint Industry Recovery Board to the Administrator for approval. under so-called "warehouse agreements" ; but does not prohibit manufacturers from (6) Transportation charges when goods carrying a stock of their goods in a pub- are sold f.o.b. destination. Exterior water-mixed paints washable paste and powder form............................... 20 Interior water-mixed palnta washable paste and powder form.................... 0 Fresco or positive, art or deep colors..... 20 PlaatJc paints ....................................................... g Cement and/or lime water mixed paint.... 18 31. Kalsomine (hot or cold) in the fol lowing sizes only r--Barrels weighing not less than 300 pounds net, except for the (The audience arose and applauded.) Mr, Peter's Commendation E, y. .Peters: I should like to be one of the seconders of the motion which Mr. Howard has just placed before the convention. I want to add a few things to thosB lie or private warehouse at their own ex In the case of any complaint by an ; pense In any section of the United States, Interested party that a manufacturer is provided that such stocks must not be violating the above cost provisions the warehoused with or for the account of any burden of proof of compliance shall rest person, firm, or corporation dealing in upon the accused manufacturer. If the or handling (as a merchant) or using (as code authority or the Administrator Is a painter) products of the industry not satisfied by the proof furnished by Every manufacturer who has any such the defendant manufacturer the matter consignment stocks In the hands of buy- Is to be referred to the Federal Trade l ers on the effective date of this code may Commission who shall audit the cost ac ! continue the same but he shall file a de- counting of the defendant and review his > tailed list of such accounts within sixty allocation of burden; and the report of ' days of the effective date of this code with that commission shall be final regarding association headquarters and/or the office the costs of the defendant manufacturer. of a local paint manufacturers' associa tion, If any such exist, where reference may be made to it at any reasonable time Article XXIII ; by interested parties. Until such time as Competitive Relations i 1 , an account as listed above la discontinued, Buch accounts may be similarly supplied by any manufacturer in the industry, The Paint Industry Recovery Board shall, subject to the approval of the Admlnlatrator, develop such plans as Will ef fectuate the ultimate elimination of conslgnments from the industry. This article (a) Inducing Breach of Contract.--No manufacturer either directly or Indirectly, or through his salesmen, representatives, or agents, shall encourage any purchaser of the products of the industry to disre gard or fall to live up to his commitment to another member of the Industry. f shall not apply to export trade. (b) Disparagement of Competitors.-- The use of or participation in the pub Article XX lishing or the disseminating of any false statement, representation or insinuation Free Deala which disparages the business of a com petitor or attacks the reputation, goods, Except as otherwise provided herein, prices, credit, service, or advertising of free deals In or connected with industry any competitor or of any other Industry, products are prohibited. "Free deals" for is an unfair and uneconomic practice and the purpose of this code means all forms is prohibited. of marketing devices, including the gift or loan of spraying or other valuable equipment, whether the full cost thereof or only a part of said cost Is borne by the manufacturer, whereby the said man ufacturer furnishes goods of any kind other than such of his own products as have been contracted for on his usual terms:---Provided that the term, "Free Deals/' shall not apply to the furnishing of advertising accessories of small value, such as the usual circulars, color cards, (c) Enticing Employees,--Members of the industry shall recognize the right, of employees to use all honorable and rea sonable efforts to better their conditions, but shall refrain from directly or in directly soliciting or bidding for the ser vices of the employee of another member. Only when such an employee takes the initiative shall a member of the industry have the right to negotiate with him about prospective employment. window displays, display racks, and posters which accompany paint and Article XXIV Pacific Coast, where the 280-pound bar rel is authorized; kega containing 100 pounds net weight; 25-pound net weight packages; 6-pound net weight containers. (Existing contracts covering kalsomlne in containers differing in weight content from standards covered herein shall be completed prior to December 31, 1933, pro vided that should a purchaser, now under contract with a manufacturer extending beyond that date, decline to accept a re adjustment of his contract to bring the packages into line with these provisions, the manufacturer party to the contract shall refer the matter to the Faint Indus try Recovery Board prior to December 31, 1933, for such amicable adjustments as the Board may be able to work out with the parties at interest.) . 12. Interior cold water paint, powder form, nonwashable. Barrels weighing not less than 360 pounds net 25 and 100- pound containers, 6-pound net weight con tainers ; to be made in white only. 13. Plastic or texture paints (dry), in the following sizes only:--5, 10, 25, 50, and 100-pound net weight containers and not less than 300-pound net weight barrels. Paste form in same size containers as first-grade flat paints. 14. Patching plaster to be sold in sizes as now marketed. 16. Interior and exterior water-mixed paints, washable, in the following sizes only:-- (a) Dry powder form,--5-pound, 25- pound, and lOQ-pound containers, barrels of 300 pounds net, or more. (b) Paste form.--1 quart, 1 and 5 gal lon cans and 30 gallons drums. 16. Cement and/or lime bound water mixed paints in the following sizes only:-- 6 and 10-pound containers, 5 0 and 100pound containers, barrels of 300 pounds net, or more. 17. Fresco colors (positive, deep, or art colors) to be packed in the following sizes only (a) Powder form,--1-pound cartons or which Mr. Sulzberger has just given you, which I am able to do from a slightly detached angle, and as indus trial adviser to the administration In. the consideration of this code. You had a little sample this after noon (Mr. Trigg's presentation of the code to you) of the discussion which the consideration of such a document can bring about, and this discussion has all been within the industry. But if you will transplant such a proceed ing as we have had this afternoon to Washington, where the questions and the thoughts which are interjected into this thing come;from different sources; not from the industry, but from various boards, who have a great many Ideas, and Mr. Trigg has been the man who has had to stand up and answer ques tions, make explanations. He was the master salesman of the industry in presenting this code to the government. I think, had it not been for his con stant patience, under conditions that were exceedingly trying, the code never would have been today on the Presi dent's desk In the White House. It is only a month since the public hearing. Not only Mr. Trigg; but the entire membership of your code committee, in presenting your code to the govern ment, made as` favorable an impres sion upon the national recovery ad ministration as the committee of any other industry, I know, Mr. Trigg, and the other members of your committee, from my talks with General Williams and the other officials of the NRA, that your committee has left an exceedingly favorable impression with them. I am going to steal Mr. Monypenny's varnish products as a description thereof, nor shall it apply to novelties of small value such as caps, yardsticks, paddles, etc. Furthermore, the term, 'TPree Deals, shall not be construed to Include any ad vertising allowance which is made for ft definite service rendered and for which there Je a proper accounting that Is audit able as a direct charge for co-operative advertising. .^ Illustrative of the practices which are prohibited are included the following ' (a) Premiums (gifts of unrelated mer- chandlse) such as blankets, articles of Returned Goods No member of the industry shall ac cept the return of merchandise from any customer without having given prior con sent to the return thereof. On such goods as are accepted for return a rea sonable charge shall be made and the freight charges must be charged to the shipper returning the merchandise, ex cept In the case of defective products or where In some other way the manufac turer may be responsible, , Schedule A cans, 25 and 100-pound containers, barrels of 300 pounds net or more. (b) Paste form.---To be packed In % pint, quart, and 1 gallon, cans only. 18. Dry sizes, water-mixed. To be packed In the following sizes only:^-ipound cartons, 100-pound containers, and 300-pound net barrels, or more. * Means material commonly known and described by this term. Tribute to Mr. Trigg H. M. Howard; If it is In order at thunder for a minute. He was telling me about a company in England, an armament manufacturer, who visited this country, and Mr. Monypenny said to him, "Do you have many problems In your business in England?" "Well," he said, "we only have two." Mr. Monypenny said, "What are they?" "Well/' he said, "one of our prob lems is to produce an armor plate that no projectile can penetrate; and the other problem *is to produce a pro furniture, etc. (b) `Prizes and awards. This does not refer to prizes and awards given within a manufacturer's own organization. Manufacturing Restrictions. -- Industry products, excepting those for export trade, shall not be manufactured for the pur pose of marketing them as trade sales this time, I think we should take some recognition of the men who have given their time to this work. They have done our job without compensa jectile that will penetrate any armor plate." This committee has appeared In Washington. Sessions have begun (I (o) Free goods (extra amounts of one's goods In containers of sizes and types tion, on their own. time, with a great don't mean the public hearing but own products). rohibited by this rule, nor shall they deal of worry, and a lot of questions subsequent sessions) at ten in the (d) Merchandising practices of the type commonly known as "One-cent gales/* (e) Free samples. But the term, ge produced in tints or shades to a greater number than atlowed by this rule, subject to article XXI hereof, provided that paragraphs 2, 4, 5, and 6 hereof shall not apply to products commonly from us that might have appeared as though we put them in the position where they were the ones that were responsible for not doing what we "Free Deals/' does not apply to samples given for test purposes: neither does it known as 5-, 10-. and 25-cent merchan dise which is sold to the consumer at wanted. I think their help and their attitude of trying to help us has been apply to trade-sale samples given for t demonstration purposes, provided, that no size larger than 5 pound samples of not more than 25 cents per package. 1. (a) No two-pound cans In ftny line, splendid, and I propose a vote of thanks to Mr. Trigg and the rest of morning, and adjourned at one and two o'clock the following morning. During all that time the chairman of your code committee, through the exercise of almost unbelievable pati ence and powers of persuasion has ad vanced this industry, has imposed laws of this industry .until today I believe it water-paint goods In dry form or 1/82 gallons of other industry products shall be so used and that such samples are plainly labeled "Samples." except floor wax. . (b) No three-pound cans in any line, 2. (a) No sizes leas than quarter-gal lon in barn and roof paint. ' his committee at this time. (Mr. Kurfees assumed the chair.) F, L, Sulzberger: It seems to me merely awaits the signature of the President to become the laws of your industry. OIL. PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1.933 21 As I said before, had it not been for the great leadership which you have had, I think you would have been some months in having attained a final an swer, and then one not nearly as favor able to your future business as you have now. I am glad to second Mr. Howard's motion- Mr. Matlack: As a small manufac turer, I wish to add to what- Mr. Peters has said, that Mr. Trigg- has fought for us as small manufacturers, has looked out for our interests and has given himself as much to us as he has to his own companies and to where he be longs. He has linselfishly gone against, time and time again, questions that Would undoubtedly have benefited the large companies more than the small, to hold up for companies- such as ours, and smaller- 1 can only say in addition, that liv ing in the same town, being very closely with Mr. Trigg, that all that has been said today doesn't - half ex press the time and the Interest which he has given for the code, to put it through in the shape that it is, and the care that he has taken that no one shall suffer under this code. Mr, Kurfees; I am quite sure that f haven't put a question during this session, or during this convention that gives me more pleasure than to. ask for a vote on this motion and the second that -has been made to it. Most assuredly we are indebted to Mr. Trigg for what he has done, and I am quite sure that it is a pleasure to every mem ber of this audience to give him a ris ing vote of thanks for the splendid work that he has done for all of us. I will ask you to please rise, (The audience arose and applauded.) Mr. Kurfees: . Mr. Matlack has a few remarks before we adjourn. Large Registration Mr, Matlack: I thought you would probably be Interested to know the wonderful attendance that we have at this convention. -There are over 467 names registered at the desk outside, from registration. We have over 600 at the main desk in the hall, The regis trations outside do not take care of the ladies, They do take care of the Chicago members who are In attend ance- But the desk outside has very few Chicago people. I wish to take the opportunity of thanking you who have come so far, and also to realize the kind of meet ings that, we are going to have tomor row, and be sure to attend wherever possible.' Mr. Kurfees: If there Is no further business I will just announce that our meeting begins tomorrow morning promptly at nine-thirty. (The meeting adjourned at 4:56 p.m.) Wednesday, November 1 Concluding Session, Wednesday Afternoon At a brief business session Wednes day afternoon,, November 1,- the officers and members of the executive commit tee who had been nominated the day before were formally elected and in stalled. H.M. Howard, in formally second ing the nomination of Mr. Trigg for the presidency, spoke of the confidence which all of the small manufacturers of the country had in the code of fair competition and in the man who was chairman of the committee that drafted it. Mr. Trigg, In a- brief speech of ac ceptance and appreciation, called on the individuals who formed, the asso ciation to give them their full co-op eration. He would proceed, he declared, in accordance^ with the mandate given him by the ballot and he would expect any man who was under any misap prehension concerning the conduct of the association, or any one who had definite complaint or criticism, to come directly to him for clarification or ex planation. . A number of formal resolutions were put through 1 carrying over . honorary members of .the old associations to similar status-'In the new, and then the meeting was adjourned. The Two Division Sales Conferences In planning for the set-up of the new National Paint, Varnish and Lac quer Association, the amalgamation committee endeavored to catalog the deficiencies of the old organizations and to remedy them where possible. Strong feeling was revealed that neither association, either in its head quarters facilities or in its convention activities, provided means -for full and free discussion of Industrial sales and trade sales problems. , Accordingly, the new constitution provides lor two spe cial committees to deal -with these sub jects, The committees are-to be com posed of specialists in all parts of the country, with an active expert at the head of- each and secretaries In the Washington headquarters devoting their time to the committees' affairs. To launch this new and, In the opinion of all, highly important under ' taking, a special place on the program was assigned for an industrial sales conference Wednesday forenoon, No vember 1, while a trade sales confer ence was scheduled for the same day in the afternoon. Each conference consisted of pre sentation of prepared papers and a confidential exchange of frank opinion by those in attendance- Industrial Sales Conference Wednesday Forenoon, November I The industrial sales conference, sponsored by the two old associations, was under the chairmanship of Joseph R. Esposito, president of *Ault & Wi- borg, .who first called on Ernest T. Trigg, later in the day to be elected president of the National Paint, Var nish and Lacquer Association. Mr. Trigg spoke briefly on the importance of the exchange of such information as would be obtained through such conferences and through functioning of the national industrial sales com mittee. Charles J- Rob explained how this committee would operate, and the meeting was then given over to pre sentation of the following addresses: New Era in Industrial Sales First on the program was a paper under this title by Mr. Esposito, who reviewed the evils which he felt con stituted a menace to the industrial finishing field:-- You have heard Mr, Trigg and what he has said to you gentlemen. Is all true, I want to add that I seem to have talked myself (rather unconsciously), Into this job of chairman and In consequence. X have the rare privilege of addressing you today on this all-important subject, ao ably introduced by Mr. Trigg, and on which I shall attempt, in my own way, to dwell more In detail. Instead of delivering my message in an extemporaneous manner, I have pre pared a paper to save time and enable all of those present, to grasp the import ance and necessity for the formation of the industrial finishes group of the Na tional Paint, Varnish and Lacquer As sociation. . With all the organizing and counter organizing that has been going on in the last few months, it seems that every In- * duatry and branch of industry, has its own particular association. In the pro tective coating manufacturing field, we have several brand new groups, some local In character and others based on th-e type of product. However, there is one underlying classification which has not hitherto been definitely recognized but which, if made the basis of a compre hensive grouping of the whole industry, should make many of the smaller . sub divisions unnecessary, This would be a separation based not on type of product, but on the class of trade to which it is sold and the methods of carrying on busi ness, i. e., on the one hand, trade sales, involving house paints, architectural or shelf goods, etc., and on the other. Indus trial sales where goods are made to meet requirements of manufacturing consum ers. Trade sales Involve standardised for mula made in quantity, but packed in relatively small containers and distributed through wholesale and retail organiza tions with abundant and expensive ad vertising, Industrial sales are of varied types of materials usually made in smaller quantities, but sold direct to the user in larger containers and with relatively mod est advertising outlays- The number of manufacturers in this latter group, is small when compared with the so-called paint makers and with the introduction of the numerous modern synthetic ma terials, their interests and problems have become more and more unified. The old distinction between pyroxylin lacquers only and those of varnishes and enamels only, has already almost entirely disap peared.--they all go (to at least some ex tent), outside of what they once zeal ously guarded as their own field. Divisions of Interest 'When the paint and varnish manufac turers associations were organized, there were but comparatively few concerns in the strictly Industrial line. Lacquer was a distinct field; varnishes and enamels, another, etc. The associations were built around the trade sales Idea and regardless of the steady growth of users of Indus trial finishes, only scant attention was paid to the requirements of this class of trade by the associations to the present day. The membership of the association is composed of a large number of varnish and enamel manufacturers who also make lacquer, but few, if any, out-and-out lacquer people--a. situation which is not at all surprising in spite of the efforts of the association to bring these stray iambs into the fold where they felt they would be an unhappy minority. Several of the men In the upper councils of the associa tions have of late become convinced that the creation within Its affiliations of two distinct groups)--one for industrial finishes manufacturers and one for trade salesh-- will give the former the standing and the voice in decisions to which they are en titled. They must have the new quasigovernmental atatus that the association is required to assume. The bringing of all the various sub groups of specialty makers into one large vigorous battalion, will make for strength and simplicity and will enable it to gain advantages for its members which would toe impossible to numerous smaller bands. Under the NRA code, the formation of this new body will eliminate the .possibil ity of certain establishments In which different types of industrial products are turned out, having to conform to con flicting regulations set in accordance with the demands of these various smaller groups, At the association meetings held .here during the past few days, this plan has been discussed and now calls for action. It Is hoped that whatever minor obstacles may be found to stand in the way of taking such a step, will be easily overcome. Neglect of Industrials Quite severely and unsparingly, have I criticized the officers of the associations for their seeming negligence of industrial finishes manufacturers. Meeting upon meeting which I have attended the past quarter of a century, whether Chicago, Atlantic City, or Squeedunk, was con fined to trade sales, paints, putty, kalsomine, brushes, the size of a container, simplification of color, unfair competition, clean-up and paint-up campaign, but hardly a word of note was spoken of the vital problems of the industrial sales as such. In the forty years or more of the existence of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, I again repeat that little or no thought or consideration, has been given to manufacturers of industrial products--thrown and left in oblivion and there to remain until I gave birth to this Idea a few months ago. Because of my activities to bring about a separate industrial finishes group, you are assembled here today in the hope of welding together a strong and powerful lnterrorganizatlon of the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, capable of functioning for itself and by itself, managed and supported' by competent heads of industrial finishes manufacturers, whether they be in that field exclusively or part and parcel of a trade sales outfit, Let us now analyze the practical de bacle of industrial finishes business at the present day---Its oatiBes and whatnots. I stepped Into this game some twenty-six years ago, an unknown and, mediocre salesman, without knowledge of the vloiasltudes and ramifications . of the - manu facture of industrial finishes and their use or application. In those early days, a paint manufacturer was a paint manu facturer--he.dabbled not In the varnish and enamel fields, but came the day when the devil inspired him to enter this field; thus unmindful and practically ignorant of the problems and difficulties dally en countered in this high-specialized profes sion--extensive and expensive laboratory and research work Involved--to plan, create, service and invent a certain finish for a definite purpose--he went out into the world to conquer. The paint sales man sold varnishes and enamels at the price of cheap paint; from then on began the destruction of the once dignified, and profitable varnish business. What Happened to Lacquer We now come to the lacquer manufac turer who ran his own show for fifty years or more, but just as soon as auto motive lacquer enamels came into being, every paint manufacturer, every varnish manufacturer and innumerable chemical and solvent companies stepped Into the picture and down went the price of lacquers almost to the level of cheap paints and varnishes--the debauchery was complete. I might at this point, refer you to an interesting article by Paul Kennedy, in the convention issue of the American Paint Journal which I am go ing to ask the secretary to read later, for the benefit of those who have not read it. It has a distinct bearing on this sit uation. In sponsoring an industrial finishes in stitute or group as part of- the national association, I do not anticipate the neces sity of jumping hurdles--there will be none, If each and every individual and . concern in the field will stand with a united front and whole-heartedly support the principles and policies of this new body. The total consumption of paints, varnishes, enamels and lacquers in 1929, according to statistics of the Department of Commerce, was about $376,000,000.00, which figures are based on 1,063 estab lishments in the industry reporting to them, and composed of the following;-- Paint ....................................................... Varnish ................................................... Varnish stains............................... Lacquer........................... Lacquer thinners.................................. Enamels .......... $178,242,000 71,880,000 4,861,000 57,734,000 10,152,000 40,199,000 Total............. ....................................... All other products, including white lead, putty, linseed oil, etc., amounted to.................... $371,507,000 107,370,000 Total sates for 1920...................... $568,970,000 I estimate roughly that $160,000,000.00 (40 per cent) of the varnishes, varnish stains, lacquers, lacquer thinners, and enamels shown in the above table repre sent Industrial finishes sales. Not less than. 60 per cent of the manu facturers in our entire industry make, sell or offer for sale, industrial finishing prod ucts. Is not the amount involved large enough and the number of manufacturers sufficient to warrant a separate self-sup porting group or institution to police Its own field and maintain a policy all its own for the benefit and education of its mem bers? New York Organization History A meeting of a certain number of in dustrial products manufacturers was held at my New York office on Tuesday, Octo ber 3, over which I presided and which the following attended:--Clifford Armitage, John L. Armitage & Co.; C. R. Cook, Cook Paint & Varnish Co.; O, J. S. deBrun, Egyptian Lacquer Manufac turing Co.; A. C. Horn, A. C. Horn Co.; Mr. Moosman, E. It. duPontde Nemours & Co., Inc.; William Zlntl, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc.; Leon Richards, The Zapon Company; Mr. Robson, Standard Varnish "Works; C. J. Roh, Murphy Varnish Co.; Ernest T. Trigg, John Lucas & Co., Inc.; H. E. Wobster, Pratt & Lambert, Inc.; J. R. Esposito, chairman, Ault & Wiborg Corporation, and Robert K. Shannon, secretary. These gentlemen were Invited as my guests for the purpose of discussing this plan and obtaining the different points of view and acquiescence to the plan pro posed. All were In accord with It in ef fect and purpose, which was most gratifying. ' I am wholly unfamiliar with the prob lems of unfair competition in trade sales. I .am acquainted with a few of their un fair practices only by reading and bear ing about them, but I do know, from actual experience and contact, the evils existing in the industrial sales field. Aside from the commercial bribery rampant prior to 1917, which still con tinues (we hdpe to an appreciably lesser extent), we have other forms of unfair business dealings which to my mind, are almost as had. Monetary gratuities are Joseph R. Esposito Chairman on Industrial Sales not now recognized or permitted by reputable and responsible institutions; salesmen and agents commit such acta without the cognizance of their employer, though some, must know about it and obviously ignore It because It seems to fit in with their scheme of things. The worst of these, to my way of thinking, is the giving away rof equipment by the com panies themselves--not the agents or salesmen necessarily--donating without charge, or lending without fee, graining plates, spraying machines and other items--offering to withdraw competitor's enamel from a dipping tank and re plenishing same with fresh material of their own make with full allowance for the material withdrawn. I may also men tion, unreasonably long credit terms, 6 percent discount in which some concerns still indulge, guarantees of performance, payment of unjustified claims, rebates and finally to promote sales, the most out rageous forms of reciprocity that have ever been attempted in the history of our industry. -Still another bad practice is financing a prospect whether the money is needed or not by that customer in order to acquire hie business to the exclusion of a worthy and legitimate competitor, who may not be in a position to do any financing or if able to do so, has no de sire for a deal of that kind. Evils Can Se Corrected Admittedly, monetary gratuities may be difficult to control by even a most con scientious manufacturer, but I am con vinced that this practice, together with all of those- other practices mentioned, can be controlled and brought distinctly within the realm of correction of the man ufacturer if. he so desires. Prices at which the products have been sold during the past four years especially, and are still being sold and offered for sale, prove that the industry is in a convulsive state, born of unbusinesslike methods of sev eral manufacturers who -have Indulged in an unreasonable desire to get business without regard to the effect upon com petitors or without regard to cost. There la another very vital situation. 22 November /6, 1933 OIL, PAINT AND. DRUG REPORTER which should be cleared up by our indus try and that is, the indiscriminate dia- * tribution of cost information and formulae for the manufacture of varnishes, enamels and lacquers, which is being made by al most all raw material manufacturers, * This practice, as well as the offering of technical service to those other than legitimate manufacturers is infinitely detrimental to our industry. It has brought into use products manufactured without correct technical control and fre quently basically unsound. Most serious of all. is the fact that It puts the actual consumer in the varnish and lacquer busi ness. He .proud, if not drunk with suc cess in producing- his own finishing- ma terials, ventures Into the market. At once is born another competitor. I propose, therefore,., that this group register its objection and resentment of these practices In no uncertain terms to the raw material manufacturers and make a forceful attempt to discourage their present policies of selling or soliciting business from consumers. Refrain also* from disseminating information of any character concerning the art and science of the game which rightfully belongs to the recognized manufacturer. These are serious questions which we must discuss here today. All of these , evils which have Just been mentioned ate hot only practiced, but countenanced by a vast number of concerns In our indus try. I hope that many of you will voice your sentiments, freely and frankly. I think that we all stand on a common ground and in this message I have en deavored to cover only the high spots of the ugly picture. The case la now. in your hands for final disposition and In- closing I hope that all of you in the industrial finishes game, will join the group with a . whole heart and full co-Operation. If you gentlemen allow things to temaln as they are, and do nothing about R, there Is an Impending tragedy ahead which I hate . even to contemplate. Subscribe to this project, support the group, conform with ' the policies and regulations that will be laid out later, if not today, and you will , not only avoid this tragedy, but place , your' business on a sound and sensible basis. ' Profits in Industrial Sales shades there is also to be considered the fact of the impossibility of keeping the batch quantity within the exact require ments of the order, so that there is al ways a surplus which becomes useless the customer reorders within a short period of time. These surpluses must be sold as mill ends, resulting, generally, Jn a loss on the particular- order which pro duced the surplus. Toward remedying this difficulty--and I believe we all suffer alike in this re spect--we might consider the establish ment of standard colors and shades by each manufacturer, let us say a definite and agreed number of shades of each color. We could then agree upon a uni form surcharge to be applied to all orders under 50 or 100 gallons calling for a shade not among these standards. This surcharge would increase in opposite ratio to the number of gallons required, so that the smaller the quantity the greater would be the surcharge, It will be conceded that no matter how much we charge, the transaction taken by Itself must be unprofitable; but since it is necessary to preserve "good will" with those of our customers who buy other products there Is no way of eliminating these special batches, ' Such a policy as described, If adopted by all manufacturers, would result in quantity, and therefor cheaper produc tion of those colors which would be con sidered standard. It would encourage the customer, wherever possible, to adopt those shades, and it would educate him to understand the difficulties of the special match so that he will be sympathetic with our problem. It would be hard, to exag gerate the benefits that such rationaliza tion of production would bring to our industry, A Difficult Gmail Order Merely as a typical instance or illus tration of the kind of thing I refer to, I cite an experience of our own company;-- A manufacturer whose total account in 1928, which was his most prosperous year, amounted to $4,000, makes and sells bathroom accessories in an assortment of standard colors. His customers are largely the department stores. During the past few years these de partment stores have had stylists survey be formed is, I believe, highly desirable, Ws have much to gain from it--particu larly m arriving at a correlation between credit risk and profit. It cannot be denied that collection of accounts would be facilitated If the de linquent debtor knew that all manufac turers of industrial finishes were banded together for their mutual protection. As t he matter stands today, as soon as one manufacturer refuses to extend further credit, the business Is offered to another who cheerfully accepts it. In some cases,' complaints are known lo have been registered, provoktng counter claims asserting contingent liability; and since litigation, particularly that involv ing payments for damages, is costly, set tlement is made rather than risk suit In a foreign state before local and hostile juries. This describes another method, designed for the purpose of relieving the manufac turer of his reasonable profit, since the percentage of loss has Increased beyond normal credit extension expectancy. I am restrained from giving you a con crete example of this kind of activity by the thought that while it might serve as an Illustration for us, it might also act as nn Inspiration for others. Cost of Making Sales And now we approach the concluding and the most formidable aspect of our problem, namely, the cost of making sales. To put It bluntly, I wonder how many of us are satisfied with the appatilng leakage of profit into sales cost. Isn't It time to ask ourselves how much an expensive selling apparatus really con tributes to the average sale in the present market. Let us face the facts--under the ucts. I have heard of Instances where such service men, as they are called, have been obliged to remain in finishing shop for over a month, practically running a school house In design and finishing. A statistician otice made the remark that the paint industry was a yardstick by which to measure the volume of busi ness of our total industries. Variety, of Problems The significance of this statement is appreciated by the manufacturer of in dustrial finishes, since his diversification is secured by. one hundred to one hun dred and fifty Industries, varying from the manufacture of an eyelet to the pro duction of a locomotive, from rubber shoes to coatings for the protection of food products. "We are taxed with chem ical, mechanical and engineering problems. Individual firms may become specialists Jn one or more fields of endeavor, but in Ihe main, men must be equipped with complex knowledge of operation, flow sheet, and finishing equivalent to that of the superintendent within the plant Itself. Such a variety of knowledge calls for trained men. and skill and judgment must be sufficiently rewarded. But how are we to maintain such staffs of skilled men, and the expensive Instru ments with which they work, If the pro fits on the materials sold do not Justify it. How are such service equipments to survive, if in the last analysis the busi ness goes to the firm with the cheapest price. Isn't this and other questions raised worthy of further study, I, for one, would look forward with a great deal of interest to a report from a committee that bad made it its business to study thoroughly these problems of the high cost of selling. Before dosing I would like to repeat what I said at the .beginning, Our in dustry is in an unfortunate condition; our capital and our energies are engaged in an enterprise which does not yield us an adequate return. What are we going to do about it. I have done more than my share of talking. Let us hope that the rest of you will show better judgment and resolve. Instead, on some oourso of action. . This subject was discussed by A. C. . Horn, of the A. C. Horn Company, Long Island City, N. Y,, who took up the questions of small batch manu facturing, credit hazards and costs of making sales:-- ; I have been asked to Introduce as the subject for discussion the question of profits in the field of industrial finishes. By profits I understand a reasonable return on our investments and our efforts. I am afraid that you will all have to agree with me that under this definition we have a question to deal with rather than a subject. : Obviously, if such profits existed there would be no need for raising this question , at this meeting. It is myr hope that a few- introductory remarks may lead to a valu able discussion; which, in turn, wfll give rise to some plan of action, because it is action that we need, rather than talk. Any discussion of profits can be divided Into two distinctive parts. Is the indus try in which we are engaged a profitable one---and are those profits distributed In fair measure among us, in the light of the second question we meet as friendly competitors, each striving to secure his fair share, jor more if pos sible. In the light of the|fir$t (Is the in dustry In which we are engaged a profit able one) there can be nb issue of com petition. Each of us represents an invest ment of money and effort Jn that industry, and each of ug is vitally concerned in ask ing himself whether this; investment has their merchandise, and under the pressure of these stylists the manufacturer has had demands for color combinations other than his standards. A typical procedure Is this:---The stylist of a department store will want a fixture, which ordinarily the manufacturer supplies in green, to have the body In green and the trim in a spe cial color. The department store, because it buys from hand to mouth, purchases only a few of these fixtures finished in the required combination, which obliges the manufacturer to requisition the special trim color only on the receipt of each order. Not Infrequently, in this particular case, the stylist supplied a color chip, and this color chip was passed on to us with a request that we send the manufacturer one or two gallons of the shade called for. Since fashion and department store per sonnel are subject to change, it was Im possible for us to look forward to a re order of these off-standard colors, and we soon found ourselves- obliged "to make small batches to supply the wants of our customers. Simple arithmetic would have suggested the policy of refusing to supply these spe cials, except at prices that would compen sate us for the extra cost involved; but this would Immediately cause a transfer of the account to one of our competitors. In fact, our company took exactly that attitude, with the result that one of the largest manufacturers in the Industry acquired a new account. Based on our ex perience, we are not optimistic enough to believe that our competitor has found it Charles R. Cook stress of keen competition in hie own field, the purchaser has become, or Is rapidly becoming entirely impartial in hie choice of houses of supply. Price and value and the security of nls own position have be come the dominating factors in his choice. .U Is the impartial purchaser, who by tak ing advantage of conditions In our indus try and placing his orders shrewdly, has brought our price levels down to their present depressed position. Under these circumstances, are we Justified in main taining the high cost of making sales Competition from Raw Materials Suppliers Charles`R. Cook, of the Cook Paint & Varnish Company, Kansas City, gave a brief paper on this subject:-- The welfare of our friends--the raw materials manufacturers -- is so closely linked with ours, that it is inconceivable that they should even tolerate their tech nical men posting our customers on how they can make the finishes which we are supplying. Yet this very thing Is going on every day! The net effect is no more tonnage for the raw material manufacturer-- he has lost our co-operatton end good-will--and, has taken a customer who witl need, and demand, a lot of continued, experienced technical help. Gur customer painfully realizes the essential Item of overhead in his own business--but, when the raw material manufacturer shows him how cheaply he can make his own coating, or varnish, or lacquer, or thinner, or "what-not"-- he only looks at the raw material cost, comparing It with the naturally much higher price which we have been charg ing (to cover our overhead, and hopes of a final net profit after all service costs, claims, and adjustments) and right away feels he's been robbed. To retain, or regain our customer, we first have to prove we have been friendly and fair--and, then probably end up by been a wise one. We meet as shareholders any more profitable than we did. which has become a tradition in our our taking on the business on "overhead in a common concern, ana under present It is difficult to reconcile oneself to this business. basis"-- which means no profitB and a conditions the facta wlilbh we have to consider are anything but comforting. type of mutual loss, when by the simple expedient of co-operation on the part of Could, we not, for example, by some con certed action bring about a uniform com skeptical customer. The manufacturer of industrial finishes The issue is:--How can we put the all the manufacturers In our industry it pensation for our salesmen, permitting '* realizes all too well that we have our industry back on an income producing basis. And this issue requires the utmost measure of co-operation. could be avoided. Lack of Profits Due to Credit Hazards them to earn a decent livelihood by allow ing the company for which they sell to earn a reasonable profit. Are the ex hands Cull, trying to supply our customers with the newest. Improved type finishes-- to do this requires continual experimen In order to solve our problem some sort of analysis of the various aspects of profit in our field is essential. Frankly, this should be the task of specially equipped committees, since the work in volved is considerable arid the authority and machinery for the gathering of ma terial is essential. Perhaps, if we are able to point out the fields in which such committees might prove of value, we will have accomplished enough for the day. If is toward this Leaving behind us this special produc tion problem of our industry, we find our selves confronted with the question of credits, and the claims that not Infre quently follow when credit has reached the exhaustion point and Insistence on payment is made. Because, of the wide differences In con ditions of the various Industries we serve, it is not an easy task to set hard and fast forms or credit rules. Certain industries have suffered more ffom the depression pensive entertainments, which we have discouraged as a group but which continue to be dispensed if the stories which come to us are to be given credence, absolutely necessary. Then there is the matter of servicing, an item that can run Into the thousands of dollars which cannot be separated from our selling cost. Our Industry has been called upon to assume, and has perhaps carelessly as sumed responsibility for the final results tation and research; we need the help of our friends, the raw materials manufac turers, in keeping us posted as to .their latest, improved raw materials--out, they should keep away from oUr custom ers, and carefully refrain from printing or disseminating in any way technical data and formula which could fall In the hands of our customers. For to keep in business we must be allowed to make money--we are entitled to a fair profit for our services. end that I have prepared a rough out Ihan others. The conditions in the several in the complex processes of industrial line, in which I have trlpd to emphasize Cost of Developing and Serpoints of approach rather than bring you industries are baslcly different, as Judged by the terms which they, themselves, must finishing, over many factors of which we are without control. For example, the any hastily formed conclusions. Three Chief Problems I believe that our course of action can be most easily directed into three distinct offer, and consideration must be given to the circumstances surrounding each in dustry. However, I am not satisfied that within Ihese limitations we cannot agree on some failure of an interior finish of a metal container for foodstuffs, or pharmaceu ticals, may be due to the metal Itself, dirt or grease, imperfect dies, poor lubri cation or inaccurate baking cycles. There vicing and Their Abuses O, J. S. deBrun, of the Egyptian Lacquer Manufacturing Company, channels. These three proposed fields of kind of uniform terms and credit practice. may be six or a dozen possible contribut New York, who becomes a member of action are by no means of equal import As matters stand today, there is abso ing factors to such a failure. Yet It is the new national executive committee ance. However, each of them is worthy lutely no relationship between prices in not the supplier of the metal who is sent of consideration; and it may be that we certain fields and the credit risks involved. for, or of the dies and machinery, or the will come to believe that some or all of And such a correlation between prices and maker of the baking equipment--it is in them deserve active attention. Accord risks must wait upon some descriptive variably the manufacturer of the finishing ingly, I enumerate, not in their order of standard credit practice adopted toward materials. It is because we can be de Importance, but In their order of pres Ihe various industries. . pended on to locate the difficulty, if it is entation, three aspects of our industry Toward this end, I would, suggest the only to prove that it is not our product that will bear close Inspection and establishment of a bureau of uniform that is baslcly at fault. In short, we are analysis. credit practice. This bureau would also guilty until proven Innocent 1. Losses sustained In small batch manufacture, 2. Lack of profits due to credit hazards. 3. Cost of making sales. nerve to disseminate and Interchange ledger credit information. A splendid example of the beneAts to be obtained can be found In the Paint Sc Allied- Industries Credit Association of New Tork, which The maintenance of a staff competent to act as consultants in these Industries is a heavy burden for those who are willing to shoulder It, although such enthusiasm for responsibility weakens as one sees the cus Small Batch Manufacture has been characterized as one of the most tomer after having availed himself of this The first field for consideration, where efficient and best organized credit groups service for the adjustment of hte plant, it seems to me we could profitably invest ' known to national credit association a little time and mutual jeffort, would be officials. the question of what I have called "small batch manufacture," with particular reference to special shades. . * I think you will all agree with me that Such local paint credit associations, however, since they are interested chiefly in the dealer trade, do not include those very houses which have no trade sales one of our production problems ts the and who specialize in industrial finishes. vast and growing range of special prod This leaves us without active organization ucts and special colors ' which we are of any kind, and in certain fields It is ` called upon to supply. This entails time hard to know how we have managed with consuming matching, the. running of in out them. . numerable small batches, usually first in the laboratory, then In the plant, itself, on which it is impossible to make a profit. These small batches result, besides. In . The details of the actual organization of mrch bureaus with a central bureau to de termine upon forms of uniform credit practice, can be left to a committee, and general confusion to production schedules. that committee be entrusted with its de ' In this matching of special tints or velopment. That such a bureau should shopping around for a material from a concern that can match the previously abused one at a lower price because they maintain no such staff. This example can be multiplied by the problems furnished by every one of the industries we serve. Their number is suf ficiently large to insure the necessity of expert service men to locate the various kinds of difficulty, which In the greater percentages of Instances is found to be elsewhere than in the finishing material. Then again we have the service men who are called upon1 to color design fur niture--teach the customer's employees, who ought to know, how to use Our prod representing lacquer interests, gave a paper on the above subject:-- If development and servicing in our Industry are costly and capable of abuse by the trade can they not be eliminated. It may be possible to reduce the cost and partially eliminate existing abuses of servicing by provision of law such as all approved NRA codes become or by voluntary co-operation of manufacturers. The cost of development or, to use an other word, research, however, will al ways be with u p , because we are In a sense engaged in a chemical industry and when we eliminate research in a chemical in dustry we sooner or later cease to be. We can all think of companies who have passed into history by reason of doing toe little research or development work to keep up with t he ever-changing proces sion, and we are all mindful of companies nationally outstanding in size and influ ence whose success largely resulted from chemical research and development. The vision, courage and financial ability to establish and maintain laboratories staffed with chemists and other technical men of talent and at costs not inconquenttal have brought their rewards. For our particular Industry, and assuming a sufficiently Intelligent management capa ble of making a proper evaluation and OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 23 use of research findings, I hazard the guess that a company will grow in direct ratio to what it spends in development work. To a chemical industry such as ours, research and development is much more important than most other7 items of cost, such as, for instance, advertising, on which so much is generally spent. No other expenditure Is capable of return ing larger dividends. We are, of course, all more or less f&milar with what is properly included in these two words, 'development' and `servicing*. Initially, we start out with a seemingly and give an extraordinary amount of ex pensive service. That this development work must continue is evident to George B. Heckel when in his article on "A Cen tury of Progress in the Paint Industry" and referring to lacquers and synthetics, he says, "Gardner, In his recent circular, lists and catalogues the properties of ISO solvents and diluents, 157 resins and 29 plasticisers; and the list was out of date almost before it was off the press." The list out of date before the ink was dry can only mean that to keep up, to remain in business, we must continue intensive development work. But can we afford, to posed NRA code, "enticing employees from competitors," They are all fine and have my whole-hearted approval. But, mark this well: They are all Inslgnlfl Tant and inconsequential In their effect . compared with a deliberate or. otherwise quotation of a price below an inclusive cost -plus a fair, reasonable profit. These other numerous unfair practices are iso lated cases that can be taken care of as iiuch and are generally local in their effect. To make a disparaging statemet of a com petitor may injure that competitor, but not always. Sometimes it acts as a boomerang, as It should, and injures the over and developed It to the benefit of the industry. I know from my own ex perience that it; created many sales of quality merchandise, where otherwise the customers would {have purchased for price alone. The dealers .who were fortunate enough to receive this poster praised the idea, this is my.point:--Every manufac` turer and distributor should have par ticipated in the general distribution of such propaganda against cheap paint. This great institution of -ours Is obli gated to promote propaganda that will protect the paint buying public against such merchandise as this poster exposed. large and unprofitable Investment In laboratores supplied with equipment and continue such development work without charging for it, without considering it in maker. The damage goes no further. But I know there are thousands of dealers to sell below cost---that is, without taking who do not want to sell paint products material which never seems to be quite adequate but must be continuously added our costs? To Bay some are not doing this and have Into consideration all elements including of poor quality--rbut they are forced into the development and servicing which we it by unreasonable competition. to, and manned by a staff of men who been and are giving away extraordinary have been talking about, adversely affects But cheap, mislabelled paint, with all month by month receive their pay checks, results or not. Suggestions for their re search work originate from their employ iroducts at even less than ordinary prices S!s stating a fact which we all know. To illustrate, a thinner,is offered at 42 cents the business and profits of every Blngle one of us, and reflects on the intelligence or good faith of the members of our in its falsified advertising behind it, is only one of many problems that is destructive to good business. Other problems will ers, from the company's salesmen, from in drums, and a good, clear lacquer is dustry and holds it up to ridicule before be brought before you this afternoon for their customer and trade contacts, from offered at 95 cents In 5-gallon cans. By the consumer who Is the only one to bene discussion, and you will have your chance literature, from raw material suppliers, whom? By leaders of the industry. Then, fit by it. to suggest a solution and .a way out. from analysis of competitors' material, from discoveries in the course of their I think of a customer, only a fair^slzed consumer, who had been paying $2.65, a Doing a profitless business, selling below cost, entire cost, compels all competitors Can Promote Welfare own work, and in other innumerable ways. Search for Development We search for new raw materials, new methods, and new processes. We seek a product to meet the special re quirements of a prospective customer to withstand certain tests. These tests may be one or several, often not possible of achievement or practical and often a great deal of work and money is Bpent in vain. Another instance when the expenditure of time and money may have been futile occurs* when the -customer's need vanishes while time is being spent in working out his problem. At other times the research staff must study the prospective custom er's raw material product and process and make suggestions to him how to prepare cheap enough price, for a very excellent grade of clear lacquer which had to stand much abuse. I my files is the original letter of one of the very largest companies represented in this association addressed to this cus tomer a thousand miles away from its factory and referring to a sample of lacquer which we had analyzed and found to have a raw material cost of one dollar. Substituting fictitious names only, this letter reads: December 13, 1932, Blank- Mfg.* Co. Blank City, state of Blank. Gentlemen: Attention of Mr. A. B. G. Supplementing our letter to you of De cember 10 regarding sample of Blank In course of time to similarly reduce their prices in order to be competitive. With out doing so, they cannot long remain in business. With all of us on a "non-profit" competitive basis our industry is finan cially ruined. For that reason, I say that selling below cost trespasses on the prop erty rights of all others in the industry. It Is because of this far-reaching effect that I stress the importance of taking into consideration the cost of development and servicing in establishing our selling prices, code or no code. I had hoped that the original language of Article XXII of our proposed code en titled "Selling Below Cost" might have been the Salvation to save u b from each other. But even our able and persuasive Mr. Trigg ahd his code co-workers could Ladies and genelemen--I believe this new department can do much to promote the objective first mentioned in our certi ficate of incorporationfl' which reads "To promote the welfare of its mem bers and to promote fraternal relations among manufacturers, jobbers and deal- his own product before appllcatoti of the finish desired or suggested to him. Fre Clear'Uatrqiler No. X 'sent you for test. On the basis of a new cost Just estab not get the administration to come to our defense. As I read the present article, quently there is modification after modi fication. Always in our work is there the lished on this product we take this oppor tunity to file quotation with you at: even-if it is continued in the code when `finally approved, which, la not certain, it attempt to approximate the customer's manufacturing or production conditions. It all takes equipment, it takes sup plies, it takes men, it takes time, It costs money, but' it is essential. We are likewise familiar with the high $1.32 per gallon in 5 gallon cans, F. O. B. Your factory. It is hoped that the performance of this clear in conjunction with the price will permit of early establishment with you. does not prohibit selling below cost be cause the various elements of cost men tioned are not sufficiently broad or in-- cluslve. So if we are to better:' this situation. It must be done by dur own co-operative efforts. . coat of servicing. Distant trips to the customer's factory by technical men to Yours very truly, (Signed) I. M. A. Dunce, . Science of Human Relations diagnose trouble or make suggestions for Industrial Sates Department. At New Haven, Yale University has improvement In product or production are dally occurrences. Another form of servicing is that of demonstrations of ap plication by experienced practical men. Abuses there are many. A prospective' customer misleads us in the volume which, will result from ability to work oiit' & finish for him, and a great deal of; time and money is devoted to . satisfy him witha product of which he purchases so small an amount, that the small profit on tfie same is totally inadequate to compensate Us for our expenditures, Mr. Purchasing ' Agent gives a sample of a difficult spe cial formula that we have worked out for him at considerable expense, to a competitor, or two, to analyze and dupli cate at lower price to him. We have alt sent our technical men or demonstrators hundreds of miles on a hurry-up com plaint to find our perfectly good material being, blamed for. a failure In finish, clearly attributable to the customer's mis application or other local condltious ob viously beyond our control. And, who hasn't met the customer who wants ue to finish his selling samples gratis? The cost and abuses of development and servicing cannot be entirely elimi nated. But, we can do something about them. We can charge for them. The raw material cost was one dollar. Thlrtyrtwo cents was to meet the cost of label; - container, freight, manufacturing, itelling, administrative, development and the thousand and one ..other things em braced in overhead. this particular case the manufacturer's offering, of a ill.32 article, in competition with a $2.65 price', Or a reduction of 50 percent, was justly held in contempt by the customer as is evidenced by the customer giving us , this'lgtt&c-together- with ,the test sample. But, of course, It does not always work that way. Most often the competition is met with the net result that all that has been accomplished Is that one competitor lias cut the throat of the other with no gain to anyone but the customer, Now I realize I may have digressed from the subject about which I was asked to say a few words, but I hope you will bear with me' for the importanceT believe- It bears to our particular Industrial fin ishes group towards the formation of which may good friend Mr. Esposito has lately labored so hard and which seems to have awakened a great deal of enthusi asm in our trade. We hear much about unfair and uneconomic practices, and un fair competition. Our association litera ture, our proposed code and our meetings ' lately erected a magnifletent building for the newly-created department for the study and advancement of*-the "Science' ` of Human Relations.'' . .As one man put it upon inquiry as to what they dld._in that building, "I don't know., what'they do there, but what they do they. do to gether." ... . I wish it were possible for 'thls'newly- orgaillzed group to introduce a little of ' the science of., human .relations on this matter of disastrous cut-throat eompetlJ tlon. Buyers are willing to pay whatever they consider it costs to produce and serv ice a product including a fair profit. A sense of fairness and desire that .the sup plier be enabled to continue in the busi ness of producing something the buyer requires are the compelling factors. Our attitude towards each other should cer tainly not fall below the attitude of our customers In. this respect. Suppose we had all obtained the small sum of ten cents per gallon more on our sales of la9t year? The increase per gal- lan could well have been not ten cents but one dollar. But for the sake of argu ment let us say ten cents, If our sales were 1,000,000 gallons we would have been $100,000 better off, and so on up or down the scale. The little 10 Frank Bownes Chairman on Trade Sales ere within our industry. To guard against : feelings' 'of - 'distrust, to cause- the re moval of evils and customs contrary to the principles of sound business and ethics/* . The- forty-eight members of the paint Industry recovery board should have much in common with this department. The code committee members can furnish much data to;- this group that will as sist in .trade s.les development. Situations Have. Changed Until ten to fifteen years ago there were in this country not more than a half-dozen well-known lacquer manufac turers. They were all conscious of the fact that they were mi a sense chemical manufacturers and they all realized the necessity for taking into consideration together just fairly radiate such phrases us ''guarantees,1' ''gratuities/1 "false ad vertising," 'misbranding/' `mislabelling/' and a new one Just cropped up in our pro cents per gallon would in many cases have changed red figures to black. To quote the saddest words of all, "It might have been/' Trade Sales Conference Very pertinent to trade sales are our two' outstanding sales developers;--Save the surface campaign and clean up and paint up; .You will be again reminded at this session:, what they mean to you in sales development. We anticipate some constructive suggestions with regard to new' promotion in these departments, es- Ml elements of cost in establishing sell ing prices, and they made such prices as permitted a fair and reasonable return on their investment of capital and time. When after the world war research In the meantime* had produced a plenteous sup ply of solvents at reasonable prices, and research had produced ever lower and lower viscosity nitrocellulose' permitting of an almost undreamed of increased use of lacquer, and research again resulted In relegating to the scrap heap the oldlashioned method of painting automobiles for the speedier and more durable laceiuering of cars, the vast paint and var nish army rushed headlong into this industry of lacquer manufacturing. In ihis hurried entre, they were either un acquainted with or deliberately ignored ihe nature of the manufacture, the cost of development and servicing of this busi ness when they came to fix their selling prices. They sold an extraordinary prodlimt of high manufacturing and servicing cost at a price often the same or less, gallon for gallon, as that of the more cheaply made and distributed paint or varnish product with which they were iecially the save the surface campaign, Wednesday Afternoon, November .1 fAlso sponsored by both of the dis solved associations, the trade sales conference, held Wednesday afternoon, was presided over by Frank Bownes, of the Frank Bownes Company, Chel n k 'more elaborate promotional cam paign-on quality paint and varnish. This is. .the. medium with which we should noon a new department and we hope a very constructive one. May I say tO'-you reach our public with the quality idea. As far as I can learn from many manu that its success depends entirely upon- the amount of cooperation that the as-t- aoclations' members devote to its func tions. - facturers-with whom* I have---discussed a '-more equalized basis of selling prices to dealers and jobbers, as well as painters a.nd... real estate owners, there would sea, Mass, At the beginning of the session, a newly edited version of the save the surface film was shown. We are stepping out, so to speak, of our old routine of devoting so much dls?. cussion to raw materials and production and are "tuning In" on the prpblem of seem to be scant promise for any im provement of ;the situation. Jobbers are ,.complaining of manufacturers selling di rect- to. dealers at Jobber discounts. Deal Presentation sales. This department can go far and do much to Improve conditions In sales work; it can do much to create a "live ers, comp'ain of manufacturers and job bers 'selling to painters at dealer prices, and so on, ; Even manufacturers with Mr. Bownes, in opening the meeting, reviewed the change from the old order to the new, told of the cordial and let live" policy/ For the moment, it may look like an impossible job-- but the big Jobs are always the interest ing ones to solve. ' retail stores are persuaded to sell over the-counter .In small lots at dealer dis counts. Some manufacturerswho sell industrial accounts-will arrange to supply reception which had been given to the call for such a trade sales conference, asserted the need for reformation of It isn't to be expected that we can solve all the prob'ems before us this afternoon, but we can accomplish much their employees, through the manufac turers' 'retail. stores at dealer discounts. This practice,! to me, is- posltively unfair as a trade practice,- and moreover, un trade sales practices and expressed the while we are together. We can give necessary. ; belief that the new set up afforded the machinery for achieving legitimate this trade sales department a very auspi cious start, . But I do believe we can take steps to show some improvement, at least, and acquainted. Years have gone by and conditions have become progressively worse. They have been completely disastrous years for ssome, sad years for others, and have brought scant cheer to few. Mr. Trigg, in his presentation of our proposed paint industry code at Wash competition provided the members of the industry showed the proper dis position and determination :-r- I realize that much time has been de voted to the discussion of the code but I am wondering how many of us appre ciate what a blessing It was that these Plan Cordially Received The spontaneous returns of the form blanks that we mailed out to the industry indicate conclusively that such a plan is desired by the industry. I wish It were within my power to solve all the various trade practices mentioned in the returns, I am sure that the effort behind the newly created trade sales department can accomplish much along these lines. I am sure that when manufacturers are shown that this new trade sales depart ment has created one or two practical working plans, it will receive the support of the industry. ington, put it mildly when he said, with splendid associations of ours were formed but I am sure the trade sales division reference to profits in our industry dur back in the Eighties by a few farsighted can cure some of the ills and materially Need for Reform Shown ing the past few years, "An investiga tion would undoubtedly show that the majority of manufacturers sustained a loss," And let us not be misled by the publication of meager profits lately announced toy some of the larger com panies. for remember some of them manufacture many lines foreign to our particular specialties and some of their lines, and, note especially, they are gen erally those of new origin resulting from the onward trend of their development or research work, are highly profitable and may possibly screen losses sustained in their industrial finishes departments. men. I wonder if the organizers could foresee just how much the associations would mean to the industry In 1933, when we were to be confronted with the prob lems of a code for industrial recovery. We owe much praise and tribute to these men and to those others who have worked unstintingly, unselfishly in the building and maintaining of the high ideals and principles of our associations. Too much praise can not be given to the members of our code committee, and particularly to its energetic chairman, Mr. Trigg, for the untiring, efficient work done by this committee. I am afraid benefit the industry as a whole. ' As our program `progresses this after noon, we will come to a period set aside for floor discussion on these .problems, and we ask your support and cooperation. These gentlemen here on the platform with me have p'edged their support lri getting the new department off to a good start. Each of them is keenly interested-'' in the subject of trade sales, and each has prepared a brief and pointed discus sion on a different phase of the subject. Educational propaganda can be created by this department and broadcast throughout the trade. We mustn't live The daily ; criticisms and discussions of the deals and terms that this manu facturer or that manufacturer is making, together with the large number of re turns from the questionnaire mailed out to the industry. Is undeniable proof that there is a real and vital need for a de partment of ;this kind to take the initial steps toward' the correction of the many destructive evils existing in the trade sales end of our industry. . In many cases it will be a blessing to some of the most consistent violators of the rule of good, sensible business-- yes, even a lifesaver. Research Is-Expensive that there are many In our great in dustry who do not know what it meant too much within ourselves if we expect to accomplish widespread results. I have The bid for business is always keen, even when conditions are near normal. We are chemical manufacturers, in a in these trying times to have had such in mind a Job that was started, this past It has been deplorable during this depres sense, using expensive equipment with a splendid organization under such ef year by our scientific section. It was sion, not alone In our own industry, but high rates of depredation and obso ficient leadership, guiding its destiny. only ` a poster aimed at cheap paint-- in others. Many Industries have the same lescence, and must necessarily maintain Under the new amalgamation of our but one of our large manufacturers, ap sales problems as do. we, and I believe expensive development and research work associations we present to you this after parently, saw the value in it, took it it would pay us well to keep close watch OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER ' November 16, 1933 25 on what other industries are doing to Improve their own sales conditions* The paint industry has always believed in quality products at fair prices, and I want to say here that it Is not the large legitimate manufacturers of quality materials that give us most concern; it is the manufacturer of questionable repu tation, who misrepresents, lacks knowl edge as to overhead costs and sells be low his actual cost. He `is the worst violator of sound business principles and policies. The shellac business is, unquestionably, in the most deplorable state of price com petition. Even the concerns who- special ize in shellac cutting are praying that something can be done to help them to better conditions and prices. This was brought home to me when I recently at tended meetings of the shellac cutters who were endeavoring to form an asso ciation in the hope that conditions might be improved and I honestly cannot help but believe this particular line will show a considerable amount of improvement In the near future, - Importance of Local Clubs During the process of amalgamation It has been suggested by the national asso ciation to rename the local Paint Club "The Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Asso ciation." I approve of this for the reason that it will give the local organization a more direct tie-up with the national. The local units can uo of considerably more importance in promoting the con structive work of the national association. This can best be accomplished if the members who participate In the meetings of the national association will look upon it as their duty to attend the meeting of the local units. Much can be accom plished if the members in attendance here will participate more In the work of the locat unit. Most of the construc tive work accomplished in thiu associa tion is confined to a comparative few. To promote the ethics of sound busi ness throughout the industry, the prin-. ciples and policies created in the national association should be made an active part of the local association business program and they in turn should pass these pol icies along to dealers. Our own New England club, I believe, Is a shining ex ample of the service that a local unit can render to the industry. It has done much to spread the high Ideals and prin ciples of the work being done by our splendid national association. It is absolutely necessary to reach and talk to groups of local manufacturers, distributors, dealers and painters ff we are to have a better understanding of the principles and ethics involved in the operating of this paint and varnish busi ness of ours. I am convinced that local dealers and painters are eager for such promotional education. It isn't conceivable that any merchant wants to do business at a loss, with the prospect of eventually going into bank ruptcy. The merchant and the painter are highly important links In the dis tribution and consumption of paint and varnish products. These two important outlets of our products need our co operation and a proper presentation of the principles and ideals that have built the legitimate paint and varnish business and the national association. The local units can do much toward helping to improve conditions in this field. Unsound Business Policies The paint and varnish industry was by no means responsible for the depres sion. On the contrary, the paint busi ness got a "break" as compared to many other industries. But during this now famous depression there developed with in our own industry a number of un sound business policies that have resulted in many troublesome problems. The foundation of our industry's structure is as solid as the rock of Gtbraltor and ie still intact--but the principles and Ideals of the men responsible for this perma nent foundation must be perpetuated. All our efforts must be aimed at carrying on a great tradition. We must strive to educate our wayward contemporaries to see the folly of doing business in an un sound, unethical manner. I have tried to make it clear that the local club has a job to do--a hard job. Every manufacturer in the district must lend his moral and financial support to its promotional activities. A club should be given more respon sibility--and more duties to perform. Definite action should be requested in the manner of our association. The local club is no longer essentially a social In stitution ; there is too much important work to be done. Xf word were spread around that the local club was the clear ing house and information bureau on up-to-date subjects of mterest within our industry, the attendance of manufactur ers, jobbers and dealers would be ma terially increased. Who Isn't In need of news that affects his business? The manufacturers' unit of the New England Club has accomplished a great deal. It seems to me. It is brought to all of us a clearer understanding of what is right and what is wrong in our every day business activities. The dealer and painter should be in formed of these articles in the paint code which affect transactions between them and the manufacturer or distributor. The local unit can accomplish this through a special committee for dealer publicity--through the local manufac turer--as is now being done with good results in the New England, unit. Creating Steady Employment We, as manufacturers, have an obli gation on our hands--we must create steady employment for our working class.. Anything this new department can do to help stabilise profits on trade sales will do much toward the fulfillment of this obligation. If our country is to get back to a more normril basis of merchandising, we must adopt saner poli cies of marketing our wares than are now being used by many individuals in Our industry. The live and let live policy must be adopted. Do a nominal volume profitably with a well balanced overhead, leaving a net on which to make progress. A bill introduced In the Wisconsin legislature proposed that manufacturers be compelled to give steady employment. Such a law might help to stabilize prices and the distribution of manufactured, products. We will get nearer to per manent employment and a saner way of living when we get together and iron out some of the trade practices now in UBe, not only In our own Industry, but in practically all other line of busi ness. it seems to me that a business which straightens out its own practices will not have to fear help from an out side agency. As a background for these trade sales problems, I believe we have a program of education on our hands. It is a proven fact that more can be accomplished con structively than destructively. I am of the firm belief that this new trade sales department can build constructive .selling programs that Bhould reach every con cern, sales (manager, salesman, dealer and even painters. In such a program as this, every manufacturer must surely see hie own responsibilities. Before we get. the code functioning on a smooth basis, it might yet be neces sary to declare a moratorium on busi ness, as was done on banks. It might not be a bad Idea, Saner Trade Practices Million of dollars in profits are sacri ficed every year by Insane ideas and schemes for underselling and undermining competitors. We, ourselves, must to some extent take the blame for the poor show ing we have been making. Much of this great toss can be turned into profit if we will educate with a saner policy of trade practices. Someone has remarked that if things were better we wouldn't be worried by unethical competition. In my opinion, things' can never be better until competitive conditions are improved and conditions can not Improve until somebody takes'the step to . educate with a constructive program. What a subject the cost of sales will be when we get to it 1 It's a problem that might take weeks of study and preparation. Yet much can be accom plished in this discussion, If many con cerns could be educated to see why they couldn't hope to accomplish profitable results because these efforts in sales work is spread out thin. If many concerns would work up a well-deviaed plan of concentrated effort In a more condensed territory* building good will, making and preaching quality materials, selling paint and varnish prod ucts of such qualities as they are sup posed to he and give the home owner and consumer the service they are en titled to expect, they would make more profit and progress than they now do by racing like mad all over a thinly spread out territory determined to make a sale at any cost with a much less prospect of repeat business. I like to liken a business unto that beautiful expression -- "Only God can make a tree," If we could only pro mote the growth of our business as God promotes the growth of a tree, solid foundation of roots, staunch growth of the trunk, then branching out as the trunk will bear the weight of Ite branches under even the burden of snow and ice and the pressure of vicious winds. With all the millions of beautiful trees we have there is still room for more, To my ramd there is another real reason why we should perpetuate this educational program ip the trade sales end of our industry and that is for the benefit of the younger men coming Into our industry. If we expect to perepetuate the Ideals set up by men responsible for the splendid foundation of our in dustry, the young men shuold be trained to preserve these ideals. Sales at a Profit The menace of the price-cutter, whom, he likened to a maniac wander ing loose in the streets, was the bur den of a paper presented by Rudolph Zinsser, of William ZinsBer & Co., New York:1-- . This hotel seems to be a great place for conventions. They seem to have a differ ent one every other day, I came here on Friday to take in the fair, and as I came up to the desk the clerk said: "Casket Manufacturers and Undertakers Association?" "No," I said, "it's being connected for twenty-three years with the shellac end of the paint Industry that makes me look this way." ` These meetings show that it doesn't matter what we sell--paint, varnish, lac quer, shellac--our problems are the same; we are ail in the same boat, and we must solve them together. I was tremendously pleased to hear that a new departure was to be inaugurated at this year's paint convention and an entire afternoon will be spent discussing trade sales. And, as your announcement asks, "What is more Important now than sales at a profit?" Profit? It seems to me that I have heard that word somewhere before, but that must have been some years ago. As a matter of fact, r believe that, in spite of all the talk these days about the depres sion, the new deal, the NRA, the higher wages, the shorter hours, the rising prices, the dangers of profiteering, the increase in consumer-buying and the lag In capital goods (to name only a few) the question of "profit".has been almost overlooked. Without fair and reasonable profits, manu facturers cannot continue to pay new deal wages, or pay much needed taxes to the government, or even remain in business. Everything, in the end, gets back to the pay envelope. And the pay envelope de pends on what the "boss" is able to get baok in profits, if the boss can't make a profit, then there Is soon no business, no jobs, no pay envelopes--nothing. For four long years, American business, in most Instances, has been operating at such a loss that prices must be raised in greater proportion than wages. That is a pretty important point to remember, be fore .talking or worrying too much about profiteering. Profiteering Is bad, but let's see if we can get all industries back to making a small profit, before we worry about making profits that are too large l During the last few years, all manufac turers have been bled white by the most unfair and unscrupulous competitive prac tices ever seen in our industrial history. Quality makers were being hard pressed by `-'chiseling" price competition. Menace of Price Cutters, If we will learn anything from this de pression, it should be the utter futility of trying to keep alive on cut-throat price competition. Competition we should have --competition in quality, service,- new products--but the deliberate, the ignorant .price cutter should be and toitt be 2ooked upon as the enemyrthe racketeer of every industry, and he should not be allowed to run around loose any more than, we allow a crazy maniac, likely to harm everyone he comes in contact with, to run around without being locked up or-controlled. Long before the NRA came along, legiti mate manufacturers in every line of busi ness were worried about the ``chiseler." . He took the profits out of the industry for everybody, by selling at lower than the cost of decent production, If there is anything that peeves me in this world, It is that even after four years of depression, with profitless indus tries on every side trying desperately to dodge the receiver, we still find a few in dividuals who, ih this day and age, fail to realize that no man is sufficient unto himself, 'When- they say, "No one is going to tell me how to run my business," they think they are smart* but it simply shows that they haven't realized that we have no choice but to adjust ourselves to modern economic conditions, whether we like 'it or not. If the old way of doing business was right, why in God's name did this enormously wealthy country get Itself Into this frightful mess? Nobody wants to tell you how to run your busi ness, but you are asked to co-operate, rather-than compete, with your competi tors In eliminating abuses and In making your entire industry profitable. "We must learn that no Individual concern, no matter how large or how'small, can prosper (it may manage to just keep alive, but it cannot prosper) unless the Industry as a whole can prosper. And the country can't be prosperous unless most of the country's industries are prosperous. And an Industry can't prosper unless It makes a profit--and there we are right back to where we started. I believe that a care fully worked out code, drawn up by the majority of the best houses and best brains in the industry will enable an in dustry to become profitable, But the in dustrial codes will fall if the men who drafted these codes are not big enough to make them work, or if the government refuses to give the Industries the power to- govern and police themselves. The chisel must be taken away from the price tag experts. And, Incidentally, the cynics and the "It can't be done" boys, always present in every industry, aren't much help, either. Brass Knuckles Are Out The old system of competition came near destroying Itself, New Marquis of Queensbury rules are being substituted for hitting below the belt or using brass knuckles. And yet some still say, 'Tm going to run my business any way I see fit If I want to hit below the belt, who wilt stop me?" Every form of competitive sport has a flock of rules and regulations, and um pires and referees are always there to see that they are enforced. Why shouldn't there be rules for competitive business? If the government adheres to its an nounced policy--and frankly I sometimes worry that it won't--the NRA Isn't go ing to run your Industry. Your industry is going to run and govern itself. If It has got the brains and the vision to grasp and take advantage of Its oppor tunity. Most of us aren't aware of it* but we are taking a revolutionary step ahead in the history of industry, A code that simply states that honesty is the best policy and that you should not knock your competitor may be a nice one to frame and hang on the wall, but it won't do much good, A code must have a real set of rules and regulations to which all must conform, not fifty or seventy-five but one "hundred per cent. I ask again, "Will the men who drafted these codes be big enough to make them work?" If they can, they will have eliminated In one bold stroke "the most important and troublesome competitive problem" and it will be possible to make trade sales at a profit. Another thing that for years, but par ticularly during the last few years of an absolute buyer's market, has worked against Industry making a profit, is the old story that most salesmen work for their customers instead of for their em ployers. I do not mean that a. good sales man should not have the real needs and problems and interest of his. customers constantly in mind, but he should also think of his house and see that every one of his sales show his huuse a profit. Some salesmen, and, in my opinion, the majority, even including some of the best of them, spend most of their time asking their nouse to make this conces sion for Smith and that concession for Jones. They ask that this customer may be given an order for- one gallon cans at the five gallon price, that the price be shaded in order that he can land a good-sized quantity. Every concession, every special price, or special terms of payment, cuts into the profit of his house. A good salesman should fight for the principles and prices of the house he is working for and n't be ready to give In to every request or demand of his cus tomer, regardless of how unfair or as inine it might be or because his cus tomer tells him that if he will not get it for him, he will turn to one of his com petitors who will be sure to give it to him. Of course, it is not fair to blame only the salesman for this, as it is up to the employer to turn down these unwarranted requests, and after this is done a few times, the salesman stops asking for them, And that brings me to one other point (to mention, but another one of many that you- are all familiar with) that interfere with making sales at a profit. And that Is the dread disease shared by employer and salesman alike-- the disease of volumltis. Four years of the depression, strange to say, haven't ma terially helped , to eliminate this disease. Now employers and salesmen are fairly normal and leVel-headed in regard to sales of average .size, but the minute they come across a large order*--fifty or a hundred barrels, or a carload--they see spots in front of their eyes and grow faint. Hypnotized by the size of the order, they immediately feel that a fair price with a fair profit in it won't land the order. They figure that even if the big order is taken at cost it will help swell the volume and will, in some mys terious way, cut down the overhead on all the rest of the orders on the books. If Henry Ford made a success at selling a big volume of cars at a small profit, we can do the same! Percentages of Profit Many say that it is better to do a tremendous volume at a very small profit, than a smaller volume at a fair profit, but how about in these days of smaller volume? If we were able to decrease our profit per unit as our volume increased in 1929 then we must increase our profit as our volume shrinks In 1932 and 1933. Not only was our volume in pounds and gallons smaller during the depression, but the cost per unit, or, in other words, our total volume ih dollars and cents, was cut in half, or even more. Twenty-five per cent gross of a $1 a gallon Is a lot less than 20 percent.of '$2.50 a gallon. Dur ing a period of depression, with lower prices and smaller volume, we cannot hope to double our sales, so our only sal vation Is to sell a smaller volume at a better mark up. In my opinion, the most Important les son we will all have to learn Is how to make a profit on a smaller volume, both In pounds and gallons, and in dollars and cents. We must not forget that, for the time being at least, there is Just so much available business to be divided among the members of an Industry. For anyone, or for all of us, to take a large portion of It at cost or at a ridiculously small margin of profit, just to get It or to take It away from the other fellow. Isn't go ing to help you or your industry. If we all figure and know our costs (not only of manufacturing but also what Is just as Important, and usually not so well under stood, namely, our exact cost of selling) and if we all refuse to take any business that does not show us a decent profit, our books will be in the black Instead of the red at the end of the year. I have so often repeated again and again a particular statement to our sales force that my brother has threatened to put that statement on my tombstone when I die, but in spite of that threat, I am going to state it again:--"I would rather do a smaller volume at a profit than a large volume at cost or at a iosa"--and by following that principle over a long period of years -our com pany has succeeded in remaining In busi ness, and -our volume has slowly but steadily grown, while the majority of our competitors, In our little industry, going after volume and wanting to be the biggest, have come to grief. Reducing,. Quality ie Fatal Another point that has surely been driven home by the experience of every one during the last few years is that reducing quality to meet lower prices leads- only to ruin. Driven almost to desperation by cheap price competition, many began to' think that people were not interested ip quality but only in terested In price; consequently, the coun try became flooded with the cheapest, shoddiest material In every line that can be Imagined. People were rapidly be coming accustomed to lowered standards in the things they bought; not willingly perhaps, but because of a state of mind created by economic conditions. They ac cepted lower prices with enthusiasm. Smaller budgets, growing out of lowered incomes, built up a bargain complex and good old-fashioned quality began to take a back seat. A spirit -of resignation and defeat crept into the psychology of the buyer. He still. wanted quality, but he felt he couldn't afford It. He shopped more than he ever did,. Shirts at eightynine cents sounded good to him; the laundry soon disillusioned him, but he kept on; and the good quality shirt that would have been an economy at two dol lars. became an extravagance in his eyes. So quality gradually became only a re membered word;; price was king. But the American consumer is not a cheap-John. He wants quality products; he has used -them in the past; he will continue to use them in the future. He will come to Insist upon having them. The seller who fails to realize that is sure to lose ouL Right now, in every line, well known,; trade-msrked materials are crowding out the private, unknown brands with hidden identity and re sponsibility. Look at the advertising of the big department stores and see how they call attention to the national brand names of collars, shirts, suits and shoes they offer. No business ever built a lasting reputation or succeeded In staying in business for any length of time by re lying on cheap prices to offset the un satisfactory or inferior quality of its products. The business that builds Its house on the firm foundation of quality and then has the courage to price Its products ac cording to the exact coat plus a living profit, and (what takes even more courage) lets the other fellow take the business that doesn't conform to these requirements--does not have to be afraid of the big bad wolf of competition. But most prices are figured by sheer guesswork, or by copying the man down the street, regardless of anything else. You fully realize: that In order to make the same profit, a 5 percent cut In price requires a 12 2/3 percent increase in sales volume; a- 10 percent price cut might not seem like much, yet it requires 60 percent more volume to make the same profit, mind you. And who at a time like this can hope to increase his volume by 50 percent. The buyer is willing to pay a fair price if he is convinced that he la getting some thing for his money. Here is your chance to show your merchandising ability. First he sure of top-notch qual ity, then set your; prices on a fair basis. Pass up the order that means a loss to 26 November 16, 1933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER Be wise enough to take a profit. Sell quality while the other fellow sells only price. . .. . These are your bulwarks against cut throat competition and your assurance of a fair profit! Save the Surface In the absence of Charles W. East wood, chairman of the industry's com mittee on this campaign, Horace S. Felton, of Felton, Sibley & Co.r Phila delphia, reviewed the history of the save the surface compaign, told of the enormous value of the slogan and urged co-operation by every manufac The next avenue of approach which I would like to suggest to you is the use of your company letterheads. Averaging 100,000 letterheads to approximately 1,500 manufacturers, there tea grand total of something like 150,000,000 im pressions which we might make on the consuming public through the use -of our slogan in this manner I think this is a very minimum figure and the possibili ties are that the number would be very much greater, perhaps three to four times that amount. 1 have pointed out to you the Ideal use with respect to this situation, but let us see just what is actually taking place. Because in my work as chairman of the nominating committee I have with me at the convention twenty-eight letter ing in this presentation, It Is quite within reason for us to bring the hardware store into third place. Here is how we might do It:---If we could put Into the bands of the consumer just one more gallon of outside white, for Instance, per capita, we would then step up this buying worth to $13.93, and, of course, would materially increase our sales. This is an objective which is hardly attainable 100 percent, but even If we could effect It 25 percent, which 1 do not think unreasonable, it would be a great boon to our industry at this time. In closing, may I urge you to consider this situation from the standpoint of your own business to devise such means as are within your control to intensify save the surface In the various ways which have been suggested, as well as In other ways We learned the power of advertising a few years ago when production was al most on a parity of today, ai]d we started earnestly and vigorously with the save the surface campaign. Production then was doubled and trebled. We are at such a period today, on the threshold of a new era of J^er pro duction and consumption. But old meth ods must be discarded and new ones put into effect. I heard a plea for a rtiw, general use of the slogan 'save the sur face'1 and I agree In principle, but I:must add that the public be educated, to get this protection through the use of qual ity merchandise. . ..u. We should as an organization take cognizance of this evil ol inlerlor quality nroducts and plan some concerted action along llhinwes, osfhaonuldoutthsetanndsiunpgpeodrtucsautciohnaal turer in its use. He also called on Miss Lonore Kent, director of the compaign, to explain the methods and re sults obtained in publicizing the save the surface movement through news paper, radio and magazine. The formal report on this subject is printed be- H. S. Felton's Paper Before I present my formal paper, 1 heads of various companies In the Indus try. I have cataloged them to find out Just bow many are using the slogan on their stationery and here is the result:-- Neglect of Slogan I have' used the break-down we are using right along, Industrial sales and trade sales. Now, under Industrial sales, out of the twenty-eight, three are using which will of course suggest themselves to you. I urge you to review your Investment, ttoo rreevviittaalliizzee iItt ssoo f_ar as .your own business la concerned in order that you may reap for yourself some measure of the present value which is being created in your behalf by our publicity department. Inferior Quality Paints bothmorally and financially, PTMSTMn floln~ we will bring success and *"Vyt0sou?"Individual businesses This is ho new idea. It Is a re'S+ an old program built from experience. It is putting Into effect in this industry what other competitive industries are planning. A well defined program of national and local advertising against eheap, J^ior paints on the one and butiatnes- market, for quality products on the other, would like to make an observation *, that "Where does the industry stand on will bring results of many fold at a min is, I think there is a danger in doing things too well, In our save-the surface cafnpatgn at the present time, the work consists largely of publicity. I - think inferior quality paints?" This was the question asked by F. F. Whittatn, in his address:-- . imum of cost of a sane _ _; If such a program would be irnmedl' ately studied, planned and launched to tte near future, we could .all - sing Who s that work Is being so well done that The paint Industry has always shunned Afraid ot the Big Bad Wolf"-Interlor there ts a danger on our part of doing a discussion of quality until it has been naint* We could also feel a happy re nothing for ourselves and expecting that forced by circumstances or legal action sect*cm in profits, throughout the industry, group shall carry the load for us. The to throw the searchlight Of inquisition 0f inferior paint products Is purpose of my paper today la to try to upon itself. You may find two or three now ln the hands of you, the Jury. The present to you certain things which I close friends discussing It In privates DUhlic awaits your verdict. If you wish believe we all can do which will help damning everybody but themselves and, r maintain our motto "In the public along in-a great measure this work, which *fln--atlliy.., you would Af-in.-*'d *vth.ae eswm.c.uael.lTe.r t mw oat n,-u.!, J5rvloe" this verdict cannot be delayed. is now being done. f&cturer condemning the large one, and I did not know until Saturday night that I was to present this, paper and vice versa, Since today U one of revolutions, not Better Business Bureau since' of necessity I am using some statistics, I am going to ask you to over armed But more or less peaceful, bring ing about new theories, new deals and Harry H. Van Horn, president of the look any errors which I may make. The new eras. It was thought that the sub National Association of Better Busl- statistics which I use in substance are ject of quality, particularly Inferior ness Bureaus, who has been advising available to me but not in Chicago. The 1 opportunity to discuss save the surface is always a refreshing experi ence for me for the reason that I have given In the past a great deal of time quality, could be frankly and openly dis cussed, It Is therefore in a constructive way that this subject Is brought forward with the idea that some practical solu tion may be found to cut off the supply the National Recovery Administration on this subject, attended the trade sales conference especially to talk with the participants and gave details of to the work and believe so thoroughly of low grade products which are in real the campaign conducted in Columbus, in If. I am very glad, therefore, to find ity mislabeled with t'ne terminology of Ohio, against "gyp" paints: -- that your general chairman, Mr. Bownes, has seen fit to give the work: of the say the surface campaign such a prominent part in the discussion this afternoon. I take it that my job today is to at tempt not only to point out. to you the great value which this: slogan'still'holds paint. . Undoubtedly our thoughts have been directed to this subject by a selfish mo tive for satisfactory profits. I believe that we must think of It from an altruis tic viewpoint which will gain the goal of athned fiotrmis eor;nlyThtheropuugbhlica mduestetrimbeinperdotestcatendd t . want-to divide this little talk of mine into two parts. In the first part, if you will forgive the bad taste, I will tell_ you of our little intensive campaign against the advertising and selling of WP PJt in Columbus, Ohio. By g vmg yoo the . ^wtU morer^otiiarfasrtymSiccSe^isiTMfui cthamt apai|ingtnj, for our industry, but to suggest as well ways in which we may intensify the work so far as the distributor, dealer, Horace S. Felton of organized industry which can bring about this protection. and consumer are concerned. To me, The term "quality" has been so save the surface Is an investment which maligned by over ambitious or selfish in ts just as real as any tangible investment that one might make. May I ask you what you would do with any Investment that had cost you, let us say, a million dollars, but which had been appraised by experts, competent to judge, at seven million dollars. If this Investment, for instance, represented a pidee of real estate, I am sure you would not allow it to pass into a state of decay. You would not allow the taxes to lapse, but you would do everything in 'your power to cash in on your investment, by lease, rental or such other plans as might be available to you. T-Vell, we are exactly in this position with our save'; the surface campaign, Its cost to us in dollars and cents is approximately the figure which I have named, and experts appraised its worth at the seven million dollar total, already referred to. : It has been essentially a trade sales problem endeavoring to clear the prod the slogan, six are not using It. With respect to the trade sales division, two companies are using it; seventeen are dustry, that today we find the word, used on every type of product or service. We find manufacturers even using superla tives, such aa "the highest quality paint not using it. . If you are willing to concede, for in stance, that the Eagle-pj/ilcnher Lu-eeaaod^ Cg ooimij - made." We, of course, recognize that we have been passing through a price market, pany should be classed as an industrial an<j consumer has been endeavoring concern, and I really believe th * to get the most for his money. In most their proper classification, then out of ai.n...d...u...s...t.r..i.e...s........t.h. e manu-facturer has been total of twenty-eight manufacturers, only trying to capture aa great a volume of one manufacturer catering to trade sales business as possible to keep losses low is using -the slogan. I consider this a or profits as high as possible. This era . most unfortunate situation and would ap has brought forward a considerable num preciate it if some one will explain, to me ber of unscrupulous manufacturers, why this slogan is apparently of more many who know nothing of laboratory value to a manufacturer catering to the control or formulations except perhaps industrial trade than it Is to a manufac a few formulae passed on to them by turer catering to the trade sales. some raw material houses. These man ' You will have 'to bear in mind, of ufacturers with little investment, small course, that I have used my own judg overhead and little In the way of sell ment in separating these companies, but . If you would check me on it I doubt very ing expense have concocted a mixture to sell at a price and have called it paint. much if your checking. would vary in ucts of our industry In a quicker manner to the consumer by way- of the dis more than one or two cases with my own.- So you will have to give- me the Buying.-Paint, Blind tributor, the dealer, and ' the master benefit of the doubt and believe that I The poor old public, having had no painter. Suppose we consider now, for am. about 99 percent accurate in the sit enlightenment on the subject of paint, a few minutes, the opportunities which uation, . has been the gullible market and Is pay are available from a trade sales stand My wonder in this situation is ing a terrible price. To the ordinary point In capitalizing to the fullest extent tempered, however, when I consider that layman a gallon of paint is simply a the worth which has already been the three types of letterheads used by gallon of paint. It is something which created. The job at the qutset when our association:--Namely, the educa is bought blind and a product which he save the surface came into ' being, was tional bureau, the American Paint ana Is buying to do a specific Job of protec of necessity a long and arduous one. Varnish Manufacturers' .Association and tion, You and I know what protection However, since a sufficient amount of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish As he is getting and further know the fuel has already been spent in getting sociation are not themselves setting the tremendous bill which Mr. Public is go the engine off center and ? getting it example and the Blogan does not appear ing to pay to correct this evil, smoothly running on its way, the neceslty on the stationery of any of these groups. It is, therefore, time, from a stand for such expenditure is not apparent at I hope this condition will be corrected point of self-preservation that something ,u mure --------. canoe of the second part of tait, in which I will point out what I helleve to ba a practical plan o tween your association and the .Better Business Bureaus, whl<9i Sh?01 lowering the amount of unfairJVTM in your industry to a minimum far below that ot any other Industry. In April of 1933 as a result of the Jn splratlon given to the Columbus, Ohio, Better Business Bureau by ow good friend, Tom McFadden and M. Q. Mac donald, we entered into an Aggressive campaign against highly adulterated or ^SSSSup was to purojume paint, through shoppers unknown to the paint retailers, in response to an advertisement which read--"just received a consignment of approximately 10,000 gallons pure l,n,7 seed oil A-1 grade paint U*30 per gallon. Arrangements were made with the Depart ment of Agriculture for the State govern ment which has the reepffnsibili^ of enforcing the paint laws of Ohio, which, incidentally aren't worth a whoop, to have one of their inspectors-acoompay an-inves tigator for the-better business bureau, to act as a witness when the paintywas pu*chased. The paint was then tested in the chemical laboratories of State TJnl versity. where it was found it made nr> of 35 percent pigment and 6o percent vehicle. Placards in the store advised that It was "pure linseed oil teed paint--$1.30 a gallon/ Fifty-one percent of the vehicle was found to be water, or. In other words, one-third of the gallon was water. 8 This, and other tests, were used as the basis for the beginning of a publicity pro gram, carrying the facts directly Jo the consumer by means of weekly radio broad- the present time, and our Job now seems to be to simply see that the furnace is adequately stoked in order to keep the machine in motion. Employing Retail Outlets What are some -of the tools that we might use at the present time in keeping our publicity active and using these ave nues of approach to the fullest extent? Well, we think first of all of the retail outlets through which our products pass. There are somewhere between- fifty and seventy-five thousand hardware stores m the United States, approximately ten thousand paint stores, ten thousand de partment stores, large and-small, and approximately five thousand other out lets which might be cataloged as drug stores, lumber yards, etc., through which paint is being cleared In a retail manner. This gives a total of approximately one hundred thousand outlets serving mil lions of people daily, and- :if we can dimply see to it that our slogan is kept prominently displayed in at least a fair percentage of these stores, it Is going to a torn? way in keeping the slogan active' and keeping It working for our interest. , What are these helps that are avail able for the dealer at this time? You ?re oulte familiar with them, I am sure. They consist of the window trims, the manners, the Guide Books, painters' caps, fund what not. I believe we ought, .vherever we can, to avail ourselves of :h!s save the surface material as one nethod of good will to keep our message before the public. We next logically turn to our own salesmen as ambassadors good will, nit I wonder whether we really Inculcate n them, as we should, the necessity for iffort on their part, to keep distributors, lealers and painters alive to the posslblll- les of our slogan. There must the a total >f approximately fifteen thousand sales men In our industry, al! of whom could e potent forces in promoting :tha slogan. shortly so that the example will come from the top down rather than from the bottom up. Now, let us consider the next tool which is available to us and which, I think, could be used very effectively. I have mentioned this before and believe that it contains real possibilities. I refer to the use of the space available on the aides of manufacturers1' trucks in keeping our message before a great .-cross section of the consuming public. There must be approximately five thousand trucks now being operated by the paint Industry. You have all noticed, I am sure, how ef fectively the American Express .Company uses this medium of advertising, and if I should ask for a statement from the audience today, I am sure a very large percentage of those present would an swer correctly that the advertisement so featured is the Wrlgley Chewing Gum. If the campaign could initiate this ser vice, it seems' to me that manufacturers ought to be willing to subscribe to it on a monthly basis, and figuring two sides to a truck, ten thousand impressions that might be made upon the public would dally reach millions and millions of peo ple. The laundry association is doing this very effectively now, and these posters, like the Wrlgley ones, are printed in two, three and four colors and are driving home a real message to the very same people whom we ought to be reaching dally. Increasing Plaint Sales May I call your attention to a survey recently made regarding the worth of a given person In a community to a list of thirteen types of stores. The grocery store leads the list, of course, and the hardware store Is fifth on the list, show ing that the average person In a given community is worth to that hardware store $10.71 per year. If the very fine publicity work which is already being carried on and with a partial use at least of tb-x various aids which I am euggeat- be done to eradicate a malicious evil. Having just returned from a trip through the east, southeast and south, I have found conditions which I am sure are prevalent almost nationally. Out spoken advertisements and window signs calling attention to wonderful bargains in paint for from eighty-seven cents to one dollar and forty-nine cents per gal lon. You know the analysis of this type of general paint products, and there Is not a one of you who would use such a paint or recommend same to your close friends or associates. Yet dealers and jobbers losing busi ness to these low price paint stores are crying for products to meet such a com petition. To keep out competition from your account you have made something to sell at a low price or the cheap in ferior manufacturer has sold your ac count the low grade, low price product. I jfuesrrtinhbgatetotosuucshe athneprwodourdqct,pabienctawusheenit reis nothing but Junk .... It Is true that the great majority of manuf-acturers *have. an honest desire t* o manufacture and soli only first quality paint products. But even a majority can be dragged down into the tnire, unless some definite and organized campaign can be waged against this inferior qual ity merchandise. We as an industry are in a much better position today to do a job than we have ever been before. We have a power of organization never be fore granted to industry, and .we can Sink or swim, survive or perish In ac cordance with our organization effort. Educating the Public In my humble opinion, there Is only one way of combating this cheap. Inferior paint competition. That way is through an educated public. There is no slnglf manufacturer or group of manufacturers who can afford to promote an educational program. It can only be done through the industry's organization, and then it can ba done thoroughly and effectively. C&Early in May a radio playlet was pre pared, in which an attempt was made to dramatize the experience of two women in buying paint for one of their homes- ^ A bulletin was Issued to of approximately eleven hundred in Col umbus. In this bulletin cheap paint was pictured' and below the illustrations, the actual tests made by the State authorities memorandum was then sent to the advertising managers of the dally news papers, enclosing a copy of the shnple Illustrated bulletin giving t&f vaults of tests made on paint advertised to th newspaper columns. Copies of the memo randum to the newspapers were sent to the paint manufacturers and retailers of the city. Go-operation by Newspapers lacH*i..PAai.nXt-reMsBaonnu, f^taheetprrjinnEcipCaolmopf tnhve aGrroddloi-f WOll. UUCliOU ** own. 1.. -W"~------ -z' May, which was owned ana operated by a Detroit man who purchased the paint from Lesson. This man called his store the Factory Paint Store and he ottered advertising to all the newspapers for dol lar paint. He claimed It was ground in pure linseed oil. Du b to our previous edu cation, the newspaper executives, after receiving the tests of some Lesson s paint and finding that the test showed that the paint was at least 25 percent water, re fused his copy. The owner of the Factory Paint Store was only successful in placing one advertisement in the daily newspapers. In that advertisement, after being warned that he would be held accountable by the better business bureau, he carefully adver tised a paint which contained a formula on the can. This advertisement was of fered to a morning paper late at night and an employee who did not know the circumstances, accepted it and it w a b published. OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 IT The better business bureau, through in vestigators, purchased some of the adver tised paint. It was analyzed by the State authorities. It was found that the analysis of the state chemist was con siderably different from that published In the formula on the can, and in the adver tising, It was found that among other things, where1 the advertised formula Indi cated no water, approximately $0 percent of the vehicle was water. There was a considerable delay In obtaining the test from the state authorities, but as soon as that was available, I signed a warrant for the arrest of the owner of the store, charging him with violation of the Ohio advertising statute. Under this statute, any one convicted is subject to a fine and/or imprisonment, or both. The manager of the Factory Faint Store made desperate efforts to get Lesson to come to Columbus and help him in the defense of the trial. "When he was unsuc cessful he volunteered to plead guilty with the agreement that he would discontinue business in Columbus within thirty days. The court was advised of this condition. After the evidence had been submitted, the case was generally continued, with the understanding that if he did not leave town or if there were any complaints about selling the paint through misrepre sentation, a penalty would be inflicted. Failing to receive newspaper advertis ing, this so-called Factory Faint Store re sorted to house to house dodgers* Photographs of the front of the store were taken to be used as evidence. If necessary, in case of trial. Some of the community and weekly newspapers of the city were offered the advertising and one. or two accepted. When the facts were presented by the Better -Business Bureau, advertising was promptly refused. ' Radio Time Canceled The owner of the Factory Paint Store then.put a large sign across his store-- "The newspapers have refused our ad vertising. Listen to our radio program at such and such a time over a local station." The facts were then presented by the better business bureau to the three local radio stations and the con tracted time was forthwith discontinued. The evidence collected in this campaign in Columbus was carefully compiled and filed with the Federal Trade Commsislon. Within the last week we have been ad vised that formal complaint will be forth coming in the near future and that a hearing will be held in Columbus to build up the evidence in the case, EJach and every step in this campaign was the subject of repeated newspaper stories. Additional bulletins were issued ad vising the members of the better busi ness bureau of the results of the cam . paign. All of this material was mailed to the other fifty better business bureaus in the United States, with the direct re sult that several of them entered into similar active campaigns. This intensive work over a period of three months, has so thoroughly edu cated the newspapers and radio execu tives, public officials, and the public gen erally in Columbus, that it is my opinion that when the paint season starts next Spring any individual who attempts to sell "gyp" paint in Central Ohio will find very re'at and substantial opposi tion. I might add that when the Fac tory Paint Store closed up in Columbus, several retailers who handled distressed merchandise lines of that kind, decided they did not care to buy oat that par ticular stock even at a very low figure, after being advised by the Better Busi ness Bureau that if they did, they would be expected to put large signs in their stores, giving the exact formula of the paint which they sold. The unsold stock was shipped back to Detroit and the owner of the Factory Faint Store ad vised that his loss for his brief Columbus experience ran Into many hundreds of dollars. There is no question in my mind but that had he been permitted to operate unopposed, he would have ruined the paint business of the city, not to speak of the damage done to the public who purchased it and put it on their houses, I might add that we used the facts developed in this campaign to do our best to educate the public to the fact that it is penny wise and pound foolish to buy cheap adulterated paint. I want to express here and now my appreciation to Messrs, McFadden and Macdonald for the very able assistance, advice and guidance which they rendered throughout this little campaign of ours. Sees Opportunity for Industry Now for the second part .of this talk, wherein I want to point out what In my opinion Is a wonderful opportunity for your industry. The paint and var nish industry, because of the existence of your unfair competition bureau and the excellent personnel which mans it, can, through the enforcement of your KRA code, do a marvelous Job, if it will take full advantage of the better business bureaus in cities where they exist. I do not mean by that, that you cannot do a splendid job without the assistance of the bureaus, but rather that you can do a much (better job by using them, , In Columbus we have just Issued a bulletin on the subject of the enforce ment of permanent industrial codes under the NRA. I have brought some addi tional copies of the bulletin along and will be glad to give a limited number out to those who are Interested. In that bulletin we have pointed out what we believe to be the very obvious short comings of a system of code enforcement through temporary compliance boards, or any such arrangement, I know from my personal experience in `Washington while for two months I was a consultant on the NRA staff on unfair advertising and selling, that the government will leave the enforcement of codes to in dustry and only sit In sufficiently to see that the codes are administered fairly. lust an I believe, voluntary compliance boards do not offer the best solution for enforcement, I likewise feel that there are distinct limitations of the beautiful theory of business policing itself. I re cently sat in on a meeting of the local code of enforcement commfttee of the Or, in breaking Into a town, the sales oil code for central Ohio. Here the heads of the various oil and gasoline companies were sitting around a large table filing complaints against each other; and the acting chairman and act ing secretary, who were heads of com panies, were making written requests upon various competitors to bring in to them a copy of their sales contracts with various firms. The meeting I visited man finds the paint dealers who are really doing the business there, are buy ing at the lowest prices. In order for his prospect to compete (a dealer by the way, who is not one of the leading deal ers, but whom he hopes to make one) he gives him his best discounts, believing the dealer must have them if he is to compete with the live ones and build a real business. was their fifth weekly meeting and it was already obvious that it was only a matter of time until the perfectly human Unearned Discounts Again, we have the dealer who earned strong competitive feeling would bob up, his $10,000, $15,000 or $20,000 volume disrupt the committee, and end the beau discounts some years ago, but who Is not tiful picture of business sitting around earning them today. Rather than take a table under the wing of the "Blue Eagle," like the members of the "KingAsh's'' lodge, the "Mystic Knights of the Sea," and regulating the brothers' efforts to get new business. Competent Handling of Complaints them away from him, and run the danger of losing him as a customer, the manu* facturer continues to let him have them, even though his sales have fallen off a third or a half. It is believed that steps can and should be taken to discontinue the practice of The retalt merchants of Columbus, and other cities, have had a broad expe rience over a period of years in attempt ing to secure proper enforcement of the state advertising laws. They found out many years ago that these laws could not be enforced by competitors sitting a.round a table and complaining about alleged violations. They found from their practical experience that the only way to do the job was through a disinterested, fact-finding organization which could re ceive complaints; treat them confiden tially; make disinterested, fair and im partial investigations; use the maximum of persuasion through the backing of the press, through the backing of member ship taking in a cross-eectlon of the leading business firms of the city; and finally, if necessary, through staff per sonnel trained to recognize a violation of the law, to collect and present evi dence in such a way as to command the respect of governmental prosecuting allowing volume discounts which are not earned. To allow them when volume does not Justify, is defeating their purpose and is an abuse which it is felt should be gradually eliminated in the industry. If all refused to allow volume discounts not earned, none would be taking an unfair advantage and all would benefit in the long run. In considering the question of correct ing the abuses when granting special dis counts, would it not be well, first, for us to consider those who are not operating on a retroactive plan but are granting discounts to dealers when not earned? Second, whether they should not con sider adopting the retroactive discount plan or some other which will correct this evil: Third, whether the members of this trade sales group should not consider the possibility of the adoption of the classi fication of their accounts and discounts into three groups, aa follows; agencies and following it through to see that offenders were properly punished. 1. Dealer accounts with one discount for all dealers. This job can only be. done with a maximum efficiency from a local stand point, in my opinion, through some local agency such as a Better Business Bureau, which has the proper contacts with pub lic officials, knows the local situation thoroughly and has had experience in 2. Jobber accounts with one discount for* Jobbers and a definition of what a Jobber Is, to be determined by the mem bers of this group. 3. A distributor's discounts, with a defnition by the trade sales group of what constitutes a distributor. ruccessfully prosecuting cases. The set-up of, the American Faint and Varnish Manufacturers' Association is different from any other industry with which I am familiar, in that you have done a splendid jo-b from a national standpoint, on unfair competitive prac My suggestion In this connection would be that a distributor be defined as .any account, we will say, in a large metropol itan trading area, whose business Is pri marily sales to painters, industrial ac counts, hotels, office buildings, etc., and who may not sell to dealers, . tices- J-tthe better business bureaus are utilized by your Industry, Mr. Macdonald and Mr. MoFadden could practically have I think it would be desirable for the trade sales group to give careful con sideration to these suggestions and ap branch offices over the country, the they cul`i eaaJly educate and train to do an efficient Job of com point a committee to Btudy this matter and make a report to the executive com mittee of the association for their con bating, from their unselfish standpoint Tht "nfall\ practices In your industry,' T believe the ease I have cited to you <if our campaign in Columbus, takes my sideration and approval, when this com mittee may submit their final report to the trade sales^ group of the industry. suggestion out of the realm of theory and clearly pictures to you the practi cal benefits to be derived from it, The suggestion Ig not particularly new. It Why Certain Practices Should Go has been already followed in a measure m other cities. My thought is that you merely expand what haa already been started. "Why Certain Trade Practices Should Be Eliminated" was the title of a paper presented to the conference by I feel sure thnt other Better Business William H. Jarden, Jr., of the McClos- Bureaus will find the same pleasure that we have in. Columbus, in working with Mr. McFadden and Mr. Macdonald. key Varnish Company, Philadelphia:-- The subject assigned to me, namely: "Why certain trade sales practices should Discounts and Rebates be eliminated," ties up very closely with similar topics which have been discussed by previous speakers, eo I shall touch but Use and abuse of discounts and re bates was the subject discussed by E. T. Gray before the trade sales con ference;-- lightly on them. In the course of business transactions, there often creep in certain practices which, at the time of their origin, were probably not considered improper or un In discussing this subject of volume dis counts, I would like to go back Just a few years, sixteen to be exact, to a time when I was general salesman for my company, covering a fairly good portion of the central part of the United States, and I recall that I had practically no complaint to make about my competitors .giving volume or special discount to the trade in those days. But during the past fifteen years, apeclat or volume discounts have gradually crept in. We have heard more and more about an Increasing number being given, year after year, until the volume discount proposition today is a matter of grave concern to the industry for the reason that the misuse of it is causing the In dustry a loss of many thousands of dol lars per year. The giving of volume discounts may be sound practice when kept within bounds; when out of bounds it works havoc with profits. It may be sound prac tice when it is based on the lowering of the manufacturer's cost of doing busi ness due to the volume of sales enjoyed. Large volume entails less selling and dis tribution expense in ratio to the sales In volved and can thug be justified. The giving of extra discounts to deal ers for a certain volume of business per year also acts as an incentive for the dealer to concentrate his purchases and go after more business and build. It is In the nature of additional compensation or award for extra effort performed. This might all be very fine if such dis counts were given to only those who earned them, but unfortunately such Is not the case. While probably most every firm in the paint industry gives volume discounts, they do not all adhere to the same schedule. It has been the practice, I think, of many to start extra discounts at a volume of 92,000 per year, increas ing the discounts until limits of $20,000 are reached, and all buyers within the range of $2,0Q0 to 510,000 per year, re ceiving rebates or .retroactive discounts at the-end of the year; those over $10,000 being given the discount on the invoice. Where retroactive discounts are given, fair but have proved so aa time went on. Business today has changed mostly for the better. The depression, coupled with the government's activities, has shown that individualism in business Is due for extinction and that in its stead we must substitute what should always have been apparent, that business men owe certain obligations to their competitors and to their employees, and to the consumer. We are concerned at this time with the matter of Individualism in business, espe cially as to why certain unfair trade prac tices should be eliminated. There has been a general scramble to find ways and means of undermining posted price sched ules, by devious and, in some cases, de cidedly unfair trade methods. Instead of salesmen being engaged in Belling paints and varnishes on their merits, they have been selling the dealer free brushes, un painted furniture, lawn swings, clocks, rubber aprons, or "what-have-you" I To get these "free offers/' the dealer has been obliged to buy some paint or varnish. Our code seems to deal sufficiently on this subject, and It is well, ae these selling methods were, no doubt, conceived with out any thought of improper selling tac tics but which subsequent events proved otherwise. How many of us have stopped to realize the weakening effects of such methods of selling? Isn't it true that we ultimately lost sight of the fact that we were pri marily selling paint and varnish, and, instead exerted our utmost ingenuity to find some new premium or some new "chiseling" feature that our competitor had not thought of before? It hag lowered the sales morale, the selling force laying less and less 'stress on the merits of their paints, and the time came when the sales talk on the product lost its punch and effectiveness, -So, it is a wise step taken by our code committee to disregard premium selling and get back to funda mentals. . In the future, therefore, let us not be led by wlU-o'-the-wiep selling methods ; let us build more and more quality into our products, so that our salesmen can recom mend their products on. their merits. they are, of course, earned. When dis counts are placed on the invoice, they -are all too often not earned, especially so since 1920. "Free Deal" Brushes In the matter of giving away brushes with the sale of paint or varnish, there In seeking new customers or agencies, a salesman many times assures his com pany that the prospect is a $10,000, $15, 000 or >$20,000 account and entitled to such and Buch a volume discount, too may be excuses offered for this practice, some concerns feeling, and possibly rightly no, that they are not large enough to ad vertise through expensive printed me diums, but my contact for many years often taking the dealer's word for the volume without further proof. How often do they actually earn the discount given? with the trade, tells me that It is not the smaller concerns who are indulging In "free brush deals," but the larger manu facturers. Of course, there are exceptions, but I sincerely believe that, in the main, the smaller paint and varnish manufac turers will be the gainers by the elimina tion of this expensive and highly question able form , of so-called advertising but which, to my mind. Is nothing more than a method of chiseling the price schedule. In addition to the above, there is also I he one cent sale proposition. Every one of us knows that the true price of the one- gallon of paint or varnish has been doubled to the dealer to permit of selling the second -.gallon at one cent additional. The consumer, and probably the dealer, was falsely led into the impression that he Is purchasing such a product at half price when you and I know that he Is not. Not only is this method decidedly un fair In trade practice, but the falsehood of such advertising methods can only re act unfavorably on the trade as a whole, bo, on both counts, this practice should he eliminated. While the above unfair trade practices warrant total elimination, there is, how ever, this other trade practice, discussed by a previous speaker, which is of more serious import and that is giving away of rebates in order to coerce dealers to carry the complete line and thereby stifle com petition. This practice is indulged In by the largest paint and varnish manufac- .Th,sy tell the dealer, in effect* that if he buys a certain volume In the year, he will obtain an extra discount at the end or the year on his entire purchases during that period. As would be expected, the quota given to the dealer is plenty high enough; in fact the dealer realizes to make his quota and receive the extra discount, he must confine all of his paint and varnish requirements to that particu lar house and eliminate purchases from other sources of supply. At least -one large paint and varnish manufacturer recognizes the unfair and unethical features of rebates by now changing the rebate agreement to a so- called contract" which, of course, will fool no one.: ' This is nothing more than a deliberate squeeze out" of the independent paint and varnish manufacturer who does not have a complete line, and who, therefore, cannot cope with such obvious unfair competition, as no inducement they could give the dealer would make up for the loss of the year's rebate that the dealer would otherwise get from the complete lm manufacturer. The dealer knows that he has had the screws put on him hut, under the circumstances, there Is nothing that he can do about it. This phase of unfair trade practice has not been included in the various codes that have been prepared by our in dustry, but .1 trust that you gentlemen will see the wisdom of having the final code amended to take due cognizance of this unfair trade practice and thus elim inate the monopolistic tendencies of cer tain large manufacturers. Wants Rebates Eliminated Rebates, therefore, should be positively and unequivocally eliminated from our Industry. Furthermore, in this particular practice, I should like to point out that, in the end, manufacturers who have re sorted to these unfair methods have, in some measure, defeated their own pur poses for, Instead of eliminating competi tion, they have created more competition for themselves, by forcing the specialty line manufacturer into feeing a full "liner" as, for example, by compelling the varnish manufacturer to make and sell paint and other products. Then we are confronted with the head long dash into utter oblivion by certafn manufacturers trying to make their prod ucts down to a standard instead of up to a standard to meet any and all price competition, until today, In certain metro politan areas, the industry has almost de scended to a racket. To further digress for a moment and tell a little story, I think such manufac turers are dead ones, who probably don't realize it as yet. They remind me very much of the colored boy, passing through the cemetery and reading the inscription upon the tombstones. He came across one which read; "Not dead but sleeping." He scratched his. head in puzzlement and kept repeating, "Not dead but sleepin'. Not dead but Bleepin'. All 1 can say Is, he ain't foolin' nobody but hisself." Have we lost all sense of what the splendid men who have helped build up this industry have tried to place on a high plane? This insane desire to meet a competitive price Is eventually going to destroy consumer acceptance of all paints and varnishes. We must remember that other Industries are encroaching mors and. more on the elimination of paints and varnishes as protective coatings and. therefore, we must be cognizant at all times of our.obligations to the rights of the consumer if we expect the consumer to keep on using paint, varnish and lacquer. Selling on Merit Also, isn't it about time that we got back to selling our paints and varnishes on their meiit? Isn't it about time we try to have our products reflect the char acter of the men behind them? The same money that has been ex pended on unrelated merchandise can now be used either to improve the qual ity of the products, thus giving the con sumer more value for his money, or In building up lasting good will through the use of legitimate advertising media. So many of us feel that we must do as our competitor is doing. We know In our hearts that the practice of free deala has benefited no one---even the consumer may labor under the impression that he got something for nothing. Why not as sert our Independence of this and similar methods rather than follow the leader, as it were? Certainly any benefit gained by these methods is soon lost as competi tors soon take up the same deals. Such selling methods Indicate, to my mind, the inability and lack of confidence In their products which must exist In the minds of the sales departments of such concerns. Business competition can be conducted along clean and fair lines. In fact, It must be if I interpret properly the ut terances of our public officials. (Continued on page 41) ,1 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16,' 1933 29 PROCEEDINGS OF THE National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL CONVENTION Chicago, III., October 30, 1933 Monday, October 30 Opening Session, Monday Afternoon (The forty-sixth annual meeting of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association was called to order in the Edgewater Beach Hotel, Chicago, at 2:5(1 p.m. October 30, Samuel E. Matlack, president of the association, presiding.) President Matlaok: It give sme great pleasure to call the forty-sixth annual convention of our association to order. TSdhu+o A/Tv JLJTlDIUe tO lir. Xiorgan There Is one matter of business that I feel this body should take up first. Hince our last meeting we have lost iosurfegltenveerrayl mkeaennalgye, r, ianthdinhkisitabwseonuclde be fitting, in honor of George Horgan, if we were to each stand for a moment in silent prayer In memory of our denarted fripnrt /ThA naiuvdiHiecnn^cee, arose .a=n.d* esLtorto.dj ,in faience.) _, President Matlack: The first order of business to come before us is the i`ollcall. byMc.usbrannT JUh cS ^ r delegates ^01'Uld, appreoflat! 11 U delegates would please stand so that we may get a record of the attendance. (Mr. Shannon called the roll, showing the following clubs in attendance:) tteaproxy1for the*1 voting o t'hlT'lmb ^Ig the co-operation of our organization durins the coming year. Thank you. President Matlack: I wish to thank Tu. Mr. Michel, for being with us this afternoon. We hope the other three members will also feel free to join us in the meeting, Tile reception of delegates from the International Society of Master Paint- r** Decorators, represented by John B, Dewar and E. J. Bush. Mr. Dewar Is authorized to speak for the delegates. Gentlemen, I would like to Introduce to you, Mr. Dewar. .. , _ . ,, International Society of Master TP>a-iin+tesrt-se and Decorators John B. Dewar: Once again I have j*1 privilege of extending to your organif and al?, to y?uLatl?uiU c0^en; tion, the greetings of the, International Stoorsc,ietayndof thMeaspteerrsoPnaailntgerresetainngds Doefcooruar- international president, Mr. Grant, who unfortunately is not able to be present, In the last year, many things have happened to our organization ; I believe also tX? STSK ^TMy o^gaSmtfon tremendously. We see in this act, and our membership all over the United States *ees in this act, a meariB of overcoming the terrific competition we have been up "jfan? o PlnBPour busbicas on a `profit'! Mr. Roh, are you prepared to give us that report at the present time? Mr. Roh's Remarks Charles J. Roh: I think most of you gentlemen were in the room this morning when I made the report to the manu facturers' association. With your per mission, I will brief it now rather than read the entire report. Is that satis factory? For the few members that weren't here I set the background for this amalgama tion by stating that this is not a revo lutionary Idea, that it is the focusing point of an evolutionary idea that started ten years ago when we had our association activities centered in several cities in the country. ,1 also stated that there has been criticism by the membership of both or ganizations In the present set up, showing that there was very great overlapping, and that present day needs required one concentrated authoritative body to act for the membership. The answer to that de mand, to that present day need, Is this re port of the amalgamation committee. I read the names of the membership to give you an idea that they were repre sentative of the industry, and considered President Matlack: Will any members ':aTMPTa!n,!" a J"'ofitahle that hold proxies let themselves be known as the clubs are called? Mr Shannon eontlmipd tba roll wr. shannon continued the roil call, Only within the last several months, I presume, we have added fifty new chap- ler \ our organization. Our secretary has issued thirty charters and about a;"?M>re ................................................ 2 twenty are about to be Issued very shortly. Buffalo ......................................................................... 2 We have more than doubled our member- Central New York............................................... 0 ship, and we estimate that, at the present Chicago ......................................................................... 3 time, It may approximate ten thousand. Cincinnati........................................................ 6 It Is rather difficult to give the figures, the Cleveland................................................. a exact figures, because new chapters and Columbus .................................................................... 1 the organization is increasing day by day Colorado...................................................................... 2 at a tremendous rate of speed. Detroit ..................................................................... 2 We feel we are already getting the bene- Golden Gate............................................................... 1 fits of the new deal. Indianapolis........................................................... 1 We attempted, last year to put through Jansas City ............................................................ 1 a reorganization plan, for which we Los Angeles ............................................................... 1 begged your assistance, and we already Louisville .................................................................... 2 see the benefits of that reorganization plan Memphis ............................................... \ now through the NRA. We desire espq- MllwauKee ................................................................. Mtnneapolis-St. Paul ......................................... Nebraska ..................................................... ew England . *..................................................... 2 dally to co-operate with your association. 0 and indeed with your new association. 1 "We have tremendous problems on both G hands, and only by- complete co-operation Samuel R. Matlack The Presiding Officer New Orleans ............................................................ 0 can we achieve the benefits for the Indus- Ncw York...................................................... 12 try that we seek. 4 *.............................................. 6 J Ittsburgh ........................................ We, of course, have had some dlfflcul- all the angles before finally perfecting this 4 ties, but our difficulties can be Irorenpeodrto, uwt hich was submitted, resubmitted, lortland, Oregon ....................................... l very easily. 1 believe there is now a vearnyd then resubmitted again, and finally Puget Sound Mr. Shannon: Mr. Mat- close bond of friendship between the two got the approval of three bodies, the ex jack you have the proxy for that.) associations, and with closer contacts, and ecutive committee of your association, the Richmond ................................................................... 3 especially with your new association, I am board of directors of the American Faint St. Louis ................................................................... 0 sure It wilt be productive of a very great and Varnish Manufacturers' Association, Savannah ................................................................... 0 amount of benefits. and the educational bureau. After they Toledo ........................................................................ 0 i have enjoyed myself this past year got through with it, this is the result. Toronto ............................................... 3. meeting with some of your commTithteeesr.eport itself, of course, designates Utah .............................................................................. 0 They have been most Instructive, and a name. At first, I want to state that Washington . 1 they have also been productive of re the amalgamation committee recommended eat.-......................a - .___ ,, ....................suits. I wish you success in this conMr. Shannon: Are there any indi- ventfon. i wish you success In your new as a basis for the reorganization, the by-laws of your organization. They sug viduat members present who do not plan of organization, and I invite you to gested that the name be changed to the belong to paint clubs? If so, we would our fiftieth anniversary convention In New American Faint, Varnish and Lacquer As be glad to have you stand. -n, ,. f t v i _ , ,, Reception of Delegates York next Winter, In February, Thank you. President Matlack: Mr Bush, have you anything for us? sociation, Inc., rather than the National Paint, OU and Varnish Association. They also in the association decided It would be of great benefit If the manufacturers . , . ,,,, ,, ... 33. J. Bush: Mr. President, I can only President Matlack: While Robert is add to Mr. Dewar's good wishes for you, had one set and one type and one class of dues, that there weren't two types counting the delegates to see where we stand, we might entertain the receptlon of the delegates of the Na- A^noiftf-Frin Af Paint Dlstrlbti1 Tr SSa S v . frSw.n.'Ui?SrTnSt tors. If the four members present and at this time to extend appreciation to the manufacturers who are members 01 fu^ organization for their Intensive work in bringing out the advantages of membership in our organization, you are celebrating your forty-eighth of dues to pay in different localities for national dues. They are termed Class A members. The scale of dues I will tell you about a little later--perhaps I had better tell it to you now. who are representing the distributors anniversary. We are going to celebrate Explanation of Dues are in the room, I think it would be nice for them to rise, George J. Michel, of Pittsburgh, will represent them at this meeting. Are the other 0ur fiftieth. We are a little bit older than you are. We want you to come to New York to help us .with our golden jubilee. I hope that the relations that It Is based in the same way, and the same basic figures are used that were adopted three years ago at Toronto. . I might tell you that all the manufacturing members present? We wiU be glad to' hear from you, Mr. Michel, if you will come forward. National Association of Paint Distributors J- have his assurance that we are going to get just a little bit closer than we have ever been before. ., ,. Amalgamation members, and all the subscribing mem bers--not all, but ninety-five percent of all the members--under this new scale of dues will pay no morB and in many instances they will pay less for association dues. In other words, I want to state specifically that if you are a member of the manufacturers' association and hold George J. Michel: On behalf of the National Association of Paint DlstrVbu- tors, it is a pleasure to bring you their greetings and good wishes. i T1i?,palnt dlIstributor has suffered durwork cloel?r w?m 'onr prineipa'o ^the President Matlaok: Thank you, Mr. Bush. vtr have at the present time two- thirds of our voting membership in room. I would suggest, if it meets with your pleasure, that we take up several memberships in various localities, in city or regional clubs, and subscribe to the educational bureau fund, the sum total of those amounts will, when re flected in your present dues, be the same, or less, with the exception of about five percent of the members. Industry. "We .wish you a successful can- the report of the amalgamation com- I know you have'in mind that scale vention, and it is our desire to give you mittee at once. What la your pleasure? of dues, so I won't read the entire scale. I had a little difficulty In doing It this morning. L want to say this: That it was the unanimous decision of the com mittee that > those manufacturers selling a million' dollars or less be encouraged to join by reducing the scale slightly in the brackets that are under one million. In other words, there are six brackets that are slightly under the scale estab lished for those manufacturers that sell and distribute a million dollars or over. That Is as far as the manufacturers go. Your own association, the N, P. O. & V. A, had 'two classes of members. As you know, there are a number of manufac turers that now subscribe to the educa tional bureau fund, and to provide for those who are willing and feel that they would like .to support those activities, we have provided what we call class B members. Those members pay dues on a scale which la a few dollars under the scale that manufacturers pay; and the sum total of the number of people that have been paying will also pay slightly lees, or in very rare occasions only slightly more, but in no case is it an im portant amount. In ninety percent of the cases, It will be slightly less. The class C membership are those mem bers who are not class A or B members, and who will secure their membership in the national association through mem bership m the local, regional, or city as sociations, and they will pay, as they dues Pay' a yeai* to'5vard the national th^r* haTe 0laS3 D members, (or the Canadian membership. There was a J'U?Pn,WontiKn TMade, this morning- that J'iv Jt ? tf caS, adopted tomorrow, and ItrohaMy will, because I think we ail feel w wa-nt Canadian members, and we don t want to put anythin^ in thAfA (fWhr Path `tat win indle^e ip even for S16? are not wanted tnsmbershlp. Bo it -was suggested aonlv" (n 1 SS8TT>^c?eta under that in?* United States members, iSStartSS^bSSfc10 the Cahaaian manu- Associate members in Canada have at- 'bejn, oa tha $10 scale, and that Is CThA Ufld h"; thf new recommendation. arJll?ii^fH1r.nClaS8# the Class E members, are the honorary members. It is the ^commendation of the committee that ihose members that are now honorary SiSSS1** 7C two aasciatlons and the ona, bureau be continued as hon orary members of the new association. , Two Big Committees ,,i^e**o bts advance steps (I con sider it such from my own standpoint as JfhV,Smfa0 nufacturecro),n, teomnPetatoinfg,thoene boigf^gtehset 15 SffifJ8 to bring results, one ocor mthpelisthhinIngsthwee phaasvte, btseentheunSabeleattloona^cf t 55?i? Of our various committees, it ?rtSl^eiided thft1committtees i{w i m3 <Prate from the national r.Th^seJt'tjp ?f the two committees ?ni t^ade aaIes and the other on is?Str a 8fiea of Paints, varnishes and S2S^^7w!Il*permlt the complete re- )rganization of manufacturers in any lo- +*}y` aind fnm^ny oC trad or tadus- #rlniSaf8' The tle-ln between the na- `JJJJJJ. office, fftd the local or district as- !Satio/?i reSIona-i or city assocla- tion will be through a chairman of ' a trade sales committee and a chairman of an industrial sales committee, who will be a member of the national body. He will be selected by the chairman of the national executive committee, and the President of the Club. It is the Intention that they hold quar terly meetings, the same as the executive committee, as provided in the by-laws, and that those reactions will be brought continually to the executive committee, in other words, if we had had such -a commfttee In the last six months, We probably would have avoided a little embarrassment--I cannot say It fs em barrassing, because I think all of those things have brought about a clearer and better understanding of each other. But oils will set up the machinery so that In a very short time, local reactions in reference to all branches of the industry can be brought into national headquarters. The recommendation provides that secretarial service be rendered to those committees, and there will be an ac counting of those committees to the na tional office, in other words, here is the set-up that is functioning from the foun tain head, and local, regional reactions will be the. force of crystallizing these national aims of the industry in all brsn^hAfl. I might cite here that the lacquer manu facturers, for instance, could crystallize their thoughts in the various centers of the lacquer industry in the country; the manufacturers of paint, and the manufac turers of varnish could do the same thing* either in trade sales or industrial sales. There are other committees that are recommended here that I read about this morning. They are the same working committees. 30 November 16, 1933 OIL. PAINT. AND DRUG REPORTER ft Is felt, first, that we should start wjth these two main committees, and'then National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer As sociation, Inc,, the title to such property Address of President without its tinge of sorrow and sadness, A man whom we have cherished and shall as the need develops In the industry, per haps other committees will want to be organized In the same way. I have two 05 three in mind that have been seeking just such an outlet. If their demand is of sufficient force, there is absolutely no reason why we may not have any kind of a group representing any division of the industry to bring the same kind of local reaction to the focusing point at the na tional office. Overlapping of Direction I said this morning that there had been considerable discussion with-reference to the overlapping of the directing heads of the two organizations, and particularly the place that the educational bureau would fit into the picture. To answer all the criticisms in reference to that set up, it is the recommendation of the amalgamation committee that we have a president and a vice-president, five regional vice-presi dents, a treasurer, and eighteen elective members of the executive committee. There will be three classes in those eight een members. At the first > election, Bix will be elected for three years, six for two years, and six for one year, and each year thereafter, six will be elected to this committee. That will insure all the bene fits of continuity which is so valuable in the association, and which, after all, has been the great function of the educational bureau. As directors and executive com mittee came and went, the educational bureau insured continuity of efforts in the long pull developments. The idea in this set up is to continue that long pull de velopment of our industry, I said this morning that this question of amalgamation has been a process of ten years, and I could show you step by step where groups have been constantly shall be and remain In the said Na tional Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, Inc,, and the finances and expenditures of such association shall be directed and made In accordance with Its constitution and by-laws as at present. Provided further, that the action on any proposal to provide for a successor association shall be taken only on the votes of members of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, Inc., in good standing, who shall vote by delegates, and of the American Paint and Varnish Man ufacturers Association, Inc. I want to emphasize again that any question in reference to the amalga mation, the members of the committee will try to answer; and any question in reference to these resolutions, our attorneys will try to answer. President Matlack: You have Mr, Roll's resolution, also the report. Do you first want to act on the report and then the resolution, or all at the same time? Mr, Walker: I move that the report of the amalgamation committee be re ceived, and the resolution adopted. President Matlack: You have heard the motion. Do I heard a second? Ernest T. Trigg; I will second that. President Matlack: You have heard the motion and the second. Are there any questions? Any discussion? Are you ready for the motion? (The question was called for.) President Matlack; That will have to be done by rollcall. Mr. Shannon President Matlack: Fellow members of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Asso ciation: (Whether It is in the by-laws or precedent, I do not know, but we are required, before escaping from a very pleasant year to offer a resume as to what has gone before us. Just a year ago my predecessor, in turning over the presidency of this asso ciation, likened, it unto a ship, with a brand new coat of paint, its brass shined to the nth degree, flags proudly flying and headed for the open sea. So I nave taken the liberty of following In like manner and will try to present to you some of the highlights as they have been inscribed In our log. Once more our ship of business has returned to its home port and again the captain and his crew of officers and men are called upon to render an accounting of their, stewardship. It has not been an easy Journey, this voyage of the year just past. Our good old ship shows plainly the scars of battle. Some of its sails are torn. But the old hull is still sound and the flag of our association still waves undaunted from the topmast, Seas have been rough. Storms have been plentiful. Unseen shoals and reefs have menaced us on every side. The channels have not been clear ahead. Many times the new, uncharted water has been too deep for our sounding lines. Some of the old, familiar landmarks have been swept away. But by Divfne'guidance and the grace of faith we have come through. Let me retrace with you some of the pages of our log. Go back with me to our forty-fifth convention. Let us look over the weather chart at the time our fair ship started forth. . miss has gone to his last long resting . place, and, on that log. In loving memory, is Inscribed the name of George V. Hor- gan, died in action, buried at sea, a vet eran in every sense of the word, closely connected with our industry for over twenty years, first as secretary of the Na tional Paint and Varnish Association, later as general manager of our combined asso ciations, loyal to the last, hts last detail of .business being, his appearance before tb* iToi'eresblonaJ hari ' `s or' May 0 with reference to labor. He passed away May 25. It was Omar Khayyam who said: The moving finger writes and having writ Mo v bb on. Nor all thy piety or wit Can lure It back to cancel half a line, ' II *b t * --*h vjt - -or. r.' |t. George V. Horgan is gone, but his memory will long remain. It is also our duty to place on record in the log the death of a loyal past president and a vice-president, R. B. Robinette, So far I have dealt mainly with our trials and tribulations. But what about progress? What have we accomplished? IViiat about results? Progress Achieved Let me first point out to you the work of our traffic committee and its successful efforts to have lees-than-carload paint and . varnish shipments dropped from third to fourth class classification. This change became effective early in our present fiscal year, so that for the past several months, as a tangible evidence of this fine work, members of our association have been en joying a saving of approximately twentyseven per cent in their less-than-earioad nt chareres. Now let me briefly summarize the re sults of the scientific section. In the past working to bring this activity under the direct cloak of the organization. Unless we preserve that in our original and offi cial set up, we will be giving up some thing that has been very valuable to Us. Whatever we may say about them, that is one thing that we should continue. In other words, six new members com ing into the picture will have the benefit of the experience of those older members on tne board. The set up as to the selection of a chairman and vice-chairman is routine, I think I have given you in a few words the entire report of the amalgamation committee. This morning, there was a little slip-up in reference to certain resolutions that were presented from the floor. In view of the fact that there is certain routine called the roll with the following result;'-- Dissolution Rolf Call ciub. Votes. Atlanta ......................... Baltimore......................... 20 Buffalo ............................ , 20 Chicago ......................... ... 90 Cincinnati ..................... . 40 Cleveland ........................ . 40 Colorado ....................... . 20 Columbus ...................... . 10 Detroit ............................ . 40 Golden Gate.................. . 20 Indianapolis ................ . 20 Kansas City.................. . 20 Los Angeles.................. , 20 Louisville ....................... . 20 Yes. No. x ... X ... X ... X ,.. X .,. X ... X ... X ,.. X X .,, (Not voting). X .., Resume of the Past i.J't086..?*.? aartt.daya. Tha skies were laden with threatening clouds. Our' people had done with the political philosophy that had bean In power and that was to re main in power for a little longer. The election had been decided, but Inaucura- tion Day was atlll four months away. There still remained some seventeen weeks ai"ra , V1 newlJr chosen organization would take over the reins of government. S., w.TM.55111 happen In the mean while? What was the outlook? Would the old party In power, disgruntled with its defeat, still further clog the paths of progress? * Millions of people were out of work. The army of the unemployed was growing arger every hour. Labor at every point few vears our industry has been subjected to ait sorts of competition. We have had to face tremendously difficult economic conditions. The market has demanded the utmost quality at the very minimum of rrfce. And it has been our scientific sec tion that has helped us meet this demand and these conditions by discovering new . rjdrct*. new pigment5 -^nd solvents, and . by showing us more efficient methods of manufacture and finer methods of appli cation. The truth is that this department has stood shoulder to shoulder with us in every possible way in which It could be of service, and if my comments here may seem all too brief it Is only because the Work of this department Is too complex and too voluminous to discuss thoroughly In what must perforce be confined to merely a president's parting report. that we have to go through, that if we could consider these resolutions now with a quorum present, or two-thtrds of the membership present, I think it would be well to do so. I don't mean to imply by that that there is any Idea of rail roading. * If there is anyone that wants to ask any question about the amalgamation committee's report or action, or the rea sons why they did certain things,' if I can't answer it, some other member of this amalgamation committee certainly can do so. If there is any legal slant that anybody would like to get any idea on, I am sure Mr. McFadden or Mr, Macdonald can do that. If we are going to consider it at all, I would like to present these resolutions and have you act on them ithe way you want to, except that It seems to me that both have to do with the same thing, and I would like to see them considered at the same time. Resolution to Dissolve Mr. Roh: And so, Mr. President, I offer the following resolution: Memphis ....,., 10' Milwaukee ..................... . 20 Minneapblls-St. Paul. . 20 Nebraska ....................... New England................ . 60 New Orleans.................. . 20 New York............... . 170 Philadelphia ................ . 50 Pittsburgh .............*, , Portland, Oregon,,.. . 10 Puget Sound.................. Richmond ..................... St. Louts.......................... Savannah ....................... Toledo............... Toronto............................ Washington.................. . 10 X . .. X .., (Not voting). X ... X ,.. (Not voting). .x X X ... . ., . .. (Not voting). x ... x ... * Mr. Figgis has the proxy, Mr, Shannon; It is unanimously car ried, and the two-third delegates are adequately represented. President Matlack: I suppose we are within our rights to accept the re port of that committee and vote on the resolution at the same time. There fore, the report is accepted and the *Oltng. Would it burst Into an loii conflagratlon ? There was a long, dark, drear Winter ahead .Bank after bank was closing its doors. we,re bal"8 "wept away. ^ dollars in assets were frozen +*? shrunk *0 but a minor fraction 01 their reputed former worth. Industry was slack. Judgments were hesitant iS?*iWere w*11 impossible and predictions as to the future were either vague or out of the question. Purchasing power had shriveled. Credit was strained to the breaking point. Credit men and credit departments were turn- TMentaI handsprings. Past records- tnat had once been the measure of past responsibility meant nothing. Who knew what anyone was worth? And such or- dera ,ae came Into our famished factories were just as likely to prove liabilities as assets, . At home our government was calling for a (balanced budget. Abroad our forfilgn debtors were repudiating their debts. The^entire world was m the grip of And then we come to Inauguration Day ^h dawn was just the same as any Now let me turn the spotlight upon the save the surface committee, and the able way in which this committee has func tioned throughout the year. It has given us the maximum value from a rather limited appropriation, and has procured for us a vast amount of profitable pub licity. Its save the surface slogan has lost none of its effectiveness, and is still carried on as one of the best known slogans In the field. The program of this committee, calling attention to the rapid depreciation of property at this time and the urgent need for and wisdom of using paint, haB been a moat constructive work. Right , here also it seems fitting to cite the fine work of our clean up and paint up committee operating under the man agement of Dr, R, a . Plumb. This com mittee needs no eulogy from your presi dent. Its efficient operation and the con scientious and thorough way in which it has done Its duty Is proverbial. It has a constant record for making good. Nor must we forget here the budget committee, a committee that has done yeoman service without any great display of ostentation, but that nevertheless has enabled us to carry on and live within Whereas, this association agrees In. principle with the report of.the amalga mation committee recommending the dis solution of the National Paint, Oil, and Varnish Association, Inc., and the Ameri can Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association, Inc., and the creation of a new association to succeed said associa tions: and , ,, A _ __ Whereas, the American Paint and Var nish Manufacturers Association, Inc., is considering dissolution of that association resolution carried by unanimous vote. Mr, Roh: In the event the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers As sociation votes as you have voted this afternoon, it will be necessary to have this resolution-- - Mr. Everett (interrupting): I Just want to correct you. I think the report was received and the resolution adopted. other dawn. It was the final day of the week. The last hours of a passing Prostrt^riLebl>in? a7ay' At "TM * new President would he installed. .An entire for Inaugural celebra"r?ltin& !n expectancy, when, without warning, came a flash of devaetat11s eV' Throughout the entire nation the hanks had closed. Incredible I Men looked at one another, aghast, A recordSS5I?.8rjeventl th.e llke oC whloh the world had never witnessed, and tha-t you our means through a most trying period, Renovtze Campaigns And now a word or two about our renovlze campaigns. These campaigns, in most cases working against tremendous odds, have shown results that have been most gratifying. I can speak from ex perience regarding this part of our work because I have had the benefit of first hand knowledge from my own home and the conveyance and transfer of Its property to a successor association if and when such successor may be incorpor ated ; and , Whereas, It Is proposed that a general meeting of the industry be held at 9:30 a. m. on October 31, 1933, to discuss and act on the details of a plan to create such successor corporation, such plan to be submitted in a report of the constitution President Matlack: That is what I meant to say. Mr. Everett: You said that the re port was accepted and the resolution adopted. I want to be sure the min utes read right. President Matlack: Thank you very much, Mr, Everett. ana 1 and succeeding generations may hope never to see again, Hope dashed into despair. Joy turned chagrin. Celebration converted into almost lamentation. new ^a^ent stepped into a deserted factory at the very instant of a com- piete shutdown, faced with the necessity of beginning a new week, an early Mon day, with' questionable facilities -to start town, the city of Philadelphia. The response from the people .of this city to our efforts was extremely inter esting, and the sums pledged to paint and varnish (with the labor required to apply these protections) totalled over $4,000,000. It was hoped to carry this fine work Into a nation-wide campaign, and every effort was made to do this. Presidents and by-laws committee: now therefore be it . Resolved: That subject to similar ac tion by the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association, the officers and directors of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, Inc,, and/or their successors, and each of .them, be and they are hereby fully authorized and directed to take, as soon as may be, all appropriate and necessary action to sur render the charter, corporate name, etc., of the said association, and to dissolve the same. ...... .. Resolved further, that subject to the adoption of a plan of organization and by-laws for such proposed successor cor poration by the said general meeting of the industry on October 31, 1933, or any adjournment thereof, the officers and di rectors of the National Faint, Oil and Varnish Association, Inc., and any com mittee or committees thereof, and/or their successors, and eaeh-of them, be Mr. Roh: If the American associa tion takes similar action to what you have taken here this afternoon, tomor row morning it will be necessary to have this resolution in our records:-- Resolved: That upon the dissolution or this association, all matters pending be fore and not disposed of by the Execu tive Committee and Board of Directors shall be referred to the Executive Com mittee of the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, Inc,, for appropri ate action in accordance with the con stitution and by-laws of that association. I offer that resolution, Mr. President. President Matlack: You have heard the resolution offered by Mr. Roh, What is your pleasure? (The motion was seconded by Mr. Marks.) President Matlack; It has been JrftlS*S?dit5? J>6tter Part of the public's pocketbook tied up. The New Deal Call it a new deal if you will, but It went further back than this. It was practically & new deck of cards and a new shuffle thrown In, a beginning from a beginning. Congress was called to special session. There were more days of waiting, more days of uncertainty. Gradually our bankers came out of the holes to which they had so hastily retreated, and the situation became a little brighter. Then came a clarion call for courage,.tolerance. . action. . A master mariner . In the White House was mustering his forces. The executive mansion was changed into a lighthouse. A beacon soon began to cast its welcome beams over the storm-tossed, waters and on the business crafts that were veering near to a surf-lashed, roekbound shore and vice-presidents of various great rail roads east and west lent their willing support to this movement. Various utili ties companies, bankers, chambers of commerce and other industrial and civic leaders were also active. In addition to these, the firm of Day & Zimmerman, one of our country's leading utility ex perts, very generously contributed the services of one of its vice-presidents, Charles Penrose, to our cause, but the concerted campaign did not materialize, owing chiefly to financial conditions that then existed in practically every city in the land. ' Do not lose sight of this fact, however: --While the national campaign lagged, the local campaign conducted in many cities did go along In fine shape, and the result of these campaigns wag very satis factory. Visits to Clubs It has been my pleasure and privilege to have visited a number of our member and they are hereby fully authorized and moved and seconded. We can vote on that spelled ruin. Our ship and a hundred clubs thfs year, and T want to remark directed to take, as soon as may be, all this by a majority. vote. Are there and one other ships' of business came right here and now that the sincerity of appropriate ana necessary action to transfer and convey any and all property of said association to such successor. In corporated association when: It Is created and organized in accordance with law, any suggestions or questions, or dis cussion? Are you ready for. the mo tion? All those in favor please signify by the sign of `'aye," It is, so carried. to a level keel once more. There was daylight, hope, ahead. Action was what the President asked. He gave us action In return. The sky began to clear. Bill after bill, designed purpose and the fine morale that existed at these clubs have been noteworthy. Membership has lagged a.little. This was to be expected in face of the existing conditions, but any loss that may have and to do all things necessary .to carry ' We will go back now to the regular to give relief, began to follow one after occurred in numbers has been made up into effect . ail resolutions applicable to the dissolution of this association and the organization of a successor corporation, order of business, I will ask Mr. Bownes to take the chair. the other. And here was another record, a record for Bpeed in legislation that no government has equalled. In the vigor, enthusiasm and earnestness of the active members of the clubs In question. These men have shown a keen heretofore or hereafter adopted at this (Frank Bownes assumed the chair.) Then came another shock to our asso appreciation of the value and the help 01 mprovhied, however, that, pending the transfer and conveyance of property, rights and assets of the National Faint, Oil and Varnish Association, Inc., or any Chairman Bownes: Members of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Asso ciation: Will you kindly give your at tention to our president while he pre ciation. From out of that vast unknown from whence no traveler has returned, the Mighty Hand that rules the universe and guides the destiny of puny man reached forth and beckoned- homeward our ship's our national association. I should like to express my appreciation of the genuinely fine way in which these clubs have re ceived your president and of the fine spirit of co-operation and loyalty they committee or committees thereof to the sents his annual address? ohief engineer. And b o our log Is not have exhibited. I also want to express OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 31 my sincere thanks to the many commit tees of our association. Never could any captain have had a more loyal crew or a more ioyal set of officers. And now, if 1 may, 1 should like to re trace my steps a little and get back to that portion of our log that deals with events of the early summer. It is late May and the early part of June. Thomas J. McFadden is now our tem porary manager and has just taken over his new duties at national headquarters. He Is snowed under with work, but slowly and surely digging his way out. There are a thousand and one details of office routine to be given attention, and then comes an avalanche of work. Just a few squares away from our headquarters a master man, sitting in the White House, is working ahead, full steam, setting a record, an unbeatable record for action. Things are happening thick and fast, and our government's viewpoint toward business is undergoing some serious revisions. The President has asked every industry for a code. Heretofore, the government's policy toward business has been "hands off,'1 and the Sherman law has frowned sternly upon any effort of business men to get together. Agreements between competitors have been taboo. Now the government is reversing itself, Get to gether and trade agreements have become compulsory. The national recovery act has been born. This means added work for national headquarters, work with a vengeance, work that requires diplomacy and tact, work that demands almost constant con tact with the government and govern ment officials. All this and more is In the hands of Mr, McFadden, part of his dally labor, part of his ever-increasing problems, and right here, in the crucible of experience, Mr. McFadden wins his laurels and earns the title of general manager. This, gentlemen, is the type of man who presides at national headquarters to day, and because he has won the loyalty and . full support of, every person within his own Immediate organization it be comes evident that he deserves your full support as well.I find a line from Milton is applicable:-- "He also serves who only stands and waits." Surely no general Is greater than his army, and Mr. McFadden, with his loyal corps of workers at headquarters, is worthy of the finest tribute that our association can pay to him or to them. Power of Association to'Aid have such a long and important pro I foresee! a strengthening of the local Man cannot live for himself alone. There must, on every hand, be a broader, deeper realization of this fact, There must be a keener appreciation among ourselves of the competent, consistent, constructive helpfulness that this national association holds out to every last one of our mem bers, There must be a keener apprecia gram, the general manager will report very Informally and very briefly. I don't know that he could do otherwise, after having listened to such a com plete resu,me of all the association work, including the references to the committees, the staff, and the code organizations by whatever name they may have. I think the local clubs or associa tions will be revitalized; they will be better able, to deal with their local prob lems in their own way, with complete au thority over their own affaire, officers, elections, and so on, with as much help as possible from Washington, tion of the vast and comprehensive wealth commitee, as has just been presented And then, third, I hope that we will of material that our association Is in a by your president. . begin to have a thoroughly united indus position to --supply. There must be a closer bond of relationship between all of us in order that our association may function to its top-notch of efficiency and accomplish to the utmost the things that It has set out to accomplish. We have an association prepared and equipped to do things. We have an as sociation that has a record for having done things. And we have at the head of this great government of ours a man who has the common touch, the under standing, the will to do his utmost. He has shown his skill and ability in his many radio reports to his great mass of followers. You may disagree with I have been asked to announce that the general industry meetings of to morrow and. "Wednesday are open ses sions to those who wear badges indi cating that they have taken care of the formality of paying a nominal reg istration fee. President Matlack: Owing to the fact that we sent out three thousand invitations to attend these meeings, telling them that they were welcome to all of our sessions; also, at the Chi cago Save the Surface Men's Club the other night, I invited their member . try. As our visiting delegates have said this morning, much has been done in the past to bring an understanding between the manufacturers and the distributors, and between the manufacturers and the master painters. But there is a great opportunity for us to get even closer to gether, and all live under the same roof, taking care of our own problems and safer guarding our own respective interests, hut presenting united fronts in our common problems. . So that our future is one of an existing adventure Into which your ship of state is now sailing, Mr, President. Thank you. President Matlack: Is there any ac his theories of political philosophy, hut ship to he present with us, especially tion to be taken on our general man you cannot afford to disagree with his efforts to set our country to rights. on Wednesday, I do not feel it would be good policy to lay down a hard and ager's report? Mr. Shannon: The board of directors The period of business complexities is not yet ended. There nas been some re lief. There will undoubtedly be more relief. We see indications of progress fast rule that it will be necessary for them to pay and wear the badges. I considered the report, accepted it and moved that- It be referred to the con vention for action. every day. But the time for great re General Manager McFadden: The joicing has not yet arrived. This is not American association still has to re the time to lay aside the plow and pick up the bugle. This Is not the time for relaxation. Let us first completely finish the important work at hand. Our great cord a vote on a resolution similar to the one which you have approved. I merely wanted to interrupt at this est help now is to use the experience we point to ask those members of the have gained in the nearby past and to American association who may have apply that experience to solving our prob to leave the hotel, to please leave us lems of today in such a manner that the faults that have occurred shall never occur again, I ask our association for the fullest measure of. consideration and cooperation, their proxy, so that If arrangements are made to discuss that further and take a- vote, that we will have your proxy, I have a proxy form here, and and I thank its many -members for the I will leave; it at the door of this con honor of having permitted me to work vention room, and then after that I with them and for them during the past twelve monttae. We have ridden through many storms wilt turn it over to Mr, Shannon. So that if any of you have to leave, together. We have had our pleasant days any American association members and others that were not so pleasant. We have to leave town, please let us have have sometimes had to stand with our your proxy; backs to the wall. But if we have learned no other lesson, we have at least discovered, to use a slang and sporting expression, that we can "take it," As President Matlack: We will now hear from our Treasurer, Charles J. Roh, for the future, there is no `fear but that we will have the faith and common sense ' to "make it." Treasurer's Report The Coda Committee And now, my friends, the hour has And now that we have reached that portion of our log that deals with the code, let me tell you something of the committee that framed our code. It was made up as follows:--Three members of the National Paint, OIL and Varnish As sociation, three members of the American Faint and Varnish Manufacturers Asso ciation; and three members of our educa tional bureau, under the. leadership of our educational bureau's chairman. Now it la not my intention here to come for me to lay aside the helm and step from the bridge. The reading of the log for 1933 is finished. Another chapter has been added to the annals of our association. The goad old ship that has so ably served her purposes in the past forty-six years is about to be laid away in the peace and quiet of Sailor's Snug Harbor. In a few months she will have become nothing but a memory. But I have another duty to perform before I finish. enter into a lengthy discussion or de scription of the vast amount of work and detail that confronts the builders of a code, especially when the various businesses -that are to participate in that code are located all over the country. But this does afford me the opportunity to pay tribute to a man, a member of our association, who has very ably given us an example of the stuff of which great organizers are made. 1 am referring now to Ernest T, Trigg, chairman of our edu cational bureau. For over five months Mr. Trigg has literally lived with this code. He has The New Venture Mine Is the double honor of* having been your president and of having had this opportunity to bid -you welcome to the christening and launching of a brand new ship, a finer, greater vessel, the merging or blending of two fine organiza tions into one, It is such a ship as must . have inspired the immortal Longfellow when he penned hia Building of the Ship: Build me straight, O Worthy Master! Staunch and strong, a goodly vessel, That shall laugh at al! disaster And with wave and whirlwind wrestle. personally traveled thousands of miles To the many members of our associa and given his devoted, undivided attention tion and to the number of friends that to the building of our code. It is through we have with us here assembled, some his loyal efforts and concentration to this of whom have journeyed many miles, task that it may he said to the ever I extend the hand of good fellowship and lasting credit of our industry that we a hearty welcome. We are immensely have a code, that we were among the happy to have you with us. We sincerely first to answer the President's request welcome you to this glorious concerted for a code, that we were among *the first rally for progress and achievement in to honor and adopt the national recovery the name of our association. act and the blanket code which the The good ship stands ready. I hear-- President laid down, and we were among the first to put its provisions into op eration. Thus, in every way, we have The sound of hammers blow on blow Knocking away the shores and spurs. And seel She stirs! proved our reputation of living up to co She starts, she moves, she seems to feel operation, constructive cooperation, and we have measured up to the ideals which In a former year earned for our asso ciation the great bronze plaque that now The thrill of life along her keel. And spurning with her foot the ground. With one exulting, Joyous bound. She leaps into the ocean's arms. graces the walls of our headquarters. In a few short hours she will head for Unquestionably, the man responsible for the open sea with newer officers and a the code should be the man to give you newer crew, with newer hopes and newer the facts regarding that code. Mr. Trigg ambitions. I see at the top mast the flag is that man. I can only add that if of a greater association, the ensign of our this code is lived up to as religiously and National Faint, Varnish and Lacquer As as conscientiously and as faithfully as it has been drafted, it will in a full measure sociation. She la a bonny ship with a gallant crew, go a long way toward helping us in the and to her and them I wish Godspeed, a Thomas J. McFadden General Manager hope, however, that as many as are here and are staying for the week, wfll feel that the program is worthy of a very small registration fee. General Manager's Report General Manager McFadden: I am. glad to have that correction. I was referring to a message that was sent up to me. I suppose I should have checked to see whether or not there were varying views about it. Apparently, then, there will be no checking at the door, hut we do call your attention to the fact that the registration fee is very nominal, and . it is very necessary that we all con tribute so that the expenses of the con vention will be fully met by those in attendance. , The association headquarters haB be come a code factory. That means that in addition to carrying on their respective duties, the various department heads have all pooled their resources to help in the Interest of the industry. The code matters, aa you know, have been industry matters and not association matters solely. We have tried to keep the Industry informed. Our mailing list is over three thousand manufacturers. We add to that all non manufacturing members of the N. F. O, and V. A,; and our active correspondents on cede matters has been from 825 manu facturers. I mention that to indicate to you that the association has tried to serve Mr. Roh: This year we added $663.76 to our surplus. That is the most interest ing part of the treasurer's report, except to say that the falling off in membership dues was no more than we anticipated at the beginning of the year. We collected' from membership dues during the year, 919,891.50, and from in terest and discounts on United States government bonds, $1,522.34, making a total Income of $21,413.86. Last year, from the same sources, we collected $25, 872.88. This year we spent and ap propriated to the educational bureau Cit was approved by the executive commute), $26,0(10. We. wrote off doubtful accounts amounting to $750 ; and there is a small Item on exchange and Federal checks of eight cents, .which brings the total ex penses of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association to $20,750.08, leaving an excess of $663.73, which has been added to our surplus account. Our surplus account now amounts to $62,894.42, of which $49,000 is in fourth Liberty and United States treasury bonds. For your information I would like to report to your organization that because of our part, in the educational bureau you should also hear the figures of their activities. We spent during the year 1933, $109,245.33, and took In $134,271,38, leav ing an excess of Income over expenses of $25,000. The total income for the preceding year was $177,729.02, which is $43,000 less this year than last year. Our expenses were 347,000 less than last year. I have to report that all the depart ments of the educational bureau have operated within their budget, notwith standing some unusual expenses we had because of the code. These two accounts have been audited by Ernst and Ernst. I have the reports here before me; If anyone would like to ask a question or see the reports, they are welcome to see them. President Matlack: Are there any questions you would like to ask our treasurer? If not, what is your pleas ure? I think it is usual, is it not, for a motion that the report be accepted and spread on the minutes? Do I hear realization of our simplification, and stand ardization program, and It will correct practically all of the evils and abuses that, from time to time, have so seriously disturbed our industry. I should like to add further that this Code and your association is now your only haven of refuge for the future, for fruitful voyage, a triumphant return. Thou too sail on, 0 ship of state. Sail on. 0 Union, -strong and great. Humanity with all its fears, With all its hopes of future years, la hanging breathless on thy fate. Thank you. the industry at large. This year, we have conducted an open house at our convention and invited the Industry to attend, and made these con ferences Industry conferences. There will be three distinctive features. First, the very important question of presenting to the association members the formation such a motion? Mr. McFarland: I so move. (The motion was seconded, put to a vote and carried.) Nominating Committee the government has clearly stated that it will deal only with the trade asso ciations and not through or with the individuals of those associations. Further more, that association must be representa tive of the Industry and fully representa tive of the people that It represents. Truiy this code binds us more closely together than we have ever been in the past. Truly it stands for the common interest of all. It represents and calls for cooperation to the Nth degree. It does more than this. It crystallizes the efforts and ambitions of our associa tion Into a tangible entity. It gives each member something that he can see and feel and read,. It gives him a concrete evidence of what constitutes ethics and proper practice. It gives him a definite reference to which he may refer when in doubt, and It helps remove some of the selfishness and narrow-gauged prin Chairman Bownes; I will accept a motion that this very splendid, instruc tive, and Interesting paper be made a part of the records of our great asso ciation. What Is your pleasure? Mr. Trigg: I think we all hesitate to offer such a commonplace sort of a motion to that stirring address so beautifully worded and so well deliv ered. I think it is entitled to some thing more than that. I myself feel very much stirred by it. I do want to make a motion, that we accept this report of the president and make it a part of our records, with our very sin cere appreciation to President Matlack not only for his work, but for this very fine address which he has made to us today. of a new association. Second, the very important and interesting session for to morrow on the code. We do not as yet have final word that the President has signed. We hope that we will have that tomorrow, At any rate, there will be full discussion about code problems tomorrow. New Approach to Problems And then, we are taking a new approach to all industry problems by recognizing that regardless of your particular type of business, your problems fall into one of two major classes, either affecting trade sales or industrial sales; and that new approach to our problems begins in the general industry conferences on Wed nesday. Just a word as to the future of asso ciation life. I think what we are going to develop is, first, a strong manufac turers association. The code which will President Matlack: Mr. Treasurer, I want to thank you for your good work last year. It is now my pleasure to announce the personnel of the nominating com mittee to bring forward the names of officers for the ensuing year:--L. M. DuCommun,: Wells Martin, W. W. Schoales, M. C. Heins, E, S. Phillips, Willard E. Maston, chairman. Arrangements have been made, with your permission, of course, that if the American association pass their reso lution for amalgamation, that our nominating committee work with the nominating committee of the American association and bring forward the names of officers at our last meeting. The next order of business Is the ciples that often exist. Chairman Bownes: Thank you very be discussed tomorrow is for manufactur report of our club program committee, The day of "every man for himself" Is sinking Into decline. We are beginning to learn that only In union iB there strength. This great truth Is the key stone of our country, the foundation of the national recovery act, the keynote of our association. We must all do our part. 1 much, Mr. Trigg. . (President Matlack assumed the chair.) President Matlack: The next regular order of business is the general man ager's report, Thomas J. McFadden. General Manager McFadden: You ing members of the Industry. It is very essential to them, then, that they have aa nearly as possible 100 percent membership of all those who are covered by that code In the trade association. But this doee not mean that anything will be lost or sacrificed In the other phases of our or ganized life. Mr, Caspar, I understand, was taken sick and had to go back to Pittsburgh. He left a copy of his report with Mr. Shannon. I wonder If he left a copy with any other member of hia commit tee? If not, Mr. Shannon will deliver that report,. OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 33 Report on Club Programs Mr. Shannon: The association year ibst closed is the third in which a series f /e has been prepared and submitted to our local clubs for presenta tion to their members. Your national club program committee started its first year of activity in the years 193 0 and 1931, at which time it was felt desirable to give all members a closer view of our association, its activi ties, and most Important of all, show its true worth and value to every mem ber, * iP first series, program No. l dealt with the structure of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association. No. 2 cov ered the 1930 convention. No. 3 explained unfair competition, dealt with the non exchange agreement and interpreted our Code of ethics. No. 4 was devoted en tirely to our two trade promotion cam paigns, while the Anal program. No. 5, explained the relationship between the local club and the National Paiht, Oil and, Varnish Association. In the following year, your committee presented five more programs, the subof which dealt specifically with the 1931 convention; traffic as related to our industry; the uniform financ'al Plan; the simplification plan, and the final pro gram composed a most comprehensive out line of the relationship and activities of the national association and the local club and the value of membership in a local paint club. This Year's Work This past year your committee again prepared and presented five programs. The first program was a brief review of the meetings of our two associations inonveSlran at Washington in November, AFA ?c^nd program, Issued in I33- dealt with the several trade promotion plans available to local clubs. i10t onljr emphasized the potentialities of the clean up and paint aIML.save tbe surface campaigns but, &aVe fuI1 Particulars of the Better Painted Cincinnati Plan/* con- 5l!3i. parried out by the master painters and decorators of -Cincinnati, and a complete description of the paint dealers' 5.1 , ^ planned and. sponsored by the TMd 0,1 and Varnlsh Ciufb of New Eng- nrI+iSl>al>ly- the Tn0fixt ^nt$restlng program of the senes was No. 3, the subject of TMhf< was "Unprofitable Merchandising.*' in this program many questionable prac tices, such as free deals, returned goods h*?"* ^i*1?** wlre- fMibly dealt with n toA-tphrei-l potolnt manner. many of Its our n JhCJTM ",nTMi>tedly awakened m them a realisation of the evils of such questionable trade practices thl,s yeJr. tIle last two pro grams were issued to the local cluhe eartvrePa11*1 theIll members In the months. No. 4. entitled an^ Collections/' a very vital J J'!a,S prLese.nted at an opportune fotpfmibff?l,?nr djsf?tW3i?os,.tse$thainccuornretidnubayl mmoeumnbteinrsg ?S aSsmatton. in the preparation SLjJlJ? cooperation of the creaits and collections committee of this their arf o was ouSht and secured. At divided^cTMI"ei'`latlon the Program ws ton if. `T0 seotlhs- The flrst aati- T18 de3!SPed for presentation to SSi^ajllavln? a ,oca! credit group The clnbrdhavi:n10n Wf3 for Presentation to cjubs having no local credit group in werhe madi^r nitf ^commendations ,, 5e made for carrying on credit work and stressed the value of local credit Sedlrn and%on0S8t`ry contaonir with the ""."""a* of our Nl?hl JTMLpr.osrain '?> thls year's series, " 5, was a very interesting- story of hIstor?eTMdberS aTM ""SSiffia" with thi seetM h?dfh0!? ne,nt pan Played J>y this section in the development and Broe-r*s<t of the paint and varnish inditry. An analysis of the work of the club ^sTndf^r'^6. for the three irv5` *5., programs mhtle mighVha BelJevin/ thS corn- nnttee might have served S^to1'8-^- >. Its ppuurrppoossee .lairman aeennnd- ^ . 7 ' ascertain if there t v &s anv brdthe0ral,mn.r"lO'1,1tt,On- Jt " th. non, iSo t "nanimous opinion that thlt mTM.1?!1'.*; shoJJtd be continued, aifa Si a ""f.!t ^lsht POMWy serve ss-rs3" le1^ l?,,Jhe fnSra! opinion that there is a real need for preparing Droeram<? arfew Von^ , Whi!e o^rSEi A :?w ? ,our clubs are able to ooff mlocnai5!l clubs ,lWoon,k pwr^ithrafmasv.otrliuepomnajtoheristey pr8 r&rns> use them and take fV^n*aE\ ^formation and sug gestions they contain. 6 Need for Continuation Therefore, it is the recommendation of your club program committee that its work be carried on in whatever form and manner it can best serve the interests of all members. Your committee gratefully acknowl edges the help received from the many members of our association who aided in the preparation of this year's series or programs, Mr. Shannon: I might say, gentle men, that the recommendations of this committee were favorably considered by the board of directors; and in the proposed constitution and by-laws of the new association, which will be sub mitted tomorrow, provision is made for the continuance of this committee. President Matlack; You have heard the report of the club program com mittee. What js your pleasure? Mr. Everett: I move it be accepted and filed. (Upon motion duly seconded, it was put to a vote and carried.) President Matlack: Another of our committees which has done during the last few years a tremendous lot of up hill work, and only during the last year or so has commenced to make itself felt, or to be appreciated for the amount of work that it has done and the time it has given, is the credits and collections committee. We will ask Mr. Kenny to make the report at this time. Mr. Kenny. Report on Credits and Collections . T. J. Kenny; The first part of this re ' port has to do with the national paint credit plans. There are In existence to day, paint or paint and allied credit groups In twenty-one of the major paint markets. Sixteen of the groups subscribe to national interchange, thereby making their payment information nationally available. The remaining five groups con sist of New York, Cincinnati, Washington D. C., New Orleans, and Atlanta. The paint and allied credit group of New York is now making every effort to work out a satisfactory plan with the New York Credit Men's Association to bring their group Into national interchange. The Cin cinnati Paint, Oil and Varnish Club re ported through their secretary, John B. Hardig, that the national program No. 4 on credits and collections was presented to their membership on September 25, and T. J. Kenny Chairman on Credits eight of their members have already indi cated their desire to subscribe to national Interchange. The paint club at Washing ton, B. C., operates an effective local mar ket paint group, and we hope later will consider the advisability of subscribing to the national plan. There is In operation at New Orleans, a local hardware and paint group, A majority of their memberg subscribe to national interchange. The Atlanta Paint Club has hot as yet favorably responded to the national paint credit plan, although there is In existence a local hardware and paint group ex changing local information. The three remaining major paint mar kets that would make very desirable addi tions to the national chains are Kansas City, Minneapolis, and Baltimore. It is the committee's appeal that at the presen tation of the national program No. 4 on the subject of credits and collections, at their respective paint clubs, the executives and credit men of Kansas City, Minne apolis and Baltimore investigate the bene fits obtained by the national paint credit plan, in the markets where It is now In operation, before making any decision, There are approximately twelve other paint markets, such as Richmond, Toledo, Dayton, Memphis, and Rochester, where effective paint credit groups operating under the national paint credit plan coulrl accomplish much good. There are many of the paint firms located, in the same markets today, not v taking advantage of national interchange, thereby making fheir payment information Interchangeable with all national paint credit groups. Your committee wishes to again very strongly advocate the formation of paint credit groups, tied together by national Interchange in all small paint markets as well as major yalnt markets, as the best means to fortify our industry against credit Waste, and to combat the Increas ing bad debt loss trend that has prevailed during the past four years. Surely the following figures should be sufficiently impressive to convince the small manufacturer as well as the large manufacturer, that it is only through the Investment in adequate credit facilities and well organized and co-ordinated groups that a sound and businesslike credit structure can be developed within our Industry. Bad Debt Loss Survey The bad debt loss survey for 193 2 re flected the following results: Manufacturers having an annual sales volume of less than $100,000 suffered a bad debt lose of 5.4 percent, Manufacturers, having an annual sales volume of $100,000 to $500,000 suffered a bad debt loss of 2% percent. Manufacturers, having an annual sales volume of $500,000 to $1,000,000 suffered a bad loss of 2.S percent. Manufacturers, having an annual sales volume of $1,000,000 and over suffered a bad debt loss of 1.9 percent. The consolidated bad debt loss of all classes of manufacturers was 2,6 percent. The survey embraced 40 percent of the industry's sales volume. The combined bad debt loss amounted to $2,062,665. If the same rate of loss prevailed for the entlr'=' sales volume of the industry, it means that out of a sales volume for 1932 of $203,323,315, It was nebessary to write off an amount In excess of $5,000,000. .. Tbe survey also clearly indicated that the Investment in receivables had in creased substantially In proportion to sales volume- For the years 1328 to 1930, all receivables outstanding were maintained between lo.o percent to 16.fi percent of sales volume. In 2931 the percentage had Increased to 17.9 percent and In 1932 it increased to 20,1 percent. With an increase In bad debt losses of 0.6 percent In 1926 to 2.6 percent in 1&32, and an Increase in the investment of re ceivables to sales of 16.2 percent in 1926 to 20.1 percent in 1332, it would seem that the industry can no longer take a passive view of its credit and collection structure and policies. The credit features embraced by the code will unquestionably tend toward creating Improved conditions, but there is much to be done by the firms in the industry before we can safely feel that' we are operating on sound and business like credit and collection practices. In forbidding additional consignment of our products, the code will eliminate a practice, that if it had been continued, would not only greatly increase bad debt losses and enlarged inventory Invest ments, but tend to destroy payment terms. The Paint Industry Recovery Board will have accomplished a splendid step in the right direction when it can develop plans that will ultimately, elimi- hAt1 consignments frpm the industry. The code will establish another con structive-step in the industry in permit ting only one dating order each year to an account to be shipped at the manu,Aur.ers,, convention after October 15 wV#iApril 1 d*ting and. regular terms. With respect to the code's provision yor standard terms of 2 percent discount in ten days, sixty days net, for dealer or agency accounts, and 1 percent dis count in ten .days, thirty days net for industrlat accounts, it Is felt that the pro vision would result in greater benefit to the Industry if it had linked with it a UCM plan tlmt Wouls prevent unlimited delinquency. Much of the good derived from a standardization of pay ment terms may be lost if firms in the industry can take advantage of the privi- unusually long periods of delinquency to exist in the payment of their customers accounts. Suggested practices The remedies and practices that they have in mind; are as follows ?-- First, they feel there is a need for the standardization of payment terms. Second, they feel that the excessive use of dating.terms must be curtailed. Third, they feel that when a new ac count is opened up by a manufacturer in the Industry, a careful Investigation should be made of that prospective cus tomers financial responsibility, and that examination should be made by a busi ness market Individual. Fourth, that in the event the agency reports do not contain a recent balance sheet, the prospective customer should be asked to furnish a copy of his most recent financial statement, so that some impression can be gained as to his financial position. Fifth, every means possible should be furnished to supply adequate payment Information. Bixth, some means should be developed whereby unlimited delinquency can be restricted. Now, very, fortunately for us, the code provides for standardization of payment terms. The code also provides for one dating to each customer per year. With respect to the solicitation of financial statements, that will necessarily depend up'on the initiative of the various manu facturers. In connection with supplying adequate payment Information, for the past three years your committee has strongly ad vocated the formation of local credit groups, supplemented by national inter change, for three purposes: First, to sup ply the payment information of the local paint market r second, to supply the pay ment information of the outside paint markets; and third, to supply the pay ment information from the firms and In dustries selling to our customers. With respect to a means whereby un limited delinquency can be curtailed, the only method that has so far been found, and that is In use in various other indus tries, Is what is known as a code credit control plan, A credit control plan has two purposes in view. The first purpose Is to Influence the suppliers of a market to cooperate so that if a buyer permits his delinquency to exceed a certain desig nated. period, further credit will be cur tailed. Second, the objective of a credit Committee Recommendations control plan is that at the time It is placed in effect a gradual reduction pro Your committee on credits and collec gram will be.developed with each delin tions desired to submit the following rec- quent account; The thought back of that Ott2*nndatfons for your consideration:-- (l) So that the national paint credit plan can be made a more effective weapon against credit waste, it is &ug- ivat flr?ia' larS and email, not yet members of a paint credit group, in vestigate the benefit that can be derived is this, gentlemen, that If a business is operating profitably it is only fair that the profits shiuld be utilized for gradual reduction of delinquent obligations, and, on the other hand, If a business cannot carry out a graduat and a reasonable payment program, It would seem to be credit grSfp^ 3hlP in th6lr evident that either that business is not operating profitably or, if It is operating ,ca MTat e,v$ry palnt olub OT district of profitably, the profits are being diverted the National Paint, Oil and Varnish As- to other channels to the detriment of Its Kmm ?ii appoi1nt a credits and collection committee to keep in touch with their respective markets, to assure the proper Adherence to the credit features of the creditors. Paint control plans are riot entirely new to the paint Industry. At the present time the Jobbers and dealers in the Chi cago market operate under an effective That the credits and collection com credit control plan. Today the manu mittee of the National Paint, OH and facturers In the Chicago market are en Varnish Association be authorized to in vestigate credit control plana now In ex deavoring to create a control plan for their customers In Cook county. I have istence in other industries, so that a a letter that T received from Mr. Water- comprehensive credit control plan can be house,.who is the Pacific coast representa developed for the paint Industry, tive of our committee, and I would like to read a portion of his letter to you be Chairman's Comment cause It deals with the credit control m3?rVKTMniiy: Sehtlemen, I would plan:-- I ,,elrtt0 make a few brief comments on A Pacific Coast Plan th*s WPort. I think j 6 ^v,,dnt frorn the report that the b&d'aebt losses are reaching a point bow where they are considerably out of Volum' If there were means possible whereby a consolidated profit and loss report could be prepared y the manufacturers' operations for the ^ear, J-932, I am euro that every one of us would be startled by the ratio of bad debt losses to net profit, and, gentlemen. In tfAast anaiyais isn't it wisdom that a credit policy is determined more by the ratio of bad debt losses to net profit than, it is by the ratio of bad debt losses to sates? However, jet's look at our problem from the angle of the ratio of bad debt losses to sales, and let's find out what happened during the past six years. In starting I y. oulci like to make this statement, gen tlemen, that, three years ago the mem bers or the association wete solicited as to tlielr viewpoint as to the percent of bad debt losses they felt should prevail Ih our industry and the majority of the replies received Indicated that % of 1 percent should be reasonable. There has been no one year during the past six years that we have been able to confine our baa debt losses to 0.5 percent. For the years from 1926 to 1930 the bad debt losses ran from 0.6 percent to 0.8 percent For the year 1931 the bad debt losses were 1.1 percent, and for,the year 1932 the losses were 2.6 percent. Now, bear in mind, gentlemen, that when we refer to the losses of last year of approximately $5,000,000 that does not "May we say that we have as an early prospect the inauguration of a system of credit control in the San Francisco Bay area, such a plan to be first ap plicable to painting contractor accounts. This, of course, will eventually be ex tended to dealer accounts also, and we are sure that in the very near future the other coast cities, Portland, Seattle and Los Aneeles, will follow our 'lead and install some similar plan. "Our nalnt people here have been work ing on this project since the end ot May and, anticipating an early materialization, the writer did * not submit the plan as forwarded bv yon in folder form to our groups on the Coast, for most of them pre operating in a simitar manner to that outlined in your program, namely, the ,um)Iementlng of bureau exchange in formation by group meetings and discus sions.'' In clos!ng, I would like to say this, I believe the/e is room for the use of a conservative, constructive, and not too drastic credit control plan in our In dustry. I believe that over the course o the next two years we will find that many of our paint markets will adopt credit control plans of their own; that, coupled with the fact that our losses today are excessive, leads me to believe that it wou!d:be sensible for our industry to investigate the credit control plans that are now In. existence In other in dustries, so that a plan can be fashioned that will Ideallv fit our own particular requirements. Thank you very much. contain any losses sustained by Jobbers or dealers in our Industry, and I am sure Discussion on Credits ttatjf we wre able to define the losses of the Jobbers and dealers during 1932 It would axld an honest, substantial burden m bad debt losses that our Industry has to carry, I believe that every ohe'here today Is extremely anxious to see that the losses of the Industry are reduced. I believe they are anxious to see their own losses of their own companies reduced, but I do not believe--and I feel you will concur-- that our bad debt problem will be solved entirely by the improvement of general business conditions. You have on your credit arid collec tion committee today some of the most competent credit men in the industry, and the firms they represent contribute a very 'ivbstantlal portion of the Indus try s salea. During the past several years they have given very careful thought to their credit and collection problems, and they feel that before we can consider our Industry or the credit structure of our industry in a healthy position certain abuses will need to be remedied and cer tain practices win have to be adopted. President Matlack: Mr. Kenny, do I understand from these motions that It would make It obligatory for each club to follow these resolutions if they are so passed? . Mr. Kenny: No. With respect to hav ing a local credit committee that may be, or that would probablv be the de cision of the national association. President Matlack; The way it reads, I figured that it would become compulsory, whether the club wanted to or not, to appoint a committee of that kind. Mr. Kenny: It would be Just as It is today, I assume. . President Matlack: TJnfortunatety. we- have nuite a few clubs that haven't enough members to form a committee. . Mr. Kenny: There are certain clubs In existence today In which the mem bership would not be large enough -to develop a credit group, and as a result of that we have not been able to ac complish very much in the formation of groups In those particular clubs. I hav* In mind Birmingham and a few others. 34 November !6, 1933 OIL. PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER but In the major paint markets it would se'fem possible to have credits and collec tions committees, and every one of them should give consideration to whatever we may be able to develop in the way of a control plan. President Matlack: I should say so, but I would say that there are some clubs where this could not be done, and does this make it obligatory? Mr. Kenny: Not necessarily. President Matlack: You have heard reasoning. Its text Is that the use of paint and varnish, etc,, averts the other wise Inevitable deterioration and degenera tion of materials. Its appeal Is therefore to the individual who otherwise would suffer loss, and Kb primary base Is econ omy. The scope of save the surface in cludes a direct audience who Immediately benefit 'through the economy of protective coatings. The exploitation methods of the save the surface campaign consist mainly In the use of the printed word, in paid ad ferent types of planes were handicapped, and various prizes were offered for the greatest efficiency, the fastest time, for the longest day's travel, atid for different things like that. We would get the pub lic interested, we would get the public to participate with ua in what was nearest and dearest to our hearts--the sale of airplanes. You know when you are fighting a lone battle It is an awful long pull, but if you can get other people pulling with you, helping you, it makes it much easier. when they saw a well known society woman clothed in a long evening gown that, this was definite propaganda on the part of the yard goods manufacturers? No flank attack was ever more cleverly conceived and executed than, this one, be cause they had to fight right into the teeth of a contrary mod and fashion. They say the public is fickle, and It is certainly true that the tastes and desires of the masses will veer from one direction to another, like the swirling winds. But l say that the very emotions that account the wonderful report of our credits vertising space and through the use of This kind of a sales promotional activity for the fickleness of the public can be and collections committee, a commit tee that I think is doing more good, in some instances being misunder unpaid space in so-called publicity or reading notices, or news or feature ar ticles. It is essentially a campaign of education in reasoned economy. It is (and that's all it Is)--la what I would term strategy by dank attack. What Clean U<p Is taken advantage of by the Industry with clever leaders to control those emotions and to direct them into channels where that Industry can not be forgotten; stood, but when straightened out ac avowedly an organ of the manufacturers A good example of sales promotion by And that, my friends, can not be dene complishing- what they are working of paints and varnishes and is generally Jlank attack is our own clean up and by frontal attack alone. The way must for. Mr. Kenny and his committee have laid before us three resolutions. What is your attitude on these resolu known and recognized as such. Aims of the Campaign paint up activity. Which method is more effective---a frontal attack, such as save the surface, be prepared and the scene set by the right kind of propaganda through flank attack. tions? Adam E. Daumr I move that the re port be received and filed and the res olutions referred to the new incoming credits and collection cdmmittee as it may be constituted. (The motion was seconded by sev eral members.) President Matlack: Ibis moved and seconded that the able report of Mr. Kenny be received and piaced on file, and that the three resolutions which that committee have laid before us be referred to the incoming credits and collections committee. Is that your motion, Mr Daum? . Mr. Baum: Yes, sir, as it may be constituted. . President Matlack: Are there any questions or suggestions? Are you ready for the question? All in favor please signify the same by saying "aye;" contrary, "no." So ordered, Mr. Shannon: Mr. McFadden, has just handed me a telegram which he has received from Mr. Heimann, the executive manager of the National Association of Gredit Men: Please extend convention our heartiest greetings. Pleasure to have cooperated the past several years through Chairman Kenny and his fine committee. Be as In definite contrast Is the clean up and paint up campaign. In the first place it has a broader aim, for It promotes the use of other materials besides paint and varnish, including such products as soap, brooms, rakes, seeds and other materials suggested by ``Clean Up." In the second place it promotes ft dis tinct social service by inducing groups of or a flank attack, such as clean up and paint up? That point-Is-not-in'question. Both methods are essential. I am merely fitating the position and purpose of clean up and paint up. I am only stating that when you are able to obtain the active help of such characteristic groups, as chambers of commerce, Rotary, Exchange, Klwanls, and other service clulbs, churches, schools, the American Legion, boy scouts, girl scouts, campfire girls, women's clubs and junior chambers of commerce, and many types of officials, such as mayors and common councils, health and fire commissioners, and nu merous city, state and federal agencies, that you have obtained a wonderful sales help for your industry. Can you get the help of such disinter ested parties, powerful factors In the molding of public opinion, and have them agree to make themselves tools or instru ments of the paint and varnish Industry? Not if they know It, But present your proposition through a social Idea such as clean up and paint up, skillfully planned and engineered, of course, and immediately you have all these groups of people working for you. Don't think this Is an Idle dream. It la the type of promotional effort done by smart Industries all the time without you or I realizing it. . Do you recall the great Edison celebra tion at Dearborn. several years ago? Did it ever occur' to you that this celebration Increased the current load of the electric Enlists Public Support Clean up and paint up is the paint and varnish Industry's "flank attack." It does not say--"Mr, Public, you should paint your house because It makes it beautiful and because it preserves the surface and saves you money in the long run." In stead, ft enlists Mr. Public, with thousands of his neighbors, in a movement of which he is one and through which everybody agrees to pay more attention to the paint ing up of his home, factory or office building. It operates by mass methods. A good deal of Its Influence Is derived from mass psychology through the con tagion of imitation--through seeing other persons cleaning up and painting up, and from each ana every person feeling It is their own idea and that they are doing this themselves because they want to do it Isn't It far more desirable to have sev eral hundred thousand people In a city like Chicago taking active part in ad vocating paint and varnish, than only the few thousands who are engaged in that business doing this big job all by themselves? Isn't it far more advantageous to have the mayor Issue a proclamation of clean up and paint up, and the Are chief or superintendent of schools award prizes to Individuals and to teams of workers . for successful accomplishment, than to have to fight your own sales battles all alone against the tremendous buying re slstance of the public today? sured of our continued readiness and light companies tremendously? Buildings How many industries would give their preparedness to serve paint industry, par throughout the country from coast to right arm, figuratively speaking, if they ticularly in any credit phases of its re coast were Illuminated. The current con only had at their disposal such a vehicle covery plans. sumed due to the celebration constituted a of promotion as this. It must be remem staggering total. bered that every industry does not readily Clean Up and Paint Up Now then, would you be shocked if I told you that this whole thing was a very lend itself to the development of a piece of propaganda analogous to clean up. President Matlack: Our next order of business is the clean up and paint up campaign. As usual. Dr. Plumb R. A. Plumb clever and adroit propaganda campaign engineered by one of the ablest publicity experts in the United States? The Edison ; Illuminating Company had to manufac Actually, gentlemen, this movement is like a rare gift from Providence. And ,we are probably more fortunate than we deserve to be to have it as our very own. and his committee have done a very quiet but worth while piece of work Chairman on Clean Up and Paint Up ture this propaganda vehicle and even to day not one out of a hundred thousand Many industries In their effort to create a propaganda movement have been forced We would like now to hear from Dr. people recognizes that through this cele to expend hundreds of thousands of dol Plumb. people to organize themselves and to enter bration the electric light companies did a lars. The paint Industry, on the other into the spirit of the paint promotional wonderful stroke of business. hand, has actually had clean up handed Dr. Plumb's Address Dr. Plumb: In consideration of your activity itself. Do I make myself clear? Let me illustrate. Suppose we wanted to sell airplanes. Our nrst problem, as Take the matter of the Lincoln High way. Everybody today realizes the ad vantages of good roads. On the surface It on a golden platter--with the gold thrown in in the bargain. It is one of those great streaks of luck or good for patience and of the hour, I would tike suming we had the airplanes to sell, It seemed a very fine altruistic idea to tune that occasionally happens. to make just a little bargain with you. would be to make the public "airplane Btimulate convenience of transportation, Here we have a frontal attack and a I will be agreeable to leaving out several conscious," How would we do that? yet was it not a clever propaganda cam flank attack--what a perfect combination pages of my supplementary report if you Well, the most obvious way would be paign on the part of cement companies to support any sales strategy! The flank wili do two things for me:--If you will to advertise our product. Advertise in and others Interested in good roads to attack is subtle, unlooked for, disarming. take time to look through, at least briefly, the national magazines, on billboards, by market some of their products? The frontal attack storms the citadels, the report of our clean up and paint up radio, In the newspapers, get lists of eli pours over the ramparts, consolidates the committee in the bound report supplied for the convention. The report Is so stunningly illustrated that I am sure you will read it with a great :deal of profit, rne second thing, while you are moving in and out of these convention meetings won t you stop long enough to took at our clean up and paint up' committee exmbtt. I am not asking you to tarry there rwany length of time, r am inclined gible prospects, send them letters, folders, and different publications would probably help us by giving us some news articles. This would be very good and would cer tainly get us Inquiries and prospects and enlist a lot of interest in our airplanes. This is, if I may say so, the equivalent of the save the surface campaign in the paint industry. A direct frontal attack for business. We want to sell our prod Selling by Flank Attack Far more powerful than any slogan to use concrete for road building was this flank attack whereby a great highway was started and many others followed in the course of time. Naturally cement was used--lots of it t Is our clean up and paint up campaign any leas a vehicle to sell untold gallons gains. A frontal attack alone can easily be resisted by the enemy. It stands Jn the open, anybody can see Its strength, we can all see It coming, we are ready and prepared. But in the meantime, a flank attack has stolen in--disarming the defending forces so that when a frontal attack Is made most of the resistance has been over come. You know sales resistance Is a that if J-ou examine ucts and we tell people about what we some of the exhibits from our various have to sell, its advantages, delights, of paint and varnish than was this high way idea to sell cement? very definite thing. It is not merely- a mental hazard or a hypothetical hurdle. campaigns, you will become so interested that you probably will tarry quite a time. pleasures, etc. But that would not be enough, it would The United States Playing Card Com pany wanted to sell more playing cards. Going back to our airplane Illustration; a man approaches me and wants to sell ., what I wanted to talk to you take years and years, perhaps, to make Did they depend entirely on a direct fron me an airplane. I don't want one. Would about today, which is, understand, entirely supplementap- to any comments on the the public take the airplane seriously. The first thing necessary is to set the tal advertising attack through magazines not take it as a gift He can talk him and newspapers, etc. urging people to play self blue in the face--an airplane is one o?P^Ull%a^ ral thOTe f "Fiank airplane fashion--make airplane riding the thing that everybody wants to do. cards more frequently? No, they were too clever--they inaugurated a great bridge thing I can do without right now. No, sir, I don't even want to have a dem This is founded on a peculiar crowd psy contest with Eli Culbertson as the master onstration ride In one. But let a group "Flank or Frontal ;Attack" Our activity has reached Its majority. As most of you know, clean up and paint up was originated by the late Allen W. tj&rk in St. Louis twenty-one years ago, It stands today in all the vigor of youth at the very threshold of its greatest power and usefulness. Our industry Is fortunate in having two essential promotional activities. Paral leling the clean up and naint up move ment we also have our other campaign-- save the surface. These two great campaigns are not to be confused by any impression that save the surface and clean up and paint up are competitive to each other, or work at cross purposes. They do not Nor does either campaign overlap or dupli cate the activities of the other. They are both strikingly complementary--one . as necessaryrto the industry as the other. chology which is at the base of any kind of a successful movement, whether it is political or sales. People . do things, whether it Is painting and varnishing or chewing gum because everybody Is doing it"--because the fashion has been set. So in order to make the airplane sell, we would have to make the airplane popular. Very well--we will try a new form of airplane promotion. Let's set up a num ber of prizes for coast-to-coast airplane travel--for non-stop trips for single-paa- f.enger ships, refueling stops for pas senger-carrying planes, etc. We would vary these contests to make It Interesting io the people and to encourage new en trants. If a great flyer, such as Lind bergh, is available, we will bring him Into our activity as an official at these races --perhaps have him an honorary high official in our flying organization. We would organize "reliability tours" in which everybody was invited and dif showman and so stimulated Interest in bridge that more and more people took up the game, and bought playing cards by the million! A few years ago manufacturers of dress goods found their volume seriously cur tailed because women's dresses were so short. *We all remember that. Would it not have been funny if the Industry con cerned had tried to show the advantages of Jong dresses in the accepted orthodox fashion--through advertising? Instead they induced society women, and actresses, through substantial payments of course, to wear long gowns (or evening wear. Long gowns were a decided novelty and the pictures got Into the papers. People began to talk about them, and so, cleverly and adroitly, they set the vogue through the right channels for longer gowns, and with this change their volume of yardage sales naturally increased. How many people do you think dreamed of local business men, including myself, be Invited out to the county airport to witness the start of the great "Reliabiliy Tour" and by the time the day is ended I have an entirely different idea of the airplane, its comfort, safety, speed, de sirability, economy for certain pur poses, etc. The same thing Is true of a hundred other business men who attended the meet with me. Why?--because we were made, without our knowledge, to play a part, and we acted our parts nobly. That's the subtle sales strategy of the flank attack. Clean up and paint up Is Just such a flank attack. Civic Proclamations Can you hire the mayor of the city of Chicago, for instance, to issue a proclama tion to all good citizens to buy new cars? Well, mayors of many cities have issued proclamations to their people to get out Indeed, I like to think of these cam paigns as the two great legs on. which our giant industry moves ahead from year to year. The one great teg steps forward as the whole country annually responds and reacts to the: Clean Up and Paint Up Campaign. Then the other leg advances as the Save the Surface Campaign makes the appeal for conserva tion. With either leg alone our giant could only hop unsteadily. On both legs it can march ahead--and m fortunate years it can even run, Progress through the effectiveness of these two activities depends^ fundamentally on keeping each, leg free from any en tanglement "with the other, I can con ceive of no greater misfortune than to throttle and impede the progress of either by undertaking to bind them together. . Essentially the save the surface cam paign is the direct concerted effort of the paint, oil and varnish Industry to promote the use and sale of Ita products --and of its products only. It operates directly and frankly and exclusively In the interest of these products. The methods of save the surface are mainly rational In nature, depending largely upon logical explanation ana their paint cans and paint brushes through _ tent to which superficially "paint up" Is clean up and paint up. Such a movement written all over the campaign. uted in printed form to the* members. Its text follows: -- stimulates the inherent civic pride tn all of us. lit appeals to a sense of fitness, to a love of home, to loyalty to our community* "When we do that we are doing nothing more or less than actually crucifying the power of a great soclat and altruistic Report on Dissociated from any ulterior motive clean up and paint up gets "under peoples' movement by obviously endeavoring to nail it to a 'cross of gold. We think In. Clean Up and Paint Up skin." It causes them to perform acts which ordinarily they neglect. Clean up and paint up promotes spend ing, investment, expansion, beautification. Through mass action and through a frank appeal to the emotions, it becomes the most powerful weapon we have in our sales arsenal for enabling our Industry to hold its position among all other indus terms of orders--when we should think In terms of budding paint-consciousness In the mind of the public. We are simply devitalizing the power and vigor of this great movement by a too close and obvious association with the paint and \arnfsh Industry. For the protection of our own best in In 1933, our clean up and paint up campaign has signally demonstrated its virility and its general public welcome as a speedy and. practical instrument for successfully challenging chaotic economic conditions and definitely selling goods of the Industry In the face of unprecedented business adversity. tries in that thrilling contest for a bigger terests, and our greater profit, clean up In the Spring, when the banking sys 1 portion of the spendable dollar. In case you may think that I am over and paint up should not be operated as an obvious part of our asaoclational ac tem of the nation was paralyzed, when purchasing power was at its lowest ebb, emphasizing this feature of clean up, let tivities of the paint Industry. To do that the clean up and paint up campaign was me remind you of the fact that this audi Is simply to blight and utterly kill the grasped as a business tonic and pushed ence does not typify the average indi effectiveness of the most resultful sales throughout the country with accentuated vidual who buys our produets--at least as Instrument our industry has. vigor. ' far as our business methods are concerned. It is for this reason that increased care Our National Clean Up and Paint Up We buy through skilled purchasing agents should be taken to maintain the entity Campaign Bureau does not maintain a who base their decisions on known facts of clean up and paint up separately and clipping service which previous experience and comparisons. Sentiment plays no part. distinct from the obvious commercial ac haa demonstrated, might cost several The "indirect appear' or the ,4flank at tivities of our association. thousands of dollars a year, because of tack" mean nothing to men who have a certain item to purchase, as per certain specifications and at a fairly predeter mined price. But wiat isn't the way the general pub lic buys things. Neither do you or I personally buy things that way. We, as Individuals, are very largely influenced by sentiment, by indirect appeal. Haven't you often purchased an Item which you wanted very much and thought would be very useful to you? Oh, yoa wanted it so badly! And yet, after you got it, it was hardly ever used and later you often won dered what ever made you buy it. Why did you do it? Ton were emotionally in fluenced--that's why! The establishment of an institution which has created a highly altruistic con cept of itself in the mind of the public, in a commercial setting which emphasizes the proprietorship of a special Interest, even though that special interest Is en deavoring to sincerely maintain -the altru istic character of Its special agency, can not help but be awkward to a detrimental degree. For example, the first time I visited Washington after the removal of the National Clean Up and Paint Up Campaign Bureau from New York to the paint and varnish headquarters in the nation's capitol, I took opportunity to look up the number of our clean up and paint up bureau in the telephone book the enormous volume of newspaper pub licity, but the voluntary returns Indicate that public interest In the campaign now appears even keener than It was when the last intensive survey was made several years ago, when more than 7,000 local campaigns in a single year were definitely located. Clean Up and Paint Up Sells Paint Despite the difficult conditions, some of the larger campaigns have reported an actual increase In paint sales In their cities as compared with previous, records, and have furnished figures sponsored by highly representative local committees to prove their results. i The best examples of this power of in direct appeal*--an appeal to the feelings rather than the coldly calculating reaction of the intellect--can be seen in a study of the government figures qn cigarettes, cigars and tobacco. These show total sales for a single year in the United States aggregating over $1,200,000,000. ' One Billion Two Hundred Million Dol lars !--Is there any logic In that sum? An amount as large as the annual salaries of all the public school teachers in the United States 1 and In calling received the reply, "Paint and Varnish." "Of course, we cannot expect the whole conduct and aspect of our association headquarters as a whole to be made to conform to a very special aspect of one of its bureaus, but you can imagine the reaction of a secretary of a chamber of commerce, a superintendent of schools, the president of a women's club federation, who have been sincere, earnest and en thusiastic In promoting clean up and paint Chambers of-commerce, mayors, health commissioners, fire commissioners. Rotary, Klwanis and Optimist clubs, the Ameri- . can Legion, women's clubs. Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, Campfire Girls, boards of edu cation, churches, civic and business or ganizations, and state and Federal agencies all .have enlisted and done their part to use the Clean Up and Paint Up Cam paign as a mighty instrument for the re vival of prosperity and the maintenance of the best American standards of living. I We know that education is more im portant than tobacco, not a man on the street would argue against you on that oint. But our national practice Is far up campaigns to have the commercial side of our campaign bluntly thrust at them. For many such people, who have back of them the potential co-operation of many Eelow the power of our intelligence. thousands of people who have no con 1 Ought this nation to spend nearly as much on coffee alone as for all the paint and nection whatever with the paint and var nish Industry, sudden emphasis upon the varnish it buys? Ought we to spend over three hundred million a year on patent proprietorship of a distinctly commercial industry is A disconcerting shock, and medicines when so many excellent phy sicians lack adequate income? Which' our welcome, which to us, seems benign and cordial reacts to them like a slap does the average stenographer buy from In the eye. We Immediately find our her meager salary? A permanent wave selves thrown back from the high-spirited to Improve her appearance or a text book advance to a defensive position, which to improve her English? forces us to explanation and argument. In these days of emergency, it Is true Invited to Furnish Plans to NRA' . A significant tribute to the prestige of the clean up and paint up campaign was an Invitation to your national chairman and your executive secretary to meet In personal conference with NRA. officials inWashington and to present plans and suggestions for use In a Fall. drive for property rehabilitation. Following the conference, a plan of community co-op eration of nationwide scope was furnished to the NRA, which acknowledged the ser vice in a gracious letter of appreciation of Its practical usefulness for stimulating Appeal to Emotions that there are some civic leaders who will deliberately overlook the commercial Are the average radio programs made purposes of a special interest as a tem I up of scientific lectures; educational dis courses; intellectual discussions? Or are they largely devoted to entertainment, to music, to humor--in short to appeals to porary expedient, but the rank and file of our highly Intelligent cooperators is resentful of being open to criticism that they are being made the catspaw of a our feelings and emotions? special interest. It is a delicate matter Here are tne figures for the circulation to invite some of these leaders to our of books from the public library of a office at the national headquarters, lest typical American city:--Romance, adven they become cooled In their enthusiasm ture and crime, 76,000 volumes; biog for clean up and paint and diminished or raphies, travel books, history, religion lose the cooperation of perhaps thousands and science, 5,500 volumes. of people whom they represent in some Or think of the type of movies that are nation-wide organization. responsible for the enormous theatre at tendance! I have heard some of my friends here boast they have not seen a. Protecting Altruism moving picture in two years. Very well, they are wrong! Seventy-five million per sons per week pay admission to movie houses and come back for more! 1 could multiply examples like these by the dozen, but you see what I mean. The general pubile buys what it likes and wants rather than what it needs or log ically ought to have. And we can never greatly increase the use of our products until we change the paint psychology of the American public Please bear in mind that T say this In a spirit of simple explanation. Protec tion of the altruistic concept of the bureau is one of the problems this Industry has to face squarely and fairly. On the one hand, we have a wonderful propaganda fool In our hands which has been the means, even with relatively little support nn our part, of winning over millions of people to the use of paint and varnish products. On the other hand, It haa been a movement which we ourselves have never from the merely utilitarian to the emo tional point of view. People In the mass do not think--they react. You see the point Clean up and paint up is doing exactly that kind of a sales Job for you. Making people react favor ably to paint and varnish by causing them to participate in a paint and varnish i movement. Raising their aesthetic stand ards and causing them to become dissat isfied with their present surroundings. They want better looking homes--inside and out; better looking furniture; neater yards, and more attractive gardens. And while it also brings forth the rake, the broom, the shovel, and the bar of soap, these are but symbols of the begin ning of a movement which will result in a tremendous increase in the use of paint j and varnish. Actual figures have proved that to be the case In specific instances. I have become convinced the great power and tremendous force of our.clean up and paint up campaign as a sales pro motional activity is not thoroughly un derstood throughout our industry. This condition is explained by the single fact that a true appreciation of clean up and paint up requires much study and Inves fully appreciated--have really never given free rein--have never encouraged the way It should have been encouraged--because we have been too close to our own im mediate job of making and selling paint to vision fully the mighty, though hidden, avenues through which the public can be influenced to buy our product. These may be harsh words, but I wish merely to make it perfectly clear that I am not criticizing anybody. I myself am as much to blame as anybody here. The only thing is we have not under stood what clean up should really mean io us. We have all got our own peculiar troubles--we just have not thought of the industry as a whole. We have not realized that our business--your business --and your business--and my business, improves with the Improvement of the Industry In general. That your business-- and your business--and my business*-- recedes as the business of the Industry In general recedes. If people develop the fashion of using less paint--there will simply be less of that business to go around--for you and for mel tigation. It is time for us to become more In business. Too Close to a Mountain The ramifications of the clean up and paint up- campaign are so vast that any attempt to adequately reflect it within the compass of a few pages is a good deal like photographing a mountain at close range, with only a small section filling the radius of the lens and the great whole left entirely outside of the picture. For example, the report of a single large city campaign occupies a large packing box with dozens of large scrap books of publicity and literally hundreds of hand painted clean up and paint up posters done by volunteer artistfl without remun eration other than the joy of helping to make their home community a better place to live in. On account of this handicap, all that is attempted in this report is to present a few representative illustrations from the reports of model 1933 cam paigns. Increase in Painting in St. Louis An impressive demonstration of the power of the clean up and paint up campagln was made in 1933 in St Louis, the city in which the campaign was originated by the late Allen W. Clark, twenty-one years ago. , It was estimated by the St. Louis clean up and paint up campaign committee, of which F, C. Frayser was chairman, that the 1932 clean up and paint up campaign in St. Louis Increased painting In the city by 80 percent as compared with the corre spond! ng* record of 1932. In St.' Louis alone, 235,365 gallons of paint and varnish products, with an esti mated retail value of $730,934, were sold in the clean up and paint up campaign. The jobs In the following table were listed by the St. Louts Chamber of Com merce. The computations are subject to individual opinions of values, according to Individual experience, but follow previous tabulations for purposes of uniform com parisons :-- No. Of Total Jobs. gallons. Total price. Houses painted. 7,391 68,692 $236,299,00 Walls painted.. 27,222 13,811 80,024.75 Floors painted or varnished ., . 21,893 10,949 43,790.00 Woodwork paint- *d or varnished 21,576 19,738 32,304.00 i I am completing four years on the clean up and paint up committee and I confess / to you, gentlemen, that each year of close association with this activity has brought to me an increasing appreciation of its value. I have often said if every man In our industry were fortunate enough to have the opportunity of being active on our clean up and paint committee this dustry-minded'--more social-minded, Just as the millions of people who have joined in on -the clean up movement are soclaimlnded. They are not thinking Individu ally of their own homes alone--they are thinking of their community -- knowing that as their communities improved and progressed, so would they individually benefit and Improve. Porches or stairs. Fences ............... Outbuildings .. Roofs ................. Screens .............. 14,003 19,711 4,331 11,081 58,887 Totals ............. 175,700 7,00114 32,133 34,648 35,533 1.950 22,7-54.87 90,369.09 112,006.00 97.853.25 6.337.30 235,S56 $739,984:37 campaign would become the greatest sales promotional force--not alone In our industry, but as a model for every other industry in the world. I am no' prophet and do not aspire to the mantle of one. All I can say is that in the period ahead of us, which it ap pears will develop into one of the most sharply sales competitive perioda in all Sales of Paint Faint Jobs totaling 10,822 have been re ported to the clean up and paint up cam paign bureau in Washington by Cline B. Deplores Indifference our lives. It is my fervent prayer that paint and varnish Industry will not leave FinneU, secretary-manager of the Sedalla Chamber of Commerce as a result of the We fall badly at times by not more one stone unturned, or neglect one single 1933 clean up and paint up campaign in carefully guarding the civic and altruistic Instrument of sales promotion It can lay Sedalla, Missouri. I background of clean up and paint up. We are altogether too indifferent and too careless of that very delicate relationship between the social phase of clean up and the commercial dollars and cents view. It Is a groat mistake to thoughtlessly place paint up before clean up. We are too much inclined to value It by the ex Its hands on to Improve Its position in the public's mind. And first and fore most among those Instruments of promo tion is sales effort by flank attack through. clean up and paint up. The prepared report of the clean up and paint up committee was distrib On the basis of the uniform computa tion of retail values which have been used for a number of years, and which is sub ject to Individual opinion or experience, the retail value of the paint and varnish used, approximated $68,164.50. . The figures are as follows:-- No. of Houses painted. Walls painted.; Floors painted or varnished ... Woodv/ork paint ed or varnished Porches or stairs. Fences ................ Outbuildings .. Roofs ................. Screens ............ 444 1,184 1,803 1,495 829 781 813 531 3,035 Tctal gallons. 5,323 59T Total price. $17,300.00 1,343,25 B01V& 3,006.00 702V& 413 2,343 6.594 1,503 108 2,197.50 029.25 7,028.09 21,138.09 4,370.75 334.75 Totals ............. 19,822 18,485 $58,104.50 In addition to the foregoing, which was a report on residences, 264 clean up and paint up joba on stores, offices, etc., in the downtown district were reported. The fronts of stares were repainted and revar nished to attract customers, the letter ing of signs was renewed, and delivery trucks were repainted. The interiors of stores were repainted and revarnished, and shelves, showcases and furniture were refinlshed. - Evaluation of the results of the 1933 clean up and paint up campaign in Ham- tramok on the uniform basis of estimate used for purposes of comparison by the National .Clean Up and Paint Up Cam paign Bureau, in Washington, Indicates that this year's house to house canvass in that Industrial community of 52,000 population, sold 11,179 ' gallons of paint and varnish,: with an estimated retail value of $36,983.50. While the estimates of retail values may be subject to modi fication, according to individual opinion or experience,, the following record of the number and kind of paint jobs done is an accurate and ' carefully checked compila- tion: No. ot Total Jobs. gals Total price, Houses painted....... . 508 While painted............... .. 830 Floors painted or var* nished .............. *.......... Woodwork painted oi varnished ........... 636 Porches or stairs............. Fences ............................. .. 433 Outbuildings .................... 261 Roofs ................................... 106 Screens .............;. . 499 ,0,096 $19,612.00 . 416TA 943.875 280 1,144.09 318"' 160`4 1.286 2,088 463 14 954.00 431.625 3,897.00 2,786.00 969.50 45.59 Totals ...........................4.145 11.179 $38,983,500 In addition to the foregoing. 408 walla were papered or kalsomlned. Jobs Provided An example of what the clean up and paint up campaign can accomplish in creating employment is contained in the 1933 clean up and paint up report of the Lubbock Chamber of Commerce to the National j Clean Up and Faint Up Campaign Bureau in Washington. This year's campaign in Lubbock pro vided 11,440 days of la/bor at a total cost of $17,160.54. As a result, 1,911 families were aided by the campaign, each family getting an average of one full week of work. The New York Times, in its report of the award of the trophy by our National Clean Up and Paint Up Campaign Bureau, stated that during the past twenty months, the Kips Bay- Neighborhood Association had made 42,193 visits and revistis to 7,247 buildings, reaching 39,394 families. The owners of the buildings employed P,?86 men for a total of 46,086 working days, paying them more than $200,000. The scrupulous care with which the in spections were carried out is evidenced by the fact that In one instance, the owner of a paint store was refused the certificate of compliance because he had repainted only the inside of his store and had not repainted the exterior. All Sorts of Backers In addition to the senior chambers of commerce, with which your National Clean Up and Paint Up Campaign Bureau works both directly and -through the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, which co-operates through its bulletin service, Harry J. Krusz, executive secretary of the United States Junior Chamber of Com merce, again reported that practically all junior chambers of commerce in the United States conducted clean up and paint up activities tn 1933, either directly or in co operation with senior chambers. ,, "There seems to be more interest in the clean up and paint up activities this year than ever before," says Mr. Krusz. The Tennessee Valley Authorty, which includes functions affecting community life in the several states In which It operates, has obtained plans for the conduct of clean up and paint up campaigns from our bureau, and has expressed Interest In utilizing then; in its large territory. Cooperation with the National Fire Pro tection Association in which our National Clean Up and Paint Up Campaign Bu reau holds a full membership, continued to be of high; practical value in. putting on local campaigns with the aid. of fire prevention organizations. Edgar G. Harris, publisher of the West Point, Miss., Times Leader, wrote: "please send us all of the newspaper mats available, for use in both text and advertising, for the forthcoming clean up and paint up campaign.. , "Our campaign la&t year was so sue- cessful that West Point has received the commendation of fire insurance rating bureaus, and we are hoping to get a reduction in fire insurance rates as a re sult of this work. Thank you for your splendid cooperation." In Parkersburg, W. Va., a reduction In fire loss In 1932 of $107,485.67 was largely attributed to the clean up and paint up campaign, and gave impetus to the 1933 activities. The issuance by Governor Landon of Kansas of a statewide clean up and paint up proclamation exemplified a practice which is followed in a number of other In Leavenworth, Wash., a committee was organized to get landlords-to furnish, delinquent tenants with paint and var nish, and to credit them for painting the properties. In 1933, our National Clean Up and Paint XJp Campaign Bureau has co operated to the limit of its facilities with renovize and other property modernizing campaigns. A feature of the campaign was the ex tension of activities to Industrial plans. For example, the American"Steam Pump Company of Battle Creek reported .re painting approximately fifty motors, sev- i 36 November 16, 1933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER Sral offices, and signs and top dressing the factory roofs. . The Neoshoe (M.O.) Democrat, in a front page statement, said: "Although when this newspaper spon sored this drive, it felt sure of some support, yet we were absolutely bowled over by the enthusiastic cooperation which we have received on every hand." Paint Clubs' Cooperation Paint clubs cooperated vigorously In furthering local campaigns in practically all of the large paint club centers. The Paint and Oil Club of New Eng land made mailings of clean up and paint tip suggestions throughout the New Eng land states, while the Boston Advertiser Issued a special broadside on the clean up and paint -up campaign. Bureau as a civic and not a commercial Institution in the eyes of the public con tinue to be carefully guarded by our or ganized industry, and that care be taken to avoid confusing it with strictly com mercial activities, In order that its essen tial profit to Our industry may he pre served, 2, That our National Clean Up and Paint Up Campaign Bureau be immediate ly financed to a degree which will permit an immediate renewal in new designs of its newspaper service, its display material and Its literature for civic appeal--all of which have not been used to the limit in furtherance of economy. 3. That an increased travel allowance be provided which will enable the execu tive secretary to personally contact Im portant cooperating organizations in cities outside of Washington, and to attend and troduction in other states, it was thought advisable that the representatives of our particular Industry and a committee of the master painters meet and discuss the possibility of reaching a compromise on some nf these measures. However, the educational bureau have definitely de cided that we should not under any cir cumstances encourage the passage of those bills. So your legislative committee, as l shall state In the printed report, opposed these bills and tried to discourage their passage wherever it was possible, I do not want to take the time now to read the various resolutions t.iat were pre sented in connection with our meetings, but I will simply say that at the Joint meeting of the two special committees held in New York March 1, 1933, the de cision of the educational bureau was pre sented to the master painters committee, great association. It is with a great deal of pleasure that I extend to you the thanks of our entire association. Owing to the great loss which we have sustained, three members were appointed to draw up resolutions to present at this meeting, in the loss of our general manager, George V. Mor gan, and our past president, Roy D, Robinette. Mr. Caspar was called home and Mr. Keister will present those two resolutions. Memorial Resolutions Mr. Keister: I have presented many resolutions during my long business experience before different organiza tions, some of them serious, some sad, I The.-Chicago- paint club covered the present exhibits at important conventions and some otherwise, but I don't think region adJacenfe:-to the city in helping to Inspire clean up and paint up campaigns after the Chicago model, In the cities and towns through which visitors to the Century of Progress- Exposition would pass. of such organizations for the purpose of furthering and strengthening the cam paign. Recommendation I ever presented a resolution that has filled my heart with greater sadness than the two I am about to read. Mr, President, I should like to read both of these resolutions before any Notable detailed reports were sent to our bureau from Buffalo, Chicago, Cleve land, Detroit, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, St. Louis and other large cities In which the paint clubs supported Jthe campaign, R. A. Plumb:--In our report for those of you who have read it, we have some recommendations. I want to submit only recommendation No. 1 at action Is taken. At the end of the reading, I will explain my reason. George V. Horgan Trophy Cups Awarded.- Trophy cups for the best campaigns In 1932 were awarded in 1933 to the crtles of San Francisco, Cal.; Denver, Col.; Chi cago, 111.; Ashland, Ky.; New Oceans, La.; Hamtramck, Mich.; St. Cloud, Minn.; St. Louis, Mo.; Manchester, N. H,; Pitts burgh, Pa.; Lubbock, Tex.; Salt Lake City, Utah, and to the Kips Bay Neigh borhood Association of New York City. Radio was used freely In all campaigns in cities in which radio broadcasting sta tions were available, Radio dialogues be tween prominent citizens were staged with marked success. In some of the larger cities, clean up and paint up messages Were broadcast not merely once a day, but several times a day for a week or more, from several stations. An example of newspaper coopera tion :-- this time, which reads as follows:-- That the peculiar value of the national clean up and paint up campaign bureau as a civic and not a commercial institu tion in the eyes of the public continue to be carefully guarded by.our organized industry, and that care be taken to avoid confusing It with strictly commercial ac tivities in order that its essential profit to our industry may be fully preserved, Dudley Figgis:--I think we owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Plumb not only for his presentation today, but for the work which he has done In past years in the Interest of Clean Up and Paint Up, and I think It should he noted in the record that the original deed of gift for clean up and paint bureau or campaign from Mr. Clark carried with it, as I remember, a condition that it Whereas, God in his infinite wisdom has removed from our midst our beloved associate and late general manager, George V. Horgan, and Whereas, we are deeply sensible of the loss of his wise counsel, and Whereas, more particularly are we con scious of the loss of the man--our friend, therefore, be it Resolved, That the members of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Associa tion in convention assembled in Chicago record their recognition of the Irreparable loss they have suffered in the passing of George V, Horgan, whose qualities of friendship will long be an inspiration to us; and be it further Resolved, That this memorial be spread upon the records of our association and that an engrossed copy thereof be sent to Mr. Horgan's family. Memphis newspapers published sixtyeight news articles on the--clean up and paint up campaign, including eleven edi torials and four cartoons; which covered a total of 677 column inches of space. The Wichita (Kan.) Eagle, In asking our bureau for its 1933 service, said r-- "Please send us by return rnqil all available information and selection of mats. We are planning our third annual clean up and paint up campaign and want to make it the biggest one yet. *Tn 1931 we were able to produce six teen pages, and In 1932 another nice-sized section. We are now hoping to get out another large section." ' The National Editorial Association of fered to mail clean up and paint up ma terial to 3.500 newspapers at Its own expense, with the provision that the circu lar matter be furnished by the bureau, A telegram dated March 10, during the nationwide closure of banks, from the .Tunlor Ohamber of Commerce of Battle Creek, Mich., read "Thank you verv much, for sending us clean up and paint u p materia). Made marvelous impression tonight's meeting. should be kept separate and not be confused with any other activity of a promotional character. I move the acceptance of the report, with its reference to the incoming ex ecutive committee. President Matlack:--You have heard Mr. Figgis' suggestion and motion. Do I hear a second ? (The motion was seconded by Mr. Daum. and carried.) President Matlack:--Dr. Plumb, I personally wish to extend to you from the entire convention, Including those who have already left the room, their great satisfaction for the amount of work that you have done, the work that you have accomplished, and the work that has gone on record for the last eight or ten years from your abso lutely undaunted courage and ability to work in the public service. Report on Legislation (gj Harris & Ewing Andrew L. Somers Chairman of Legislation and a special committee report was read giving the reasons why the Industry could not support such bills as were desired by the master painters committee, but re luctantly we would find ourselves neces sarily opposing this legislation. Sees Solution of Differences It is my personal belief that the dif ferences that have separated these two organizations in the past are about to be eliminated through the acceptance of the codes that we are preparing. I am quite confident that if these codes are accepted by the President of the United States as written today, much of the need for this legislation will be eliminated, so that next year I doubt If we will have the same Roy B. Robinette . Whereas, the shadow of death has taken our beloved friend, and fellow member, Roy B. Roblnefct, and Whereas, In the passing of our asso ciate the paint, varnish and allied in dustries have lost a distinguished leader who has played a definite part In the upbuilding of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, and ` Whereas, more especially, are we con scious of the loss of those fine Qualities of friendship which he so generously con tributed, therefore, be it Resolved, That the members of the Na tional Paint, Oil and Varnish Association in convention assembled In Chicago hereby record their recognition of the irreparable loss they have suffered in the death of our past president, Roy B. Robinette, whose character will long remain an in spiration, and be It further Resolved, That a copy of this memorial be spread upon the permanent records of the association and an engrossed copy thereof be sent to Mr. Robinette's family. Battle -Creek Junior Chamber of Com merce voted unanimously to adopt this President Matlack:--We have an problems presented to' the legislative com mittee that we have had In the past. Mr. President, the suggestion I have project." At the same time, the Michigan Retail other committee report We have one other especially important committee The New York State Department of Labor's proposed code on spray finishing to make, knowing as I do. and you do, the tender friendship which existed be Hardware Association asked our bureau at the present time. With conditions or'reflnishing of motor vehicles, which was tween thee two men for so many for plans for a statewide clean up and In Washington as they are and with started in December, 1927, Is still pending. years, and how they worked together paint up campaign .to cover all cities in Michigan, large and small. In Detroit, the campaign was sponsored by the Detroit Board of Commerce and the Detroit Civic Pride Association, an organization of 1,200 women, supported by the Fair and Square Ctub of the Detroit News, an organization of approxi mately 46,000 membership of boys and girls between the ages of ten and sixteen, with the general cooperation of the Detroit schools, and the radio stations. Letters from representative newspapers and chambers of commerce carry many, praises for the service of the National . Clean Up and Paint Up Campaign Bureau. For example, H. M. McCloskey, manager of local display advertising of the Courier- Journal and the Louisville Times, Louis ville, Kentucky, says in a letter to our bureau:--. .4 5 11 know" of any -central bureau that does as coed a job as yours. More power to you 1" - Cooperation of Trade Journals Your committee extends its thanks to the trade Journals of the industry for thefr splendid support of the clean up and paint up campaign in 1933 1 .The very successful inauguration of an all-the-year-round clean up snd paint up campaign with quarterly inspections and awards of certificates of merit which wag Inaugurated in New York under the spon sorship of the Kips Bav Neighborhood Association, is being extended to Yorkvllle and other sections of New York to the north of the Kins Bay district, and the all-the-year-round idea is gaining ground In other cities. The circulation of the "business Getting Manual' and the "Special Manual" issued by our National Clean Up and Paint Up Campaign Bureau, with its'extensive check list of suggested jobs is being continued. Single copies may be obtained free by writing to the National Clean Up and Paint Up Campaign Bureau, 2201 New York avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. A contracting painter Writes:--- "The `Business Getting Manual' has helped me In getting work. I appreciate it and thank you for it." In many of the successful local clean up and Paint up campaigns, only approxi mately 10 percent nf the; aggregate cost of promotion is oaid by paint and var nish interests. The remainder Is contrib uted by Interests outside of the paint and varnish Industry, Recommendations The following recommendations are made by your committee:-- 1. That the peculiar value of the Na tional Clean Up and Paint Up Campaign conditions in state legislatures as they are, our legislative committee is one that has to be eternally on the lookout, both In WasJngton and In the state legislatures. We have, as the chair man of that committee, a congressman, the son of one of the founder members of our association, and one who has given a large part of his time for the National Paint, OU and Varnish Asso ciation. it gives me great pleasure to call on Mr. Somers not only for what he Is doing himself, but also' for what we owe his father, who worked in that same line. Honorable Andrew L. Somers! Mr. Somers' Report Andrew.L. Somers: As the president has Very well stated, we have had an ex ceedingly interesting period. However, the hour Is late, and while I might other wise be tempted to go into a general dis cussion of some of the legislation that has been passed, and especially some of the legislation that we anticipate in the future, particularly that concerned with currency, I think it might be better If X confined myself to the report of our activity during the last year, and that I shall do by reminding you that since our last convention, we have passed success fully through a very trying and busy legis lative period. Forty-three legislatures were in regular session, as well as the Congress, State administrative depart ments have not been quite as active, the past year, perhaps due to enforced econo mies. The most important work before your committee was state legislation. No decrease in the introduction of bills was observed, and the same vigilance was necessary as in normal years. In the latter part of 1932, Just preced ing our annual convention, it was learned that a bill had been prepared for intro duction in the approaching session of the Wisconsin legislature, to compel the li censing of contracting painters, journey men painters, and apprentices, under the Jurisdiction of a State Board of Examin ation. The industry had, In the past, expressed disfavor toward this type of legislation. During the 1932 convention there was a brief discussion of the requirements of that. tentative bill and disapproval was registered. After adjournment It came to our at tention that bills of similar or somewhat similar purport were being prepared for introduction in numerous states as soon as their -legislatures were convened in die early part of 1933. At this stage of development in connec tion with the bilia prepared for early In Your committee during the past year as one man for the upbuilding of this has conducted the usual volume of cor association, is that I think it might be respondence, responding to Inquiries or fitting and proper for this association requests for advice by members, pertain ing to legislation, ' We wish, however, at this point to bring one thought to your minds. We to approve these resolutions as one because of that close relationship. Therefore, I make that motion. would like to impress upon you, and es President Matlack: It has not been pecially the members of local dubs, the often that we have been called on to necessity of keeping us constantly ad vised of these various movements. It is rather difficult sometimes from our position to keep our fingers on the various movements that are going on by many receive and pass on resolutions so closely connected with members of this association who have given freely of their time and service and interest. of these associations, who feel that legisla You have heard the motion made by tion of this sort Is necessary, and if the Mr. Kiester that they be considered members would simply keep in mind the as one and treated as one. Do I heard necessity of informing us whenever-they hear of anything of that sort, our com mittee would be most appreciative. The expenses of the joint legislative committee for the year 1932-33 amounted a second? The mofcfon was seconded, put to a vote and carried. President Matlack: Thank you, Mr. to $1,(755.86, which Includes 3461,25 paid Keister, and your committee for so to the legislative reporting agency em ably drawing these reports. ployed under contract, the remainder being for traveling expenses, stationery, postage, ot cetera. Your committee recommends that its Horace S. Felton: I have a resolution which I should like to present at this time, with your permission. appropriation for expenses during the en Resolved, That the convention ratify ail duing year be 4500 from each association actions, appointments and resolutions of instead of $750 each, as has been cus the executive committee and board of di tomary In the past, - rectors of the association during the fis The members of your committee de- cal year just closing. iilre to express their thanks to the head I move the adoption of that resolu quarters staff and to the local paint clubs for their cooperation during the past year, and your chairman would especially like to call attention to the assiduous man . tion. . (The motion was seconded by Mr, Keister, put to a vote and carried.) ner In which the vice-chairman of this President Matlack: So far as we committee and the three gentlemen who know, there is no unfinished business, have served with us, that is, Mr. Pitt, Mr. Rice and Mr. Shannon, have given qf their services to protect the interests of this organization. I think X may well bespeak the thanks of this organization Is there any new business? Men, before we go, it rather brings a feeling of .regret that an association that has been founded on a rock foun to them, and assure them that we ap dation has come to an end. The work preciate everything they have done and I, that has been carried on by the Na as chairman, look forward to a pleasant tional association is finished. It will relationship in serving next year if it is my good fortune to do so, and assure you that we shall endeavor to give the same time and interest as we have in the past. President Matlack: Mr. Somers, it Is certainly our loss that your report of necessity came so late in the day and we were deprived of hearing the val uable information and the interesting experiences that you have had. How ever, we do appreciate the amount of time and Interest that you have taken, and your willingness to continue on this work, and It is a great pleasure to feel that we have members who are willing to give of themselves freely be passed over to the Incoming organi zation that will take hold tomorrow morning, At .the same time, those who started the National, who fostered it and brought it forward, love that asso ciation, and it was with a great deal of grief and feeling of sorrow that they realized that the progress of time has made it necessary to lay it down. Gentlemen, I ask for a motion to adjourn. (Upon motion, regularly made and seconded, the meeting was adjourned at 4:45 p.m.) . (The following reports in a printed pamphlet were distributed to the mem and willingly for the work of this bers.) /? OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 37 Report on Arbitration There have been no matters submitted to the committee on arbitration during the year just closed. Report on Chamber of Commerce, U. S. A, . Tour committee was represented at the twenty-first annual meeting of the Cham ber of Commerce of the United States held in Washington, D. C., May 2 to 5, 1933. The first duty of your councillor per tained to the election of directors to the board of the U- S. Chamber of Commerce, and this was handled as discreetly as pos sible, though there were some conflicting recommendations from members of our own industry, and your chairman thinks members of our industry should refrain from asking the national councillor to support any- given candidate unless such candidate has the endorsement of our own executive committee. As many group meetings as possible were attended by your national councillor and there were many subjects discussed pertaining directly to our industry, as for instance, property maintenance and im provement,- national transportation pol icies, American' trade associations, and many other subjects, which were very timely and well presented by speakers designated for that particular subject. Considerable discussion and interest de veloped over the then agitated thirty- hour week by our national government, which was, of course, later put In the dis card, and there developed in its stead, the national recovery act, which has since become a law, The United States chamber gave par ticular emphasis to the importance of properly functioning trade associations and in this respect our own industry had nothing to be ashamed of. The United States chamber's activity In governmental matters has been very outstanding, and, we are confident, con tributed largely to the passing of many constructive laws that are now In effect. We think our industry should encourage very close relationship, by its members, with the United States chamber in Its many activities. Report on Code of Ethics Your committee deems unnecessary any revision in our present code of ethics. Local clubs, however, should be* urged to impart to its old and new members a clear understanding of the full intent and value derived from strict adherence to the code of ethics and the principles therein. ,. Reading of the code at al' paint club meetings is strongly advocated, or recom mended, in order that each and every member may be constantly reminded of the existence thereof, and use as a goal for the conduct of good business. Report on Export and Foreign Trade Our experts of piaments, paints, varfnlshesi, enamels and laenuers (totalled $10,365,626 for the year 1932, as against $15,126,846 for the year 1931, or a de crease of approximately 31 percent The decrease In our exports between the years 1930 and 1931 equalled approximately 30 percent. During the first six months of 1933, exports of these products totalled $4,834, 338 as against $5,516,184 for the corre sponding period in 1932, or a decrease of approximately 12.3 percent, This com pares with a decrease for the same period between the years 1931 and 1932 of 34.2 percent. Unsettled world conditions, import re strictions. exchange control, and general unfavorable conditions existing abroad ac count for the further decrease in our ex ports as shown above. Report on Flax The September government estimate in dicates a flaxseed crop of seven million bushels, which Is the smallest out-turn in forty-two years. While the acreage planted was les than usual, the main causea^pf this exceedingly short crop were drouth and grasshoppers. The excellent work of the Flax Insti tute of the United States was reflected in the fine quality of flaxseed harvested in those areas of Minnesota and North Dakota where growing conditions were at all favorab'e. Steps are be1nr taken to insure the retention for seeding pur poses next Spring of a sufficient quanlty of such seed, rt is noteworthy that the farms of the Red River Valley and southern Minne sota gave us most of the flaxseed that was harvested this year. These are the older farming sections of the Northwest, where crop rotation Is generally prac ticed. Our old flax development committee and Its successor the flax Institute have con sistently advocated oarefut se'ection of land suitable for flax, and a nlanned rotation that includes flax. The adoption of these methods on old-established and well-managed farms has saved us from a complete failure of the flax crop this year. A conv of a report of the flax institute it* available and we suggest a careful reading nf it by all those Interested in linseed oil. Report on Flax Institute The Flax Institute of the United States is a correlating agency fostering flax re search in the agricultural colleges and ex periment stations of the United States and in the United States Department of Agri culture. This report is a brief review of recent accomplishments. McKee (agronomist, Montana station), reports high yields of flax on Irrigated land In the rotation, alfalfa three years, corn, flax, Bugar beets. He finds flaxwheat mixtures advantageous on irrigated land at Bozeman but not on nonirrigated land. Arny (associate agronomist, Minnesota station), reports extensive variety testing and breeding work. Bison and red wing are the two leading farm varieties In Minnesota, as far as yield and other con siderations are concerned. He notes that red wing Ls smaller seeded and one to two percent, lower in oil than bison. Arny re ports the bison variety unsatisfactory under Minnesota conditions from the point of view of the drying quality of the oil but notes that other workers elsewhere have found bison satisfactory. Breeding studies at Minnesota are in progress on the inheritance of the drying quality of F. C. Smith Chairman on Flax linseed oil and the possibility of linkages between this characteristic and seed size, oil content, etc. Klages (South Dakota station), has Imitated the effect of hall on flax and re ports the first study of the kind showing the probable effect of hall Injury on flax at different stages of its growth, Hume, of the same station, reports extensive stu dies on the use of flax in crop rotations. Hopper (agricultural chemist, North Dakota station), and Dlllman (associate agronomist, U. S. D, A.), are preparing for publication the results of an extensive investigation upon the influence of climate on the yield and quality of linseed oil. Their study covers six crop years with four varieties from an area ranging from Mexico to Alaska. This study when com pleted will be one of the most complete studies of the Influence of climatic con ditions upon crop quality ever reported, Hopper, North Dakota station, has under way a project studying the deposition and desaturation of the oil with the advance of maturity of the crop, using varieties grown at Bozeman, Mont; Mandan, N. D,; Fargo, N.D,; and St. Paul, Minn. The constituent fatty acids are being deter mined in this study. The varieties are being harvested at from two to four days' intervals. Bolley (North Dakota station), pioneer flax investigator, is continuing his flax breeding investigations with the material obtained on his South American trip. Careful studies of the oil content and quality of the flax of this origin are be ing made by Hopper and coworkers. Flor (associate pathologist, U. S. D. A.), assigned to the North Dakota station, ls giving special attention to the less wellknown diseases of flax such as pasmo, leaf rust, and browning. 'He has a report In preparation on the physiological spe cialization of leaf rust Stoa (North Dakota station), is con tinuing extensive studies on flax in crop rotations and upon the agronomic quality of new and standard flax varieties. P, J. Olson (North Dakota Htation), ls undertaking new and extensive studies in the genetics of flax. The Flax Institute, through its secre tary, J. S. Mllloy, and other officers, is maintaining constant contact with the U. S. D. A. and the several administrative units which have been set to deal with agricultural and industrial problems af fecting flax. In the course of the year special information has been provided to the proper authorities on such problems as the flax tariff,' the effect of competing oils, and on the necessity of concerted State and governmental action on the con trol of the grasshopper, the moat serious Insect pest of the flax plant. The Im portance of flax as a replacement crop to take the place of crops now on an export basis, is being urged upon the national administration. Present and Future Needs The quality of linseed oil coming from imported seed or imported oil is such that the American flaxseed grower must be provided with flaxseed of better quality if North American flaxseed is to maintain its prestige. Under the generous support of the llnsed oil and related Industries the flax crop hag been saved to North Amer ica through the conquering of. the serious flax wilt disease. Unfortunately, some of the high yielding varieties of flax pro duced in that conquest are not the mo3t satisfactory from the point of view of the quality of their oil. This means that funds must be provided to support re search which will furnish to the American flaxseed grower a flax which can be more certainly j^Ap^nded upon to yield a high VlV quality of linseed oil. The laws of in heritance must be discovered and the pro per crosses made. This work can be done. The techniques are known. It requires financial support and constant chemical cheeking through the use of thousands of oil analyses. The four experiment sta tions in the principal flax-growing area have had their appropriations seriously cut. As an example the State of North Dakota, which used to make liberal ap propriations to supplement federal appro priations made no appropriation for agri cultural research at the last session of their legislature. Other States are in nearly the same condition. Flax needs friends at the present time and those friends ought to be found In the. indus tries. As president of the Flax Institute I should like to enroll every member of the flaxseed consuming industries as a friend of flax research. . Report on Manufacturers During the past year it has been my privilege to have associated with me in the work of the manufacturers' commit tee a group of twenty-four men, all spe cialists in their particular field. These men have been observing the various trends which are taking place in their industry and our committee has been mak ing periodic reports to you through the N, P. O. & V. A. Bulletin. The final re ports which are appended below give the latest Information which is available. The statistics which are contained in several of the reports will prove valuable over the course of the years as well as being vital at this time. Much time has been spent In the preparation of these reports and I desire to.express my sincere appreciation of the fine spirit of co-operation which the chairmen of the subcommittees have given, I bespeak your interest in the ef forts which they have exerted. Industrial Alcohol During the current year your committee found it necessary to devote Its time largely to the subject of laws and regula tions affecting the use of alcohol in our in dustry. In that gneral behalf it suffices to say that satisfactory conditions have been maintained. There have been no changes In denatured alcohol formulae in which we are interested, One development is worthy of special note:--In a message to Congress, dated June 10, 1933, the President consolidated the Bureaus of Industrial Alcohol and of Internal Revenue of the Treasury Depart ment In a new Division of Internal Reve nue of the same department. While such consolidation was to become effective sixty-one days from the date of said mes sage, the President, by subsequent execu tive order, authorized the Secretary of the Treasury to perfect same .at any time In his discretion prior to December 31, 1933, At the date of the submission of this re port, the Bureau of Industrial Alcohol in the Treasury Department continues to function as a separate untl under Commis sioner James M. Doran, who has pursued his policy of conferring frequently with representatives .of scientific and cornmer- Charles A. Darby Chairman on Brushes cfal Interests in an effort to satisfy the needs and requirements of legitimate business. The effects which the repeal of the eighteenth amendment to the Federal constitution would have upon the status of industrial alcohol is receiving your committee's close attention, During the .past few months your alco hol committee has been addressing itself to the question of premiums exacted by surety companies under alcohol bonds, re quired to be filed by our members, and Is hopeful of having them reduced In all cases where the facts warrant such ac tion. . Brushes Past The experience of the paint and var nish brush Industry during the past two years or more has been similar to that of practically all other Industries, in that ad verse conditions have resulted In a greatly restricted demand for quality merchandise and increased demand for cheaper goods, a condition creating an unprecedented competitive situation. Many manufacturers striving for vol ume honors, unable to further reduce pro ductive costa, have resorted to offerings of some items below actual factory c^sts, hoping sates would include sufficient profitable items to strike an average that would at least avoid a loss. Present Relative to the brush industry Itself-- In order that manufacturers may main tain a healthy financial position, brush prices must advance. Misinformation has been broadcast re garding bristle costs that has been un necessarily disturbing to the trade and has materially assisted in creating discontent of brush buyers of both large and small quantities. Recent bulletins from what should be authentic sources reported that bristle prices now were lower in price than a year ago, when the facts are that bristles of all classes, are very much higher than at that time.- , ,* The reasons` ' (a) Chinese bristle prices directly af fected by higher prices of silver and strengthening of Chinese exchange. In other words, depreciation of the American dollar in world markets. (b) Increased consumption by brush manufacturers the last five months show- C. K. Williams Chairman on Earth Colors ing a volume for exceeding the same period in 1932. (c) Russian bristles, due to hog culture, rapidly diminishing in quantity and qual ity, Controlled by the Soviet government, very radically marked up in price and available to American manufacturers only through Amtorg. One must bear In mind that bristle costs per pound on its arrival at the factory must include boiling processes to remove all adherent matter, shrinkage in weight due to this operation, dressing of stock and assorting for resiliency, etc. NRA responsible for greatly increased labor costs of brush building has, to gether with general advances, affected all other materials entering into their con struction. Handles, ferrules, setting com pounds, boxes^ and other items, yet there has been no commensurate advance in the price of' finished brushes, because up to the present ime competition has prevented anything like a proper price adjustment. This condition cannot continue indefi nitely and, undoubtedly, the operation of the code will help materially to remedy the situation. - Future Every indication points to greatly im proved conditions. Master painters and decorators, dormant the last two years or more, have this fall season shown a very considerable movement and the coming Spring promises for them a resumption, of something akin to old-time activity. Four-years-of adverse conditions have created an abnormally large potential de mand for painting jobs. Painting mtiet be done for preservation, and pride in appearance strongly domi nates, consequently much paint and many brushes will be used in the near future. The opinion is general that 1934 will be a banner paltit and brush year. Dry Colors (Earth) The dry color industry throughout has consented to : fall in line and co-operate with the present Federal administration tinder the national recovery act. Codes have been drawn up and agreed upon by the various branches of the Industry md, although some of these have not been formally accepted, employment has been increased, working hours have been short ened, and wages increased. For the most part, although prices have a firmer tone, there have been but few advances over the schedule quoted through out the year.; What advances have been made have been due to the United States going off the; gold standard internation ally. Several new fillers and colors have ap peared on the horizon in the past year which are receiving recognition, among which are highly refined dlatomaceous earth and chemically treated precipitated chalks. Both of these pigments are be ing used extensively for flatting and ex tending, respectively. Substantial improvement in the color and tone of black oxide of iron has been made. This pigment can be used to ad vantage in anti-corrosive bridge, car and genera) outside black paints. A high strength blue-tone carbon black, manufac tured under a patented process, has proven its economy in the field of tinting pig ments. The peculiar hue of paris green is now being duplicated with a non-poisonous, more .durable chromium hydroxide combination with zinc or cadmium yellow. Although the dry, color industry has Suffered the reverses of adverse economic 38 ' November I6t 1933 OIL PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER conditions, as have most other industries in this country in the past four years, it Is In a reasonably stable, condition and looks forward with confidence to rapid development and more prosperous times. Colors (Chemical) The chemical color Industry during the earlv part of the year was not busy, but In April orders began to coroe In with a rush, and since that time practically every color plant has been operating to capacity, so much so that while it looked in the early months of the year as though the industry would show a decided shrinkage Arthur Brown Chairman/on Chemical Colors in sales for this year as compared with 1932, it now appears that there will be ah increase of nearly 25 percent in business, upless there is a decided slump the next month or two. There has been a marked falling off of business during September as compared with the two or three pre vious months, but this was to be expected, because May, June and July were so ab normal and compared very favorably with the best months even in the boom years. "While it Is hardly to be expected that the industry will again enjoy as much busi ness as we did prior to the slump for some time to come, nevertheless a different atmosphere now prevails, and there is no question but that the turn has come and that a gradual increase in. business will be experienced. The national recovery program has, of course, increased very materially the labor costs of all color manufacturers, and has added to their problems in other ways. Prices were not advanced to offset these added expenses, because practically all consumers were under contract for the calendar year. It is too soon to prophesy what prices will be for next year, be cause the NRA program hais not been in effect long enough to definitely indicate its influence on costs and this year those manufacturers who supply raw materials to the color industry are reluctant to an nounce their prices, so it Is probably that it will be some time in November before prices for next year will be available. Containers, It is quite evident that there is a de cided trend toward simplification and standardization in the container item throughout the paint and varnish indus try. This is a very satisfactory condition. S. L. Buschman Chairman on Containers The decision to use the standard "trlpltlte" cans for the packing of colors in. oil has also proven an economical venture with consumers of this type of can, for the reason that It reverts to the standard or stock package. No other changes or de velopments in the container field have been noted. ` Gums (Imported Varnish) The demand for varnish gums has shown a considerable increase the past year, and while there has been quite an advance in prices, it haa been largely due to the depreciated dollar against foreign exchanges, and as the first costs in the pri mary market are not materially higher, prices are still cheap and well below the 1930 period. The research laboratories engaged by the American Guni Importers' Association have made exceptional progress the past year and results obtained confirm the conviction that where the paint, varnish, lacquer and kindred Industries have sub stituted other materials for natural var nish gums, they have missed an oppor tunity of getting an improved product at a lower cost. Contrary to general belief, quick dry ing varnishes made with natural gums on a regular formula and without additional quantities of dryers, dry ``tack free1' In two to two and- one-half hours, against synthetics from similar formulas in two to three hours, and finished panels on ex posure rack stand the weather tests very much better than the well-known brands of varnishes on the market. While the association is not quite ready to publish Its data, it hopes in the near future to release to the manufacturing trade the results of experiments and tests so far obtained, that interests involved may profit from the information secured to the mutual benefit of the Industry. Lead Stocks of pig lead in producers' hands have declined sharply during recent months. Notwithstanding curtailed pro duction, these stocks increased from 151, 000 tons at the end of 1931 to 197,000 tons at the end of May, 1933. At the H. E. Hendrickson Chairman on Varnish Gums end of August, the latest figures available, they were 169,000 tons with a further decrease expected when `the September figures are published around the middle of the month. ' . From another angle, the :eame marked improvement in the general situation is reflected, namely,' the reports of pig lead sales by the Lead industries Association, Theaverage sales during 1932 were slight ly over 2.4,000 tons per month, the low point for the year being December, with 17,191 tons- The approaching banking crisis was reflected in the sales of only 12,300 tons in February of this year. Since that time they have been as fol lows :-- Tons. March ............................... 23,818 April ..................................................................... 20.7BO May ........................................................................ 34,035 June ........................................................................ 37,115 July ............................... 28.571 August ............................................................. 24,634 September ........................................................... 37,652 It Is to be noted that the buying In September slightly exceeded the j'heavy buying which took place last June: The classification of lead shipments shows a marked improvement in consumption for all branches of the trade, with the ex ception of the cable industry. Linseed Oil The production of linseed oil in the United States for the year ending Sep tember 30, 1933, was about the same as the previous year, being in round figures 363,000,000 pounds against 364,500,000 pounds for the previous year or a differ ence of less than one-half of one percent. This is approximately 44 percent of the 1928 production. Business was much bet ter, however, In the third quarter ending September 30, 1933, as is shown by the fact that production during that quarter was 60 percent' greater than production in the same quarter of 1932. The figures for consumption are not yet available but from such Information as Is to be had U appears that consumption and production have been very nearly equal, and that stocks of linseed oil on hand are about the same as last year at this time. Linseed oil reached a price of 4% cents per pound delivered in zone three during the Summer of 1932 and flaxseed reached the low price in Duluth of 99 cents per bushel and Argentine seed declined to 55 cents per bushel. This price of oil was below cost and Is the lowest price since 1397 when linseed oil was sold at 26 cents per gallon or 3^ cents per pound in Chi cago and flax was 63 cents per bushel in Chicago equivalent to 53 cents per bushel in Minneapolis or Duluth. The period from March 31, 1932, to September 30, 1932, was the period of lowest production during the depression. During this period, the total production was only a trifle over 34,000,000 pounds . or the equivalent in seed of only 14.000, 000 bushels per year or approximately 33 percent of the 1928 production, and this is the lowest production of linseed oil in the United States in thirty-four years. During the Summer of 1932 purchases were also at low tide and much below deliveries of oil. From September 30, 1932, to the last of April, 1933, deliveries were larger than sales but from the last of April to September 30, 1933, sales have exceeded deliveries. For the year ending September 30, 1933, we estimate that sales were IS percent greater than deliveries indicating that consumers are covered on the average two months farther ahead than normal, based on the rate of con sumption for the past year, which would be equivalent to about one month of a normal year. The Increased buying was without doubt because of the low prices prevailing early in the season and in an ticipation of inflation from March for ward. Linseed oil Is still the cheapest vegetable oil In Europe and consequently should be in good demand unless prices should advance out of proportion to the price of other vegetable oils. During the past few years, there has been an increased tendency to substitute cheaper oils in place of linseed oil. The price of linseed oil has been compara tively high as compared to substitutes be cause of the high duty on flaxseed and the low duty on some oil substitutes, and no duty on others and the higher cost of labor and materials in this country than In European countries and especially the Orient from which the principal substi tutes come. The sale of American oilcake In Europe is becoming, increasingly difficult because of duties and restrictions. Both England and Belgium have a duty on oilcake, France and Germany have restricted im portations, and Holland is considering placing a duty on oilcake and restricting Importations, This is making it increas ingly difficult for the United States crush ers to compete with foreign oil because of the difficulty of disposing of their oil cake at favorable prices. The NRA has Increased further the cost of materials and labor and the mills are doing their best to carry on. How ever, it is obvious that linseed crushers cannot advance wages and pay higher cost of materials used and continue to compete with foreign linseed oil and sub stitutes which are produced with cheap labor and pay little or no duty. It is also obvious that to the extent that linseed oil is supplanted by other oils, the United States farmer will lose the income from the flaxseed crop which has been one of S. French Reeves Chairman on Lead the principal crops In the Northwest for many years. The last estimate of the United States crop is only 7,400,000 bush els ; the smallest crop since 1896 except the year 1919, The United States, government is now In the anomalous position of trying to help the farmers with a high duty on flax and at the same time permitting a small duty on. or admitting free of duty nearly all the cheaper oils which are used far paint purposes or as substitutes for lin seed oil. In this way, the farmer is being gradually deprived of the market for his flaxseed which the high duty on flax la supposed to protect. If this -situation ia not relieved, the farmer will gradually abandon the flaxseed crop as he has done In many states where flaxseed should be profitably raised; the crushers will be forced out of business and the govern ment will neither get incomee nor other taxes from the crushers .nor any duty on the flaxseed Imported. Action should be taken by the Treasury Department and also Congress if the flaxseed crop Is to he preserved for this country. It Is ah Interesting fact that several 'million bushels of Indian seed have been bought by the United States crushers during the past few months. It fs gen erally thought that the seed was of a previous crop which had been stored for higher prices and was sold too fast for the English buyers; consequently, Amerl- . can crushers bought at favorable prices which seldom can be done. In fact* this is the first time In history that any large quantity of Indian seed has been sold to this country. The Canadian flaxseed crop Is estimated this year at 756,000 bushels against an average for five years of 2,648,000 bush els. The United States crop is estimated at 7,400,000 bushels against an estimated crop of 13,200,000 and a final crop of 11,841,000 bushels last year. The Argen tine crop le estimated at a maximum, with favorable weather and conditions, of 50,000,000 bushels this year against Broomhall's estimate last year of 64,000, 000 bushels and a final production esti mated at 55,000,000 bushels. The Indian crop Is expected, with favorable condi tions, to be about the same as last year. Based on the latest estimates, where available, and figuring crops of the un important countries that do little or no exporting, the same as last year, indicates that the world's supply of flaxseed this year will be less than 80,000,000 bushels against over 99,000,000 bushels last year or approximately a 20 percent decrease. This would be an important difference if business were still at the bottom of the depression but with a country pledged to inflation, business much improved, and an Increasing demand, it is a big factor which should not be overlooked by those Robert Hursh Chairman on Lithopone who have not already bought a consider able part of their supplies and who ex pect to compete aggressively for business during the coming year. Lithopone The consumption of lithopone during the first quarter of 1933 was at a low ebb, In line with most commodities. However, beginning with the second quarter of this year, lithopone showed a decided im provement. The increased demand from the paint industry was most gratifying and encouraging, as It indicated that as conditions adjust themselves, the outlook for paint products is very promising. It is also interesting to note that the con sumption of lithopone continued to in crease up to the middle of the third quar ter,- after which the demand was some what easier. However, the sale of this product Is still considered fair, with in dications that it will hold at a satisfactory rate over the balance of the year. Lithopone, with Its many desirable char acteristics, holds a unique position as a white pigment in its application to paint, and it seems certain that the total con sumption in 1933 will be in excess of 1932, Miscellaneous Oils At the time of writing this report, De partment -of Commerce figures were avail able for the- first eight months of this year, During this period imports of china wood oil were 68,740.000 pounds, compared to 52.383.000 pounds for the corresponding period of 1932. This is rather a substan tial increase and was more apparent dur ing the second quarter of this year when Importations were 70 percent greater than the second quarter of last year. Imports R. C. Stark Chairman an Oils during the first half of the year were 25 percent greater than 1932, Perilla oil also showed a very large increase for the first eight months, total ing 19,268,000' pounds against 9,625,000 pounds for the first eight months of 1932. During July and August this oil was very scarce and prices advanced sharply to a point higher than linseed or chinawood oil. While there has been recessions of price during September and October, perilla oil le OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 39 Is still higher than either linseed or chinawood oil. Miscellaneous oils participated in the general commodity price rise and con sumption was especially heavy in' the sec ond quarter of the year. Recessions have occurred during the third quarter but average prices are still much better than 1932. In our last report we mentioned the efforts made during the last session of Congress to place a duty on, Imported vegetable oils. Undoubtedly there will be similar agitation during the next session. The industry would be severely handi capped by a duty on oils essential to our Wilmer H. Crawford Chairman on Gum Naval Stores operations, and which can not he pro duced commercially in the United States. While the domestic tung tree development is progressing satisfactorily, It will be some years before it can supply our needs. There seems to be some growth In the use of sunflower seed oil and it is being rather freely offered this year. Domestic soybean oil has been in good demand and prices have risen materially. Naval Stpres (Gum) The naval stores industry has survived another year of unprofitable operation, and it has again been demonstrated that excessively low prices will not alone stimu late consumption during a period of eco nomic chaos. . The consumption statistics compiled and released by the Bureau of Chemistry at "Washington indicates continued decrease In the use of turpentine, while rosin shows only about 19 percent decrease. From sources of information available, It is estimated that the crop year ending March 31, 1934, will show an Increase In production of approximately 20 percent. One of the continued outstanding needs of the industry is authentic statistics on production, consumption and stocks. Insofar as our Investigation reveals, there Is practically no adulterated turpen tine moving in interstate commerce, and no complaints of misgraded rosin, two aims sought by the paint and varnish In dustry in advocating ffte naval' stores acc be passed back in Ha s . Although a debatatisj question, we think, there are just abowlefgrht grades in the rosin standards v^Ss'^h are superfluous, and it is hoped tocai^ureau of Chemistry will find it possibillifiiccer thorough invest!- Arthur Langmeier Chairman on Wood Naval Stores gatlon and an opportunity has been given all interests to be heard, to promulgate new standards of say five grades, expres sive of the colors in their dominant wave lengths and prepared from American-made glass. Naval Stores (Wood Rosin) The chief development during- the year 1933 in the steam and solvent naval stores business has been the acceptance of paint and varnish manufacturers of dipen tens for use In the new type resin finishes. The development of dlpentene for paint and varnish purposes has covered a num ber of years, and the product Is filling a very definite need of the industry. New resins utilizing terpenes and terpene al cohols procured through the steam solvent process also made their appearance during this year. There has been an increase in the pro duction of pale wood rosins for consump tion in the paint and varnish industry, and varnishes of excellent color and brilliance are now being produced from these prod ucts. Steam distilled pine oil Is finding wider use in the paint and varnish industry In small percentages for the production of superior flow.' At this writing, October 9, the two major producers of steam solvent naval stores have signed the blanket code and have submitted an individual code to the NRA. Paint Probably no better report could be made on what has transpired in the paint manu facturing industry during the past year than, one which can ibe drawn from the graph published by the United States De partment of Commerce, Bureau -of Census, based upon the reports made to It by 588 manufacturers. As was to be expected, the volume of business reflected the usual winter dip, but at a somewhat lower level than for the winter of 1931. The opening of 1933 was marked by an improvement over De cember, 1932, followed by severely disap pointing results about the time of the banking crisis In February and Maroh. Then, after the banking troubles had been ironed out to a great degree a marked upturn began in April, reaching Its peak in June, after which a recessional move ment took place, and is still In evidence, but at a level above that of the same period last year. Too great emphasis should not ba placed upon the unusually great activity in May and June as compared with the subse quent falling off, Much of what was done In the good period was prompted by an over-buoyant confidence that an Industrial miracle had been wrought overnight, or the desire to stock up at the low prices then prevailing, and, cbnversely, any note of pessimism now apparent is prompted more by the failure to attain a hoped for items were considered and recommenda tions made by the group. At that meeting it became apparent that the group could offer for Inclusion In the code standard specifications for containers of materials. The manufacturers present made sugges tions and these were communicated to all known manufacturers in the industry. There was, later, a meeting in Chicago re garding the code and, specifically, the container specifications. By means of letters and questionnaires a full recommendation was made to the code committee and has been included in the code. The. general reaction of the group is that -good progress has been made. In three cities where there have been unusually trying conditions there have been group meetings of the manufacturers cerned, the idea being to establish confi dence and mutual understanding for a betterment of conditions. At the forthcoming Chicago national convention there will be a water paint group meeting at which time other- prob lems of the industry will be considered and presented, looking towards further simplification of problems. The recognition given the water paint industry and the representation accorded on the Paint Industry Recovery Board and other activities Is appreciated by the group and makes it all the more deBirous of putting Its house In order and con tributing what it can to the generaj good of the whole industry. There is no reason S. C. Dunning Chairman on Plastic Paint why this group cannot function well and be of decided value to its' members--and that is Its intent. D. J. Deviin Chairman on Paint end than by actually unfavorable condi tions. In fact, a study of conditions must convince one that they are undoubtedly better than they were a year ago, and that we shall see a gradual and sound upturn in the paint manufacturing busi ness. Plastic Paint In the past years the activity of the group had been confined practically en tirely to the question of plastic paints, and only a few manufacturers were in terested. Beginning with this year the group extended Its activities, and one of the first things it did was to carry on some activity with the Bureau of Stand ards In connection with water paints and government specifications. With the approach of greater Federal government activity and control of busi ness affairs, the group expanded its ef forts, with the result that all -known manufacturers of calcimine and water paints, whether members of the N. P. O. & V. A., or not, which, of course, in cludes plastic paints, were approached with the idea that if they wished to as sociate themselves more closely for the good of the industry, the plastic paint group, as set up by the N. P. O. & V. A. will be very pleased to serve through its chairman, Then came the national industrial re covery act. The manufacturers, generally, responded whole-heartedly. One of the first considerations was that -the name of the group was a misnomer, so It was agreed that we would petition the N. P. O. (t V. A,, and that henceforth this group be known as the `Water Faint Group." Such a petition has been presented. There never having been combined ef forts of the water paint manufacturers, the group set about the various Industry problems with the . idea of presenting to the national code committee proposed measures which would be of benefit. At the Invitation of the general code com mittee a well-attended meeting was had in Washington when the general code Shellac General conditions In the sheilas indus try have shown a decided improvement In recent months. Cheap shellac has un doubtedly stimulated its use as evidenced by latest official figures from India, show ing an increase in 1933 of about 35 per cent over the flame period last year. The decline last Spring established a new low record of about 7 cents per pound for TN, due to abundant supplies, lesR demand and depreciated exchange. With better business and higher exchange prices have gradually recovered and the trend now seems upward. The govern ment In India continues its program to increase the supply and improve the quality of shellac to foster its greater use both here and abroad. Spray Painting Marked Improvement has been shown in the last six months In business condi tions affecting our lines. This has been predominantly so as to industrial finishing equipment In the maintenance field steps toward recovery have not been quite as gratifying, yet there has been some In crease in sales during that period.. The continued low construction level has also tended to retard appreciable advancement in this division, which parallels closely the paint and varnish Bales curve. We look for sustained Improvement, however, In the Industrial field, enhanced, perhaps, by preparations for the anticipated new mod els of standard passenger cars. Our industry as a whole, has thus far weathered the depression, and we believe that having done so and with better busi ness fairly predicted, the future for the products of our industry is very promis ing. Varnish During the present year there have been no requests presented to the varnish com mittee for service of any kind, which in dicates the industry is either In a fairly favorable condition or there Is a lack of Interest on the part of our members in the functioning of this committee. With the advent and continued develop ment of nitro-cellulose lacquer products there waa for several years a decided de crease in the consumption, of the old line (gum and oil) varnishes, and Varnish technicians devoted their efforts largely to lacquer problems. More recently, however, duo to the in troduction of synthetic resins, and a vast amount of technical work and scientific research in the varnish industry; there was produced a type of quick drying var.nlshes with the results that many have discontinued the use of nitro-cellulose products in favor of varnishes of this ^Isfaturally further development will take place in the realm of quick drying syn thetic resin varnish; consequently, there seems to be a favorable outlook for the future in thb way of an increased con sumption. of varnish products. Your committee wishes to strongly urge the members of our industry to use the services of the varnish committee more frequently, for matters referred to this committee will have careful and thought ful consideration and a satlsiactory solu tion, of course, will benefit the entire in dustry. iZinc Oxide The application of zinc oxide in paint is so well known to the paint industry that A. Guyer Chairman on Spray Painting Js t0 dweI1 further at this rttrne on its merits. d?mn2<iities, the demand for dklde during the first quarter of1938 and inventories of raw materials in the hands of the paint man- k AwT/fS at a low.Pln t. Howevw, JfitiiK!1 vf tf*13 year signs of increased beSa to manifest themselves, JEHL4!1** **5?^ that sine oxide began to move Into the paint industry in increas ing quantities. This Increased consumptlon continued well Into the third quarter the,,CUrr^m year' when a slight falling ?$L +MUrredU Nevertheless, the demand for this product continues at a satisfac tory rate, considering the fact that we are seasm when the de mand for paint is naturally easier. If the demand for paint and paint fln- 2c?2rre<i between April and f the third quarter of this year Is any criterion, then with any rea sonable feeling of confidence on the part *?e Public there should be ^enti,]11ur^e4 ahead fr the paint which in turn will create a greater demand for zinc oxide. Report on Membership No great progress was made by your c2niv1 ^4ee khflcUn& up the membership of the association during the past year, in the main, our early efforts were di rected to retaining our old members and in this we were fairly successful. New members came in to partially off-set our losses and this state of affairs prevailed generally until early summer when the national recovery act was created. The NRA points out the need, and has clearly shown why all business men should co-operate, with their particular trade as sociation in order to share equitably in the "New Deal." When the codes are finally P. P. Tillinghast Chairman on Zinc Oxide approved we are confident that very few eligible prospects In our Industry will fail to become members of our trade associa tion, This year we asked the president of every paint club to serve as a member of our committee, and to thus establish a direct contact with his loeal membership committee. The local committee always . 40 ' November 16, 1933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER does the real work of securing- new mem bers and holding1 firmly to the old ones. This year we are confident they mfssed few opportunities to strengthen their local *clubs and thus the national association- The plan on the whole worked very well, and the national membership committee takes this opportunity of expressing to each club president, to each local member ship committee chairman, and to ail mem bers of these committees. Its appreciation of their activities throughout the year. The final figures of our membership being part of the general manager's re port \vi; ure nut including them here. Report on Memorials It is the sad duty of the memorial committee to record the passing of many friends who were with us this time only one short year ago. They have passed on to their well deserved reward, and their familiar faces have receded,into memory --a memory bright, however, with the re collection of their accomplishments and unselfish service. Their number includes These additional discounts have materially Many reports and registrations have reduced the profits and have made It al been made by members of the association most Impossible to produce a' net profit with the trademark bureau during the on auch accounts. The distributor Is then past year. When a report is recorded with forced to either -of two reasonings:-- the bureau it places on file at association namely, to give up the account, and turn - headquarters the date of first use claimed it back to the manufacturer, .or to con by the owner, as well as copy of the tinue to sell this particular customer at label showing use of the mark,. This is a net loss, hoping to make some profit very desirable for our members as it may from the various sundries that he might be of particular assistance in future years sell this customer. in determining the exact date of first use We sincerely hope that a frank dis if the original records have been mis cussion, taking into consideration all'of placed by -the registrant. the facts of this problem, will take place ut the coming convention, and that some steps will be taken to remedy this hard ship. The most Important work carried on by the trademark bureau is averting the selection of marks by concerns in the in dustry which are the same or very similar Report on Simplification to ones already In use. Therefore, your committee again urges that all manufac turers in the Industry file at association headquarters, if they have not already done so, a list of their trademarks. Many , Upon the appointment of the simplifica times throughout the year Instances of tion committee a meeting was held and a confllction arise which could have been program decided upon for the current avoided had they filed their marks with year. In view of the broad scope of the the trademark bureau, especially marks of simplification proogram and the necessity recent adaption. for further co-operation with It by all Each year a great many new names manufacturers, the committee deemed it are added to the file reoords at associa their duty to devote the year toward fur tion headquarters; at the present time thering the universal adoption of the pro gram. the bureau's records contain approxi mately 24,000 trademarks used in the in Accordingly the program of Information dustry. Included in this record are all and propaganda was prepared and begun United States Patent Office registrations through the issuance of a letter to the In covering class 16 (paints -and painters' dustry, Including a copy of the simplifica materials). Therefore, it will be noted tion program in display form and also that the records are- as complete as It Is articles on the subject of selling oil col possible to make them. ors In liquid measure which received wide Each year the trademark bureau noti publicity In trade Journals, etc. fies members of the association whose We also arranged for a change In the specifications as issued by the Federal United States Patent Office registrations have expired, and call their attention to Specification Board pf the Federal gov ernment so that beginnlg with the year 1934 all inquiries issued by the govern ment for oil colors will Be' on a liquid' measure. . With the passage of the national indus trial recovery act the program was im mediately halted and the entire simplifica tion and standardization program la now incorporated in the code of fair competi tion for our industry which we hope will be signed by the President of the United States between the time of the prepara tion of this report and the annual meeting of the associations. This acceptance, how ever, should, not be construed as complet ing the simplification and standardization program, because It Is our sincere belief that further consideration should be given to other forms of simplification In our In dustry so that uniform and economical marketing of our products may be eventu ally secured. in their territory and destined to markets In the Southeastern States. December 28, 3.932, the Eastern Trunk Line Association (New York, Pennsyl vania, Maryland and Delaware) joined the Southeastern lines in publishing the same basis of rates on traffic originating in the Eastern section, with the addition of asph&ltum or eoaltar paints to the description. January 1, 1933, Western Trunk Lines (Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Ohio, Mis souri, Kansas. Nebraska and the Dakotas) published fourth class rates on a broad description, subsequently used as a pattern by other associations in publishing local and joint through rates. This descrip tion Is as follows :-- Faints, varnishes and lacquers, lessthan-carloads, viz.:-- Paints, aluminum, bronze or gold, liquid, in bulk in barrels. Paints, asphaltum or coaltar, in palls or metal cans In barrels or (boxes, or m bulk In kits or palls, Kalsomtne (calcimine), paste, in bulk In palls. ' Paints or varnishes, noibn In Western classification, including bronzing, llqulas, Japan varnishes, lacquers and liquid, shel lacs, liquid or paste, in pails or metal cans In barrels or boxes, or In bulk in barrels, kits or pails. Litharge, dry,. In double bags. Lithtfpone (see note). In bulk in. cloth bags or .'paper bags, subject to the pro visions of rule 40, section 10 (c) or West ern classification. Stains, furniture, mortar or wood, liq uid, , In pails or metal cans in barrels or boxes, or in bulk in barrels, kits or palls, Wood fillers, liquid or paste, In metal cans or palls In barrels or boxes, or in bulk In barrels, or metal kits or pails. Varnishes, asphaltum .or coaltar, in palls or metal cans in barrels or boxes, or In bulk in kits or palls. NoteA small number of bags for re conditioning purposes in transit but not to exceed ten pounds in weight with any shipment may be loaded with shipments of and at the same rate applying on the lithopone which the bags accompany. Effective January 1, 1933 January 1, 1933, the fourth class rating was published between stations in the State of Illinois on the description used by Western- trunk lines. January 11, 1933, fourth class rates were authorized on traffic originating in Illinois and destined to the Southeastern States, above described, on `-- George H. Priest, Jr. Chairman on Memorials one former President, Roy B. Robinette, and -our first full-time secretary, later general manager, G-eqrga V. Morgan. A stalwart brigade of loyal workers, they must be sorely missed, yet the memory of itheir leadership will remain an In spiration to those who follow in their footsteps, (The committee's report1 contained brief obituary notes on the following deceased members.) Aler, Charles C. Archer, George A. Becker, Charles A. Curtis, Albert Fi Dllworth, John J. Dona-hue, Frank -J. Ebrey, Cornelius, E. Drumond, I. W. Gerstendorfer, Albert Glldden, Francis K. Goodrow, George T. Harris, John E. Henderson, George Horgan, George V. Hubbard, Luke , Johnson, Joseph E. Kannalr, Frank E. King, Samuel G.' Matthews, James H. Maxwell, Frank R. Meidefi, Erik V, Mellor, Joseph C. Moses, Fred L. Murphy, Franklin, Jr. Opper, Albert L. O'Rourke, Thomas Ritek, George W. Fayson, Horace E. Robinette, Roy B. Robson, Herman Schafer, Albert E, Sillers, George < Shepherd, William T. ,, Stollberg, William F. ^ Sullivan, John R-i Thompson, Andrew Toch, Henry if. . Uehllnger, Herman Ursum, Irvin J. , Vizard, Anthony,1 Welter, John N. ; Whalen, Mrs. Mary F. Report on Paint Distributors Last year this committee brought to your attention two problems of the dis tributors, which were working at that time, a hardship to them.! We refer to that portion of the report; calling atten tion to the fact that guarantees against decline on spring shipments did not cover sufficient period. This, as you know, has been remedied in the code, as has alo the request that notice of at least six months be given covering discontinued shades and sizes. * We are looking forward with considera ble Interest to your trade-sales conference, because in it we hone to Arid some solu tion for the most difficult prob'em that has ever faced the paint Jobbers, distrib uters, and wholesalers, to date. We refer to the sliding scale of discounts allowed to dealers on their yearly purohases. These additional discounts are taken from the distributors' gross profit, either In the entirety, or at best, distributor and manu facturer split -the discount half and half. Report on Tariff There has been no meeting of the tariff committee during the year, but the secre tary of 'the committee has advised the chairman and members regarding various matters that have been brought to his at tention. The following is a brief sum mary of these:-- A bill was Introduced in the last session of the house of representative to Increase the tariff on flaxseed and oil obtained therefrom. Owing to pressure of other matters, this bill was not acted upon be fore adjournment of the Congress. In H. R, 13991, the so-called "Domestic Allotment Bill" (one of the farm relief bills), an additional duty of 5 cents a pound was proposed on all imported oils and fats. Protests were lodged against this proposal. As in the case of the meas ure mentioned In the preceding paragraph, final action on the bill was not taken. Since June 9, 1931, the Tariff Commis sion . conducted an investigation of the tariff on flaxseed and linseed oil. Novem ber 35, 1982, the commission ordered that the flaxseed portion of the investigation be discontinued. A public hearing re stricted entirely to linseed oil was held January 16, 1933, Representatives of our committee attended this hearing, in sup port of the crushers' advocacy for the maintenance of the protective and com pensatory duties on linseed oil of +.6 cents per pound, equivalent to a 65-percent-per- buahel duty on flaxseed, In order to en courage the maintenance of flax acreages In the Northwest and to protect domestic .producers and crushers against foreign oil produced by cheap labor, A communication was received In De cember, 1932, from a member of the asso ciation, suggesting that an Import- duty be put on perllla oil in order to safeguard the Interests of the drying oil consuming Industries. It was stated that Imports of perllla oil had doubled since 19 39, and that the oil was being mixed with soy bean oil to produce a substitute for lin seed oil In the manufacture of paints. A mall vote on this matter indicated a divi sion of opinion among the members ot the committee. During the early Spring a hearing was held before the Tariff Commission on a proposal to place a tariff on.synthetic iron oxides imported from Canada and made by a process which was alleged to in fringe a United States patent. The tariff committee was represented at this hearing, but we did not take any part In the pro ceedings. It has been proposed that our Industry advocate increased tariffs on mixed paints to prevent the dumping of foreign prod ucts in this country. This Is a matter which might be taken up when the new Congress convenes and the subject of tariffs is again under consideration, Report on Trademarks Several hundred letters, from members of the association find, others, have been answered during the past year by your trademark bureau pertaining to the selec tion of new trademarks, and many others in response to other requests for advice or information. This shows how the bureau functions throughout the year in its sev eral services to our members and the in dustry. It ia-Interesting to note that such letters have steadily Increased in number during recent years, and encouraging, be cause It shows that the Industry as a whole has become more and more familiar with the bureau and Its facilities, and more appreciative of its usefulness. Paints, noibn, varnishes, noibn, includ ing bronzing liquids, japan varnishes, liquid shellac, asphaltum or coaltar paints. January 20, 1933, the Southeastern lines, above described, added asphaltum and coaltar paints to the description for which March G. Bennett Chairman on Trademarks the necessity of ^-registering same ` In order to retain their rights thereto. The 1927 trademark book and 1929 and 1932 supplements still continues to.be a popular reference .guide for concerns in the Industry. These published lists serve a very .useful purpose In that they are of great assistance as a preliminary guide In adopting a new mark. These books include such information as name of trade mark, concern using same, city and state, and product or products used on. Copies may be obtained from association head quarters at $3 per set. In closing, your committee, would like to call particular attention to the fact that -the trademark bureau Is essentially a service activity of your association and as such Is ready and willing at all times to be of service to you In your in dividual trademark problems: It is to your advantage to avail yourselves of the services of the bureau not only to protect your own rights but to prevent Innocent adoption of trademarks which are already used by others. The committee again wishes to extend its -thanks to Robert K. Shannon, man ager of the trademark bureau, for his assistance and for his careful and efficient operation of the bureau. Report on Traffic On behalf of the traffic committee, a joint committee of both associations, this, our report for the year 1932-1933, is re spectfully submitted. The period hos been one of exceptional activity, and the development of greatest interest to our members is the reduction by the carriers of the rates on paints, varnishes, lacquers, and related articles, less carloads, from third to fourth class. For technical reasons, this was effected by publication of exceptions to the class!cation, Instead of in the claselcatlon it self, and explains why the lower rates be came available In the several subdivisions on different dates. The desirability of re porting the developments chronologically, as a matter of record, is apparent. On November 20, 1932, Southeastern (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, tbe Carolina^, and Virginia) lines published fourth class rates on paints. December 20, 1932, the description was broadened to Include other finishes Paints, nolbn, or varnishes, notbn, in cluding bronzing linuids, Japan varnishes, lacquers and liquid shellacs. December ?.S, Central Freight Associa tion ("Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Western New York and Pennsylvania) lines. Joined the Southeastern lines In publishing fourth class rates on the finishes named in the preceding paragraph on traffic originating Willard E, Maston Chairman on Membership fourth class rates were authorized on busi ness moving between stations In their ter ritory, . February 1, 1933, Official classification lines published fourth class rates on West ern trunk line description, set out In a preceding paragraph. Official classifi cation. territory embraces the States of Delaware, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Mas sachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New. Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsyl vania, Rhode Island, Vermont and to a limited extent Illinois, Kentucky, Wis consin and West Virginia. .February 10, 1933, this basis was ex tended to include Illinois freight com mittee interstate territory--the Illinois freight committee has Jurisdiction over traffic from Illinois to Southern Wisconsin, as well as rates between points In Illinois. February 10, 1933, the Southwestern lines (Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Western Louisiana) published fourth class rates on the description used by Western trunk lines, already noted. February 10, 1933, Western trunk lines and Southwestern lines published the same basis on traffic manufactured in the North and destined to the Southwestern States just named. On the same date, publication was made for the Southeastern and Southwestern lines. Jointly, on -the same description. March 1, 1933, official classification and Western 'trunk lines, jointly, published fourth class rates on business moving Inter-territorially. As already noted/ the rates were applicable on business moving within their respective territories, and now, for the first time, they join in au thorizing -this basis on business originat ing In the East and destined to the West, i b > . OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 '41 thus broadening measurably the consum ing territory, and. the serviceability of the adjustment. March 31, 1933, this was further ex tended to business originating in official classification and destined to Southwestern freight bureau territory, already described. April 15, 1933, official classification lines added the following items to their tariff description Auto top dressing or blacking, liquid; paint, lacquer or varnish' increasing, re ducing, removing, or thinning compounds, or paints, lacquer or varnish solvents. April 20, 1-933, Southern classification lines added calcimine; litharge, stains, furniture, mortar or wood; and wood fillers, to their tariff. May 10, 1933, fourth class rates were authorized on traffic originating in Illinois and destined to Green Bay points in Wis consin. . May 10, 1933, Illinois lines added lltho- pone, 2inc oxide, and zinc sulphide to their tariff description, and May 15, 1933, Illinois to Southeastern, territory added -calcimine, litharge, stains, wood fillers and asphaltum or coaltar var nishes to their tariff description, and May 15, 1933, the Central Freight Asso ciation and Southeastern lines joined in broadening the description in their tariffs to include calcimine, litharge', stains, wood, fillers and asphaltum or coaltar varnishes, and incidentally harmonize with the ac- tlon taken fey the other associations. May 15, 1933, the Eastern trunk lines and Southeastern lines amended their joint tariff to include auto top dressing or black ing, linseed oil, paint oil compounds, tur pentine, calcimine, litharge, stains, wood fillers, reducing and removing compounds, and paint, varnish or lacquer solvents. May 15, 1933, official classification lines added zinc oxide, zinc sulphide, titanium dioxide and titanophone to their descrip tion. - May 17, 1933, Illinois to Southeastern territory added paint, lacquer or varnish increasing, reducing, removing or thin ning compounds, paint, lacquer or varnish solvents, auto top dressing or blacking, linseed oil, paint oil compounds, and tur pentine to the list of commodities for which fourth class rates are authorized. May 17, 1933, central freight associa tion to Southeastern territory, tariff de scription broadened to include paint, lac quer or varnish, increasing, reducing, re moving or thinning compounds, or paint, lacquer or varnish solvents, auto top dressing, paint oil compounds, and turpen tine. June 1, 1933, official classification to Green Bay points in Wisconsin, rates be tween stations In this territory are sep arately published, and although the rates to other points In Western trunk line terri tory became available March 1, 1933, rates in this strip of territory on the west bank of Lake Michigan were not published until June 1, 1933, and the description em braced some additional items1.--Auto top dressing or blacking, liquid.; paint, lac quer or varnish Increasing. Reducing, removing or thinning compounds, noibn, or paint, lacquer or varnish solvents noibn; paints, aluminum, bronze or gold, liquid; paints, asphaltum or coaltar; kalsomfne, paste; paints or varnishes, noibn, Including bronzing liquids, Japan var nishes, lacquers and liquid shellacs, liquid or paste ; litharge; lithopone ; stains, fur niture, mortar or wood, liquid; wood fill ers, liquid or paste; varnishes, asphaltum or coaltar; zinc oxide, zinc sulphide, ti tanium dioxide or titanophone, and roof ing cement. . June 15, 1933, the Southeastern lines added auto top dressing, linseed oil, paint oil compounds, paint, lacquer or varnish increasing, reducing, removing, or thin ning compounds, and paint, varnish or lacquer solvents, and turpentine, to the Hat of items for which fourth class rates will be available. June 15, 1933, corresponding basis was published from points in Western trunk line territory to stations in Montana. July 1, 1933, official classification lines corrected their description on solvents so as to cover varieties In dry form and dis tributed in paper cartons, July 1, 1933, Illinois freight committee added the following items to their tariff description ; --Auto top dressing or black ing ; paint, varnish or lacquer Increasing, reducing, removing or thinning com^ pounds, noibn, or paint, lacquer or var nish solvents, roofing cement, zinc oxide, zinc sulphide, titanium dioxide, and ti tanophone. July 10, 1933, the Western trunk lines and Southwestern lines corrected their tariffs to include the items already re ferred to--specifically--Paint, lacquer or varnish increasing, reducing, removing or thinning compounds, noibn, or paint, lacrquer or varnish solvents, noibn; auto top dressing or blacking, liquid; linseed oil, turpentine, and paint oil compounds. July 10, 1933, the Southwestern lines published this same arrangement for their own territory, i. e.r the same rates and tariff description on movements within their jurisdiction as applied on traffic originating in the North and destined to their territory. July 10, 1933, the Southwestern and Southeastern lines jointly amended their tariff to take care of the additional items, above noted, July 15, 1933, official classification lines added dry paints to their tariff descrip tion--paints heretofore referred to are de scribed as liquid or paste. August 1, 1933, tariff covering business from Illinois to Green Bay points in Wis consin was amended to include-Faint, lacquer or varnish increasing, reducing, removing or thinning compounds, noibn, or paint, lacquer or varnish solvents ; auto top dressing or blacking; oil, linseed; turpentine. August 1, 1933, Western trunk lines made a corresponding addition to their tariffs. August 1, 1933, tariff, description for Lraffic originating in official classification and destined to Western trunk line terrl- rail facilities. To reduce revenues on such fore solicited the business largely on the business was obviously a concession to the basis of service were prompted to meet paint trade, which the carriers can afford the situation,- offering corresponding re to continue only if the desired volume is duction in their charges, but some of the reai Ized. larger industries took the position that The third class rate is exactly 70 per the railroads! having initiated the rates cent of first class in the relative scale so between two stations like St. Louis and Columbus, Ohio, where the first class rate is $1.01, or Cleveland and Baltimore, where the first class rate is $1.02, or be tween any other two stations of compar able distances In official classification ter ritory (north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi rivers), thp third class rate Is 71 cents, equivalent to $1.42 per ton, and the fourth class rate 51 cents, equivalent to $1.02--and the reduction from third to fourth class amounts to 40 cents per ton, deserve preference. Charges for trucking services as well as those of the forwarding companies were only reduced to fourth class follow ing the publication of that basis by the rail carriers, [.which is an excellent rea son for believing that if the rail lines re stored the third class rate, it will be a . signal for their competitors to take simi lar action, and the cost of distributing our products will be advanced 40 percent. As expressed by the vice-president of one of the large rail lines >-- . or expressed in percentages--28 percent. '. "Under the circumstances you will not A simple mathematical computation will demonstrate that it requires an increase of 40 percent in tonnage at fourth class rates to produce the same revenues'yielded at third class rates; 1. a., 1,000 tons at $1.42 per ton (third class) amounts to $1,420--it requires 1,400 tons at $1.02 (fourth .class) to produce the same, amount. And to compensate the carriers for the reduction, requires a very substantial in crease In their volume of traffic which your committee hopes will be fully re alized. think it amiss If we suggest your industry view the situation as a whole and permit us to participate in business to points to which our rates may temporarily be out of line with those of our unregulated com petitors." The tariffs first published carried an ex piration date of June 30, 1933, voluntarily extended to December 31, 1933, and it Is understood will be further extended to March 31, 1934--and if the expected in crease in the, volume of tonnage Is rea lized, that basis may he continued in definitely. In the final analysis, the indus try itself wilt determine by Its patronage Competing agencies who had hereto if it wants the adjustment continued. Trade Sales Conference E. A. Leveille Chairman on Traffic tory was amended to include additional items already noted. August 1, 1933, tariff naming the rates on traffic from Western trunk line to Mon tana points was amended to include auto top dressing, reducing and removing com pounds and solvents, linseed oil, etc. August 1, 1933, official classification lines for their own territory added zinc oxide, zinc sulphide, titanium dioxide or titano phone to their tariffs, thus adding to the dry paints already mentioned. September 1, 1933, official classification lines added titanium dioxide, titanium ox ide, and titanox, to their tariff description, authorizing fourth class rates for lesscarload movements between points In the Eastern section of continental United States. It was the hope and expectation of your traffic committee and the traffic officers of the carriers that the lower rates would, by increasing the volume of rail traffic, reduce unit costs so as to Justify the re duction ip charges--it was an Inducement to secure volume, arid its substantially universal application reduced rates (a) where truck competition was encountered, (b) to a greater territory where competi tive services were less regular and satis-, factory, and (c) to an even greater terri-' tory where distribution is dependent upon . (Continued from page 27) It seems to me that the concerns that must resort to questionable merchandising methods rather than selling their goods on a merit basis could properly devote their energies to making their goods more sal able. After all, isn't it rather a hollow success to know that expanding sales have been built on unfair tactics? Do we re lish any athletic contest where one of the contestants takes some advantage over his competitors, even though such advantage may be ethically correct? Bus iness. to be enjoyed, must be considered as a game to be played fair and square. For those who have no time for sports, I can offer no better polley than that of following the Golden Rule. Clean Up and Paint Up In the absence of Dr. R. A. Plumb,, chairman of the clean-up and paint-up committee, who had given a paper on the subject at an earlier session of the conventions, Ralph W. Emerson, direc tor of the bureau, prepared a brief statement, which was not read owing to the lateness of the hour. The statement follows: Mr. Emerson's Statement I believe that the e'ean-up and paintup campaign in its broad aspects Is fa miliar to the principals of paint and var nish manufacturing concerns, but that in a great many Instances the same degree of acquaintanceship does not extend throughout their sales and advertising organizations, and especially that it does not extend to the rank and file of dea'ers. As an instance of this, John R. Mac Gregor, who was -instrumental in build ing up the splendid model clean-up and paint-up campaign here in Chicago, has told me that while the newspapers were promoting e'ean-up and palnt-up, parades were In progress and mass meetings were being held, there were hardware dealers who were so obllvous to their opportunity that. Instead of putting paint into their windows, they left In Ice skates and other merchandise which was practically unsal able at the time. Students of the high schools, boys and girls, donned aprons and overalls and visited such stores, washed the windows, took out the unsuit able merchandise and put in pyramids of paint cans, displays of brushes and other clean-up and paint-up goods. It seems a'most incredible that dealers could be so lacking in their opportunity, yet It is so. The most effective way to reach them is for the salesmen of the paint compa nies to carry on a program of missionary work, explain the clean-up and paint-up campaign opportunity to the dealers, and equip them with the Business Getting Manuals, which can be obtained from the clean-up and i paint-up campaign bureau in Washington. We have direct, unsolieted letters,: telling us how the use of this manual Increased sales of the indi viduals who used it. For a paint or hardwaredealer to fail to recognize the profit of the clean-up and paint-up campaign Is a good deal like a dealer in toys .putting up his shutters dur ing the week before Christmas, while his competitors are putting emblems of Santa Claus In the windows. One great error of many paint dealers is that they think the campaign Is not for them, because it is usually handled en tirely by civic Interests outside of the paint industry. Of course, that is its great strength, for no one can conceive of thousands of people parading the streets and spending days of their time just to help the paint dealers make money exclu sively. It isn't human nature. If the clean-up and paint-up campaign has not been started in a community by the civic forces, the way to get it started is for a live, progressive paint man to call upon a group of men, mostly in other lines of business, who are influential in the affairs of the city, and suggest a clean-up and paint-up campaign, but or ganized with the cooperation of the mayor and the city authorities, not with talk about selling paint---but on the broadest possible lines of generally benefittlng the city and making it a better place to live in by cleaning up yards and vacant lots and rehabilitating property. The broader the interests which are brought into the campaign, and the more care that Is taken In avoiding special stress upon paint In getting it started, the more suc cessful the campaign will be. If the start l* made bv just talking paint, the feeling that an effort is being made to make the public the cat's paw of a special interest may be created and the entire opportu nity ruined by such apparent selfishness. Suggestions for procedure will be sent free to any member of the Industry who wtrhes to contact men. In other lines of business and the civic authorities in any city where a clean-up and palnt-up cam paign is not already being organized. Such inquiries are more than welcome and will be given painstaking and very earnest attention. The clean-up and paint-up campaign brings profit to the industry, even In the absence of cooperation from the Industry. But with cooperation from the industry ft brings far greater profits than would otherwise be possible. A reading of the 1933 clean-up and palnt-up report will reflect the mighty opportunity for making clean up and paint up a major factor In business recovery in the paint and var nish industry In 1934. Ernest T. Trigg President, National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association (Continued from page 5) sales manager May 1, 1910; vice-president, March which the educational bureau was to grow. In 1927, he became chairman of the educational bu reau, which In. 1930, as a result of the reorganiza tion plan proposed by him, became in effect the joint central board of the Industry, under which scientific, promotive, and institutional work was fostered. Mr. Trigg's recent work as chairman of the code committee for the industry is nationally known as a rare achievement. Born in Aurora, 111'., August 12, 1877, Mr. Trigg got an office boy's job with E. H. Haines, Chicago paint material firm, in 1892, and three years later went withv Heath & Milligan, paint manufacturers. He became general sales manager for this com pany in 1902, and in 1998 joined John Lucas & Co., an old-established paint concern in Philadelphia, Following incorporation of the Arm in 1912 he be came vice-president and general manager and in 1922 was elected president. Mr. Trigg's career of achievement is attributable to tremendous mental and physical vitality, both of which qualities were demanded by the incessant code drafting work of the last few months and by his diversification of activities in the last two dec ades, Always a driving force within his own com mercial organization, Mr. Trigg found time not only for paint trade association work but for work with chambers of commerce, civic groups, Federal wartime "boards, banks, railroads, fraternal socie ties, and charitable institutions. A list of his affilia tions constitutes a slice of Philadelphia life. [He Is an Episcopalian, a Republican and a Mason. Mr. Trigg and Miss Alice Gibbons were married in 1901. They have two children, Mrs. Charles J. Swain, jr., and Ernest T. -Trigg, jr. Francis C. Atwood President, Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs (Continued from page 5) and technician as vital factors in the welfare of the paint, varnish, and lacquer industry. In his present position, he and his associates in the fed erated group will find an additional task under the new Industry set-up. . Mr. Atwood wag born May 7, 1893, in Salem, Mass., and, after studying at Danvers High School, was graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Later he was an instructor at the institute for a short time. After his academic career, Mr. Atwood was first connected -with the Exolon Company, manufacturer of electric furnace products, and then for eight years was with Kal- tnus, Comstock & Westcott, Inc,, research engi neers. Also, for two years he was a member of Bonnar-Atwood, Inc., and he joined the Craftex Company In 1927. This company Is now affiliated with the Atlantic Gypsum Products Company. Mr. Atwood has been president of the New Eng land Paint and Varnish Club, chairman oe the plant managers' committee of the manufacturers' asso ciation and active In program work for the fed eration. He is a member of the American Electro chemical Society, American Chemical Society, Chemists Club (New York), University Club (Bos ton), Society of Rheology, Acoustical Society of America, the Albemarle Golf Club, and the Ameri can Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1918, Mr. Atwood and Miss Eleanor Brooks Bonnar were married. They have two daughters. Bonnie and Betsey, and live in Newton, Mass. Charles J. Roh Treasurer, National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association (Continued from page 5) remaining for two years. He was made general 29, 1920, and president, January 1, 1926. Mr. Rob is also president of the Wilson-Imperial Company, and the -Emalco Investment Company, Newark. Born June 2, 1879, the son of Robert and Anna Maier Roh, "Charlie" Roh always has lived in or near Newark, with the exception of the two years In Boston. He still is "going to the school of ex perience" and despite his activity in association affairs, he finds time to be Interested in the New ark Chamber of Commerce and in golf. He is a. member of the Essex Club, Newark; Crestmont Golf, West Orange; Athletic Club and Downtown Club, Newark. He is a member of St. Luke's Episcopal Church and of the Montclair lodge, F. & A. Masons, September 9, 1903, Mr. Roh married Miss Jessie D. Rose*, they have two children. Miss Helen Roh and Charles E. Roh. They live at 192 Christopher street, Montclair, N. J. . OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 43, PROCEEDINGS OF THE American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers* Association SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING Chicago, ill., October 30 and 31, 1933 Monday, October 30 First Session, Monday Forenoon (The seventh annual meeting of the American Paint and Varnish Manu facturers' Association was called to order in the Edgewater Beach Hotel, Chicago, Monday, October 30, 1933, at \ 9:50 a. m,, James F. Kurfees, president of the association, presiding.) President Kurfees: I will ash you to come to order, gentlemen. The American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers' Association is now in session. This is an open meeting for members and non-members of the in dustry. Let that be distinctly under stood. All are welcome, Possibly we i are not all brothers in that great fra ternity, the "Mystic Knights or the Sea," but the chances are we will be brothers or cousins in the NRA. So, this is an open meeting. I will ask Dr, Plumb to pleace oc cupy the chair while the president reads his report, (Dr. R. A. Plub assumed the chair). Chairman. Plumb: Members of the convention, we will now have the pleasure and profit of listening to the address of our esteemed president, Mr. Kurfees. public, "With this in view, the amalgama tion committee has for months been striving to work out a plan for uniting in one organization every individual man ufacturer in the paint, varnish and lacquer industry. , _ . .. , The report, as finally prepared by this committee, will be presented during this meeting, and it is hoped that ft will re ceive your earnest consideration and be unanimously approved and adopted by the industry. .., Our regular committees, appointed to gather and submit data on the numerous phases of our industry, have been quite active through the year, and the reports they have prepared are well worthy of our consideration. Sometimes we over look the fact that the personnel of these committees make considerable sacrifice in accepting appointment. In many instances, it simply means consuming a lot of their valuable time In their efforts to serve us~-- all of us. Valuable Committee Work The clean up and paint up and the save the surface campaign committees have been busy as usual in their efforts to lean up, paint up and to have more sur faces saved with our products. Our traffic committee, another live wire committee, has been and Is ever alert and Address of the President president Kurfces:--To the f the American Paint and Varnish Manu facturers' Association :-Onr by-laws pro- vi** rhaf it shall be the duty of tne president of the association to at the annual meeting a report upon the affairs of the association, together with such matters and recommendations as he may deem' of interest. In Jpliance with this provision, I submit the following:-- 4s we approach the end of this, our fiscal year, it will doubtless be recalled In some respects at least f* most memorable years m the history of the industry. It will not be remembered so much as a year of great volume - o business, but a year In which the Industry has come face to face with the enact ment of laws entirely new to us in this country, in order to prepare for and to meet the conditions placed upon industry by the enactment of the National In dustrial Recovery Act providing for codes of fair competition in industry, the asso ciations of our industry appointed a gen eral code committee consisting of eight members, who accepted the task of draft ing a code upon which the paint, varnish and lacquer industry might operate in harmony with the aims and purposes of the national industrial recovery act. This was indeed a great responsibility calling for an immense amount of time and labor on the part of this committee.^ How ever, be it said to the credLt of this com mittee, It has labored earnestly day after day In an effort to bring its work to a successful conclusion, and while it is im possible to realize the many difficulties In cident to its labor, we are nevertheless somewhat familiar with the accomplish ments thus far and I feel that we owe this committee a debt of gratitude. Entire Industry Heard It wag of course necessary in the adop tion of a code that it be representative of the entire industry and to accomplish this, ' the committee invited every concern in the industry to submit suggestions, and by means of regional meetings the entire in dustry was accorded an opportunity of passing on its findings before the code was filed with the National Recovery Ad ministration, which was done on Septem ber 25 and with whom, at the time of pre paring this report, it .awaits final ap proval, . In the past much has been said and ;, written on the subject of cost accounting, r selling prices, and price cutting, These discussions have largely centered around the question of costs, with the thought that if, when, and where we know the cost, the selling price will automatically take care of itself and all will be well. Now, on the surface that does appear reasonable, but whfle knowing the cost is essential, are we, even when we know the cost, suffici ently guided by it when making sales? One might properly ask this question 1 Do we always know our selling price? I mention this because it is thought by some to be one of our evils that might be remedied. * The question of amalgamation of our two associations has been under considera tion for some years, and it is thought by many of our members that in order to cope with problems arising in connection with the administration of the National Recovery Act, It is not only advisable but necessary that we now get together in one united organization, to the end that we : could better serve both ourselves and the James F. Kurfees The Presiding Officer on the Job to see that we receive proper rates, and service at the hands of trans portation. . Our membership committee, under the guiding hand of Its chairman, our "Uncle George" Heckel, has been unusually active and has doubtless brought to us more new members this year than In any pre vious year In the history -of our associa tion. ,, Other committees have served us equally well and to all we owe a debt of gratitude for their co-operation and good work. I have no special recommendations with which to burden you, but I join in the hope of all that insofar as business con ditions are concerned, we have passed the worst and that the future holds brighter prospects for Industry In general. During the year we were made sad by the hand of death removing from our midst a number of our members and officials, proper announcement of which will be made at this meeting. On behalf of the association, I wish to thank the trade press for the good service It continues to render. To the officers and association headquarters' staff, I express my sincere appreciation and thanks for their splendid co-operation and service. Certainly no president ever had, nor could one ask or expect, more loyal co-operation than has been given me during the year by the Washington office, and I am sure the brand of co-operation Is in store for my successor. Chairman Plumb: This excellent re port of our president was received with favor and appreciation by the board of directors of our association. "What is the pleasure of this meeting? Is there a motion for approval? (Upon motion regularly made and seconded, it was voted to accept the report of the president.) Chairman Plumb: I return the chair to you. President Kurfees. (President Kurfees assumed the chair,) urer, would you like to have a vote on your report, including the resolution, President Kurfees: The next order of business will be the report of our or.would you like to have a separate vote on that? treasurer, Mr. Roh. Treasurer Roh: I am not particular Treasurer's Report about the vote on the treasurer's re port, but I would like to have a vote Charles J. Roh: I have before me the audited report of the association's income and expenditures made by Ernst & Ernst. I know you, with me, will be pleased on the resolution. Ernest T. Trigg; I would like to move that we accept and file the re port of the treasurer and that we to know that our outgo during the year was $2,523.71 under our receipts. As was anticipated at the beginning of the year, and reported to you last year, our in come for the year has fallen just about fifteen percent. In other words, our mem bership income up to September 30, 1933, for the year, was $27,1&0, and last year, adopt the resolution ratifying the ac tion of the officers, as presented by Mr. Roh. President Kurfees: Did we have a second to Mr. Trigg's motion? (The motion was seconded, put to a vote and carried.) the Income was $33,587.51). We received interest this year amounting to, on se curities, $838.80, and savings account In terest amounting to $232.06, and other items of income amounting to $74, mak ing our total income $28,294.66. President Kurfees: The next order of business is a report from the plant managers' committee, by Mr. Atwood, the chairman of that committee, who is now, l am happy to say, the president There was allocated on the approval of the board of directors $26,080 to the edu cational bureau, which, with other minor items of expense amounting to $80.95, making our total expenses $26,080.95, leaving a balance of $2,213.71, which has been transferred to surplus. of that very' important organization. Mr. Atwood, , FV C. Atwood: I won't presume on your good nature to read In its entirety the report I have written concerning the activities of the -Federation of Probably of greater Interest to the as sociation membership is the account of expenditures and. receipts of the educa tional bureau, which, as you know, oper ates all of the association activities and has charge of all expenditures In connec tion with our association work. Paint and Varnish Production Club, and of course the plant managers' re port is essentially a report to you gen tlemen of the activities of that organ ization. I do believe that you will be . interested in learning about their ac You will also be glad to know that our income from all aourceB against expendi tures has enabled ua to add during the year, $25,026.05 to surplus. During the year we received from In vestors subscriptions $87,630. Just to em phasize that, this is very nearly four times as much Income from investors in the edu cational bureau fund as there was re ceived from dues, about three and one- half times. Last year we received $123, 630, but the decrease is occasioned, as you know, because of the sliding scale of sub scriptions to the educational bureau, which is based on sales. Just naturally in 1932 the sales were under those of 1931, which lessened the subscriptions just about 25 to 30 percent We received from the American asso ciation, as I have already reported, $26, tivities and you can get that by read ing the report. The federation, as most of you know, has continued to grow and expand in its activities. The last meeting, which closed on Saturday, was the best and largest we have ever had, with some thing very close to 300 registrations, and I believe those of you who were there can bear with me when I say that most of those, or a great many of those, registered attended nearly every session and in most cases took quite an active part in the activities. (Mr. Atwood gave a summary of the committee's report, this, iii its en tirety, being as follows,) 000 to this fund, and from the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association $20, 000, and from other sources $641.38, making the total expenses $134,271,38, Report on Plant Managers against 1933 total receipts of $177,729.02. As the prospect of the income was re duced, the budget and finance committee was Instructed oy the educational bureau to reduce the operating expenses. And so the operating expenses of the adminis tration and general expense of the edu cational bureau In 1933 was $36,980.68 against an expenditure of $51,677.45 for the preceding year. Building maintenance--this year $5, 050.52, last year $4,677.64 ; scientific section--this year $29,924.87, last year $41,149.40 ; clean up and paint up--thfs year $8,433.28, last year $14,014,44; unfair competition bureau---this year $14,307.84, last year $25,237.89 ; traffic bureau-- $2,545.12 against $3,138.54 for the pre ceding year; save the surface campaign--- $12,003.02 against $15, 344.57. Total ex penditures of $109,245.33 against $156. 029.93. I might say that we have a surplus account In the educational bureau amount ing to- $83,044.13, which ia made up of cash, accounts receivables, investments and inventories. I might also add that the administration this year has an added direct expense--and I don't think we ever have been able to figure the indirect ex pense because of the amount of time that has been given to it---in the administra tion of code matters, of $5,174.11. Of course, you know that does not take into account all of the personal expenditures of all the members and of the leadership in drawing up that code. This is Just the office expense. . I also have the audit of Ernst & Ernst on the educational bureau account and will be very glad to answer any questions, if anyone cares to ask them. I have another matter to present Dur ing the last four months it has been neces sary to take actions that are slightly con trary to the Instructions of the constitu tion and by-laws of the American associa tion. These actions were taken only after conference with the officers, the heads of committees and the treasurer. To cover those actions 1 should like to present a resolution, Mr. 'President:---That the ac tion of the board of directors In the matter of waiving initiation fees--that was done, of course, to bring people into membership as quickly as possible to take part of the responsibility of the code-- revising the dues in the lower brackets (in other words, to permit small manu facturers to enter at a nominal fee), the admission of new members during August and September without dues for the year just closing, be hereby ratified and approved. ^President Kurfees: You have heard the report of the treasurer. Mr. Treas Your plant manager's committee again finds it a privilege and pleasure, as well as a duty, to inform you as to the ac tivities of the Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs for another year just ending. This committee, as such, no longer attempts to promote and carry out technical investigations. Your own sci entific section on the one hand and the technical committees of the federation on the otheT hand, are handling such mat ters satisfactorily. Rather, your commit tee ia attempting to act in an advisory capacity on matters of common interest to both our associations in conformity with our by-laws. This report is presented with that same aim in view. The federation as a whole enjoyed an other active, prosperous, and beneficial year. Beginning with the convention at Washington last year, our registered at tendance reached a high mark which ap proximately reached the combined regis tered attendance at the meetings of both your own association -and the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association. The keen Interest in the technical papers of the various clubs was largely responsible for this. In no small measure, however, the desire to study and inspect the ex hibits In the First Paint Industries Show was also a factor In the attendance. The interest and participation of fed eration members in their separate clubs has continued to increase. Many groups have reported large and active meetings throughout the year. It has been, your committee's endeavor to have each club increase the scope of their programs well beyond the ordinary discussion of tech nical subjects. There has been ample evidence throughout the year that many clubs are serving the industry well In many unusual ways. The New York club made a serious study and offered resolu tions concerning the danger to the Indus try of the indiscriminate distribution of paint and varnieh formulae by raw mate rial dealers. The Golden Gate dub of fered similar resolutions with particular reference to certain practices of synthetic resin manufacturers. The Cleveland club pointed out the need for correlating in formation about synthetic resins eo that the varnish manufacturer might make more accurate comparisons of their value. The New England club completed pub lication of their book on paint and var nish manufacture, which book has been ac cepted as of real value to salesmen and executives as well as to technical men. In addition, the New England club again assisted in the monster paint meeting sponsored by the paint and oil club at which there was an attendance of over one thousand dealers, salesmen and oth ers. Other clubs have had executive nights ... fl , ;4 November f6f 1933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER at which the production men entertained the other branches of the Industry. All of these activities help consolidate all out- efforts to promote the welfare of the paint industry. This broadened scope of activity on the part of the federation has called atten tion to their membership requirements. We believe it to be for the best interests of the manufacturers' association as well as of the federation to carefully restrict competent technical and production men. Any single raw material supplier Is con cerned only with promoting the sale of his own goods. Judicial study and Anal acceptance of any formulae or even of services should remain with the staff of the individual paint and varnish manu facturer. We believe the federation Will ever and with increasing vigor be on the alert to protect the individual and col lective rights of its membership. membership to actual production or tech If, as seems likely, a single compre nical men. These are active members. hensive trade organisation is deemed nec In addition, other classes known as tempo essary to meet the needs of the NIRA, rary, contributing honorary, and hon It would appear that the federation can orary have been created. The present function with Increasing effectiveness. membership enrollment has shown a slight First, it can continue to care for the needs increase the past year in spite of the and rights of Its members as individual serious business conditions. While the technical men. Further, if your manu number of members from: some of the facturers' organization loses its Identity,, larger companies has decreased, yet more the federation whose interests ae manu companies than ever are represented. facturers coincide with yours, stands Several times more paint companies have ready, able and willing to serve our com representation in the federation when munity of interests. compared with similar membership In the Whatever may be your desires as to the manufacturers' association. future of our plant managers commit Federation Self-Supporting tee, we welcome the opportunity to pro mote with you the best Interests of our The federation at Washington, for the Industry. first time in its existence, faced the year without financial support from the President Kurfees: You have heard American Paint and Varnish Manufac turers' Association. In addition, many of their expenses were increased directly by your own restricted finances. It is the report of IMr. Atwood, representing the plant managers' committee. What is your pleasure? pleasant to report that the-federation has (It was regularly moved, seconded been able to successfully balance its ordi nary budget without curtailing any ac tivity. On the contrary, tbe "Official and. carried that the report be ac cepted,> Digest" has been continued: as a means of publishing technical data of unique Value Tribute to Production Men to the paint industry and :has broadened Mr. Trigg: Mr. President, may I say its scope by being made available t o subscribing members. The federation* in addition, has a separate budget which cares for all expenses and income in cident to the paint show. This budget just a word? I don't think we ought to let this report go through without an expression of appreciation from the manufacturers and the manufacturers' is considered as strictly educational in association as a group to the men who its scope and so far has no part In the have worked so diligently in creating ordinary mechanism of the federation. The Paint Industries Show has proven of unusual value as a means of bring ing before the federation membership new this production club or organization, and who have brought it up to a point where they are performing a very real developments in raw materials and service to the industry as a whole, equipment. It fs of particular value to the value'of which I think perhaps has the smaller manufacturer who cannot easily contact all the federation member ship through the year but can do so through the show and the resultant re ports of the exhibits carried back to the . not been fully appreciated up to the present time by the manufacturers, but which I believe, as Mr. Atwood has pointed out to us, should be more fully clubs by attending members. To the larger utilized in the future by closer co raw material manufacturer, it gives an operation with that organization. And opportunity to Are a broadside appeal to the entire federation at one time which may be followed up by contacts with constituent clubs at a later date. This year's show was a sell-out nearly two I would like, if I may, to offer a reso lution of appreciation to the produc tion clubs for the work they have done and the Interest they have taken, and months before the convention, indicating with it an expression of desire and the wisdom and need for such an activity. a wish to co-operate more closely with We believe your association also is meas urably benefited by this show. Your sym pathetic interest and encouragement of its continued success can well be classed as enlightened self-interest. them in the future as It may be pos sible for us to do from time to time. I make that motion. (The motion was regularly seconded The Paint Industries Show has helped and carried.) the federation depart from its single President Kurfees: The next order of minded study of technical papers at its convention sessions. It offered something the benefit of which the , production su perintendent could enjoy as well as the business Is the report of the educa tional bureau of the paint and varnish industry, Mr. Trigg, chairman. technical man. This idea has been ex panded and the federation convention now Educational Bureau covers three days instead of two. This extra day's session was devoted to a Mr. Trigg;--The report of the chairman spontaneous, round table discussion of the wll be very brief. The real work of the problems confronting the plant manager educational' bureau, as you know* Is car --management problems which have not ried on by certain departments or divi before been included or discussed in the sions of It, and the men who are respon regular club technical papers. It is but sible for those activities, and who have natural that this year's1 discussion in made them successful will report for cluded the highly important subject of themselves, NBA problems. I do* however, while I have the oppor It is on record that within a day after tunity, want to say to you that the edu the NIRA was signed an appeal went to cational bureau has carried on through the federation membership to co-operate- the year in its usual effective and un to their utmost In this recovery program. selfish manner. The educational bureau By the first of July we were oh record has had four regular meetings and two in Genera! Johnson's office pledging our special meetings during the year. That co-operation with his efforts so far as it means calling together men from all sec lay in our power to do so. We indicated tions of the country, who are represented that our co-operation In this matter would on the educational bureau. The high normally be through the> manufacturers' standard of attendance at our meetings association. In view of this serious offer has been maintained through the year. on our part and because of the very wide The educational bureau has a record of contact the federation has, through its 9S percent attendance through the year, present membership, it seems unfortunate that no recognition has yet been given based upon the total number on the bureau. the federation by representation on the Under the reorganization plan, if ap enlarged code committee or in any other proved by you and by the National Paint, similar way, . Oil and Varnish Association In its session The federation is not abrade organiza this afternoon, the educational bureau as tion of the type ashed to submit codes. such, aB an independent or distinct unit, Neither Is it a labor organization which will cease to exist. So that subject to the might be concerned with safeguards and favorable action on the reorganization provisions for their rights. It member plan, this will be the last report from the ship includes men who are the top ser educational bureau itself. geants* the lieutenants and, in many cases, the captains of the unit companies of the Traces Bureau's History paint Industry, They, therefore, are In Perhaps you might-like to go back with most eases responsible for the carrying me over the life of the educational bu out of those parts of the! code of the in reau, very briefly. It started In 1906, dustry having to do with labor. We almost thirty years ago now,- as a com have it on good authority that "the ad mittee known as the advertising com ministration is concerned first with basic mittee, of which Ludington Patton was codes on minimum wage scales and maxi then the chairman. A year, or perhaps mum working hours. After these are two years later, because of the develop adopted further requirements can be in ment In that committee of the scope of corporated at a later date." Its work, and a realization that It should Satisfactory co-operation with labor is devote its time and effort to the pro of utmost importance In the critical motion of the interests of the industry in months ahead. The federation members all sorts of ways, the name was changed by their close association with and con by your authority to the bureau of pro trol of the details of labor problems stand motion and development, and that name ready to keep clear the Paint Industry's continued for, I think, three years. I do record on this Bcore. not have the exact dates, but they are Operating Sayings on record, when the name was changed to the educational bureau, and it has con The average federation member, when tinued as such ever since. he begins to wonder about his own posi It has been the privilege of the chair tion in, tbe "New Deal," Is more likely to man to serve on that bureau for a number find himself in the ranks of the "For of years. I want to take this opportunity gotten tMan" of the present. He has of paying a tribute to the men who have taken his cuts In .salary without served through those years on the educa grumbling. He has worked hard to cut tional bureau for their devotion to the costs, to save waste, to keep quality up, best interests of the Industry as a whole to Juggle production to. meet the sales without regard to selfish ambitions or de department's many demands and at the sires, all of which have been laid on one same time keep abreast1 of the extraor side, when we have come together as an dinary changes going on in paint and educational bureau to consider the welfare varnish formulation due to an avalanche of the whole industry. of new that his raw materials. He asks job and his return for it be only kept * Distinguished Men Served in mind In the days ahead. There hag been represented on the edu Of more serious concern to the pro cational bureau and the organizations duction man is the thought that certain which preceded it, to which I have just raw material suppliers in their zeal to get referred under other names, a very.large business may be offering information or list of representative men in this Industry. services which will jeopardize the pro It would be interesting, and I am going to duction man's Job. The manufacturer can suggest to Mr. Heckel, if he will, at his not afford to be without the services of convenience, to bring down to date a his tory of the educational bureau, particu larly setting forth the names of the men who have served on It during this almost thirty-year period. ' I don't believe it would be possible for an industry to have a committee or a di vision of it which served,its interests more faithfully than has the educational bu reau. During this period of time, a tradi tion of service of the highest type has been built up for the educational bureau, and I am very confident all of you join with me in the hope and In the assurance that whatever organization is set up in the future to carry on the same type of work as the educational bureau has been doing, will benefit by the experiences and the basis of action which have been developed through these years by the educational bureau* and which has carried us for ward to even greater heights of success and of influence and of usefulness to the public as a whole. I am now going to call on Dr. Gardner, who is in charge of the scientific section of the educational bureau, to report to you on that. Dr. Gardner, Scientific Section Dr, H. A. Gardner: Before present ing my report, I would like to have the pleasure of introducing Dr, William Krumbhaar, of Berlin, who is visiting- this country, and who has come over here to present a lecture before the Federation Clubs. Dr. Krumbhaar Introduced Dr. William Krumbhaar: I am really very glad to be with you. I addressed the federation clubs some days ago and told them a little about common sense In the paint and varnish industry; and it was my feeling that the men en-. joyed my talk very much. For my part, I enjoyed the reading of the tech nical papers during the sessions, and it was my impression that all these technical papers were of a very high standard. Another interesting thing to me was the federation paint show, with alt the exhibits. I was especially interested in the work of your scientific section. I will stay In this country for at least -several months. I hope to meet many of you personally. Thank you very much. Dr. Gardner's Report Dr. Gardner; At the risk of tiring some of the older members of the associa tion, I am going to present a very brief resume for the benefit of the newer mem bers of some of the outstanding results that have come through the work of the educational bureau and the scientific sec tion during the past twenty-five years. As you know, twenty-five years ago, when we started, In 1907, there were only six paint' chemists in the United States and only about three laboratories, whereastoday we have over six hundred paint chemists, most of whom are In the Fed eration, and practically every plant in the United States has a well equipped labora tory* some of them spending up to as high as half a million dollars a year on re search. The laboratory originally started in Philadelphia in 1907; we moved to Wash ington in 1910, We later built a building at our present headquarters, wholly for laboratory purposes, but since It has been enlarged and Is now the Gregg Memorial .Institute, which houses all the activities of the organization. The work on flax that was performed. In the early days Is worthy of a brief pic ture to tbe hewer members, because in 1918, when there were only seven million bushels of flax grown in this country as against the normal production of thirty million bushels, the educational bureau promptly jumped In and started a cam paign that haa saved the flax growing area of this country, . It Is probable that if this work had not been carried out by the educational bureau and its flax com mittee, that we would not have any linseed oil In America today.' That remark has been passed to me, and I think It Is quite possible. We must keep up our oil crops of all kinds in this country, and we must en courage the production of oil crops of all types abroad, because, after all. It is very difficult for the chemist to compete with nature. We can attempt to make syn thetic resins and other synthetics' for our industry, but I doubt very much if we will ever be able to compete with natural processes in the making of those products which we must have for our industry, The Laboratory The work in our laboratory, as you know, is very largely of a fundamental character. . The chemists in your own plants are held down to a great many routine problems which they must carry on from day to day. They have but very little time for carrying out fundamental research work, and the main purpose of the laboratory of the scientific section is to carry out that type of work and give the results to your laboratories so that your own chemists can utilize those re sults and make them of practical value. We will make suggestions to them, and they wilt take those suggestions and fol low them up and see if they can apply them to their, own. practical plant prob lems. Another feature of some possible inter est to you is the work on tung oil, which Is being carried out, and which started in 1924, when tung oil went from fifty cents a gallon to over four dollars a gal lon. The threatened shortage made it necessary that our bureau jump In and take steps to encourage its introduction, in this country. You all know the story of how we introduced it into Florida, first, and then into Mississippi and Alabama-. Up to the present time, there are over 25,000 acres planted, and that is only a drop in the bucket to what wo need. What we have done, to supplement that, is to stimulate planting in foreign countries. We now have plantings in thirty-nine dif ferent countries, We hope some day in the future there will be a world-wide pro duction of tung oil. That Is another product that we must have and that cannot be replaced by synthetics. There are a great many other oil crops we are looking into, the chief among which are the planting of ohla and perilla and safflower. We believe that these will supplement the amount of linseed oil that we are now receiving. : Periodical Publications As you know,- one of the services of the scientific section is to send out monthly, in fact, twice a month, the reports of its work In the form of scientific section cir culars, These go to every member of the association. During the past year, we have published something like twenty circulars, and I am going over these cir- culars very briefly, to Indicate the type of work that was done during the year. The first one Is on the subject of "Tung Oil Growing In Florida," which I have re ferred to. Incidentally, there has been quite a remarkable development in many of these groves. After a great many years of work, we felt that trees were immune to disease. About two years ago* there suddenly popped up a disease which threatened to wipe out the entire industry. It was known as chlorossis. The leaves of the tree would gradually brown and drop off and the bark would turn white, and it would throw out new budwood, and. in a brief time the trees would be In a condition where they would not thrive fur ther. During the past two wears, we found that the addition of a small amount of zinc sulphate to the soil actually over comes the condition, and the trees are brought back to their normal condition, As a result, the tung oil planters all over the South are very much delighted. They are going ahead with much larger acre age than ever before. Another was on the subject of "Color Systems," We have correlated all the color systems that are now available for use in the measurement of color of var nishes and lacquers. We have published a chart indicating how the results of one system can be termed in those of another system. . We published a circular on "Paint Guarantees," pointing out the fallacy of paint guarantees. Over seventy thousand copies of that circular were distributed during the past year. Another circular we published was en titled "Skins in. Paint*" and there were over eighty thousand copies of this cir cular distributed throughout the United States to painters, dealers and jobbers, salesmen, homo owners, and to others who are interested In the subject of paint purchases. While we were able to over come to a great extent a lot of this cheap paint competition* I am frank to say that those who made this paint which con tained up to 30 percent of water Imme diately dropped the use of the water and they are now using 30 percent of kero sene, or rather, (benztn. i \ Paint. Defects Described Another type of circular we published was called "-Construction Defects," and in this circular we pointed out the vari ous types of paint defects which occur throughout the country. Wc indicated how these defects could.be prevented and overcome. Thousands of copies of this circular have been distributed to your dealers and salesmen* so that they can answer your complaints. Instead of hav ing these complaints come into your home office, If they can be answered by your own salesmen it will probably be a highly advantageous thing to do. It will also save you In a great many cases the making good or restitution on certain Jobs the faults of which -were not due to the paint but due to moisture condi tions. The type of defects referred to are chalking, alllgatorlng, gas discolora tion, copper stains, mildew, peeling and blistering, and other defects of that type; In this connection, there was brought up at the Federation meeting last week the subject of the peeling of paint from redwood. It seems there Is quite a lot of peeling of paint at the present time from redwood surfaces. We ah know that redwood is probably the best wood there is in America to paint with satis factory results, if It is kept dry, Ibut ap parently it is seldom dry; and it Is an investigation which we expect to under take during the year along with the federation and other groups Interested. In this connection, It was pointed out at that meeting that we must look for ward during the coming two years to a great amount of paint flaking and peel ing, more than we have ever had before, because of the fact that humidity sys tems are going Into small homes, or they will go into small homes, and when humidity systems throw large quanti ties of moisture against the solid side of a home, the moisture will precipi tate and try to work Itself through the siding under the paint, and we' will have more blistering troubles than ever be fore. Greater Problem Ahead So there is a greater problem ahead of us In this matter than we have started out with, and it is going to require not only the work of all laboratories, but a lot of educational work among the build ers and the architects as well, In order to design wooden homes that will hold paint, because If we don't do that, the home owner will use brick, he will use cement, or tile, or anything else except wood, and there will be a very marked diminution In the amount of paint used on the outside of buildings. It is one of the most Important things, I think* for us to look into, because it threatens our Industry from the stand point of exterior paint circulation. We published a circular on "Synthetic Resin Index," In which we listed over two hundred different synthetic resins* and pointed out all their physical prop erties. We published a circular on "Lacnuer Liquids." We listed one hundred and fifty different solvents and thlnners for lac quers* and pointed out their physical properties. . These circulars range In size from four pages up to 100 pages. There was one on the subject of "Water in Paint," giving a simple qualitative test for the detection of water, ^ ' ` i, > < 1 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER * November 16, 1933 45 There was a circular on the method of determining the texture of your paint; is it smooth or Is it rough. We give you a very simple device for measuring the smoothness or texture of your paint prod uct. Another one on "Hiding Power or Paint/' a new type of apparatus to de termine how many square feet per gal lon your paint will hide. Another was on the sufajeeet of "Litho graphic Bulb Viscometer," a new type of instrument we have developed for determ ining the viscosity of ink oils. Another was on the subject of "Im pact Adhesion of Coatings"; do they re sist adhesion when applied to automo bile fenders. You ought to have some method of determining that In your lab oratory before you send them out. We have indicated by a very simple type of apparatus how this may be done. In fact, one of the main Jobs of the i scientific section Is to develop new types of physical apparatus, not chemical but physical, with which you can test all of your products, and which will give you a system of correlations so that everybody in the industry will be talking the same language. You have had our body stand ards and our color standards. It is our desire to put out and have ready for your industry apparatus that will determine every possible physical property that you want to look Into, including color. Color is a long way off, but we want to talk upon that during the coming year. We published a circular on "Clear Coat ings for Metal Signs." That Indicates the type of clear lacquer to use over metal signs. Another one was published on ,fRubberset Oil." The rubberset oil that came to us lately has been examined, like other samples, during the past twenty years. In fact, we have received over one hundred oils and resins from different parts of the world during our existence, and we .have reported quite fully bn those prod ucts, so that you would be kept up-todate as to the properties and possibilities of all new incoming products that might be available to our Industry, completely, every known method of chem ical examination and every known meth od of physical examination of paints, var nishes, lacquers and colors. The book is over 1.600 pages; It weighs seven pounds, and has seven hundred tnjusand words, if that la of interest. So you see, we are trying to keep up- to-date in this scientific section with all the modern developments which we can transmit to the members. There are some new developments which we would like to touch upon later developments that we would like to get into our scientific section work, to make it more Important, to make it more serv iceable to you. But I think probably it would be better to wait a little bit until we can get them more fully developed before saying anything about them. Thank you, very much. Unfair Competition Mr. Trigg: There is one other re port I would like to call for, that of the unfair competition committee. If Mr. Dabney is here, I would like to call on him. . Report on Unfair Competition Your unfair competition committee wishes to again stress to the membership that the committee does not participate In the. pending work of the Unfair Competi tion Bureau, The Unfair Competition Bureau was es tablished in 1917 and represents afi out standing attempt at self-discipline. It op erates under the general supervision of the unfair competition committee, but the bureau studiously maintains the. tradi tional relationship of . confidence between Other Pamphlet* Issued Another circular on "Adhesion Studies for Plasticized Lacquers." Another one on "Luminous Pigments." Luminous pigments may be introduced to a much wider degree during the coming years for advertising purposes and we have indicated certain types of liquids which could be used in those paints. Another on the subeet of "Plasticizer Absorption by Pigments," showing the amount of plasticizer for lacquer purposes which each will absorb. Another on the subject of "Mildew," showing the results of an investigation in Florida. I might say that we now have In our laboratory over two thousand panels which we exposed in Florida. Those two thousand panels are being studied in the laboratory and will be at least a month before we finish that work before j we can report to you more finally on the ; subject of mildew. Unless we get a per i manent cure for it, we are going to have a much greater falling off in sales volume. I have seen jobs painted In April, which i is the worst time for mildew to start, f and by June the houses arc perfectly J black. The home owner says:--"What Is [ the use of painting the house If it gets } black. I might as well put off the paint- I Ing and leave the house as it Is. If I i paint It white, inside of a few months It ' turns black. What Is the use of spending j all that money." . So, mildew is a very important problem. ! We hope not only to present this final report before the end of the year, or by f the first of the year, but to keep these I tests going during the coming year, be- I cause we have run Into some new diffi- | cultles and Into some new thoughts, the J results of which may (be quite vital, j Another circular was on the subject of "Tautness of Airplane Fabrics," giving methods of determining accurately the [ tautness of an airplane wing surface i through the use of these different Instru- i ments which have been developed, i Another was on the subject of "Flg- ' ment and Color Index for 1&33," which was a book listing twelve hundred dlf- : ferent colors produced In America, upon which we have given the specific gravity . and the bulking value and the absorption ; and the fineness and the chemical com ; position. That work will enable the fed- j oration, the plant manager rather, to use ; this information in cost accounting. You will be able to get the bulking value of any known formula through the use of ; this work and this book. Publishing of Abstracts One of the Important parts of the sci entific section's work is the publishing of abstracts. Every three months we publish an abstract bulletin of aibout two hun dred .pages. In there we present over one thousand abstracts of foreign articles, and of the patents which have appeared In this country and abroad. If we get all the magazines on paint or varnish or lacquer that are published In the world; if we read those maga zines and abstract the results of what they are doing abroad, as well as what they are doing in this country r then if we go to the patent offices of the world, or, at least, in the Important countries, and get a record of every patent issued that relates to our industry, then if we present it in a summary like this every month, we are putting you and your pro duction men In closer touch with what Is going on not only in this country but : in the world in the protective coating in dustry. That Is not often enough, every three months. We ought to do It every month. We hope during the coming year to start this similar service, that will be very much more complete, and it will come out at least every month. In that way, you will have a true picture of everything that is going on throughout the world In the protective coating industry Insofar as patents or technical articles are con cerned. Another piece of work carried on dur ing the past year was the publishing of this laboratory manual, the sixth edition of our book on the "Physical and Chem: leal Properties of Paints and Varnishes." We have listed In there, and described W. C. Dabney Chairman of Unfair Competition attorneys and clients. Its files are never open to inspection arid the reports which the bureau makes to your .committee about its specific activities are only made after public release of such information as the Federal Trade Commission pub lishes. The function of the unfair competition committee Is to aid and advise the Unfair Competition Bureau In matters of per sonnel, budget and finance, and to direct the general policy in accordance with which the bureau conducits Its work. At a meeting of this committee on Feb ruary 14, 1933, a statement of policy was framed and agreed upon in answer to a request from the educational bureau for a clarification of unfair competition policy regarding publicity. This statement of policy was presented on February 16, 1933, to the educational bureau and ap proved by that body. The message from the committee to the educational bureau read as follows:-- Bureau Policy The manager of the Unfair Competi tion Bureau read that part of the min utes of the educational bureau meeting of November 14, 1932, which dealt with Un fair Competition Bureau policy. On motion by Mr. Patton, seconded by Mr. Zintl, it was resolved that the bu reau should give no publicity to Federal Trade Commission complaints and that the bureau should give as wide publicity as possible to final orders of the Federal Trade Commission. Motion carried. On motion, duly made and seconded, it was resolved that the following state ment of bureau policy should be ap proved and transmitted to the Educa tional- Bureau:-- 14 February, 1933, Roosevelt Hotel, New York. Educational Bureau, Paint and Varnish Industry. Gentlemen At your meeting in Washington on No vember 14, 1932. you referred back to the unfair competition committee the matter of general policy and, more particularly, a policy in reference to publicity, which should determine the activities of the Un fair Competition Bureau. At a regular meeting on this date the Unfair Competition Committee carefully reviewed this matter and gave its ap proval to this-- Statement of. Policy For the Unfair Competition Bureau The following statement which has ap peared regularly in the year bookB of our association has given constant notice of the intention of those who created the going to read that report or refer to it in Unfair Competition Bureau, to wit:-- detail. However, there is one case that I "Its duty la to co-operate with the Fed want to make mention of, not by the way eral Trade Commission and other national of giving undue emphasis to any case, and state agencies in the suppression of but so that there will be no omissions. I all forms of unfair competition, es refer to the Gook Paint & Varnish Com pecially bribery or graft, mislabeling and pany, a corporation, and Mark L. Jones, misrepresentation." ' individually, which was ironed out by the Furthermore, every member of our as Federal Trade Commission, and with sociation has signed the anti-bribery which you are familiar. The only reason agreement which includes a pledge of I mention that Is because of the dissenting co-operation with the government. This opinion of Mr. Humphrey, one of the pledge was renewed by all who partici commissioners. The dissenting opinion pated In our trade practice conference, nearly always attracts wider attention These incidents, we believe, furnish, a than the majority opinion, and the ma guide to the general policy under which jority opinion Is based on the finding of the Unfair Competition Bureau should facts, *which iis so long that It is very function. ' rarely published. More specifically we believe that co-op eration with government agencies requires that the Unfair Competition Bureau con tinue to offer its aid to officials charged with the enforcement of law. In so doing our bureau must obviously assure itself that there is evidence in each particular case within the jurisdiction of certain government officials. This does not con stitute the bureau as an arbiter over our industry since the decision to proceed with a case and Its outcome are left to official bodies. The policy which your committee has approved In regard to publicity by the Un fair Competition Bureau on Matters be fore the Federal Trade Commission is Indicated by the following motions which were passed at our meeting:-- (1) That the Unfair Competition Bu reau should give no publicity on com plaints that may be Issued by the Fed eral Trade Commission even though those complaints are public documents. (2) That when matters affecting our Industry reach a final determination be I, of course, recognize the right of a commissioner to dissent, but I feel It a matter of fairness to Mr. Macdonald, who Is our loyal co-operator In this bureau work, to point out to you that Mr. Hum phrey stated that the "witness Macdonald is discredited." I want first to explain why he was a witness. We do not present evidence ourselves in these cases, but assist the government's bodies by bringing to them such evidence as is brought to us and found, to be reliable. In this par ticular case testimony was introduced in the hearings regarding certain conduct of Mr. Macdonald, He was subpenaed then to give his version of his own conduct. That explains why he appeared and the type of testimony. I think It is perfectly obvious to anyone who readB the findings of facts and the decision by the four members of the com mission that Mr, Humphrey in his dis senting opinion Is the one who is dis credited. There are other cases here given in de tail, which I ask you to read carefully. fore the Federal Trade Commission, as by the release of a cease and desist order by the Commission, the Unfair Competi Thanks Dr. Gardner I do want to take an opportunity to tion Bureau should give as wide publicity thank Dr. Gardner and his scientific sec as possible to that result and the of tion for the fine co-operation it has ren ficial documents which announce it. dered to the whole association staff, and Respectfully submitted. Unfair Competition Committee, William C. Dabney, Chairman. particularly to the unfair competition bu reau. As you know, whenever questions of mislabeling or misbranding arise, we have to have the product m . question ' Legal Service Legal service from the Unfair Com petition Bureau Is constantly available to and daily resorted to by the association officers and executives. This important function is sometimes lost eight of by those who think of merely the case work of this bureau. In the conduct of a trade association with so many varied activities as ours, legal questions are constantly arising, which require professional advice to guide those who are charged with op erating our association work. In addi tion to furnishing legal memoranda on tax questions, etc., the staff of the Unfair Competition Bureau has, during the past year, spent considerable time In the prep aration and submission of briefs on be half of the association, on such questions as government competition in business, the Black 30-hour bill, etc. Obviously, It is necessary for the Unfair Competition Bureau to confine Its legal service to problems affecting the associa tion membership at large and to specific requests from officers and executives of the association. The staff of our bureau, obviously, cannot replace private counsel of individual association members. The code for our industry, filed under the National Recovery Administration, contains many provisions regarding unfair methods of competition. Many of these provisions are familiar to our associa tion and our members are fortunate. in having had long experience and some spe cial facilities for dealing with these prob lems. It would seem, therefore, that the facilities of the Unfair Competition Bu reau will be of even greater importance in the future to our industry. Personnel:--Until Mr. McFadden's re cent appointment as general manager of our association . activities, Mr. McF&d- den and M, Q. Macdonald have consti tuted the personnel of the Unfair Com petition Bureau. Mr. McFadden Is a member of the bar of the District of Co lumbia and of the United States Supreme Court. He was formerly a member of the board of review of the Federal Trade Commission, Mr. McFadden i& a mem ber of the New York bar and wag for merly special assistant to the AttorneyGeneral. I feel very sure that in his new capacity of general manager he can still be of Invaluable help to the Un analyzed to see what the facts are, and we have very prompt, effective service from the scientific section In matters of that kind. Dr. Gardner also Is of very frequent assistance to us In legislative ca pacities, attending hearings with us and advising us as to the technical facts re garding our industry, so that we can pre sent your case. Speaking of co-operation, I will Just call your attention to the fact that during the ' trade sales conference to be held later, one of the speakers will be Harry Van Horn, who Is president of the Na tional Association of Better Business Bu reaus. We work very closely with them, and I am sure you will be glad to get bet ter acquainted with the better business bureaus. Now I think I should say a word about the future of unfair competition, apart from the bureau, or the committee, or the association. Very soon we will be oper ating under a code under the authority of the NIRA and, as you know, that Jaw states that when a document of this sort Is signed by the President it becomes the code of unfair competition for the in dustry. Now the first significance of that Is that we have been given an opportunity as an Industry to write our own law, to decide what we think are unfair methods of competition. So that this code la not Imposed on the industry, but It is written by the industry, and for that reason I am confident that it means something and that it will be effective. The next comment and final comment to make in regard to the future under the NIRA is ,to remind you that as soon as the code becomes effective it auto matically is binding on all members of the industry without any further act on their part; therefore, a violation of any of those provisions is a violation of law. We will have more discussion about that on Tuesday, but I thought it fitting to mention the changing aspect of unfair competition. ; Mr. DabneyThank you, Mr. McFad den. Is Mr. Macdonald In the room? General Manager "McFadden,--I should have tpld you that I found Mr, Macdonald very busy helping out on convention ar rangements, and because of pressure of time we agreed between each other that I would tell the whole story. fair Competition Bureau. In addition to this report of your com mittee, a special report will be filed by the Unfair Competition Bureau giving some detailed information in regard to Report of Unfair Competition Bureau Its work during the past year. The Unfair Competition Bureau submits herewith Its annual report for the year Discussion by Mr. McFadden ending November I, 1933. In most of the matters mentioned herein our bureau General Manager McFadden: Before discussing the work of the unfair compe has cooperated with the authorities in accordance with the purpose for which tition bureau, I want to step into my other this bureau was established. A number role as general manager and talk about of cases pending are not reported, as of the registration fee, I don't want to make ficial action has not been taken, and still a plea that these be paid, but Just to make other matters are pending in the bureau a few brief statements to show you that itself for further study. we expect those who attend our sessions to pay this nominal fee to help share the Functions of the Bureau heavy expenses involved. The bureau was organized in 1918 for All association work. Including conven the purpose of aiding in the suppression tions, is run carefully on a budget; and of commercial bribery, false advertising, with a very efficient Chicago Committee, misbranding and other unfair trade prac expenses have been cut to a minimum, tices. In matters of general policy It Is but there is a large bill to be paid for the under the direction of the unfair competi running of this convention, and we have tion committee. Matters of finance are estimated the number to be in attendance controlled by the budget and finance com .and budgeted accordingly. mittee, a subcommittee of the Educational We want the convention to stand on its Bureau of the Paint and Varnish Industry. own feet, because our association activi In addition to Its duties in connection ties are heavy, various and expensive. with unfair competition, the bureau ren You have already been told by the trea ders general legal service for the asso surer that the special, direct expenses of ciations to assist in the proper guidance the code amounted to over five thousand of association work. dollars, and the indirect expenses of the It cooperates with and receives the co association by reason of the work of the operation of members and non*members staff, at least five thousand dollars. All of our associations, the better business bu of this money, and more, has been and reaus, and other organizations. Since its will be spent In the interest of the indus .organization, the bureau has maintained try. That is why we call your attention its traditional relations of confidence with to the formality of registering and paying respect to complaints and like matters a nominal registration fee. brought to Its attention. Unfair Competition Details Only after independent Inquiries does the bureau take - appropriate action In. In regard to the unfair competition bu matters referred to it. When our bureau reau report, there are printed copies here feels that there Is a serious question as In the room for distribution, and because to whether a law has been violated. It you have very important matters ahead refers the matter to the appropriate au of you and a very limited time, I am not thority, who In turn reviews all facta 46 November 16, 1933 9 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER to determine jurisdiction before proceed ing. This procedure tends to eliminate the chance of error in conclusions either of fact or of law. . During the past year the bureau has responded to many requests for informa tion or advice on a great variety of mat* ters involving tile application of State and Federal laws and regulations affecting the industry. This has enabled many members to adjust their practice and avoid any cause for complaint and unnecessary friction with enforcement officials. The bureau has not neg'ected opportu nities to establish cooperative relations with other Industries and gi^tefully acknowledges assistance rendered by them in matters requiring the cooperation and good will of their members. Although the assistance rendered toy various better business bureaus in one matter of considerable importance Is else where mentioned, it is appropriate to acknowledge their cooperation in many other matters of equal importance to-our Industry. Legislation Without infringing upon the report of the legislative committee, It seems proper to state that the bureau has repeatedly been called on to appear in legislative matters. , t . .. This bureau prepared and presented the data and argument In the special commit tee of the bouse, Investigating the extent of government competition with private business. It is understood that the chair man intends to introduce several measures to carry out the recommendations of the committee, Including the following:--The manufacture of paints and varnishes at the Norfolk, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Charleston, and other navy yards should be discontinued." The bureau staff also appeared on be half of the industry before the Senate Committee on Labor when the Black 30Hour Bill was under consideration, and before the Senate Committee on Agricul ture and Forestry in opposition to a pro posal which would have taken tung oil off the free list. The bureau likewise cooperated with the chairman of the legislative committee in the preparation of data used in suc cessful opposition to proposed legislation which would have seriously hampered spray painting In the District of Columbia. In North Carolina, legislation regulating the use of paint sprays was defeated through the cooperation of the bureau with the industrial users in that State, Certain objections to the draft of the standard mechanics' lien act were made by the bureau, and were taken care of In the final report of the committee of the American Bar Association having that matter in charge. . Lead and Zinc In view of numerous inquiries concern ing the proper method of labeling combi nation leads and zincs, it seems appro priate to reprint a resolution unanimously adopted at the annual meeting of the association in 1913. "Combination" Iliads and Zincs At the annual meeting of the associa tion, held at Chicago in 1913, the follow ing resolution offered by the educational bureau, with the approval of the board of directors, was unanimously adopted: "Resolved : That this association strongly deprecates any form of mis labeling. ; "Resolved: That the terms, 'Lead* or 'White Lead,' will be used bv its members exclusively to designate the pure basic carbonate or basic sulphate of lead, or the two in combination: the term, `Zinc,* `Zinc Oxide, 'Oxide of Zinc,' 'Zinc White/ only to designate pure . zinc oxide; and the term, `Linseed Oil/ only to designate pure linseed oil. "Resolved also: That the members of this association will print upon their labels the net weight or measure of the contents of the package. , "Explanation: The terms defining zinc oxide are to be used only on oxides con taining 99 percent or more of pure zinc oxide. Where a zinc oxide Is reduced by the addition of inert reinforcing pig ments, if the term, `zinc/ `zlno white/ etc., be used, it shall be followed by the word 'compound' in type of the same size.' In reiterating these resolutions thirteen years ago, the secretary of our associa tions set out specific rules with comments as follows:-- , "Recognition has frequently been given by government authorities: to the paint manufacturing industry as exceptional, ifi that it has consistently endeavored to reform, of itself, such practices as are shown to be unfair or evil. This is a reputation worth maintaining. "It is therefore respectfully suggested that, if you have not already done so you take prompt measures to revise your tead' and 'zinc' schedules to conform to the following: "1. 'White Lead' on labels or In ad vertising means only the basic carbonate or the basic sulphate of lead. If reduced or reinforced' at all, the terms should be modified or followed ,by the word Compound1 in letters as conspicuous as the main title. If the lead content be less than 50 percent of the whole, the word `lead1 should not be used at all on the label, except as a part of the complete formula printed thereon. "2. The same rule applies in colors in oil, etc. `Zina Oxide,' 'Zinc White,' white Zinc/ etc., mean only plain, un reduced zinc oxide, Including, perhaps, those grades containing under 5 percent of lead sulphate, since these are permitted in existing State laws. (Note: A pref erable practice, even with these, would be to follow strictly the rule laid down by the association, labeling them 'leaded Zinc Oxide.') If zincs having a higher lead content are used, the title should be followed or preceded by the word 'Leaded/ If m any way reduced or compounded, the title should be followed conspicuously by the word, 'Compound/ and if less than 50 percent of zinc is used, the term 'zinc* should not appear, "Compounds of zinc or .ot lead with other pigments exceeding 50 percent are properly designated as 'Whites/ "4. 'French Zinc/ 'Frencfi White Zinc/ 'French Process Zinc,' 'White Seat,' 'Green Seal,' `Red Seal/ etc., all designate zinc oxide made by the French process, and are not permissible on the label of any oxide made by the American process. "Viellle Montagna1 or `V. M/ la permissible only on the products of that company, which have never been obtainable by the rank and file of American manufacturers. "The rule as to the use of the term, 'Compound/ etc., applies here precisely as with white lead." As mentioned elsewhere, the trade standards have been recognized by the Federal Trade Commission and further established by decrees of the circuit court of appeals, Cases In accordance with the policy for the Unfair Competition Bureau established by the unfair competition committee with the approval of the educational bureau, names of cases are mentioned when there are public- documents, except' In the case of complaints Issued in pending matters by the Federal Trade Commission. United States Court Cases (1) The Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit announced as a principle of law, a theory that has long been up held by our industry in its dealings with the public--that is to say-- "If consumers or dealers prefer to pur chase a given article because it was made by a particular manufacturer or class of manufacturers, they have a right to do so, and this right cannot be satisfied by imposing upon them an exactly similar article, or one equally as good, but hav ing a different origin." Brown Fence & Wire Co, v. Federal Trade Commission. 64 Fed. (2d) 934, 936--(May 9, 1933), This case involved the Bale of paint, among other things, and the use of the typical "Dtrect-from-Factory" and "Factory-to-You" advertising of articles pur chased from others. (2) The Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit has Issued a rule to show cause why a manufacturer should not be adjudged In contempt for alleged violation of an order of the Court direct ing the abandonment of the term, "White Lead/' In describing a product containing less than 50 percent white lead, and the term, "Zinc Lead/' when the product is not wholly composed of zinc and lead. This decree of the court affirmed an order of the Federal Trade Commission which adopted the lead labeling rules estab lished -by this industry In 1913, (Federal Trade Cemmlsslon v. Hoboken White Lead and Color Works, No- 11284--Oct. Term 1930.) Regardless of the decision on the rule to .show cause, the decree, embodying the established trade custom, will stand un impaired. This is the second time that the indus try's lead rules have been established by a decree of the Federal court. Federal Trade Commission Matters Part of the activities of the Federal Trade Commission involving products of this industry are mentioned In connection with the action of the United States Cir cuit Court of Appeals. In addition, the commission has announced Its findings as to the facts and order in the Matter of Cook Paint & Varnish Company, a cor poration, and Mark L. Jones, individually. The respondents are ordered to cease and desist from-- "Secretly giving or offering to give sums of money to employees of custom ers or prospective customers of Cook Paint & Varnish Company, or those of Its competitors' customers or prospective cus tomers, without the knowledge or consent of their employers, as Inducements to In fluence said employees to purchase the products of respondent Cook Paint & Var nish Company, or to recommend such pur chases to said employers, or to recom mend to said employers the use of re spondent Cook Paint & Varnish Com pany's products, or as promised gratuities for having Induced such purchases by such employers, or for having recommended the use of respondent Cook Faint & Varnish Company's products to such employers or to influence such employers to refrain from dealing or contracting to deal with competitors of respondent, or to influence such employers to continue to deal with respondent Cook Paint & Varnish Com pany." This order to cease and desist was filed by the commission on September 23, 1933, and released as a public document on October 2, 1933. William E. Humphrey, one of the five commissioners, filed a dis senting opinion. (Federal Trade Commis sion Docket No. 1969.) The bureau is advised that this order will he appealed to the circuit court of appeals. The results of the bureau's Investiga tion of other cases have been referred to the commission for appropriate action. Some of these pending cases have pro ceeded to the Issuance of formal com plaints, Aa it Is now the policy of the bureau, under the direction of the unfair competition committee, to give no pub licity to such pending matters until final determination has been made by the com mission, further comment will be deferred, Stipulations In the interest of economy of admin istration and speedy disposition ui eases, the Federal Trade Commission procedure provides for the closing of certain classes of cases In the discretion of the commis sion, by a stipulation as to the facts and agreement to abandon the practice under consideration. In such cases, where the interest of (die public does not demand It, the names are not disclosed by the commission. The following stipulations have been accepted since the last report of the bureau; Rubber Paints--No. 933. A corporation manufacturing paint, etc., agreed to stop using the word, "Rubber/* so as to Imply that its products are composed wholly or In substantial part of rubber when such is not the fact Lead and Zinc--Nos. 975 and 1027. A manufacturer of paint abandoned the use -Of the words "Lead & Zinc" in such man ner as to tend to lead purchasers to be lieve that the product Is made of lead and zinc In equal proportions. Another firm agreed to stop using the description, "2inc-Lead Combination," unless the product contains lead and zinc each in substantial quantities. Manufacturing--Nos. 1001 and 1002. Two corporations engaged in the sale of paints and varnishes agreed to stop using the word "manufacturing" as part of their corporate names, or in advertising so long as they do not own, operate, or control, a factory. Buy Direct--No. 1049, An Individual selling paint agreed to stop using the line "Buy your paint direct and save Middle men's Profit" so long as he does not man ufacture such paint. State Matters Mislabeled paint at attractive prices, usually around a dollar a gallon, found a ready market during the past year. Pend ing the Investigation of charges of mis branding in Interstate commerce filed by the bureau with the Federal Trade Com mission, the bureau sought and obtained the co-operation of better business bu reaus in three States. The proprietor of a so-ealied "Factory Paint Store" at Columbus, Ohio, was ar rested on May 4, 1933, on the complaint of the manager of the local better busi ness bureau and charged In the municipal court with a violation of the Ohio adver tising statute. Paint sold at this store had been ex amined and the vehicle was found to con tain 47,90 percent of water. Other paint from the same manufacturer had been examined and the vehicle was found to contain &G.73 percent of water. When such facts were presented to the news papers, they refused advertising copy, A sign was then placed in the store window, telling the public that newspapers had refused copy and inviting them to listen to the store's radio program over the local station. The results of the exam ination of the paint by the State authori ties were presented to the radio station, which cancelled the broadcasting con tract. Resort was then had to house-tohouse dodgers, and one newspaper Inad vertently . accepted an advertisement setting out a formula inaccurately stat ing the pigment content and failing to disclose the presence of 29.18 percent of water in the vehicle. The prosecution, based on this adver tisement resulted in a plea of guilty on July 6. The defendant agreed to discon tinue business by the end of the month and was placed on probation. Judge Rose, In disposing of the case, stated that he would not entertain a motion for proba tion if he believed the defendant had any knowledge that the paint had been adul terated. "In this instance/' he said, "the real culprit Is the manufacturer who labeled the paint. To deceive the public as to the kind of paint they buy is the worst kind of fraud.M The probation officer kept the matter under careful observation, and the store was closed as agreed upon. Samples of such paint sold in various cities have been examined and the ve hicle has been found to contain from 47 percent to 66 percent of water. So-called white lead" has been examined and found to contain no lead. In combating this form of competition the bureau prepared a short "Primer on the Purchase of Paint," which was sent to the various better business bureaus, to gether with scientific section circular No. 427 on "Skins in Paint" supplied through the courtesy of Director H. A. Gardner. The purpose of the memorandum was to furnish a. composite reply to numerous requests from such bureaus for informa tion that might assist them' in the han dling of paint problems. The bureaus re sponded by issuing special bulletins and a series of radio talks during IJie painting season. Where such action was war ranted, they placed the facts before the newspapers which cooperated by exclud ing objectionable paint advertising. These bureaus, while vigorous in their cooperation, were careful to guard the interests of legitimate business. A typi cal warning concludes with the statement that "paint and its uses are subjects for experts and the only safe rule we know for the general public to follow is to pur chase these products from a dealer who represents a reliable manufacturer and then have them applied by a skillful and trustworthy painter." In this movement to protect the trade and the .public from such paint, the laboratory of the scientific section has contributed generously of Its services, and the local clubs of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, and the Na tional Association of Faint Distributors have cooperated whenever opportunity of fered. In addition, the bureau has had the helpful cooperation of numerous individ uals, agencies and organizations. Such cooperation in one case resulted In the check-up by a large department store of its line of paints, and the dropping of brands that did not comply with the law. The temptation to ignore recognized trade standards has apparently been very great -during the past year, resulting in a larger number of such matters than usual. Several are in the course of investigation. oral preliminary offers of specified exclu sive territory, wider than that assigned by the written contracts; and, in some cases, the discovery that a stock of the material is still on sale In the community, in the hands of distributors whose contracts had expired. The trade acceptances given at the time such contracts are signed are promptly negotiated and considerable litigation haa resulted. Without In any way attempting to excuse sales methods such aa those complained of, there is no escape from the conclusion that these dif ficulties could, in most cases, have been avoided by the observance of the ordinary prudence called for In executing contracts involving such large obligations. The matter is receiving careful consideration by our bureau in cooperation with the better business bureaus.. Codes of Fair Competition From the beginning, this industry has presented an example in the field of co operation and self-government. It has attempted, with remarkable success, to correct objectionable practices, in some instances relying wholly on voluntary co operation and the force of opinion within the trade Itself. It has seen its trade rules on misbrand ing of lead and zinc and shellac recog nized and adopted by the Federal Trade Commission, and crystallized into law In decrees of the Federal courts. Instead of resisting laws of this kind. It has sought the cooperation of state and Federal enforcement agencies, and while ' seeking cooperation. It has also given a degree of cooperation that has made it conspicuous in the field of trade associatlon activities, In an effort to make this voluntary co operation more effective, the industry has in some cases sponsored and In others suppported both state and Federal legis lation, It supported misbranding and bri bery legislation in four states. In co operation with other, trade associations it participated in litigation In the supreme court that resulted in the placing of a new milestone In the law of unfair competition. The new legislation permitting indus tries to establish and enforce their own codes of fair competition has furnished an opportunity for self-government be yond the dreams of those who, forty years ago, set up their first non-exchange agree ment, and twenty years ago grappled for the first time with misbranding. Unlike some laws that attempt to im pose rules of conduct without the consent and against the wishes of those affected, the new law for the industry was framed by the members of the Industry, and covers those things that have been the subject of discussion whenever opportunlty offered. Rules on misbranding, false advertising, bribery, stabilization of sizes and shades, exchange of goods, discounts and datings, guarantees, consignments, free deals and competitive relations have been dealt with, first by voluntary agree ment, in accordance with the traditions of the industry, for submission in connectlon with the code. The outstanding point of difference is that the industry has not only set up its own rules of conduct, but has been provided with means of en forcement never heretofore available in one law. Violation of the code is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of 5500.00 for each offense and each day of violation is a separate offense. Violations may also be prevented by injunctions of the Federal courts. Finally, every violation of these stand ards of conduct set up by the industry itself is declared to be an unfair method of competition with In the meaning of the Federal Trade Commission act. Those industries that have always looked to the government for relief, with out doing their part in self-government, in policing, or in co-operative effort will doubtless be disappointed in the opera tion of the new law. We are confident that our industry, which represents a dif ferent school, of thought, and has had the courage to grapple with problems without the aid of any legislation, and to co operate In making legislation effective, will accept ltB new responsibilities and reap a proportionate reward. Mr. Trigg: That completes the report of the educational bureau. President Kurfees:--You have heard this very interesting report of the ed ucational bureau. What is your plea sure? Are there any remarks- on this splendid report from the educational bureau? 8. A, Bennett:--I move It be accepted and placed on file. (The motion- was seconded and car ried). Save the Surface President Kurfees:--The next order of business will be the report of the save the surface campaign, C. W. East wood, chairman. / i l p t \ ' [. { | ! ; ' ; i r l' * 'f \ Complaints from New Distributors Mr. Eastwood's Address .. ^As a result of difficult business condi tions many distributors have been tempted to take on lines with which they were totally unfamiliar, Thu inexperience, and the lack of proper care In the examina tion of written contracts before signature, has resulted in widespread complaints from firms In a great variety of busi nesses that were induced to attempt the distribution of a line of plastic wall coat ings. In most eases they had no experi ence whatever In distributing such mate rial and were, therefore, less able to give proper weight to oral statements concern ing markets, prices, values and general prospects. . The prospective dealers have been In vited to the home office of the manufac turer where they have signed contracts and trade acceptances. They soon learned that they were in a highly competitive field, and, found that many oral repre sentations made by-the salesmen were not In the written contracts. `While admitting . that the company scrupulously observed the terms of the written contracts, they all state that the contracts do not cor respond with the preliminary oral repre sentations of the salesmen. One of the principal grounds of complaint has been C. iW. Eastwood: The save the surface report this year has been printed in an unusual form. To make it possible for you to get the complete story rapidly and graphically, the activities of the campaign have been told in picture form. Every member of the industry will, I am sure, be Intensely interested in reading- it. You will find it on page 59 of the committee report booklet. Because of the thorough way In which the printed report tells the story, I will merely call attention now to the highlights and briefly outline the ex-' , ecutlve committee's plans for the next few months, No radical changes of policy have oc curred during the year, but there has been a considerable expansion of our rather broad publicity work subsequent to the extra appropriation of ten thousand dol lars which was made available to us by the educational bureau -in June. In order that advantage might be taken of the no ticeable upward trend in public purchas ing, the best means of capturing for the paint trade as large a proportion as pos sible of the consumer's dollar was promptly discussed, and we concluded that the sound plan would be to multiply cer tain activities which had seemed to have \ { V OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 47 produced successful results rather than to school teachers in forty-five States as a attempt any flash of general advertising basis for regular claaswork. whfch could not be properly followed To the farmer save the surface ad through with the funds In hand. dresses stories of paint-thirsty barns, of Already a substantial increase Is ap weathered fences and of machinery which parent in the publicity gained through depreciates because of paint neglect. Pub newspapers, magazines, trade and other lications printing this material are read journals and. over the radio. The cir by every type o agriculturist--poultry culation can be counted in the millions, , man, tobacco grower, wheat raiser, dairy Radio talks on the subject of beauti man. Accompanying the regular bi fying the home with paint products have weekly stories is a suitably pastoral il been broadcast by 132 stations. lustration and several pages of short para graphs--"Handy Hints on Painting for Newspapers Cooperating Mr. and Mrs. Farmer"--which are being Newspapers are carrying stories and paint application hints to the number of 435, an Increase from 161 in July. These include the New York dailies like the warmly received by the rural magazines. Out of the farm stories have grown a number of valuable contacts. Prompted by save the surface material, several in- Herald-Tribune, the American and the Mirror, the Chicago Tribune and Herald Examiner' the Cleveland Plain Dealer in fact the leading publications in most of the large cities. Important magazines and trade journals In many lines have ac cepted and published stories written by our staff and by other writers under their direction addressed especially to the vari ous classes of readers. Good Housekeep ing carried a story In the June issue. Our motion picture films have been re vised and brought up to date. One of them will be shown later here at the con vention. Our appropriation has been stretched to carry through the balance of this calendar year to prevent any interruption, until the new appropriation is decided upon, In the furnishing of our stories and radio talks which are in constant and increasing de mand. "We recommend that more local paint clubs take advantage of the assistance which our staff can furnish in tying up our national propaganda with their local activities. Our headquarters staff has been in creased as has become necessary by the expansion of the work, and I wish to voice the appreciation which our com mittee sincerely feel for the loyalty of the staff in general and of the director. Miss Lonore Kent, in particular, who during the. past four months especially has con tributed many hours of personal time in overseeing the routine work and at the same time provided inspiration to a num ber of outside writers of our stories, and then contacted the more important edi tors with remarkable success in having the stories published. C. W. Eastwood Recommends Use of Slogan In closing, I would like to repeat the recommendation that the save the sur face slogan be used as widely as possible on the literature of every manufacturer. The investment made in this slogan should be jealously guarded. It is an Industry asset of tremendous value. Use it on every piece of literature that you send out--in every advertisement^-on . your trucks and on your window displays. A nation with that phrase on Its lips is a nation acutely aware of the need for paint protection. Make those seven powerful words work for you--"Save the Surface and You Save All." This report is submitted by the execu tive committee of the save the surface campaign, composed of William A. Hart, M. L. Havey, William Knust, E, D. Peck, Clement K. Stodder, Carl F. Watter, and C. W, Eastwood, chairman, (The detailed report was as follows;) Report on Save the Surface Going full tilt t That's what Save the Surface Campaign has been doing ever since the educational bureau authorized the new appropriation for the extension of activities. The pages that follow in- dicate briefly--in picture form--the varied audiences being reached and how it's being done:-- Story after story has called, attention to the drastic need for paint protection. Leading daily papers in the largest cities A in the country--as well as' newspapers in hundreds of smaller cities--are print ing save the surface stories. "Paint for Protection/' they've been headed, "Present is Ideal Time for Painting," "New Paint Creates Confidence." The real estate stories sent out weekly from headquarters at Washington are ac companied every other week by several Chairman on Save the Surface fiuentlal editors have cooperated by of fering their readers prizes for letters, essays and snapshots which point . to the importance of paint on the farm. To the homemaker, through her daily newspapers--go illustrated feature stories on home decoration. By intensive promo tion, the number of newspapers utilizing this service has been Increased from Its total of 161 In July of this year to - its present number--425. Formerly sent out in groups of eight--twice a year, the stories are now being released -- eight every month. They are written especially to interest women In using paint, varnish, enamel and lacquer in every possible way --to protect and beautify the home. To industrialist, shop foreman, retail merchant go stories stressing the im portance of mill and factory maintenance --of shop and store upkeep, in fact, of proper paint protection for every type of building. These articles are being pre pared for publication In magazines repre senting all of the important commercial fields. More than a score of stories have already been printed and as many more are scheduled by the editors for early publication. To supplement these exclusive stories for the leading publications of various trades and industries, news releases are sent out at regular Intervals to other magazines In the same fields--news stories stressing the importance of proper paint maintenance, and incorporating state ments from men prominent in fields to which the releases are sent. To the movie-goer a two-reel motion picture called "Home Is What You Make It," filmed with the cooperation of the Department of Agriculture and recently revised--new titles, new sequences--by nave the surface. Told as an Interesting ntory, but stressing the vital Importance To the dealer save -the surface offers a colorful (there are ten colors, to be exact) display. Individual dealers--or manufacturers--may have their names im printed In the display without charge if half a hundred are ordered. In smaller lots, a nominal charge Is made. Strong containers for the displays may be had at cost--12 cents. The charge for the display--which has been christened L3-- is 1.25. To. the dealer, for the public, the cam paign offers "The Guide Book of Painting and Varnishing/' It, too, is color-full, selling or giving it to customers is an excellent way to stimulate the paint buying urge. It's a business-bringer. Send for a free sample copy. Cost--in any quantity--10 cents each. To the Industry, for the Industry, the campaign offers--and urges the use of-- that seven-word paint-selling slogan;-- "Save the Surface and You Save All"-- Paint and Varnish. Make use of it! President Kurfees: You have heard the report of the save the surface cam paign. What Is your pleasure? Adam F. Daum: I move Its accept ance and filing with the thanks of the association to that committee. (The motion was seconded and car ried.) . Nominating Committee President Kurfees: I now wish to announce the personnel of the nomi nating committee of the manufactur ers' association and this is a very im portant announcement to make at this time. It will be of interest to all of you. The nominating committee con sists of the following:--Wells Martin, W. C. Dabney, H. 1. Wilkinson, James B. Lord, Horace Felton, chairman. This committee, in the event the amalgamation is favorably acted upon by our two associations, will consult with the nominating committee of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Asso ciation in order to present a ticket for officers in the new association, which will be submitted during the course of the convention. The next order of business will be reports of committees containing rec ommendations for resolutions. Committee Reports Robert Shannon: The first report is the report of the naval stores commit tee. Your commfttee would like to make the recommendation that the committee be discontinued and the re ports be embodied in the reports of one of the other standing committees^ I might say that in the proposed set-up of the association, no mention is made of the naval stores and petroleuem products committee, so this recom mendation is automatically taken care of, but it might be well to secure ac tion, Mr. President, on this recom mendation at this time. President Kurfees: You have heard the reading of this report, so far. What is your pleasure? Mr. Trigg; I move approval. (The motion was seconded, put.to a vote and carried.) Report on Naval Stores, Petroleum Products The production during the current naval stores year will show an increase over last year of approximately 20-25 per cent. It Is interesting to know that in spite of this Increase in production stocks of rosin at the primary ports have been reduced approximately 200,000 barrels, in dicating that some consumers have stocked up on the low priced roein, fur ther that there is an increase In the con sumption of rosin. Gum turpentine Is ruling at about the pages of brief paragraphs--"fillers"--to be used (by real estate editors. These para graphs, which are receiving an amazingly , cordial reception, talk, about painting walls, floors, roofa and. furniture. They talk about protecting every section of the house, and stress the importance of using quality products. To the radio listener save the surface tells the tale of paint protection through "Color Magic" and "More Color Magic/' These talks on beautifying the home with , paint products have been broadcast by J 132 stations. To give this material longer ' life, it has been collected in- printed form and is now being used by college and high of paint--prints of the picture are dis tributed to rural audiences from head quarters in Washington, as well as through regular government channels. The film tells the story of a young farmer who almost loses wife and happi ness because his buildings, barns and farm machinery have become paint- starved eye-offenders. By study, plan ning and a hearty application of every type of paint product, -the young man eventually succeeds in doubling the value of his property and winning back his family. The new version of the film will allow It an even wider circulation among rural property owners. same level as a year ago. In faet, on some days it Is Identically the same. The same good demand that has prevailed for rosin nas not been evident on tur pentine. There was a recent loss of a ship destined to London of 7,060 barrels of turpentine. Ordinarily this would have a marked effect on the market In this instance there was no reaction whatever except for one day. The wood rosin manufacturers have developed several new grades of rosin which they have placed on the market this year, and which have met with fa vorable reception by the paint and var nish Industry. At meetings of the producers and fac tors recently held we understand that an effort was made to establish control of production.; The producers have sug gested licensing of rosin and turpentine, each package to have a tag costing 15 cents. If this becomes effective it will probably follow that both rosin and tur pentine will show a radical advance. It hardly seems possible that the Agricul tural Adjustment Administration will rule favorably on any such plan to establish control of production. The situation as regards petroleum spirits is somewhat different inasmuch as we understand that production of crude Is being controlled and this naturally affects the price of petroleum spirits. Your committee would like to make the same recommendation that was made by its predecessors, that the committee he discontinued and its report 'be em bodied in the reports of one of the other standing committees. Mr. Shannon: There are two other committee reports which contain, rec ommendations, the clean up and paint up campaign committee and. the credits and collections committee. I would, like, however, to call attention to the fact that both of these reports are on our program for this after noon's session when they will be con sidered by our members. Amalgamation President Kurfees: The next order of business will be the report of our amalgamation committee, Mr, Roh, chairman. Charles J.-Roh: Mr. President and Mem bers : So you will have In mind the men who considered this subject of a further amalgamation, I want to read their names to you:--Messrs. Figgis, Matlack, Ludington Patton, Elliott Phillips, Carl Schu mann, Frank , Sulzberger, Frank Chees- man, `William Zinssser, and William Richter. . Before touching on our committee re port at all, I want you to get the feeling that those men had in the consideration of the subject They knew, because of the evolutionary procedure during the last ten years, that sooner or later we would come to the focusing point of bringing all the associations under one leadership and one association. You will recall that ten years ago we had six offices in six differ ent localities, Clean up and paint up office was in St. Louis, save the surface office was In Philadelphia, the secretary of the Paint Manufacturers' Association of the United States yr&s in Philadelphia as was the secretary of the Varnish Manufac turers' Association. The N.P.O. & V.A. office was in New York. The unfair com petition bureau was in Washington, as was the scientific section. And so at that time we had seven or more methods of collecting subscriptions and paying dues. One by one it was felt advantageous to bring the association activities under the head of the varying associations in the localities in which these secretaries' of fices were located, but while they were moved to the same locality, they were rarely in the same building or the same office. But gradually we brought them to the same offices. Then the thought came that we should have a meeting place in Washington. We had not yet reached the place where we felt we would want to move our activities to Washington: Later you remember that a study was made of the reorganization and the refinancing plan that brought down the methods of paying dues from six or seven to three. I wanted to give you that background because some of you might have in your mind that this is something new and un tried and unproven. On the contrary, the steps that have already been taken should naturally lead us into the final step of accomplishing the job in the manner in which It would be done if we were now organizing for the first time. In other words, if this were a new association, this probably Is Just the way we would set It up. Many Models Studied So we felt in the spirit of it when we considered the question. We had several meetings of the whole committee and we had several more of sub-committees to study the various sides of the question. We wanted to take advantage of all the up-to-date thinking with reference to re organization, and with that end in view a number of our committee studied not alone ail the constitutions and by-laws of our own associations, but the constitutions and by-laws of other associations, to see if we couldn't bring together in this one recommendation the best that would be fitted to our own activities. There is one other important thing of the several questions we considered, and that Is what was and has been our think ing In reference to our present set-up. We took to heart and studied and analyzed alt the criticisms that we could think of that had been mentioned, whether justi fied or not, to see If in this one set-up we could answer most of the objections against the old association, whether merited or unmerited. Of course, there Is always a difference of opinion with reference to those things, because some who know a little more about them and have a little understanding don't see it In the same way as those who perhaps have no information and don't look Into it to see the purpose of certain divisions or subdivisions of the industry. One of the things that we have all had to meet Is the' fact that members are un able to explain the purposes of the two associations and their tie-in with the edu cational bureau. I have known men who were actually on the inside of the work and some of them have been connected with the work of the association from the beginning, who just can't make the type of explanation that would be clear as to just what the purposes of the two or ganizations are and where the educa tional bureau functions for them. There have been questions of the motives of the educational bureau. I agTee with Mr. Trigg 100 percent on what he said this morning in reference to that particular body. Of course, we are all working for our own companies, but I have never 48 November 16, 1933 o il , p a in t An d d r u g r e p o r t e r known the time when we approached the ^ educational bureau on any subject when it wasn't viewed from the standpoint of the email as well as the large manufac turer, and the answer that came from that bureau if questioned by anyone could, v be justified from the position of any mem ber of this industry. Yet we do hear that comment in reference to the bureau and it was considered. - Lack of uniformity of dues was ques tioned. I can understand that, because to have one basis of dues on a capital rating and another on the volume of sales, certainly must be confusing to the mem bership. We have endeavored to answer that in this new set-up. Need for New Services Manufacturers for Industrial sales have complained for years that very little was done by the associations In their particu lar interest and from time to time com ments have been heard from exclusive paint, varnish and lacquer manufacturers that there was no place- to discuss the problems of their particular branch of the finishing industry. iWe have tried to answer that question in this new set-up. Others have felt that there should be a place to discuss trade sales problems. All these and other criticisms were considered by the amalgamation committee and the amalgamation committee presents a sim plified association plan, easily understood by all and a satisfactory answer to most of these criticisms. The way we reach that answer is by an appreciation of the other fellow's viewpoint, but this associa tion won't be the answer to any single man's interest In the industry. It will be the answer to the needs of the entire In dustry. We know that in all associations we can't have our own way all the time, but the committee feels that if we look at the plan from the standpoint of all, we will find that it covers the major prob lems-and major answer to our ability to get as well as to serve. The report has been submitted to the executive committee of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, It has been submitted to the board of 'directors of the American Paint and Varnish Associa tion and the educational bureau. They reviewed the report, made the corrections that it seemed best to make, and this is the report that was finally adopted by them as a basis for amalgamation:-- The Amalgamation Report It Is sugested the present constitution and by-lawg of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, with regional or City associations under regional vice-presi dents, be the basis of the constitution and by-laws of the new asoclation, with the following suggested changes as to name, membership, executive committee, flnancial plan, dues and committee arrange ments. You just have to get that because it is very important--the Idea of the change in memberships, the executive committee set-up, new financial plan and dues and committee arrangements. The reason I mention that is that I was talking to a fellow who looked over the constitution and by-laws the other day and he said, "It is the same old set-up." If it is the same old set-up, then our work has been In vain. But it isn't the same old set-up. It is a new set-up and I want to' emphasize that it is a set-up to answer : these questions and to bring us up to date. Not by any revolutionary idea but by an evolutionary method that is the combination of ten years of thinking In our association. Name of the Association The name of the association shall be the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, Inc. - It will be incorporated to take over the property and assets of the. associations. Membership Membership in this association shall consist of individuals, firms, corporations, manufacturers and wholesalers of paints, varnishes, lacquers, water paints and kindred products; individuals, firms, cor porations, manufacturers and wholesalers of materials used'In connection with the manufacture of paints, varnishes, lacquers, water paints and kindred products. It shall consist of five classes of mem berships : Class A Members Class A memberships--individuals, firms, corporations, manufacturers of paints, varnishes, lacquers, water paints and kindred products. They support all association activities; The scientific section, unfair competition bureau, save the surface campaign, clean up and paint up campaign, traffic bureau, and such other activities as may be agreed upon from time to time. They pay dues on a plan based upon their domestic sales of their products, as follows: . Now, this set-up of dues was formu lated on this basis that it was the unani mous opinion of the committee that It should be set up so that all the member ship paid Uieir pro rata share toward the association activities and there should be only one class of membership to manu facturers, and that is the: class that does support all these activities; and yet It was the unanimous desire on the part'of the committee that the Bmall manufac turers be favored in the set-up of these dues, and so if a study is made of the dues you will find that the pro rated dues, dependent on the sales, are less in pro portion to what the larger manufacturers pay. the idea being- that there is a great number of small manufacturers who should be in the membership, who are now in, who could not have; an excuse for staying out because of dues, I want to read these dues--there Is a long list of them here, but I think we should carry away in our mind's eye the Idea of how much It is going to cost us for this change, and you will find if you study it that it has been set up so that 95 percent of the membership of the American Paint and Varnish Manufac turers Association will pay a . little less to the organization under this set-up. I want to impress that upon you; because It hasn't been set up to get more money. On the present volume of business, any increase will come as vdiume increases. The thought was that if we could set up this scale of membership dues, there would he many hundreds more members added to our association membership. Class A Dues Class A membership dues based on the domestic sales of paints, varnishes, lac quers, water paints and kindred products: Class. Amount. 1 Under $50,000 $25.00 2 ......... $60,000 to 100,000 50.00 3 ............. lOO.OOOte ISO, 000 100,00 Vs ........................... 150.000 to 250.000 250,000 to 600.000 130.00 300.00 6 ............. 500,000 to l.OOO.OOO 800.00 7 ............. 1,000,000 to 1,750,000 1,000.00 3 ............. 9 ............. 1.750.000 to 2,500.000 2,500,000 to 6,000,000 1.500.00 2.500.00 10 ............. 11 ............. ............. 5,000,000 to 7.500.000 7,500,000 to 10,000.000 10,000,000 to 12,500,000 8.760.00 4.760.00 6.760.00 13 ............. 14 ............. 15 10 .............. ............. 17 ............. IS 10 ............. ............. 12,500,000 to 16,000.000 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 20,000,000 to 26,000,000 25,000,000 to SO,000,000 30,000,000 to 85,000,000 85,000,000 to 40,000,000 40,000,000 to 45,000,000 0,760.00 0.000.00 11,000.00 13.000.00 15.000.00 17.000.00 20 ............. 45,000,000 to 50,000,000 21 ,. l/26th of 1% over 50,000,000 plus 21,000.00 Hare is an innovation that I want par- ticlarly to call your attention to because it is very important to you. Class A members are entitled to vote at the na tional convention and to receive the sci entific section circulars. They are also entitled to one or more memberships in each regional or city association on pay ment of the regional or city association dues, 'W'hen you pay your dues, you also pay the national assessment por tion of your local membership dues. In other words, you make just one payment. If you have a member in the New York club, all he pays 1b the difference be tween the present dues and the $20 na tional assessment, or ?30 in New York, Class B Members The next Is class B members, and this Isn't arbitrary because It takes in supply members. Class B members.are Individ uals, firms, corporations, and manufac turers of material used In connection with the manufacture of paints, varnishes, lac quers, water paints and kindred prod ucts. They support all association ac tivities--the scientific section, unfair competition bureau, save the surface campaign, clean up and paint up cam paign, traffic bureau, and such other ac tivities as may be agreed upon from time to time--on a uniform p'an based on their domestic sales to the industry as follows This schedule Is the same as for Class A members, with the exception that there has been deducted from that amount the approximate amount they would have paid as American Pft1nt and Varnish Manufacturers' Association members. In other words, certain members contribu ting on the graduated plan now pay the same as the manufacturing members, but under this new plan those members would not have been members of the American Paint and Varnish Association, and consequently have paid anywhere from one to seven hundred dollars less in membership than manufacturing mem bers, and so there has been- deducted in the larger brackets approximately $600 down to $100 in the smaller brackets. . Clans B Dues Class B membership dues based on do mestic sales to manufacturers of paints, varnishes, lacquers, water paints and kin dred products: Class. Amount. *1> ____ $50,000 to 100,000 $20.00 40.00 3.... to 150,000 80.00 4.... to 260,000 120.00 5___ to 500.000 220.00 ft___ to 1,000.000 440.00 to 1,750.000 800.00 8____ to 2.500.000 1,200.00 0____.... 2,600,000 to 6.000,000 2,200-00 10___ to 7,500.000 3.200.00 11.... ___ 7,500.000 to 10,000.000 4,400.00 12.... to 12,600.000 5.400.00 13.... ___ 12.600,000 to 35,000.000 0,400,00 14.... to 20,000.000 g, 500.00 15... l/25th ot 1% over 20,000,000 plus 8.500.00 Class B members have representation at the national convention through re gional or city association delegates pro vided by the by-laws, and will receive all scientific section circulars. They are entitled to one or more memberships in each regional and city association on payment of the regional or city associa tion dues. ' Class C Members Individuals, firms and corporations who are not Class A or B members, but who are affiliated with regional or city asso ciations and pay ,$20 national dues in addition to `the dues prescribed by the regional or city association, They have representation at the national conven tion through regional or city association delegates' os provided by the by-laws. National dues are to be remitted by the regional or city treasurer to the national treasurer. Class D Members Individuals, firms, corporations, and manufacturers of paints, varnishes, lac quers, water paints and kindred products in Canada may become members by pay ing annual dues in the National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association of $60 annually and may secure the scientific section circulars by paying $100 additional to the national treasurer. All other classes of Canadian members may affili ate by becoming Class C associate mem bers. That is practically the same set up that exists now in Canada. Class S*--Honorary Members All present honorary members of the two associations and the educational bu reau shall become honorary members of the new association. ' Scientific organizations at home and abroad and foreign manufacturers of paints, varnishes, lacquers, water paints and kindred products may receive the scientific section circulars by payment -of $190 per annum. That Is the financial side of the new set-up, which of course you will all see Is different and yet very, very simple to understand. The City Set-Up I want to emphasize what I am going to read now, because this 1b the city set up, and it takes care of any number of questions that have developed in the last three months. If We had had this set that was, why talk about $25 when we are trying to get together? The feeling was, let's let the executive committee of the association consider that after March 1. Just now it isn't nearly as Important as getting members. up, it would have been very, very sim Officers and Elections ple to have crystallised the thought of the associations very quickly and without any misunderstanding, and of course no body will ever know what Mr. Trigg has done from that standpoint. I think few of us realize it. But If this set-up had been In operation, we could have crystallized the thought and got -the at titude very rapidly. This is the most important change and answers all the criticisms of all bodies. The executive committee of the N.P.O. & V.A. and the board of directors . were cumbersome and hard to understand, even by their own members, and were consid ered by most largely honorary in some of the positions. I needn't repeat here what has been said about the board of directors The following standing committees are recommended:-- of the American Manufacturers' Associa tion and the educational bureau, but here > Trade Sales. Industrial Sales. These two committees are suggested to Is the answer to it. The officers of this association shall con sist of a president, a vice-president and a bring about a closer contact with the Na treasurer selected from the Class A mem tional Paint, Oil and Varnish Association bers, and five regional vice-presidents to and the regional and city association. be selected from the membership. There There has, been no direct contact be shall be an executive committee to be com tween our regional or city associations posed of the president, vice-president, and the national office, except indirectly treasurer, and eighteen elected members, through committees that have been ap twelve of whom must he paint, varnish pointed. There has been no tie-in of and lacquer manufacturers, three of whom committees with the national office ex must be class A members but not neces cept as occurred once a year when the sarily manufacturers of paint, varnish and national office got their reports. lacquer, and three of whom must be class The chairman of these national com B or C members, the class B or C mem mittees shall be appointed by the presi bers, to have all the rights of the other dent of the association. It is further rec members on the executive committe ex ommended that regional or city associa tions be represented on these committees cept that they shall not be eligible to be chairman or vice-chairman thereof and by an outstanding member In trade sates and Industrial sales. They shall be se lected by the national president and the they shall not vote on subjects that di rectly affect the paint, varnish, lacquer, and kindred products industry. > president of the regional or city associa tion, The regional or city member on Elected members of the executive com mittee (notice this Is elected and not the national committee shall be the chair man of the local trade and Industrial sales committees, . It shall be the duty of the Iocs l com mittee chairman to organize his division chosen) shall hold office for three years, except that there shall be elected, at the first meeting of the association the eighteen members as piovlded above, six of whom shall be elected to serve for of the industry in the region or city in one year, six of whom shall be elected to which he is appointed, organising those members Interested In trade sales In the serve for two years, and six of whom shall be elected to serve for three years. Each Industry, those members interested in group of six shall consist of four paint, lacquer sales to the automotive acces varnish and lacquer manufacturers, One sory trade, ate,, members supplying paint must be a voting member but not neces to Important Industrial plants In the state sarily a manufacturer of paint, varnish, and national government, and members selling lacquer, both clear and colored, to industrial accounts. and/or lacquer. Nominations The general manager shall assign sec retaries from national headquarters to Work with each committee. That Is an other tie-in that brings ua in constant touch with the national association. All officers of the association and mem bers of the executive committee shall be elected by the members at the annual meeting. The nominating committee al ready appointed by the American Paint Personnel of Committee and Varnish Manufacturers' Association (this is to provide for what might happen To make It a bit clearer perhaps, It in case you approve the plan) and the Will be the duty of the president to se lect the outstanding sales member as the Chairman of that committee. The presi dent, In connection with the local presi dents, the regional or city presidents, will select the outstanding trade sales committee appointed by the National Paint, Oil apd Varnish Association shall serve as a joint nominating committee to nominate officers and members of the ex ecutive committee to be voted on 'by the members at the first meeting of the new man in that locality, who shall be a mem association. ber on the national committee, but It There may be additional nominations shall be his duty -to organize at least made from the floor of the convention and those two . groups If they have interests In that locality, in the trade sales in that district and the auto accessory sales in that district. In other wordB, he will organize these two groups who will dis cuss local and national problems in trade those receiving the largest number of votes for the different offices shall be declared to have been elected. Not less than sixty days prior to each annual meeting, after -the first meeting of the association, the president shall ap sales and have the supervision of and the interest of a local secretary or a national secretary. point a nominating committee consisting of seven members, one of whom shall be the retiring president in the case of the It will be the duty of the president to select an outstanding industrial manufac turer and the president, In connection with president of the local club, will select in each local association the outstanding in dustrial member who will organize three groups If there are three interests in that locality. The question might arise, why should he organize three if there are not three interests in that locality? Well, there might be Just one interest of paint manufacturers. There might be Just one Interest of lacquer manufacturers. In New York there might be three, in other localities there might be only two, and in others, only one. But I want to get over the faet that that will be a direct tie-in with the national committee and, of course, just naturally it will be tied in with the president and the executive com mittee. and we haven't had that before. That is new and different, and to me It fills a long felt want, and I want to add emphasis to it. annual meeting following the first meet ing and thereafter. At least two of the members of said nominating committee shall be past presidents. This nominating committee shall present nominations for officers and six members of the executive committee, constituted as provided above, at the present time and during each an . nual meeting, and there may be additional nominations made from the floor, and the .person receiving the majority vote for the respective positions shall be declared to have been elected. Except for the one and two-year-term members to be elected at the first meet ing, members of the executive committee shall serve for a three-year term and may not serve for more than two con secutive terms. The officers of the executive committee shall consist of a chairman and a vice chairman, who shall be elected annually by the executive committee from its mem bership. In no case shall any officer of Exeoutive Committee The executive committee shall have su pervision of the following committees and such other constructive activities aa are deemed advisable. These committees shall work directly through the general man ager and the secretaries appointed, In other words. It was felt by the amalgama tion committee that these committees that have worked In conjunction with or aa a direct activity of the educational bureau should be given directly in charge of the executive committee of this new body which takes the place, of course, of all the governing bodies that have heretofore had this in charge. Those committees are the unfair competition bureau, the budget and finance, the scientific section, the save the surface committee, the dean up and paint up committee, and the traffics bureau. The following committees and such other committees as may be authorized from time to time shall be organized along the same general lines as the key com mittees, the trade sales and Industrial sales, and I wll read those: Kindred products, distribution, simplification, con stitution and by-laws, membership, pro an executive committee be allowed to serve for a period longer than three con secutive years. The secretary of the ex ecutive committee and the associations shall be selected by the executive commit tee, but not necessarily from its member ship. The president of the association shall appoint the person or persons to fill any vacancy in the membership of the execu tive committee occurring between annual meeting, subject to thefr approval, such appointments to be made for the unex pired term vacated. The executive com mittee shall fill any vacancy which may occur among the officers prior to the an nual election. In view of the fact that this report was approved by all three of the directing bodies of the associations, to bring the matter ' before the convention, I would like to recommend that the report of the amalgamation committee be adopted and that the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers' Association be dissolved, with . further recommendations that their properties and functions be transferred to the new association. duction dubs, and legislative. - In other words, these committees and Discussion of Amalgamation others. If they develop to a place of im portance in the industry, can be set up in the same manner as the trade sales and the Industrial sales committees pro vided the need Is present. President Kurfees: You have heard the report of the amalgamation com mittee presented by its chairman, Mr. Roh. This is a very important report. National Advisory Committee You have also heard the resolution that he presented. Are there any questions This committee shall consist of the presidents of the regional and city as or comments? v C. J. Schumann: May X suggest that sociations with the national president as chairman and shall meet prior to the an resolution should also include authorizing the present officers to perform any acts nual convention. It was felt that these necessary to bring this thing to a con local presidents appointed, who may be A, B or C members, could bring to the national organization their reactions for the year for consideration perhaps at the convention if they so decide. clusion? I think that should be a pari of that resolution. ' Mr, Roh: If this report meets with the favorable action of the convention, there are several resolutions that will Initiation Fee have to be passed to close the affairs of the American association, There shall be no initiation fee until S. A. Bennett: If we officially dissolve after March i, 1934, The thought about the association by the adoption of that OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 76, 7933 49 r&ifolution, can we then adtopt the other of the manufacturers of paint, varnish, In order to facilitate this thing and bring submitted in a report of the constitution resolutions? ,^ Mr, Trigg:: I should like to say Just a lacquer, water paint, and kindred prod ucts, and I don't think they want it now. It to a head, to approve the report of the amalgamation committee, and leave the and by-laws committee; now thereforebe it word on this. Mr. Roh has covered this whole subject most thoroughly and It has Situation of Canadians ' dues and the other articles in there that the members feel they want to discuss at Resolved, subject to similar action by the National Paint. Oil and Varnish Asso been a matter of a great deal of consid T. P, Monypenny: I might preface my a later date or In a broader sense, to ciation, Inc., at its forty-sixth annual eration for some time. It Isn't a last remarks by Saying that many of you give an opportunity for the body to con meeting: That the officers and directors minute suggestion that Is being brought older men here know that our company sider them. I would suggest that we of the American Paint and Varnish Manu here to you. I think as. Mr, Bennett has has been a member of this association, pass the vote on the recommendation to facturers Association, Inc,, and/or their pointed out, there might be a little danger attending yo.ur conventions, for many abolish the old organization and start a successors, and each of them, be and they in. our passing a resolution at this minute years. We have enjoyed the privilege, new organization, and some of the details are hereby fully authorized and directed which dissolves the American asociation. and considered it a great privilege to be that the members are widely Interested io take, as soon as may be, all appropriate I think, with Mr. Rob's approval, that able to do so. What I am going to say in, to be left open for. discussion either and necessary action to surrender the the motion might better be approval of will not affect our company whatsoever. for this afternoon or tomorrrow. irharter, corporate name, et cetera, of said the plan, but eliminating the reference We will still be glad to pay our way, and H. M. Howard: As I understand it, association, and to dissolve the same. to dissolving this association at this minute. . i I think we can hardly pass upon that until the joint meeting tomorrow morn ing when -our attorneys will be here. They have been working on the necessary resolutions that have to be carefully drawn legally, because you know our two present associations are corporations and it is planned to have the new association incorporated, We own property of con siderable value. Therefore we must be careful to see that all of the legal tech- i idealities are properly looked after, and l suggest that change if It is agreeable to Mr. Roh. Mr. Roh: I would say, Mr. Trigg that Is perfectly agreeable to me. There are certain provisions with reference to dis solution that call for a report of the membership present If the members of the American association will be here, as we are here now, we can hold that over, because the New York laws, under which we are incorporated, call for that type of vote. . I,. P, Moore: As a very consistent op ponent of amalgamation over a long pe riod of years, I would like to move the adoption of the committee's report and Its recommendation. H. M. Howard: Is it in order at this lime to propose any recommendation of possible change? President Kurfees: I suppose so, yes. I think we get very good dividends on the money we Invest, but I would like a little clearer answer on this. I notice that class A members, manufacturers un der $50,000, will pay $25, and they will get all the privileges of your association. They will get all the scientific reports, et cetera. When you come to the Can adian manufacturers over here on page 6, "Individuals, firms, corporations, manu facturers of paints,' varnishes, lacouers, water paints and kindred products in Canada shall pay annual dues of $50. Scientific circulars may be obtained by paying $100 per annum additional to the national treasurer." I am afraid, gentlemen, that Insofar as the American Paint and Varnish Man ufacturers' Association Is concerned, it Is not going to do you any harm because there are only a few of us over there who are members of this association and I believe those who are will continue, -but I have In mind that a number of the smaller manufacturers who are members of the Toronto club will not remain in the national association. You are going to lose them. They won't pay the money, I can tell you right now. You are going to lose them, and the probability Is you may lose the contact of the Toronto club with your activities over here. I am just a little fearful of that. Mr. Roh may be able to clarify that. Mr. Roh: I would like to answer Mr. any recommendation of a change approved ' at this meeting would be the approval of this organization. President Kurfees: Whatever we ap proved would be the approval of this or ganization. Mr. Howard: And I think this Is the time to do it. If you leave the thing In abeyance, simply approve this amalga mation plan which will virtually approve the new constitution as read, some of the thoughts which some of us have on these changes may be lost. President Kurfees: Would you be will ing to defer your motion until we have what would be considered, I reckon, a Joint meeting. Mr, Howard: Yes, if they will be brought up. ' Mr. Shannon: It Is the Intention, Mr. Howard, of the constitution and by-laws committee at tomorrow's session, to pre sent in detail the proposed constitution and by-laws of the new association, and it might be better to defer your recom mendation until we act upon that report tomorrow. Mr. Howard: I will bring It up then. Mr. Trigg: In the meantime I would like to suggest, Mr. Howard, that you talk to the committee on constitution and by-laws prior to their coming in with their report, take your Idea to them and see If you can't sell It to them. President Kurfees: Thank you, Mr, Resolved further: That, subject to simi lar action by the National -Paint, OH and Varnish Association, Inc., and provided that a plan of organization and by-laws for such proposed successor association be agreed on and adopted at the said general meeting of the industry on October Si, 1933, or any adjournment thereof, the officers and directors of the American Pal t ar^ Varnish Manufacturers Asso ciation, Inc., and any committee or com mittees thereof, and/or their successors, and each of them, be, and they are hereby fully authorized and directed to take, as noon as may be, all appropriate and neces sary action to transfer and convey any and all property1 of the said association to such successor ! Incorporated association when it le created In accordance with law, and to do all things necessary to carry- Into effect all resolutions applicable to the dissolution of this association and the organization of a successor corporation, heretofore or hereafter adopted at this meeting; provided, however, that pending the transfer and conveyance of property, rights, and assets of the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association, Inc., or any committee or committees thereof to the National Paint, Varnish and J^acquer Association, Inc., the title to such property shall be and remain in the said American Paint and Varnish Manufac turers Association, Inc., and the finances and expenditures of such association shall Suggests Nomination Change Mr, Howard: I would like to suggest that the nominating committee be ap pointed three months prior to the election, and that six weeks prior to the election they send out the names of the six mem bers of the executive committee to be elected, showing the cities or the clubs from which they come and the names of the concerns with which they are con nected, and that an opportunity be given for a percentage to mall back--I don't know what it would be; it might be twenty-five members--who might petition three weeks prior to the election that other names be added, provided there was on|y one name from any one city. In other words, we wouldn't want to have six names from New York in this alterna tive. Those names should be mailed out three weeks prior to the election, and if there are other nominations a printed ballot should be provided for the elec tion. That -is for the six members of the executive committee. President Kurfees: This, wouldn't ap ply to this meetfng. You would want that to apply after amalgamation for the elec tion another year? 1 , Mr. Howard: Yes, It isn't possible this year. President Kurfees: Mr. Roh, will you respond to that suggestion? Mr. Roh: I don't think that is a ques tion for me to answer, I think it is a question for the convention to answer. This committee has given this eonsider- / able thought and we feel this is the best \way, but it Is just the committee's rec ommendation. Ludlngton Patton: As one of the other oppoaers to amalgamation, I would like to second Mr. Moore's motion to adopt Monypenny, if I may. We have two or three very staunch supporters in Canada, and we certainly want to do everything we can In the United States to sustain that and to create a feeling that we want them to go along with us. I am quite sure that the committee agrees with me when I make the proposition to Mr. Monypenny that if they would like to go on the United States scale we would be tickled pink to have them do it. But there Is this that has come up In the past and which we want recognized, and that is that we adjusted the scale of dues In Canada three or four years ago to meet the demand of the -Canadian manufac turers, and it was done at a lower scale than prevailed In the United States, and what we are doing here is exactly what we did then. In other words, we did not want to raise the price, "We did not think you wanted us to lower It, but If you want to go on the American scale, God bless you and come. Mr. Monypenny: I think Mr, Roh probably did not get my point. I am not speaking for those members who are now members of the American associa tion. We appreciate very mueh the con sideration that was shown to us by the reduced dues that we were asked to pay, and I think it is only right, gentlemen, that we should, because we have not been able to enjoy all the activities that you enjoy over here; they don't apply to Canada, We are able to avail ourselves of the scientific section just as well over there as you are here, but there are many other activities of your association that do not pertain to Canada at all and that are of no Interest to us Canadians. What I am getting at are the small manufacturers over there, and we have a Howard. Mr. Jarden, will you withdraw your sec ond to that motion? Mr, Jarden : I will. Motion for Approval President Kurfees: Thank you, sir. Now I believe we have a motion before us presented by Mr. Moore. Will you repeat that motion? That was for ap proving the amalgamation. Mr. Moore: I move that the report of the committee be accepted and approved. President Kurfees: It Is moved by Mr. Moore that the report of the committee be accepted and approved, and seconded by Mr. Patton. Are you ready for the question? Mr. Trigg: I would like to ask whether that Includes the suggestion made by Mr. Roh that we hereby abolish this as sociation, le It Intended to include that, Mr. Moore? If It Is just a matter of ap proving the report without putting the American out of business at thJs time, that is all right, but I do think we would be making a very great mistake if we disbanded, dissolved, this association here and now. X think that ,our action in ap proving this report ought to be subject to the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association taking similar action. Mr. Moore: That was explained Just before I made my motion. That was accepted. Mr. Trigg: That la all right so long as It doesn't mean we hereby dissolve.' We have some other things we ought to clear up, Mr. McFadden, you can say something on the legal side of this thing. Legal Aspects be directed and* made in accordance with its constitution and by-laws as at present; provided further that the action on any proposal to provide for a successor asso ciation shall be taken only on the votes of members in good standing of the Amer ican . Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association, Inc., and of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, Inc., who shall vote by delegates. Mr. McFadden Clarifies General Manager McFadden: This Is such an important matter that I want to reiterate the gist of what your treasurer has .presented, so that there will he no misunderstanding as to ex actly what is being done. If Mr. Moore, or whoever made the preceding motion, chooses to adopt this resolution, in place of the one that was made, with the consent of his sec ond, and you vote on it, you will then be voting under three conditions:-- First, that similar action is taken by the N. P. O. & V. A.; second, provided that the plan- of reorganization and the new by-laws are approved tomor row-. There will be plenty of oppor tunity to discuss those, and if you do not approve them at that time, then that condition is not met and you have not dissolved. Third, provided that at that meeting the voting shall be as indicated. This, in fact, is a merger of the two associations. They could continue under their present forms, but they the report number of them who are members of the General Manager McFadden: First, have decfded to live in the same house. W. F. Yarnall: A report as compre hensive as this one can hardly be digested by those of us not heretofore familiar with It. in a single reading. I am very much impressed with the set-up which has been outlined for us, but personally Toronto club. If you ask them $50 for membership In this organization, they will say, "Nothing doing.'* There is provision made for the small manufacturer in the United States, but there Is no provision made for the small manufacturer over I want to remind you that you cannot abolish this association today. There are certain legal steps to get out from under your charter as a corporation in New York. You have to give due It is, therefore, solely their responsi bility. We hope that if the plan is approved, the new association will be more- attractive to new members to come In, but we want them to under I would be glad to have a little more there. The small manufacturer and the notice to Albany, and give them an op stand that there is no lack of consid clarification of the classes of membership, I am not just clear In my own mind as to the difference between the A, B and C members. President Kurfees: "Would you like to have those classes reread? Mr, Yarnall: Perhaps they could be differentiated in plain language, without large manufacturer pay the same, $50. President Kurfees: Are there any further remarks? Mr. Trigg: I would like to suggest this In answer to what Mr. Monypenny has said, to see If this would meet with his approval, that we change the provision so that any Canadian manufacturer who portunity to see whether there are any unpaid bills against this association, taxes, et cetera. So that a certain amount of time must elapse for those formalities. Second, this body owns certain prop erty, real estate in Washington, and eration for them In excluding them from voting on this question, which is a matter affecting the two associations. Under those three conditions, then, you are voting on the question of whether you .will authorize your of ficers and directors to take the neces rereading them, . President Kurfees: Mr. Roh, perhaps you can elucidate a little on this. qualifies as class A manufacturer might come In by the payment of the regular dues as provided for the United States Classification of Members manufacturer, provided those dues were less than the $50 plus $100 that now .11 Mr. Roh: AH manufacturing members applies to the larger manufacturer. In ty u- --all members who manufacture, I should say, paint, varnish and lacquer, and kin other words, the maxLmum would be the $50 and $100, but a small manufacturer al dred products, are class A members. In who did, say, a $50,000 business or a :h S> other words, all the members of the Amer $100,000 business might come In by the ican Paint and Varnish Manufacturers' payment of the regular standard United n- Association are class A members. That States dues. How would that strike you? iy n- Is the only classification they have, the only basis on which they pay dues. Mr. Monypenny: I think that would be better. The manufacturers who supply the funds in banks, and it must wait until there is another proper legal body, ready and able to take over those prop erties, if it is your desire- that they should do so. That is another reason why this body cannot go out of exist ence today. But you can resolve that you approve of amalgamation on condition that the N, p, O. & V. A, take similar action, and direct your officers and directors to take such steps as may he necessary to wind up the affairs of this corpora sary Bteps to dissolve this corporation, and you are authorizing those officers and directors to continue in office dur ing that short period while this asso ciation's affairs are being terminated and to handle your funds under our present by-laws in the usual way. The reason for that is that we have funds that are to be withdrawn by check bearing the signature of the present officers. We could elect new ones, but this association would continue pre sumably only a few weeks, and in or paint, varnish lacquer and kindred prod Wants Further Discussion tion, to surrender its charter and turn der to avoid a great amount of detail ucts materials are under two classifica he tions:--the one classification (S3) that ild eupports all the activities and who con he tribute on a plan that helps support those nd activities, and the other classification (C) .sh that joins the national association through sd, regional or district associations and pays eir 120'. ed A. E. Daum r I should like to ask a question. The class A members have a direct vote at the convention and the clasB B members do not have a direct vote at . the convention. Do I understand that W. H. Jarden: A very excellent resolu tion has been offered here. No comment has been mads, and believe that some discussion should be offered on this reso lution to give everybody a part In the selection or their executive committee. I believe that Mr, Howard's resolution is a very excellent one, and I second It, I would like some discussion on it. President Kurfees: Are there any further remarks? We have some two or three resolutions before us now. Shall its properties over to the successor after it is legally capable of holding the properties. That, as I see it, is the general principle on which your pro cedure should be based. I do not know exactly what the resolution is that is before you at present. . Mr. Roh: -Just to clear this up, Mr. Macdonald and Mr. McFadden have placed In my hands a lawful resolution covering dissolution of the American and waste of time and confusion with the banks in getting new signature cards, your resolution reads that way. Is it acceptable to the person who made the original motion, and his sec ond, that the resolution that has just been read, embodying the same ideas, be substituted? Mr, Moore: I still maintain It Is the same as my motion. Mine was edited. I understand that resolution Is a rec jrd correctly? we have a vote on the amendment first? Paint and Varnish Manufacturers' As- ommendation of the amalgamated .11.-' Mr, Roh: Claes B and C members C. J. Schumann: Just as a matter of sociation If you act favorably on the committee. X move the adoption of the Jr. have representation in our conventions ,rt as delegates representing the local clubs, .-1 there being one delegate to each ten members of the local club, and the way ,nS that is figured is this:--that the N. F. O. A V. A. through this delegate representanat tion, on questions pertaining directly to ing the manufacture of paints, varnish, laccts qaer, water paints, and. kindred products, on- have never had more than that much to Information, I presume If this resolution is passed it will be subject to any changes in the new constitution and by-laws which will be adopted tomorrow. That would cover Mr. Howard's resolution, Mr, Roh: This Is Just two or three pages, and if this Is adopted tomorrow, we will have to ooneider the constitution and by-laws which take care of the elec tion of these officers and which take care report I have the resolution here. I would just as soon read it to you now, before the acceptance of the amal gamation report, If you would like to have me, and I think perhaps that might be a good thing:TM Whereae, this association agrees In principle with the report of the amalgamflf'on committee recommending the disso recommendation, C- Adderly: We have before us a committee report, and the motion that has been offered in an endorsement and acceptance of that committee re port. That seems to be properly in order as the first action before any detailed resolution is offered. Cannot ari say before. % of all the other provisions In th*a recom lution of the American Paint and Varnish we take the vote on the motion to en In other words, the questions that they mendation. This is Just the plain lan Manufacturers Association, Inc,, and the dorse and accept this committee re ^ith decided at their meetings were questions guage of the report. The other Is put creation of a new association to succeed port, and then proceed with the other ion. that pertained to promotional activities, will and directed to the elevating and creating of i the spirit of friendliness and fraternal in the constitutional language, In the lan guage under which we are going to op erate, said association ; and ' Whereas, it Is proposed that a general, meeting of the industry be held at 9:30 formal resolutions which I understand are to be offered? feelings, and all the nice things, and we President Kurfees:' Are there any a. m. on October 31, 193$, to discuss and General Manager McFadden: Very >lve vant that continued, but they never had further remarks, gentlemen? act on the details of a plan to create well, is there a second to that? hat a voice In deciding the policies heretofore Moritz Arnsteln : May I suggest that such successor association, such plan to be (The question was called for.) 50^ November 16, 1933 OIL. PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER Vote Is Called For approval of each and every code of the proposed constitution and by-laws of the Memorial Resolutions contended that whatever uniform meth ods may have been recommended by your Mr. Moore: Mr* Chairman, I move that the report of the amalgamation committee be accepted and ita recom mendations adopted. President Kurfees: AH in favor of new organization, regardless of what our amalgamation committee has reported to day. We are not binding ourselves in any way, shape or manner. As a matter of fact, I would like Mr, McFadden'a opin ion, but tt seems to me that before you H, S. Felton; The resolution which I have been requested to present is as follows;-- Georgs V. Horgan committee In the past for adoption by the industry, these will have to be revised ' in some respects and that certain phase; of cost will have to bo elaborated upon, in order that manufacturing costs may be' figured more uniformly by the various that motion will please rise. We will have a standing vote on this, Mr. Shannon will do the counting. (The members In favor of the mo tion arose and were counted,) General Manager Mcfadden: A vote of this kind in accordance with law requires that two-thirds of the membeership of the association approve it. There are not enough votes in the room to approve the action at the pres ent time. What is your total, Robert 7 Mr. Shannon: We have eighty-six, and then we have some-- General Manager McFadden: (in terrupting) Eighty-six members have just voted and we have about twenty can legally adopt a constitution of an or- f'anlzatlon you must first have that organzatlon legally established. General Manager iMcFadden: X think you are right, Mr. -Schumann, that, as we stated, you would be voting to dissolve on condition that after your detailed discus sion tomorrow you all agree upon the new proposal. So that you are not voting on the details of'that-agreement at present, and you are leaving It open subject to the condition that you do agree on that Now, it seems to me that you have already voted to accept and approve the report of the committee, but the report contains recommendations. Those would have to be acted on' by two-thirds vote.' We have seen that we are not able to get the two-thirds vote now. With that under standing have we not completed the sub ject, and should we not continue with the Whereas, Death has removed not only from our service but from our friendly companionship, the late general manager of our association, George V. Horgan; and Whereas, we realize that in Mr. Horgan's death we have lost a devoted servi tor, a wise counsellor and a faithful friend; therefore be it Resolved; That the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers1 Association In convention assembled express by unanimous vote their sense of the Irre parable loss they have suffered In Mr. Horgan's death; and be it further' Resolved; That this memorial be spread upon the records of our associa tion and that an engrossed copy thereof be sent to Mr. Horgan's family. Mr. Felton: As a coworker of Mr, Horgan for a period of years, I respect members of the Industry. With this particular plan In early prospect, there la no question but what considerable work will have to be done. It - may -become- necessary* '-therefore to reinforce your committee by outside as- eistance in order to accomplish such work in the most efficient and expeditious manner. , On further reference to the code as submitted, it is noted that products of the industry shall not be sold below cost Your committee is of the opinion that this particular provision In the code makes it incumbent upon every member of the industry to review its present standard unit process costs and revise them in order to reflect current actual costs* Due to decreasing production In recent years and now due to Increased production and Increased wage costs, wide fluctuations proxies, Mr. Shannon: Twenty-one proxies. Are there any members present who have proxies that they would like to vote at this time? formality of getting the two-thirds vote on the recommendations, by mall if necessary? Mr. Monypenny: I am a little muddled about this thing, but my understanding is that you are voting now on the principle fully present this resolution for your consideration. F, P. Chessman: I move Its adoption, (The motion was seconded and c&r- ried with a rising vote.) ^ in actual costs are constantly occurring. This situation Is, therefore, deserving of early attention, regardless of the type of costflnding system used and the volume of business enjoyed. ' Your committee, therefore, awaits with Mr. Hancock: I have the proxy of the Vane-Calvert Paint Company, which I would like to vote in favor of it. The proxy is made out in my of amalgamation. This meeting here is voicing its opinion on the principle of amalgamation. In receiving a favorable vote, all you are doing Is to instruct your officers to carry out the necessary steps Roy B. Robinette H. S. Felton: Whereas, Death has re moved from among ue, our beloved friend eager interest the approval of the pend ing code at Washington and assures you of ita desire to co-operate in the fullest extent and in the most effective manner upon the subject of uniform coatfinding name. to bring about the amalgamation, but I and fellow-member, Roy B. Robinette, methods in our Industry in order that all (Mr. Shannon: Is the representative of the duPont Company present? Did you vote? : Member: Yes. Mr. Shannon: Mr, Van Houten is authorized to vote for W. P. Fuller & Co.; Mr. Conklin for the Brooklyn Var nish Manufacturing Company; Mr. MoFadden for the General Paint Cor poration; Dr. Plumb .for the Eagle Paint Works; Mr. Hancock for the Louisville Paint Manufacturing Com pany; Mr. Rice for the George H. Shaw Company; iMr, Rice for the Cleveland Paint & Color Company; Mr, -Kurfees for the Marine Paint & Varnish Com do not think you are committing them to any byelaws or constitution or anything else. You are how simply voting on the principle of amalgamation. General Manager McFadden: It seems to me that is what you have done, gentle men. In taking the vote on Mr* Moore's resolution. Mr, Trigg; I guess we are kind of mixed up on this thing, and with your permission I would like to try my hand at stating my understanding of what we are doing: That we are receiving the report of this committee; that we are approving in principle the proposal to amalgamate the two associations, subject to the con ditions which Mr* McF&dden outlined and subject to presentation tomorrow morning of the constitution and by-laws which, if Resolved: That the American Faint and Varnish Manufacturers' Association In convention assembled hereby record their recognition of the irreparable loss they have suffered in Mr. Robinette's death--the loss of a beloved friend, a serviceable fellow-member, and a man whose character and lovable nature will long remain an Inspiration to us all; and be It further. Resolved: That a copy of this memorial be spread upon the permanent records of the association and an engrossed copy thereof be sent to Mrs, Robinette. Mr. Felton: I respectfully move the adoption of this resolution. (The motion was seconded by Mr. Cheesman and carried with a rising members may fully subscribe to the spe cific requirements within the code re lating to costs, ' Report on Fire Prevention The report the committee on fire pre vention makes this year is very similar to last year's report In other words, we were satisfied to continue our watch ful contact work rather than initiate or attempt to initiate any new projects. We again wish to emphasize the fact that during the previous years, our work with insurance, ' municipal, and other regulatory bodies as regards ordinances, pany; Mr. Trigg for the Ault & Wiborg approved, will be followed by the presen vote.) laws, and regulations, was so successful Corporation; Mr. Sulzberger for the Federal Varnish Company; Mr. Jarden for the Hook Paint & Chemical Works and for the Pecora' Paint Company, the McCloskey Varnish .Company, Sahlin Color Company, and India Paint & Lacquer Company, tation tomorrow morning of the necessary legal and formal resolutions to carry the thing forward to its conclusion. That Is my understanding of what we are doing, and If that Isn't clear and it isn't too in formal for me to do it. I would like to make that as a motion to clear the slate, if that is the opinion of the gentlemen President Kurfees: Any new busi ness? Has anyone any new business to present before we adjourn? This afternoon at two o'clock, the meeting of the National Paint, Oil and VarniBh Association, remember that, and this meeting is adjourned subject and of such complete character that noth ing further has been needed since that project was consummated. Report on Lacquer, Synthetic Gums Unless there are objections from these gentlemen their votes will be re corded as favoring the committee re present. (The motion was seconded and carried unanimously.) to call. (The meeting adjourned at one- thirty o'clock*) The work of the committee during the past year has been confined to the ef forts of individual members to help port. change the policy of certain manufac Mr. Adderly: Point of order. I should like to have the chair rule on whether this motion requires such a Tuesday, October 31 turers of raw materials who have In the past been offering intermediate products directly to our customers* We feel that some success has attended these efforts majority as is required by law for a and that the policy has In some instances formal act of amalgamation, I call attention again that this is merely the adoption of the committee report, and the later resolution on amalgamation is yet tq be offered. This is nothing but an ordinary action , of the conven Second Session, Tuesday Forenoon (The meeting was convened at 10:30 a.m,, October 31, James F. Kurfees, president, presiding.) of the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association adjourn. All in favor of that motion make it been decidedly modified. We had no question regarding fire haz ards. brought to our attention and so far as we know, this factor in the use of lacquers does not have the prominence that it once did. tion, at which a majority vote may be taken. I would like to have a ruling President Kurfees: This is a called meeting of the American Paint and known by saying "aye"; contrary "no.1' It Is carried. We are adjourned. Report on on that, | President -Kurfees: I will ask our attorney to explain that. General Manager Mc-Fadden: Mr. Addeerly, if the motion that was just acted on had been the one that you suggested, I think you would be right, but as I understood Mr. Moore we are not only adopting the report, but ap proving the resolutions contained therein. , Mr. Moore: Approving the recom mendations in the report. A Parliamentary Puzzle Varnish Manufacturers Association. The' first order of business will be a report from Mr. Roh, Charles J. Roh: Do you want me to read the two pages of the resolutions that you already know and which I read yesterday? The substance of them is that* we authorize the officers of the association to dissolve the American Paint and Varnish Manu facturers Association .and, if and when the N. P. O. & V. A. authorizes similar dissolution, we join with it in . a new association. I will be very glad to read them to you if you want me to. ("No" from the members.) (The meeting was adjourned . at 10:30 a.m.) (The following reports in a printed pamphlet were distributed to the mem bers.) Report on Cost Accounting Due to the fact that no cost bureau has been In operation in our Industry for several years and no sustained contact has been maintained by the association with its members through such a bureau with a view of installing costflnding sys tems, the number of requests for new Membership Our report of last year concluded with the following paragraph:-- "With the return of better condi tions . . . we predict that our suc cessors will be enabled, at your next meet ing, to present a report of achievement rather than of explanation and defense." It was not, however* the return of con spicuously better conditions, but the en actment of the Natfonal industrial Re covery Act that has enabled us to verify our prediction, The list of members admitted since your last annual meeting Is as follows: -- Advance Faint Company, Indianapolis, General Manager McFadden: To cut this Gordian knot, I suggest that we ac cept this vote as approval of the report, and that we leave open- the question of dissolution by way of not adjourning this session sine die but adjourning subject to call, and meanwhile we :will check with the registration desk in the hotel to see if we have the necessary number of people here, so that we can vote: together; other wise we will try to provide for legal vot ing by mail. Mr. Walker: There has been a great deal of discussion on this subject that It seems to me was unfortunate. The orig inal motion should be to approve the re port If you approve the report, you approve of the' recommendations as to dues and everything else that Is in the report. It seems to me that if we simply receive the report without the resolution, that is all that we need, to do at this time. Then we have the right,: without stulity ing ourselves, to change any paragraph we like when the constitution comes up. If the other vote has been not of effect, I would move that we simply receive Mr* Rob's report with thanks, without his resolution. Then if that is carried, take up your resolution that has been read to us and let's pass that now. Mr, Waltham: Rising to a point of parliamentary law, Mr. Moore's motion is ihe first one on the floor, and must be taken care of one way or the other. 'Vhether we vote on It or not, it must be taken care of according to law. So let's have the question on Mr, Moore's motion* Mr. Roh: I offer the resolutions which I have just explained to the convention for adoption. F. F. Whlttam: Second the motion. President Kurfees: It has been moved and seconded and I will ask for a rising vote on this question on the resolution that Mr. Roh explained, (The members in favor of the reso lution arose.) Mr. Shannon: We have 161 votes, which includes 18 proxies, which is more than two-thirds, Mr. Roh: So that the unfinished business of the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association, Inc., may be cared for, I would like to offer the following resolution:-- Resolved: That upon the dissolution of this association, all matters pending be fore, and not disposed of by, the board of directors, shall be referred to the ex ecutive committee of the National. Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association for ap propriate action in accordance with the constitution and by-laws of that associa tion. (The motion was seconded by F. P. Cheeseman.) President Kurfees: You have heard the motion, gentlemen. All in favor of that motion make it known by saying "aye"; contrary, "no." It is ao or dered. installations, and even the number of inquiries to your committee regarding opinions, explanations and suggestions in connection with various phases of proper costflnding, has fallen to a very low ebb. It Is, however, contended that a consid erable portion of this inactivity oan be attributed to the depressed business con ditions the past four years, with Us consequential program of reduced operat ing expenses by all members of the in dustry. During such a time of depressed busi ness conditions with volume of sales and gross profits decreasing and In many in stances net losses presenting themselves at fiscal closing periods, it would seem logical that an unusual number of re quests would be made by the various members of the industry for' new instal lations and/or improvements to existing costflnding systems, general accounting methods and budgetary control routines. The fact Is, however, and past experi ence "has definitely shown that the con verse is true. During recent months, however, busi ness conditions have somewhat improved* The National Recovery Administration with Its program of minimum wages, maximum working hours and rules of fair competition is now making certain prog ress in establishing- and approving codes for the regulation of the various Indus tries. In connection with the paint, var nish and lacquer Industry, the coda of fair competition as submitted to Wash? ington and on which several hearings have been held, Is still awaiting final ap American Oil and Faint Company, Cleve land. American Paint Corporation, Duluth, Minn* American Faint and Supply Company, Dallas, Texas, 'i Bloomfield Chemical Company, Harrison* N. J. ' * rr Boatwright -Paint and Varnish Works, At lanta. - Borden and Remington Company, Fall River, Maes. Frank Bownee Company, Chelsea, Mass. Oarpenter-Morton Company, Boston. John P. Cochran Company, Cleveland. ColliitS-Davoust Paint Manufacturing Company, Dallas, Texas, C. H, Dragert Company, Brooklyn, Eagle Faint Works, Detroit, Finishing Specialties and Service Com pany, Chicago. Benjamin Foster Company, Philadelphia. French-Wolf Faint Products Corporation, Bristol, Pa. ' Gilman Paint and Varnish Company, Chattanooga. Headquarters Faint and Varnish Works, Brooklyn, . Julian Hllborn, Chicago. Hock&day, Inc., Chicago. A,^C* ^Tom Company, Long Island City, India Faint and Lacquer Company, Los Angeles. Indianapolis Paint and Color Company, Indianapolis. Intercoastal Faint Corporation, Hast St Louis, 111, Jamestown Wood Finishing Company, President Kurfees: It seems to me that Mr, Moore's resolution and Mr. Walker's are practically the same* Mr, Waltham r No. they are not. One is approving and the other is receiving. Mr, Schumann: I would like to ask for a little information. I do not think that any vote we take now would be binding us with regard to the details of the con stitution and by-laws of an association yet lo be formed. As I understand it, we are giving an expression of our opinion, and tomorrow every one of ua as Individuals, regardless of what action is taken here today, can express his approval or dis Mr. Shannon: There is no unfinished business to come before the American meeting. . President Kurfees: It now becomes my duty to ask for a motion to ad journ the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association meeting so that we may at once go into the gen eral meeting. Mr. Figgis: I move we adjourn. (The motion was seconded.) President Kurfees: It has been moved and seconded that the meeting proval. This is expected Ifl the near fu ture. In the meantime, most of the mem bers of the industry are operating under the President's general code of minimum wages and maximum working hours. In the code of fair competition sub mitted to Washington by our industry, there is defined the various elements of cost in manufacturing the different prod ucts. It Is the opinion of your commit tee, that after the submitted code Is ap proved, it will be necessary to emphasize more than ever the adoption of uniform costflnding methods by each and every member of the Industry. It Is further Jamestown, N, Y. Kay and Ess Company, Dayton, Ohio. Klinger Faint Company, Cedar Rapids, . Iowa, Knox and Morse Company, Boston. Lilly Varnish Company, Indianapolis. Magic City Faint and varnish Company, Birmingham, Ala. ' Moline Paint Manufacturing Company, Moline, 111* Mountain Varnish and Color Works, Toledo, Ohio. Oxford Varnish Corporation, Detroit. Farco Products, Inc., New York. Fatterson-Sargent Company, Cleveland. OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 51 tta- Perry Paint Fla. and Glass Company, Tampa, >ur Piedmont Paint Manufacturing Company, ihe sed Greenville, Roach Paint S. C. Company, Dallas, Texas. ies S&hlln Color Company, Camden, N. J. DU, Harry G. Sargent Paint Company, In- .ay dlanapolis. >113 Schom Paint Manufacturing Company, rly;.[EdSweaartdtle.J. Shannon Company, Cincinnati. iat 'Ia Sonneborn Sons Company, New York. [13. Southern Paint Products Company, At to lanta. is- Southern Varnish Corporation, Roanoke. ich Speed-O-Bac Products Corporation, Minne -us apolis. Gilbert Spraunce Company, Philadelphia, Tripod Paints, Inc., Atlanta. of Watson-Standard Company, Pittsburgh. st. Warren Company, Atlanta. iat Yarnall Paint Company, Philadelphia. iCS Yoder & Gordon, Inc., Norfolk, Va, Jie Zapon Company, Stamford, Conn. .rd And, because of the extent and vigor ier of the canvass, It ia highly probable that to ira there will be numerous additions the printing of this report. after nd ills Your chairman wishes to record his lg. Of i grateful jhelp of appreciation of the enthusiastic his fellow-committeemen, with- of mo ;out which such I been impossible. a showing would have Immediately after the passage of the recovery act it became ap itli parent that our committee was too Bmall id land too scattered to cover the field. Your em j chairman, then, with the consent of the *st i association authorities, proceeded to en ier list others to assist in the work as fol ng lows :-- all John Cleage, jr., Magic City Paint and "Varnish Company, Birmingham, Ala. :H. Braith Davis, H. B. Davis Paint Com- 1 pany, Baltimore, L, H, Ferguson, American Paint and Supply Company, Dallas, Texas. M. G. Heins, True-Tagg Paint Company, ; Memphis, Tenn. . C. D. Horton, Moline Paint Manufactur- ; ing Company, Moline, I1L " re William H. Jarden, jr., MoCtoskey Varlax ntsh Company, Philadelphia. ds, 0. B. Pennington, India Paint ana Lac ih- quer Company, Dos Angeles. or William Richter, E. I. duFont de Nemours & Co. Wilmington, Del. iCt >rk ier William H. DeCamp, Murphy Varnish Company, Newark, N. J. These additional appointees---Mr. Jar den, in particular, because of his wide acquaintance and friendly relations with manufacturers from coast to coast---have been exceedingly helpful; while Mr. Trigg, as chairman of the code commit tee, has rendered Inestimable service to the committee, both through Ms personal Influence and through friendly advice to your chairman. But the work gratifying as the results must be, is only started. The associa tion, as the central authority of the en tire industry, with all the principles it has advocated and maintained, during the past thirty-four years now enacted into law, is now the home as well as the of ficial mouthpiece of every paint, varnish or lacquer manufacturer, large or small, in the United States. It Is, therefore, obviously to the personal advantage of every one of them to join the association and participate in the great work before us, rather than to remain outside, sub ject to its jurisdiction. A conservative estimate Indicates that there are in the United States about 1,000 manufacturers making and selling paints, varnishes and lacquers, with perhaps an additional five hundred, making them for use on their own products. The membership of the association is now 236. It Is also estimated that the members of the association produce 75 percent to SO percent of the total annual output. It Is, therefore, largely from the numerous group of the smaller manufac turers that future growth must oome, and to a disinterested outsider it would seem that, without awaiting an Invita tion, these, from motives of self-interest, If from no other, would be eager to enroll themselves. In our work, however, we have been Impressed with the fact that many who realize the desirability of membership are restrained by motives of rigid econ omy in expenditures. It waa for this reason that, early in our campaign, we requested the board of directors,, first, the suspension of the Initiation fee; second, waiver of the semiannual dues for the last two months of the fiscal year, and third, a reduction of the annual dues for those qualifying under the first three brackets of the by-law. All of these suggestions the Board promptly accepted, subject, of course, to approval of the as sociation at this annual meeting; and we confidently hope that whatever changes may be made in the structure of the or ganization these three recommendations of the board will be confirmed. This Is the report of our stewardship. We have done our best in a difficult and confused situation, and-wish for our suc cessors the complete'' success which we have failed to attain. Report on Tung Oil According to the latest figures available, the imports of tung oil from China have shown a marked Increase during 1933 over 1932. Over 60,000,000 pounds were im ported in the flret six months of 1933, as compared with about forty-four mil lion pounds in the same period of 1932. The price of the oil has also risen from about 5 cents a pound to about 7 cents a pound. The plantings of tung oil trees in this country are being maintained and ex tended, as It is believed that tung oil of fers an opportunity for the utilization of lands which have been Idle or from which unprofitable crops of other kinds have been produced in the past. Considerable progress has been made during the past year in improved cultural methods, such as the budding of desirable stock on trees that have indicated unsatisfactory yields. One of the outstanding developments has been the cure of "bronzing'' which af fected many trees in Florida. After sev eral years of experiment, It has been found that the application of zinc sul phate to the soil around affected trees has produced a marked improvement. It is believed that the extension of this treatment will restore considerable acre ages of poorly developed trees. This year has been a favorable one for the production of tung oil seed, and it is expected that a large crop will be available In November. Through the American Tung OH Cor poration, your 'committee has continued to dfssemmate information on tung oil production to prospective planters In the United States and foreign countries.. Sev eral thousand copies of the booklet, "Ques tions and Answers on Tung Oil Production in America," have been distributed, and substantial quantities of seed for plant ing purposes have been supplied. In late years, most of this seed has been shipped abroad. Orders for further quantities from this year's crop are alreardy-in hand. Report on Returned Goods The present special committee on re turned goods was appointed In the spring of this year and proceeded to carefully consider the report of the last special com mittee appointed the previous year and to formulate plans and recommendations for the elimination of the returned goods evil. . The general consensus of opinion ex pressed by committee members was to the effect that since the report of the pre vious committee the returned goods evil had grown considerably in magnitude and definite steps should be token, by the in dustry to eliminate this condition insofar as possible. To this end a new program was formulated and it was the intention of the committee to broadcast the pro visions of the recommended program to the members of the industry prior to the convention in order that the members could intelligently consider and act upon these recommendations at the time of the convention. Just prior to the preparation of an In- formatory bulletin to the Industry on this subject, the association headquarters communicated with the committee and suggested that the committee's rec ommendations be.submitted to the general code committed of the industry for in clusion in the paint code. This was done, and as result, the recommendations of the special committee on returned goods were Included in the general paint code under the caption of "Returned Goods." ve- ith, ny, i OVER A HALF CENTURY OF PROGRESS on, i At-r in the development of blacks and iron oxides rail i >ss., for the paint and varnish industry places these t. | Ingj trustworthy servants at your command for the hla. j most exacting and important tasks. ion, my,j rks, 41 East 42nd Street BINNEY & SMITH CO., New York ;lty, Los my, St my, Advance Solvents & Chemical Corporation.... 1 American Can Company......................................... 12 lids, American Commercial Alcohol Corporation... 4 Archer Daniels Midland Company.,................ S xny, Binney & Smith Company....................................... 51 tny.i Bishee Linseed Company................ 32 rks, Chemical & Pigment Company, Inc.................. 20 3. Commercial Solvents Corporation...................... 80 Index to Advertisements Eagle-PIeher Lead Company................................. 16 Fezandie & Sperrle, Ine.................................. 24 Forest Products Laboratory................................... 28 Lavanburg, Fred L,, Company.............................. 8. Mantrose Corporation............................................... 2 Murphy Varnish Company.................................... 73 National Lead Company........................................... 6 Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company Scientific Section's Laboratories Sherwin-Williams Company........ Simonin's C. F., Sons, Inc.......... Thibaut & Walker Company........ Thompson, Weinman & Co., Inc United Carbon Company.............. U. S. Bronze Powder Works, Inc, 16 42 24 16 24 S 79 32 52 ' November 16, f933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER PROCEEDINGS OF THE Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING Chicago, III., October 26 to 28, 1933 With an attendance of almost two to one over last year, the Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs met In Its twelfth annual convention in the Edgewater Beach Hotel, Chicago, October 26 to 28, E. E. Sparrow, pres ident, being in the chair. This was the federation's first threeday convention, and .the additional time was welcomed, -by the delegates as it gave ample opportunity for dis cussion, not only of the technical pa pers, but of the countless problems that arise In p.ants and laboratories. Keen interest was shown in the im pending code of fair competition for the paint, varnish, and lacquer manu facturing industry and in the prospect of an amalgamation of the two major trade associations of the industry. Ernest T. Trigg, chairman of the code committee, was present and explained how the code was evolved. New Officers These officers were elected for the coming year:-- President, F. C. Atwood, of the At lantic Gypsum Products Company, Bos ton. Vice-president, Roy B, Anderson, of the Brooklyn Varnish Company, Brook lyn, N. Y. Secretary, George B. .Heckel, Phila delphia. Treasurer, R. C. Stark, of Pratt & Lambert, Inc., Buffalo. Members of the executive committee, Clarence W, Clark, of E. L du Pont de Nemours & Co., Everett, Mass,; George Sutherland, of the H. B. Davis Com pany, Baltimore; and P, S. Eddy, of the Porter Paint Company, Louisville. The new officers were installed at the banquet October 27, and on the following morning Mr. Atwood, the new president, who has been chairman of the plant managers committee, pre sided at a half-day session which was in the nature of a round-table discus sion of production and management problems and of points in the industry code which has been in the process of preparation since early in June. It was the feeling of Mr, Trigg, of Mr, Spar row, and of Mr. Atwood that members of the federation, by virtue of their positions in their respective commit tees, should and would take a respons ible part in working out the terms of the code successfully. The second Paint Industries Show was held in the convention hall, and achieved even greater success than the initial show at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington last year, when seventeen exhibitors presented ' their products. There were thirty-one this year, and Clarence W. Clark, chairman of the committee,- reported advance bookings already for space at the 1934 meeting. The show was open from eight in the morning until nine at night on each of the three days and was well attended, especially on Saturday afternoon, when football games and the fair were offer ing competition. velop an importance beyond our fondest hopes. Secretary's Report George B. Heckel, secretary, in his report, showed a membership total of 390, compared with the same number a year ago and 749 two years ago. This year's figures by categories are slightly' changed, there being'now 765 club members, against 786 in 1932; .60 associate members, compared with 64 in 1932'; and 65 subscribing members, against 41 a year ago. Included in the latter class are fifteen foreign sub scribing members, a gain of two in the year. In speaking of the advisory com mittee's work tn its February meeting, the secretary stated that "the privilege of the trade papers of our industry were more closely defined and. greatly Thursday, October 26 Opening Session, Thursday Forenoon Long before the official rollcall and formal opening of the, convention at 9; 30 a. m. October 2-6, it was evident from the line at the registration desk and from the groups inspecting the Paint Industries Show that the attend* ance record for the federation would be broken. The total at Washington last year was 136, and `*j y noon of the first day in Chicago there were 230 registrations, this number going be yond 250 before the end; of the day. E. E. Sparrow, of the; Imperial Var nish & Color Works, Toronto, presid ent of the federation, welcomed the delegates and gave his annual address, in the course of which he predicted an increasing strength and growing sphere of usefulness for the federation and its constituent clubs. Mr, Spar row's address is as follows:-- Address of the President In commencing our twelfth annual con vention, 1 would have you know that I am proud to be here as your presiding officer. On behalf of the executives-and committees I welcome you to this annual gathering. This year, like those ' that have pre ceded, has been very successful. We have been successful in. more ways than one and you will learn of this as our of ficers and committee chairmen report this morning. Summing up the wortc accom plished, l can say that: at no time in our history have we been in a better position to accept greater responsibility and to be of real and vital use to our industry. Years ago when our by-laws were drafted some one inserted this clause in the objects ''The object of the Federation shall be the formation of an organization which could act in aJI matters pertaining to the technical work of the industry, and thuB be in an advisory capacity on these mat ters to the American Faint and Varnish Manufacturers' Association," you wul be glad to know that at least fifteen federation members were ap pointed to the committees of the American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers' Asso ciation this year. , Will Accept Responsibility To my mind, these appointments mark the beginning of a new era for our fedoration. As it Is true of an individual paint and varnish firm, so is It true of the associations organized within the in dustry--an efficient selling program is de pendent Oh the quality and quantity of production. The federation representing aa it- does those individuals directly re sponsible for production- must and will accept an ever-increasing responsibility within our industry. Next week in this hotel we believe will be brought about some drastic changes in the organization of the Amer ican Paint and Varnish Manufacturers' Association and the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association. IWe find our selves splendidly- organized to act in all matters pertaining to the technical work on production methods and to be avail able In an advisory capacity on these mat ters to the organisation that develops as a ?'^sult of next week's deliberations, .We are also not unmindful of the splendid opportunity of assisting this or ganization in the development of what ever code is eventually developed under the NRA. Our financial structure has been proven during the last several years to be thoroughly sound. You will recall, of oourse, that we are operating entirely as a separate organization and receive not one penny of financial assistance from outside our immediate ranks: To say the leafft, our present Income is extremely gratifying. tour advisory committee met in Phila delphia early this year and will again convene this evening. We have found that the advisory committee has a defi nite function in our organization and we strongly urge that at least two meet ings be held annually. You will have noticed that we have again been succesful in having copies of our convention papers available for dis tribution. This year, besides the copies distributed here, every member of the federation will be sent a copy after the convention. We are indebted to Dr. Gardner and George Priest, jr,, for this feature. ' Our Paint Industries Show held for. the first time last year proved such a suc cessful experiment that we tried a sec ond time. The fact that we did not have sufficient spaces available for all those desiring to exhibit gives you some idea of the success of this project. Third Day An Innovation An innovation this year Is our Sat urday morning session. Heretofore we have convened for two days only, but it was felt that there was not sufficient time for round table discussion of the more practical production problems. The plant managers' committee was in structed to take charge of this extra half day session and develop if possible the Idea so that it becomes an annual occurrence. Your executives are strong ly inclined towards thB thought that many of uor problems would be ben eficially introduced at this meeting and we request that you come prepared for a real two hours of round table discus sion. It is quite apparent that much of our activity has not been mentioned in this report I have purposely refrained from duplicating in any way the reports of our officers and committee chairmen. They are the ones who have actually done the work and each and every one pf them has contributed greatly to our suc cess. I wish to express to them my sin cere gratitude for their exceptionally loyal support and co-operation. Actually, I have only one message for you which, stated briefly, is this:-- By reason of much hard work in the past this federation has developed a prestige of which we may well be proud. By reason of much hard work on our part in the future, this federation will de- E. E. Sparrow The Presiding Officer liberalized in accord with their wishes to our mutual benefit, and the press has uniformly responded by advanc ing our interests in every practicable way." Mr. Heckel spoke of the advisory committee's endorsement of the New York club's resolution against the prac tice of certain raw material interests In furnishing technical data to dealers and others, and added that the Golden Gate Club had recently adopted a se ries of resolutions strongly deprecating similar activities of certain manufac turers of synthetic resins In the var nish and lacquer field. The secretary also declared that un der the new set-up of the paint, varnish and lacquer industry, the federation will have a definite and important place. Treasurer's Report Roy B. Anderson, of the Brooklyn Varnish Company, treasurer, reported an Increase of $400 in cash assets over 1932 and a generally healthy financial set-up. The convention is self-sup porting, he said, while the Paint In dustries Show had shown a small oper ating profit. Plant Manager's Report Francis C. Atwood, chairman of the pjant managers' committee, after giv ing- his report in the form in which he propoBed to present it to the conven tion of the American Faint and Var nish Manufacturers Association, intro duced Ernest T. Trigg, president of John Lucas & Co,, chairman of the Educational Bureau of the Paint and Varnish Industry and also chairman of the industry's special NBA code com mittee. Mr. Trigg explained briefly the set-up of the new association pro posed as successor to the two existing associations. He also elucidated vari ous sections of the code as it had been submitted in Washington. After Mr. Trigg's address, the federation conven tion voted approval of the text of Mr. Atwood's report. In this report, which is published as a part of the record of the manufactur- * ers convention elsewhere in this is sue of the Re p o r t e r , Mr. Atwood spoke of the composition of the federation, of its financial independence at this time, of the need for carefully restrict ing active membership to actual pro duction and technical men, of the Paint ,, Industries Show and Its success, and finally he dealt with the situation of the production and technical .men In the industry as it was being reshaped under NRA. Expressing regret that no represen tative of the federation had been ap pointed to a place on the industry's code committee, Mr. Atwood pointed out that the members are "in most cases responsible for carrying out those parts of the code of the industry having to do with labor. . . , Satisfac tory co-operation with labor is of ut most importance in the critical months ahead. The federation members by their close association with and control of the details of labor problems stand ready to keep clear the Paint Industry's record on this score," Calling attention to the sacrifices which federation members have made as individual employees in the last few years, Mr. Atwood expressed the hope that the average technician would not find himself "in the ranks of the For gotten Man"; and he scored the policy of certain raw material men who In "their zeal to get business may he offering information or services which will Jeopardize the production man's job. The manufacturer cannot afford to be without the services of compet ent technical and production men." Mr, Atwood concluded:-- If, as seems likely, a single compre hensive trade organization is deemed nec essary to meet the needs of NIRA, it would appear that the federation can function with increasing effectiveness. First, it can continue to care for the needs and rights of its members as in dividual technical men. Further, if. your manufacturers' organization loses its identity, the federation whose interests as manufacturers coincide with yours, stands ready, able, and willing to serve our com munity of interests. ~ E. T. Trigg's Address In his informal talk, Mr. Trigg im mediately emphasized the fact that, under the new set-up, the association would be pre-eminently a manufactur ers' organization, with which, he felt, every manufacturer in the country should insist on affiliating, There were far more problems to be faced than those indicated In the code of fair com petition, and he declared that, regard less of the code and its formal dura tion, the country was literally in for a new deal. New trails must be blazed to a greater industry, he said. Mr. Trigg quickly outlined the main topics of .the code for the paint, var nish, and lacquer manufacturing indus try, and he urged all to work hard In cooperation with the administration, to assure employment and increase pur chasing power. Many questions asked from the floor showed a vital concern with the over lapping possibilities of codes, as, for example, where a firm will find itself operating under both the paint and oil code. A number of the plant managers indicated intention of remaining over for the manufacturers' convention. Mr. Trigg was assured by Mr. Spar row that he and his code workers would have the utmost co-operation from the federation, which as an or ganization would assume full responsi bility for new tasks given its members to do under the new deal. An enthusi astic vote of thanks was given to Mr. Trigg. ' The rest of the morning was devoted to brief situation reports by represen tatives of constituents clubs and to committee reports. Report on Memorials Mr. Heckel read the report of W. P. Werner, chairman of the memorials committee, calling for commemora tive resolutions for the following:-- Robert Erskine, of the John T. Lewis & Bros, Company, member of the Phila delphia club. i F. H. Morris, of the Pierce Sc Stevens Company, member of the Western New York club. Ro b s Innes; former president of the Toronto club and superintendent of the Flint Paint & Varnish Company. OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, /933 53 Report on Dry Colors A. E. Staudennan,. chairman of the dry color committee composed of S. Boniiie, E, W. Fasig, A, F. Brown* F. F. Ingalls and 1*. M, Larson* sub mitted a follow-up on last , year's re port which called for adoption of standard specification. This year'B report is as follows:-- Two years ago the dry color committee of the Federation concerned Itself with the preparation of a standard method for the testing of dry color shipments* that could be used by both producer and con . sumer to their mutual advantage. The objectives set at that time were as follows:-- 1. To prepare a stadard method that would be practical, definite and accurate. 2. To present such a method to the en tire paint Industry through the local clubs of the Federation and to the dry- color industry through Its association, in viting criticism and Suggestions. 3. If proposed method is found to be ac ceptable to the paint Industry* to present it In the form of a specification at a Fed eration meeting requesting Its adoption. 4. To endeavor to secure its adoption by the dry-color Industry. 6. To propose the method, if adopted, to the A, S. T. M. for their consideration. The progress made by the committee has been as follows:-- 1. A standard method for the testing of dry-color shipments was drawn up and presented to the paint and dry-color in dustries* and found acceptable. 2. Proposed specification present to and adopted by the Federation at the 1932 Washington Convention. 3. Adoption of the specification by the dry-color association followed Immedi ately. 4. Federation specification given wide publicity In all trade magazines, both here and abroad. 5. Observations made during the first ' year of the specification have indicated that method Is iti general use by both maker and consumer. 6. A few recommendations for elabora tion of certain details have been received from the trade. These suggestions will be considered. ____ 7. Subcommittee VIII of committee D-l, A. S, T, M., now have the Federation specification under consideration. We un derstand that that committee will pro- t pose our method for adoption, excepting that portion referring to white pigments. There is a tentative method of test for tinting strength of white pigments, D-31 T, now In their files. It Is the de sire of this dry-color committee, however, to work with the A. S. T. M. to avoid the possibility of two large organizations rec ommending different methods of testing pigments. , \ Report on Golf Trophy .1 Mr. Heckel also submitted a report j for the Toronto golf trophy cotnmit| tee, showing that the Northwestern I club takes the cup from Toronto, I competition having been resumed I this year. The club members are I Sorensen, Macmahon, Monran, Hough, ^ Jr., Hardcastle, and Johnson. Their j total was 597; Sorensen had low gross 4 of as. Report on Exposure Test The exposure test committee was c.composed of V. Bfdlack, chairman, J. A. Frederickson, F. G. Oswald, C. Rose, F. C. Schmutz and S. Werthan. Ita report follows: This committee was appointed by your president to carry out the Plant Man agers' recommendations, accepted by the `1 Federation last November, that the code developed by the New York Club for designating and evaluating exposure tests on paint, varnish and lacquer coatings be put in a form suitable to serve as the official code of the Federation. The committee has limited its activities to' the designation and evaluation of failures without attempting to expand the code to include methods for making exposures. Since certain information de- . scribing an exposure test is necessary for an intelligent consideration of the results, such information is called for as part of the code. Since an official code should be applica ble to the evaluation of all types of finish ing materials, the designations of failures have been made sufficiently general to be applicable to all cases such aa, exterior house paints, metal protective paints, enamels, lacquers, varnishes interior finishes, water paints, etc. Due to the 1 scope of the work and the limited time available, it was realized that It would not be. possible to complete the entire code this year. For this reason the terms considered were limited to those necessary for the evaluation of exterior : house paints. It is the committee's intentlon to expand on these so that the code eventually include all terms nec iessary for evaluating exposures of the various types of finishing material. The original code of the New York Club hag been followed ouite closely. In certain eases It may be necessary to make a special note of other types of failures, as washing, wrinkling, etc. Usage will dis close what expansion will foe desirable. In arriving at methods and terms for expressing degrees of failure !t was re alized that any scale suitable for general use must serve those interested only in pronounced changes as well as those ln- , tereated In the more minute trends. Since two systems (descriptive words and> nu merical ratings) are in common use and . both possess merit, both system are in- t eluded in the code. The evaluation of a failure can be baeed on the original condition of the coating or expressed In terms of a fixed r get of standards. In grading the color J of a white paint. Its original color or 13 pure white can be used as the base for comparison. In evaluating gloss the or a Iginal gloss of the coating or a perfect m gloss surface can he considered the stand ard. Similarly, the evaluation of other properties can be based on the original coating or on Independent standards. The need of suitable comparison methods and accurate standards Is quite evident, es pecially If independent scales of com parison are to be used. Methods and standards for certain properties are avail able. There are the MunseU color stand ards which may toe used to define the color and brightness of any surface. A small, simple, circular scale covering brightnesses from white to black is avail able for evaluating the color of white surfaces. Last year the Detroit Club proposed a method and standards for measuring gloss. The committee favors the use of fixed scales and the adoption of standards for grading the various failures as rapidly as reliable practical standards become available. Because of the increased use of graphi cal methods for recording failures and the advantages of a standard form for the presentation of data such a form George B. Heckel Re-elected Secretary has been Included as part of the code. It has been the aim of the committee to make the form suitable for general usage, within any one organization as well as between different laboratories. Space is provided on the record form for Information which is frequently consi dered confidential- On the other hand, to assure the presentation In any report for publication of sufficient exposure in formation to permit intelligent interpre tation of results, the Items of Information that must be included are deflnletly desig nated in the code. Since the merits and weaknesses of any code are revealed through usage, it Is recommended that the code toe adopted tentatively as the Official Code of the Federation and that it be used in all papers presented before or by the Fede ration or its constituent clubs. The use of the code during the coming year will reveal desirable additions and modifica tions, which should permit Its .final adoptlon as the official code at our next annual convention. Official Code of the Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs for Designating and Evaluating Exposure Tests on Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Coatings This code consists of four parts, that is, a description of the test, methods for designating the degree of failure, defini tions of the various types of failures and a form for recording the data. Description of the Test For the Intelligent consideration of ex posure tests, it la necessary that certain descriptive data covering the preparation of the test surfaces, the application of the paints and the nature and conditions of the exposures be available. The Exposure Record form provides for such informa tion, together with formulation and other data. The following Information should be Included in a report of exposure tests. (1) Date and length of exposure. (2) Location of exposure. Designate both the geographic location and the at mospheric conditions. (3) Type of Exposure. Designate whether a single board, a panel, a build ing, etc, (4.) Direction of exposure, Designate whether facing North, South, etc., and the angle, (5) Material painted. A detailed designation of the kind of material, such as Edge grain white pine, black sheet iron, etc. (6) Condition and preparation of sur face, Designate whether new or pre viously painted surface and treatment, such as burning, shellacking of knots, wire brushing, etc, (7) Protection of back of surface, (8) Application and reduction of paint and drying conditions. Designate meth od of application (brush, spray, etc.) number of coats, the reduction for the various coats, application date of each coat, and weather conditions during application and drying periods. Designation of Degree of Failure The designation of degrees of failure is limited to two systems--(1) a descrip tive term system, and (2) a numerical rating system. The values given under one system are interpretable in terms of the other. (1) Descriptive term system. Five de grees are given. To properly designate these degrees for all types of failure spectral characteristics (color) from that two sets of forms are necessary. For of the original surface. two sets of terms are conceivable. This comparison includes changes, in For appearance, color and gloss:-- addition to fading, due to yellowing, Perfect* good, intermediate, poor and darkening, mottling, dirt collection, mould poorest degree conceivable. growth* etc. If the change Is specifically For film failures:--Absence of failure, slight failure, Intermediate failure* bad failure and complete failure, (2) Numerical system. A scale read ing from 10 to 0 Is used in this system. Ten. indicates perfection or absence of the failure, while zero represents the poorest degree conceivable or complete failure. The correlation of the two scales is:-- Ten, perfect or absence of failure; nine, eight, seven, good or slight failure; six, five, four, intermediate or Intermediate failure; three, two, one, poor or bad failure; zero, poorest degree conceivable or complete failure. due fro one or more of these factors the cause or causes should be recorded. Gloss is the property that makes pos sible a description as mlrror-llke, fiat or some Intermediate degree of lustre. The determination should be made without any preliminary washing, polishing or other modification of the surface. Chalking is manifested by the presence of a loose powder, evolved from the film itself, at or just beneath the surface. Chalking is manifested by the presence of a loose powder, evolved from the film itself, at or just beneath the surface. Checking is manifested by break9 In the film, which do not extend entirely through the finish under consideration. Usually Pamt Failures evaluation of this failure may be limited to what can be seen by the unaided eye. An observer approaching a painted sur In cases of special precision it is recom face will be impressed by its moat ap mended that the-microscope at ten magni parent properties before hts inspections fications .be used to detect and evaluate become detailed. His first impression will signify to him the general appearance of the panel. incipient cheeking. In such cases the designation of checking should toe pre fixed by the term '`microscopic," General appearance is the complete im Cracking la manifested by breaks ex pression conveyed when the painted sur face is viewed at a distance of not less than ten feet before any detailed in tending through the finish under con sideration. : In cases where it is difficult to deter spection has been made and is measured mine whether the breaks actually extend purely in terms of satisfactory or un through the finish, it Is recommended that satisfactory appeal to the observer. the microscope be used to differentiate Terms applicable to the detailed In ' between checks and cracks. spection and ratings of painted surfaces Flaking Is the detachment of small follow:-- . pieces of film without exposing the sur Color (white surfaces) is the designa tion of a comparison of the whiteness face to which the finish under considera tion was applied. of the surface under consideration with that of an Ideal white surface. Blistering is manifested by the detach ing and raising of unbroken areas of the This comparison includes changes due to yellowing, darkening, mottling, dirt collection, mould growth, etc. If the change is specifically due to one or more finish from the underlying surface. Peeling is manifested, by a pulling away or falling away of large areas of film from the surface to which the finish under of these factors, the cause or causes consideration was applied. should be recorded. The loosened portions of film may or Color {other than white surfaces) is may not be entirely detached from the the designation of the change in the main body of the coating. Second Session, Thursday Afternoon The only business transacted on the first afternoon was the r&port of the nominating committee and the unani mous election of the slate as presented. The committee was composed of all past presidents In attendance, who met at lunch. James E. Kortum* who pre ceded Mr. Sparrow, read the report. J. F. McMenamin, as chairman of the program committee, took the chair during the presentation of the original papers and conducted the discussions following the reading of each. Baltimore Clnb Paper The first paper on the afternoon program was that 'of the Baltimore Paint and Varnish Production Club, It was presented by George Sutherland as follows:-- Buhrstone Mill Dressing Now that buhrstone mills have been largely replaced In the flour and teed in dustry by other typos of equipment, skilled stone dressers are no longer available for this work. In the paint industry, the hand pick has largely been discarded for the carborundum wiieol operated by a flexible shaft driven by an electric mo tor. This shaft travels at a high rate of speed and It Is, therefore, difficult to dress out the cracks to an even depth and with sharp edges. These considera tions led the Baltimore Paint and Var nish Production Club to develop a device for use with the flexible shaft machine with which a better dress could be ob tained even with comparatively Inex perienced operators. This device is Il lustrated in the latter part of this paper, and a model is on exhibition in the Balti more production ctub's booth at the Paint Industries Show. Before proceeding to a description of this device we feel that some discussion of the principles of mill dressing Is In order. At the Atlantic City meeting of the federation, in 1927, Mr. Sparrow pre sented a paper for the Toronto club cov ering admirably some aspects of mill grinding, "We refer you to his paper covering the subject of increase in speed of rotation of the mill, increase in num ber of drifts, and tension between the stones. The flat or so-called "buhrstone0 mill consists of two flat circular stones, mounted one over the other. The top stone has a circular opening in the center called the eye, through which material of rotation of the lower stone is clock wise, ; In order that maximum grinding sur face be obtained the two stones must be absolutely plane. Due to unequal wear in service, high: spots develop which must be dressed out before proceeding to re dress the cracks and furrows. No really adequate method has been developed. The usual practice is to rub a straight edge, smeared with Prussian blue In oil, over the surface. The high spots are dressed down with a hand pick or wide grinding wheel and the process repeated until no more high spots appear. The use of the circular grinding wheel, however, tends to gouge out depressions. We have found the' use of the cup wheel with the fiat side held against the stone to be useful in preventing this. We believe that this problem Is worthy of further study and are still engaged in the development of a suitable tool for this work, on which we hope to report at a later meeting. To feed the paste out between the stones a number of wedge-shaped grooves called furrows are cut in the surface of the stone. The deep side of the furrow, AC In Figure 2, is' tangent to a small circle called the crack, the center of which Is the center of the stone. A in Figure 2 is the deep point in the furrow. Edges BD.and CD are' In the plane of the surface of the stone. Both stones are dressed in the same way. When the top stone is1 Inverted over the bottom, the furrows cross at an angle dependent on the di ameter of the draft circle for reasons which will be explained later. Aa the lower stone rotates, the edge BD passes over the deep edge AC on the upper stone and moves out1 to the edge BD. In doing so, the paste In the furrows is rolled over, mixed and some of it forced out into the surface of the stone. is fed Into the stones. This stone Is fastened to the mill frame and does not rotate. The lower stone usually rests on a rocker or sort of universal joint mounted-on a vertical shaft. This shaft can he raised toy means of a lighter bar and thus the lower stone brought into contact with the upper. The direction Influence of Furrow Depth There is considerable difference in the practice of dressing furrows. In some factories the edges AC and BD are paral lel, In some cases the furrows are made triangular, that is, would be represented by ABC. There is considerable difference in opinion on the width of the furrows. Some contend that these should be 2 Inches wide for 20-inch, 26-inch and 30-tnch stones; Some that they should be 1^4 inches wide for the 20-inch and wider for atones of larger diameter. We be lieve that for a 20-lnch stone the furrow should be lU inches wide at AB and % inch at CD; for 30-lnch stones, 2^4 inches wide at AB and 1^4 inches at CD. The wider furrows take up too much Bpace which should be given fo cracks. A far more Important question Is how far the furrows should be dressed out to within 1 to 1% Inches , of the outside edge of the stone. Our belief Is that this distance should not be less than 2% inches for the 20-lnch stone and, still further for stones of larger diameter, where the increased length of the furrows and their increased . 54 November 16, 1933- OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER ' number give sufficient feed- to the cracks, ' The depth of the furrow at A depends on the consistency of the pastes the depth may be % inch hut for thinner mixes should be shallower. In fact, in some factories on those mills intended for grind ing thin enamel mixes, the furrows on the bottom stone are omitted entirely and those on the top stone are not over % inch deep. The contention is that no mixing and rolling action is performed in the furrows since the mix is too thin and that deeper furrows and furrows on the lower stone serve to pocket material which remains unground at the end of the operation. We believe this conten tion to be correct. We now come to consideration of the effect that varying the number of fur rows has on output and fineness of grind. As mentioned above, the furrows are cut with the deep edge AC tangent to the draft circle, The cracks' are cut parallel to this In the sector preceding it. (See Figure 1.) Since both stones are dressed exactly the same and, the top stone In verted over the bottom the cracks pass over one another at an angle, A hit of paste caught between two cracks Is sheared and at the same time pushed to ward the outside of the stone. Let us oon- sider figure 1, in which there are six fur rows and six sectors of parallel cracks and In which the draft circle is 3 Inches. Let us consider the point at which the first crack in a sector of the bottom atone crosses the first crack in a sector of the upper stone. The point of intersection of these two cracks moves to the outside edge as the lower stone rotates in a little less than 1/6 of a rotation In the case of figure 1, In the case of figure 2 the inter section point of these same two cracks moves to the outside edge In 1/9 of a rotation. In the case of figure 3 the point of intersection moves to the outside edge in about 1/8 of a rotation, If this were the only consideration governing output, a mill dressed as in figure 2 would deliver more paste. We must, however, consider the angle at which the cracks Intersect. It seems to us that the more obtuse the angle of intersection the larger the bit of paste caught between the intersecting cracks and pushed toward the outside edge, In figure 1 the first crack in a sector of lower stone crosses the first crack in a sector of the upper stone at the inside edge of the stone at an angle of 130. As the lower stone rotates and the point of intersection of these cracks moves toward the outside edge of the stone this angle diminishes, becoming 62 at the outside fore, there will be little difference In out put from this factor. Fineness of,Grind What factors in mill dressing affect fineness of grind? iWe believe these to be, length of shear between the cracks from the point at which the paste leaves the farrow until It arrives at the outside edge of the stone, the angle of intersection of the cracks and to lesser extent the length of time the paste Is between the stones, that is, the time elapsing from leaving the furrow until it reaches the outside edge. It is because of the first and third factors that we recommend not cutting the fur rows so close to the outside edge of the stone. If a bit of paste caught between two intersecting cracks was sheared con stantly between the same two cracks as it moved to the outside edge of the stone the length of , time In the mill would be of little consequence. This is not strictly true as, in part. It Is pushed out onto the "land" between the cracks, where it is subjected to a squeezing action but Is not forced out toward the outer edge. The most important factor In determin ing the fineness of grind, we feel, is the angle of Intersection of the cracks. The more acute this angle the greater the shear. We might liken this to an attempt to cut a piece of cloth with a pair of scissors held open at a wide angle as com pared with, the result obtained when the scissors are almost closed. Should the cracks be dressed out to the edge of the stone or a "skirt'' be provided and. If so, how wide should it be? If a "skirt" is left It will cut down output, since there are no Intersecting cracks to force material toward the outside, The wider this is the slower the output. For this enamel mixes, especially carbon btack and Chinese blue, this should be about % inch, wide. In no case do we believe the cracks should be cut to the edge in their full depth since unground material would tend to run out the ends of the cracks. Mr. Sparrow has pointed out that the cracks should not be so narrow as to im pede the corkscrew motion that occurs In them. The edges should be sharp, so that a sharp cutting action is obtained. The practice of dressing out the cracks deeper than formerly to avoid frequent redressing Is, in our opinion, poor practice, since they then become pockets for unground material. edge. As the lower stone rotates the angle of the intersection of the first crack of the lower stone'-at the inside edge becomes less at each successive crack of the upper stone until at the last crack of the sector of the upper stone It becomes S2<\ As the lower stone rotates further, this point of intersection moves to the outside edge also with diminishing angle, approaching 42 at the extreme outside edge of the stone. As the lower stone continues to rotate and the last crack of the lower stone intersects the last crack of the upper stone the Inters secting angle at the inside edge becomes 439 and as this intersection point moves to the outer edge the angle diminishes, approaching 22 at the outer edge. For convenience we have tabulated these angles for the four diagrams as below, Stone-Edge Dressing One other practice In mill dressing which we have not mentioned Is to dress out the Inside edge of the stone to a bevel. This is sometimes called the bosom. The idea of this Is to help to feed material out between the stones. We agree that some bosom is necessary, but hardly two inches, as Is recommended by some stone manu facturers, On figures 1, 2 and 3 we show a bosom of % Inch, which we feel is ample for this size stone. ' Formerly, when mills were dressed with hand picks it was usually the practice to roughen up the land between, the cracks, but since the use of the grinding wheel .this has largely been neglected, with the result that the land soon wears smooth. If It is deemed desirable to have this land roughened, the use of the sand blast or of a blast of coarse carborundum might be used to accomplish this, Angle of Cracks ,--20" mill--, Fig. 1. Angle at Jna-ide edge 2at crack lower stone and 1st crack upper atone ....................... .................................. . f ............. ........... 130 Angle at outside edge let crack lower stone and let crack upper stone ............................................................ ................ ...................... 62* Angle at Inside edge 1st crack lower stone and last crack upper stone ................................................................................................................ 8S* Angie at outside edge 1st crack lower stone and last crack unoer stone .............................................................................................................. . , 42" Angle at Inside edge last crack lower stone and last crack upper- stone .................................................................................................................. ! 43*1 Angle at outside edge last crack lower stone and last crack upper Fig. 2. 80 42* 62 84# 43* stone ....................... .............................................................................................` 22'* 29* ,--30" mm)--, Fig. 8. Fig, 4. 08* 92* 40* 42* 82* 86' 42* 80* 65* n* 35* 36* Comparing figure I with 6 sectors and 3-Inch draft circle with figure 3 with 5lnch draft circle the speed at which Inter secting point In figure 1 moves to the out side is a little less than 1/6 of a rotation period of the stone, whereas In figure 3 the intersecting point moves over this same path in 1/3 of a rotation period of the stone. However, in figure 1 the angle, at the start, is greater, although it dimin ishes more rapidly than in figure 3. Just how this latter factor Influences output we are not in a position to say, as we have no experimental evidence in support of these theories. We are Inclined to believe that a mill dressed as In figure 3 will have increased output. An Interesting field of Investigation is opened up which, we In tend to pursue during the coming year. There Is one other factor which must be considered as governing output. Mr. Spar row has shown, supported by experimental evidence, that the output of a mill was increased threefold by doubling the num ber of drifts. This can.easily be under stood, Inasmuch as the; total length of intersecting cracks has been very mate rially increased. A study of the total length of Intersecting cracks and number of intersecting points Indicates little dif ference in figures 1, 2 and 3 and, there The comparisons of output and fineness of grind in figures 1, 2 and 3 were all for 20-inch atones. We will now compare the results obtained from a 20-Inch mill dt-eased- as In figure 2 and with a 30-lnch stone dressed as in figure 4. On 30-inch stones the practice is to increase the num ber of furrows (and sectors), the usual number being eleven to twelve. In figure 4 this number has been Increased to four teen, and the draft circle diameter in creased, to 8 Inches. If we. assume that the correct speed for the 20-inch mill dressed as in figure 2, for a given mate rial, is 60 R,F,M., the speed of a 30-inch milt have the same peripheral speed and. therefore, having the same tendency to "throw," would be 33 R.P.M, In figure 3 in which we found the In tersecting point occupied 1/8 of a rotation period to travel to the outside edge, this time interval on a mill running 60 R.P.M. would be 0,16 second. On figure 4, In which the Intersecting point occupied 1/7 of a rotation period, this time interval on a mill running 33 R.P.iM. would be 0.26 second. Since by referring to the table of angles the angles for figures 3 and 4 correspond fairly closely we should ex pect poorer output from figure 4 than fig ure 3 from these two factors. However, the number of points of Intersection of Discussion cracks in figure 3 Is 1,060 and In figure 4 Is 2,150, Therefore, we should expect a little over twice as great an output from figure 4 as from figure 3 from this factor. Balancing this increased output from the greater number of intersecting points against the decreased speed at which the Intersection point moves from the inside to the outside edge, we believe figure 4 will give somewhat better output. Since the material is sheared over a longer crack, material from figure 4 will be finer ground, It has been proposed that the unde* sired thickening of paint or enamels known as liverlng consist <a) of a soap formation characterized by greatly In creased viscosity and possibly accom panied by the preclptatlon or coalescence of an Insoluble phase, and/or (b) a condi tion of increased consistency caused by changed wetting relations between pig ment and vehicle due to chemical action of smaller degree and generally accom panied by Increased plasticity. In general it has been considered that Influencing Factors the soap formation la more apt to occur In To summarize our conclusions the chief factors affecting output of a mill are number of sectors (and burrows), angle at which cracks intersect, number of In tersection points of cracks (this latter Is dependent on. the number of cracks and their length), and as found by Mr. Spar row the speed of rotation of the mill. The chief factors affecting fineness of grind are the angle at which the cracks Intersect and the length of cracks over which the paste is sheared. Increase In the number of sectors, decreases angle at which cracks Intersect .which can be com pensated for by Increase-In diameter of draft circle. Furrows should not bo cut out too close to the outside edge of the stone. We regret we have no experimental evi dence in support of the above wholly mathematical considerations, but our orig inal purpose was to develop a device to varnishes of higher acid number and the changed wetting relations in varnishes of lower acid number and thus less desirable wetting characteristics. Reference must be made to the work of p. E. Marling (1) who found much greater thickening with zinc oxide-oil mixtures containing bodied oils and poly merized and oxidized fatty acids than with mixtures in which the acidity was due' to the addition of free fatty adds. In either case some soap formation was possible and It might be considered that the zinc soaps of the oxidized and poly merized fatty acids were comparatively Insoluble, or that the polymerized and oxidized oils showed more of a tendency to coalescence due to Instability in their - colloidal nature. This article suggested that the degree of thickening was pro portional to the molecular weight of the treated oil. *< ' ) improve mill dressing. We do intend to R. V. Williamson (2) found that the do some work on this problem in the consistency of spatula mixed llthopone ji coming year and we hope that some of and zinc oxide-linseed oil pastes was de* our readers may be sufficiently interested to conduct some work of their own. Buhrstone Dressing Device To proceed to a description of our device for dressing mill stones, as men tioned above, the flexible shaft grinding machine is in general use in paint fac tories for dressing mill stones and it seemed desirable to try to use this equip ment with our device. At first a jig which could be clamped to the stone and the wheel guided by hand along slots was thought adequate, but' was later aban doned for our present device shown In figure 6, In which the wheel la held rigidly In place and forced the length of the crack by means of feed wheel A. To briefly describe the operation of the machine,-the stone is placed on turntable H and leveled up by means of leveling screws D. The stone is rotated until the ' first crack in a sector Is parallel to the line of travel of the grinding wheel oper ated by worm driven by feed wheel A. The groove spacing wheel B is then oper ated to bring the wheel directly over the first crack fn the sector to which it is parallel. The groove depth control wheel C Is then operated to bring the outer edge of the grinding wheel in the plane of the stone and Is then turned down sufficiently to provide the desired depth Of crack. The hinge pin E provides the necessary play to accomplish this. The head is held In place by means of head swivel clamp G. The dressing is best done by withdrawing the grinding wheel holder to the Inner edge of the stone and dress ing outward to the skirt if one IS to be provided. The groove wheel B Is then operated to bring the grinding wheel over the next crack in the sector. When all the cracks in a sector are dressed out the stone must be turned on the turntable to bring the cracks in the next sector parallel to the direction of travel of the grinding wheel. The operation is then repeated as above. Care must be taken to measure the diameter of the grinding wheel frequently and compensate for the loss through wear by turning down the groove depth control wheel C, the required amount, We feel that this machine will give parallel straight cracks of even depth and the time necessary to dress out a stone will be reduced. Several models Illustrating some of the points mentioned In this paper will be on exhibition In the booth of the Baltimore club. Chicago Club Paper K. J. Keating presented the paper prepared by the Chicago club. It was as follows: -- A Study of Liveririg and Its Pre vention by the Use of Catalysts This work consists of a general discus sion of theories of liverlng, a description of the manufacture of eight representa tive varnishes and a study of their ac tivity with zinc oxide and llthopone, The possibility of preventing the thickening by the use of small percentages of acid material is considered. In general, the results are Inconclusive, although the liverlng is definitely retarded by some of the acids. pendent upon two opposing tendencies-- degree of wetting and soap content. In crease in degree of wetting accompanied 'increasing acid number and gave the pastes a thinner consistency, whereas higher soap content increased the con sistency. The increase in wetting power reached a maximum at an add number of 6-6 and further Increase In acid num ber did not thin the paste, on the con trary, excessive soap formation began at this point and further increase In acid number yielded considerably stlffer pastes. . With, similar pastes ground in a buhrstone *v mil! he states the degree of wetting jdid not appreciably affect the consistency of the paste, because the energy supplied by grinding was sufficient to wet the pig ment. (This scarcely agrees with prac tical observations.) He states that the consistency of these pastes also Increases with increasing acid number, due to soap formation. It Is well known that fused soaps man ufactured in the varnish kettle are only soluble in the presence of free fatty or resin acids, whereas soaps of the same metal and acid manufactured by precipi tation show much greater solubility. It seems possible that soap formation in an enamel Is somewhat similar to soap for- mation in the varnish kettle in that the presence of fatty acids is necessary to maintain solubility of the soaps formed and prevent their precipitation. This would account for the fact that gloss oils will show thickening upon the addition of zinc i oxide or lead pigments, presumably ac* companled by the neutralization of some of the fatty acids, and that these livers wilt dissolve upon the addition of addi tional rosin or linseed fatty acids. Such thickening, however, will then recur in the future if the addition of fatty acids In Insufficient, presumably due to the ex haustion of the added fatty acids by neu- trallzation. In discussing a somewhat similar case of precipitation of soaps, l.e., the pre cipitate formed by overlimed gloss oils upon standing, W. T, Pearce (3) holds that the soap consists of colloidally dta- persed complex molecules of the calcium salt of abletlc acid combined with abletlc acid; these give a precipitate of a gal character upon coalescence. The presence of a sufficient amount of free fatty or abletlc acid will prevent such precipita-; tion. Such a precipitate must not be i confused with the precipitate of abletlc i acid sometimes thrown out by insuffl- ; ciently limed gloss oils. The appearance- of greatly increased viscosity which characterizes livering Is also characteristic of a number of familiar cases of precipitation of gels,. thus, the high viscosity of nitrocellulose or alkyd resin solutions upon the addition of suf ficient mineral spirits to cause preetpi* tation. In studying the process of gelation, E W. ,T. Mardles (4) using cellulose acetate in benzyl alcohol, distinguishes three; stages in the process; 1. Coalescence of fine to large par- i tides; 2. Aggregation of these particles Into clusters; 3. The linking of clusters to form 8 rigid jelly. The second stage is characterized by the development of high viscosity, and third stage Is presumably of plastic char acter. OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 55 The formation .of.-aggregates may be noted in the case of highly cooked china wood oil varnishes which tends to thicken upon standing. Prior to recent develop ments, oxidized oils which were thinned with mineral-spirits past a certain point would show a tendency to precipitate, but the development of any. increase in vis cosity Just prior to precipitation has never, been noted- However, it has been noted that when these overthinned oxidised oils were used as the vehicles of highly pig mented paJnts, i.e., flat wall paints, the precipitation was marked by an appear ance similar to that of a itvered paint, although the pigments were perfectly neutral. In determining the amount of soap formation in livered enamels, Wolff (5) found that the percentage of soap formed was very small. This would be inferred by noting the decrease in acid number of the oil of Marllng's zinc oxide-linseed oil pastes. Wolff and 33. Karsten (6) offer the hypothesis that the livering is caused by the neutralization of opposite electrical charges carried by the pigment and the oil. Wolff further states that the addi tion of zinc soaps to enamels does not 1 cause livering. A phenomenon similar to livering of enamels will occur when copper or alum inum bronze powder Is permitted to stand In a nitrocellulose lacquer, Bogin, Kelly and Maroney (7) found that this thicken ing or gelling could be prevented by the addition of less than one. percent of cer tain acids, for Instance, boric, citric or tartaric. , McBurney and Nollan (8) state that the livering of enamels and nitrocellulose lacquers may be prevented by the addition of certain acids, the most effective for lacquers being those having a primary dissociation constant of 2.0 to 4,7 and for enamels those having a primary dissocia tion constant of 1,0 to 3.4. Procedure The committee prepared eight varnishes, the first four to represent varnishes of rather high acid numbers, the second four to be representative of low acid number varnishes. (See table 1.) These were cooked to a predetermined formula and an attempt was made to so body the oil as to obtain "H1' viscosity (Gardner-Holdt scale) with the specified amount of thin ner. The viscosities actually obtained va ried from ``G" to 'T\ The first six var nishes were prepared in standard varnish kettles, the last two In a ten-gallon lab/ oratory kettle. Varnishes A, B, C and I> Increased considerably In viscosity upon standing for eight months. All enamels were ground from fresh batches of var nish. The "four-hour resin" used was the medium grade of modified phenol for maldehyde customarily used in four-hour varnishes. Because the committee did not desire to reflect credit or discredit upon competitive materials, several brands were weighted out Into similar containers and \ these shuffled until the identity of the resin was lost. Table 1 Formulae of Varnishes Varnish "A" 100 lba. 5% limed rosin. 5 lbs, fused lead resinate. 8 02. cobalt linoleate 40 gals, china wood oil, 5 gals, kettle bleaehed linseed, j 80 gals. 48* Be petroleum thinner, f Body oil and rosin at 560* to heavy string, cheek with linseed, hold at 480* and stir in driers, thin at 400*. ; Vsmish "B" ` 100 lbs. limed rosin, . 5 lbs. fused lead resinate. ' 8 oz, cobalt linoleate.5%. . ' 30 gals, china wood oil. s gals, kettle bleached linseed. 60 gats. 48* Be petroleum thinner, Body oil and rosin at 560* to heavy string, check with linseed, hold 480" and stir in driers, thin at 400*. Varnish "C" 100 lbs, 5 % limed rosin. 5 lbs. fused lead resinate. 4 oz. cobalt linoleate 5%. 18 gals, china wood oil. 2 gals, kettle bleached linseed. 36 gals. 48* Be petroleum thinner. Body wood oil and 5 0 pounds rosin at 560s', check with remainder of rosin crushed and linseed, hold at 480" and stir In driers, thin at 400", Varnish "I>" 90 lbs. clear amber congo. 10 lbs. 5% limed rosin. 5 lbs. fused lead resinate. 4 oz. cobalt linoleate 5%. 18 gals, chinawood oil. 2 gals, kettle bleached linseed. 24 gals, 48* Be petroleum thinner, 12 gals, turpentine. Fuse Congo at 625", add wood oil heated to 350" with roein, body at 560", check with linseed and hose, hold at 480* and itlr in driers, thin at 400*. Varnish "B" 100 lbs. four-hour resin. 5 lbs. fused lead resinate. 4 02. cobalt linoleate 5%. 30 gals, chinawood oil. 5 gals, kettle bleached linseed. 64 gals. 48* Be petroleum thinner. Bodv resin and wood oil at 560", check X kith linseed, hold at 480% and stir in ] Jriers, thin at 400. Varnish 130 lbs. four-hour resin. 6 lbs. fused lead resinate. 4 oz. cobalt linoleate. 20 gals, chinawood oil. 5 gals, kettle bleached linseed. <8 gals. 48* Be petroleum thinner. Cook same as Yarnlsh "G" 190 lbs, ester gum, acid No. 6. 5 lbs. fused lead resinate. 4 oz, cobalt linoleate. SO gals, chinawood oil, 5 gals, kettle bleached linseed. 56 gals. 48* Be petroleum thinner, Cook same aa f,E'\ Tarnish "H" 100 lbs. ester gum, acid No. 6. B lbs. fused lead resinate. 4 oz. cobalt linoleate. 85 gals, chinawood oil. 5 gals, kettle bleached linseed. 16 gals. 48* Be petroleum thinner. Cook same as r,E", except that 40 pounds ester .gum are held out of the kettle and added with the check oil. Fused lead Resinate 100 lbs, rosin 40 lbs. lead acetate. Kettle Bleached Linseed A good grade of varnish oil run one hour at 680- F. The other materials used were of stand ard quality. The cobalt linoleate used was of soft consistency and reported to contain slightly over 5 percent of me tallic cobalt. All of the varnishes showed desirable properties with regard to gloss, drying, freedom from ga3 checking, etc. It was felt that the percentage com position of the varnishes would be of Figure 4 ` Aflerna of VarniBh "B" + 3 Lbs. ZnO* Per Gallon 1 day. 8 days. ' 7 days. No. 1 blank............................................ .... . 250 300 400 (3 lba. ZnO Per gal.) No. 2 blank..................................................... . t-. (4 lbB. ZnO per gal.) 3 lba. ZnO per gal. + 3.2% benzoic ... , 6. % rosin ......... . . 1.2% salicylic ., .6% citric........ , .6% oxalic ___ ,. . 0% maleic ... . .8% succinic .,,. .0% tartaric .... .6% boric ..... (ground in) .6% phthalic .... (dissolved by heat) .6% phthalic . ,. (dissolved In BuOH) .6% phthalic . t.. t.. t-. 445 f.. 600 465 200 250 315 300 600 t.. 290 205 t.. f.. t'- 320 225 French process, f Livered. 14 days. 600 400 Table 2 Percentage Composition of Varnishes With Acid Number and Viscosity . 4.1 Acid number............................. Viscosity ................................... B 13.0 30.5 6.2 ' .0 .065 50.7 16.9 H C 20.2 28,3 3.2 1.0 .05 47.8 23.8 H D 20.0 28.0 8.2 1.0 .05 48A 8.9 I B 12.5 29.6 5.0 .6 .03 52.4 7.0 H F 16.3 25.5 6.5 .8 .04 50.9 T.4 H G 18.0 30.4 6.2 .0 .03 50.8 3.8 H H 15.3 29,3 6-0 .04 48.0 3.8 H Table 3 Varnish ................... Polar Solvent Addition Test BCD E Original viscosity................ or 82 90 110 viscosity after addition,.,., v,-v, ........................................ 58 49- 40 104 29 33 41 15 Vr-^a.......................................... Vx-V* Vi x acid number................... .402 .0238 .404 .0170 .455 .0511 .,126 .0180 Gardner Alkali Addition Test Viscosity before addition... ., 98 Viscosity after addition.... .. 180 Percent Increase................ 114 144 27% 124 IBS 26% 120 880 210% 90 205 128% F 100 70 24 .240 .0324 92 180 90% G 75 66 .120 .0316 90 190 121% H 87 68 .219 .0577 88 182 107% interest, and this la shown in table 2, with the add number and viscosity. It will be noted that the content of tung oil was fairly constant, the lowest content being 26.5 percent and the highest 31.9 percent. The percentage of thinner varies from 47.3 to 53,3 percent of the total varnish; however, it will be noted that the thinner in the first four var nishes Is double the volume of tung oil,' in the "E" and "F" (four-hour) var nishes it is slightly more than double the volume of tung oil and In the "G" and "H" (ester gum) varnishes it Is slightly lea's than twice the volume of tung oil. It was felt that if this proportion of thinner to tung oil were maintained and the varnishes were approximately equal in viscosity the degree of polymerization in the different batches would be, if not approximately equal, at least compar able. These facts are of interest in view of the difference in behavior of the var nishes when they were made up into enamels with zinc oxide (figure I) and lithopone (figure 2). These enamels were made by grinding on an 8-inch water-cooled touhrstone mill. The room temperature was 73 F. and the ' paste at no time reached a temperature higher than 85 F. Both pigments were used in the proportion of four pounds of pigment to one gallon of the varnish. This low pigment content was. used to decrease the speed of reaction, thus mak ing observations easier. In some of the subsequent batches a still -lower propor tion (three pounds per gallon) was used. The zinc oxide used in these first series of enamels was an American process lead free zinc oxide of medium acidity and oil absorption, The lithopone used was some what reactive and of medium oil absorp tion. This lithopone was used throughout the tests. In making these batches attempt was made to eliminate, so far as possible, the Variable factor of temperature. It is cer tain that in factory production, paste in the mill would reach a higher tempera ture and that a much faster reaction would occur, but duplication of such con ditions with available facilities did not seem desirable or feasible. The enamels were stored at room tem peratures in heated rooms. Determina tions of consistency were made on the Ford cup (No. 4 orifice) at 77* F. Sev eral cups belonging to different operators Were used and the results must be Inter preted as relative. It was found desir able to have the room temperature as near as possible to the desired tempera ture of 77* F. Variations of over two or three degrees Introduced Inaccuracies. It will be noted from figures I and 2 that the lime hardened rosin varnishes Figure 1 Ageing of Varnishes 4- 4 Lbs. ZnO Per Gallon 1 day. A ........................................................................... 340 B ............................................................................ 200 C ............................................................................ 193 D................................................ E> ......................................................................... Livered F ........................................................................ Livered G ............................................................................ 460 H.................................................. 3 days. 360 230 200 230 300 S70 356 576 8 days. 042 460 212 047 390 720 18 days. 922 680 *240 900 880 792 * The enamel with "C* yarniah and i lbs. ZnO per gallon livered after eight months. Figure 2 Ageing of Varnishes 4- 4 Lbs, Lithopone Per Gallon 1 day. A .............. 150 B ............................................ HO C ............................................ 100 D ...........................................,106 E ............................................ 133 F ............................................ 165 G ............................................ 05 H ................................. 115 3 days. 152 110 OS 107 137 192 106 116 18 days. 152 115 110 132 162 270 142 146 32 days. 205 127 117 137 195 302 132 150 48 days. 205 128 130 142 206 S60 ICO 175 144 days. 240 days. 238 246 151 160 140 140 164 1?T 282 300 4S6 438 216 203 245 230 Figure 3 Ageing of Varnish "A" + 3 Lbs, ZnO* Per Gallon I day. No. 1 blank.......................................................... 460 (3 lba. ZnO per gal.) No, 2 blank.................................................... +.. (4 lba. ZnO per gal.) 3 lba. .ZnO per gal. +].fl benzoic .... 326 4*5.0 rosin............. 360 1.6% salicylic ... t.. 1.0% cltrio........... 200 1.0% maleic .... 400 1.0% succinic .,, 360 * 1.0% tartaric ... 225 1.0% boric ............. 200 (ground In) 1.0% phthalic 330 (dissolved by heat) 1.0% phthalic ... 350 (dissolved In BuOH) 1.0% phthalic ... 275 6 days. 720 t-, t-* 300 t- loo 275 t.. t-. 8 days. t.. 375 525 335 16 days. 450 !' 440 French process, t Livered. thickened with zinc oxide at a speed pro portional to their content of tung oil and inversely proportional to their content of limed hardened rosin. This was also In versely proportional to the acid number. The congo varnish reacted somewhat slower than was expected, but at a rate similar to "A". The four-hour resin var nishes thickened in the milt and were so heavy in consistency that no determina tions could be made. The ester gum var nishes rapidly reached a heavy consis tency after which the rate of thickening was much slower. , The lithopone batches reacted much slower, but the speed of thickening with each varnish was in proportion to that of the corresponding zinc oxide batch. It was felt that the reactivity of the varnishes might be related to the content and degree of polymerization of the tung oil and the solubility of this polymerized matter In the combined solvent of linseed oil, thinner and- resin. It was felt that this colloidal condition could be broken down by the addition of a small percent age of a highly polar solvent, and that the resulting loss In viscosity might be proportional to the reactivity. . The additions of solvent were very small, 3 cc, of 'the solvent being added to 150 grams of the varnish with thor ough agitation. Several solvents were tried and it was found that the greatest decrease In viscosity occurred with cellosolve or monoethyl-ether of ethylene glycol. The results are shown In table S. These results, probably indicated the colloidal state of the varnish, but the results were not . in proportion to the de gree of reactivity. However, it was noted that when the result was divided by the add number of the vamlsh, the resulting figure was quite proportional to the thick ening for the first four varnishes, as per tables 1 and 3. Gardner (9) describes a test for meas uring the potential reactivity of var nishes by the addition of 10 percent of 10 percent solution sodium hydroxide so lution. This, however, resulted in the gelation of the varnishes to such an ex tent that their consistency could no longer be measured on the Ford cup. The test was therefore modified to 5 percent of 5 percent sodium hydroxide solution, with the following results. This test was run after two months storage, when the con sistency of the varnishes had changed to a slight extent. Because of the Jelly like nature of the varnish after reacting with the sodium hydroxide, no great ac curacy la possible. It will be noted that these tests gave results Indicative of the degree of re activity of the first four varnishes, with the exception of the alkali addition test on the Congo varnish. They did not give reliable indications of the activity of the second group of varnishes having low add numbers, In the case of the four-hour resin var nishes, this might be explained by the presence of the highly complex phenol- formaldehyde product, but some other ex planation must be found for the be havior of the two ester gum varnishes. It is possible that plastometer determi nations might have shed some unon this question, bi*t because of limited fa cilities this was not possible. The next step was the manufacture of enamels containing small amounts of acid catalysts. These were made up in the same manner as the previous tests. The acid catalysts were incorporated in dif ferent ways, by heating with a small por tion of the varnish* by dissolving In an appropriate organic solvent and by sim ply grinding in with the pigment the de sired amount of catalyst, previously ground in a hand mortar and passed dry through a 200 mesh screen. .Regardless of the method of Incorporation similar results were obtained, and those given In the accompanying tables represent the results obtained by grinding the acid in with the pigment. The first sine oxide enamels of this Figure 3 56 November 16, 1933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER series contained the four-hour varnishes, and It was found that even when the catalysts were employed In large excess, It was impossible to prevent or even to Inhibit the layering of the enamels. No determinations could be made on these tests. Ltthopone and the necessary observations made. The results are shown In table 4. It was found that the drying was some what inhibited, but that the film did not show any permanent Softening, The water test was somewhat affected. The settling and the gloss were not affected. Figure 5 Ageing of "G" Varnish + 3 Lbs. ZnO Per Galfon + 1% benzoic ................. H- 1% boric ..................................... + 1% citric .................................... 4- 1% adipic ................................... 4- 1% napthenic ........................... -b 3 % pbthalic ................... ,,,,,, H- 1% salicylic ........................... .. No. I blank.................................... .. (8 lbs. ZnO per gal,) No. 2 blank...................................... {4 lba. ZnO per gal.) 1 day. 5 days. 365 142 330 397 359 477 570 692 1 100 dayfl. 389 197 350 442 360 430 630 . 000 * Llvered. 240 days. 414 254 330 413 375 467 400 670 Figure 6 Ageing of "F" Varnish 4* 4 Lbs. Lithopone Per Gallon . 1 day. Blank ......................... -7% benzoic ....... .7% boric ......... .7% citric ................ ............... 622 .7% maleic J7% succinic ...... ,7% salicylic ........... ,7% tartaric ............. 10 days. 645 634 718 674 622 574 525 574 20 days. 669 634 713 574 622 574 525 574 40 days. 718 634 718 674 622 574 525 674 89 days. 744 634 718 574 022 574 525 574 In discussing the results obtained, we would like to Insert a few remarks In regard to consistency. Classifications Ait varnishes, enamels, paints and lac quers must necessarily be classified as follows:-- a^--Truly viscous materials, In which any flow or movement Is in .direct pro portion to the strength or magnitude of the force causing the movement. This motivating force may be that imparted by a stirrer or pump, or hY the pull of gravity. b--`Plastic materials, in which move ment or flow will not begin until the mo Figure 7 Ageing of "F,r Varnish -f- 4 Lbs. Blank ............. + 1% salicylic 4- 1% benzoic -f 1% boric .. + 1% citric .'. 4 1% tartaric 4- % oxalic . 1 day. 141 190 , 187 120 138 . 140 196 3 days. 262 246 280 158 190 . 254 282 f 62 ox.--- Litbopone. t 2 c*. -- ZnO Per Gallon 12 days. 394 800 840 1S2 208 340 328 18 days. 439 386 520 243 244 403 m 28 days. 592 490 536 840 860 450 464 Further tests with zinc oxide were run with "A," "B," and "G" varniahes and with lithopone and "F" and ,rG" var nishes. Refer to figures 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. The tests made with zinc oxide and "A"' .and "B11 varnishes employed an indirect or "French process'1 zinc oxide. This ma terial was necessarily of low acidity and high reactivity. The enamels so made re acted so rapidly as to make determina tions difficult and in the remainder of the tests used the same oxide employed In the tests shown in figure I. Results of the zinc oxide tests showed that the monobasic acids did not prevent thickening and In some cases appeared to increase the consistency. The dibasic acids gave indifferent results, The two trlbasic acids, boric and citric, prevented the thickening to a certain degree, the boric apparently being of somewhat more value than the citric. The lithopone batches were ground somewhat too late to give positive results, but It was found that the thickening was prevented to some extent Figures 6 and 7 show the results with "F" varnish and lithopone and with litliopone containing 3.1 percent of added zinc oxide. The tests in figure 7 were run with a Stormer viscosimeter, ' It was felt that it would he of interest to show the effects of the different acid catalysts upon the drying, gloss and other properties of the enamels. Metal, panels were therefore sprayed and brushed with the enamel made with , "G" varnish and tivating force has reached a certain mag nitude. This magnitude Is designated the ield value, Once the motivating force as exceeded the yield value, movement will occur in proportion to further In creases In motivating force. o--Pseudo-plastic materials, those hav ing the general characteristic of plastic materials, but which do not show a sharp ly defined yield value. ' Most varnishes might be expected to fall Into the first class, but many will be found to have a yield value. Most paints are pseudo-plastic materiala (10) "False body" (11) in a paint or enamel is defined as a condition of heavy con sistency when at rest, but with a thinner consistency after vigorous stirring. This condition prevails In a great many paints and enamels and we found reason to be lieve that it prevailed to some extent in at least the enamels made with ,4G" and "H" varnishes. Our measurements of consistency were made with the Ford cup, as a matter of convenience and because it was available to all of the members of the committee. While this is an excellent instrument for production control. It gives only an indi cation of general consistency and does not differentiate between a viscous and a plastic or pseudoplastic substance, It is more suited to lower consistencies than occurred In these tests. We found' that large inaccuracies were introduced if the room temperature was more than two or three degrees different from the desired temperature for the test, Table 4 Hffect of Acid Catalysts Upon the Properties of Enamel Made With 4 Pounds of Lithopone Per Gallon of "GM Varnish lank ........................... , ,-------------Drying----------- * To touch. Hard. Overnight Tough ness of film. O. K. Settling. Slow-soft 24-hour water test. Good Gloss, Good 35% boric ................ ,, 35% citric ................. .. 35% tartaric ............... 35% maleic .................. 35% phthalic. ............... 35% salicylic .............. Overnight Overnight Overnight Overnight Overnight Overnight O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. Slow-soft Slow-soft Slow-soft Slosv-soft Slow-soft Slow-soft slightly affected Very slightly affected Very fll'ghtly affected Very slightly- affected Very slightly affected Very slightly affected Good Good Good Good Good Good 35%- benzoic ................. Overnight O. X. Slow-soft slightly affected Good "We feel that a study of the consis tency of such enamels with regard to vis cosity and plasticity will shed further light upon the nature Is beyond the fa cilities ordinarily available in the Industry, We feel that at least we have defined some of the conditions of the problem. References (1) F, 33. Marling, American (Faint & Varnish Manufacturers' Association, Sci entific Section, Circular No. 319. (2) R. V. Williamson, Ind, Eng. Chem. 21, 1196-3, 1929. (3) W. T. Pearce, Drugs, Oils & Paints, 2, 1926, P. 45, (4) E. W. J. MardJes, Trans. Faraday Soo., 1923, IS, 327. <5) H. Wolff, Farben Zeitung, 34, 1840 1, 1929. (6) E. Karsten, Paint & Varnish Pro duction Manager, Vol. IX, 5, May, 1933. (7) Bogin, Kelly & Maroney, Ind, Eng. Chem. 2398-6, 1931. (8) iMcBurney & Nollan, U. S. Patents, 1836264 and 1826265. (9) Gardner, Physical A Chemical Ex amination of Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers and Colors, 4th Ed., P. 468. (10) R, V. Williamson, Ind. Eng. Chem., 23, U0B-1L 1929, (11) Williamson, Patterson & Hunt. Ind. Eng, Chem., 21, 1111-5. 1929. Cincinnati-DaytonIndianapolis Club Paper The paper of the Cincinnatl-DaytonIndlanapolls Club was read by Frank L. Chlnery. It was a discussion of the same subject treated In the 1932 paper, and also read by Mr. Chlnery. Effect of Driers on Durability The research reported In our paper on this subject last year (Scientific Section, Circular No. 423, Educational Bureau, American Paint and Varnish Manufac turers'. Association, November, 1932) has been continued through the past year. The results and conclusions arrived at, after six months' outside exposure of a thirty-gallon rosin ester gum chlnawood oil and a thirty-gallon rosin ester gum linseed oil varnish applied to metal pan els, dispels in a measure one of the Ideas existent In the paint industry since in fancy. In order to have the data at hand so that the reader may be familiar with the code and the percentage of drier that was used in proportion to the amount of oil, the following figures are given :-- Drier Concentration No. l ........... No, 3 ............. No, 7 ........... No. ID ......... CobaltManganese 0.038 D.038 0.116 0.110 0,278 0.278 0.384 0.984 Lead 0.144 0,432 1,007 1.440 The driers were used in the proportion of one part cobalt, one of manganese, and 4 of lead. The amounts of each added to the oil were one, three, seven and ten times the minimum, used as the base. Hereafter the concentrations of drier are referred to as cohalt llnoleate No. 1, man ganese solfgen No. 10, lead llnoleate No. 7, etc. . Exposure Tests The following is a series of tables in dicating on the results of the major ex posure test of drier combinations with both linseed and chlnawood oils. These tables represent the results as recorded by one observer, which show sdme varia tions from thq observations of the other two observers, though in general the re sults may be said to be the same. These are the most thorough and, therefore, are Included as a part of this week. There are nine tables, eight of which represent failures as described In the New York club's code for evaluating exposure teats (see Scientific Section, American Paint and Vamlah Manufacturers' As sociation, Circular 401 [Dec,, 1931"j, Page E85). Table 9 la a summary of the results. This table shows a comparison of linseed and chlnawood oils with the different drier combinations. The oil that showed the least sign of failure la marked on the chart aa belnr the better oil. . For example:--Co. Sol. No. 7 in wood oil did not show signs of failure In pitting as soon as the linseed oil blend, so the letter (W) was marked in that column In case both the wood and linseed oil blend failed at the same time, a dash (--) was placed in the' column. The space waa left blank if there was no sign of failure when the test was ended. The following panels are not compar able to the others ae a different primer, Which failed, was used:*-- Pb. Sol. Nos. 1, 3, 7, 10 and linseed oil with no drier, r Conclusions The following general conclusions are drawn from the data submitted by all persons making an inspection of the panels Linseed oil gives a better appearance; has a lesser tendency than wood oil to pit, flake or scale off. Chlnawood oil produces a better gloss and shows less checking on both primed 7 and bare metal, The amount of lead or manganese used as a drier was not high enough to ef fect the ultimate or final breakdown of the varnish. No acceleration of failure results from the use of 1.50 percent lead. With man ganese there was a slight initial effect noted on the linseed panels, due to the surface action of the drier, which wail called failure, but longer exposure showed; that no acceleration of ultimate failure;' or final breakdown results with the uie of 0.49 percent manganese. Both of these amounts are greater than the excess that might be used as a drier. The cohalt series, in linseed oil var nishes especially, shows a definite pro gressive failure with an increase In the amount of drier. Here the increased strength of the drier, In the percentags used, was sufficient to accelerate failuw in proportion to the Increase in tin) amount of cobalt used. All the varnishes containing cobalt are still giving pro tection, Even with the use of 0.49 per cent cobalt complete failure has not oc curred, (All panels are being exposed again to see what the nature of the find failure or ultimate breakdown will be) Linoleates and naphthenates show Uttlt If any difference in results. Part II j. ' As stated in our previous paper (Sci entific Circular No. 423, November, 1932] the varnishes with added driers prepared as described In that paper were to bs tested for tensile strength, elongation and Fade-O-ltfeter hours to determine the el- feet of driers on the ageing of oil fllmt Tests were made on new film and fllnu aged for six months. The methods cl preparation and testing the varnish flhm were as follows:-- - Preparation of the Film A portion of' the varnish, from whirl the film was to be prepared, was weighed to contain 7.5 grams of solids and naph- that Was added to make the thinner 35 percent of the total weight. We found 15 grams of varnish gave a film of such 1 thickness that it could be handled easllj without requiring lengthy drying to pro duce a reasonable uniformity. The var nish was then brushed out on an amat gamated tin plate 8 inches by 9 inches and placed In the drying oven. The varnishes^ used Were of such a viscosity that 36 per-# cent thinner had flow enough to brush out easily but had llttfe tendency to flow over the edge of the plate when It, vas kept level. The niformlty of the film was controlled by using a definite weight of varnish, brushing out evenly, and keeping the plates perfectly level until the film j was set. j The oven was heated by a gentie fiox | of air, dehydrated with calcium chloride 5 to produce a uniform condition, passing ' j over a steam coil in the bottom. Most ot the linseed oil varnishes were dried be tween 170 and 180 F., but some which . had a pronounced tendency to wrinkle were dried at 140 to 150 F. until set and . Table 1 General Appearance Vam/eft. No. n. 12. IS. Number ( 14. 15. 16. C. W. O. Co Sol............. l 9 0 0 00 0 an0 700 00 Co Lin........... 1 as 3n 78 30 0 Pb Sol................................ 1 3 7 8 0 0 10 Pb Lin................................ 1 3 7 0 s 0 0 10 3 Me Sol................................ 1 3 7 19 Mn Lin.............................. 1 3 30 L. O. Co Sol................... 1 3 7 10 Co Lin................................ 1 3 7 10 Pb Sol................................ 1 (Primer failed)............... 3 7 19 Pb Lin................................ 1 3 7 10 Mn Sol................................ 1 3 7 10 Mn Lin.............................. 1 3 7 10 Linseed (primer failed) C. W. O........................... 3 88 S 000 00 8 000 888 444 0 00 0 00 0 00 O00 0 00 0O0 80 0 0 SS OOO 4 44 8 83 IS. 0 0 0 0 r> 1 1 c p 4 M 1 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 57 Table 2 Table 5 VarnJsh. C. W. O. Co Sol. to Lin.. 'Pb Sol.. Pb Lin. Hn Sol. Hn Lin. L. 0. Co Sol. Gloss Code: O-Excellent; 8-5*oir; 5-Eggahel!; 4-Flat, No. U. 12. 13. 14. 1N5.umb1e0r. of weeks17. .1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8. 0 0 0 0 0 0 700O0 0 0 10 0 0 .1 0 0 800 00 00 00 0 00 00 7 O0 8 88 8 10 0 0 0 8 8 .1 0 00 0 0 3 0 0 O' 0 0 7 0000 0 10 0 0 00 00 .1 00 0 0 O0 S 00 0 7 000 0 10 0 0 0 . 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0O0 0 7 000 0 10 0 0 0 0 .1 8 8 8 8- 3 8 38 $ 7 0 0 .0 0 10 0 0 0 0 ,1 8 6 8 8 3 888 8 7 S88 5 10 8 8 6 G .1 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 8 & B 0 0 0 8 3 8 S 8 8 6 5 8 : 0-0. Pitting 3-S)lght; 4 Definite; 5-Bad **--*> 22. 24. 26. Varnish. No. 11, 12. 18. 14, 15. 16. " 17. ' 0 8 0 0 0 0 8 S O 0 8 s S C. W. O. Co Sol........... I 0 8 .3 0 8 70 8 10 0 0 Co Lin................................ 1 0 S 30 8 70 8 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 s 0 s 0 8 S 4 4 8 8 6 0 8 4 4 4 8 4 0 8 4 8 4 0 8 4 4 4 8 0 0 Pb Sol................................ 1 0 . 0 0 8 8 8 S 0 00 300BS444 000 7 00BS444 00 0 . 10 0 0 0 8 8 8 S 8 8 3 Pb Lin.............................. 1 0 0 8 4 4 4 4 8a8 300888&8 8 8 0 8 8 0 87 8 10 0 Mn Sol............................... 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 4 4 8 4 4 8 0 0 0 i. 000 3 0008888 7 00 8 8 8 8 000 10 0 (t 0 6 8 8 8 8 8 a Mn Lin.............................. 1 . 0 0 8 8 8 .8 S 888 8 8.8 8 8a 30n 88884 70088 884 10 0 0 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 L, O. Co Sol................... 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 88 S 3 0 0 00 00 0 555 G56 7 0000 000 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 8 8 8 Co Lin............................... 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23*20. 22. 24. 4444 44 08 88 Si 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 6 4 4 4 4 5 4 3 888 88888 3 0 0 00000 7 898 10 8 8 8 8888a 5 5G G 70 0 0 O0 0 0 ltf 0 0 8 8 8 4 4 Pb Sol............. . (Primer failed). .1 .3 000 000 8 8 8 B 8 Pb Sot................................ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 B 8 8 (Primer failed) 3 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 7 000 8 8 B8 8 70000000 10 0 0 0 88S88 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pb-Lln.............................. 1 000 0 0 0 0 0 Pb Lin............................... 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 000 0 00 0 0 3 0 0 0 00 0 0 7 000 00000 70 0000 00 10 0 0 0 000 08 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IfQ Sol.............................. 1 008 8 8 8 8 8 Mn Sol.............................. 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 s 3 888 8 88 88 300888 S8 7 888 8 88 88 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 S 8 8 88 88 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Un Lin............................ 1 S6 8 8 8 fi 8 Mn Lin.............................. 1 0 0 0 0 S S a 88 8&8S8 30000088 S8 8 888 8 7 0 0 [) 8 8 4 4 10 8 S 8 8 8 8 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a Linseed (primer failed) S 8 8 8 8 Linseed (primer failed) .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 z C. TV. O............................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 C, IV. O................................. 0 0 u S . 8 8 8 Hen finished at 170 to 180*3 F, The chinawood oil varnishes were dried between 140 and 1506 F. The time of drying was a triable which could not be definitely set for all varnishes because the films had to lie dry enough to handle before taking from the plates. The time -of drying for the linseeds was about twenty-four hours 4 rhen dried at 170 to 130 F. 'When a pre liminary drying was necessary fortytight hours was generally required. All cf the lead films were dried for fortyeight hours. The chinawood oil varnishes frere all dried for thirty hours, After stripping from the plates all films were allowed to stand In the air from seven to eight days before testing. Ageing The films were aged for six months in i cabinet which was constructed to ex clude as much light as possible. This was ventilated by shielded openings In the top and bottom to allow a free circula tion of air. No attempt was made to control the humidity but all were aged in exactly the same way. The only vari able which was introduced was .the sea son when exposure was started,' approxi mately three months intervening from the lime the first film was made until the last Swas in the ageing cabinet. The films were aged in the dark to show more dearly the effect of the driers by elimi* '" eating- the effect of sunlight. Methods of Testing Samples were cut from the film with a die which is illustrated in the diagram beJew. Table 3 Varnish. Checking Over Bare Metal Code : 0-O. K.; 5 -Slight; 4-Deflnite; fi Bad. --Number of weeksNo. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 18. 17, C W. O. Co Sol. . 1 0 0 0 0 0000 0 008 0008 Co Lin 00 0 0 0008 00sS 10 0 0 0 8 Pb Sol................................ 1 0 0 0 0 3 00 0 700 U 10 0 0 0 Pb Lin.........-...................... 1 0 0 0 300 0 700 0 10 0 0 Mn Sol................................ 1 0 0 8 8 8 8 0 8 4 4 0 0 0 300 7 10 0 Mn Lin.............................. 1 L. O. Co Sol. Co Lin 10 ,1 3 7 10 .1 5 Pb Sol Pb Lin 10 .1 3 7 10 .1 Mn Sol The tensile strength and elongation was fetermlned on these samples with a Sutten Tarn Tester having the jaws spread 3 nehes apart. An average of at least six lists was taken, for each result reported. Mn Lin Linseed .. C. W. O. 10 ,l 3 10 4 r> Fade-O-Meter tests were made by expo sure In the machine operating at a tem perature of 170 to 175 F. at the point of exposure. The point of failure was deter ,20 22. 24. 20. mined by the breaking of the Aim after it had been taken from the machine, cooled 4 to room temperature and bent sharply. 4 The results are reported as the number 4 of hours of exposure before this occurs. 4 The properties, of the film containing 8 the drier would be expected to be tho 5 resultant of the properties of the drier itself and the varnish, and in addition, there would be the catalytic effect of the drier on the oil. That Is, in the case of tensile strength, for example, the tensile strength of the- drier itself is much smaller than that of the varnish so that a mixture would be somewhere between that of the drier and the varnish, but- just at what point It would be impossible to predict. But, in addition to this Influence, is that of the- catalytic action of the drier on the oil itself. Since this catalytic effect also has no known relation to the amount added, we are wholly in the dark as to the effect on the properties of the film of various additions of drier. 5 "We would not be surprised then to find the values as found to "run all over the R lot" in a seemingly haphazard fashion. In order to make a systematic study of the effect of the various driers on the new and aged films we arranged them in tables In order of increasing tensile- strength, elongation and hours of -expos ure In the Fade-O-Meter before failure. One of the first observations is the incompleteness of the work. There is a very definite Indication that increasing amounts of drier produce different types of films but the increase in the concen tration. of drier is too large to show more than a very general indication of the trend. L> 5 Several irregularities are observed. Some of these are undoubtedly the re sults of experimental errors and it is un f> fortunate that limited time did not per r> mit more checks. In the tabulation and interpretation of L> the results we paid but scant attention Varnish. CW. O, Co Sol- & Lin 10 .i 3 ft Sol....................................... 1 3 7 10 .in............................ 1 3 ft So h Lin............................... 1 LO. Co Sol.................... 1 Table 4 Checking Over Primed Surface Code: 0-0, K.; 8-Sllght; 4-Deflnite; 5-Bad Number of weeks-- 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 000088 0 e8 8 8 0o88 0o08 0888 0S88 B8 8 4 8 68 8S8 08 88 0 0 8 0 O 88 88 88 8 -8 0O 00 00 0 00 03 ft Lin 10 .I 3 ft Sol..,........... Primer failed) 10 1 10 ft Lin............................... 1 0 Id Sol 10 UU Ifl la L n .1 3 7 ID (primer failed) , S 20. 22. 24. 26. Vftrnlsh. `NO- 4 4 4 6 C. IV. O,Co Sol.............. 1 5 56 3 G7 fi Id 5 Co Lin............................... 1 S 7 10 Pb Sol................................ 1 8 't 10 Pb Lin................................ 1 3 7 10 Mn Sol...................... 1 8 7 10 Mn Lin.............................. 1 8 .7 10 L. O. Co Sol................... 1 8 7 Co Lin.................. 10 1 3 7 10 Pb Sol.................................. 1 (Primer failed) 3 7 5 10 Pb Lin.................................. 1 8 7 10 Mn Sol.................................. 1 3 7 10 Mn Lin. . ......................... 1 3 7 10 Linseed (primer failed) C. TV. O................................. Table 6 Flaking K.; 8-Slight; 4-Deflnite;; 5-Bad -- --Number of weeks------ 33. 14. 1G. 16. 17. 18. 20. 22. 24 0 0 00 0 00 8 8 88 4 8 -4 3 4 4 > 58 November 16, 1933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER to small differences in mathematical re sults. The results of the tensile strength and elongation tests are the average of six or more trials, but since these were found to show from 3 to 8 per cent vari ation, differences of less than 10 percent snow nothing conclusive, attempt has been made to compare the linseed oils with the wood oils and each will be dealt with separately. The tabulation of the new filma show a fair amount of uniformity but the aged Aims where the results are of more im portance were more difficult to arrange. The high concentrations of drier show a tendency to soften the films on ageing as shown by decreasing tensile strength. Wsjer elasticity, and longer life In the Fade-O-Meter. Generally the films which had very high tensile strength were brittle and difficult to handle. Just what action takes place is a matter of conjecture but the results seem to indicate that the high concentrations of drier have a decided ef- feet on the liquid phase of the film. It is evident that this takes place during the ageing for in most cases it Is not par ticularly evident in the new films. .A of the films which were too brittle to handle to determine the tensile strength were exposed in the Fade-O- Meter. It was found that after a few minutes exposure they had softened enough so that they would not crack when cooled and bent. Some of these stood up several hours before falling. Generally speaking, a comparison of the "L01 niw fiIm with drier to the one without shows-- Cobalt Increases the strength. Manganese slightly increases the strength. Lead decreases the strength. The proportion of lead and cobalt does 3no!1o^vlRs It was not easy id arrangra the ag-ed fllme, but an attempt was made in spite of numerous apparent irregularities. The leads increased in strength upon ageing but maintained their position (above) the films without drier. Manganese No. IQ's and No, 3's and cobalt No. 3's lost so much strength In ageing that they became softer than the leads. The aged manganese changed their order to No. 10, No. 3, No. 1 and No: 7. The manganese No. 7's show a notice able gain in strength. The No. I's re mained approximately the same, while the No. 3's and No. 10's show definite losses on ageing. Cobalts except for the No. 3>s show no tendency to soften the film on ageing. In the new films the leads, with the exception of lead linoleate No, 1, are more elastic than the films without drier. The ratio of Increasing elasticity takes generally the order of increasing concen tration of drier. The manganese films were more elastic than the cobalt with the exception of the manganese No. l's. Both the cobalt and manganese films were less elastic than the films without drier. After ageing the condition of the films shows considerable change. The film with no drier shows a larger loss of elongation. The lead No. I s apparently do not have enough drier to hold the softness of the films and follow closely the reaction of the film without drier. All cobalts with the exception of Co Sol, No. 3, and all of the No. 1 concentra tions have an elongation of less than 30 percent The majority of these show a loss of elongation. All of the leads except for the No, I's and the manganese No. 3's and No 10'e show a decided, tendency to keep the film soft on ageing. In the new films all the concentration of driers in the cobalt and manganese films have a short life In the Fade-OMeter. The lead stands up a little better, but all the films with drier fall In much less time than the films without driers. After ageing all the films with the ex- Table 7 Scaling Code: 0-0. K, 5 8-Slight* 4-Deflnlte ; 5-Bad Varnish, C, W. 0. Co Sol. No. .I r Co Liu................................ '3 7 Pb Sol............................ ......... Pb Lin............................ 3 7 XJ '3 7 Mh Sol............................... 1J 3 7 Mn Lin.............................. lJ 3 7 L. O. Co Sol................... 3 7 Co Lin............................1JI Pb Sol....................... (Primer failed) '3 7 3 7 Pb LJn........................... 3 7 Mn Sol............................ *1 ,, T, ** 3 7 10 ' 3' T , of weeks-- 22 6 13, 0 14. IS, lft. 00 17. 18 00 00 00 000 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 60 00 00 00 00 0 00 00 0 0 0 00 00 00 0 0 0 00 00 00 0 00 0 0 0 00 00 00 0 00 0 0 00 00 0 00 0 00 0 0o 0 00 60 0 0 IS 0 55 0 55 0 56 0 00 00 0 0 0 u 00 00 00 00 00 0 06 Linseed (primer failed) .. C. W. 0...................... .. 4 20. 22. 24. 26. 0 000 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s 0 o0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 & 6 G 0 Table 8 Varnish. C. W. 0. -Co Sol......... Co Lfn..,,................ Pee I i n 1 Code; 0-0. K. ; 8-Slight; 4-Definlte ; 6-Bad No. .1 a ^ 3 7 11 Number of weeks------12, 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. is: 00 00 0 0 00 0000 0 00 0 00 Pb Sol................................ 3 7 Pb Lin................................*1 3 T 10 Mn Sol............................ 1 Mn Lin................ 3 7 10 1 3, 7 10 L. 0. CoSol. .. ................. 1 3 7 Co Lin................................ 1 3' 7 10 Pb Sol.............................. 1 (Primer failed) 3 7 Pb Lin............... 10 1 3 7 10 Mn Sol............................... 1 3 Mn Lfn........................ 7 30 1 3 7 10 Linseed (primer failed) .. C. W. 0................................. . 20. ,22 24. 26. 000 00 0 00 00 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 0 0 Chinawood Oil--Tensile Strength New Films Pb Sol. No. 7 Pb Lin. No. 3 Pb Sol. No, 10 Pb Lin. No. 1 Pb Sol, No, 3 Pb Lin. No. 10 '7 Mn Un. No. 7.............................. 10............... .............. Mn Sol. No, 10.............................. Mn Lin. No. 1............................. Mn Sol. No, 3............................. Co Sol. No, Co Sol, No. 3............................ Co Sol. No. 10.............................. Co Un. No. 1........................ Co Lin, No. 7....................... .. Co Lin. No. 3............................. Co Sol. No. 2..:....................... 1040 1070 1072 11C5 1181 1263 1275 1360 1350 13G0 13Q0 1135 1400 1GOO 1581 1844 2131 1810 1821 1806 1085 2000 2137 2145 2150 Aged Films Mn Lin. No, 10.............................. Mn Sol. No. 10.............................. (4 Mn So). No. 3...................... 111 i Mn Lin, No. 3,............................ IK ?: Co Sol. No. 3,........................... lit Co Lin. No. 3.............................. IK Pb Lin. No. 10.............................. ' IK Pb Sol. No. 10.............................. :n Pb Sol. No. 7.............................. 13! Pb Liu. No. 7.............................. 18 Pb Sot No. 1.............................. 15S Pb Lin, NO. 1.............................. iso Pb Sol. No. 3.............................. 17) Pb Lin, -No. 3................... .. No Drier........................................... 5M& Mn Lin. No. 1................ ............ m Mn Sol. No. 1.............................. 228 Mn Sol. No. 7.............................. 21&! Mn Lin. No. 7.............................. 123 Co Lin, No. 1....................... M Co Sol. No. 1.............................. 223 Co Lin. No. 10.............................. 22& Co Sol. No. 10....................................Too briltli Co Lin. No. 7.............................. 2131 Co Sol. No. 7.............................. 2ft Mn Sol. No. New Films Co Sol. No, 10.,......................... Co So), No, 7............................ Co Lin. No. 7,........................... Co Lin, No. 10......................... Mn Lin, No. 1............................. Co Lin. No. 1............................. Co Sol, No. 1........... ..... ............ Co Lin. No. 3............................. Co Soi. No, Mn Lfn. No, 7................... .. 3............................ 10............................ Mn Sol. No. 16............................ No drier.... _ . ____.... l., Pb Lin. No. S. Pb Lin. No, 10. Pb Lin. No, 7,. Pb Sol, No. 7., Pb Sol. No. 8., Pb Sol No. 10.. Chi,nawood Oil---Elongation Aged Films 14 Mn Lin. No, 7. 15 Pb Lin. No, 1. 19 Co Lin. No, 10 2* Co SoJ. Nn. 7, 26 Co T.ln. No. 7. 28 No drier 81 Co Sol. No. 1. S3 Co Lin. No. 3, 33 Pb Sol. No. 1. 35 Co Lin. No. 1. 30 Mn Sol. No. 1. 46 Mn Un. No. 1. 44 Mn Sol. No. 7, 46 Mn Sol. No 3. 52 Pb Un. No. 3. 64 Co Sol. No 8. 67 Pb Sol. No. 3. 61 Pb Lin. No. 7. 68 Pb Sol. No. 7. OS Pb Sol, No, 16. 72 Pb Un. No. m. 73 Mn Sol. No. 10. 74 Mn Lin. No, 3 75 Mn Lin. No. 10. 80 Co Sol. No, 16. Chinawood Oil--Fade-O* Meter Co Lin. No. New FUms ......... Co Sol. No. 3........................... Mn Lin, No. 8...................................... . Mn Sol. No. 3.......................................... Co Lin. No. 7,..,,,,,,,,,........... Mn Lin. No. ............................. .............. Mn Sol, No. 7.................... Co Sol. No. 7....,.......... ...'!*!!!!' Co Lin. No. 10........................... ' ' Mn LJn. No, 10.................. Co Sol. No. 10........................ ' ., ' Mn Sol. No. 10..................... ' Co Sol. No. 1......................... Co Lin. No. i......................... Mn Sol. No. 1............................. Mn Lin. No. 1..................... Pb Sol, No. 7................. Pb Lin. No. 7....................................... " Pb Lin. No. 1............. .. ......... Pb Sol, No. 1,,,, , ................. Pb Lin. No. 3........................... .............. pb soi. No. s............................ Pb Lin. No. 10.................................. Pb Sol. No. 10...................................... \'m No drier.......................... ........................ ' Hours Aged Films Co Lin. No. Co SOI. No. 7...................................... ...................Mn Lin. No. 1.................................... Mn Sol. No. 1 Mn Lin. No, 8...................................... Mn Sol. No. Co Sol. No. Co Lin. No. 3...................................... Co Lin, No, 1...................................... Co Sol. No. Pb Lin. No. Pb Sol. No. i,.................................... Co Lin. No. 10 Co Sol. No. 10.... Mn Lin. No. 10... Mn Sol. No. 10.,. Mn Lin. No, 7... Mn Sol. No. 7... Pb Sol No. 10... Pb Un, No. 10... No drier.......... Pb Sol No. 3... Pb Lin. No. 3,,, Pb Lin. No. 7... Pb sol. No. 7... Linseed Oil-^Tenfcile'Strength New Films Pb Lfn. No. 10 .. 60 Pb Lin. No, Aged Filma Pb Sol. No, 10 No drJera........... .. 115 .. 146 Pb Sol. No. 1.. Pb Lin. No. 3,, Pb Sot No. 1 Pb Lin. No. " Pb Lin. -No. Pb Sol, No. Mn Lfn. No. Mn Sol. No. Pb Sol. No, Pb Lin. No. Co Lin, No. 10. Ob Sol. No. 10 Co Lin. No, 1 CO Sol. No. 1. Mn Sol. No. 10, Mn Lin. No. 10, Mh Sol. No, 1, Mn Lin. No. 1. Co Lin, No. 3, 181 .. 206 .. 25 .. 238 .. 321 .. 336 .. 376 .. 406 ., 402 ,, 721 .. 443 489 .. 454 4ft& .. 536 ,. GG7 .. 622 Pb Sol. No. 3. Pb So). No, 7........................................... Pb Lin, No. 7 Pb Lin. No. 10. Pb Sol. No, 16. No drier............... Mn Lin, No, 7. Mn Sol. No. 7, Co Lin. No. 10, Co Sol. No. 10. Co Sol. No. 7. Co Lin. No. 7. Co Lin. No. 3. Co Sol. No. 3. Mn Lin. No. 10. Mn Sol. No. 16. Mn Lin. No. 3. lft l! S' Cc Sol. No. Mn Sol. No. Mn Lin, No. Co Lin. No. Co Sol. No, .. 665 .. 1000 7Too brittle 7.................................... Too brittle Mn Sol, No, Co Sol. No. Co Lin. No. Mn Lin. No, Mn Sol. No. 3. 1, 11, 1. .... i&i .Too brill Linseed Oil--Elongation New Filma Co Lin. No. 7................. Co Sol. `No. 7................. Mn No. 1 Mn Sol, No, 1. Mn Sol. No. Mn Lin. No. Mn Sol. No. Mn Lin. No. 7................. ........................ 3................. 2.0 Co Sol, No. 10. Co Mn. No. 16. Co Lin. No. 1. Co Sol. No, 1. 10................. Mn Sol. No. 10. 10.............. Mn Lin. No. 26. 1................. Co Lin, No. 7. Mn Lin. No. 1................. Co Sol. No 7. 10................. Mn Sol. No. 3, 10................. Mn Lin. No. 8. Co Lin. No. 8................. Pb Lin. No. 3. Co Sot. No. 3................. Pb Snf. No. S. Co Lin. No. 1................. Pb T,ln. No. 16. Co Sol, No. 1................. Pb Sol. No. 16. 10................. Co Sol. No, a. 16................. Co Lin. No. 3. Pb Sol. No. 7................. Pb Lin. No. Pb Lin. No. 1 . Pb Sol. No. 1 . Pb Sol. No. 3........... Pb Lin. No. 3................. Mn Sol. No, 7 Mn Lin. No, 7. No drier........ Pb Sol No. 1................. Pb Lin, No. 7. Pb Lin. No. 1................. No Too brltt Co Lin. No, 3.. Co Sol, No. 3., Mn Lin. No. 3.. Mn Sol, No. B., Co Sol. No. 7.. Co Lin. No, 7.. Co Lin. No. 10.. Co Sol. No. 10., Mn Lin, No. 7.. Mn Sol. No. 7. Mn Lin. No. 10., Mn Sol. No. 10. Mn Lin, No. 1.. Mn Sol. No. 1.. CO Lin. No. 1., Co Sol, No. 1., Pb Sol. No. 1. Pb Lin. No. 1. Pb Lin. No. 3.. Pb Sol, No. 3., Pb Sol. No. 7.. Pb Lin. No. 7.. Pb Sol. No. 10., Pb Lin. No. 10.. No drier................ Linseed Oil--Fade-O-Meter Hours 3 J i 3 3,6 3.G 7 7 7.G 8 7 12 8 11 16 25 80.5 60 56 55 49 73 56 73 6LG Co Sol. No. 3.. Mn Sol. No, 1., Mn Lin. No. 3.. Mn Sol. No. 3,. Co Lin. No. 7., Co Sol. No. 7., Pb Sol. No. 3,. Mn Sol. No. 16.. Mn Lin. No. 10.. Mn Lin. No. Co Lin. No, 3.. Pb Lin. No. 3. Pb Sol. No. 7., Mn Sol. No. 7., Co Sol, No. 1., Pb Sol No. 1,, Pb Lfn. No. 1., Pb Un. No. 10. Co Lin. No. 1,, Pb Sol. No. 10.. Pb Lin. No. 7., No drier............... Mn Lin. No. 7.. Co Lin, No. 10., Co Sol. No. 10,. H l OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 59 15 Ji IS m 69 tra DO 35 !)3 94 le 35 35 is 17 12 12 23 .'3 IS?) io ?S5 14 .5 .5 .5 .6 .y .6 . 15 59 Hi 13 3Q23 35 32 5 ?!) H 74 iT J2 22 <0 U 41 10 le Is 19 '.`2 io 30 IS 19 71 53 73 rJ3 >il 39 37 U0 J5 IS 34 =Ji 04 15 05 19 5 3 0 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 .5 -3 .3 A A .5 cepiion of cobalt No. 7 have a definite Increase in Fa<le-0-Meter hours. Man ganese No. 7 and No. 10 show a greater Increase than No. 1 and No. 3, With the exception of lead No. 1, all the lead films give approximately the same result as the films with no drier, again showing the low concentration of lead falls to maintain a soft film. JThe manganese films are a little better than the cobalt In the higher concentra tion of drier. The higher amounts of man ganese seem to aid In maintaining the film softness. However, both the manganese and cobalts offer much less resistance than the lead films and the film without drier. It Is of Interest that ageing has no ef fect upon the standard film, The new films show the linoleate and soltgen of each drier to fall into position together with the exception of cobalt No. 10's. The film without drier Is the weakest with the exception of the lead No. 10. The varying amounts of drier appear to definitely affect the strength in each case. The manganese No. 10 shows a marked increase in strength, being at least twice that of any other concentration of man ganese. It is of Interest that while cobalt No. 7rs were too brittle to handle the No. 10's could be tested. After ageing, the lead films were all above the film without drier and had ar ranged themselves In order of increasing concentration. All leads show a loss of tensile strength, while the standard shows a gain. The higher the concentration of cobalt and manganese the more the film softens upon ageing. The No. I's show large in creases in tensile strength and were In clined to be brittle. Cobalt No, 7's, which were too brittle to handle when new could be tested when aged. In the new films, the leads and film without drier are much more elastic than the cobalts and manganese, the increasing concentration of lead producing a less elastic film. In the case of manganese the order of increasing elongation is No. 7, No. 3, No. 1 and No. 10, while cobalts show generally the same relation. The aged films show the higher con centration of manganese and cobalt have a tendency to soften the film on ageing, the lower amounts forming harder and more brittle films than the originals. The film without drier shows very little change on ageing. This Is also char acteristic of the leads, all seemingly re maining fairly constant ` Of the new films the one without drier stands up the best. Lead, manganese and cobalt give the best results In the order named In most cases. The higher the con centration of lead the longer is the life of the film In the Fade-O-Meter. After ageing practically all of the films stand up better in the Fade-O-Meter. The soligen films did not show as much gain as the corresponding linoleates. Summarizing the data obtained we find some interesting results when comparing with a standard varnish containing no drier. Tensile Strength Chlnawood OH Varnish New Film . Aged Film 7 decreased 14 decreased 18 increased 3 increased AH that decreased, The 5 highest are lead. Ah the cobalt. ' highest are cobalt. are . Here again we call attention to the re markable aeries of manganese In new films No. 7, No. 3. No. 10. No. 1, both linoleate and soligen, In aged film manganese linoleate No. 10 and manganese soligen No. 10 are lowest in tensile while cobalt linoleate No. 10 is very high. Linseed Oil Varnish New Film Aged Film 2 decreased 8 decreased 20 Increased 15 Increased 7 that decreased are lead Tensile of both new and aged are leas than chlnawood oil. New and aged more nearly the same than in C. *77". O. varnish. There Is little evidence that too much drier injures the filmLead apparently weakens the chlnawood oil film , In per haps alt cases the highest strength is given by cobalt. The linoleate and soligen In each ease keep close together. r Elongation Chlnawood Oil Varnish New Film Aged Films 18 decrease 8 decrease 7 Increase 18 increase All increases being One lead showed de lead. crease. The lowest is manganese IlnoJeate No, 7 and the greatest manganese linoleate No. 10. Linseed Oil Varnish New Films Aged Films 22 decreased 22 decreased 2 increased a little 2 increased Both that increased are lead. Manganese soligen No. 7 is 0.5. Manganese soligen No. 10 is 08. Here the results vary with the oil and age. Fade-O-Meter Chlnawood Oil Varnleh New Films . Aged Films All additions of 18 decreased dryer caused a great 5 increased reduction of durability. Of which 4 are lead. The lead the least. . Linseed OH VarniBh . New Films Aged Films 20 decreased 20 decrease 2 both lead 1 2 increase Show a small in crease. In both the chlnawood oil and linseed, oil varnish, the aged films show greater durability than the new, which seems rather remarkable. The addition of drier decreases dura bility both of chlnawood and linseed var nishes. Age has no effect on film without-drier In the case of chlnawood oil, while linseed oil age Improves resistance. From these results we draw the fol lowing general conclusions;-- Driers tend to Increase tensile strength, diminish elongation, and resistance to the Fade-O-Meter. As the concentration of drier is in creased the curves do not follow a straight line, but show a general increase towards a maximum, then decrease towards a minimum, and then start to Increase again. High concentrations of drier produce films which soften on ageing. There is little practical difference be tween the linoleates and sollgens, the re sults from corresponding driers checking closely in most cases. Cobalts have a tendency to produce harder films than manganese. Lead films are always soft, often more so than oil without drier. All of this shows that driers have a definite effect on the liquid -phase of oil films. This effect is varied by the con centration and the metal. The results obtained are rather striking and further exploration of this field should prove worth-while. Acknowledgment The technical committee wishes to ac knowledge the assistance of T. J. Kerr and J, C. Lowman, of the Columbus Coated.Fabrics Corporation ; C. R, Hunter, the Ault & Wiborg Varnish Works, Inc.; IL A, Drup, of the Lowe Brothers Com pany, and D. Davidson, of the EaglePlcher Lead Company, whose laboratory work, observations and notes help to com prise the data from which this paper was prepared. Cleveland Club Paper The final number on the afternoon program was the paper presented by Edwin Edplstein for the Cleveland Faint and Varnish Production Club, which later was to win the annual American Paint Journal award. A Study of the Effect of Addition Agents on Floating of Pigments in Paints and Enamels This Is the fourth paper dealing with the floating of pigments In paints to be pre sented by the Cleveland, club. The first two papers dealt with the results obtained by the members of the research committee from work done in their own paint labora tories, When they started to work on the third paper of the series they found that ordinary paint laboratory equipment was not sufficient to carry on. They realized that some special equipment would have to be devised, and that someone well versed in physical chemistry would have to supervise the work. With this In mind, they enlisted the aid of Drs. Veazey and Prutton of Case School of Applied Sci ence, who did much to make the previous paper a success. The Cleveland club was able to go ahead with work on this year's paper with the continued aid of Drs. Vea zey and Prutton and C. J. Windsor, a senior student, who performed the experi ments from which the data for this paper was derived. In the first paper of this series, which was presented at the 1929 convention, they showed that one of the principal un derlying causes of floating of pigments was lack of pigment wetting or dispersion, and at that time they recommended finer grinding and the use of rosin acids wher ever possible to Improve pigment wetting or dispersion. In the next paper presented by the Cleveland club, at the 193 8 convention, they showed that it was not only neces sary to have good dispersion of the pig ments in a paint, but also necessary to have equal dispersion in order to eliminate floating troubles. They maintained that two of the major causes for unequal dis persion were difference in solubility be tween the pigments and. difference in ease or rate of dispersion. They maintained Table 9 Comparison of Linseed and Chlnawood Oils After the Completion of the Test Varnish. No. C, W. O. Co Sol... ... 1 3 7 10 Co Lin......................... 3 7 10 Pb Sol........................... 3 7 10 Pb Lin........................... 3 7 10 Mn Sol......................... 3 7 10 Ratio ............................ 8 7 10 General appear. TV TV W W L L L TV L W L L L L L L TV L TV L 8-12 Gloss. TV TV W TV TV TV TV TV TV TV TV TV L L L L TV TV TV W ___ _ W TV 18-4 Checking Checking over over bare primed metal. surf. Tv TV W __ TV TV TV -- TV L TV L W-- TV - -- L TV . -- -- TV i-- L TV L --. L L TV W TV TV L TV __ W .-- TV __ TV TV TV TV TV TV TV TV 18-4 Tf>-4 Pit ting. L L TV L L L L TV L L L L L L L L L W L L L L L L 3-21 Flak ing. TV L TV .-- L L L TV L L L L TV L L L L L W L u-14 Scal Peel ing. ing. L L -- L -- L -- L -- T, L L L 0-0 that floating could be reduced, or wholly eliminated by;-- 1--Selection of insoluble colors. 2---Use of pigments high in adsorptive value. 3-- --Selection of pigments having similar dispersion rates in the particular vehicle used. 4--Equalization of differences in dis persion by protracted fine grinding. In the third paper of this series, pre sented at the 1931 convention, they proved that there was a definite charge of static electricity on the pigment particles exam ined, but that mere neutralization of these charges was not sufficient to eliminate the float. Work on this problem wag continued in 1932, but no paper was written at that time due to lack of sufficient data. But they did find out that the charges of static electricity which pigments carry could be' neutralized or reversed by using certain organic bases dissolved in hydrocarbon solvents as addition agents, and that when certain of these addition agents were used floating was either materially reduced or wholly eliminated, But due to the fact that either too much addition agent was used; or that the addition agent was detri mental to the film forming characteristics nf the paint, the resulting films were in ferior in quality to films not containing the addition agent Theory Tested The addition agents were tried out in an effort to test the theory proposed by Dr. C. F. Prutton that if we can put a mate rial into solution in the paint vehicle that Is strongly adsorbed by the pigment par ticles and In an ionized state, one ion of which Is very soluble in the vehicle and bottle. The bottle was then tightly stop pered and then sealed with paraffin. Twelve sample bottles comprising one series of twelve different pigments all mixed with the same addition agent were then fastened to the edge of a rubber wheel about two feet in diameter. The wheel was submerged in a constant tem perature water bath held at 26& C, and allowed to revolve for a definite length of time depending on the addition agent used. The bottles were tumbled end over end until the adsorption reaction had reached an equilibrium. The pigment par ticles were then allowed to settle to the bottom of the oil sample bottles and a definite quantity of the clear mineral spirit solution, usually ten cubic centi meters, was carefully removed from the bottles with a pipette and analyzed to de termine the amount of solute which the pigment haB adsorbed. See table 1 for results of the above test. The amount of solute adsorbed was de termined in the following ways Solute No.'l -- Rosin -- Determined as residue in evaporating dish. Solute No. ,2 -- Stearic Add -- Deter mined by titration with .006 normal al coholic potash solution. Solute No. 3--Linseed Fatty Adds -- Determined in same way as No. 2. Solute No. 4--Linseed Oil--Determined by saponification of the oil remaining in solution. Solute No. 6 -- Ammonium Stearate -- Determined as stearic acid by evaporation and then reflgured to ammonium stearate. Solute No. 6--Stearanllide--Determined same as No. L Solute No. 7 -- Roslnanilide -- Deter mined, same as No. 1. Solute No. 8 -- Ammonium Reslnate " Determined same as No. 1. ' , Table 1 Milligrams of Solute Adsorbed Per Gram of Pigment Pigment, Carbon black................. Chrome yellow................. Drop black,............... ...... Ferrite yellow........... Graphite .......................... Lithopone ....................... . Maplco red oxide...,... Prussian blue................... Para toner....................... Titanium dioxide........... Titanox ''B"................... . Tltanox "C"................... Jts C.-^M IT I/j i-i & _ U If} t11SaiM. n ri Onflows S? OT-Sli W 24.9 14.7 93.0 11.9 13.3 9.9 28.7 55.8 20,1 13.7 2,9 3.4 . l> o* "3 , "ud'rSt J<-'*a* Vi &E >K g i s ? !j 30,7 11.6 69.8 8.6 6.8 6.2 8.7 76.7 5.5 6,0 S.0 3.6 . 46.6 49,1 123,5 46.0 13.7 47.6 60.3 166.7 8.6 60.7 40.0 71.1 at o ^ B% llw'S 25.5 13.5 30.9 10.0 14.3 20.8 16.7 35.5 11,1 :37.4 18.7 12.7 y ills =%e tSfil o^t-T B Sri S3 34.8 26.7 30-4 10.3 24.0 25.3 10. T 35.9 21.6 13.4 25.4 0.2 ti it us 2SS a cvi,. ZQ2t2% 30.5 4.4 -T1.4 11.0 9.2 9,6 8.2 68.8 4.7 7.4 1,4 7.6 ti " Bue*.i sS ,Ogn 4A V'i 7.4 72.2 1.9 8.2 2.2 3.5 the other strongly adsorbed by the pig ment, such an addition agent would make possible the elimination of the chief causes of floating of pigments in paint, such as poor dispersion, density differences, ad sorbed gases and electrical charges, For example, if we added a Bmoll amount of ammonium stearate to a paint containing lampblack, the particles of which are slightly wetted by the vehicle and which have negative-electrical charges, the pig ment particle would consist of an Inner core of lampblack on which the positive ammonium ion was adsorbed to neutral- VtHItlE No. 1 Drawing tze the negative charge (seq No. 1 draw ing). The stearate radicals would extend Into the vehicle and hold onto a consid erable number of vehicle molecules. This would produce a large slowly moving par ticle with no electrical charge, and with a density approaching that of the vehicle. Basic organic compounds soluble in hy drocarbon solvents seem to work better than organic acids, perhaps because they are adsorbed more readily than the acids. - In the case of a positively charged pig ment like Prussian blue used with an ad dition like ammonium stearate, the nega tive stearate radical would be adsorbed onto the positive prusglan blue particle and the ammonium radical would extend into the vehicle and hold onto a consider able number of vehicle molecules thus producing a condition similar to the one mentioned above. One should not be con fused by the above theory into believing that in order for a pigment particle to adsorb addition agent it must be charged either positively or negatively. After the pigment particle has been neutralized It can still adsorb more addition agent if the concentration of addition agent present is great enough. Adsorption does not de pend wholly upon ' electrical charges hut [a influenced by them to a certain degree. From the above it seemed desirable to study the adsorption from mineral spirits of basic organic compounds similar to ammonium stearate onto the various pig ments which have caused the most float ing troubles and to determine the amount adsorbed by each, In order that the amount of addition agent theoretically necessary to satisfy the adsorptive ca pacity of the pigment might be added to it during the process of paint manufac ture. Tests Applied Twelve pigments were put through the following adsorption test;-- Five grama of pigment were put Into a four-ounce tall oil sample bottle and fifty cubic centimeters of mineral spirits containing from .05 to i.O percent of ad dition agent, in solution, depending on the addition agent used in that particular case, was mixed with the pigment In the By using the Information contained in table 1 paints were formulated and made containing the amounts of addition agent necessary to satisfy the adsorptive ca pacity of the pigments used. Each of the twenty-four paint samples was ground on the same buhrstono mill. In order to simplify Interpretation of re sults, the least number of ingredients were used In formulating-the above series. Two pigments of entirely different color were used in each sample in order to ob serve more easily any visible flotation in the dried film, Alkali refined linseed, oil without any added drier was used to make the vehicle as simple as possible. In some cases, the addition agent was ground through the mill with the paint, In other cases it was added to the paint after It was ground as a solution In mineral spirits, due td` the fact that the heat de veloped in grinding seemed to decompose some of the solutes. Solutes Nos. I, 2, 3 and 4 were omitted from the above grinds because they did not seem to offer any interesting possibilities. Triethanolamine atearate was not included In the prelimin ary adsorption work, so that no adsorptive values were available, but was used in the later work as It was an organic base that seemed to have interesting possibili ties. A 5 percent solution of triethanola mine stearate has a pH value of 8.46 which shows it to be slightly alkaline. Table 2 gives the formulas of the twen ty-four grinds that were made. The per cent solute present in each formula was figured using the pigment weight as 100 percent The mineral spirits used in each formula acted as the carrier for the solute addition agent , In Series No. I, we have two positive pigments, prusslan blue and lithopone. In Series No. 2, we have two negative pigments, chrome yellow and carbon black. , In Series No. 3, we have one negative and one positive pigment, chrome yellow negative and drop black positive. In Series No. 4, we have one negative and one positive pigment, chrome yellow negative and prussian blue positive. Table 2 Series No. 1 Sample No. 1 (Blank) Lithopone .................................................. Prussian blue.................................. Alkali refined linseed oil..................... Mineral spirits...................................... 8 pounds % pound 1 gallon ^4- gnlloti Sample No. 2 Lithopone................................................... 8 pounds Prussian blue............................................. s4 pound Alkaline refined linseed oil.......... .. 1 gallon 0,05% Stearanllido.................................... 1.93 grama Mineral spirits.......................................... Vi gallon Sample No. 3 Lithopone .................................................. 8 pounds Prussian blue........................................... pound Alkali refined linseed oil..................... I gallon 1,0% Ammonium reslnate..................... 30.0 grams Mineral spirits...................... W. gallon Sample No. 4 Lithopone .................................................. 8 pounds Prussian blue............................................. H gallon Alkali refined Unseed oil..................... 1 gallon 1.3% Roslnanilide..................................... 50.5 grams Mineral spirits......................................... T4 gallon Sample No, 5 Lithopone ........................................... 8 pounds Prussian blue...,.......... ........................ impound Alkali refined linseed oil..................... 1 gallon 2.3% Ammonium stearate..............82.8 grama Mineral spirits.................................... 34 gallon j 60 ' November 16, 1933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER * Sample No. <f Lithopone ................ .................................. .. S pounds Prussian blue........................................... impound Alkali refined linseed oil........... 1 gallon *1.0% Trie'.hanolamlTic stearate;... .38.56 grams Mineral spirits......................................... Vi gallon Series No. 2 Sample No. T {Blank) Light ehrome yellow............... ............ 0 pounds Carbon black..................................... . pound Alkali refined linseed oil................... .. 1 gallon Mineral spirits................................................ 14 gallon Sample No. 8 Light chrome yellow. .................6 pounds Carbon black..................... .. i.... % pound Alkali refined linseed oil..................... 1 gallon 0.05% stearanilide.......................... 1.3d grams Mineral spirits.............................. i.......... % grams Sample No. 6 Light chrome yellow............................. 6 pounds Carbon black............................. ............. pound Alkali refined linseed oil...................... 1 gallon 0.5% ammonium resinate...........!.... 13.2 grama Mineral spirits........................ Vi gallon Sample No. 10 Light chrome yellow................. 6 pounds Carbon black...................................... Vi pound Alkali refined linseed oil...................... 1 gallon 0.5% rosinanilide ................. ...................13.'5' grams Mineral spirits................................ Vi gallon Sample No. 11 Light chrome yellow,............................ 6 pounds Carbon black.............. Vi pound Alkali refined linseed oit........... 1 gallon 0.5% ammonium stearate................... 14.2 grams Mineral spirits.......................................... Vi gallon Sample No. 12 Light chrome yellow...................... fi pounds Carbon black................................... Vi pound Alkali refined linseed oil..................... 1 gallon 2,0% Triethanolamine stearate.........&5.5T grama Mineral spirit?.......................... Vi gallon of a chemical microscope. The two wires of the field to be observed under the microscope were two millimeters apart, and did not touch each other. One wire was attached to the positive pole of five ,rB"-batteries in series and the other wire was attached to the negative pole, A single -pole knife switch was placed in the circuit to facilitate exciting, the field without moving the sample under observation. The total voltage available at the electrostatic field, taking Into con sideration voltage drops, was 200 volts D. C. The objective of the microscope was 16 mm, 0.25 and the ocular was 10. This lithopone when no addition agent Is present. Figure 2 (Sample No* 2) Positive Wire Negative Wire After 200 Volts D, C for 16 Hours Figure 2 shows a mixture of Prussian blue and lithopone particles floating as a mass clinging to the negative wire. The white portion of the picture shows the absence of pigment particles near the positive wire. 'The amount of stearanilide used as an addition agent was not large enough to have any effect on the electrical charges on the pigment particles and the charges remained positive Jn the Prussian blue and lithopone particles. Figure 3 (Sample No. 3) The positive wire repelled the floating masses and sent them to neutral center Figure & (Sample No. 6) Positive Wire Negative Wire - After 200 Volts D, C> for 19 Hours .. when the switch was turned on. There fore, the electrical charge on the'pigment particles has been neutralized but not re versed by ammonium stearate. ' Figure 6 shows large masses of litho pone mixed with Prussian blue floating on the surface at a point midway between the two wires. The electrical charge bn these pigment masses has therefore been neutralized. Dark blue particles can be seen adhering all along the positive wire. The electrical charge on the prussian blue particles has been reversed from positive to negative. The charge on the lithopone particles has been reduced to zero by trie thanolamine stearate. Series No. 2 Figure 7 (Sample No. 7) Series No. 3 Sample No. 13 {Blank) Light chrome yellow............................. Drop black......................... Alkali refined linseed oil...................... Mineral spirits.......................................... 8 pounds 1 poUnd 1 gallon Vi gallon combination gave a magnification of 100 Sample No. 14 diameters. The microcamera was mounted on a stand in a vertical position Light chrome yellow...................... 6 pounds such that it could be swung over the Drop black....................... 1 pound microscope ocular. Alkali refined linseed oil................. 1 gallon 0.05% stearanilide................................... 1.59 grams Mineral spirits........................................... Vi grams Care was taken to use exactly the same procedure In mounting the sample for ob servation under the microscope The wires J Sample No. 15 in the electroaatle Held were carefully Light chrome yellow,........................................ 0pouncdles aned each time and a clean glass slide Drop black.,........................................... 1 pound was placed directly under these wires. Alkali refined Unseed aU...................... 1 gallon If there was any danger of placing a 1.0% Ammonium reslnate.....................32.5 grams static electrical charge on the glass slide Mineral spirits.................................... Vi gallon by rubbing when cleaning, the slide was Sample No, 10; grounded to eliminate such a charge be fore using. ' Lfjyht chrome yellow.,......................................... flpoundsThe- paint sample was thoroughly stirred Drop black.......................................... 1 pound with a spatula and one drop was placed Alkali refined Unseed oil.,,.,........... 1 gallon 3.1% rosinanilide.,................................35.3 grams Ml neral spirits........................ Vi gallon between the wires of the field on the glass slide, A mechanical feed carbon arc lamp was' turned on and the beam of light Sample No, 17 was directed down onto the paint sample Light chrome yellow.............. 0 pounds Drop black.............,................................. 1 pound Alkali refined linseed oil............. 1 gallon 0.9% Ammonium stearate............. 0 8 grams Mineral spirits..-................................... Vi gallon at an angle of thirty degrees. This method of lighting caused the paint sample to reflect all the light up through the micro scope and the specimen appeared in its natural colors. ' Sample No. 18 The reflecting mirror of the microscope could not be used to transmit the arc Light chrome yellow............................................ 0pounladsmp beam, up through thd microscope Drop black .................................... .. .., 1 pound because the pigment particles would all Alkali refined linseed oil................ 1 gallon appear black In a white background. 2,0% Triethanolamine stearate.........U3.50 grama Mineral spirits............................... VS gallon Therefore, reflected light was used throughout the work because it was nec essary to distinguish the different pigment Series No. 4 particles in each sample. The sample was observed under the Sample No. 19 {Blank) Light chrome yellow............................. Prussian blue.................................. .. Aikall refined linseed oil................ Mineral spirits......................................... fi pounds VS pound 1 gallon V4 gallon microscope to be uniformly mixed and the voltage was then turned on and al lowed to act on the sample until no further action was noted. The micro camera was then swung over the mi croscope ocular and the image was fo cused on the ground glass. A "Wratten Sample No. 2(1 M" photographic plate was then sub Light chrome yellow.............................. 0 pounds Prussian blue.........................V4 pound Alkali refined linseed oil..................... 1 gallon 0.05% Stearanilide..,..,............1.47 grams Mineral spirits....................................... V4 gallon stituted for the ground glass and exposed. The plate was developed and. picture print ed In the regular photographic manner. Each of the twenty-four samples was investigated under the microscope and Sample No. 21 photographed. The results of this in vestigation and each picture will be de Light chrome yellow.............................. 6 pounds Prussian blue..................................... % pound Alkali refined linseed oil........... 1 gallon scribed separately. All of the micro photographs are 100 diameters magnifi cation. 1.0% Ammonium reslnate..................... 28.4 grams Mineral spirits..,,..,............................ 14 gallon Figure 1 confirms the previous work that states that both Prussian blue and Sample No, 22 Light chrome yellow............................. Prussian blue........................................... Alkali refined linseed oil.............. 0 pounds Vs Pound 1 gallon lithopone particles are positively charged. All the pigment particles are shown to be attracted to the negative wire as a dark blue mass. ' 1.0% rosinanilide......................................7.0 grams Mineral spirits.................... V4 gallon Series No. 1 Sample No. 23 . Light chrome yellow................ 6 pounds Figure 1 (Sample No* 1) Prussian blue............................................ Vi Pound Alkali refined linseed oil.................. 1 gallon (*7% Ammonium stearate,,.............20.8 grams Mineral spirits........................ .. - V4 gallon Sample No, 24 Light chrome yellow............................. 0 pounds Prussian blue......................... V4 pound Alkali refined linseed oil................ 1 gallon 1.0% Triethanolamine stearate......20.48 grams Mineral spirits.......... .................................... Vi gallon Positive Wire Negative Wire After. 200 Volts D. C- for 3 Hours Figure 3 Bhows an intimate mixture of Prussian blue and lithopone particles evenly distributed between the two wires. In some parts of the field the particles arranged themselves In the form' of rungs of a ladder between the wires. How ever, there were more pigment particles adhering to the negative wire than to the positive wire. The ammonium resinate, used as the addition agent, reduced the positive charges on the lithopone and Prussian blue particles and the particles shown tn the figure have an electrical charge approaching zero. Figure 4 (Sample No. 4) positive Wire Negative Wire After 2UO Vohu D. C. for 3 Houra Figure 4 shows an intimate mixture of Prussian blue and lithopone particles evenly distributed between the two wires as a ladder effect. The rosinanilide, used as an addition agent, reduced the positive charge on the particles of both pigments. The pigments floated on the surface be tween the wires as large dark masses. Figure 5 (Sample No. 5) Positive Wire Negative Wire After 200 Volte D; C. for 22 Hours Figure 7 shows a large white mass of chrome yellow speckled with carbon black particles floating on the surface and cling ing to the positive wire, A few carbon black particles can be seen adhering to the negative wire. The particles of chrome yellow have negative electrical charges which confirms the results of previous work, The carbon black particles gathered be tween the wires at one end of the field. This would Indicate that the carbon black particles have a slight positive electrical charge -which is -contrary to the results of previous investigations. Figure 8 shows chrome yellow particles appearing as white masses Intimately mixed with carbon black particles, and evenly distributed throughout the field. Figure 8 '(Sample No. 3) Positive "Wire- Negative Wire After 200 Volts D. C. for 0 Hours Both pigments could be seen adhering to each of the wires. The chrome yellow particles appeared to be more- fluffy or feathery after mixing with stearanilide, and they were a dirty yellow color as though each particle of chrome yellow had been partially covered with carbon black particles. The stearanilide appeared to have neu tralized the electrical charge on both pig ments. Figure 9 (Sample No, 9) Testing the samples for drying and floating properties. Each paint sample was thoroughly stirred and flowed on a clean, polished steel panel and allowed to hang In a vertical position' to drain apd dry. The panels were carefully observed for any visible floating- effects, and the final gloss and the time required for drying was noted. The determination of the nature of electrical chargee on the pigment par ticles in the paint samples, The rTVire Electrostatic Field" (see No. 2 drawing) was mounted on the table Positive Wire Negative Wire After 200 Volts D. C, for 8 Hours The white at the positive wire is caused by light shining on the slide where the pigment concentration is low. This proves that the sample contains mostly positively charged particles of Prussian blue and Punitive Wire. Negative Wire After 200 Volta D. C. for 0 Hours Figure 5 shows large white aggregates of lithopone speckled with Prussian blue particles floating freely on the surface at a mid-point between the wires. Neither of the pigments gathered to any extent at either wire. This indicates that the positive charge on both pigments has been reduced to zero. Positive Wire Negative Wire After 200 Volts D. C. for 18 Hours OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November !6, 1933 61 Figure 9 shows a large crust of chrome vellow evenly speckled with carbon hlack Tpahristicwleass athdehearipnpgeatroantchee of one'-tthhiirrddooft th!nflthe remainder of the field the large chrome yellow aggregates, floating on the surface, extended across the vidth of the field touching both wires. , The ammonium resinate reversed the electrical charge on the chrome yellow particles from negative to positive. Jotted with drop black particles adhering to the positive wire. A small quantity of drop black particles can be seen adhering %s a dark mass to the negative wire. The electrical charge on the chrome yellow particles Is negative and the charge on the drop black particles is positive, which confirms the results of previous in vestigations when an addition agent is not used. Figure 10 {Sample No. 10) . Figure IS shows large crusts of chrome yellow intimately mixed with drop black Figure 17 (Sample No. 17) floated very Jjndly, probably due to the fact that the addition agent was decom posed during the grinding of the sample. Figure 21 (Sample No. 21) Positive "Wire Negative Wire After 2u0 Volts D. C. for 7 Hours Figure ID shows dark carbon black par ticles intimately mixed with the light col ored chrome yellow, particles and evenly distributed from one wire to the other. Some small chrome yellow aggregates can be seen adhering to the negative wire. The electrical charge on both pigments has been reduced, and on some of the chrome yellow particles, the charge has been reversed from negative to positive by the rosinanilide. . Figure 11 (Sample No, 11) Positive Wire Negntlve Wire After 200 Volts D. C. Tor 10 Hours Figure 14 shows aggregates of chrome yellow evenly mixed with drop black float ing as dark masses and adhering to both wires. However, more of these aggre gates adhered to the positive wire. A few particles of drop black, can be seen cling ing to the negative wire.' The stearanlllde gave the chrome yel low particles a very fluffy or feathery ap pearance which seemed to be a charac teristic reaction whenever this addition agent Was used. . The electrical. charges on the pigment particles were not. reduced to a very great extent, probably due to the fact that it was impossible to incorporate more than one-flfJeth the theoretical amount of, ad dition agent Into the-paint sample due to the tremendous jelling power of the.stear-. anilide. ; .. . ; . . Figure 15 (Shmpfe No. 15)' Positive Wire Negative Wire After 200 Volte D. C. for 17 Hours floating .on the surfaoe and adhering to the negative wire. Drop black particles can also be seen clinging all along the positive wire, . The triethanolamine stearate has defi nitely reversed the charge on the chrome yellow particles from negative to posi tive, and. the charge on the drop black particles from positive to negative. Figur 18 {Sample No. 18) Positive Wire 1 Negative Wire After 200 Volts D. C. for 4 Hours Series No. 4 Figure 19 (Sample No. 19) Positive Wire : Negative Wire After 200 yolta D, C. for 18 Hours Figure 22 shows chrome yellow inti mately mixed .with Prussian blue adhering to both wires and extending across the field. The chrome yellow had a slightly Figure 22 (Sample No, 22) Positive Wire Negative Wire After 200 Volts D. C. for 41 Hours greater tendency to adhere to the positive wire when it floated to the surface. The Prussian blue ^remained at the bottom and formed blue streaks from one wire to the other. The Prussian blue seemed to be Figur;23 (Sample No. 23) Positive Wire Negative Wire After 200 Volts D, C. for 0 Hours Figure 11 shows large aggregates of chrome yellow speckled with carbon black particles floating on the surface and ad hering to the positive wire. In other parts of the field chrome yellow particles ad hered to the negative wire but not to a very great extent. The ammonium stearate probably re duced the electrical charge on some of the chrome yellow particles and reversed the charge on only a few. Figure 12 (Sample No. 12) Positive Wire Negative Wire After 200 Volts D. C. for 17 Hours Figure 12 shows chrome yellow aggre gates intimately mixed with carbon black floating on the surface evenly distributed throughout the field and adhering to both wires. Series No. 3 Figure 13 (Sample No. 13) The triethanolamine stearate neutral ised the electrical charges on some par ticles and reversed the charges on other particles, . Figure 3 3 shows a large , light colored crust of chrome yellow particles evenly Positive Wire Negative Wire After 200 Volts D. C. for 2 Hours Figure 15 shows a large mass of light colored chrome yellow partictes clinging to the positive wire. This mass appeared very bright yellow and was not mixed with particles of drop black, but floated on the surface. Underneath the surface, a mass of chrome yellow intimately mixed with drop black covered the entire field, touching both wires. The ammonium reslnate had very little effect on the electrical charges on the pig ments, probably due to the fact that it was decomposed during the grinding of the sample, ' Figure 16 (Sample No, 16) Positive Wire -Negative Wire After 200 Volta !D. C. for IS Hours Figure 19 shows a light colored yellow ish green mass of chrome yellow particles adhering to the positive wire, and the much darker Prussian blue particles ad hering to the negative wire. The prussian blue was partially soluble in the vehicle and made the chrome yellow appear aa' light green colored -particles. When an addition agent is not used the chrome yellow has a negative electrical charge, and the prussian blue has a posi tive electrical charge, which confirms the results of previous investigations. Figure 20- (Sample No. 20) Positive Wire Negative Wire After 300. Volts D. C. for 3 Hours attracted more to the negative wire, al though some particles adhered to the positive wire. The rosinanilide reduced the charges on both pigments and reversed the electrical charges on a few of the particles of both pigments. The charge on the Prus sian blue particles seemed to be reversed more than the charge on the chrome yel low particles.- Figure 28 shows chrome yellow particles floating on the surface as large aggre gates. They were a bright yellow color and not mixed with prussian blue very much. The Prussian blue remained at the bottom as a deep blue color which seemed slightly more concentrated at the negative wire. The ammonium stearate seemed to have reduced the charges on both pigments to very nearly zero. The chrome yellow floated ibadly on the surface, but seemed evenly distributed between the two wires. Figure 24 (Sample No. 24) Positive Wire Negative Wire After 200 Volta D. C. for 2 Hours Figure 16 shows , particles of light col ored chrome yellow forming a parallel row of cones adhering to the negative wire. The particles of drop black can be seen, gathered at the mid-point between the wires. In other parts of the field the chrome yellow cones extended from one wire to the other, and formed a ladder effect. Where this occurred the drop black par ticles gathered at a distance from the positive wire about one-fifth the total dis tance between wires. The charge on the chrome yellow par ticles seems to be' reversed from nega tive to positive by the rosinanilide. Some of the drop black particles have an elec trical charge of zero, and others seem to be almost reversed from positive to nega tive,' ' Figure 17 shows a dark Intimate mix ture of chrome yellow and dr-op black particles adhering as dark'colored masses to both wires. The photograph was taken where the pigment concentration waB low. The remaJi nder of the f"iel' d was a solid mass of pigment. The ammonium stearate had very little effect on the electrical charges on the pig ment particles, probably due to the fact that It was decomposed during the grind ing of the sample. 1 Positive Wire -Negative Wire After 200 Volte D. C. for & Hours Figure 20 shows a large crust of chrome yellow dotted with particles of Prussian, blue and floating as a dark colored mass all along the positive wire. Particles of Prussian blue adhered all along the nega tive wire and were distinguished by their deep blue color. The stearanlllde had very little effect on the electrical charges present on the pigment particles, probably due to the fact that only one-flftleth of the theoreti cal amount of addition could be used due to its tremendous, jelling power, Figure 21 shows a very decided example of floating. The chrome yellow particles formed a bright yellow crust adhering to the positive wire, and the Prussian blue particles colleected along the negative Wire, producing a deep blue color. The ammonium reslnate did not seem to have any effect .on the electrical charges on the pigment particles, and the sample Positive Wire Negative Wire After 200 Volta D. c ter 2 Hours Figure 24 shows chrome yellow particles forming cones from the positive wire, and In some parts, extending across the field. The deepest blue color was along the negative wire. The triethanolamine stearate seemed to reduce the electrical charges on both pig ments because the migration of the par ticles was not so pronounced. The following table (Table 3) will give a complete description of each of the twenty-four samples made during the performance of the drying tests. 62 ' November 16, 1933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER Drying Sample time number. (hours), Series N o. 1 *1 , 68 2 68 3 68 4 68 5 68 6 68 Series No. 2 7 68 8 08 9 68 10 68 II 132 12 80 Series No. 3 13 68 14 68 15 63 16 68 17 100 IS 6S Series No, 4 19 68 20 68 21 68 22 63 23 68 24 68 Addition agent. None Stearanilide Ammonium reslnate RoslnanMjde Ammonium stearate Triethanol amine stearate None Stearanilide Ammonium reslnate Rosinanllltfe Ammonium stearate Triethanol amine stearate None ; Stearanilide Ammonium reslnate Roslnatiilide Ammonium stearate Triethanol amine stearate None Stearanilide Ammonium reslnate RoBlnanlllde Ammonium stearate Triethanol amine , stearate Table 3 Effect on pigment charge. General appearance of film, . Including gloaa, color and floating tendency. Blank sample Partially neutralized Partially neutralized Partially neutralized Completely neutralized Neutralized and partially reversed Good gloss, light blue shade with a sllgnt amount of white float. Fair gloaa, same Bh&de as No. 1 with a slight amount of white float. Good gloss, Bllghtly deeper than No. 1 shade with less White float than No. 1. Good gloss, much deeper than No, 1 shade with no floating visible. Fair gloss, same shade as No. 1 with less white float than No. 1. Fair gloss, same shade as No. I with less white float than No. 1, Blank sample Partially neutralized Neutralized and partially reversed Neutralized and partially reversed Partially neutralized Neutralized and partially reversed Poor gloss, yellowish green shade with float appearing as mottled design. Poor gloss, deeper green than No. 7 with same float de sign as No. 7. Poor gloss, same shade as No, T with lees float de sign than No, 7. Poor gloss, deeper green than No. 7 with same float design as No, 7, Poor- gloss, same shade as No. 7 with same float de sign as No. 7. Fair gloss, darkest green in this series, with same float design as No. 7, ' Blank sample Partially neutralized Partially neutralized Neutralized and partially reversed Partially neutralized Completely reversed Fair gloss, yellowish green shade with slight float of mottled design. Fair gloss, lighter shade than No. 13 with same float design. Fair gloss, lighter shade than No. 13 with same .float design. ' Fair gloss, darker Bh&de than No. 13 with worse floating. Poor gloss, same Bhade and float as No. 13. Fair gloss, same shade aa No. 13 with worse floating. Blank sample Partially neutralized Partially neutralized Partially neutralized Completely neutralized Partially neutralized Fair gloss, medium green shade with pronounced blue float. Fair gloss, same shade as No. 19 with slightly lose float. Fair gloss, Bams shade as No. 19 with slightly less float. Poor gloas, same shade as No. 19 with - slightly less float. . Fair gloss, same Bhade as No, 19 with practically no float; Fair gloss, same shade as No. 19 with practically no float, . The time Ja given in hours required for each paint film to dry to the same hard ness when flowed on steel panels and al lowed to hang in a vertical position. Under the description of the appear ance of the dry film an attempt was made to describe the intensity of the color or the varied color effects produced by the pigments, in an effort to show the type and extent to which each pigment floated, Discussion All twelve pigments adsorbed the vari ous solutes from mineral spirit solutions. Some pigments adsorbed a large amount of each solute, and other pigments ad sorbed only small amounts of each solute. The adsorption values of the different pigments varied widely when acidic so lutes such as stearic acid; linseed oil, fatty acids, rosin, were used. When more basic solutes such as am monium stearate or stearanilide were used the adsorption values, for the dif ferent pigments did not vary so widely, Ba$Sc salts of rosin such as ammonium reslnate or rosittaniiide exhibited adsorp tion values similar to the values obtained when rosin was used. Linseed oil exhibited higher adsorption values, for the various pigments, than the other solutes. This is probably explained by the fact that the apparent adsorption included a large amount of absorption. Prussian blue and drop black had the highest adsorption values for- each solute used. Carbon black had medium adsorp tion values for each solute; used. Para toner, titanox-B, and titanox-C, had the lowest adsorption values for each solute used. The adsorption values do not depend In any definite manner on th^ specific gra vities of the pigments. If a pigment was foundto be even lightly soluble in mineral spirits this fact fas taken Into account when residues vere weighed and the necessary correo- Ion was made by treating the pigment frith mineral spirits and using this mix ture as a blank. Prussian blue and para toner were the only pigments that ex hibited a measurable solubility In mineral spirits. . * After the adsorption reaction had reached equilibrium in every case, with the exception of stearanilide as the solute, the pigments all settled out rather rapidly and formed a hard mass of very fine par ticles with the clear solution above. This was particularly true when roslnatiilide was used as the solute. "When stearanilide was used as the solute the pigments had the following appearance after the adsorp tion reaction had reached completion: Mnpico Bed Oxide--formed small balls. Tltanox-C-- very light and fluffy, Ferrite yellow-- very light and fluffy; Titanium Dioxide-- settled out hard and coarse, Lithopone-- settled out fluffy. . Drop black-- settled out hard, Carbon black-- settled out fluffy, Prussian blue-- settled out fluffy, Chrome yellow-- very light and fluffy, Tltanox-B-- Graphite- . very light and fluffy, settled out fairly hard, Para toner-- very light and fluffy. None of the mineral spirit solutions were made concentrated enough to exceed the solubility of the solute at room tem perature. The electrical charges found to exist on the particles of the paint pigments when no addition agents were used are as follows: Pigment. LIthopone Nature of Charge. . -f Prusslan blue................ + Light chrome yellow........................ -- Carbon black,............................... Drop black................................... *f-j. With the exception of carbon black the above results confirm the results of previous work by other investigators. The discrepancy shown by carbon black has been carefully checked. The carbon black particles used in this work definitely migrated to the negative wire to a small extent showing they pos sessed, at least, a small positive charge on their surface. It Is believed by the writer that if enough of each addition agent was added to satisfy the theoretical adsorptive ca pacity of the total amount of pigment in each sample, the electrical charges pres ent on the surface of the pigment particles would be removed, or in other words, neutralized, because of the protective coating of addition agent adsorbed on the surface of all the pigment particles, The theoretical amount of each addi tion agent adsorbed by the amount of pigment present In each sample was cal culated from the results of the adsorp tion work in this paper. The amount of addition agent actually added to each sample was known so that the effect pro duced by,adding greater or leas quantities of the addition agent, than theoretically required, could be studied, When stearanilide was used as the ad dition agent it had almost no effect on the electrlcal'charges existing on the pig ment particles because much less than the theoretical amount of stearanilide was used than was necessary to satisfy the ad sorption. in each case. Sample No. 1 was thoroughly mixed with the theoretical amount of stearanilide necessary to satisfy adsorption (99.95 grams per gallon) and examined* in the electrostatic field. The particles of litho- pone appeared very fluffy and feathery and were evenly mixed with Prussian blue particles. Both pigments adhered to the positive wire showing their positive charges had been reversed to negative. The heat of friction, encountered in grinding might have caused the decom position of ammonium stearate and loss of ammonia. This would account for the failure to neutralize the electrical charges, and the results obtained for sample No.. 11. 1 When ammonium- reslnate'was used as- the addition agent tha-results-were similar to those obtained when ammonium stear ate was used. The ammonium reBlnate was probably decomposed from the heat produced when the samples were ground. This would account for the results ob tained for samples Nos, 15 and 21. To determine if the ammonium stearate was decomposed from the heat of grind ing, sample No. 1, containing no addition agent, was mixed only by stirring with the theoretical amount of ammonium stearate. When this sample was observed in the electrostatic field, It was found to contain large aggregates of lithopone in timately mixed with prusslan blue, adher ing to the positive wire slightly more than the negative wire, showing that the charges on both pigments were neutralized and slightly reversed from positive to negative. These results check sample No, 5 and confirm the Idea that ammonia was lost from the ammonium stearate during the grinding process. A check was made on sample No. 11 by thoroughly stirring the theoretical amount of ammonium stearate into sample No. 7 containing no addition agent. The tendency of the chrome yellow to mi grate to the positive wire and the carbon black to migrate to the negative wire was reduced or slowed down aB though the charges on the particles had been parti ally neutralized. This would indicate a slight loss of ammonia during the grind ing of sample No. 11. When sample No, 17 waa checked by Btlrrlng the theoretical amount of am monium stearate into sample No. 13 con taining no addition agent, the charges on both pigments seemed to be partially neu tralized the same as reported for sample No, 17 Indicating that ammonia had not been lost during the grinding of sample No. 17. Sample No. 15 was checked by stir ring the theoretical amount of ammonium reslnate into sample No, 13. The charges on the pigment particles were not reduced to any extent snowing that ammonia had not been lost during the grinding of sample No. 15. An amount of ammonium reslnate exceeding the theoretical amount was then stirred into sample No. 13, and the charges on the particles were partially neutralized. This might indicate that the adsorption of the solute onto the pigment particles in sample No. 15 had not been complete. Sample No, 21 was checked by stirring the theoretical amount of ammonium reslnate Into sample No. 19 containing no addition agent. The charges on both pigments were reduced showing that the charges had been partially neutralized. This would indicate a loss of ammonia during the grinding of sample No. 21. No theoretical adsorption data was ob tained for triethanolamine stearate during the first part of this work; therefore, this solute could not be used to establish any adsorption theory. Samples Nos, 11, 12 and 17 required a longer time for drying. This might be accounted for by the fact that they both contain carbon black, which sometimes retards drying. It Is believed that evaporation plays an important part in causing paint pig ment particle flotation. The, vehicle used in all the samples was alkali refined lin seed oil. When the evaporation rate was In creased the pigment particles could be seen moving rapidly in a vortex action. The particles would all come together at the bottom of the film and rise vertically In a vortex to the surface, and then spread out In all directions and sink to the bot tom of the film to repeat the action by coming together again at the center. As an experiment, mineral spirits was added to a few of the samples merely as a thinner to determine the effect of evaporation. This increased the rapidity of the vortex action tremendously and the surface of the film was occupied entirely by moving particles. . In previous work on this subject of floating of pigments we found that the static charges which exist on the pigment particles were not a prime factor in caus ing floating. In gathering data for this paper It was necessary to determine what charges existed on. the pigment particles, but only as a means to an end to de termine when enough addition agent had been added. We found that an excess of addition agent would aggravate the floating trouble. As soon as the charges on the pigment particles were reversed we knew that an excess of addition agent was present. Time did. not permit us to cover the whole field of possibilities which this sub ject presented. In this paper we present the results of work done in a vehicle of alkali refined linseed oil and mineral spirits, which took about sixty-eight hours to dry. Perhaps results of a very dif ferent nature would be obtained with a quicker-drying and morB practical vehicle. There was not enough time to take each one of the twenty-four test batches of paint and experiment with them until just the right amount of addition agent was added, although *we would have liked to have done it. The results of our work seem to Indicate that the paint pigments used did not adsorb the same amounts of addition agent in the linseed oil vehicle aa they did in the preliminary work, which was done in a solution of mineral spirits. Conclusions 1. Paint pigment particles do absorb organic substances from mineral spirit solutions. . 2. The adsorption of an organic acid from a solution of mineral spirits varies widely, for different, paint pigments. 3. The adsorption of a neutral organic substance or a salt of an organic base from mineral spirits does not vary so widely for different paint pigments. . 4. The amount of an organic substance adsorbed from mineral spirits for various paint pigments, does not depend in any definite manner on the specific gravities of the pigments. 5. The settling-rates and appearance of some pigments are altered after the par ticles have adsorbed stearanilide from a mineral spirits solution. 6. Some paint pigments tend to adsorb a large amount of solute from mineral spirits solution regardless of the solute used. 7. Some paint pigments tend to adsorb a small amount of solute from a mineral spirits solution regardless of the solute used. 8. Previous Investigations led to the conclusion that a definite charge of s-tatic electricity exists on the particles nf some paint pigments. This has definitely bean confirmed. 9. The electrical charges are found to exist on pigment particles in a paint film of normal pigment concentration. 10. If enough addition agent is ground Into the paint as a mineral spirits solution to equal or exceed the theoretical adsorp tion values for the total amount of pig ment present, the electrical charges ex isting on the particles are partially neu tralized, completely neutralized, nr re versed. 11. The effect of various addition agents on the electrical charges existing on paint pigment particles depends on the amount of addition agent necessary to satisfy the theoretical adsorption of the pigments present. 12. Certain addition agents are decom posed by the heat produced during grind ing, and these addition agents should be merely stirred into the paint after grind ing, 13. If the following amounts of addition agents are not exceeded, the drying cf the paint film will not be retarded: 0.05% Stearanilide, 2.0 % Ammonium reslnate. 2.0 % RoBinanUIde. 5.0 % Ammonium, stearate, 2.0 % Triethanolamine stearate. 14. If the amounts of addition agents given in conclusion No. 13 are not ex ceeded, the1 gloss of the dry paint film will not be decreased. 15. Reduction or reversal of the elec trical charges existing on the pigment particles does not always reduce flotation. 16. Some addition agents reduce floating In certain paint samples, but the decrease of flotation is not directly proportional to the effect produced by the addition agent on the electrical chargee existing on the pigment particles. 17. The vortex action of the pigment particles in a drying paint film varies in versely as the viscosity of -the vehicle. IS. Wq think that by using addition- agents similar to the ones used in the work on this paper, It will be possible to decrease -the grinding time necessary for a given paint by Increasing the wetting power of the vehicle and decreasing the surface tension of the pigment particle. No work has been done to prove the aJbove statement, but we believe It would lead to some interesting results. 19. We think some work should be done on the elimination of floating troubles from paints ground without any addition agent present, but added later to the finished paint in the form of a mineral spirits solution. . 29, We think work similar to that done for this paper should be done, using other pigments and more practical vehicles. A. meeting of the advisory committee was held during dinner in Hr. Spar row's suite. Friday, October 27 Third Session, Friday Forenoon After an hour and a half visiting the exhibits of the Paint Industries Show, the members were called to order at half-past nine o'clock for the third ses sion, consisting of original papers and an address on "Common Sense in the Paint Industry," by Dr. Wilhelm Krumbhaar, of Germany, who is well known to all members of the Federa tion. Dr. Krumbhaar's Address It would seem obvious that common sense should govern the policies of every industry. In spite of this, however, the rule of sound common sense has not by any means been established In every In dustry and we must confess that even the paint and varnish Industry was compara tively slow to adopt the rule of reason. It Is Interesting to follow the develop ment of common sense In its Influence on commercial activities, as Indicated by the formation of trade associations. The most important of these associations, the. Amer ican,- British and German organizations, were founded at about the turn of the century, their growth thus having oc cupied scarcely more than thirty years. At present these associations have between one and two hundred members; that means that about 75 percent of the entire paint and varnish Industry belong to the trade associations. Of course, there are always outsiders who profit from the as sociation work, in spite of being non members, and it is hard to get them to Join. There has been everywhere a fairly uniform development In the organization of local sections of -the associations In regional districts, and of technical divi sions for attention to specialized fields. But we find in America, in the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, one which Is unique in its comprehensive and model organization. The. belief in the usefulness of asso ciation work also governs the cooperation of our industry's chemists and technol ogists, the production men. These produc tion men's clubs flourish alike in America and England and contribute much towards lifting the technical level of the Industry as a whole, and experience shows that the cooperation between chemists and technologists of the different concerns does not sharpen competition within the in dustry, as was feared by many manu facturers. The problems confronting the paint and varnish associations are numerous and complex. First of all, it is important to work in conjunction with the authori ties, so that, if new laws are made, they may be helpful and not hurtful to the In terests of the paint Industry, and may be Interpreted In a reasonable way. Ques- OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 63 ins of taxation are important matters; ard surface and from the surface being various oils as vehicles, linseed stand oil ides by X-ray analysis. The crystalline liers have to do with the laws governg accident prevention, fire prevention id industrial hygiene. It is my experl,ce that once in a while manufacturers i not regard these regulations as sejusly as they should. In case of a rious accident the whole industry is bjected to new regulations so that all ive to suffer for the faults of the in-- ridual. tested. When the more modern photo electric cell is used, galvanometer deflec tions indicate the intensity differences in the reflected light. The microscope always serves well in the evaluation of paint surfaces. Thug, some photomicrographs showed the de formation of a film surface Into pits or wrinkles, or both, by action of a moist atmosphere soon after application. Other photomicrographs showed a crystalline and linseed varnish oli have proved them selves superior to perllla and poppy seed oils; fish oU was inferior in stability, as was particularly proved in a aeries of testa with white lead aa the pigment. Regarding the influence of priming on the service life of the coating the beat results were obtained with undercoats of the same composition as the topcoat, only more heavily pigmented. The so-called "trimet&l primer" consisting of red lead form of the precipitated hydrated Iron ox ides la different according to whether they are precipitated With lime or with am monia. When heated above 2UUC. the precipitated Iron oxides lose water and at 350*C. they become anhydrous. Change in crystal structure occurs only on further heating at about 550*0.: the iron oxide thereby loses its reactivity at the same time, -Commercial iron oxides have all the same crystal structure as a precipi Opportunity in Patent Work deposit of ammonium sulfate which may with additions of zinc dust and aluminum tated iron oxide which has been heated to Useful work is done by trade associa- ina on problems of freight rates and riffs, and furthermore on patent mat s, There is no doubt that much could accomplished for the general good in posing blocking patents, which are too oad In-nature, and very., often prove. a . al hardship to our industry. i Guarantees and specifications comprise field in which common sense has not t achieved full sway and in which there still much conflict of opinion. It is 11 common enough to give guarantees cases In which no guarantee could prop- ly he given, and it is well known that educations, no matter how carefully >rked out their details may be, cause ach trouble to the producer as well as the user of the materials. Needless to say, co-operative adver- dng is a very useful activity, in our ade; but only America has a really mprehenslve organization for this pur- ise. The work of credit Inquiry bureaus, iwever, is quite generally recognized, iese departments do much valuable work r exchanging and communicating their periehces with debtors, and prevent my losses which would otherwise occur. The associations perform an important rvice In their efforts to cut down pro- ictton costs by simplifying and unifying otalners and packages, Dy decreasing 3 number of shades, by promoting sell- on the volume instead of the weight sis and by other simplification measures. Still more Important is the work of is associations in their efforts to Intro- joe sound practice Into cost accounting. Is not easy to educate all manufacturers ) proper calculation methods. Much can t accomplished if the manufacturer will we a thorough study made, by an un ited person, of his production methods id sales organizations. When- -aii - the Hires from such a study are tabulated afl visualized, and perhaps compared ith the figures from other similar en- irprlses, the results will be astonishing ad the manufacturer will be in a posi- m to draw many conclusions which will fs helpful in correct calculation. Undoubtedly, the climax in the appllcaloa of common sense to commercial ae rifies is the creation of a real "code of !Ucs"; in fact, common sense is identical ith sound business ethics. We all know lit the associations in our industry have one much in this direction, especially in le fight against unfair competition and munerclal bribery, ( Slower Scientific Progress The progress of common sense hag been Swer in the scientific than in the comlercial field. It took a very long time form on varnish or nitrocellulose lacquer films If the surrounding atmosphere Is contaminated with products of combustion. The photomicrographies method has also been found very suitable for measuring particle size of pigments. The best me dium for microscopic dispersion is proved to be a solution of 90 parts lanolin and 10 parts rosin in carbon tetrachloride. Mi crography ia also well adapted to exam ination of the properties of the paint film itself. For example photomicrographs were shown of a composite paint film containing a considerable quantity of for eign matter, Methods of color measurement form a speciality of the British Paint Research Institute; colors are measured by the Guild tricromatlc colorimeter In terms of their content of the three primary spec tral colors, red, green and blue, and in terms of their brightness relative to that of a magneslum oxide screen under stand ard conditions of illumination, All these measurements are accurate and repro ducible. Various methods were displayed for de termining the hiding power and relative strength of pigments. Relative strength of white pigments Is measured by mixing a weighed sample with ultramarine, both being in the form, of an oil paste, the ultramarine being of very fine and uni form particle size. The method is well suited to bringing out clearly small dif ferences in brightness of different lithopones, thus being useful for production control work, Color and Fading Teats The methods described are also used to study changes In shade, especially the phenomena of fading, darkening and bronzing. Fading tests are always made in a damp atmosphere with exposure to the light of an intense carbon arc. Colori metric measurements have given valuable results in such tests. The thinner the paint film, the faster it fades. Figments which have been ground in stand oil as the vehicle bleach more rapidly and to a greater extent than those made up with silicon ester or with gelatin solutions, . The fastness of pigments to light depends a great deal on the white extenders; the most permanent mixtures aa a rule are those with barium sulphate, closely fol lowed by those with zinc oxide, while light fastness is poor in mixtures with alumina and especially with titanium dioxide. Darkening of pigments ia sometimes conveniently tested under the unscreened mercury vapor lamp; this teat showed, for example, very severe darkening of chrome yellow In gelatin. If the light of the mercury vapor lamp is filtered through a'glass plate containing colloidal powder, had no special advantages. White lead was superior to red lead for under coats on wood. The quality of white lead topcoats was increased by adding zinc white, but les sened by adding barytes or paris white. It Is a striking fact that-scarcely, any difference could be detected In the effects of barytes and of parla white. Lithopone paints were greatly improved by the ad dition of 2 to .6 percent of aluminum powder. The barium .sulphate content of titanium pigments had no definite influ ence on tne chalking of these pigments. Antimony pigments gave good results, but were subject to the rule which also applies to other cases, that a non-chalking paint film turns quite yellow. Red lead had been tried In paints for topcoats; it was not found suitable for such use, showing fading and flaking. At the same time these paints showed that ordinary red lead is superior to the non setting variety in topcoats; Paints in which the pigment was treated with a 0.5 percent aluminum stearate so lution aa dispersing agent, were not im proved to any extent by this treatment. Scientific-Technical Investigations Besides the test methods used In our Industry a number of completed scientifictechnical investigations were demon strated at the exhibit. Extracted stand oils were made In Eng land several years ago, a counter-current solvent extraction process being used, and a good quality product was sold, samples of which were exhibited. Varnishes made from an extracted stand oil and an esterlfled natural gum showed excellent dura bility and water resistance, Interesting investigations have been made of the reaction between lead oxide and linseed oil. Litharge reacts with lin seed oil. to form an additive complex, which contains up to 50 percent litharge. It has been clearly shown that these com plex compounds are not soaps, and that these very compounds are the real driers, whereas as a rule lead soaps are poor driers and give poor films. Much scientific and technical work on tung oil has been done and has cleared up many points which were heretofore ob scure. It has been shown, t. i,, that the glycerol is quantitatively recoverable at all stages of polymerization, that the acids liberated by saponifying the gel have molecular weights which may ap proach, but rarely exceed, twice that of the acids in the unpolymerfzed oil. These adds are dibasic, and yield by oxidation azelalc and valeric acids in exactly the proportions given by eleostearlc acid. In addition to polymerization, isomeriza tion of tung oil has been studied. The degree of isomerization can be determined 550#C. Investigation of the azo dyes revealed an interesting fact. When the calcium salt ot permanent red 4 B is copreeipitated with calcium resitiate, a pigment is ob tained which has the same color strength as. the. pure pigment, even though it may contain 30 percent of calcium reslnate. This phenomenon . Is probably due to the fact that calcium reslnate precipitates as a translucent gel and dries as such. The gel-strongly adsorbs the pigment when copreclpftated therewith and the dispersed pigment is really an adsorption complex. I have given this rather complete de scription of the British Exhibit, because very few, if any of you were able to see it. The occasion of my visit there was a so-called "open day," On the other hand your own exhibit for paint and varnish research Is open to visitors every day, demonstrating the: application of common sense to an industry. -A few objects of interest may be inspected in your scien tific section booth in connection with this meeting. From my descriptions some idea may be had as to the fruitful efforts devoted by the paint Institutes to sound and rational development. In addition, however, the work of the institutes has in general the great value of providing for tne industry itself an unprejudiced Judgment on all the new Ideas constantly bobbing up in great numbers. Our forward-looaing in dustry has a tendency to adopt every new material or process with great enthusiasm, only Very often to be disappointed later. Therefore, it is better to be disillusioned and warned in time. Many examples could be cited, but I need not name these failures as they have been step-children to many of us, . Effects on Factory Practice The consequence of comprehensive sci entific, and technical research has been further advancement in factory processes themselves. And-It is a fact tnat com mon sense is gaining more and more ground in manufacturing, through rational operating procedures and correctly de signed maenfnes and equipment The old method' of copal melting is be ing gradually displaced by efficient large scale melting, the ratio of heating sur face area to amount of copal being chosen so that there is no roasting, but only true melting. The advantages are paler color of the melt, and smaller losses, Instead of th old method of making stand oils by boiling in open kettles, llnseeed oil Is now thickened in closed aluminum kettles in a current of carbon dioxide, with the advantage of getting nearly neutral and water white oils. Similar advancement has been made fn- the thickening of tung r real scientific Institutes to be formed silver or nickel, it can be used for testing by diluting the sample with a standard oil. The old hot process of making res- i the industry. Dr. H. A. Gardner in the light-fastness of lithopone. Lithopone proportion of acetone at 0C and filtering lnates is replaced more and more by solu Pashington was far ahead of all others, which will darken in the light then shines off the residue. The relative stabilities tion methods which are better and , inland and Germany following suit much with intense fluorescence whereas light iter, and several other countries more fast lithopone Is not fluorescent. of variously treated tung oil samples may be compared by daylight exposure on a cheaper, Even the grinding of pigments in the recently. These Institutes are financed Of course, many devices have been, de slowly rotating table. Comparison of the various paint mills has been subjected to fitter by the industry alone, or with signed for measuring the drying of paint isomers produced under various condi scientific study, by measuring the power [uvernment aid. Usually the suppliers of films. To be reliable, such measurements tions has shown that the material formed consumption and :tlme required for the iw materials, partly finished goods and must be made In rooms in which the tem in daylight differs from that of the spon- production of a given quantity of paste ^ilpment also help by contributing a perature and humidity are kept constant; taneouely lsomerized solvent-extracted of like particle size and uniformity, under vgabstantlal porition of the cost. The dif- the British Institute is very fully equipped oils. This Is proved by the production of various mill and paste conditions. Prog kulty in conducting paint institutes lies in this respect. the corresponding adds, melting at 6$ftC ress may also be noted In filtration and i steering the proper middle course be- Mention may be made here of a method and 71C respectively, and from them the screening, The centrifuge has been intro treen science and practice, while at the which Is suitable for determining tur p-bromophenacyl esters, melting at 748C duced instead of the filter press, while for true time being diplomatic enough to keep pentine vapor in the air of rooms in and S5*C. many purposes the new vibrating screens iD the supporting members happy, each filer his own fashion. which painting is being done. A known volume of the air, measured In a gaso Tung Oil and Maleic Acid have been found . very suitable. Liquid screen systems, ;the so-called "elutri- It is of the greatest importance that the meter, is drawn through a glass coil im Some samples exhibited, directed the ators," have been proposed instead of the ^oratories of our industry should all mersed in ether carbon, dioxide snow. The attention to the remarkable combination old air screening devices. Elutriators op i working upon the same carefully stand- condensed turpentine Is washed out of the of tung oil with maleic acid; the inves erate on the principle of using a constant nilzed methods of analysis and tests for coil with alcohol and an aliquot portion tigations showed that beta-eleoatearin can liquid velocity which carries with it par , hysical properties. As a matter of fact, is. added to an equal volume of a 1 percent be condensed with maleic anhydride to a ticles smaller than a certain size, if a lift American Industry leads the world solution of vanillin In concentrated hy useful product giving heat-hardening films suitable dispersion medium, for example, s this direction as It has available a ook, known as "Physical and Chemical . lamination of Paint, Varnishes, Lacquers . fid Colors," by Dr. -Henry A. Gardner, folch has just appeared in the sixth edi; Son, including 1,500 pages. This book I Used not only in this country but practi- illy In every country of the world. There is no doubt that the growth of le scientific Institutes In the paint and iTnlsh industry is a striking proof of ia victory of common sense. All the ahlevements of science In our industry ere impressively visualized by the exIbition of the British Paint Research htion in the Summer, 1933, at Tedfiigton. The details of the exhibit, test athods as well as completed scientifl'cfchnical investigations, are interesting drochloric acid. The blue color produced on standing for forty minutes Is com pared with a set of standards containing a known amount of turpentine. It was found that the turpentine concentration in the air was always Jess than l mg. per liter, while at least 5 mg. per liter Is necessary to cause headaches, etc. The constant temperature-humidity room contains all the Instruments for measuring the mechanical and physical properties of films. As is well known, there are many different designs for this. For hardness tests the Walker swinging beam apparatus is very suitable; for test ing elasticity, elongation and tensile strength the designs developed by the American Paint and Varnish Research In stitute proved to be very usfeul. i every one of us, and so I will give ibrlef summary of my observations, Artificial Weathering KExact measurement methods are the sis of all correct manufacturing pr&c- See and this, of course, is the basis for ; Ittlng away from all complaints from Sstomers. Among the measuring lnstm- ' Bints, probably the most important are lioosimeters and plastometers; among For artificial weathering two tanks are used to study the probable behavior of materials; one simulates Indoor, the other outdoor service conditions. They operate either with alternate exposure to light, water and heat, or only with temperature alterations. It has been found in general that the results of accelerated weather Bern the simplest designs, e. g., the Gar- ing tests agree best with natural tests ber-Holdt viscosity tubes, the MObllom- when the testing apparatus Is arranged fer and the Ford cup, are still the best as simply as possible; as a rule sulphur fe- practical purposes. dioxide should be used only with the suitable for varnishes. The modem field of scientific and tech nical research included the better process ing and utilization of natural resins and If properly developed, this special' field shows promise of abundant reward; espe cially with regard to the processing of copal gums. The British Institute intends to devote particular attention to further advancement in the chemistry of shellac. In general, synthetic reeln problems are left to private industry. Indeed, the patent literature Is covering already the whole field. On the other hand, attention is be ing given to the theoretical signflcance of the processes leading to reslnificatlon, and the formulation of synthetic products was Illustrated by structural formulas of some substances. Briefly, a modern synthetic resin consists primarily of a series of long chain molecules behaving as a colloidal unit. At a later stage, by processes such as the addition of an element, e. g., oxy gen. cross Unking of the chains occurs and the irreversible - substances ore formed. Some of the work done in England on chrome yellow, iron oxide and lake pig ments may be briefly described. X-ray photographs showed that ordi nary lead chromate exists in two crystal line forms. The greenish yellow form initially precipitated is rhombic and varnish naphtha with a small addition of biown oil, is used, elutriators can be very effective. , Among the expedients for improving and facilitating manufacturing belong all those special agents, developed in recent years, for Improving the properties of clear varnishes, enamels and paints, in short all the gloss and flow agents, the dispersing antl-sklnning and flatting agents, the special driers and emulsifiers. With these belong, furthermore, the re cent methods of accelerating painting pro cesses, i. e,, the rapid methods with nitro cellulose and synthetic finishes and the various wet-on-wet processes. After all the victory of common sense In scientific and technical work is shown outstandingly in the improved quality of goods in our field. To give evidence of this, we need only take ten-year-old samples from some old sample room and compare them with the present quality of the same goods, and we see for ourselves the enormous progress achieved. So It may give us a great thrill to imagine how the same goods will look after another ten years, But of one thing we may even now be sure; "Not worse, but still better." I trust that my talk has shown what sound common sense has done in our in dustry. While It does not as yet prevail completely In the commercial end, we have Pigment*Vehicle Relations The exhibit's visual presentation of the unifold peculiar relations between pigMnt and vehicle were highly instructive, ' fcst pigments, such aa lithopone, titanium tlite, ultramarine, etc., can be ground to litiff paste in paraffin oil. But if only i few drops of blown oil are added, the jaste at once becomes as thin as water. remarkable relation -of linseed oil to tfilte lead was demonstrated in two fun ! ads, containing aqueous white lead pastes. greatest possible caution, because the de structive effect Is too severe. Many examples of tests by natural ex posure were also shown. The results of such tests vary according to the location and the direction of the exposed panels. Coatings exposed at an angle-of 45 were destroyed two to four times as fast as those standing vertical; moreover, coat ings on surfaces facing north were de stroyed much less rapidly than those fac ing south. There are also wide differ ences in behavior according to the kind slowly changes to a golden yellow monocllntc form, the rate of transformation, while the aubstance Is in the precipitation liquor being increased more by inorganic adds than by acetic acid. The change also occurs in the dry material. Pate and medium chromes are. reddened by alkali, and consequently cannot be used on basic surfaces. A method has been devised for producing medium chromes which have much greater alkali resistance. These chromes can be boiled with 10 per much to hope for through the wonderful cooperation of industry In the working out Of President Roosevelt's "New Deal," which seems to be not only the hope of America but also of the whole world. Detroit Club Paper R. J. Pohl once more presented the paper prepared by the Detroit Paint and Varnish .Production Club. In one funnel the paste was covered over tllh a layer of acid oil, in the other tith neutral oil. Water very soon be ds to flow from the first one, while in lb* second funnel containing, neutral oil is the top layeer, the bottom..'remains en- Italy dry. ,_ Measurements of gloss of surfaces some , tones is important: It is simply done I1 risuafly by comparing the intensities of 1 specular reflection of light from a stand of coated surface, whether wood, iron or stone, and according to the structure of the paint film as a whole. Composition of the results of natural weathering- with those of artificially ac celerated tests revealed complete agree ment in only about two-thirds of the cases, but a looser or more qualitative agreement In a much higher proportion. Some of the Weathering results may be mentioned here. In the comparison of cent caustic soda without change of color. The blackening of chromes by light has also been investigated. Acetate chromes are generally far worse than nitrate chromes in this-respect, and It has been shown'thfct,-'-tha.**flGeot is due to the pres ence of adsorbed'Impurities, Structure of Iron Oxides In other studies efforts have been made to ascertain the structure of the Iron ox Effect of High Temperatures on Some Paint Materials There ia a definite demand for a cheap coating which will protect and beautify metal surfaces exposed to the disintegrat ing stresses of high temperatures. Porcelain and ' vitreous enamels have met this need; but at-a considerable cost to the consumer. Our paint industry has 64 November 16, 1933 OIL. PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER tried and has almost , completely fatted. SCO*. Considerable yellowing at 1000. alkali content permissible before failure Is manganese as naphthenates and reduce to Nevertheless, the market for such a mate- Color comes back on cooling. encountered In good painting practice. contain 25 percent mineral spirts. Tlal remains and the door of opportunity to an attractive new field lies wide -open Chromium oxide: Slight darkening at 1000* under wet conditions. After securing this figure several series M--Sulphurized Tung Oil TO US. ; Burnt umber: Slight darkening at lOOO*. of duplicate panels were prepared with- a Method:--Cook tung oil at 460*F for on< This being so, a study of the mechanism The above group of pigments is slightly definite percentage of alkali present, hour and cool to 300*F. Add 5 percent of heat resistance would seem to he in affected by 1000*, but still rates very slightly higher than the permissible maxi flowers of sulphur and hold at 3006F for order. It ia well known, in a general way, highly In heat resistance. mum and later in order to evaluate vari fifteen minutes. Drier with 0.25 percent that some pigments and vehicles are more Ferric oxide, red: Slight darkening a,t ous pigments, vehicles and combination lead and 0.025 percent manganese as heat resistant than others. An exact 150. Purplish shade at 600*. Deep purple pigment-primers, by direct standard com naphthenates and reduce to contain 2> knowledge of the comparative- efficiency shade at 1000*. Came back to a brownish parison. percent mineral spirits, - In this respect of a representative series of pigments and vehicles is lacking, how red. Ultramarine blue: Slight darkening at The general procedures followed fn the work this year were similar to the meth Oils--Series 3 v ever, in the standard paint literature. A 500*. Medium darkening at 1000". ^ ods outlined in the 1932 paper presented Panels N--Standard Heat-Treated linseed / compilation of the comparative heat re Chrome yellow, light: Color darkened at the Washington convention. Panels . OU ! sistivities of common paint materials would be an aid in eliminating all but the most meritorious of these materials, thus making possible an extensive study of a few. This, then, is the object of this paper. at 150. Very dark at 1000*. Color comes back somewhat. Chrome yellow, medium: Color dark ened at 160V Very dark at 1000. Color comes back somewhat. , Chrome yellow, orange: Color dark were allowed forty-eight hours drying be fore priming and forty-eight hours before first coat of flat paint. Succeeding opera tions were scheduled on a twenty-fourhour basis. The five series of panels studied are O--Sulphur Chloride Treated lineeed OU ; 41% Imp. gals, varnish linseed oil cooked 1 . . four hours at 580-600* F 8% Imp. kale, benzln 14 lbs, sulphur chloride 1 The logical method of testing the heat ened at 150, 1 Very dark at 1000. Color classified as follows: Method;--Heat oil to 1&0*F. Add ben- 1 resistance of paint materials is by placing these materials on a, metal panel, and noting the temperature of decomposition at the surface of the panel. This method introduces difficulties ''in measuring the temperature of the surface. It was, there* comes back somewhat, . The above group of pigments resists heat very well but changes color rather badly, and, therefore, would not be usable when a color change is not allowed. Chrome green, medium: Started to turn Series 1-- Permissible alkali.. Series 2--Oil evaluation. Series 3--Oil -evaluation (continued). Series 4--Pigment evaluation. Series 5--Combination pigment primers. zin then slowly add the sulphur chloride 11 ina fine stream, stirring well meanwhile, 7 and stir intermittently for one hour after- ' wards. . Then heat to 200 flF for four hours and blow air through the mixture ' until most of the benzin is removed. fore, decided to place the panels in a furnace and thus subject them to an easily measured temperature* Construction of Furnace yellow at 180*. Fumes given off at BOO*. Changed to brown. Brown shade at 1000 . Ferric oxide, yellow: Color darkened at 150?, Irreversible red at 500, Bed oxide color at 1000. Preparation of Panels All panels were prepared in duplicate with the fallowing ingredients: - Regular Plaster Mix P--Heat-Treated Linseed and Tnng Oils- f (70-30) Formula;-- >86 lbs! tung oil A furnace was built In the following manner: A heavy piece of asbestos paper was rolled and pasted :into a cylinder 3% Inches in diameter and 9 inches long. Sodium silicate was used as the adhesive. A Type FD-104 Hoskins 110-volt heating element was colled on this cylinder and fastened temporarily .by sticking the ends of the element through the sides of the cylinder. The coils were separated from each other by asbestos paper wedges. An* other piece of asbestos paper was then rolled over the colls and pasted as before. A thin sheet of steel was then wrapped around this and was securely fastened by means of wires. The`ends of the cylinder were then cut off so that the total length of the completed cylinder was 7 Inches. The cylinder was then placed vertically Prussian blue: Started to turn brown at ISO*.- Fumes given-off'at 600*. Deep brown shade at 1000*. Llthol toner: Darkened at 200. Violet fumes at 600*. Carbonized at 600*. Toiuldin timer: Darkened at 200*. Bed fumes at .360*. .'Carbonnized at 550*. The above group of pigments is entirely unsuitable for high temperature work, (Vehicles) Boiled linseed oil: Started to discolor at 250*. Became nearly black at 500. Smoked strongly from ,356-4Q0*. Blistered at 600*. Film gone at 720*.' Baltellte type varnish.long oil: Started to discolor at 300,. Film'began to leave, at 750V> Film -gone. at 850. .'Film ap parently evaporated. - Amberol K;-12 .varnish- long oil: Started to ,, discolor -at^r 300*. Film started to "leave at 750*. Film gone at 820*. . Amberol K-12 -varnish-short oil:- Same characteristics: asl-long oil.K-lS varnish. .-Amberolr-22$ varnish'-very Long oil.: Began to discolor. at 270*. -Film started to leave- at 800. Film gone at 860*. . Tung oil-ester gum varnish, short oil: Began to discolor at 300*. Film started to leave at 800*. Film gone at 820*. Glycerln-phthallc anhydride synthetic oxidlzlhg-air hardening . type: - Began to discolor at 350. Black at 600*. Dulled at-450*.: Film started to go at 750*. .Film gone at 800*,- By .evaporation, . Glycerln-phthalic, anhydride synthetic oxidizlng-alr hardening type: Began to discolor and smoke at 375*. -Black at 600*. Film started to go at 750*. Film gone at 800*. By evaporation. . Glycerin-phthalic anhydride synthetic oxldizing-heat hardening type: (This ma terial is a very good heat resistant alumi num liquid.) Exactly the same charac teristic as previous material. Cumar gum W l: Film started to leave at 830. Film gone at 900*. Ester gum: Film started to discolor at 300*. Blistered at 600*. Film gone at 730*. This paper is in a sense a preliminary one, serving to test the practicality of the furnace and of the method. The tech nique of heating the surface as quickly as possible to 1000* -F, serves only to elimi Calcium-magnesium hydrate of lime.. .2 parte 36 lbs. varnish linseed oil cooked four hour* . Plaster of pajrS*................................................1 port ' at 80'F ' . Rockwall plaster............................................................1part. 48 lbs. varnish linseed, oil ' Crystalline sodiumBulphate............NaS04.10H*0 4 Iba. 8% oz. lead-manganese sollgen di-Jei In the case of series 1, the percentage of sodium sulphate' was varied in' increas ing amounts as described'later, but In the remaining series the amount was fixed at' 1 percent of the total dry weight of the. piaster mix and .was introduced by first dissolving in the' full' amount of. water used in making the'panels to insure uni formity throughout, , / .40 lbs, mineral spirits .' Method:--Heat tung oil and bodied lih- seed oil .'at 58QF for a string. Reduce! with varnish.oil and heat to 400*F.' Add drier and .thin. Q--Cold-Blend. Bodied' linseed: and Boditd Tung Oils--'(70-86) Method:--Blend 70 parts of the stand-' Permissible Alkali--Series 1 ard: heat-treated linseed oil with 36 parts An analysis of available alkali, was de termined by chemical: examination of the separate constituents, used In the m&nufacture of alt panels;.which gave the fol? . of'a tung oil vehicle made as follows -Cook tung oil for one hour at 40UCF, drier ' With" 6.25 percent lead and 0.0i> percent manganese as aphthenatea. Re-, dulce,i.to! contain 251 percent mineral lowing, results': .' - -As NaOH. spirits. - ; ' - ' Calcium-magnesium hydrate......... " S-^-Heat-Treated linseed Oil Plaster of parie...V,/, ,v,` --0.08% Rockwall piaster.,...,..........,..'.: . --0,11%, Formula^ . 120; lbs. varnish linseed, oil - These figures, average ' O.iO perceritNaOH when used in. the amount .specified for the making, of the .test-panels,-and represents the normal content of the 4 lbs. &<& oz, lead-manganese sollgen drla r . 120 lba,: mineral spirits :. Method:--Cook oil at 580*F for four hours--cool to 450*--add drier and thin matrix. - . In determining thB percentage of avail able alkali permissible, regular panels were prepared-with additions of sodium, sulphate as shown:-- r--Bodied linseed and Pilchard Oil# (70-Sfl Method:--Heat-treat and blow with a' fine stream of air 70 parts varnish lin seed oil and 30 parts pilchard oil for w hours at 560*F--drier with 0.5 percet! ,----------------Percent ^ Na*SO*- Calculated 10HO ' as NaOH Panels A........................ None, None. lead ' and 0,045 percent manganese aj naphthenates--reduce to contain 25 per cent mineral spirits, Panels B......................... 0.10 Panels C..................... 6,25 Panels D........................ 0.50 Panels *>,................... 0.70 Panels-F..,................. 1.00 Panels G........................ 1,50 Panels H..,.,............. 2.00 0.03 ' 0;0fl 0.12 O.ift 0.25 0.3T 0.50 Referring to the results In table I, the maximum alkali content which can safely be allowed In plaster before failure occurs in a three-coat system of painting lies be tween the amounts contained in panels D and E. The average percentage of panels D and E is 0.16 percent NaOH, the maxi mum addition permissible, plus 0.10 per cent, normally contained, gives a total U--Bodied linseed and Soybean Oils (76-31] Method:--Same as for "T." .Pigments--Series 4 . 1'anels 100--Standard heat-treated linseed -<J (no pigment) . 161--Basic lead carbonate 102--(a&b) Titanium dioxide . 103--Composite barium base tltaniimj pigment [ 164--Composite calcium base tltanlim: pigment ' 105--Zinc sulphide - 106--Lithopone 107--Antimony oxide 103--Zinc oxide 106--Zinc dust in a round one-gallon paint pall and the nate any materials which are manifestly alkali content of 0.25 percent as NaOH 116--Aluminum powder leads were brought out through cylin drical porcelain insulators inserted in the side of the pail. The space between the cylinder and the pail wag then filled with asbestos fiber. A crude rheostat was unsuitable for the purpose. This tech nique will necessarily be changed in further work when combinations of pig ment and vehicle will be studied more in tensively, made by winding about 40 feet of No. 30 chrome! resistance wire on a piece of asbestos board. The resistance was varied by tapping the resistance wire coils with a battery clamp attached to one terminal of the furnace. Connections were then made to an ordinary 110-vott lighting circuit. The top of the furnace was covered with a sheet of transparent mica. A hole was punched in the center of this sheet to permit the insertion of a high temperature thermometer. A piece of sheet metal was so| bent that when it was inserted in the .furnace a table was formed upon which - the panels could be placed. The table was about 3 Inches be Conclusion New modes of attack suggested by this preliminary work are as follows:--A study of the effect of (a) Pigment concentra tion and kind of pigment in a film; (b) Type of drier and drier concentration; (c) The type of surface over which the paint is applied; (d) Maximum tempera ture which a film can resist over a long period of time. Acknowledgements are due to Professor Publow of Michigan State College for help in the design of the furnace, and to -the Oxidermo Products, Inc., Springport, Mich., for financial- assistance, low the top of the furnace. In testing the heat resistance of a pig Montreal Club's Paper ment, it was spread-in a thin film on a steel panel and placed In a horizontal position on the table in the furnace. Any change in appearance of the pigment could The contribution of the Montreal club to this year's program was a second paper on the subject of pointing then be noted by looking at it through the sheet of mlea. The temperature of the furnace was gradually raised until 1000 F. plastered surfaces. The paper fol lows:-- were obtained, at Which point the limit Causes of and Remedies for of the thermometer was reached and the experiment discontinued. The furnace at* Paint Failure on Plaster talned this temperature in twenty minutes when no resistance wag used. Surfaces--II The vehicles were sprayed on steel panels and allowed to thoroughly dry either at room temperature or by baking, as was necessary in the case of some synthetics. They were then- heated in the furnace until the film was completely decomposed. Through an extensive survey, of primer treatment during the past year, the Mon treal Faint and Varnish Production Club presents to the federation comparative re sults of pigments and vehicles when used over alkaline plaster where wet condi tions exist, and has obtained the percen tage of alkali which can be allowed be Tabulation of Results (Pigment*) Lampblack: No change at 1000. Carbon black: No j change at 1000*. Keystone pigment': No change at' 1000. Graphite: No change at 1000. Blanc fixe: No change at 1000. China clay: No change at 1000*. Whiting: No change at 1000. . Silica: No change at 1000*. . The above group of pigments is entirely unaffected by 1000 temperature. It Is possible that some 'of the lampblack and carbon black was oxidized, but this was not evident under the conditions of the experiment. ThiB oxidation would show up very easily in a thin paint film. Sublimed white lead: A slight yellow ing at 1000, Color; comes back to normal on cooling, , Lithopone: Slight yellowing at 760*. Very slight permanent yellowing at 1000. Zinc oxide (red seal) : Slight yellowing fore breakdown of paint film occurs. As determined'from the work for the first paper dealing with this problem, the free alkalinity present in plaster is the source of failure generally attributed to free lime. Lewellyn (Building Research Bulletin No,' 11 of England) explains 'that oil paints and oil containing dis tempers are liable to fall by saponifica tion whenever they are applied over a damp surface containing both free lime and salts of Boda and potash, These alkali salts occur In many building ma terials, Thus they may find their way into lime-containing plasters even though they may be absent from, the original plaster itself. -It is often found that lime plaster' applied over a brickwork- backing attacks paint Alkalies may be present either as impurities in the materials used or as essential constituents, e. g., the pot ash alum added 'to many hard-burnt plas ters as an accelerator," Similarly, "com mercial- Portland cement usually contains alkali compounds, and In setting It liber limit over which paint may be success fully applied where moisture Is a factor. From this, it seems reasonable to en courage the adoption of a specification by architects and contractors limiting the total available alkali present In any plas ter surface to 0.25 percent as NaOH based on an analysis of dry components where paint Is to be subsequently applied. Such a specification would Insure the paint manufacturer and painter against serious trouble in the future and minimize the course of adjustments which has besn greatly overdone in the past in a feeble attempt to retain indignant customers and maintain good-will. We, as paint manufacturers, are out of line with the march of progress in our Industry if -we ^llow this menace to continue. In view of the above results, subse quent work on the evaluation of coatings was conducted with panels containing 1 percent of crystalline sodium sulphate in order that definite break-down could be esabllshed and the efficiency of finished panels easily rated. Furthermore, it was our opinion that if a painting system could be designed which would function properly over an added alkali content ap proximately double the predetermined ?iafe amount, then a successful solution to the problem of painting plaster would be attained. Treatment of Panels Oils--Series 2 Panels I--Standard Heat-Treated linseed Oil This oil was used as standard through out the tests since it was one of the most efficient treatments reported in the first paper and relatively simple to prepare. Method:--Cook varnish linseed oil at 660^ for three hours and drier with 0.5 percent lead and 0.05 percent manganese in the form of naphthenates. Reduce to contain 26 percent mineral spirits. J-- Blown and Heat-Treated linseed Oil Method!'--Heat varnish linseed oil to 560*F and immediately blow with a fine stream of air long enough to gain a body equal to the standard heat-treated oil: drier with 0,5 percent lead and 0,06 per cent manganese as naphthenates and re duce to contain 26 percent mineral spirits. K--Blown and Heat-Treated Tung OH Method:--Heat and blow tung oil for four hours at 250#F; drier with 0.25 per cent lead and .0.025 percent manganese as naphthenates. Reduce to contain 26 per cent mineral spirts. I*--Sulphurised linseed Oil Method;--Good varnish linseed oil at R60BF for three hours and-cool to 300*F. 111--Magnesium carbonate 112--Gypsum 118--Asbestine 114--China clay 115--'Whiting 116--Barytes 117--Silica 113--No primer 116--Magnesium fluoslllcate 120--Zinc stearate 121--Aluminum stearate 122--Aluminum hydrate 123--Aluminum sulphate All of the above pigments were grouni in the standard heat-treated linseed oG vehicle. : The percentages used were 25 percem pigment and 76 percent vehicle by weigh! with, the exception of: Aluminum Btear&te--26 percent pigmen and 8Q percent vehicle. Aluminum powder--2.4 pounds per |m perial gallon. Further work in evaluating single pi? tnents by plgmenting in accordance wit bulking values rather than on a percer tage basis might prove interesting. Combination Pigments--Series 5 Panels 102--(X and Y) 25% Titanium dioxide , 75 Standard heat-treated Ilnae ell selected for comparison fro results of previous series 12-~16%% Titanium dioxide 16% Magnesium carbonate 66% Standard vehicle 125--25% Titanium dioxide 25 Gypsum 50 'Standard vehicle 126--23% Titanium dioxide 25 Asbestine 50 Standard vehicle 127--26% Titanium dioxide 10 Magnesium carbonate 10 Asbestine 00 Standard vehicle 128--25% Titanium dioxide 22% 56 129-25% Gypsum Asbestine < Standard vehicle Titanium dioxide 12% Magnesium carbonate 12*& GypBum . 56 Standard vehicle 136--50% Titanium dioxide 60 Standard vehicle 181--50% Composite calcium.- base tanium pigment 50 Standard vehicle 132--15% Titanium dioxide 35 60 133--16% GypBum Standard vehicle Aluminum powder 25 Titanium dioxide 57 Standard Vehicle Aluminum powder stirred In a grinding pigment 134--18% Aluminum powder 25 Asbestine 57 Standard vehicle Aluminum powder stirred In e - grinding, pigment at 600*. Slight yellowing at 1000*. Color comes back on cooling. ates lime." . With this fundamental established fur Add 0.6 percent flowers. of sulphur and hold at 300#F for fifteen minutes. Drier Painting of Panels Titanium oxide: Slight yellowing at ther study was made to find the maximum with 0.5 percent lead and 0.05 percent Two coats of light blue flat paint OIL. PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November /6t 1933 65 described below were applied to all panels, allowing twenty-four hours between coats. Llthopone ....................................................... Zinc ' oxide................... .................................. Asbestine .................................. Long oil varnish............... .mi.............. Mineral spirits.............................................. 63.9% 1.7% ft. 9% 28.4% 9.1% Tinted to the standard light shade o blue with prusslan blue in oil. Long oil varnish; Tung oil 14.3 percent, linseed oil 21.4 percent, limed rosin 11.9 per cent, basic lead carbonate 2.4 percent, mineral d spirits 50 percent. \ ,,,, Method: Cook linseed oil at B60P for three hours. Heat tung oil and rosin to 665F. Add the hot linseed oil and gain 1 565F. Cool to 550F.and hold for one and one-half hours, cool to 526F and add basic lead carbonate; hold ten to fifteen minutes, cool to 480F and thin. 'Inspection of Panels $ . Twenty-four hours after, the final coat of blue paint was applied, the panels were r immersed in a water bath keeping the water level approximately half the thick e ness of the panels throughout the tests. Regular Inspection by a committee was 1 scheduled at intervals of twenty-four : hours after immersion; seventy-two hours and then at periods .of twice per week. The records . of these . observations are found In tables 1 to 5. . .. The key to the abbreviations used in the tables le as follows: B.I Slight -blistering B.2 Medium blistering . .. B,3 Bad blistering . L.1 Slight "lime" bum - L.2 Medium "lime''. burn V-- L.3 Medium "lime" bum ' t S. saponification of vehicle St. Staining by execration of walnut-colored . i globules '' In most .of the tests on'the pigmented primers in tables 4 and G, the appearance of a brown stain collecting In droplets on the face of the panels Increased as the immersion in water continued. These could be washed off with water without Injury to the paint coating and seem to bear no relationship to visual saponifica tion. This phenomenon did not occur on panels treated with clear oil primers. Conclusions (A) The total alkali permissible in plaster before breakdown of paint-film occurs under wet conditions is 0.25 percent as NaOH. , Since present day building methods will not permit time enough for walls to dry out before painting, there must be an ef fort made to regulate the most detrimental factor under these conditions. Therefore, the Montreal club recommends that a specification be Introduced by the federa tion to the trade associations of architects and building contractors limiting the total available alkali of any plaster surface construction over which paint is to be ap plied to 0.26 percent NaOH, based on the total weight of dry ingredients. (B) While the efficiency of sulphurized linseed oil (using the sulphur chloride treatment) as a sealer to prevent "spot ting" caused from suction Is better than straight heat-bodied linseed oil, there Is little to choose between them in their rat ings for alkali-resistance and the latter has advantages in simplicity, exist and stability. (C) There seems to be no disadvantage in using linseed oil -bodLed to take equal parts of thinner when compared with lin seed oil taking 25 percent thinner. Fur ther work in this connection would prove valuable. (D) Blown-cooked oils induce blister ing with no improvement In alkali re sistance. (E) Treated tung oil definitely retards' the effect of alkali but introduces blister ing, an equally serious fault, to a marked 3' 1 Type % Sodium. Sulphate None None ,1 .1 .25 ' .25 .50 .50 ) .76 .75 1.00 1.00 too 1.60 100 2.00 Table 1 Water Immersion Test for Alkali-Permissible--Series 1 .,, panel No, A.l A.2 B.I B.2 C.l C.2 D.l L.2 B.1 E.2 F.l F.2 G.l G.2 H.1 H.2 s ' 24 Hours O. K. O. K. O. K. O. X, O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. O. K. L.1 L.1 B.3 & L.S B.3 & L.3 L.3 B.3 & L.3 72 Hours - o. it. O. K. O. K. .O. K. " O. K. O. X. O. K. o. x. B.1 & L.1 B.I St L.1 B.2 & L.2 B.2 & L.2 B.3. L.ft & 3. B.3, L.3 & 3. L.3 St S. B.S, L.3 St S. 240 Hours O. K. 0. K. O. K. 0. K. O. K. B.I 0. K. 0, x. B.1 A L.1 B.1 Us L.1 B.2 & L.2 B.2 & L.2 B.8, L.8 St S. B.3. L.a & S. B.1, L.3 St S. B.3, L.3 & S. Remarks 0. X, 0. K. O. K, 0. K. Good Poor Very bad Bad v Type Standard L. O. Table 2 Water Immersion Test for Oil Evaluation--Series 2 Panel No. L.1 24 Hrs. L.1 72 Eta. L.2 144 Hra. L.2 240 Hra. L.2 Standard L. 0. Blown L O, Blown L. 0. Blown C. W. O. Blown C. W. O. 1.2 J.l J.2 X.l K.2 L.1 LI B.1 & L.1 B.3 B.3 L.2 L-2 B.1 & L.2 B.3 B.3 B.1 & L.2 B,1 & L2 B.1 & L2 B.3 & L.1 B.3 & L.1 B.1 & L.2 B.1 & L.2 B.1 & L2 B.3 & L.1 B.3 Sc LI Sulphurized L 0. . Sulphurized L. 0. L.1 L.2 L.3 L.3. L.3 L.3 B.1 Sc L.S L.3 B.1 & LS L.3 Sulphurized C.W.O. M.l i, Sulphurized C.W.O. M.2 B.2 B.2 B.3 & L.1 B.3 & L.1 B.3 & L.1 B.3 St LI B.8 St L.1 B.S St L.1 Remarks Poor (standard rating) Very poor Very bad (for blis tering) Very bad (for Ume burn) Bad Type Standard L. O. Standard L, O. Table 3 Water Immersion Teat for Oil Evaluation--Series 3 Panel No, N.l M.2 24 Ere. 0. X. O. X. 72 Hra. L.1&S. L.1&9, 108 Hrs. 240 Hrs. L.I&S. L.l&S, B.8,L2&S. B.3.L.1&S, , Sulphur Chloride L, 0. d i Sulphur Chloride L. O. il Bodied I*. O. & C. W, O. Bodied L. O. & C. W. O. Blended L O. St C- "W1. 0. it`. Blended L. O. & C. W. O. it Bodied L O. : Bodied Li> O. it. BodiedL. & O. Pilchard : Bodied L. O. & Pilchard ' Bodied L. O. & Soybean i- Bodied L, O. c Soybean 0.1 0.2 P.l P.2 Q-l Q.2 5.1 5.2 T.l T.2 U.1 U.2 O. X. L1&3. L.l&S. L.lfiS. 0. X. O. K. B.I ` B.I B.3&L.1 B.3&L1 B.3&L2 B.3&L.2 B.3.L.1&9. B.3.L.1&S, B.3.L2&S. B.8.L2&S. o. x, B.3&L.1 B.3&L.1 B.3&L.1 0. K. L.1 B.l&Ll B.2&L.1 B.1.L1&S. B.1.L.S&S. B.1.L.3&S. B.3.LS&S. 0. K. 0. X. 0. K. Poor B.3.L.8&S. B.3.L3&9. B.3.L3&S. B.8.LS&S. B.3 B.3 B.3&L1 B.9&L.1 B.1,L3&5. B.3.L.3&S. B.3.L.3&S. B.3.L.8&& B.8,L.3&S. B.2.L.3&3. B.2.L.3&3, B.2.L.3&5. Remarks Poor (standard rating) Poor Bad Very poor Bad Very bad Table 4 Water Immersion Test for Pigment Evaluation--Series 4 Panel, . ...100b Lead carbonate.... ;Lead carbonate. . m': Titanium dioxide... Barium base tit.... .. ,103b Calcium base tit... Calcium base tit... Zinc sulphade.......... .. .105a Zinc sulphade........... Antimony oxide----Antimony oxide.... ....llla .., 112a, ...112b Silica .......................... w. ..,119b ..,120a Zina stearate...... ,..121a A1 sulphate........ 13 hours. 3.I&L.1 LI LI LI O.K. 0,K. L.1&S. O.K, O.K, L.2 L.3 L.1 L1&3. L.1&B, B.l.L.l&S. L.1 LI . B.1.L.2&3. LS9&3. LI LI O.K. O.K, O.K. O.K. O.K. O.K. B.l&Ll LI LI LI B.1&L.1 L2 . B,1,L.8&S. LI B.8.LS&S. B.3,L.3&3. L.3&S. L.S&S. Bad sap. Bad sap. Bad sap. Bad, aap. L.2&S. Bad sap O.K. O.K, 72 hours. B.2&L.2 L.1 L.2&3. B.l&L.l B.1 L.1 B.1.LX-&S. B.LL.1&S. O.K. O.K. L2 L.3 L.2&S.' L.3&S. B.1.L2&S. B.1.L.1&S. B.1.L.1&S. L.1 B.1,L,S&3. L.3&S. L3&S. L.1&S. O.K. o.x. O.K. O.K. O.K.-St. O.K.-St. B.l&L.l LI LI L.1 B.3&L8 L.S B.1.L.3&S, L.l&S.-St. B.3.L3&3. B.3.L.3&S. L.3&S. L.3&5. Bad sap Bad sap Bad Sap Bad sap B.1.L.3&S. Bad sap B.1&L1 o.x. 163 hours. B.8.L3&S. L.2&9, B.1.L3&S, B.1.L3&S, B.1.L1&SL L.l&St. B.1.L.3&S. B.1,L.3&S. O.K.-St. O.K.-9t. B.1.L.3&S. B.1&L.3 L8&S. L8&S. B.8.L.3&S. B.1.L.2&S. B.1.L.2&S. B.1.L.2&9. Discontinued Discontinued L.3&S.&St. Ll&$.&St. Li&St. O.K,-St. O.K.-St. O.K.-St. L.l-St. L.l-St, B.X.L.2&S.-St. B.1.L.2&3.-SL L.l.Ll&a.-St. L2&S.-St. Discontinued Discontinued Discontinued Discontinued Discontinued Discontinued Discontinued Discontinued Discontinued Discontinued Discontinued Discontinued Discontinued Discontinued B.1,L,3&S.-St, B.1.L.3&S.-St. Remarks. jFoor i (Stand, rating) iGood f,, ,, 4 O.K. $ (Excellent ! tO.K. i c Excellent Table 5 Water Immersion Test for Combination Pigment Primers--Series 5 Type. Panel No. Calcium baBe and titanium 60%.......................................... T10s-1B%-Gypaum 36%.,... 18 hours. O.K. L1&3. O.K. O.K. O.K.-St. O.K. O.K. O.K. B.1.L.1&S. L.1 O.K,-St. O.K.-St. O.K.-St. O.K. O.K.-St. O.K.-St, O.K.-St. O.K.-St. O.K.-St, O.K.-St, B.1,L.3&S.-St, B.1,L.2&S.-St. B,1,L.2&S.-St. L.l&S.-St. 90 hours. L.1 L.i&S. B.l-St. B.l-St. O.K.-St. O.K.-St. L.l-St. D.K.-St. B.8,L2&S,-St. B.3.L.1&S. B.l-St. B,2-St. O.K.-St. B.l-St. ' O.K,-St. L,l-St. B.L&Ll-St. O.K.-St. O.K.-St, L.l-St. e.i.L.s&s.-st. B.1,L.2&S.-St. B.l.L.l&S.-St. B.l.L.l&S.-St. Table 5A Water Immersion Test for Combination Pigment Primers--Series 6 Type. Panel No. Titanium dioxide, 26%.....,,102x Titanium dioxide, 25%............ 102y Titanium dioxide..........;........ 124a And Mg. carbonate.................. 124b Titanium dioxide........... .1215a And gypeum............................. 125b 16S hours, L.l&S,-St. L.1&5. B.l-St, B.l,Ll&S.-t. B.1,L.I&S.-St. B.l.&L.l-St, 274 hours. L.l&S.-St. L.8&S.-t.' B.8&L.l-t. B.3,L1&S.-St. 5.1rL.l&S.-St, B-l&Ll-St. f Good i (Standard rating) {oood Ivery good Titanium dioxide.....................120a B.l-L.l-St. B.l&L.l-St. | Very good And asbestine............................126b TIOa-Mg. Carbonate................ 127a And aebeetlne..................... ,..127b TiOa-Gypeum............... 128a And asbestine.................. .128b TiOjMg. carbonate............. .329a And gypsum.............................. 129b Titanium dioxide, 50%.......... 130a Titanium dioxide, 50%.......... 180b Calcium baee titanium......181a Calcium 'baee titanium, 50%.181b TlO-l6%-GypBum 86%............182a T10*-15%-Gypsum 35%.......lS2b TIOi-Al. powder.......................133a TIO#-Al, powder....................... 183b Asbestine .................. 184a And A3, powder............. 184b B.l-St. B.3,L,2&S,-$t. B.3,L.1&S.-St. B.l-St. B.S-St. B.LL.l-St. B.l&Ll-St. L.l-St. L.l-St. B,fc&L.2HSt. B.l-St, L.l-St. Ll-St. B.1.L.8&S.-SL B.1,L.2&S,-St. B,1,L.1&S.-St, B.LLl&S.rSt, B.l&L.l&S.-Si. B.8,L2&S:-St. B.S.L.S&S.'-St, B.l-St, ' B^&L.l-St. B.l.L.l&S.-et. B.l&L.l-St. Ll-St. L.l-St. B.1&L.2-SC, B.l-St. L.l-St. Ll-St, Dlscontlnu'ed Discontinued Discontinued Discontinued Excellent (For lime burn) Very good [Excellent ' (For blistering) : Very good Excellent (For blistering) degree, probably due to a more imper vious film than produced by linseed oil. Various combinations of treated linseed oil and tung oil do not compensate for each other's weaknesses. (F) Blown-cooked mixtures of linseed oil and soybean or pilchard oils detract from the qualities of similarity treated straight linseed oil. (GO In the case of single pigments, titanium dioxide, composite calcium base titanium pigment, magnesium carbonate, gypsum and asbestine are most efficient over wet alkaline surfaces. (H) A pigment mixture of 30 per cent titanium dioxide and 70 per cent gypsum shows at least equal alkali resistance to composite calcium base titanium pigment, the two being comparable in. cehmlcal composition. (I) In two and three pigment formulas, asbestine and magnesium carbonate ap parently contribute to blistering while gypsum or calcium sulphate as present In composite calcium base titanium pig ment does not show this tendency. The use of calcium sulphate In the form of plaster of parts as a chemical wash was reported, in our work of 1932, as a highly satisfactory pretreatment for plaster, which has also been confirmed by the Building Research Board of England. (J) Aluminum powder used in combi nation with titanium dioxide or asbetstine gives poorer results than when any of the three are used alone. Perhaps the breaking up of the leafing properties of the aluminum is partly responsible for these results. (K) In combination pigment formulas, It appears essential to have a high per centage of some form of calcium sulphate present--a sufficient amount of titanium dioxide to give hiding--and, only enough suspending pigment such as asbestine to insure a practical product free from hard settling. Such a combination of pigments Incor porated in a heat-bodied linseed oil velilcle or possibly a sulphurized linseed oil vehicle of the proper type, will pro duce a pigmented primer or sealer coat for wet-alkaline conditions which is truly efficient. We hope that individual workers throughout the industry may derive suf ficient knowledge and leads along certain channels brought out In this survey to assist them in developing products which will prove even better than those they are now producing. The technical committee Is Indebted to the entire membership of the Montreal club for their support and valuable as sistance in making possible such an ex tensive study for the past two years cov ering the causes and corrections for paint failures on plaster surfaces. New England Club's Paper The following paper was presented by F, C. Atwood for the New England club:-- Valuation of Paints for Acous tical Treatments Progress In any field of endeavor al ways is accompanied by problems. Ket tering Is reported as stressing the follow ing statement, "The price of progress Is trouble". Salesmen, soles managers, treasurers, directors and others of our business associates all hope and pray that we. as production men, will soon invent and produce some fool-proof commodity that never develops troubles of any kind, that costB little or nothing to make, but commands a high selling price, that Is so universal in its application that it is everything required In any situation. Fortunately for us and our Jobs no such divine creation has been developed as yet. When we do have such a commodity, then we, in turn, may wonder why Invention and production methods aren't just as necessary in eliminating guesswork and hit-and-miss methods In sales efforts; why production cannot be planned so that just the right amount of each commodity will flow smoothly without sales resist ance to those who need and can use these goods, we will wonder why our financial associates do riot Invent better methods for capital distribution so that less capital will flow into channels already full, and so cause disastrous floods of overproduction. Rather, more capital should be ready to create new goods for new comforts. We apparently progress because of our desires to overcome past difficulties, and hi turn our progress is beset with new difficulties and troubles. It is In the realm of philosophy to decide what this final goal of perfection may be. We may pro ceed in more comfort and with more ac complishment if we adopt a Baconian at titude and progress by overcoming those problems which immediately confront us. The paint formulator has had more than hts share of these immediate problems, In the first place, he is swamped with new raw materials from which he must choose the ingredients for his product. Next, these new ingredients may require changes in his manufacturing methods. Changes in distribution methods and financial problems may also bear down on his choice of materials as well as change his production and inventory plans. But finally and quite outside his control, the architect, the engineer and the building materials manufacturer are all changing (he composition and construction of the surfaces which are to be protected and decorated. Either the paint chemist must adapt his product to these new require ments or some' other type of decorative material will get the Job. The paint industry has been fortunate that many of our human desires are sat isfied through the eye. Since we have become conscious of the mental satisfac tion. and the sense of comfort and even luxury that Is created in us by proper color harmony : in our surroundings, our shelters have had Increasing amounts of paint used for decoration. Color is much more a determining factor In the use of paint than is its protective value or even useful length of life. More and more paint Is required to change color effects rather than because a paint has worn out. Relief from Noises Those professional people who are re sponsible for and concerned with the trend and development of shelter require ments are now ready to promote further human comfort by relieving our ears of noises and discordant and interfering sound. Edison claimed to be quite happy with his deafness because sound energy did not press in on him and disturb his creative thoughts. We cannot help but recognize that we are often as much fa tigued by noise as by conscious effort of our own. We seek out a quiet place in which to do constructive thinking and planning and listen to the still small voice of our thoughts. It is the purpose of the acoustical en gineer and the manufacturer of acoustical treatments to make living conditions more pleasant by treating our oars with some of the respect that our eyes have more recently been awarded. To accomplish his complete purpose the acoustical en gineer must not offend the eye. Bis acoustical treatment must be pleasing in appearance, It must be in keeping with its surroundings, and, in general, it must be decorative or decorated. The paint manufacturer and the manu facturer of acoustical treatments must; therefore, understand each others' prob lems. it Is the purpose of this paper to outline for the paint manufacturer some of the fundamentals of design of acous tical correctives. In addition, a certain amount of experimental evidence is avail able showing the effect of paint on acous tical surfaces. The writer has also out lined some experiments to show the pos sible effects of paint on these surfaces. The New York Faint and Varnish Produc tion Club suggested this paper and be cause of the writer's connection with the manufacture of both paint and acoustical products, he offered to correlate this sub ject as best he could. The acoustical correctives and treat ments considered in this discussion are 66' 4 November 16, 1933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER used for the absorption of sound. It Is well to bear In mind that we are# for the moment, not concerned with the trans mission of sound through partitions# nor are we concerned with echoes. The sur faces of sound-absorbing treatments are those which the paint formulator will meet with Increasing frequency in the future and are those which- his product may aid or mar. In fact, paint may de stroy completely the efficiency of many good accoustlcal treatment. It is hoped that this paper may show how this latter condition may be avoided and show as well how a paint film In and of Itself is fundamentally of small value as an acous tical corrective. We find sound sometimes defined as the sensation registered by certain vibrations Jmplgning on the ear. This definition# which denotes the sensation rather than the stimulus# we need not here consider, Rather are we Interested In the stimulus Itself, its behavior, characteristics,' and possible transformations before it has an opportunity to please or displease us by creating the sensation. We may then define sound as thB stim ulus, a form of energy existent as wave motion. Being a form of energy, we, of Hiourse, know that it must originate from nome other form of energy and that it eventually must be transformed again to the original or still a third form. This is another way of stating the first law of thermodynamics or the Jaw of the con servation of energy. Its origination is a mechanical vibration of some sort. This vibration causes an alternating compres sion and rarefaction of the medium In which it occurs, the compressions and rarefactions transmitting themselves through the medium with a certain defi nite velocity. Since we are not now con cerned with sound transmission through solids, or in fact through any medium ex cept air, we will confine ourselves to the action of sound in air. Perhaps at this point It would be as well to use the popular analogy with, waves on water to aid in getting a con ception of sound waves. If a smooth, quiet body of water has its surface dis turbed as, for example, by the dropping of a stone on it, we will'note a series of waves traveling out in circles from the center of disturbance. If we are suffi ciently careful in performing and repeat ing our experiment, using various sizes of stones and throwing them with different velocities, we will notice the following (acts:*-- : Characteristics of Sound Waves 1. As a wave gets farther from its source it loses In height. 2. There is a definite distance between the tops of successive waves. 3. The wave consists of a temporary up-and-down motion of the particles of water, no actual change: in position or condition of these particles remaining after the wave motion ceases. 4. We find that the greater the amount of energy used In disturbing the water then the higher are the waves. ' We can then measure the distance be tween the tops of successive waves; we can also determine how many waves travel by a given point in a second or a minute. By multiplying this so-called wave length by the number per second (frequency) passing a given point* we have the velocity with which each in dividual wave front Is progressing. Due to inelastic properties of water, plus gravity we find that the height of a wave and. the wave length are not en tirely independent of each other, but we can easily picture this independence with A perfectly elastic medium. Air in Its function as a medium for sound trans mission is effectively elastic, and as a result the amplitude of sound waves is independent of wave length and also the velocities of all wave lengths of sound are, unlike water waves,, identical. In other words, the amplitude of sound waves, which determines! the loudness# does not affect the wave length, nor does it affect the velocity# which Is constant for all wave lengths. In our water analogy the particles of water are displaced up and down# which is perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is traveling. With sound the particles are displaced to-and fro along the line in which the wave is traveling. Water waves are then transverse waves, while sound, waves are longitudinal waves. Again, whereas the water waves travel In a circle In two dimensions, sound waves, on the other hand, travel from the source in all directions, the wave front in free space being a sphere. The principal properties by which we describe sound are loudness, or Intensity, and pitch. As mentioned above, loud ness ia a measure of the amount of en ergy contained In the sound wave, and is determined by the pressure differences of. compression and rarefaction of the particles, equivalent In our'water analogy to the maximum displacement of water particles, or height' (amplitude) of the wave. It follows then that In a perfectly elastic medium such as we may consider air, the amplitude of sound waves varies Inversely as the square of the distance from the source. Pitch Is determined by the wave length or, since the product of wave length and frequency is the velocity of sound Itself--a constant--then pitch Is measured by the frequency. The, shorter the wave length is then the great er the frequency and the higher the pitch. Sounds with a frequency of less than 20 or more than 20,000 vibrations per sec-: ond are inaudible. We rarely nave to consider in our work frequencies lower than 40 or higher than 4,000. It Is in teresting to note that the' wave lengths Involved in this rang are from approxi mately 25 feet (40 cycles) to about three inches (4,000 cycles). Those heights-are derived from the velocity of sound which has been determined under normal con ditions for air at approximately 1,120 feet per second and the frequencies as noted. In order beat to study acoustic prop erties and have a basis of comparison with the work of others, certain definite frequencies within the working range are used as standards. Since sos much acousti cal work has been done in conjunction with auditoriums and other structures where music is Involved it is natural that the selection of these frequencies be ac cording to the music scale- i Standardiza tion has been, made on the musical note C* which in successive octaves has 126# 256, M2, 1,024, 1#04S and 4,096 cycles per second. The octave above middle C has 512 cycles per second and this has been selected as the frequency representing the most typical or most prevalent sound. Results of Interference If we have waves traveling along water and insert a solid barrier in their path we find that the waves strike this barrier and reflect from it* traveling back over the water In their reflected direc tion. Tho continuance of this action In a partially enclosed basin soon causes a serious chaotic, choppy surface. This condition has existed in the Charles River basin in Boston, and was so serious as to almost prevent rowing regattas. The condition is being corrected by sloping the sides of the basin so that the waves dissipate themselves on a gentle slope and, so prevent their reflection:.'-!The force of the waves is gradually lost or ab sorbed in ways which are harmless. This problem of preventing the choppy# chaotic interference 'of sound waves Is the principal phenomenon the acoustical engineer has to study. He must# within the confines of a very small volume bensath' the wall surface of a room, take a sound wave, entice it through the open doors in the surface, and prevent it from reiurning through these doors as sound. We can see that the reflection of our water waves may be varied from a nearly 3,00 percent reflection or zero absorption with a vertical wall to zero reflection or 100 percent absorption with a very shal low sloping bank. Sound absorption ma terials will vary in their efficiency In tho same degree. It is necessary, then, to have & surface with sufficient holes or pores to permit as much of the sound waves as possible to enter and then by repeated reflections or by the frictional re sistance of the continuous capillary pass ages under that surface to dissipate the energy p the sound into heat The regu lar oscillatory motion which Is the basis of sound waves so becomes changed into the random motion of molecules which is kinetic energy or heat. As with other and similar physical phenomena there is no perfect absorber nor perfect reflector of sound waves. Very elastic surfaces, such as truly rigid non-porous stone* plaster* or metal walls reflect a large proportion of the sound incident to them* but with these there Is# nevertheless, some loss by absorption, If this were not so we could construct a room so that a sound once started would reflect back and forth and around without toss and would, consequently, go on for ever. Rooms nave been constructed for purposes of sound experimentation and called sound chambers which will main tain a sound above audibility for a con siderable time. When we realize the number of reflections Involved in ten sec onds within a room* say 20x20x20 feet* taking the velocity of sound as 1,120 feet per second, it is apparent that very little absorption can exist at each reflection If at the end of that time the sound is still audible. This persistence of sound which main tains in an enclosure is termed reverbera tion. It is expressed as reverberation time under any given conditions of sur face, etCy ana -represents the number of seconds after a sound source of a definite intensity is cut off before the sound intensity decreases or decays to a specified level. The objection to long reverberation time arises from the fact that reflected waves cross and recross, overlapping each other as well as the direct waves, thus making it difficult for our ears to sift out the sound we wish to hear from those we have already heard. Increasing the Intensity of the source merely raises the level of both direct and reflected waves and so adds to, rather than diminishes, the confusion. Where such a condition exists it is nec essary to add sound absorbing material or substitute it for the low absorbing surfaces until each reflection is suffi ciently reduced in intensity to eliminate this confusion. People in a room serve as an absorber of sound; carpets* drapes and furniture also serve, but these fac tors in most cases are not sufficient, so special 'absorbent materials are placed on the walls and ceilings. Basis of Measurement In order to obtain quantitative meas ures and values in this work we must* as with other forms of energy, have units with which to work. In determin ing these for study with sound It was reasoned that since sensation la a loga rithmic function of stimulus and the sen sation of the ear was to ibe used in determining sound levels* the logarithmic scale would be the logical scale for xjiresslng the energy intensity or level. ]'"urtherm-ore. most problems involve the result of repeated reflections* each one of which yields a proportion of the in cident wave. This again leads us to a logarithmic function. Since a zero point is necessary a convenient low Intensity level may be taken; this is becoming es tablished at one micro watt per square centimeter. The unit for comparing in tensity levels is the bet, named In honor of one of our first students of sound* but 17 have found, through experience, that a unit one-tenth the size is more con venient; this is called a decibel and Is ordinarily referred to as db. To give Rome idea of the range Involved--at 612 vibrations or cycles per second the dif ference In intensity levels between a barely audible sound and one which Is painfully loud ia 130 db. ' Aa paint fennulators. we are familiar with reflection. We try to make our paints as highly reflective of light as is possible for any given color, We often diffuse It by making the surface of our paint rough or porous. We can do this because the wave length of light is so short in relation to the roughness of our surface. We also find that different colors absorb different parts of white light. For white light reflection* we want uniform reflection of all wave lengths. Similar problems are encountered when sound fa absolved. With light, however, the wave lengths involved are smaller than or of the same order as the irregularities and pores of the' surface, whereas with sound in the audible range the wave lengths are great In comparison with the Irregu wave patterns, but does not absom the larities which are feasible to use. sound, ' The acoustal engineer has to choose Referring again to the literature, between several methods of transforming find some Information published In the these long wave lengths of sound energy direction sheets of manufacturers of Into a form of energy which has no effect on the ear. Experience has shown that acoustical materials. ' A manufacturer of acoustical felt says only materials which are porous or in- "a very Important consideration, is tha elastically flexible or compressible absorb painting or decorating of acoustical ma any appreciable amount of sound. Even terials. If such painting closes the pores the absorption by Inelastic materials la of the material or if painting a membrane , small as compared with the heeds for stiffens it, the absorbing efficiency is re moot requirements. The most efficient cor duced. The effect of spraying paint is j rectives are, therefore* dependent on the not as serious as that of applying with a J porosity of the absorbents. In order to brush. A Arm know as -- { utilize this porosity It la necessary that manufactures a material known as ------------ | the sound be allowed to pass In and out which can be applied to acoustical west- ) of the surface of the material. The por felt* adding to the decorative qualities osity must be continuous with Intercom without depreciating the sound absorbing municating pores throughout the body of value." '1 the material and directly connecting with Another manufacturer In a Technical '> and penetrating the surface. Acoustical Bulletin says "-- - paint ( Faint as normally used tends to bridge gives a good finish and excellent light J over and seal porosity in surfaces. Its reflection properties to acousti - celotex [ functions as a protective material is to cane fibre and mineral fibre tiles. This ' prevent the entrance of moisture and dust either into the pafnt film or Into the sur material Is really a water paint* but it \ has working qualities different from most face to which it le applied. So long as water paints with which you are prob paint is applied to surfaces in a tight film, It not only destroys any absorptive ably familiar. It la not necessary to size either the cane fibre or mineral fibre tiles j value of the under surface but can be effective by itself only by an amount de before ---------- is applied." Light reflec- j tlon factors measured by the Curtis Light- \ termined by its Inelastic compressibility. This fact has been recognized for a num ber of years. Most sound chambers for lng Institute are then given. Special Paint Needed . \ the measurement of absorption coeffi cients have their walls painted, to give the maximum reverberant effect. The earliest results published on the effect of paint on acoustical coefficients Is by W. C, Sabine. His results are listed in table I under Brick Walls. The absorp tive of brick work was materially re duced by paint. Sabine measured the co efficient for plaster on tile at the Boston Public Library and gave the figure for 512 as 0.025, This wag lime plaster with water paint. Bagenal and Wood in a re cent book state: "Plasters used for ab sorbing must be left undistempered.1' They also state "a wallpaper varnished or distempered hag even less absorbing power, even for high frequencies," Re ferring to coke breeze concrete, they state "The material could properly be refined and sprayed with a stain or dye to im prove the appearance." F. R, Watson, states of Acousti celotex that "If painted or distempered on the side of the perforations* the absorbing power Is not reduced," This Is a type of material which offers entrance to the Still another manufacturer writes, "We / endeavor to insure so far as possible that our corkoustic and ceramacoustlc will be painted with a paint materia! possessing a high degree of opacity* in order that the quantity of paint used may hot prove ex cessive. There Is one other point which we question, whether you will wish to men tion and that concerns the mode of apply ing the material. We refer to the fact that it is our practice to specify wherever - possible that painting be carried out by the spraying method rather than by brushing. Frankly, the writer does not feel that a properly applied brush coat of paint will differ greatly so far as its acoustical properties arc concerned from a spray coating* but it has been our ex- perlence that the spray method ordinarily gives a more uniform and lighter coating than is put on by the average mechanic * by the brush method." i Dr. Hyle* Chief of the sound section, Bureau of Standards* In a letter to the writer says: "We have never made any recommenda sound through large holes or perforations so that the remainder of the surface may be covered without serious effect. tions* with regard to paintings. From what we know of this material it is prob* able that a water color dye Is all that can Bagenal and Wood again state "Faint or distemper blocks up the surface pores of tile and reduces efficiency." Again they state "Canvas membranes should not be oil painted but distempered and brushed to open the pores of the material." These authors have been quoted because they appear to be the only ones who refer at any length to the painting of absorbents. Painting la Practicable be used safely, although It is possible that a very thin coat of non-bridging lacquer or water color paint might be used. "We have no printed specifications about painting acoustical materials. Wa have made measurements on a number of painted materials which are listed in our letter circular No. 344* of which we enclose a copy. We would, be glad to an swer any further questions on the subject ' 1 It Is a fact, however, that acoustical correctives may be painted unless they are of the type whose surface is so covered with fine .pores that even a very carefully sprayed thin coat may clog the pores. The .surfaces which we may have to paint' will be determined In considerable measure by the types of materials which are liable to be successful as architectural that we can, but we do not feel that our information is complete enough to give any general directions which could be ap plied to all measurements. The point to be borne In mind in regard to painting acoustical materials, is that one must be careful not to close up the pores for It 1b upon the open pores that the sound ab sorption depends." . aa well as acoustical aids. It is probable that for new work, at least, the architect will specify acoustical plaster In increas ing quantities. This is for reason of cost partly but principally because he prefers a material which Is an Integral part of his design. Tile type correctives are easier to use where the application Is over exist ing constr.UGtion. Mr. M. A. .Smith writes as follows: "There seems to be definitely two prob* terns in connection with the general problem of .painting acoustical materials. One is the problem of the painter who is try ing hard to discover a really satisfactory method of putting the desired colors on a material that is extremely porous and . Such "treatments will require paint either when installed or fer redecoration. At present water paints are used to a considerable extent. They are naturally porous unless compounded othewisei Socalled non-bridging lacquers are also used, Such lacquers are thinned back so that as they dry the fllxn Is too thin to bridge. Such oil palntB as are used have a high percentage of volatile thinner and a min imum of vehicle to hold the pigment. The vehicle should also flow freely around the surface particles or granules of the acoustic material and avoid bridging by this means. High coverage pigments are best since less material Is needed to give a definite color effect. Finally* thinning down with volatile thinner and a careful application of spray coats will obviate most of the damage to the acoustic materlal. We might consider for a moment the possibility of acoustical paints as a treat ment by themselves. It may be said that any small amount of absorption may help absorbent, or to use the plasterer's term* Ja material of high suction.' "The other problem la the problem of the acoustical manufacturer who Is try ing to maintain, after painting, the pre vious absorption of sound he strives sc hard to get and which la so readily ruined by improper painting. "I greatly fear, from articles I have seen. in various paint Journals, that the painter s angle is simply one of covering the material. Certainly paint manufac turers have offered paints for this pur pose* advertising them specifically for ap plication over sound absorbing materials, which will remove any value the sound absorbing materials might have as sound absorbents after the application of paint. "I think the answer to the problem lies In having the painter write' the manufac turer of the acoustical treatment for in structions as to how to paint It before attempting anything or accepting the recommendations of paint manufacturers. He should discuss this with the owner in cases that are not seriously in need of correction. Hence, if paint could be so of the building before bidding and show the building owner the specuicatiohs of . designed and applied as to have but a 6 to 10 percent absorption it might be of benefit since it covers large areas of sur the manufacturer so that his competitors ; should, likewise be restricted in their cal- ; culatlona." face. Modern requirements are such, how ever, that a paint probably should have at least 20 percent absorption to be of value os a corrective. Such an amount of absorption would presuppose a very thick layer of rather porous paint. This indi cates a texture paint of nigh specific vol ume. In the early days of sound pictures* there was evidence that theatres decor ated with heavy texture effects were bet ter acoustically than those without such effects. The writer had a number, of measurements made in theatres and ar rived at a figure of S to 10 percent ab sorptive for a heavy texture unglazed. One room built as a sound chamber for a test of this paint did rim to 12 percent. Even such values are non-competitive with materials now available and espe cially designed as absorbing materials. Paint, even if It has .a porous surface* can have but little effect In transform ing sound energy unless at the same time it has length to these pores. The paint . chemist must recognize that he is deal ing with wave lengths vastly different In magnitude from those encountered in light-reflection phenomena. This accounts for the very small effect of even a very rough surface in diffusing sound. The roughness has to be at least a few inches high and, for the average sound* a few feet high before if Is capable of breaking up and scattering sound. This Is the pur pose of deep box-like decoration in public halls and theatres. This breaks up the Again in the American Fainter and Decorator for January, 1'932, Mr. Smith says: It Is* of course, possible that a material : might be made which would provide-in a ; paint structure sufficient absorption to correct the acoustics of a room* but it Is hardly probable. All of the useful acous tical materials have considerable thick ness. Hone of the efficient ones are less than H Inch in thickness. One can hardly conceive of a paint that thick. At the present time there Is no known paint product which will provide acoustical absorption in useful amounts." Our discussion and determination of acoustical quality Involves the comparison of sound absorption coefficients. These are difficult measurements to make and there are not more than one-half dozen laboratories In the country whose figures are recognized. In fact, acoustical manu facturers have recently agreed among themselves to use the results of measure ments at one laboratory only as a basis for . comparative values of absorbents. In general* a large sound chamber and carefully calibrated apparatus is required .tor accurate work. . The sound absorption coefficient of a material Is defined as the fractional part of the energy of a sound wave which 1$ absorbed at each reflection. This branch of applied science 1s new and in a state of development. Most of the figures listed OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 67 axe determined by the so-called reverbration method, some with organlpipe sources of sound and others with vacuum tube oscillator and radio loud speaker. very viscous resin, The resin was used In a coating which completely sealed the pores but should give maximum effect of inelastic compressibility. The shellac Table 1 Adsorption Coefficients for Frequencies Material. 126. 230. 612. Adjuster, V& In. thick. No, 70................. 0.10 0.34 0.75 6 coats spray paint................... 0.14 0.30 0.74 Brfckwall, IS In., unpainted.................... 0.024 0.023 0.031 painted ............................................................... 0.012 0.018 0.017 Acousti-celoter, Blngle B, % In. thick.. .OS ,18 .48 brush painted, 4 coats......................... .07.20 .48 Aeouatl-celoter. double B, H in. thick. .IS .24 brush painted, 4 coats............................. .13 .20 .62 .02 Acouetollo (Martex), nailed on 2x4's, spaced 2 feet on centers; without surface treatment...................*............. .44 .24 ,81 Tinted with water solubleaniline color .. .29 ,28 Tinted with water color paint...... .40 .83 .31 Callcel type AA, 1 in............... ...........................23 .33 .72 1 coat lacquer....................................................24 .32 .71 2 coats lacquer............................................ .22 .35 .70 Ceramacoustlc tile, 1% In. thick, ce mented to sheetrock .34 .48 .64 spray painted, 4 coats.............. .28 .49 .62 Malzewood tile, 1!A in. thick, saw cuts on surface....................................... .4>213 .64 1 coat size, 2 coats lead and oil paint. .21 .42 .64 Rockoustlle, type A, 1 In, thick painted on tf in. x 2 In. furring strips 12 in. c, .39 ..8068 painted 1 Spray coat and 3 brush coats .11 .45 .85 Rockoustlle, type. A, % in, thick, un pointed on 14 In. x 2 In. furring strlpB 12 in. o. c................... .04 .23 .83 painted 1 spray coat and 3 brush coats .07 .33 .85 San&coustlc tile on ferric strips, 14 in. thick, unpainted'..'................*....................19 .64 .87 painted 3 brush coats..,....................... .17 .49 .84 Stuccoustle plaster XB, 94'In. thick on 'base coat gypsum plaster......... >22 .53 .69 .spray painted, 3 coats coustUao..... ... .56 Stuccoustlc plaster base coat BB % in, thick on base coat gypsum plaster. ... .51 formula BB, 1& in. thick, bpray painted 5 coats cold water paint..............14 .16 .49 TMB soundex tile, 94 in. thick, cement- . ed to Bheetcock with seml-plastlo : cement .22 .45 same as above, brush painted 8 coats lacquer ....................................................... .14.21 .48 same as above, brush painted 0 coats, lacquer ....................................... .19 .46 1024. 0.85 0.00 0.042 0.020 .63 ,72 .70 .32 .44 .41 .38 .75 .73 .70 .07 .03 ,84 .76 ,73 .64 .70 .67 ; .87 .79 .73 .59 .72 .68 2046. 0.84 0.S5 0.049 0.023 .75 .87 ,73 .91 4090. 0.070 0,026 .48 .37 ,71 .40 .70 .48 .72 .48 .60 .68 .73 .73 .02 .55 .73 .52 .60 .86 .72 .66 .61 . .53 .75 .77 Tear. 1931 1931 1900 1900 1931 1931 1931 1031 1930 1930 1930 1932 1932 1932 1032 1032 1932 1932 1932 1031 1031 1932 1932 1932 1032 1931 1932 1932 thcrlty. B.S. B.S. W.C.S. W.C.S. B.S. B.S. B.S. B.S. B.S. B.S. B.S. FKPI EHPI B.-S. B.S. B.S. B.S. B.S. B.S. B.S. B.S.' B.S. B.S. B.S. B.S. B.S, B,S. B.S. B.S. B.S. Paints Used in Testa Mr. Cbrisler, of the Bureau of Stand ards, in a private communication to the author, has given the following informa tion as to the paints used in the above testrf: cost was to give the effect due to a harder resin. The brushed-on paint would illustrate the Job which might be obtained by a decorator not conversant with the needs of an acoustic material. The two spray Material. Absorbex type B............................. Acoustex 1 inch thick,,.............. AcoustL celotex single B............ AcouBti' celotex double B....... Acousti celotex triple X.............. Cernmacoustlo ....................... Malzewood tile............... Rockoustlle type A......................... SanacoustSe tile................ Stuccoustlc Plaster formula XB. Stuccouetlc planter formula BB, TMB soundex. ,,..,.,,.."4*.. Paint, How applied. Llthopcme ................... *............................ Spray gun. Special paint made by Pittsburgh .Plate GlasB Co...................... Spray gun. White lead and oil............. .................. . Brush. White lead and oil....,,,,,.,,.....,. Brush. Sunflex .............................................. . Brush. Special paint................................ ............ Spray gun. Whits lead and oil.......;,.,............. Brush, 'Sberwjtt-WllUains 1 coat spray gun. Flat tone.................................................. 3 coat brush. SberwJn-Williams Brush. Fiat tone................................................... Coustilac ............................................. Spray gun. Sunfiex ....................... ............................. Spray gun. Non-bridging lacquer................. Spray gun. It would appear from the above tests that if acoustic absorbents are carefully painted, their efficiency as correctives la not seriously impaired. The Sabine test alone shows what paint will do to a finely porous surface when covered with paint even though the paint may have been somewhat inelastic and in good condition. On the other hand, many of the materials as painted are of such a character that their surface effects are gained by large holes, slots and other means of allowing the sound to reach the interior of the body. Obviously they must be grossty mistreated before their efficiency is af fected by paint. Absorbers like plasters and pressed fibrous materials without large holes in the surface must be care fully painted. As stated above, acoustic plasters are becoming Increasingly im portant in this field so that the problem of painting them also becomes important. One slight Indication seems to be ap parent and while it lacks sufflcleftt evi dence to justify a conclusion, it is worth noting. The use of paint on those absor bents which have irregular surface pores, seems to increase the absorption at the lower frequencies and decrease it at the higher frequencies. This checks somewhat with experience and observed fact al though it does not seem to check with some of the mathematical calculations. Shrinking down the average size of the purface pores may produce this effect; It is difficult to do any experimental work .which will prove of any .great value in our study of paint and acoustic absorp tion. Rather some tests may show tne range of results likely to be encountered 5 a the application of paint to acoustic ma terials. All results of-this type should tte strictly comparative. Any absolute measurements are very difficult and ex pensive to make and would appear to be unnecessary and not as accurate for our comparison, Hence, a comparative meth od both a s to materials and measurement was devised. If any single unit area of material is measured for absorption and then painted and measured again, we get a direct loss or gain due to the paint. Using another unit area and another paint will give similar figures for the second paint but we can not strictly compare the effects of the two paints because of .possible sur face differences in the base material. A Mingle unit area of Rockwall Acoustical Piaster was chosen as the base material. Instead of actually painting the plaster, a porous membrane was used which was sufficiently uniform to allow painting in different ways and this membrane then placed on the surface of the plaster and the absorption of the combination measured. A loosely woven burlap was chosen as the membrane because. In ap pearance it resembled many acoustic sur faces and yet because of its machine fabrication a number of pieces could be taken with the expectation that they would be Identical In behavior. It was decided to compare by acoustic measurement, first the plaster itself, then ' the plaster covered with the burlap mem brane, and finally a burlap membrane painted. The paints tested consisted of a sprayed oil acoustic paint,, a sprayed casein paint, a brushed fiat Wall, paint, a heavy shellac coating, arid a coating of a tests were with paints being satisfac torily used at the present time on com mercial products. The tests were made for the. author by Dr. Barss, of Barsa, Knobel & Young, Boston. The apparatus used is strictly a comparative method and utilizes the socalled intensity method. A definite sound imput Is established at the frequency of sound under .test, and the output meas ured. The output fs determined by the acoustic absorption of a material being tested, other things being equal. The ab sorption figures as recorded are trans lated by Comparison with known stand ard's-bf absorption and use of a suitably corrected formula. The writer has had some opportunity to compare results ob tained with this apparatus, first with re suits on similar piaster at the Bureau of Standards and second with the results of a unique field test carried out for the su pervising architect's office in the new Poet Office- Department building in Washing ton. The comparisons were sufficiently favorable to warrant using this method for the tests outlined on the paint ma terials. Table 2 gives the results obtained by .this comparative method. The base was one-half Inch of rockwali acoustical plas ter on a sanded brown coat and all on standard rockwali gypsum lath, The bur lap was sewed tightly against the face of the acuostlcal plaster. The temperature of the test room was 77p F., and the rela tive humidity 72 percent. In the first place in discussing the above results, we can consider, or at least as sume, that the membranes were tested In such close relationship to the plaster that there was no drum-head action. There Is a slight question of this in the result with I he shellac and the figures may he slight ly high. Next, the brush coat is on heavy euch as a painter might put on who was interested only in coverage and decora tion. There are plenty of such jobs to be *een, although it la to be hoped that they may be fewer from now on. The paint did not compleetly seal the surface, so the plaster absorption Is still somewhat ef fective. The resin coat gave complete coverage and sealing of the pores, so that the Principal effect is due to the high vis cosity or inelasticity of the membrane. It is also true that the porosity of the membrane beneath helped to some extent. It is sufficient for our study that these tests show the care which should be taken in painting the surfaces of acoustical ab sorbents. The casein paint appears to give slightly better results than the oil paint because there Is less tendency to bridge over and to matte the surface to gether. Other things being equal, the light reflection is higher than from the oilpainted surface. This la of considerable Importance, because with from 15 to 30 percent of the surface of an acoustical absorbent gfven over to holes or pores, it is essential that the remaining surface be as bright as possible,' otherwise light re jection is cut down and tints loos grey and dull. These observations cm the value of casein pafnt are checked by results of tests at the Electrical Testing Laboralories and the tests by Curtis lighting In stitute thentloned earlier in this paper. In conclusion, this paper stresses the fact that In painting acoustical treat ments, the first consideration must be that of preserving the acoustical absorp tion of efficiency. The decoration of such treatments must be accomplished by means which will not disturb the sound absorbing qualities. Paints as compound ed at present have insufficient porosity to foe effective as acoustical correctives. It is the purpose of this paper to point out the problems Involved in painting aucostical materials and to urge a thorough understanding of the problem before hap hazard or ill-advised recommendations ore made to decorators or painting con tractors. ' Finally, the author Is deeply Indebted to those Individuals whom he has quoted In this paper, to H, B. Gardner, of the Atlantic Research Associates, for work done on tbe paper, and for the samples of material submitted by the Atlantic Gypsum Products Company, the United States- Gypsum Company, the Celotex Company, the Armstrong Cork Company, and Johns-ManviUe. Table 2 . Sample. 256. in. Rockwall acoustical plaster................................................................... 0.31 Same covered with plain burlap................................................................. 0.32 Same covered with burlap sprayed with two coats Sunflex................... 0.30 Same covered with burlap sprayed with two coats Acoustex paint... 0.26 Same covered with burlap brushed with two coats fiat wall paint... 0.24 Sams covered with burlap brushed with two coats shellac............... 0.23 Same covered with burlap coated with heavy coat glyptal resin......... 0.12 612. 0.49 0.61 0.60 0.49 0.39 0.30 0.18 1024. 0.31 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.60 0.55 0.36 Fourth Session, Friday Afternoon At the end of the Friday afternoon session, George B. Heckel, secretary, presented a resolution which had been approved by the advisory committee, deprecating the practice of certain raw material interests in giving formulae and other data to dealers and others. Poor products, price-cutting and dump ing were some of the evils listed as consequences of the practice. The resolution followed the line of the one adopted earlier in the year by the New York Club, The federation, adopted it as read. . The rest of the afternoon was given over to a continuation of the original papers. New York Club's Paper The New York club presented the following paper which had been pre pared by William DeCamp and J. E. McE, Sanderson on the basis of the past year's investigatory work:-- Clarifying and Straining of Surface Coatings It seems hardly necessary to point out to paint and varnish production men the necessity of clarifying or straining. To anyone who has felt the wrath of a cus tomer because of specks in a paint prod uct, clarifying and straining are opera tions of major Importance. In spite of this, however, they have received little attention compared to that devoted to other portions of manufacturing proce dure suoh as mixing, grinding, or cook ing. With this In mind we are bringing before you this summary of methods now in use by the industry, with no claims of originality, but merely representing the experiences of a number of our mem bers. We present them in the hope of stimulating discussion of the subject and perhaps of uncovering some methods or equipment for the purpose which wilt be superior to those which we have found. The first point we would like to stress is that here is the perfect illustration of the old adage that "an ounce of pre vention is worth a pound of cure." The cost of filtering and straining in time, labor and wasted material Is out of all proportion to the actual amount of dirt removed. Therefore, the first step Is to avoid contamination just as far as pos sible. In clear varnishes and lacquers the insoluble particles which cause turbidity come mainly from the raw materials and to a lesser extent from products of reaction and contamination from dirty equipment Filtration troubles may there fore sometimes be reduced by changes in formulation. Thus, low grade natural resins, which are very dirty, may be replaced foy a cleaner grade or the same resin or by a synthetic type. Refined oil which does, not break on heating should be need Instead of raw oil. Oilsoluble metallic soaps may be used as driers instead of oxides or other com pounds which only partially take up in the varnish. Proper cleaning of kettles, receiving tanks, pipelines, and pumps will avoid unnecessary accumulation of skins. As the amount of dirt to be removed Is reduced the volume of varnish which can be run through before cleaning of the filter is required can be increased. In pigmented products instead of re moving all suspended particles we want to take out only those above a certain fineness. This is a still more difficult problem and renders it all. the more im portant to hold to a minimum the amount of coarse particles which must be strained out. It pays to strain all liquids just prior to mixing with pigments, to scrupu lously clean mixers, mills and other equipment, to protect the material from drying out in the course of manufac turing, and to exercise great care to se cure fine grinding. In rare instances It is more economical to rush the grinding and spend more time on straining, but the reverse is more generally the case. Gravity Settling of Clear Products The dirt contained in varnishes, resin solutions, and clear lacquers is usually so fine and fiocculent as to remain In sus pension almost indefinitely- and involve a large loss bf good material along with the dirt when it finally settles sufficiently hard to remove. However, settling for two or three days will often remove most of the coarse dirt and make the re moval of the balance that much easier. AIb o , after filtering or clarifying hot var nish and allowing It to stand a fiocculent material will separate out which con be removed from settling. This Is' cne of the reasons for ageing high grade var nishes. Filtering Filter presses were universally used for the removal of dirt from varnish, twenty years ago and are still used where extreme clarity Is desired as well as for. certain thick or highly volatile products which are difficult -to clarify by other means. - - The press generally used for vamlsli is the flush plate and frame type. The filtering medium is usually cloth woven tightly enough to retain the dirt without clogging too easily. When extra clarity is .desired the cloth is supplemented by facing it with filter paper. To operate the press a -doth long enough to cover both sides la thrown over each plate, holes being jiunched in it where It covers the eyes. The heads are covered with cloths which' are necessarily one-half as long as those used on the plates. A frame is placed on the press next to the fixed head, ; then a plate and frame alternately until all are in the press. It is dosed and squeezed together by a - ratchet arid screw. The varnish la pumped through the channel formed by the .eyes in; plates and frames, to the interior of . each frame, through the cloths and out The thickness of dirt cake sufficient to clog the press is less than the thickness of the frame. Var nish is usually filtered hot on account of redeuced viscosity. However, high grade varnishes are occasionally filtered after ageing, in which case they are handled cold to avoid having any precipitated ma terial go back in solution with heat. The great, difficulty in filtering varnish Is that the, dirt to be removed is so fiocculent and slimy that a comparatively thin layer packed on the cloth or paper will , clog It, stop the flow and build up excessive pressure which sometimes hreaks the cloth and allows dirty mateterlal to flow through. The addition of diatcmaceous .earth to the varnish builds up a porous* layer on the cloth and per mits filtering of a larger volume and at greater speed without clogging. With this method' some firms flna It possible to discard paper entirely and substitute tightly woven wire for the filter cloth and still get good clarity. Felt sheets have also been used instead of filter cloth with satisfactory results. Cleaning the Presses As the plates on an ordinary filter press hold a considerable volume of var nish its use for email batches involves either a large waste or contamination with other varnishes, When the press is taken apart for cleaning the varnish lect m it drops Into, a pan underneath rtnd is returned to the receiving tank to be pumped - through with the next lot. The dirt sticks to the cloths and has to be scraped , off, after which the cloths are washed in a laundry machine. Some times turpentine or mineral spirits is used for this purpose, although better results are achieved with a hot solution of triso dium-phosphate. The time and labor required for cleaning cloths and setting up a filter press axe more than required for a centrifugal but may be offset by a better clarity, of the product, A filter press of radically different de sign has been in successful operation for ihe last few years by several varnish manufacturers. It consists of three large double faced plates suspended in a dosed rectangular tank, built to withstand pressure. The dirty varnish is pumped into the tank, flows through both faces to the inside of the plates from which the clean varnish is withdrawn, leaving the dirt on the outside of the .plates. The face of the plates is a twill woven monel metal screen, but the secret of successful operation lies in tlie use of a specially prepared asbestos fibre to build up a filtering medium of proper density. To start the press about three pounds of this asbestos is mixed with about 60 gallons of varnish-and circulated through the press until the varnish comics out the desired clarity. Batches of 1,500 to 2,000 gallons of quite dirty varnish can then be run before the plates clog. The cleaning operation is very quick and easy as the layer of asbestos and dirt peels off the plate almost like a sheet of cloth. There is practically no loss through varnish drying out or being retained in the press. This type of filter press occupies very little floor space and is light enough in weight to be portable If mounted on a four-wheel truck. It Is so efficient that one concern using it was able to gee abso lute clarity . in dammar solutions, good oil tank settlings, and other products which had been found absolutely impos sible with other equipment. ' Centrifugal Clarification Centrifugal clarification is now used for many clear varnishes and lacquers. Va rious machines differ radically In design but all operate on the same principle/ namely, throwing the dirt out by a centri fugal force many times more powerful than gravity so that the results are cor respondingly more rapid than settling. The centrifugal machines first designed for clarifying varnish were complicated with a great number of parts and were correspondingly difficult to take apart and clean, Some of them took out most of tne dirt by centrifugal force and then forced the varnish through paper to re move the balance. This, however, was found to be unnecessary and modern ma chines are both simple and efficient. One of the machines in general use has a long, narrow bowl hung from a single bearing at the top by means of a flexible spindle. A bushing at the bottom serves . 66 November 16, 1933 OIL, PAINT. AND DRUG REPORTER as a guide to prevent vibration until the - bowl gets up to speed, Drive Is by steam turbine, belt or motor *connected to the * top of the spindle. The varnish is pumped in through a jet at the bottom and emerges through the discharge opening at the top leaving the dirt clinging to the inside of the tubular bowl. A counter is used to check the speed of the bowl which, is about 15,000 to 17,000 revolutions per minute for ordinary varnishes. A band brake around the bowl enables it to be stopped quickly. The long, narrow bowl Is comparatively light in weight and is very easy to handle and clean. Ordinarily dirt ean be readily removed with a round brush while for hard caked sediment a spiral scraper is provided. The design and construction of the machine not only provides high operating efficiency but also low upkeep cost as it does not easily get out of balance. Another clarifier makes use of a short, large diameter, double bowl mounted on a vertical shaft. The varnish enters the inner bowi first where the bulk of the coarse dirt is thrown out then goes to the outer bowl where the greater cen trifugal force, due to the larger diameter, throws out the finer particles and Insures very thorough clarification. This has a further advantage in retaining practically the full centrifugal force to the end of the run when the inner bowl Is full of dirt. In machines with a single bowl, as the dirt layer builds up, the effective dia meter and consequently the centrifugal force is decreased accordingly. In this type of clarifier the bowl Is operated at 5000 to 6000 H.P.M. for ordinary var nishes. Drive Is by steam turbine belt or direct connected motor. A brake Is provided for quick stop. The machine fa rugged and well lubricated and mainte nance coats are low. . Centrifugal clarifications of varnishes and clear lacquers removes the dirt almost as completely as filter pressing and does It more rapidly and at a lower cost. The equipment occupies less space and can he mounted oh a truck if desired to move it from one department to another. Cen trifugal clarifiers can also be utilized for materials like liquid driers, and asphalt varnishes which are difficult or uneco nomical to filter. Selective Treatment In clarifying oleoresinous varnishes the problem Is to remove the last bit of Sus pended solid. Other materials require se lective clarification to remove some solid particles and leave the balance. Shellac varnish, for instance, contains dirt to be removed and wax to be left in suspension. Flat varnishes and lacquers present a similar problem. This can be done by adjusting the centrifugal force so that It will throw out the particles it is de sired to remove and leave the balance. This is done by adjusting the rate of feed as well as by changing the speed of the bowl to fit that particular product. For this purpose the machine is provided with variable speed drive. In some in stances, a variable speed motor is used, but this does not allow as many gradua tions as the variable speed drive. Occasionally varnish contains specks of gelatinous material such as. partly dis solved metallic soap. Running it through a colloid mill will disperse such material to a satisfactory degree of fineness for such semi-clear products as fiat varnish or, in some cases, to effect complete solution. Straining, through wire screen or cloth* will of course remove only comparatively coarse dirt and is therefore seldom used for clear varnishes except as an added precaution to remove particles of skin when filtered varnish is drawn from a' ?torage tank. Straining Pigmented Products The problem In cleaning clear varnishes ind laoquers is to remove ail 'suspended >articles. With, pigmented products It is o remove what fa ordinarily a small '-mount of coarse material and leave the iroperly ground pigment in suspension, theoretically this should be a/'simple pro cedure based merely on the selection of a trainer with openings of the correct size* Actually we all know of the difficulties attendant on maintaining flow through ny strainer with apertures fine enough o retain the coarse particles we wish to emovc. Cheesecloth stretched across a frame or upported on a coarse screen, is probably he most commonly used strainer. When tne work is desired several thicknesses re used or a layer of cotton is used be- ween sheets of cheesecloth. The tenency for lint to contaminate' the material eing strained may be remedied by sizing he cloth with shellac, nitrocellulose or lue, depending on the product being, hau led. Muslin and silk cloth are better d r straining than cheesecloth but quite xpensive even if washed and used several imes, Straining through layers of cloth, articularly if a layer of cotton is used etween. Is a very slow procedure involvig a high percentage of wasted material, specially with viscous highly pigmented' roducts. Scrapings with a brunt wood addle helps a little toward preventing logging; brushes or metal scrapers are >o likely to tear the cloth. The usual jpport for cheesecloth and cotton strain- tg is quite shallow. The pressure may s increased by the use of a deep strainer : by enclosing It so that pressure can a applied. This will. not operate satisictorily If the amount of coarse dirt Is ,rge enough to clog the strainer. "Wire screen is considered by\ some pro action- men to bo the best straining me- lum for general use. It should ibei amped on a frame which- stretches it ght and permits its easy removal for eaning or replacement. The straining of ordinary paints is a nnparativeiy simple process. Screens of 1 mesh are sufficiently fine, the paint ins through fairly easily, and a little raping or brushing will keep the screen cm clogging. Such screens can be oven of fairly heavy brass ' wire and e correspondingly durable. For a little ler work a good screen to use is SO esh twilled weave monel metal. This l s openings equivalent to a standard 0 mesh bronze wire but Is much more irable. ' To remove the dirt from enamels often quires straining through screen of 150, 200, or even finer mesh, Such screens clog quickly and are easily damaged. Va rious devices have been tried to strain through fine screens faster than gravity flow. One of these is to use a vertical revolving cylindrical strainer so as to push the material through by centrifugal force. Even when nested screens are used, ranging from coarse to fine, this type of strainer clogs very quickly, A somewhat more successful application of centrifugal force utilizes a series of horizontal screens mounted to rotate around a vertical axis. The dirt is.rolled continually toward the outer edge and retained while the clean material passes out through the screen. Variety In Construction In another strainer design the vertical screen is stationary while the material is kept in motion by paddles which do not touch the screen. The wire is stretched around a drum and is easily detached for cleaning. Another strainer makes use of com pressed air blown through the screen from underneath at regular intervals to keep the dirt from clogging it. The pul sations of air are governed by a valve rotated by a small motor. The device in most general use to speed up straining is to vibrate the screen hori zontally or vertically with a email elec tric motor and eccentric. This gives very satisfactory results even with very fine screens. To avoid breakage it ls custom ary to mount screens of 150 mesh or finer with a support of coarse rolled screen or perforated sheet metal. In stead of fine wire strainers, cheesecloth may. be used in the vibrator with a simi lar support. . ,, After removal of skins and similar coarse dirt with a strainer of moderate fineness the product may be run through a colloid mill or a single roll mill for a final breaking down of pigment agglo merates. This, however, is a remedy for carelessness in the original grind which should not usually be necessary. "Centrifuging Pigmented Products The application of centrifugal separa tion to pigmented products ls an entirely different method of accomplishing the same purpose as straining. To be suc cessful the coarse particles of dirt, skins and agglomerates must be thrown out by centrifugal force more readily than the finely ground pigment which it Is desired to retain. This depends not only on rela tive size but also on specific gravity and wetting qualities. In the case of an enamel containing a single pigment of fine particle size the coarse particles of dirt can be readily removed, On the other hand, In a mixture of light and heavy pig ments such as carbon black and chrome yellow the fine particles of the yellow are thrown out with the- coarse particles of black and the resultant product Is offshade and deficient in opacity. The same thing applies to coarse particles of Bklne and flocculent dirt In an enamel made with a heavy pigment which does not wet well and consequently settles quickly. In other words, centrifugal machines can by no means be universally applied to pig mented products, but within definite lim its they do have many uses and give ex cellent results. Speeds suitable for pig mented products range from 20 to 100 percent of the rated speed for complete clarification of varnish. Thick enamels can often be strained or clarified to bet ter advantage if first heated moderately to reduce the viscosity. For handling lacquers or other highly volatile products, either clear or pig mented, a centrifugal machine should be completely enclosed to prevent loss by evaporation, clogging of the outlets and waste of the product. Adapting the Method to Product As may be noted from this brief des cription, there are really only two meth ods for the removal of coarse particles from paint products, that ls (a) straining through a screen which may range from tightly woven cloth to coarse wire mesh, or (b) settling by gravity or centrifugal force. The problem of the production man is to select the right equipment and meth od for best results with each particular product, taking into consideration the quality of finish -which must be attained as well as the time, labor, and material cost of the process. .'Suppose, for example, an order is received at 2 p. m, for 1,000 gallons of black lacquer to' be filled in drums ready for shipment at 6 p. m. The paste Is ground but the lacquer must be mixed, strained and filled in three hours. A high quality finish is required and it is too viscous, to run through a clarifier. This problem confronted one of our members recently - and the shipment went forward on schedule. I. will leave it with you to solve individually. Northwestern Club's Paper The test fence committee of the Northwestern club presented the fol lowing paper prepared by. Dr.' F. 3L Browns:-- Priming-Coat Reductions for Painting New Wood Surfaces The exposure tests with which this re port is concerned were described in de tail In a first progress report published In. the Proceedings of the 'Scientific Sec tion, American Paint and Varnish Man ufacturers' Association, circular 404, page 696 (1931), and a second progress re port describing conditions after ten months service was published in the Offi cial Digest of the Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs, No. 121, page 1668 (1932). The reader is assumed to be familiar with these prior - reports. The principal object of the-study is to show how far the servlceableness of paint coatings depends upon the proportion of pigment, linseed oil, aud turpentine in the priming-coat paint, to discover the opti mum priming-coat reduction, and to de termine whether the priming coat should be reduced differently according to the nature of the softwood painted, taking both two-coat and three-coat painting into consideration. The tests were made on Norway pine, white pine, western red cedar, and redwood.' Three types of lin seed oil paint were used, all fn the form of semi-paste paints; they were white lead paint, a lead and zinc paint, and a titanox and zinc (lead-free) paint. Faint ing with an. aluminum primer made with a oakellte varnish vehicle was also In cluded and to determine whether the ef fect of this primer is to bo attributed to the aluminum or to the varnish three white primers made with this varnish were tried. Since the second progress report the committee has met to Inspect the fence twice, once in June and once In Septem ber, 1933. The coatings were 26 months old at the last Inspection. Flaking of some of the coatings of all three types of white paint has begun on the south side of the fence and there is some failure in integrity of the lead and zinc paint on a few test areas on the north side. Although it is of interest to report the present status of the tests at this time the committee cannot emphasize too strongly that the study is still far from complete and that great caution should be exercised in drawing conclusions from l he present indications. Future develop ments might make it necessary to alter materially many generalizations that could be made now. Order of Initial Failure on the Four Woods On the south side of the fence flaking of the coatings of all three types of white paint has now progressed far enough to reveal distinct differences between the four woods In the rate at which failure of coatings by fiaking from the bands of summerwood sets in. The order of the woods ls the same for each of the three paints, namely, there Is least failure on redwood, only slightly more failure on red cedar, distinctly more failure on white pine, and by far the greatest amount of failure on Norway pine, With white lead paint, white pine falls closer to red cedar and redwood, than to Nor way pine but with the two paints con taining zinc oxide, and especially with the paint containing no white lead, white pine falls closer to Norway pine than to cedar and redwood. These findings are strictly In accord with the results of tests by the Forest Products Laboratory (eee for example Federation of Paint and Varnish Pro duction Clubs, Official Digest, No. 95, page 106 [1930]). The data of table I which gives average values for certain physical properties of the boards with which the test panels Were made, are significant In this connection. These data in the light of the tests by the Forest Products Laboratory indicate that Norway pine shows most failure be cause It is the heaviest or the four woods and has the largest content of summerwood and because all of the boards have either fiat grain or grain at 45 degrees (half-way between fiat and edge grain). White pine proves worse than redwood or cedar because of the predominance of fiat grain boards and because of the de leterious effect on paints containing zinc oxide exerted by the resin in white pine and In Norway pine. Observation of the fence shows also that the high proportion of boards turned pith-side out In the white pine and Norway pine militates against these woods seriously. The superiority of redwood over red cedar must be attributed for the present at least to a beneficial effect of the extractives characteristic of redwood, although the relatively narrow annual growth rings may also exert a significant effect In favor of the redwood.. On the north side of the fence failure of coatings in integrity is confined so far to the lead and zinc paint on white -pine and on Norway pine. This failure, how ever, is unexpected at this stage of the exposure and Is not entirely normal In as pect. It may possibly be due to moisture getting In behind the boards through leaks in the fence construction. Although moisture-failure of paint coatings ls Very rare on test fences, well-authenticated cases of It have been observed. would- show marked differences in ap pearance on different sides and between shaded and unshaded areas on the same side. All three paints are now chalking oti both north and south sides, but the white lead paint on the north side has only just begun to chalk. On the unuth side reticulate checking of the white lead paint is easily visible, but on the north side it cannot be seen until the dirt Is washed from the surface. In the lead and zinc paint on the south side checking Is to be seen only with the aid of a microscope or magnifying glass and ls in the 'paral lel" stage; checking is absent on the north side. . The titanox and zinc paint does not show checking on either aide. Depth of Checking It is difficult to say from direct ob servation how far the checking in white lead, paint and lead and. zinc paint ex tends through the coatings, Since the checking in the lead and zinc paint ean be seen only with magnification It Is presumably shallow. In the white lead paint however, it probably penetrates completely through the coatings because on redwood and red cedar careful ob servation discloses small spots of brown discoloration where rainwater has leached colored extractive from the wood, ac cess to the wood obviously being gained through the paint checks. The extent of such discoloration, however, is not sufficient to mar the appearance of the coatings. Three kinds of fissures other than checking are now to be seen. Both of the paints containing zinc oxide exhibit the small parallel cracks that Browne calls "silts" (American Society for Test ing Materials 3011, 852 [1930]), Flaking of these two paints over the bands of summerwood proceeds by a breaking off of the coating at the loosened edges of such slits. In white lead paint, on the other han-1, licking proceeds by detach ment of small particles of coating marked off by rectlculate checking. Besides slits there are occasional paint cracks of a longer type that seem much slower than slits In giving rise to fiaking of the coating but, like slits, they are confined to the two paints that contain zone oxide. Slits and cracks are very irregular in distribution, that is, they may. be nu merous- on one board and completely ab sent on other boards In the same test area. Checking, on the other hand, ls always uniformly. distributed. The third kind of fissures corresponds exactly with weathering checks in the wood beneath the coating. Such fissures are not con sidered in rating the coatings for in tegrity but are considered evidence that the coating is no longer furnishing ade quate protection against wood weather ing. wood checks of this kind are mote numerous in Norway pine and in white pine than in the other woods anti aro more numerous under white lead paint than under either of the paints that con tain zinc oxide. . Extent of Flaking Of the three paints the titanox and zinc paint on. Norway pine and on white pine exhibits the most serious progress in fiaking from the bands of summerwood. It should be pointed out, how ever, that the coating of titanox and zinc paint was thinner to begin with than the coatings of the other two paints (see table 3 of the first progress report). Apparently, one of the disadvantages of paints with unusually good biding power ie the temptation to apply them in thin costings. Thus, the painter applied the third coat of titanox and zinc paint In these experiments at 1,225 square feec per gallon; the surfaces were hidden thoroughly and still remain hidden, but the durability of the coatings is undoubt edly less than it would have been If the Table 1 . Average Values for Certain Physical Properties of the Boards with Which the Test Panels Were Made Percentage of boards that are Density in lbs. Species. percu, ft. Redwood ............................... .. . 26.2 Red celar.................................. . 21.5 White pltie.............................. . 26.8 Norway pine................... . 2S.fi Annual growth rings per Inch, 66 26 28 SO flat grain or r-Percentage of boards--, grain at 45* that are end are known Flat Grain Edge to be turned grain, at 45*. grain. pith side out 29 69 12 IT 11 84 55 7 75 24 1 51 49 61 0 41 Relative Behavior of the Three Linseed Oil Painlts It was reported previously that the white lead paint became soiled less rapid ly than the other two paints during the first six months of exposure and that . it held its gloss longer. By the time ten months had passed the titanox and zinc paint was much cleaner and whiter than the other two paints, both on tne north and south rides of the fence. The superiority In appearance of the titanox and zinc paint has continued to the pres ent time. ,, On the south side of the fence the white lead paint finally become slightly dirtier than the lead and zinc paint but both were sufficiently dirty to re quire ratings of "poor" in appearance. At the present time both of these paints are somewhat less dirty on the. south side than they were at one time and the principal difference between them is that the white lead paint is slightly more spotted (less uniformly discolored; than the lead and zinc paint On the north side' of the fence soiling of the white lead and lead and zinc paints continued for a longer Lime and reached a much darker aspect of gray ness than it did on the south side. The present appearance of these two paints on the north side calls unquestionably for a rating of "bad" in appearance. The white lead paint Is a darker gray than the lead and zinc paint; but is much more nearly uniformly so because the lead and zinc paint is now beginning to throw off the dirt as chalking progres ses more freely. The titanox and zinc paint on the north side Is almost as clean and white as it ls on the south side. A house painted with the titanox and zlno paint would present practically the same appearance on all sides but houses paint ed with either of the other two paints third coat had been applied more generously. On redwood and red cedar, on the other hand, the titanox and zinc paint ls perhaps in sounder condition at the present time than either of the other paints. With respect to Integrly of the coatings the white lead and the lead and zinc paint seem to be relatively in the same condition on the average. In the white lead paint the flaking from the summerwood is of much fined grain and therefore less conspicuous than it is In either of the paints that contain zinc oxide, but careful Inspection shows that fully as much wood has been left bare by flaking of the white lead paint as has been exposed by fiaking of the lead and zinc. paint. It ls of interest to point out that there ls much more difference in the extent of failure in Integrity of any one of the paints on the four woods than there is between the three paints on any one wood. Thus, for example, there ls much more difference In the condition of the coatings of titanox and zinc paint on Norway pine and on redwood than there is between the coatings of white lead paint and of titanox and zinc paint on Norway pine. Two-Coat and Three-Coat Painting Judging by the present extent of fiaking of the coatings from summerwood the relative condition ' of the two-coat and three-coat jobs ls as recorded In Table 2. With the lead and zinc paint the twocoat jobs seem to be proving slightly less durable than the three-coat jobs applied on neighboring areas of the samtf boards. With the other two paints, however, the two-coat Jobs over primers 2-1 and 2-3 seem, to be lasting as well as the threecoat job while the two-coat Jobs over rimer 2-3 are distinctly worse. Primer ?-1 waa mixed without any turpentine, OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 69 primer ST-2 with a moderate amount of turpentine, and primer 2-3 with much turpentine. Apparently the proportions of .pigments, linseed oil, and turpentine are more significant than the number of coats applied, but It wfil be well to await further developments before drawing con clusions -on that subject. The Test Most metal priming paints are com posed of pigment mixtures. In such paints the part played by each pigment Is a matter of considerable uncertainty. We have followed, therefore, the prece dent set by the A, 6, T. M. committee over Table 2 Relative Integrity of Coatings of Two-Coat Jobs as Compared with Coatings of Three-Coat Jobs on Neighboring Test Areas Wood. Norway pine............................ Red cedar................................ Redwood ............................... White pine.,......................... White lead paint over primer No. 2-1. 2-2. 2-3. better same worse better same earn same same same worse same worse Lead end zinc paint over primer No. 2-1, 2-2. 2-3. worn worse worse better worse worse worse worse worse worse worse worse Titanox and zinc paint ' over primer No. 2-2. 2-2. 2-3, better better worse better better worse better same worse wore better worse Priming-Coat Reduction two decades ago and have used only one Tha preceding section reports that In two-coat painting the priming coat thinned generously with turpentine (and containing correspondingly less linseed oil) is proving distinctly Inferior to prim ing-coat mixtures containing either no turpentine at all or only a moderate amount of turpentine. Exactly the same tendency Is observed in the three-coat jobs. The primer thinned with the great est proportion of turpentine is uniformly proving less satisfactory with all three paints and on all woods. On the other hand, the primer mixed without any tur pentine is at present showing as good results as any of the priming mixtures, but further developments must he awaited before it will be possible to choose the best of the priming-coat mixtures tried. At present there ia no indication that the optimum prlmlng-coat reduction will prove different for different woods or that ad justment in priming-coat reduction will serve to offset differences in durability caused by variations in the nature of wood. In other words, the experience so far offers no evidence in support of the common custom of recommending that painters use different priming-coat mix tures on white pine, Norway pine, red wood, and red cedar. pigment In each paint. Ten pigments were tested in this manner. Believing, however, that the type of vehicle, or rather the pigment-vehicle combination is of maximum importance, we have tested each pigment in each of five typfcal vehicles. Three main classes of pigments were selected for this test, as follows: (a) Basic pigments--on account of their reputed rust Inhibition. (b) Neutral pigments--as controls for comparison, (e) Metallic pigments--to Investigate their merit. The vehicles Include raw linseed oil as an accepted standard. Long oil ester gum and long oil phenolic varnishes and a typical- phthalate priming vehicle are included as covering the type of vehicles most generally considered usable. Iodized oil was suggested by a member of our club who had previously conducted Borne promising experiments with it and who recommended it for further consideration, The paints, with the exception of alum inum bronze, were all ground in pebble mills and reduced to approximately 20 per cent pigment' volume. Aluminum bronze was mixed with each vehicle at the time of application In the proportion of two pounds of the aluminum bronze to Aluminum Priming Paint a gallon of the vehicle. Additional vola tile was added where necessary to fa No coatings are now in better condi cilitate proper spray application at the tion than the corresponding ones applied time of preparing the panels. over aluminum priming paint. There is as yet no flaking from summerwood over aluminum primer except on two hoards that are obviously unusually difficult to keep well painted. On both of these boards there is only a smalt amount of flaking on the area primed with aluminum, but a great deal of flaking on neighboring areas primed with white paint. There xire a number of panels on which the coating is entirely sound over aluminum primer, but is flaking distinctly from sum- jnerwood on neighboring areaa painted with white primers. Formulae and making directions for vehicles and formulae of the mixed paints are attached to this report as exhibit A. Five complete sets of panels were pre pared on planished iron (see exhibit B) which had been previously rusted and sanded. Two of those sets were on twenty gauge 3x8 Inches panels for weatherometer and Balt spray respec tively. Two eete were on 6%xl8 Inches twenty-six gauge panels for two separate rest fences and one similar set was re served unexposed for control. All application of the paint was by It was pointed out previously that there spray. In order to determine the rela was a tendency for the coatings to hold tive value of each pigment-vehicle combi their gloss longer over the aluminum nation, both as a one coat paint and as primer. As a result they also held dirt a primer to be used under a subsequent longer, and on the north side of the fence top ocat, we have top-coated only one- have not progressed quite as far in shed half of each panel with aluminum bronze fling this dirt. However, the discoloration In a spar varnish^ Each pigment-vehicle by dirt tended to be somewhat more uni combination was given a-designating code form and to be cast off again more uni number composed of one numeral and one formly over the aluminum primer than letter. -The list showing the pigments and over white primers. vehicles used and the code number as Checking of the white paints over signed to each panel is attached as ex aluminum primer follows exactly the same hibit C. . pattern and is no more conspicuous than it is over corresponding areas with white Results to Date primers. On the south side of the fence The salt spray test is complete after the checking in the white lead paint can 800 hours. In this test the panels were he seen with the microscope to extend subjected to a constant spray of a 3 per down to the aluminum primer. Over white cent salt solution at room temperature, primers it probably extends down to the which probably averaged from 70 to 80 wood for reasons that have already been degree F. The spraying was done in a discussed. totally enclosed metal box. The weatherometer test Is nearing com Miscellaneous Tests on Units 7 and 8 pletion after . 800 hours in a cycle of of the Test Fence Three primers made with the varnish vehicle used for the aluminum primer, but containing respectively white lead, zinc oxide, titanox B as pigments, are proving less satisfactory under white lead paint than the aluminum primer or than the ordinary white lead primers made with, linseed Oil. Checking of the white lead paint over the white primers inade with the varnish is coarser and more conspicu ous than it is over aluminum primer or over white linseed oil primer. There is also some flaking of the coating of white lead paint over the primers made with white pigments in varnish; the flaking Is most marked over the varnish primer made with 2lnc oxide. The flaking more over is coarser and more conspicuous than the flaking of white lead paint, when applied in the customary way. ' eighteen hours light, four hours water spray, and two hours refrigeration. . Only one set of top-coated panels la showing any weathering on the fence. Many of the hare primers are still In ex cellent condition. At least another year of test fence exposure will probably be needed to differentiate among the better panels, - The keeping quality of the various paints in the package is Indicated under exhibit D, Exhibit E lists the condition of each panel and the rating as of October 1, 1933, after two and one-half months ex posure. The upper report for each panel refers to the single-coated portion. The lower report refers to the half of the panel having both primer and top coat. "First or best" Indicates the best panel for vehicles with a given pigment. At the end of exhibit E are listed the best At the present time the two white lead pigments for each vehicle. There Is also paints applied in accordance with recom- listed an opinion as to the best average menatlons of the National Lead Company pigment regardless of vehicle and the and of the Eagle-FIcher Lead Company, best vehicle regardless ot pigment. These respectively, are behaving in much the latter comments must be considered as same way as the corresponding coatings opinions rather than as proved facts. The of white lead paint on Units 1 to 6 of the comparative rating of exposed panels is test fence. subject to too much dispute today to over The titanox lead, and zinc paint and stress complicated comparisons such as the cryptone paint, recommended respec these. You will note that these later com tively by the Titanium Pigment Company, parisons are omitted entirely on the test and the New Jersey Zinc Company, are fence panels and on the double coated much cleaner and superior in appearance portion of the weatherometer panels be to the white lead or lead and zinc paint cause the difference between panels is as and are nearly as. clean as the -titanox yet too slight., and zinc paint. They both exhibit less flaking from summerwood on Norway pine and white pine than the lead-free titanox paint, though both are now crack ing and slitting. Conclusion In the comparative evaluation of these panels we noted and ' tried to differen tiate among three types of rusting, name ly--edge rusting, spot rusting and chan nel rusting. This last named rusting was Pittsburgh Club's Paper caused by the punching of holes in -the panels after the spray job had been com R. J. Gnaedinger read the paper pre pared by the Pittsburgh Paint and Var nish Production Club. pleted. The film ruptured in this manner seemed to be more easily lifted away from the. metal sufficiently so that a little channel of rust is formed on many of the. Comparison of Various Pig panels directly, below the hole. Of the three types of rusting,. It is our opinion ments and Vehicles in Rust that spot rusting is by far the moat sig nificant, so far as the prospective value Inhibitive Primers of the paint Is indicated. Any type of rusting Is, in our opinion, considerably Metal priming paints usually have two more objectionable than even heavy principal purposes, to-wit: Rust inhibi chalking or discoloration of the primer. tion, and binding, that is, adhesion to The relative importance of these different metal and to top coat. Ability to stand types of failure was kept In mind when weathering, unprotected by a top coat, we evaluated the panda as shown on ex is frequently an important secondary con hibit E. ' sideration. but In our considered opinion It Is our hope and .intention,.to, .give, a Is not ordinarily as important a property further report, particularly -' on- the-:re-' as either the first two. suits obtained on the test fence at the next convention of the Federation. We appreciate that there are many pigments or vehicles which may exhibit gTeat rust inhibition and may be of considerable merit as primers which we have over looked in our present test. If anyone, therefore, would like for us to expose panels with one or more of these ma terials, we shall be very glad to put the panels on our test fences, wb would ask, however, that they be prepared on ap proximately B%xl8 inch panels and that they be forwarded to us as soon as pos sible since the panels already on expo sure will In any case have at least a three months start. We wish to acknowledge with thanks the services of Dr. J, S. Long for the preparation of the iodized oil. The Bakelite Corporation for the pre paration of the bakelite priming vehicle. Also the assistance given us by j. E. Heckei in the preparation of the report. Exhibit A Formulas and Making Directions for Vehicles and Formulae of the Mixed Paints Vehicles Used; A--Raw linseed oil, conforming Fed eral Specifications Board requirements. B--50 gallon ester gum varnish of fol lowing composition: One-half of its oil is varnish linseed and % is wood oil, Lead and manganese driers are uaed. Fifty percent non-volatle- Has a 80 Kauri reduction test. Body C. Color 6, ,, O"-50 gallon phenolic varnish of the following composition r Pure phenolic resin, 100 lb, Tung oil, B0 gal. Lead acetate, 7.8 lb. Mineral spirits, 50 gal. Soluble driers; to give lead as metal, 3.7 gms.; cobalt as metal, 0.3 gm.; man ganese as metal, 0.1B gm.: per gallon of varnish. Place all the oil and resin In kettle and tertlSjy ,n thlr,ty to forty minutes. Hold 450F for ten minutes. Add the lead acetate, Hold 460F for a 2 to 3 inch string from a cold glass plate (approxi mately twenty-five to thirty minutes) and thin. Add liquid driers, fipeciflcations of Phenolic Resin Specific gravity: 1,10-1.16 (Westphal balance method). Melting point: 295-Sl66F (Modification of A. S. T. M, ball and ring method). For comparison m. p, by this method of IWW ros;Ja 174 F and of low acid ester gum is 186F. Color: SL-9 (Hellige glass color stand ard on solution of 50 peroent resin. 50 -per cent toluol). '^ Add number: 65-65 (Resin dissolved in 75 percent benzol, 25 percent alcohol. Titrate with tenth normal alcoholic so- prom hydroxide using phenolphthalein Indicator). . Rosin: Shall show no test for roslii (Lleberman-Storch Teat--Gardner Phy sical and Chemical Examination 1930, page 661). ' . P---Glycerol phthal&te varnish of the following composition: Non-volatile vehicle,,,,..................... Fhthallc anhydride......................................... Glycerine ............................................ ................ Raw tinseed oil................................. 81 Linseed fatty acids....................... g Aluminum sulphate............... Volatile vehicle...................... .. " Toluol .................................................................. 35% 2o4. 9 2 6&% 20% Petroleum naphtha of 48 aniline point.. 70 Specifications for phthalate varnish:-- Non-volatile portion waB cooked under pressure at 30GF for two and one-half hours. Then under vacuum at 450,>F for one and one-half hours and raised to 550F, where it was held for one hour. E--Iodized oil Was iodized to a 3 percent iodine content Drier In Mixed Paint Forms The drier was added to the different batches just before the paint was applied on the panels. To each liquid pigment drier was added to give a concentration of 2.52 grams of lead and 0,315 gram of cobalt per gallon of paint. Poor drying of the aluminum paints, those pigmented with zinc chromate, and those of zinc dust necessitated the addition of drier making the final concentration in these three series 5.04 grams of lead, and 0.63 gram of cobalt per gallon. Formulas Used Weight Weight. Volume, per percent. percent. gallon. Red lead......................... 30 27.1 Raw linseed................. 70 Red lead............ ............ 30 50 Sal, ester gum___ .. 34 Red lead......................... 60 gal. bakelite........... 70 29.9 70.1 10.3 18-35 Red lead.........-,............. 29.9 15.25 Phthalate ..................... 70.1 Red lead......... .............. 29.85 27.4 Iodized oil..>>.1111,1 Raw- linseed................. White lead.............. .... 50 gal. ester gum.... White lead. 50 gal. bakelite........... White lead............... .. Phthalate ..................... Blue lead........................ Raw linseed................. Blue lead...................... 50 gal. ester gum___ Blue lead........... .......... 50 gal. bakelite........... 37 Blue lead........................ Phthalate ................... .. 61 Basic lead chromate. .. 75.9 Raw linseed................. B. lead chromate..., 50 gal. ester gum----- .. 39.4 B. lead chromate----50 gal, bakelite........... .. 36 B. lead chromate.... .. 50.1 Phthalate..................... B. lead chromate..., Iodized oil.................... Zinc chromate............. .. 01.2 Raw linseed........... Zinc chromate............. 50 gal. ester gum.... .. 56,7 Zinc chromate............. 50 gal, bakelite........... Zinc chromate............. Phthalate 35%............. Zinc chromate............. .4 69.2 Iodized oil................... .. Zinc oxide............. Raw linseed,........ Zinc oxide............... 50 gal. ester gum.,. Zinc oxide................ .. 50 gal. bakelite........... ' Zinc oxide..................... Phthalate 30%............. Zinc oxide...;............. Iodized oil.................... Zinc dust....................... Raw linseed......... .. .23,4 Zinc dust................ .... 50 gal. ester gum.... Zinc dust........................ 50 gal. bakelite........... Zinc dust...................... Phthalate 85%............. Zinc dust....................... Iodized oil.................. Black M. oxide........... Raw linseed................. Black M. oxide........... 50 gal. ster gum.... Black M. oxide...... 30 gal. baketHe........... Black M. oxide........... Phthalate 35%............. Black M. oxide........... .. 05.5 Iodized oil..................... 70.15 30 22.3 70 30 15.15 70 30 10.8 70 30 - 10,8 70.2 29.9 22.0 70.1 30 14.9 70 29.7 10.73 70-3 29.5 13.2 70.5 29.05 22.4 70.35 30 15.57 70 30 17,1 70 30 13.48 70 29.9 23.0 70,1 80 13.95 70 30 10.87 70 30 11.55 70 30 9.S3 70 30 14.4 70 30 19,65 70 30 13.96 70 30 15.1 70 so 12.0 70 30 20.0 70 30 23.05 70 39 15.6 70 30 17.35 70 30 13.35 70 30 23.5 70 30 16.55 70 30 12.32 70 30 18.2 70 30 10.85 TO 30 17.03 70 Chicago World's Fair Record Makers Seated: Mrs* Robert T. Graham, Compton, Cal., last registrant at Columbian Exposition in Chicago In 1893, and -A. E, -Stocking, of the DeLore Division, National Pigments & Chemical Corporation, who was the 21,480,142d visitor to the 1933 Century of Progress Exposition--one over the previous show's record. Standing: C. P. DeLore, of the National Pigments & Chemical Corporation; Miss Marion Lipphardt, niece of Mr. DeLore; and an official of the fair. Miss Lipphardt entered the grounds one under the old record, Mr. DeLore evened it, arrd'-Mr<-Stoek4ng<'set-the'nw-maok. ..Me..goL,a.,abavv:e.r of gifts and a greeting from Mrs. Graham. 70 November 16, 1933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER Formulas. Used {Continued) _ "Weight, . percent. -Antimony oxide.... Raw linseed............. Antimony oxide..,. 60 gal. eater gam. . ..., 64.0 Antimony oxide.... .... 49,5 50 gal, bakelite........___ 50.5 Antimony oxide... , .35.3 Fhthalate 35%......... Antimony oxide..., Ferric oxide............. ___ 70.4 Raw linseed....... Ferric oxide............. 60 gal, ester gum.. Ferric oxide....... 60 gal, bakelite.,,. Feirie oxide............ Phthalate 35%......... Cryptone ................... Raw linseed............. ___ 34,3 Cryptone ................... 50 gal. ester gum.. Cryptone ................... 60 gal. bakelite.... .,,, 43.0 Cryptone .................. Fhthalate 35%......... ___ 02.5 Volume. percent. . 30 70 30 70 30 70 30 70 30 70 30 70 30 70 ' 30 70 30 70 - 30 70 30 70 30 70 weight per gallon. 14.91 11.3 12.2 10.3 13.23 13.1 14.32 15.9 11.3 12.8 Exhibit B Type and Preparation of Panels The steel used in these panels was pur chased. under the name of 'Planished Iron." It ia reported by the manufacturer to be made from a low carbon bessemer steel of approximately 0*10 carbon. The sheets after being rolled are pickled, an nealed and cold rolled to secure a smooth, tight finish, free from scale, so that the paint or pigments to be applied upon the panels will adhere properly and smoothly. These panels were exposed overnight In an enclosed room to hydrochloric acid vapors developed by heating a beaker of hydrochloric on a hot plate. The next day they were thoroughly washed for several hours in a water spray and dried. Before the paint was applied on these panels they were sanded with 00 sandpaper to remove ail loose rust and were again wiped. . It is proper to add, however, that even with these precautions we believe that sufficient lack of uniformity in the degree of rusting may interfere with the results obtained after exposure. Exhibit C Pigments. 4. 6, a. Zina dust 7. 8. .,.9. 10 Blank 11 Blank 12 Blank 13. 14. 15. ' A. Raw linseed. . 1-A B. 50 gallon eater gum. 1-B 2~B 3-B 4-B 5-B 6-B .7-B 8-B ' 9-B C. 60 gallon phenolic. 1-C 2-C 3-C 4-C 5-C 9-C 7-C 8-C 9-C D. Fhthalate, 1-D 2-D 3-D 4-D 6-D 6-D 7-D E. ' lodl2ed oil, 1-E Omitted Omitted 4-E 5-R 9-B 7-E 8-D 8-E 6-D - Omitted 13-3 14-B 1&-B 18-C 14-C 15-C 13-D 14-D I6-D Omitted 14-E Omitted Panel. 1-A........ 1-B......... 1-E., 2-A,, 3-A.. 3-B.. 3-C.. 3-D. 4-A., 4-B. 4-C.. Condition, O-C.. 8-D, 7-B.. 7-C.. 7-D,, 7-B., 8-A.. 8-B., 8-C.. 8-D., 8-E., 9-A, 9-B.. 9-C., .,, Poor ;, Good 14-A............. 14-B............. 14-C............................................. 14*D............................................ 14-E............................................ 15-A................................ Good 15-B......................... Poor 15-C........................... Poor 15-D.................. Poor Exhibit Body, Medium Medium Heavy Medium Heavy Medium Medium Heavy Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Heavy Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Heavy Heavy Medium Heavy Heavy Completely livered Medium Heavy Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium D . Thinning Settling, for spray, Complete. settling--soft None Completely hard--gummy None Completely settled--hard--gummy 10% Completely settling--hard None Completely settling--fairly hard 20% Soft--completely settled .None Completely aettled--gummy None' Completely settled--gummy 10% Completely settled--soft None Completely setled--soft None Slightly gummy None Completely settled--soft 10% Hard 10% Completely settled--gummy None Completely settled--slightly gummy None Completely settled--gummy None Completely settled--hard--gummy None Completely settled--BOft None Some--vary soft None Hard--gummy None Completely aettled--very hard None None 20% Slight--very soft 10% Completely settled--fairly hard None Completely settled--hard--gummy 20% Completely aettled--gummy 20% None Completely settled--gummy Slight--soft Complete--soft Completely settled--soft Completely settled--hard Very alight--very soft Completely settled--soft Completely settled--soft Completely settled--soft Completely settled--soft Slightly settled--very soft Completely settled--fairly soft Fairly hard--completely settling Hard--complete eettling Hard--gummy ' Completely settled--very soft Fairly hard Completely settled--soft Completely settled--hard--gummy Samples not retained Samples not retained Samples not retained Samples not retained Samples not retained Completely settled--very soft Completely.settled--hard--gummy Completely settled--hard--gummy Completely settled--somewhat hard None 20% 10% None None None None None Nona None None None None None None None None None None Nona None None None Exhibit E Salt Spray, Waatherora eter. 1-A 4th; very heavy edge 6th; most ch&lkJpg, no cheek 2nd rusting ing 2nd; slight edge and spot 6th; most stained, film Intact All O. K. rusting 1-B 2nd; heavy edge and. 3rd; moat fading, little chalk some spot rust . ing 1st; slight edge and epot 4th; darkened, film intact mating : All O. K, 1-C Best; edge rusting : 2nd; soma chalking, little fad Most chalking ing 3rd; slight edge and spot ; 1st; equal 4 ' rusting 1 All O. K. . 1-D *Wbrat; heavy overall 1st; almost -perfect rusting . Best; least chalking 4th; edge and channel: 1st; equal & rusting : All O. K. 1- E 3rd: heavy edge and 4th; heavy chalking some spot rust 5th; edge and channel . 3rd ruBtlng 2- A 4th; very heavy edge 2nd; fading, some chalking rusting Best; very Blight edge Best; slightly most gloss rusting ' 2-B 2nd; edge rusting and 4th; moat chalking ` some spot 2nd; chalking 2nd; very slight edgo 4th;. darkest, film Intact rusting 2*C 3rd; edge and soma spot 3rd; heavy chalking rusting Worst; rusted 4th; alight spot mating 3rd; film Intact 2- D Best; alight edge rusting' Best; fading 3rd; spot rusting 2nd; film Intact 3rd; rusted 3- A 3rd; dim half gone 3rd; heavy chalking 4th; heavy edge rusting; 1st; brightest Brd.; chalking and spot rust 3- B Worst; gone ! 4th; heavy chalking 3rd; heavy edge rusting 2nd; brightest 2nd; spot rusting ' S-C Best; but heavy edge and 2nd; some chalking some spot rusting Least rust, spot Best; edge and spot 4th; film Intact rusting 8-D 2nd; heavy edge rusting Best; no chalking or checking Worst; spot rusting 2nd; edge and spot rust 3rd; brightest, Aim intact ing 4- A 4th; heavy rusting 5th; heavy rust--gone 5th; fading, rough looking 5th; discolored, film Intact 3rd; more dirt than E 4-B 5th; heavy rust '3rd; rust and flaking 4-C Best; overall rusting Best; few spots of rust 3rd; fading 4th 2nd; loss-of gloss 2nd; bright . - Best 4-D 3rd; heavy rust 2nd: edge rust 1st; lose of gloss 1st; brightest - Worst; slight rust spots 4-B 2nd; heavy rust 4th; fading, rough looking 4th; heavy rust and flak-, 3rd 2nd' ' 'ing Exhibit E (Continued) , Salt Spray, Weatherometer; 5-A 5th; rusting edges and 2nd; good gloss, slight fading center 3rd; edge rusting ,, 2nd; less blight but less dark ening C-B Best; very slight edge 4th; fading, no chalking rusting Best; slight edge rusting 5th; discolored . 5-C 3rd; edge rusting and one spot 2nd; alight edge rusting and few spots G-D 2nd; Blight edge rusting 5th; edge and epot rusting C-B 4th; edge rusting 5th; fading, no chalking 3rd; some darkening . Beat; good gloss, no fading Beet; brightest, darkening 3rd; soma gloss, fading 4th; edge and Bpot ruat- ith; some darkening ing 0*A Best; channel rusted 2nd; fading, alight, chalking 3rd; slight ruat edge and 4th channel 0-^B 2nd; heavy rusting edge 5th; fading, chalking . and channel . Best; slight edge rusting 5tb; discolored, Him intact 6-C 3rd-; heavy spot rusting 8rd; fading 2nd; alight rust edge and Best; brightest spot -D 4th; heavy spot rusting 4th; edge and epot rust ing 6-E 3rd; edge and Bpot rustIng Best; Home loss of gloss 2nd; some darkening 4th; fading 5th; epot rusting 3rd 7'A 3rd; edge and channel let; heavy chalking rusting 3rd; edge rusting 2nd; darkening 7-B 6th; rust spots 2nd; edge rusting 3rd; darkening 7-C .3rd; chalking Best; slight edge rusting 4th; darkening 7-D 4th; edge and slight 2nd; hard film over-all rusting 4th; edge' rusting IbL; brightest 7-B 6th; very heavy edge 4th; rust spots rusting 5th; heavy edge and 5th; darkening channel rust S-A2 2nd 3rd; slight edge rusting. Worst; edge rusting Best 4th; most dirt 3rd Best; slight edge rusting 2nd; alight edge rusting Worst; heavy spot rusting 4th; spot rusting Beet**very slight spot rust 2nd; very slight spot rust 3rd; very slight Bpot rust 4th; spot rusting 6th; heavy spot rusting 3rd 4th; heavy spot rusting 6th; most discolored ' S-B 3rd 2nd; fair glosa BeVtV slight chalking Beat; slight edge rusting 4th .... 8-C Best; heavy rust from lat; no lading or rusting, gloss 2nd edge . 3rd; edge and spot rust 1st; brightest ing 8-D 4th; heavy rusting 6th; least gloss 4th; one largo ruat--may bn 2nd; channel rusting 8-E. 6th.; one-half rusted off 6th; rust and flaking ,9-A 8rd; three-fourths gone '3rd; heavy edge rustdirt 3rd 4th 2nd; bright 2nd; spot rusting 4th; spot rusting damaged 6th; heavy spot rusting Best';* chalking and slight rust &-B 4th; all gone 1th; heavy ruat, three-fourths Busht more mating gone Beat; edge and few spots fat; brightest ruat -. S~C 2nd; one-half gone 3rd; spot rusting 4th; heavy odge andSpot 3rd; slight edge rusting rusting Worst; most rust spots 9-D Best; heavy rusting 1st; rusting 2nd; edge and spot rust 2nd ing 3rd; slight rust, good film 13-A 18-B 13-0 Ifi-D 14-A 3rd; almost gone 4th; one-half gone 2nd; almost gone 3rd; heavy rusting Best; heavy edge rust 2nd; edge and slight spot rusting 4tb; gone Beat; slight edge and spot ruBtlng 4th; one-half gone 2nd; spot rusting 4th; most darkening 3rd; xuet 3rd _1_st_;__c_h_a__lk__in__g 1st; brightest 4th; heavy spot rusting 2nd 6th; rusting both coats (appar ently damaged) 3rd; very heavy rust Bpots 1st;* localized rust 2nd; rust spots 4th;- failed 14-B 14-C 4th; one-third gone 3rd; heavy rusting 3rd; heavy edge rusting Best; vary alight edge ruatlng (good panel) Best; very Blight edge 3rd '2nd 5th 1st* rugtlng .{good panel) I4-D 2nd; heavy rusting 1st; both coats 2nd; heavy edge rusting 14-E 6th; one-half gone 4th; few spots rusting (appar- 2nd antly damaged) 15-A 16-B 6th; one-third gone 4th; over one-half gone 4th; edge and channel rust flaking 2nd; one-fourth gone 2nd; edge and slight spot rust 3rd; faded, slight loss 4th 1st.; faded, most gloss let; brightest 3rd; very dirty 2nd 15-C Best; one-fourth gone 2nd; faded, some gloss Best; edge and slight 2nd . spot rust 1S-D 3rd; one-third gone 4th; rusting, least fading iBt; cleanest 4th; rusting 3rd; edge and channel 3rd rusting slight flakes Bast Pigment for Vehicle Best Pigment for Vehicle Best Second Third Fourth Best Second Third Fourth 5 3` 15 2 34 16 4 e 6 14 4 . 15 1 14 5 2 14 2 1 41 5 Best pigments average, 2 and 5 Best vehicles, D and G Best pigments, 4, 5, 8, 15 Best vehicle, D Best pigments, 4, 5 and 14 Upper report for each pans! refers to single-coated portion and lower report to aluminum top- coated half - St. Louis Club's Paper * Drier standardization has been a subject of Interest to the St. Louis Faint and' Varnish Production Club Bince It sent a paper on this topic to the 1930 convention In Toronto. W, Grier Armstrong- presented the new paper. Drier Standardization--"The Aridyne" Three years ago the St. Louis Faint and Varnish Production Club suggested the adoption of a standard drier solution to which all others might be compared. The unit suggested was the "Aridyne," defined as the "drying power o 0.064 avoirdupois ounce of metallic lead In the form of an oil-soluble lead compound dispersed In a volatile Bolvent," the amount of metal to be determined' by analysis of the finished drier, Thus defined, the aridyne Is a measure of drying effect. The method of applying this standard drier was outlined as follows; ``Two equal portions of oil are treated with defi nitely measured quantities of standard 100 aridyne drier, i.e., 100 x 0.064 or 6.4 ounces of lead per gallon of liquid drier, and the unknown drier respectively! and the two allowed to dry at the same time under as nearly Identical conditions as possible. The relative time required to produce the same state of dryness in the two samples is, then a measure of the relative drying power of the unknown In terms of the standard," An attempt was made to determine the general behavior with linseed oil of a 100 aridyne lead drier, which had been made and analyzed. Because of the low per centage of lead In the drier solution, when enough lead was added to oil to obtain a definite drying time, so much thinner was Introduced Into the mixture that extreme difficulty was encountered In preventing the oil from running off the panels, and the results were likely to be erroneous. Furthermore, unexpected difficulties arose when it was found that oil with i.00 per cent lead, although no precipitation had taken place In the meantime, after seven months ageing, dried only one-third as fast as a freshly prepared mixture of the same drier and oil, A fresh drier solution checked against the old one indicated that the depreciation of drying power had oc curred in the oil-drier solution and not In the drier solution Itself, Because of these and other minor difficulties little was actu ally accomplished toward demonstrating the practicability of a standard unit. Present Status of the Aridyne In paper No. 1 three requisites of a standard unit were mentioned: I. "It must be susceptible to expression In simple mathematical terms.4'........... OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 ?\ 2. "It must be readily and Identically reproducible." 3. "It must be accurately and uni versally applicable." To determine exactly what should be done to establish the aridyne as a work able unit, it was considered with respect to the above three requisites with the fol lowing1 results: 1. Simple mathematical expression: That the aridyne meets this qualification may be considered adequately demon strated by the computations in paper No. I, where reasons for the choice of the 1 j ~r t ~--rr i 48 k ta. ft %*0 4 ifr d. Method; One pint samples of analyzed lead, cobalt, and manganese driers of the napthenate type were obtained and placed into well stoppered glass bottles. A gal lon of raw linseed oil of the following analysis: . Iodine number........................ ............... .. Elaponlflcatlon number................. ,............ Acid number................................................... Specific gravity...................................... 17T.fi lfiO 3.13 .931 was filled Into an ordinary varnish can. At various intervals over a period of two months 100 cc. samples were withdrawn, * 1 Tu - Aft <n & _|j nl Sk Sr ui !ftS [if 7 1 r 3L Lit curred during this run. It was for this reason that both the manganese and co balt samples were run again under more favorable conditions. All four curves, however, display the same general char acteristic, a progressive degradation of drying power with age, amounting to ap proximately 43 percent in fifty-four days. Discussion As previously mentioned, all past experience warrants the assump tion that the drier solutions, especially the type used In these experiments, are fairly constant, leaving the oil-drier mix tures and the oil Itself the only variables. A slight cloudiness in the bottom of the oil container might suggest that some material Inhibiting drying had gradually precipitated from the oil during the test ing period. If this Is true, however, It is difficult to explain the lack of change obtained with the lead driers. It is un fortunate that the original intention of using several oils with all three metals was not carried out as this would have provided a check on the part played by the ageing of the oil alone. Conclusions :--Some investigators (1) using lead and cobalt acetates have found metal content of 0,12 percent. When* in accordance with the method advocated for applying the aridyne standard drier, these two solutions are dried simul taneously, the standard lead drier will have a fifteen-hour drying time and the cobalt drier a five-hour drying time, the times, of course, being read from the- curves in Figured, that is the cobalt drier is 15/6 or 3 times the aridyne strength of the lead drier. Now suppose the above test was dupli cated but that only half the volume of liquid driers was used, giving a lead' concentration of 0,70 percent and a co balt concentration of 0.06 percent. From the curveg the drying times would now be forty and eleven hours, respectively, that is the cobalt drier is now 40/11 or 3,6* times the aridyne strength of the lead drier. As another very obvious example, co balt and manganese may be compared. At most concentrations cobalt Is superior to manganese; below concentration of 0.046 percent, however unusual, in these particular tests cobalt Is inferior to man ganese. Another investigator (3) found! x it I TrT^ /t i.F W r? Y i, j.V . f r --1 j I 8 31 Ate ' D*rs &A r- _Ja & %Si m4 L*{> H 7 '!>1 f Ajrfl.t so H JI j1 figure 0.064 (ounce of lead) and its ready manipulation are set forth. It requires lio further proof. 2. Reproducibility: It has not been proved that all driers fulfilling the require ments expressed In the aridyne definition are equal in drying power. There is much Indication that the strength of a drier is t not fixed, solely by its metallic content, that there really is such a thing as &n "availability factor," all of the metal in the drier not being available for drying purposes. The negative component of the metallic compound, Its degree of disperi sion, and its freedom from drying inhibi tors are all probably potent factors in drier action. If necessary, however, most of these' difficulties could be surmounted by merely modifying the definition of the J aridyne and specifying a specific com- pound and even a specific solvent. Be cause of this and because general observa tions In the commercial field have shown driers meeting the aridyne definition, such as the napthenate driers, to bo reasonably, if not absolutely, constant in their action, no effort was made to demonstrate the reproducibility of a standard drier. * 3, Universal applicability: That the . aridyne qualifies In this respect is aotrtewhat questionable, for if driers are to be irated by comparison with one another, Any condition which affects their relative drying is of the utmost importance. This ratio might be altered by at least the four factors of vehicle, temperature, hu midity, and drier concentration. That the relative drying power of two driers, when used with different oils or varnishes, va ries considerably is such common knowl* 4 edge that it was not investigated further; in fact, from the first it was never ex pected that values obtained with linseed oil would hold for varnishes or other oils. Any aridyne values other than those for lead, which was taken as the standard, would necessarily have to be referred to a certain vehicle. The effects of tempera ture, humidity, and drier concentration are not so well appreciated; consequently, ex- drier solutions added, and the mixtures preserved, in air-tight glass jars. Because of the chance that a fixed amount of drier might be used up by some reaction with the oil, or differences in precipitation might be encountered at different concentrations, three different concentrations of lead were used, namely 0.60, 1.00, and 1.60 percent. Since in preliminary tests 1.00 percent lead had produced considerable precipitation in raw linseed oil, and alkali refined oil with the same amount of lead had remained clear, alkali refined oil with the three concen trations of lead mentioned above was also Included to ascertain the effect upon dry ing of this precipitation which usually takes place when lead Is added to linseed oil. Manganese and cobalt were run in the same manner and with the same raw Jlnseed oil but at only one concentration, namely 0,10 percent. At the end of the ageing period all the samples of one series were flowed on to glass plates, well washed and rinsed with benzol, placed In nearly a vertical position, and dried sim ultaneously. During each drying deter mination the temperature and humidity were read at one to two-hour intervals, the approximate humidity being obtained from a wet and dry bulb apparatus. The dry point was taken as that time at which the finger could be rubbed lightly across the surface of the oil at any point at least one inch from the edge without mar ring the surface of the film. Results: By this touch method any difference between the drying o two panels was readily discernible, although the actual dry point expressed In hours was sometimes a matter of personal opin ion, because white some of the panels dried uniformly, others dried progressively from top to bottom, and stlU others dried from bottom to top. Contrary, to preliminary results, no precipitation, except for a barely percept ible cloud on first shaking the samples of 0.60 percent lead In raw oil, occurred In any of the solutions. Pi* an Improvement in drying upon ageing oll-drler samples for a period of one to three months and have explained this phenomenon by the better drier disper sion, Indicated by the lack of precipita tion, yet diminution in number of col loidal particles In the oil as revealed by the ultramicroseope. Another investigator (2) using a meth od similar to that emnloyed here, adding his driers, a lead-manganese restnate melt and cobalt llnoleate, at intervals of one month for an extent of ten months, found at the end of this time no change In drying whatsoever. At present it is Impossible to advance any explanation of these various and anomalous results, but It la certain that If consistent results are desired In the testing of driers, it is extremely inad visable to use mixtures of oils and driers that are more than three or four days old. Effect of Drier Concentration Upon Relative Drying Times In Figure 3 are shown the curves of drying time versus concentration for three metals--lead, manganese, and co- halt--and also a lead-cobalt combination with a ratio of ten parts of lead to one. part of cobalt. AH determinations were made by the methods described in -the preceding section. The average, maxi mum, and minimum temperatures, and humidities are given for each curve. These figures apply to the time elapsed between the flowing out of the oils and the drying of the slowest pauel of that particular set. .. The effect that drier concentration /haa upon the drying ratio of two different driers may be determined In the follow ing mannerSuppose enough liquid lead a similar condition even when comparing two driers that contained the same metal. In comparing a series of cobalt driers: prepared from the naphthenic acids and from rosin incorporated in linseed oii. varnishes, he obtained the following re sults: "At concentrations of 0.14 to 0.29percent .of cobalt the varnlsnes contain ing the 'Soligen' driers dried in from 1 to ID percent less time than the resinatedriers. Below concentrations of 0.14 per cent the reverse was true.'* In short, unless halving the amount, of drier doubles the drying time, that is, drying time is hyiberbolie function of metal content, the ratio of drying timeswlli always be dependent upon the con centrations at whic.i they are taken, Thealternate method of comparing amountsof drier which produce the same drying time fails to give consistent results for the same reason when moro than onecurve is involved. Unfortunately, most, of the common drier metals follow a. curve of this type for only a limited por tion of their useful extent, cobalt ap proaching It more closely than the others. Combined Effect of Temperature and: Humidity Upon Relative Drying Times Two days after the drying tests were run for the curves In Figure 3 anotherrun was made, using the same samples and same methods, the only difference be ing the weather conditions. These latterresults are shown in Figure 4. An in spection of the ..temperatures and relativehumidities listed on the curve sheets will show that during the first run the hu midity was approximately 37 percent for all four curves and that during the sec ond run it was approximately 76 percent for all four curves. The average tempera- leriments were undertaken to determine j effect of these factors on relative dry ; times. Effects of Ageing Upon Oil-Drier Mixtures Past work, as mentioned in the sum ary, has already furnished some evlKdence that oil-drier mixtures lose1 some of gtheir drying properties If allowed to age gjaeveral months. In running drying tests, git la quite essential to know all possible 3variables Introduced; therefore, several ^eriments were conducted with the-hope Iflf throwing some light upon this phase gxf the problem. The results of the tests on the lead are shown in (Figure I, where drying time in hours is plotted against ageing In days. The samples rated zero days old were less than -one-half hour old. The average, maximum and minimum tem peratures and humidities are also given for each curve,. As the curves show, no change in the drying time with age was observed In any of the six different com binations tried. The results of the tests on manganese and cobalt are shown in Figure 2. The wavy nature of the one manganese curve -Is undoubtedly due to the rapid and ex treme variations in weather which oc .to .et> i,Oo .*S ,4o Pf RCrpiT i drier of known aridyne strength is added to a gallon of linseed oil to make the metal content 1.40 percent. Again, for purposes of illustration, imagine that the same volume of a liquid cobalt drier when added to a gallon of oil yields a n Zo Pi ,.zo Pi+ce+.&P# Mb t a l tures for the two runs are very close, which might lead one to believe that any differences were caused by humidity alone, A closer inspection, however, will reveal a much greater maximum and minimum deviation from the average 7i November 16, 1933 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER temperatures In the first run than in the * second, a circumstance which may have affected the drying time considerably, " Using the same concentrations in each case, it will be found that the ratio of drying times between two driers obtained from the curves in Figure 3 usually varies considerably from the ratio "Ob tained from the curves In Figure 4. For example, comparing lead at 1.20 percent with cobalt at 0.10 percent, we obtain- In the first instance a value of 20/6 or 3,33, In the second we obtain the value 38/8 or 4.22. Further, as was expected, the combination drier is practically un affected -by the change in weather, while the single metal driers are quite ad versely affected. This, of course, changes their drying relations. The relations be tween ail four driers may be deduced If desired, but these few illustrations are sufficient to prove the point that relative drying ratios are dependent upon the weather conditions at 'which the teats are run. , General Conclusions The foregoing facts clearly show that the relative strength of two liquid driers Is a function of at least the vehicle, drier concentration and combined effects of temperature and humidity. To speak of any drier, except, of ..course, \.he one chosen as a standard, as having a certain arfdyne strength is meaningless unless conditioned by statements concerning the above factors. Thus the aridyne system loses Its chief virtue, namely the possi bility of rating driers merely -toy .testing Toronto Club's Paper H. M. Sinclair presented the follow ing paper for the Toronto club:-- Effect of Chinawood and Fish Oils in Outside Paints It was decided late in 1931 to attempt an evaluation of increasing amounts of Chinawood and fish oils with linseed in white paints. Our program was set up to keep as many factors constant as was possible in order to present a picture of the advantages or disadvantages found In these oils. We made no attempt to formulate an Ideal paint using these oils, our Idea being to add, if possible, some knowledge as to how they behave to the current literature on the subject. The chinawood oil used in our work was of the ordinary commercial grade, The fish oil was a refined pilchard oil. Each of these oils were heat treated before be ing blended with tineeed, the blending be ing carried out with practically cold oil. The chinawood oil was taken- u.p to 640 degree F. and immediately cooled; the fish oil was taken to 650 degree F. and held for thirty minutes, then cooled. The body taken on by the chinawood oil was negligible, but that of the cooked fish oil was. considerable. The ultimate blends with linseed oil are shown in table 1 with the resulting viscosities and color of each. Following the 1932 convention, it was suggested by A. E. Stauderman, of the New York club, that we include some Table 1 ` Boiled Blend Blend Blend Blend Blend pine No. 1 No, 2 No. 3 No. 1 No. 2 raw C.W.O. C.W-.0. C.W.O. fteh flab Blend No. 3 flBh Blend Blend' Blend No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 C.W.O, C.W.O. CW.O. plus p Iu b plus bl. flab bl. flab bl, fish Boiled linseed......... 26% 25% 25ft 25% 28% 25% 25% 28.8% 23.8% 28.8% Raw linseed.......... 85% . 60% 00% 40% 60% 60% 40% 67% 47.5% 88% C. W. O................................ 6% 16% 28% ........................................ 4,7% 14.3% 23-7% Refined pilchard................. ........................................ 6% 15% 25% ........................................ Blown pilchard.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... 6% 15% 25% Gum turpentine... 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% S% 8% 7,6% 7.6% 7.6% Drier ........................ 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1.8% 1.9% 1.9% Dead nuodex..............(45.9%) (45.9%) (45.9%) (45-9%) (33.2%) (S3.2%) (33,2%) (45.0%)'(45.8%) (45.9%) Mn. nuodex..............(43,3%) (43.3%) (43.3%) (43.3%) (53.5%) (53.5%) (63.5%) (43.3%) (43.3%) (48,3%) Cobalt nuodex.........(10.8%) (10.8%) (10.8%) (10.8%) (18.3%) (13.3%) (13.3%) (10.8%) (10.8%) (10,8%) Viscosity G. H___ A A F G Id O P A E F Color O. H............... 4 4 4 4 4+ 4+ 4+ 4-- 4-- 4-- them side by side with some other drier, regardless of external conditions. A more complete study of even the few phases of the drier problem touched on here Is much to be desired. A quan titative study of the effects of tempera ture and humidity would be highly In teresting and valuable. Such work, how* ever, is impossible without equipment, such ae controlled drying conditions and 'T)ry-0-GraphaM accommodating a num ber of panels. The type of work la not readily adapted to cooperative research as even if the equipment were available, it would have to be stationed in one laboratory and a distribution of the work would be difficult. Much work remains to be accomplished and merely because of ttye aridyne, which looked so promising a few years ago, now appears to be a rather cumbersome tool, it cannot be said that a clearer and more comprehensive view of the drier problem has not been obtained. AH is not lost because a hypothesis happens to explode during Its investigation. The fragments of knowledge always remain. Acknowledgement fs made to Nuodex Products, Inc., for their courtesy and generosity in supplying the analyzed driers used throughout these experiments. Literature Cited (1) J. M, Purdy, W. G. France, TV, L, Evanft--Ind. Eng. Cham. 22,508-10 (1980). (2) Felix Wllborn-Farben Ztg. 83,804 (1928). (3) Erich Stock--SelfenHleder*Ztg', - 66,144-5 tests with blown fish oil blended, with chinawood and linseed oils, We obtained a light blown pilchard oil for this pur pose containing less than 1 percent vola tile matter with a Gardner-Holdt viscos ity "A." Data on these blends are also Included in table 1, The pigment combinations shown in table 2 were each ground in the linseed, chinawood and fish oil blends so that the pigment content of the resulting paints was 29 to 31 percent of the total solids content. In the case of the blown fish oil with chinawood oil blends, only "B" pigment combination was used as there was a lack of time to complete tests on these blends. No attempt was made to check the wetting properties of the vari ous oil blends. All grinds were made in small porcelain crocks using stone peb bles. After forty-eight hours all grinds were satisfactory. Table 2 Pigment Combinations A BD E F Basic carbonate white load,. QO 55 .. ,, .. Zinc oxide (load free).............. 40 30 30 ,, .. Llthopone 30%............................................ 55 40 .. Beaded zinc 35%............................................... 45 45 Tltanox S.................................................................... 40 Silica..................................................... 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.6 Asbestine ............................................ 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.6 The blends of oil and the resulting paints were stored at room temperature. After sixteen months the only oil blend that showed signs of Increasing viscosity Raw -3Boiled No. 1 No. 2 No. 8 Linseed C.W.O. C.W.O. C.W.O. Good A 3 Good *=E K Table 3 No. 1 No. 2 No, S Fish Fish Fish Good Poor No. 1 No. 2 No. 8 C.W.O. C.W.O. C.W.O. + Blown 4- Blown -f- Blown FJah. Fish. Flsb, Good - Poor About same aa C.W.O. Same as R& B cS a 2" Very slight Decided S D fel B F Very slight Very slight Bad Very bad Very slight N.B. 1. Only "D" combination was ground In C.W.O. blende with blown fish oil. 2. Brief descriptions have been put in where results were considered outstanding/ was the No. 3 fish oil blend which had in to minute crystals of solid free fatty creased from "F" to ^R", None of the paints had increased in viscosity after fourteen months' storage. Neither the straight linseed oil nor the fish oil blends showed a tendency to skin in the can, but acids. ,- ,, 8. Lead pigments have a marked ac celerating action on the drying of fish oils. Basle lead carbonate snows tne greatest accelerating action. . in the China wood oil blends there was 4, The yellowing of white pigments l| an Increased skinning with Increased especially marked where both chinawcofl China wood oil content. This feature was oil and fish oil are present. This condi also noted (n the paints. Due to the va tion can be greatly reduced by using a riation In the body of the paints there was more highly polymerised fish oil. practically no check on the reputed non settling properties of fish oil paints. The straight linseed blend, No, 1 chinawood oil blend and No. 1 chinawood oil with blown fish oil blend all have the same viscosity. A slight Improvement was noted in non-settling where the blown fish oil was present. In film characteristics, the heat bodied fish oil used produced an increase in hard* ness and toughness with linseed oil. The chinawood oil blends with and without blown fish oil produced films of a cexteln toughness but In all cases were fairly soft, Chinawood oil blends produced paints somewhat shorter than straight Table No. 3 shows the results we have linseed oil. so far obtained from the tests on the va In general the paints containing china* rious paints. Final data on exposures wood oil have the highest initial gloss ', will possibly not be available before the with the least loss of gloss on exposure, summer of 1934. So far. we can only while the paints containing fish oils have record the tendencies shown by slightly the lowest initial gloss with the greater over two months' exposure. AH . panels loss of gloss on exposure. The paints con exposed were of southern nine coated on back and edges with a good grade of out side paint reinforced with 16 percent aluminum powder. The usual procedure taining fish oils have considerably better color retention than straight linseed oil paints or those containing chinawood olL Yellowing tests on cevered metal panels for new panels was followed in brushing show a quite decided advantage where the the paints, that is, first coat reduced 100 fish oil blends are used. Chinawood oil percent with clear vehicle; second coat blends were slightly Inferior to straight reduced 10 percent with turpentine, and linseed oil In this respect. Chinawood the third coat applied straight. The tests oil blends with blown fish oil produced under observation were brushing, flow, paints with excellent initial gloss with Initial gloss, loss of gloss, discoloration only a very slight tendency toward early and yellowing. blooming. They. ahow serious discolora- ' The arrows In table 2 indicate-increase : tton - on 'exposure .and ahow-bad yellow- or-decrease in the particular-test :as one V-tag:properties. ' -goes from'- No, 1 C/W-C),) blend to No. 3 ........Regarding exposure data.-: vD.uplicatt C.W.O. blend, or.from 'No. T.-fiBh/oil'btend rpanedS-were.- prepared, one set of -which to No. 3 fish oil" blend, etc. For example, ' is on exposure in Florida, while the other- there is an increase In initial gloss as set is exposed in Toronto. It is proposed!\ one goes from No. 1 C.W.O. to No. 3 to turn over to the federation more com- * C.W.O. In Ai and a decrease in initial plete testing data on these at a later , gloss as one goes from No. 1 fish oil to date. * No, 3 fish oil blend. Where arrows point Without considering final exposure in both directions the results were approx data, four points so far have been fairly imately the same for those blends covered well established thereby, L e., the yellowing of the C.W.O. blends with A and B pigment combina tion in test No. 6. (a) The higher initial gloss and su perior gloss retention of chinawood oil blends, refer to table 1, columns 3, 4 and Conclusions In conclusion we mention a recent pub . llcation on fish oil by Brocklesby and Denstedt of the Fisheries Experimental Station at Prince Rupert, British Colum bia. Their work has In some respects duplicated our own and agree with our results in four points. E. : (b) The lack of tendency to discolor1 , in the fish oil blends, refer to table 1, columns 6, 7 and 8. Also table 3, test 5. f (c) The early blooming of paints con taining fish oil with linseed, refer to table 3, test 4. (d) The superior non-yellowing prop erties of highly polymerized fish oils, refer 1. Tne addition of large percentages of to table 3, test 6. fish oil to linseed produce more elastic In closing we wish to express our ap films, slightly lower at the tack free stage preciation to Bruce Ross, Ltd., and to than straight linseed oil paints. the St. Lawrence Trading Company, To 2. Blooming in quite pronounced in paints containing fish oils, said to be due ronto, who kindly supplied the necessary working samples. Saturday, October 28 Fifth Session, Saturday Forenoon This extra session was an innovation, as the federation conventions hereto fore have been, two-day affairs. It was felt, however, that more time could be utilized In a general round-table talk on any matter which a member might care to bring up. Mr. Atwood, in his capacity as chairman of the plant man ager's committee, presided at this gathering, after the program chairman, Mr. McMenamin, had concluded with his part of the morning with the pres entation of the final technical paper, that of the Philadelphia Club. Philadelphia Club's Report The position and importance of the technical man in the paint and varnish industry was the subject discussed by the Philadelphia club in its convention paper which follows:-- The Technician in the Paint and Varnish Industry For the past few years the Fhlladelhla Paint and Varnish Production Club Sas investigated subjects of a purely scientific nature and we hope that the re ports of some of this work have resulted In distinct advances to the sum total of technical knowledge of the chemistry of paints and varnishes. Some of us have fett that the club was undertaking work which Involved problems of a technical nature beyond our power of true solution without considerable laboratory investi gation ; for work of a cooperative nature It was felt it would be better to study some subject easier of solution for a co operative group. During several discus sions in an attempt to pick out a suit able subject It became apparent that the type of work that we were called upon to do in our respective companies varied to a- considerable degree. Although we are considered technical men in our re spective companies there does not seem to be any common ground In the scope of our activities. As a result of this realiza tion it was decided to digress from a purely scientific or practical paint or varnish subject, to make a study of the kind of work we should be doing for the best Interest of our company. It can readily he understood that the duties and responsibilities of the technical men of the paint and varnish factory will vary a great deal when on realizes that this industry la composed of numerous in dependent companies, both large and small. Some of these companies are very old in the matter of years and retain a great deal of their past tradition, while others have been founded since the intro duction of nitrocellulose lacquer. Some of the-companies have realized that the paint Industry has changed from one of art to one of science, but there are also some companies who employ a chemist simply because it Is the thing to do from a production viewpoint and still consider the making of paints and varnishes pretty much of a secret process. The pioneer scientific work of Sabin and Thompson -at the National Lead Com pany; the work of .Ladd-and his associate, Holley,' durlng'tho- Dakota pure paint law turmoil; and the present outstanding work of Dr. H. A. Gardner, director of the Gregg Memorial Institute of Faint and Varnish Research, have made practically every paint and varnish executive realize that If his company Is to keep up with K the changing trend it is necessary to em ploy technical people In his plant, but < the exact duties of these technical people I are not clearly defined. Practical men I are very often In control of production l and they sometimes think that the tech- f nlcal men are little better than worthless in the manufacture of paints and varnishes. During the past few years there have been remarkable development made in the organio protective coating Industry. r Paint and varnish making can no longer be classed as a secret art It Is a highly chemical Industry which not only requires . the services of analytical chemists, but of highly trained physical and organic chemists and chemical engineers. Sue* cessful production cannot be maintained by rule of thumb, but in order to meet the demands that are required of the products It is necessary to have a strict scientific control. { . The Technician's Services We are not trying to pass Judgment on the industry, nor are we trying in any way to discredit the present executive policy of any company, but we as tech nical men have tried to take stock of what we are doing and by comparing the work that technical men are doing in the dif ferent companies we are trying to outline the most desirable position for the tech- \ nical men in the personnel flow sheet of 7 the company so that they may do the most good for their company. The tech nical man should not be called upon to operate a truck nor to perform the duties of a shipping clerk, nor should his tech nical work and reports be totally dlsre- garded by the production departments. We all agree that In none of these cases is the technical man doing a Job to the best interest of his company, yet in our discussion on this subject we have found f. that these cases actually exist. In order ; to determine the exact functions and re- . sponsibilltles of the technical men in the different companies, we sent a question naire to a representative group of these men in the industry. In this questionnaire we tried to de termine the duties and responsibilities of the technical man, his relation to the pro duction department, and his authority in relation to executives of the company, \ We did not think it was advisable or * necessary to send a questionnaire to every paint company, but we tried to obtain information from companies which would give us a cross section of the industry. We have received replies from a company which normally employs six men and from a company which normally employs over a thousand and, of course, In between these two extremes we have replies from every class. These companies, located in every paint manufacturing center, com- prise specialty companies which manufac ture linoleum-or lacquer exclusively, as well as companies which manufacture every type of coating and a great many of their raw materials. - Tie-term "technical head" which ap- .neared in our questionnaire and the term ''technical man'' In this paper are gen- II OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER November 16, 1933 73 eral terms which we are using to desig nate the person in charge of the scientific work in our paint and varnish factory* This scientific work having particularly to do with formulating of the products that the company sells. In analyzing the replies to our ques tionnaire we observed that there was a great variation In the titles of men oc cupying similar positions. For example, in answer to our question number 4|--- ' What is the title of the technical head of your company?"!--we discovered that this title ranged from vice-president, superintendent, technical director, to chem ist. We are also aware that in some companies one man may have the duties covered by several positions In our ques tionnaire. For example, the production executive may also be the technical head ! In the smaller companies. We have tried to keep that under consideration and have 1 tried to outline the duties of the technical head regardless of his combination with other positions in the company. To. get an idea of the variation in answers we are submitting the answers received from two companies; one Is apparently small, as indicated by the twenty men normally employed; while the other is compara tively large, as indicated by the four hundred men employed. Ans. 1, Technical department. Ans. 2, Director of research on shelf goods .and heads of formulating divisions oft industrial goods. 18. Who approves succeeding batches? Ans. 1. Factory superintendent through control laboratory, Ans. 2, Testers maintained for that pur pose. 1&. Does the production department have any direct connection with sales? Ans. 1. Yes. ' Ans.- 2. No. 20. If so, how? Ans. 1. In reference to rush orders, Ans, 2. ... 21. Does the development department have any direct connection with sales? Ans, 1. Only through technical director. Ans. 2, Yes. 22. If so, how? 1 Ans, 1. ... Ans. 2, By frequent conferences with heads of sales divisions. 23. Who decides If an Industrial devel opment shall be made? President? Sales manager? Technical head ? Factory superintendent? Control chemist? Ans. 1. President. Ans. 2. Technical head. , Questions and Answers 24. Who has final approval of new in dustrial developments, Including cost? 1. What is the number of men normally employed with the exception of sales? Ans. 1. President with technical di rector. An-s, 1. Twenty, Ans. 2. Heads of formulating depart Ana. 2. Four hundred. ments. 2. What is the title of the executive In charge of production? Ans. 1. Factory superintendent. : Ans, 2. Factory manager. 3, What official relation has he to the ^president of your company? * Ans. l. . . . . Ans. 2. He reports to the general man ager, who reports to the president. 25. Who decides if a new shelf goods product shall be made? Ans. 1. President with technical de partment and sales. Ans, 2/ General manager. 26. Who has final approval of new , .shelf goods products including cost? Ans. 1. President with technical di rector. Ans,. 2. General manager and director 4, What Is the title of the technical of research. t head of your company? 27 Who determines1 the cost of a new Ans. I, Technical director, product? - Ans, 2. Director of research. Ans. 1. Cost department under tech 6. Does he report to:--Executive in. nical director. : charge of production (Question No. 2)? Factory superintendent? Sales manager? i Ans. 1. Direct to president of company. 1 Ana. 2. He reports to the general man ager. Ans. 2, Cost department. .28. Who is responsible for complaints on sales? Ans, l. Technical department. Ans. 2. Head tester. 6. If he does not report to the factory superintendent what Is his official relation Divisions in Operation to him? There was a vast difference in opinion Ans. 1. Factory superintendent reports in some cases; for example, we received, through technical director to president. the following communication together .Ans. 2. Co-ordinate. 7. Is the technical head directly re sponsible for getting out any production? Ana. 1. Indirectly. , Ans, 2. No. 8. If so, In what manner? Ans. 1. Insofar as he is directly re sponsible for both factory and technical departments, Ans.................... . < 9. Who is responsible for formulating new products? Ans. 1. Technical department. Ans. 2. Director of research. 10. Who Is responsible for modification cl present products? Ans. 1. Technical department. Ans. 2. Director of research, < 11. Who gives technical information on with our questionnaire from one of the large companies: "It would be rather culfcult to draw up a. chart of our organization as it actually operates. Some years ago flow sheets were made up, but have not been fol lowed." "The lacquer, Insecticide, pigment and chemical operations of our organization have always been run differently from the Paint department and still are. So far as the paint end of the business is con cerned, and I imagine that Is what you are working on, It has always been my Idea to have a technical side and an operating side, each supervised by a dif ferent man, reporting to the superintend ent. jour products to the sales department? / Ans. 1. Technical director, "The technical side of our paint divi sion Is divided Into two branches, one 1 Ans. 2. Director of research and heads I tt formulating divisions. 9 12. Who investigates complaints re " ported by sales department? which does the formulating and the other which handles the testing. The formulator must have his formulation approved by the tester, after which it goes to the Ans. 1. Technical department. Ans. 2. Heads of the formulating divi operating department, who must manu facture the goods so they will pass the sions or the men who test factory produc tester; neither the forraulator nor the tion known as "Testers." production man being able to override 13. Do you have a development de i pertinent which is distinct from the fac tory control laboratory? the tester. It often happens that the operating end are unable to produce goods on the formula given them that Ans. 1. Usually, but not at present. Ans, 2, Yes, 14, To whom does the control chemist will successfully pass the tester and the superintendent then orders the formulator to go into the department and make a report? batch that will pass." Technical head? ' Factory superintendent? Ans. l. To factory superintendent and In cases of no agreement the technical In general there was enough similarity in the answers so that it was possible to draw a general conclusion. director's word Is final, Ans. 2, Factory superintendent. 4 15. Who tests samples of new raw ma terials? Ans. 1. . . , Ans. 2, Raw material chemist. 16, Who has final say in passing batches --of industrial goods? of shelf goods? Summary of Answers Following are the answers of each ques tion based on a summary of all ques tionnaires : 1. What Is the number of men normally employed with the exception of sales? Ans. . . . Ans. 1. Technical department in both cases. Ana. 2. Heads of formulating divisions on industrial goods and director of re search on shelf goods. 17. Who is responsible for the suecesa- 1 [til manufacture of the first batch of a [lew product? 2. What Is the title of the executive in charge of production? Ans. Superintendent. 3. What official relation has he to the president of your company? Ans. Reports to president or general manager, 4. What Is the title of the technical hnad of your company? Ans. Technical director. 6, Does he report to; Executive In charge of production lQuestion No. 2)? Factory superintendent? Sales manager? President? Ans, Executive in charge of production or president. 6. If he does not report to the factory superintendent what Is his official rela tion to him? Ans. Same man or co-operative (equal). 7. Is the technical head directly re sponsible for getting out any production? Ans. No. 8. If so, In what manner? Ans. See No, 6. 9. Who is responsible for formulating new products? Ans. Technical head. 10. Who Is responsible for modification of present products? Ans, Technical head, 11. Who gives technical information on your products to the sates department? Ans. Technical head, 12. Who Investigates complaints re ported by sates department? Ans. Technical head. 13. Do you have a development depart ment which is distinct from the factory' control laboratory? Ans. Yea. 14. To whom does the control chemist isport? Technical head? Factory superintendent? Ans. Technical heaft. 15. Who tests samples of new raw ma terials? Ana. Control chemist. 16. Who has final say In passing liatchea--of industrial goods? of shelf goods? Ans. Technical, head. 17. Who is responsible for the' success ful manufacture of the'first batch of a i.ew product? ' Ans, Development laboratory (technical head). 18. Who approves succeeding batches? Ans. Control laboratory. 19. Dees the production department have any direct connection with sales? A. Yes. SO. If so, how? Ans. Conferences -- answers technical letters--service, 21, Does the development department have any direct connection with sales? fa fa. U 6v, . liOn [ Ans. Conferences -- demonstrations *-- sales service. . 23, Who decides if an Industrial devel opment shall be made? President? Bales manager? Technical head? Factory superintendent? Control chemist? Ans. Combined opinions of president, sales manager and technical head. 24. Who has final approval of new in dustrial developments including cost? Ans. President, Sales manager (should have), 26. Who decides If a new shelf goods product shall he made? Ans. President and technical head. 26. Who has final approval of new shelf goods products Including cost? Ans. Technical head. 27. Who determines the cost of a new product? Ans, Factory cost department. 28. Who Is responsible for complaints on sales? Ans, Technical head. We can draw the following conclusions as to just what position the technical head should occupy in the paint factory: 1: He should report directly to the president or his executive representative such as the vice-president or general manager. 2. He shall occupy a position at least equal In importance to the factory super intendent or he should be superior to the factory superintendent, 3. His opinion with regard to the new products shall have equal importance to that of the sales manager. .Duties 1. Formulating new products. 2. Modification of present products. 3. Handle technical information to sales force. , 4. Charge of control laboratory. 5. Responsible for the manufacture of the first factory batch of a new product. 6. Have the final approval of new shelf goods. 7. Have charge of technical sales service. . . Not Hie Duties 1. Getting out production products. . 2. Checking shipments. Responsibilities He should be responsible for: 1. Complaints. reported by sales. 2. Testing of raw materials. 3. Passing of: production batches of both industrial and shelf goods.. 4. Complaints from customers that goods are not uniform. 5. Decision in conjunction with sales manager for making new industrial products. Based on the above statements the technical head Is responsible for the suc cess of the company in practically every step with the exception of getting out production. This at first thought may seem to be a large order, but the decision is based entirely upon the answers to the questionnaire which Indicate that he is at present doing- most of this work. Half a dozen questions with regard to the industry code were presented In writing and were to be forwarded to Mr. Trigg for answer. The meeting was adjourned at 12:30 p. m. Federation's Annual Banquet Technical men work hard and they also play hard. So announced Eugene E. Sparrow before the annual banquet of the Federation of Faint and Var nish Production Clubs in the ballroom of the Edgewater Beach Hotel, Chi cago, October 31. According to Janies E. Heckel's count, 261 persons sat down to dine, sing, and enjoy an ex ceptional band of entertainers who of fered everything from trick golf shots to snake-hip dancing. James F. Kurfees, president of the American Faint and Varnish Manu facturers Association; Samuel R. Matlack, president of the National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association; Thomas J. McFadden, general manager of the associations; Fred Seder, president of . the Chicago Faint-and Varnish Pro duction Club; and Fred Wright, of the local host committee, were guests. After the coffee had Men served, Mr. Sparrow introduced the guests and in his capacity as retiring president, urged support for his successors in the same measure as it had been given to him. Personally, he said, this was not his swansong as he meant to work harder than ever for the federation, F. C. Atwood, newly elected president, was introduced and remarked that un der the new deal, the technical men would have to wait for the other branches of the industry to catch up to the development that have been made since 1914, when real interest in technical research first developed. He asked for full , support and co-opera tion in the new tasks which would be glveii to the members of the federation under the reorganized paint manufac turing industry. The Chicago: host committee. In ad dition to Mr. Wright, was composed of P. B. Crandall, L, E. Fiahleigh, Milton K. Pine and H. A. Paulsen, American Paint Journal Award "A Study of the Effects of Addition Agents on Floating of Pigments in Paints and Enamels," presented by Edwin Edelstein for the Cleveland Paint and Varnish Production Club, was unanimously chosen by the award committee, for the $100 American Paint Journal award for the best fed eration paper of the year. Everett W, Boughton was chairman of the com mittee, on which Dr. H. A. Gardner, C. D. Holley, G. W. Thompson, and P, H. Walker also served. Presentation of the award was made at the annual banquet of the federa tion. Murphy Varnish Company Newark Chicago San Francisco November-16. 1933 OIL,. PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER The Second Paint Industries Show The Paint Industries Show* inaugu rate In 1932 at the Washington conven tion, seems now to he a fixture in con nection with the annual meeting's of the Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs. The second ehow was held this year during the three days of the convention sessions* and, -except for the evening of the banquet, it was open and crowded until nine or ten o'clock. There were thirty-one exhibitors, compared with seventeen last year, this number being: composed of eleven re newals and twenty firms showing for the first time. Twoi months ago, ac cording to Charles W. Clark, of E. I.-d-u Booth 1 Kentucky Color & Chemical Company This chemical dry color producer, with headquarters in Louisville, had the space immediately on the right on entering and had arranged an attract ive revolving electrical display, show ing cards on which slogans and sales points concerning its Shawnee colors were illustrated. Carl A. Henlein and W. R. Fritsch explained the company's latest paint pigments, shown, in dry form and as applied on panels. A- new permanent-blue, lacquer maroons, flat varnish and flat lacquer made with aluminum stearate were included. Booth 2 R. B. H. Lacquer Base Company This, seemingly, was a far cry from a paint show exhibit, as- it caught the eye-' at the entrance- .with golfballs, pencils,' textile products, pressed woods, dominoes, and-imitation-reptile skins, but a-second-glance showed that every item on display had been. flniahed with commercial lacquers- pigmented with R: B; H. pigment pastes. Henry J. Hemingway, president, came on from Bound Brook,-N. J,, for the show, and. the- company's Western represent ative;. Q: Lr.- Bluthardt, was on hand to give technical Information about uses and. processes. . Booth 3 Standard Oil Company of Indiana ard formula in the manufacture- of synthetic resins. Booth. 5 J. Meyer & Sons Simplicity and clarity, or visibility; were dominant in the exhibition, of the driers of this long-established firm, with Fred- L. Meyer and. Linford Gra ham on hand to greet.visitors. A huge plate-glass case contained three rows of smaller glass cases, each containing, a- sample of the- company's1 various products, A mirror background fur sive exhibit; not only of resins- and other produots, but of their-application in paints, varnishes and' lacquers, coated fabrics, maided, and laminated objects,, and- other products. The ex hibit this year was somewhat simpler, but distribution was made of a pam phlet. showing research progress, and the-results of experience: gained: in the technical .sales department. Among the products, displayed in an, effective, booth and discussed In the brochure were, Amberol, phthallc anhydrideglycerin type resins, resins and plas ticizers for. lacquers, synthetic resins, urea-formaiflehyde resins, and Plexi- Charles W. Clark Chairman- on Faint- Show Arrange ments . . Pont de Nemours & CO., chairman of the committee in charge, all of the Available space w&s sold out, and al ready there are definite commitments for the 1934 show. Those who worked- with' Mr, Clark were Edward F, Maloney, Chicago; who has- been named chairman of the committee for 1934; Roy B. Anderson, A. W. Cooke, J. L. Crowley,. C. W. Fawkes, M. W. FriBhkorn, William L, Hale, George B. .Heckel', C. A. Holkesvio, H- G. Kicker, C, A. Knauss, and -J. F. McftTenamin. Purpose of Show The intricacies of a modern frac tionating still as used in-the; petroleum industry were revealed' In the display of a glass apparatus, .which, to a lay observer,, would, certainly appear to have been, designed, by Rube Goldberg In his most involved frame of mind. The apparatus was illustrating the actual method-1 of separating crude petrolum into- lubricating oHr kerosene, anti gasoline. The purpose of the ex hibit here was-to show the method of producing the- company's- lacquer dilu ents: and other' thinneris. In. charge were. El E, Follin and S-F, Martin. 't Booth 4 Anderson-Prichard Oil Cor poration The offlcla.1 explanation of, the pur pose of the show Is:.-- . Federation members'- are continually in contact with the suppliers to the paint industry for improved, materials. Many contacts are made by reading the trade- and technical journals. At the respective- club meetings much information is broad cast through the courtesy of a few sup pliers who present valuable- papers on per tinent subjects. Between the fields of trade journals and the club meetings there is a third field for which- need has been tfelt. Thus the Paint Show, . The exhibits were attractively ar ranged around the walls of -the East Xounge of the Edgewater Beach. Hotel, `.in which the.s.essions of the Federation :met. A brief sketch o the. various presentations is given herewith;-- Uniformity as1 an- essential factor in petroleum- thhmers and diluents was the keynote of this display, C. H. Dresser, director of' industrial naphtha sales; Dr. J*. K. Stewart, -head of the industrial naphtha, research labora tories; and D. D. Rubek, of the Chi cago laboratories; were active in con tacting visitors. A large placard pro claimed the fact that a sample of Troluoil taken from, a tankcar January 15, 1931, had exactly* the same lacquer dilution value as a sample- taken from another tankcar two and a half years later* Another placard called atten tion to ten samples of Apeothlnner from, plants in ten- different cities, the uniformity of each of. which had en abled all plants to adhere, to a stand ther added to the. general effect and attractiveness. Leaflets were distrib uted detailing the lines of driers and varnish gums. Booth 6 Wilson & Bennett Manufac turing Company Art In industry was exemplified in the steel containers shown by this company, which several years ago in stalled its own design department and lithographing plant for the benefit of clients. These auxiliary service de partments are now as fully equipped as any independent - establishments in -`the- country. One container for a shampoo product was labelled in a modern design in brown, sliver, and lavender, which was as effective as an illustration in an art magazine. Benetco swivel-spout Por-Pails were be ing introduced at the exhibit. Special emphasis was given to palls for paints and varnishes. A representation from the home office In Chicago always was on hand, including J. C. Bennett, sales manager; G. D. Zuck, advertising man . ager; -Harry LePan, assistant sales manager; and Henry Frazin, district sales manager. Booth 7 Resinous Products & Chemical Company, Inc. At the first Paint Industries Show In 1932, this company had a comprehen gum.' CL L. Cane and George T, Sohl were in charge. Booth 8 Texas Mining & Smelting Company Antimony sulphide ore from the Catorce district, San Luis Potosl, Mexico, and beside It shining examples of the finished antimony metal formed the central piece of this exhibit, which was in charge of H, S. Riker. There were also displays of Green Star, White Star and Red Star marks of Tlmonox, and demonstrations of their application as pigment bases in paints, varnishes, and lacquers. Photographs of production localities and plants added to the pic torial value of the display. Booth 9 Carborundum Company Those distinctive, large wheels of Aloxite again stood out clear across the room and attracted visitors who remembered last year's display of mill stones and grinding-wheels. The com pany also showed Carbofax brand re fractory domes and refractory bricks. An Illustration on display showed a roller mill with Aloxite rolls on a steel shaft, R. J. Penny and R. A. Klndig were in attendance* OIL. PAINT AND- DRUG-REPORTER November 7 6, 1933 75 Booth 10 ' DeLore Division, National Pigments & Chemical Com pany A flowsheet portraying crushing, washing, grinding1, and mechanical elimination of Impurities commonly found in Missouri barytes ore,-also the floating and bolting method used In the DeLore Plant, formed the background variety* of specimens of umbers, sien nas, .ochers, chromium .'oxides,, and other colors on view. The application of these pigments was shown on sev eral1 panels. The company's vivid "ink spot" design with "Red oxide" in white was the single but effective decorative feature of the booth. Booth 13 Binney & Smith Company Included in the specimens of blacks and colors shown by this New York concern were Koblak, Royal Spectra, Super Spectra, Superba, and Ivo No. X blacks, and Mhpico colors--red, Indian red, yellow, and brown. The repre sentatives were emphasizing the quali ties of the new Koblak, which is a new black lacquer base, fast to light and non-bleeding. J, T. Kealy, Nor man Lee Smith, Dr. Frederick H. Lane, and Robert Cary were in attendance. . Booth 14 Spencer Kellogg & Sons, Inc. The human touch was apparent in this booth,- with a vivid Sou'wester and peajacket bringing home the use- of vegetable oils in clothing; a fascinat ing little dTsplAy of the various' steps ill the'production of linoleum Showing the far-flung sources of the kitchen covering; and an old Chinese' log' or wedge press stressing the progress1 that has been made in the evolution of industry. Special refined linseed dlls were. featured' In' the exhibit; which ducing butanol, butyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, methanol, and other "chemi cals from corn," was represented by Clyde M. Phillips and Dr. O. R. Brunkow. Distribution was made at the booth of a substantial brochure giving specifications and properties of the several products. Booths 16-18 Bakelite Corporation Bakelite synthetic resins were dis played in the only double-space booth In the show, with large, colorful cut out letters spelling the corporate name across the two of the two niches. Glass containers of the. principal products were arranged on shelves with back lighting effects. A series of panels showed weathering tests of the com pany's products at Florida tide level, on the Florida land racks ana on the Bloomfield, N. J., roof station. There was another series showing the effects of a two-and-a-half year Bloomfield roof test of Bakelite products compared with six different types of commercial paints. Percentages of the component parts of the vehicle content were changed to further heighten interest in the demonstration. The display was in charge of R. A. Brenneck, V. H, Turkington, and C. R. Given; other representatives were Dr. R. J. Moore, Howard Smith, and Allan Brown. Booth 17 base, which this- company is making for some of Its paint trade clients, were on display in this exhibit, which also was devoted to the driers, salts, and pigments put out. W. J. Harshaw, head of the company, was on from Cleveland, and other representatives on hand were D, Chase, G- D. Sinclair, and B. Peterson, Chicago. They stated that the permanent color panels were proving of help in production problems. Booth 20 Paramet Chemical Corpora tion Strook & Wittenberg Cor poration Paramet pale ester gums, various classifications of Esterol, specimens of Paranol and of Para-Dura were here arranged in ah attractive presentation, sponsored by the two companies. Gums of several types and grades also were on view. In addition to the specimen jars there were a number of test panels for inspection by visitors, who received a brochure telling of the pio neer research work of the Paramet company since its establishment in 1920 and of the service record of the selling organization, Stroock & Wit tenberg. A, J. Wittenberg and H. A. Passof were in charge. Beck, Koller & Co. Booth 21 Lithographed- labels in many' lan guages and from many land's, shown, Falk & Co. also had on display fl'aataeed1,- raw lin seed oil, linseed cake and; meal, soy bean olVsoybean cake and meal, castor in1 this exhibit, indicated- the -wide spread use of the products of this com pany, chief of which are Beckacite and ' Bottles and brilliantly illuminated tubes'- of Falkovar oils and soybean oils were on view- in this booth, which also had a display of paints in which the Falkovar products- were Used. ' The booth was' in charge of L. J. Reliaeristeln, president, from Pittsburgh; David Lewis', and James M, O'Hara, Chicago. ' " of this exhibit, of which A- B. Stocking' (the 21,480,142d visitor to the Century of Progress exposition) was in charge. The DeLore plant Is at St, Louis. Oil painting and sketches by O; K, Ber- ninghaus, of the country in' 'Washing ton- county,, Missouri, where- the' bary tes- ore is. found, were exhibited;* Book lets- about the deposits were distrib uted; C. P. DeLore was present- to ' greet .visitors. ! Booth 22 American Gum Importers Association C. H. Allen was again in charge of the exhibit of this association, which showed congo gums, dammar gums, East India gums, kauri gums, macassar gums, and Pontianak, all in a variety Booth 11 of gradations. The association is hav ing the Hilton-Davis Company conduct a- research program to improve meth Advance Solvents & Chemi cal Corporation ods of usings uniformity, and general varnish making characteristics of the natural gums. Test panels showing comparisons between natural gum var 1 A large black and- white poster, showing the .spirit of progress' flying over an industrial community* attract ed the eye to this-exhibit. A, slogan, "Soligen Driers Set the Patee;"' also set tlie-keynote for the display-, which.'-c'onu sisted- of' styrol and: vinyl resins . and.' various esters of cellulose. O. A* Lechrter, Chicago representative;; A. . B. Mullaly, and C. A,. Klebsattel, technical; representative, were' on.- hand. r Booth 12 Joseph A. McNulty Both Joseph A. McNulty and Frank B. McNulty were on from New York' to preside over- their display of fine earth colors prepared especially for paint and' varnish. manufacturing needs. They- were featuring pure In dian and pure Turkey reds, with a beans, castor oil, tung nuts, tung oil, and. a-, number of other commodities. The exhibit was in charge of' E. H. Valance, manager of the speoial oils department, assisted by H. L. Bayer, of the Chicago office. Booth 15 Commercial Solvents Corpo ration An enormous book display, the pages of which were electrically turned, pro* claimed to the attending world that "Nothing Can Take the Place of Lac quer," and gave twelve reasons for lac quer's superiority. This company, pro- nishes and' those from synthetic resins were on view at the display. Booth 23 Beckosols, The labels were- arranged on the sidewalls, flanking a central dis play of a fan-llke arrangement of "By Gum," house organ of the concern,, copiee of which were distributed, at the booth. E. S. Dickens, sales and1 adver tising manager; H. M, Johnson,, of the. laboratories; and S. H. Stewart,. Chi cago sales representative, were in at tendance. "It's thrifty to buy quality" was the booth's slogan. Booth 19 Harshaw Chemical Company Permanent color matching panels in vitreous enamel1 fired onto a sheet-iron George S. Mepham & Co, C. K. Williams & Co. Here was a colorful display, the chief portion of which featured the equips ment for manufacture of brown iron oxide. A rotating spotlight with a screen of the primaries threw these colors on a white circle between the two firm names. There were speci mens of, and brochures explaining. Azure Black, a blue-tone carbon pig ment; Spectrone, a black for enamels, lacquers and varnishes; and Raven Black, a pigment for exterior finishes. Allen K. Thayer, of the williams com pany, was In attendance, as was Joseph W. Ayers. .76 November 16, 1933 OIL,, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTEjRfi - Booth 24 Nuodex Products, Inc. Paint and varnish driers in various forms and other organic metallic salts of interest to paint and varnish pro duction men were shown by this com pany, which was represented by Ar thur Minich, chief chemist, and Leo Roon, vice-president. As. was the case last year, this booth was notable for its colorful presentation of its driers, with apparatus designed to show sta bility and other properties. Booth 25 Lacta Separator Company A cross-section of one of this com pany's clarifiers for varnish, lacquer, enamel, and other work was shown in an illustration in this booth, while one of the machines, model 30 D, was in-* stalled Cor inspection. C. N. Phelps and H. M. DeBoo explained the mech anisms to visitors. : Booth 26 Reichard-Coulston, Inc. Toners, lakes, and other pigmenting colors were on display. Coating panels were also on view, while statistical records showed the results of the ap plication of materials containing the pigments. J. W- Bossert and George H. Erwin were In charge, . Booth 27 Wheeling Corrugating Com pany Wheeling steel drums, "manufac tured by one . company from mine to market," with the clamp ring feature, were demonstrated in this exhibit by Theodore Humphrey an,d J. E. Boddy. There is a wide choice of types and sizes In these containers, -while a. mod ern lithographing plant permits the decoration of the cans to suit the de sires of any customer. The company showed standard types of embossing and numbering, but Is prepared to fur nish any style, Booth 28 John D. Lewis, Inc. Stephen Babcock, the sales manager, actually greeted visitors to the Lewis enclosure, but long before they reached there they had figuratively shaken the moving hand of the Lewis "advertising man,' who with his boyish complexion and genial amtfe was visible from all parts of the room. Bisplays of enamels and varnishes made with Lewisol resins were shown. Booth 29 Scientific Section Paint and Varnish Industry The Scientific Section of the Ameri can Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association had an Interesting display showing "some of the 1,200 dry colors examined in 1933 for the members." Physical tests included oil absorption, specific gravity, and fineness of every available pigment in America. In cluded in the exhibition of apparatus were a new method for the determina tion of organic thinners in paints and varnishes, the Hart impact and ad hesion tester, the Gardner mobilometer, and the chainom&tlc addition to the Hart evaporation balance. Master color standards and master viscosity standards also were shown. Dr. H. A. Gardner later explained to the associa tion convention in detail about the work of this section, of which he is , director. J, R. Stewart was in attend ance at the booth. Booth 30 U. S. Forest Products Labo ratory Splendidly graphic presentations of what happens to paint on wood when water gets in through poor joints or by condensation in cold weather were on view In this striking display ot tMl work being conducted at Madiaonj Wia., under the direction of Dr. P. I Browne, chief chemist, who was pn ent throughout the show to explain nature and extent of the experimeatia There were charts and diagrams shotf-T ing the factors of normal service whicij should be expected of house painty emphasis being placed on the mola ture-excl.uding properties of paints asjj a requisite for protection. Public? h D< I>! D: ` J> !' D rD D tP E E E E .I 1 I ] ) tions available through the labora tories were displayed and listed. Miscellaneous Special spaces were provided for displays of the panels, charts and ap paratus used by the New England club, the Pittsburgh club, and the Bal timore club in the presentation of their technical papers; also, for the showing of measures, funnels, and strainers by the Midland Specialties Company. Those Who Attended the Chicago Meetings : Adams, R. F., Paint, Oil and Chemical Review, Chicago {If, F). Addcrly, J. 0.. James B, Slpe Company, Pitts burgh <M). Ahlman, L. F., Karah&w Chemical Company, Cleveland (M). Aldrich, Harold L., Arco Company, Cleveland (F). Allegaert. John, United Color & Pigment Com pany, Newark IF. Allen, A. O., A. C. Horn Company, Long Is land City (F). Allen, C. H., American Gum Importers' Asso ciation, New York (F). Allen, Edw, E,, Edw. E. Allen Mig-. Company, Chicago (M). - Alien, E. W., Bradshaw-Fraeger Company. Chicago (M). Aipers, W. A., Cleveland Paint & Color Com pany, Cleveland (M). Andrews, W. H., American Cyanamid & Chem ical Company, Cleveland (M, F). Anderson, George, Anaconda Sales Company, New York (F). Anderson, Roy B., Brooklyn Varnish Company, Brooklyn (F). Androvette, E, E,, E. E. Androvette, New York (M). . Armstrong, C. A., 8. C, Johnson & Son, Ra cine, WU. (M). Armstrong, W. Grier. Certaln-teed Products Corporation, St. Louis (F). Arnsteln, M., Amesto Paint Company. New York (M. F). Arrington, W. T., Harry C. Smith Company, Memphis (M). Atwood, F. C.. Atlantic Gypsum Products Corporation, Boeton |M, F). Atwood, W. r ., Canadian Industries, Ltd., To ronto (M), Auchlncloss, W. S., Oil, Paint and Drug Re porter, New York (M, F). Ayera, Joseph W., C. K. Williams & Company, Easton, Pa. (F). Ayrault, John, Jr., Larkin Company, Buffalo (M). P Babcock, Stephen, John D, Lewis, Inc., Provi dence (M, F), ; Baechle, j. E., American Can Company, Chi cago (M). Baker, Etios H-, Blnney & Smith, Akron, Ohio <MJ. ; Baldwin, C. M., United Carbon Company, Chi cago (F). ' Ballester,A. G., Boston Varnlah Company, Evanston, HI. (M). Barth, Elmer W., Edw, J3. Allen Manufactur ing Company, Chicago (M), Barth, George, Elder & Jenks, Philadelphia {ML Bautz, "Robert A., Robert A. Bautz Company, Chicago (M). Bayer, H. L,, Spencer Kellogg Sc gone Sales Corporation, Chicago (M, F). Beard, TV. H., Davis Paint: Company, Kansas City (M). Beatty, -C. F., -Socony-Vacuum Specialties. New York (M). Beer, Fred A., Western Dry Color Company, Chicago (M, F). Belrne, T. J., Metal Package Corporation, Chi cago (M). - Bennett, J. C., Wilson &, Bennett Company, Chicago (M, F). Bennett, M. G., Samuel Cabot, Inc., Boston (M). Bennett, Myron T,, New Jersey Zinc Sales Company, Chicago (M). Bennett, R, j., Berry Eros., Inc,. Chicago (ML Bennett, 3. A., Wilson & Bnnett Mfg, Com pany. Chicago (M, F). Benson. K. Y.r Auleraft Paints, Ltd., Toronto (ML Bernhardt, David, New Orleans Paint Sc Color Company, New Orleans (M). Biddle, O. J., Biddle Company, St. Louis (M), Bldlack, V.. Norfolk Paint & Varnish Com pany, Norfolk Downs, Mass. (F). Bigelow, F. R.j General Paint Sc Varnish Com pany, Chicago <M). Birch, Wm. R., Schuele & Company, Chicago (M3. Black. A. T., Hoekaday, Inc., Chicago (M). Black, C. H., American Can Company, New York (M). Black, R, M., Smith-Alsop Paint & Varnish Company, Decatur, III. (M). Blatherwick, L. N,, Paint, Oil and Chemlcat Review, Chicago (M, FJ, BledRoe, H. "d ,,- d . C, Franche & Company, Chicago (F), Block. J.. Fred L. Lavenburg Company, Chi cago (M, F). Bloomsburg, H, E., Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, Newark (F). Bluthardt, O. D,, R-B-H Lacquer Base Com pany. Bound Brook, N. J. (M). Boddy, J. E., Wheeling Corrugated Company, Wheeling (F). Boetter, W, H,, American Can Company, Chi cago (M). Bogpess. Robert-C., Spencer Kellogg & Sons Sales Corporation, Buffalo CM). Bonn'e. Sevier. Kentucky Color and Chemical Company, Louisville (M), Bonney, Robert D.. Congoleum-Nalrn, Inc., Marcus Hook. Pa. (F). Booge, Krebs Pigment & Color Company, New port, Del. (F). Booker. S. E.. Peaslee-Geulbert Paint and Vnr- niah Company, Louisville (M), Boaaert, J. W., Reichard-Coulaton, Inc., New York <Mr F), Boughton, E. W., R, T, Vanderbilt Company, Inc., New York (F). Bnurland, .Harry B.. Red Spot Paint Sc VarniBh Company, Evansville, Ind. (Ml. Bownes. Frank, Frank Bownes Company, Chel sea. Mass. (M). Bradshaw, R. S.. Bradshaw-Fraeger Company, Ch'cago CM). ' Breokenrldge, K. Si, American Can Company, Chicago (ML Bren neck. Bakellte Corporation. Chicago (F), Brlner, Geo. A.. American Paint & Supply Company, Dallas (F). Brooke; Fred L,, Fred L. Brooke Company, Chicago- (M);- Brown. Andrew, Andrew Brown Company, Los Angeles (F>,. Brown.. Arthur F., Imperial Color Works, Glens Foils. N. T. (F). Brown. Gordon, Bakelite Corporation, New York (F). Brown, H, E,, New Jersey Zinc Company, Chicago (F). Brown, R, R,, Barrett Varnish Company, Chi cago (M). Brown, R, R., Jr.r Barrett Varnish Company, Chicago (M). Browne, F. L.t U. S. Forest Products Labora tories, Madison, "WBs, (F). Brownell, A, W,, American Paint Journal, New York (M). Brunlcow, O. R., Commercial Solvents Corpora tion. Terre Haute, Ind. (F). Bulllngton. R. Me.. BuEllngton Paint Company, Richmond, Va, OS). Bunting, C. C., John P. Cochran Company, Cleveland (M). Burnside, F. W.. L. N. Jackson & Company. Inc.. New York (M). Bush, E. J,, International Society of Master Painters and Decorator^ Peoria, 111, (M). Byrnes, Jae, W., James W, Byrnes Sales Cor poration, New York (M). . Callahan, P. H,, Louisville Varnish Company, Louisville (M). Calo, John H,, General Naval Stores Company, Chicago (F). Calo. P. E., General Naval Stores Company, Chicago (M). Came, C. L,, Resinous Products & Chemical Company, Philadelphia (F). Campbell, Donald, Hooker QI&bb & Paint Mfg. Company, Chicago (F), Campbell, t , J., Berry Bros., Detroit (M), Campbell, W. R., Marietta Paint & Color Company, Marietta, Ohio (M). Carlisle, V, D. Standard Varnish Works, Chi cago (F). Carrier, C. F., G, 8. Robins & Company, St, Louis (F), Carroll, H. H., H. A. Carroll Sc -Company, Memphis (M), Carter, F. M., National Lead Company, New York (M). Cary, Robert, Geo. B. Cary i& Son, Inc., Chi cago (M). Case, F. O., Anaconda Zinc Company, E. Chi cago, Ind. (M). Casey, -9. R., Mound City Paint Sc Color Com pany, St. Louis (M). Cavanaugh, J. F., Thompson-Hayward Chem ical Company, Kansas City (M). Chamberlain, A. J,, Geuder-Paoschke & Frey Company, Milwaukee (M). Chamberlin, H. M,, Lowe BrCB. Company. Ltd,, Toronto (F). Chapin, N. D,, BlIlLngs-Ch&pin Company, Cleve land (M). Chase, D., Harahaw Chemlcat Company, Cleve land (F). Cheeeman, Frank F., Cheesman-Elllot Com pany, Brooklyn <M). Childs, Sam D., J, C. PuBhee & Sons, Minne apolis (M). - Chinery, Frank L., Eagle-Picher Lead Com pany, Cincinnati (F). Church, J, W., Puro Calcium Products Com pany, Pftinesvllle, Ohio (F), Clark, C. W,, E. I. du Pont de Nemours St Co., Everett, Mass. <F). Clark, John T., Eagle-Pleher Lead Company, Cincinnati (F). Clarke, Frank. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Com pany, . St. Lo u Ib (M). Clarke, Kenneth E., Cbas. It. .Long, Jr.. Com pany, Louisville (M). Clement, W, S., Clement Coverall Company. Camden, N. J. (M). Coate, K. A.. Calco Chemical Company, Chi cago (M). Coerdt, Robert H., Anabacher-Siegle Corpora tion, Cleveland (M, F). Cohen, A. J., C, A. Woolsey Paint & Color Company, Jersey City (F): Colcord, H, F,, American Can Company, New York (M). Con'e. Samuel H,, Sinclair Refining Company, Philadelphia (-F). ' Conklin, L, H,, f , O. Odd & Company, New ark (M). Conners, M. F., William Connors Paint Mfg. Company. Troy (M). Connery, J. J., Mound City Paint & Color Com pany, St, Louie (M). Conor, A. K., O, G., Innes Corporation, New York (M). Constant, Harry W., United Sash & Door Com pany, Wichita (M), Cook, Chae. R,. Cook Paint & Vamish Com pany, Kansas City (M). Cook; Russell P,, Martin Varnish Company, Chicago (F), . Cooke. G. W.. Resinous Products A Chemical t Company, Chicago (F). | Coolahan, Robert A., Hercules Powder Com* pany. Wilmington (F). Ooolldge, S, B., Jr., Sherwin-Williams Com pany, Cleveland (M>. Coon, John H., Rennous-Klelnle DIv. of Pitta- burgh Plate Glass Company, Baltimore (M), Coppa, J, W., MetroNite Company, Milwaukee' r (M). Corcoran, John C., Alabastine Company, Grand 1 Rapids (M). Cordon, E. B.. Magic City Paint & Varnish Company, Birmingham (F), , Cotter, Roger H,, Continental' Cah Company, ' Chicago (M). : Coachman,. F, Hv Ansbacher-Siegle Corpora- ' tion. New York fM, F). Cowes, M. I,, Consolidated Products Company, New York (F), Crandall, Paul B., Standard Varnish Works, Chicago (F), Crary, A. V.. Cincinnati Can Company, Inc,, New York (M), Critchfletd, Don, Lincoln, Neb. (M). Croal, Lewis R,, International Painta, Ltd., Montreal (F). Cronin, J, W., Krebs Pigment Sc Color Corpo ration, Newark (F). Cullen. J. A.. Independent Oil Company, St. Louts (F). Currier, Edw, Co.. Hansen Glass & Paint Com pany. Sioux City, Iowa. (M). Dabney, Win. C., Jone3 Dabney Company, Louisville (M>. Dali, Wm. A., National Lead Company, Cin cinnati I'M).- Derby, Chns. A., Whiting Adams Company. Boston (M). Darling, Frfd S,, American Zinc Sales Com pany, Columbus (F). Daum, Adam E., Impervious Vamish Company. Pittsburgh CM, F). Davidson, D.. Eagle.Picher Lead Company. Ctncinanti (-F). Davis, H. Bratth, H. B. Davis Company, Bal timore (M, F). Davouat, W.. ColIlns-DAvous Paint Mfg. Com pany, Dallas. Texas (M). Day, Arthur, James B, Day & Company, Chi cago (M), Dsvv. E. E., Standard Varnish Works, Chicago CM), Day,} Jas. B., James B, Day Company, Chicago DeBoo, H. M., Lacta Separator Company, Chi cago (F), DeBruler, W. D., A. Burdsal Company, It). dtanapoUs (F). ` deBrurr, O. J. S.. Egyptian Lacquer Mfg. Company. New York (M). ' DeLacy, J. H,, Metal Package Corporation, Chicago (M). DeLore. C. P.. DeT^ore Division. National Fig ments A Chemical Company, St. Louis (M. F). Denning, Matt, E, I, Du Pont de Nnours & Company, Wilmington CM). Depew, Harlan A., American Zinc Sales Com pany, Columbus (F). Derr. H. A.. Marietta Paint Sc Color Company, Marietta. Ohio (F), Derrick, F. J.. Perry & Derrick Company, Cincinnati (M). Dewar, John B,, International Society of Mas ter Painters and Decorators. Pittsburgh fM). Dickens. E, S.p Beck, Koller Sc Company, Inc., Detroit (F). Dtmlich, & A., Imperial Color Works, Chicago (M. F). Dnggett. S. H,, Stanley Doggett, Inc,, New York (M). Dohrmann. H. A.. Midland Specialties Com pany. Chicago fF). Dnpobue. W. F,. E. I. Do 'Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington (M). ;1|.,, November 16, 1933 77 OIL, PAINT AND DRUG REPORTER idorris, W. S., Archfer-Danlele-Mldland Com Dougherty, W. W*. DeMert ft Dougherty, Ine., rSd^aS R., Do,,aj- e TM., pwiaaeipma Haskelf, G* I*. U, S. Industrial Alcohol, New h IbUh e?1 John V., Jr., HMtlb*. & Cmmmis , Lane, Frederick Hall, Boston Varnish Com- jS&i^iSSS. Smith ft Company, pany, Minneapolis (M). _ _. . MorsmanT J- J,, National Lead Company, Cbi- Mor^n,<JC* J*. New Jersey 2ino Company, Cbi- EteSe, Lewis JU., Paint & VarnlBb Production DreaTMrfeo. *8* Anderson-Prlchard Oil Corpo- Philadelphia (M). , *. Hauibnrsb, ,Q. S, Winterbourne & Com- Havey! MmsbaU1 ?_New Jersey Zinc Com- nSgSt n a.CiS.n<M- Zinc * Sales G^etherlil Company, Phila- Company- Akron, Ohio CM)., Dunford, Geo. B., Inter-Coastal Paint Corpora HawWnfl, ''b !* L., Empire Varnish Company, tion, East St. Louis, in, IM). . ., Dunning. He Ee, American Commercial Alcohol Hayt;ew.d'Hf/' Eagla-Plcher Lead Company, Corporation, Chicago (M).___ : Dunning. Stanley C., Muralo Company:, Staten Chicago (M, F). _ HaaeJ' H. S*, Harry Haze, Inc., .Chicago. (M). Heagstedt, C. H,, Touaey Varnish Company, DwiehU Maitland, Edward Sm-Sth & Company* - Long Island City, N. Y* (M). _ , ,'B , + ; National Paint, Oil & VaralBh Eastwood. Chas. W,, U. S. Gutta Percha Paint . Association, .Philadelphia (M, F)- Company, Prtjyldence <M). EberhaTdt, M. J., American Can Company* Heckel. J. E*. R. T. Vanderbilt Company. Ine*, New York (Mr F), Lawsonf0^ Ehterprlsa Paint Mfg. Com- Leak/' AustUL Jr.?, flomet Solvay Company. Leehne^C? A,?*Advance Solvents ft Chemical Corporation, New York (F). Leep, W. M,, William F, Zumrfiach, Milwaukee ligg,` John G,, Integrity Faint Company, New I,San?nHSy F., Wilson dt-Bennett.Mfg, Com ... pdwy.iChicogo (M>. . Levellle. Edw. A., Chicago (M>: ' Levenbagen, R. W,, Gliddon Company, Clove land <M). ' Lewis, David, Falk ft Company, Chicago (M). Lewis, Edward J*, J. Meyer ft Sons, Chicago Morton, E. E.* Carpenter Morton Company, Mu'eRer? Alph*, Wm. Zinsser ft Company, Cbl- M^HeriWJlHaJn, Commercial Solvents Cotpo- ratlon, New York (M). .. .. T Mullaly, A. L* Advance Solvents ft Chemical Corporation, New York tF), _ ir Munn, R. J., Lilly Varnish Company, Indian- ^00118'(F). > ^. Murphy, E. D., .Metal Package Corporation, New York (M). Murphy, Joseph S., BUUnge-Chapin Company, Cleveland (F). ' ,, , . w. Murray David, Grafts* Company, Boston (M), Nalrne, J. I., Certain-Teed Products Corpora tion, Et. Louis (M). Eddy!**!?? exporter Paint Company, Louisville Hedlund, H. A,, w. H, Barber Company, Chl- Lewis, Frank.S.t Frank.S*.Lewis, Chicago (M)* Neilson, B. T., National Lead Company, Chi Edelsteln, Edwin, Beni* Moore ft Company, Edgar^wf A??'Kllnger Faint Company, Cedar - cago (M). _ , . _ ,,_ Heins, M. G,, True-Tagg Paint Company. Memphis (M). . ,. _ Helwig, F. S,, Monad Paint & Varnish Com Llndos, Andrew, Pyroxylin Products, Inc*. Chi cago (F). Llndaay, R. "W., Pratt , .. ft Lambert, Inc., But- cago (M). Nelson, Harley A., New Jersey Zinc Company, PaSmerton, Pa. (F). Nethercot, D. G*, Dill Hough Company, St. Edge^ly? D? W?' Titanium Pigment Company, pany, Philadelphia (F). Hemmingway, H, J,, HBH Lacquer Base Com St. Louis (M, F). Edwards, H, G, American Can Company, New pany, Bound Brook, N. J. (M). Hendrickson. H. E.r S. 'Winterbourne ft Com ElTonscMmi, Otto, Scientific OH Compounding pany, New York (M). ._ r . Henteln, Carl A,, Kentucky Color ft Chemical Company, Chicago (M), ., . Elmer, Ralph ft., Columhua Varnish Company, Company, Louisville <F). w ^ ,, , Hense, O. P,, Eagle-Ploher Lead Company, EIs m^L^.^Bo t iJ. Franklin Paint ft Varnish Company, Philadelphia (F). ' ,. Elwang, W. B., Sanders Bros. Company, Rich mond (M). . ___ Emmons, Thornton, American Zinc Sales Com pany, Columbus, Ohio (M). Emerson, Ralph W.# Clean Up and Paint Up Campaign, Washington, D C. <M). Erickson. K. W.( Titanium Pigment Company. Chicago CM, F). Erwin, Geo, H*, Reichard-Coulffton,. Inc., New York (F), - . New York (F). _. _ Hentzen, B, A*, Wisconsin Paint Mfg, Com pany. Milwaukee (M). Higgins, Wm. W,, United Carbon Company, ' New York (M). Hoag B. R., Dltaler Clor Company, Detroit (M). Hock! W. W.. Hock Paint * Chemical Works, Pheenlxvllle. Pa. (M). Hodgsoni F.` R;/ Eaglo-Pleher Lead Company Cincinnati (F). _ Hoefle, Emil, C. K, WilliamBon Company, Esposito, J. R.. Ault & Wlborg. Corporation, New York CM). ` `_ Everett. R. H.* Keystone Varnish Company, Brooklyn CM, F) ,_ Evans. S. S*. Enterprise Paint Mfg. Company, FOIrhrother^E. M., Mobile Paint -Mtg.- Com-... Hoffman! Hhrry'j., Baker Castor OU Company, New York (M, F). Holkeevig, Chester A.* Tropical Paint ft Oil Company, Cleveland (F). _ _ Holley. C...D., .Sherwin-Williams.Company. 06- pany. Mobile (F). . Pasig, E. W., The Lowe Bros. Company, Day ton (F). "- , Fawkes. C. E., Pyroxylin Products,. Inc., Chi HonglerfjoEeph A,,. Murray Oil Products Com pany, Philadelphia (M). ,. _ Hopkins. F. W., Murphy Vamlah.. Company, cago .. . , h Sv iT^ C^'A. C. Horn Company, Long Ifl- Fearnley, George, International Paints (Can), Ltd., Montreal (F). . Felton, Horace S.. Felton Sibley . ft x., . . Company, . Horn^ E^r N^.^ A. C. Horn Company, Long Philadelphia (Mj. _. Fenn, J. F., Continental Can Company, Chl- Horton, C. U^.^lollne Paint Company, Ch.lea.go LirnieU.^R. Ca, Illinois Paint Works, Chicago (F) ` Llnnoll, W. M., Pittsburgh Flat Glass Com pany, Milwaukee (M).. .. Litter, D. H., D. H. Litter Company, New YoTk (M, F). Lodge, H. F., Geo. G. Mepham & Company, East St* Louis, III. (M), _ _ .. Loebenberg, A. L., U. 9* Industrial Chemical Company, New York (M), Logan, L. B., Steen Varnish Company* Chi* Lor^ Jamoa B., Boston Varnish Company, BoBton (M). Lots, Paul L., Bocony. Vacuum Specialties, New YoTk (F). .^ Loud, Fred E-, Murray Oil Products Company, li"nd!*wi?ran ^industrial Oil Preducls, Inn., 1,TM^"/'! ..^*?.' Brown Oorp. ol N. Y., New York (M). . .. . Lurie, Jacob, Fiberlold Corporation, Indian ' Orchards Ms**- (F). , .. * McClellan, H. C,, Nortb . American Paint * Chemical Company, Ltd,, Los>Angeles.-(M.-F)* McClelland. R, j1., Fred A. Jensen .Company McCUnUk,MH. T... Mac-Lao-KasebleC'Chatfleld Corporation, New York (M). McConnell, T, J,, Kolbe Paint Company, Cin- McCorkVe/o!* A., KrBbu Pigment ft Color Cor- noration, Newport, Del. (F). MeCrea, Jarvis 9.. Btnney ft Smith Company, McDanlJl?rlGlfes? McDaniel Paint ft Varnish Louis (M)* Neumann, S, M., New Jersey Zinc Sales Com* pany, Chicago (M, F). Nichols, W, D,, Geo. 9. Mepham ft Company* -East St, Louis, 111. (F). Niedt, A, E.; Steeicote Mfg. Company, St. Louis (M). ' Oakley, R. H,, Oakley Paint Mfg. Company, Los Angeles (M), O'Connor, C. J*, Beck-Kollar Company, Detroit O'Connor, 0. J,, - Continental Can Company, Inc*, New York, N. Y. <M). O'Connor, . Chas. T,, General Plastics, Inc,, North Tonawanda, N. Y. (F>. Olsen, John M., Minn. Specialties Prod, Com pany, St, Paul (F).' O'Shea, Wm. J., Pattewon-Sargent Company, Cleveland (F). OBtertupd, Q. .R., - Tar Distilling Company, Cleveland (M). Otley, Thomas. F., Indiana. Indeetruotlbla Paint Company, Chicago (M). Page, Frank A.-, Frank-A.- Page ft Company, Chicago (M), . Palmer, Fred-C.., N. J. -Zinc\Company, New York (F> Patamet, R. A*. Krebs Pigment & Color Cor- poratton, Cleveland (F)* Parrott, Chas. W., Lowe-Bros. Company, Day ton (M)............ passof, H. A., Parent Chemical Corporation, Long Island City (F). Passonno,. -Fred J,, M, G. -Stoneman ft Son, Albany (M), Patterson, J. K., Pattereon-Sargent Company, Cleveland (M). Patterson, W, A., W. S. Patterson Company, Fentwi,taSf. F., Enterprise Paint Mfg. Com pany, Chicago (F). .- ^ ,, _ Ferrell, R. W., Montgomery ward & Com pany, Chicago <M, F). _ Figgis, D. W., American Can Company, New Ftecher?*R* F-, Smith Alsop Paint & Varnish Company, Terre Haute, Ind. <F). Fltzsimmon, Harry 9., Krebs Pigment ft Color Corporation, Newark (F). .,,_ Flemming. J. P., J. Lee Smith * Company, New York (M). . Flynn, T. A,, Butler Flynn Paint Company. Washington, D. C. (M>* ,, , . Follln, E* E,, Standard Ott Company (lnd,), FoaB^cf^P.^Wooater Brush Company, Wooster, Fora!W MR.r Wooster Brush Company, Woos ter, Ohio <M)* __ , Fowler, R. J., Barnard, Porter & Remington. Rochester <M). _ __ . . M Knee! W. O.. Pattergon-Sargent' Company, Cleveland (F). ,, ._ , Hough, W. J., Wm. J. Hough Company, Chi- oago (bD. * 11 Howard, H. M1., Thlhaut ft Walker Company, ', Long Island. City (ML ^, Howard. O. MeG.. Paint, Oil & Chemical Review, Chicago (M, F). _ Howe. H. E., American Can Company. Indian- Howe^Kenneth J*, thlhaut ft Walker Com pany. Long Island City (F). _ Humphrey. Theo., Wheeling Corrugated Com pany. Wheeling. W. Va, (F). Hursh, Robert, New Jersey Zinc Sales Com pany, New York (M). __ T?uMh, Robert, N. J. Zino Company, New York (F). HurBhburg, Milton, Hurahburg Paint Company, Hussar, Andrew, Jewel Paint ft Varnish Com Company, Chicago CM). ^ McEwen, G. C., Imperial Varnish ft Color Co., Ltd., Toronto (F>. , McFadden, Thoe. J.,. National Padnt, OU ft Varnish Association, Washington (ML MoFarland, W* R., McMurtry Mfg. Company, McGheef Whiter, Entarprlee # stamping Com pany, McKees Rock, Pa, CM), MacGlynn, J. E*, Kinsoy-Johnatoa Company, McGowlm^1!?1^., W. H. Barber Company, McGregor, ^ohn R,, Eagle-Flcher Lead Com- pany, Clnolnnat! (M, F). x _1d Vi MacPherson, R* P. Bchenectady Varnish Company, Bchenectady (M). t. McIntyre, Will G., National Paint, Oil ft Var nish Association, Boston <M). Mclver, Ed. H., Leland-MOOre Paint ft Oil Company, Charleston (M). _. + MoKoig, Edgar S., Samuel H. French paint New York City CM). Patton, J. D.,` Pittsburgh Plate Glass Com pany, Milwaukee (M). Paulsen, H. A,* Armstrong Paint ft Varnish WorkB, Chicago (F). Pearce, W. T., Resinous Products ft Chemical Company. Philadelphia (F). Pearson., H,. W., United States Kataorotne Company, Nw York (M>. Pennebakar, E. H., Imperial Color Worke, St, Louie <H). Penny, R. J*, Carborundum Company. Niagara Falla {F>. Perry, Raymond A., Warren Paint ft Color Company, Asheville, N, C. (F). Patera, E* J., Pittsburgh. Plate Glass Company. Milwaukee (H). Peters, E. V,, St, Joseph Lead Company, New York (ML . Petersen, T. H., Harshaw Chemical Company* Cleveland (F). Phel&n, Wm, J,, Phelan-Faust Paint Company, Foy. E. A,, Foy Paint Company, Cincinnati Fredericks, G, W., Smlth-Alsap Paint and Varnish Company, Terre Haute. Ind. (ML Frederickeon, J. A*, John W. Masury & pon, Framflfcb? ST-C.. Standard OU Ownpanr ot New Jersey, New York (M, P). Prlakom, N. W.. Ault & Wlboi Yarnluh Works, Cincinnati (M). __ Fritseh,- W.-.R., Kentucky Color ft . Chemical Company, Louisville (F), .Q. pany, Chicago (M), Ingram. J. D., Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, Pittsburgh (M). ^^ Yw Innes, O. G,, Innes ft Company, Inc., New Jacobs, a Pe ., Mac-Lae-Kasehler-Chatfleld Cor poration, Now York (M). . Jameson, A* R., Pure Oil Company, Chicago li%, H.. MoCSoskw Varnlab Company, ^?'rrea A, Joafien Company, Company1* Philadelphia (M). McKay, Choa. F., McKay Mfg. Company, St. McKay, (Pu 'Sm Dean ft. Barry Company, Co- McLister, '''TVank, Kohler-MtoLlstor Company, M?Men1unlTW^J* F*, Felton-SIbley ft Company, Philadelphia <F). .. . McNulty, Joseph A*, Joseph A. McNulty Oom* pany, New York (M, F). McNutty. Frank B., Joseph A, McNulty Com St. Louis, Mo. (M). Phelps, C. N., Laota Separator Company. Chi cago (F). Phelps, Z,, Krebs Pigment ft Color Corpora tion, Newport, Del. (F), Phillips, Clyde, Commercial Solvents Corpora tion, Terr Haute (F). Phillips, Elliott S,. Devoe ft Raynolds Com pany, New York (M). Phillips, L,, Valentine ft Company, New York (M).: Pickard, Glen H., Chicago (F). Frttta, Frants A., Baker Paint and Varnlah Company, New York (M). JaraInTHpJ.4, Fro A. Streaaen-Robtor, Chl- pany, New York (F). _ . . ^ , _ . .. Madlaon, R. E,, Truscon Laboratories, Detroit Pine, Milton K,, Muralo Company, Chicago (M, P), Fuchs, Adolph, Imperial Color Works, Chicago JohSon^Hueh Q., Ob!o Pall Company. MMalo- Malotisy, Edward F., E. I. duPont do Nemours PInney, H* A*, American Can Company, Chi cago (M). Fulkerson, O. A.. O'Brien Varnish Company, South Bend. Ind. (M). _ Jobnaom'j? B^ apsnoer KellosK & Sona Sala & Co., Ino.. Chicago (F). Marks, W. F** National Lead Company, Mil- Pitt. W, J., DeVilbias Mfg, Company, Toledo (M). Furman, 33. L.* James H. Furman Company* Chicago CM, F). ^ v. Gallagher* W. J., Alston Lucas Paint Com pany, Chicago CM). _ , _ .,, .. Gardner, H. A., Institute oC Paint and Varnish Research, Washington, P* C. <M, F), Gardner, H. B., Atlantic Research Associates, Inc*, Boston <F), .. ,,,, Gerke, Wm. W. H. Gerke, Indianapolis <M). Gibson, H. O.. GlbBon-Homane Company, Gleb^?1 bs Pigment ft Color Corpo ration. Cleveland (F). , _ __ _ _ Gillespie, John T.. Glllespie-Rogers-Pyatt Com pany (New York (M). Gillespie, Louis,. Gmespse-Rogers-Pyatt Com- pany. New York ,?n. Gilman, W. D., W. Gilman, Chattanooga, GUm^C.^E?,' Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, GlveS^cf S.J^Bakeltte Corporation, New York Gnaodlnger. R. J,, James B. ipe ft Company* Goldschmidt, Ches., Charles Goldeohmitt. Chi cago (M) Goldsmith, Mitchel. Armstrong Paint and Var nish Works, Chicago <M). _ Good, Wm. F,, Brlggs*Maroney Company, Inc,, Everett,-Mass. (F). Go:t, E. N., Gilman-Paint ft Varnish Com* pany. Chattanooga, Tenn. (F), Graham. Linford. J, Meyer ft. onfl, Phllodel- Graute^R. L., RoeMord VerUIsh OomuanY. Rockford. IU. (M))* * Green. Leslie C.. Western Paint ft Varnish Company. Duluth, Minn. (P). _ Greene, Denison W., Oliver Johnson Company, Greene,^0?eH^*Natlon&l Load Company, Bt, Louis (M). GrSfftn, C. W., Colonial Works, New YorkCM). Grob, Adolph, Anderson-Prlt<Shard Oil, CnrpO* Corporation, Dos Molnea (Ml. Johnson, Oscar F., S, H. Stowart Company, Jn^eTS? P.? aiI(Mtn Company, Cleveland (M>. Kamln, F. H-, Bllllnss-Cbapin Company, Cleve- KeSy, ^ Job"r? T., Blnbey Jt Km1th Company, Keane, L, A., U. 3. Industrial Alcohol ComKaatlnK.'DKyJ., lIJoiin A. Steen Yarnlsb Com pany, Chleayo^tlOj j,ot^ 0u Company, ChiKehoe, W. J., Kelfterf'ja.tnes B.f National Lead Company of California, San Francieco_(M). Kelley, Ralph D., Ralph D. Kelley, Chicago Kernpf. Joseph, Wilson Imperial Company. 1'Ierrark (hi), Kennedy, Paul 3., Murphy Varnish Company, Kervt^Lonore!' Miss, National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, Washington (M). Kicker, H. G, CeTtaln-teed Products Corpora tion, St, Louis (F). ^ . __ Kiefer,' Laurence I*., Paint ft Varnish Indus tries, Washington, D. C. CM). Klndlg, R* A., Carborundum Company, Nla- KfngsborSughi^Harry, Krebs Pigment ft Color Corporation, Cleveland {if, F). KJonka, E. F., Pioneer Mfg. Corporation. Cleveland (F). . Klehsattel, C, A*, Advance Solvents ft Chem ical Corporation, New York (F). Kiechner, Harry I*. Black Diamond Paint ft Varnish Works, Cincinnati (F). Klein, S., Calco Chemical Company, New York Klinger, W,, Klinger Paint Company, Cedar Rapids. la. (M. F), Klug, Robt. J,, American Varalgh Company, Maron&y, K., Brlggs-Maronay Company, Ine., Everett, Mass. (M), Martin, J. F.. Standard Oil Company IF). Martin, Leon, Martin Varnish Company, Chi* M?rSn/s?*F., Standard Oil Company (F)* Martin, Wells, Martin Varnish Company, CmMarthv?^?" E.r Martin Varnish Company, Chi cago (M). MarwJn, E, W., Minnesota Linseed Oil Paint Company, St. Paul (F), __ Maston, Willard E.* Eagle-Plcher Lead Com pany* Cincinnati (M). ,,, A Matthias, John, New Jersey Zinc Sales Com pany, Chicago (M), ' .. Mathewe, L. D,, Marietta Paint Company, Co lumbus (ji). _ Matlock, R* W., George D. WetherUl Com pany, Philadelphia CM). ,*, A Matlock* Samuel R,, George D. WetherlllCom pany, Philadelphia (M). Mftuti, B., Mauta Paint ft Glass Company, Madison. Wisconsin (M). Melfiabt. M. A. American Varnish. Company* Chicago (M), Malum, H. A,, BenJ. Moore ft Company, Chl- Mefvln.^Geo, A., GMespIe-Rogera-Pyatt Com pany, New York (M, F). Merkin, M. J-* Merkln Paint Company, New Massinger, Geo. I.,, Natlonat Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, Washington (M). Meyer. Fred L., J. .Meyer & Sons, Philadelphia (Mi F). Michael* . -W., Chl-Namel Company, Cleve- Michel. Geo. J., C. A. Michel ft Company, Pittsburgh1 (My. ' * . n, ,, ^ Miles, G. National Paint, Oil and Varnish Association, Washington (M>. Miletl, Otto, Charles R, Long, Jr, Company, Louisville (F). 1A ,, , , Plumb, R. A., Truscon Laboratories, Detroit (M). Pohl, R, J., Oxldermo Products, Inc., Detroit <F). Porter, Boone/ Porter Paint Company, Louis ville (M). Porter, Elllft L*, Carter Paint Company, Lib erty, Indiana (M). Praeger, Charles H.( Bradahaw-Praeger ft Company, Chicago (M). Pratt, Malcolm F,* Standard OU Company of N. J., New York <F). Price, Burr, OH, Paint ft Drug Reporter, New York <M). Price, Thompson, )r,, Seidlltz Paint ft Varnish Company, Kansas City OF). Priest, G. H,, Jr,, American Paint Journal, St. Louis (M, F). Prince Robert >E,, James B. Day ft Co., Chi cago (F). Proheck, E. J., Jones-Dabney Company, Louis ville (F). Pr(oMc)t.er, T. R,, Procter ft Johnson, Chicago Puffer, H. E. American Commercial Alcohol Corporation, Philadelphia (M) Puterbaugh, Lon, Thresher Varnish Company, Dayton (F>. Rainey, R. F., Pittsburgh Paint Supply Com pany, Pittsburgh <M). Ransom, H. E., Ault ft WJborg Company of Canada, Ltd., Toronto (M), Raw, C. F,, Dr*. MeCloskey Varnish Company, Philadelphia (M). Raynolds, Paul B,, John W. Mlasury ft Eon, Chicago (M>* Ready, W, J., American Zino Company, Chi cago CP). Reardon, JM Vincent Reardon Company, St. Louis (M). Reardon, R. E.r The Reardon Company, Chi cago (M), Redheffer, F. N., Great Western Paint Mfg. Company, Kansas City (M). Reed, R. M,,- Western Dry Color Company, ration, Chicago (F). __ . - Gustavson, M. M., Diamond Products Company, Baok?a& A^Roarabildt Company, Dayton CM). Hagar, I* i).. Titanium Pigment Company, Hagsr. ^oSph^A^Qrand Rapids YaTM'<d' Cor poration, Grand Rapids. Mich. (M). Hatnea, E. H., Mrs,. E, A. Hainss, Chicago Hale! Wm. I,., Debevoisfi Company, Brooklyn Hambrook, Louis, Tborp-Hambrook Company, Ltd., Montreal (M, F) Hancock, H. H., Louloylllo Varnish Company, Louisville (M), , ,. Hanline, Leon S., Hanline Bros.. Baltimore Hama^R. P-. The Hanna Paint Mfg. Com Knau^SG6OTgie a., Imperial Co Io t Works, Inc,, Glens Falls. N. T. (M, F). Knausg, C, A,, John LUcaa ft Co*, Ino., Phila delphia (M, F). ._ Knoke, F. W,, American Zino Sales Company, 3t. Louie (M). Kohr. D. A., Lowe Bros. Company, Dayton Kortum, J. E., Jones-Dabney Company, Lo u Ib- Krumbhaar, Dr. "Wilhelm, Berlin, Germany Kuhn^H, J.. Kuhn Paint & Varnish Works, K^mmerow.^G. E*. Continental Can Company, Inc., Chicago (M), KurfeBS, J. F., Jr., Kurfess Paint Company, Louisville (M). , ,, v , . ,,- Miller, G, Harry, Paclflo Laboratories, Loa Angelea (F). Miller* H. J., McDougall-Butler Company, Inc., Buffalo (F). . MlHer, Leon W,, Barrett Company, New Ydrk (M), MlJIa, A. P,, DeSota Paint ft Varnish Com- pany, Memphis (F). MiTdch, Arthur, Nuodex Products, Ine,, New ark (F). ^ Minta. J. J., Advance Paint Company, Indian apolis (M). ' Mitchell. J* A., A; Burdsal Company, Indian- dlaoapoilfl (M). . Mohn, A., Midland Specialties Company, Chi- Moneypenn'y. T. F., Imperial Varnish ft Color Company, Ltd., Toronto (M). Moore, Robt. J., Bakellte Corporation, New Chicago (M). Reevee, S, French, John T* Lewis & Bros Company, Philadelphia (M). Relfschneider, John* Relfschnelder Paint and Glass Company, Omaha (M). Reisenstein, Louts J., Folk ft Company, Pltte- burgh (M, F). Riteuune., John L., National Lead Company, Chl- cage (M). Rtse, Herbert W,, U. S, Gutta Percha Paint Company. Providence, R. I, (M). Rice, Wayland W., U, S. Gutta Percha Paint Company, Providence (F). RiriiBJdfien, E. G., Shell Petroleum. Corpora tion* St. Louis (F). Richter, W., E. I* DuPont de Nemours ft Co., Wilmington (M). Biker, H. 9., Texas Mining ft Smelting Com pany, New York. pany, Columbus (M), , Haptonstall, P. A., Jr., Standard Ultramarine Company. Huntington, W. Va, (M), Harris, J. E,, Jr., J. E, Harris Company, Wooster, Ohio (M). . ,- Harshaw, W. J.. Harehaw Chemical Company, Cleveland <F). Kyger, E. R.f Sewall Paint ft Varnish Com pany, Kansas City (M). LaCava, L. J,, Continental Can Company, New L^fey/H**'E., Wilmington, Del. (M), Ladd, A. V*. Densol Paint Company, Cleve land (F), York (F). __ Morgan, L. E., HUnoie Paint Works, .Chicago (F). . Morpeth, W. R*. Krebs Pigment ft Color Cor- poratlon, Newark (M 1 Morris, C. P.. Blnney ft i Imlth Company, Phll- ftdelphla (M), Rile, J. H., Jr. (M), Ritchie, William A.* Standard Ultramarine Company, Huntington. W. Va, (M). Robbins, Clarence, A. Robbins Varnish Com pany, St, Louis (M). Roberts. Porley J.. Carpenter-Morton Company, Everett, Mo m* (F). , 78 November 16, 1933 ;OIL:, PA;I^TrANE)'I?P.UG REP.Q3RTER ' Roberto, w, b ,, Aluminum Company of Ameri ca, Pittsburgh (M). Robertson, D, w,, Titanium Pigment Company, New Turk (F), ... Robson, . 0. Standard Varnish Works, Chi cago (M). Rockwell. Fletcher W., St, `Louie Smelting- & Refining Works, New York.(bn. Roettker. B- H,, The B, H." Roettker Com pany, Cincinnati (M). Roh, Chas. J,, Wilson-Imperial Company, Newark (M). ' Roman, B, F., National Chemical A Manufac turing Company, Chicago (M). Rommel, Carl P., Bradley A Vrooman Com pany, Chicago (F). Roon, Leo. Nuodex Products Company, New ark <P). Roosevelt, R. M., Eagle-Ficfcar Lead Company. New York (ML Rose. Edgar S.T Sun OH Company, Philadelphia m. Rosen, M. A., Mantroae Corporation, Brooklyn, N. T. (M). Ross, Edgar S,, Sun Oil Company, Philadel phia CM). ,, Rowe, Harold, National Lead Company, Now York (M). , .. Ruhek, D, D., Anderson-Prlchard Oil Corpo ration, Chicago (F), . Rubin, Isidor, Rubieo Brush Mfg, Company, Inc., New York CM), Ruppert, E. W-. National Lead Company, Mil waukee (M). Rutheford, J, J., Bradshaw-Praeger Company, Chicago (Wf). ._ Ryan, L. W., United Color A Pigment Com pany, Newark (F). Ryqtetrom, C. L., Rockford Varnish Company, Rockford, HI. (F). Sampson, F, J. Sampson Paint A Color Co., Richmond. Va. (M). Sampson, H, Q.. Wra. J. Hough Company, Chicago (M). . Sanders-, Stuart, Sanders Bros., Richmond, Va, ; '' Sanderson. John McE., American Cyanamld & Chemical Corporation. New York (F) ' Sargent. H. <?.. Harry Sargent Paint Company, Indianapolis (M>. ' `, Saunders.' A. T,, Traseon Laboratories, Detroit (D. '1 " Sawyer. F. K-, Werner G. Smith Company, Cleveland (K). ., ,, ,, Schaefer. Ralph F., Schaefer A Company. Louisville (31). ' Sohantz, J. M.. Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington <F). Soliciting, Arthur A,. John W. Masury A Com pany, Brooklyn (F). ' SchJnke. Carl H., Blabee Linseed Company, Chicago Heights <M). Schneider, Geo. W., jr,, Fey Paint Company, Inc.. Cincinnati (M). r Schoales. W. W., Dominion Linseed Oil Com pany, Toronto (M), Schrelber, Harry, Krebs Pigment A Color Cor poration, Chicago (M). . Schumann, A.. G.. Hilo Varnish Company, Brooklyn CM). __ ^ Schumann, Carl J,, Hilo Varnish Corporation, Brooklyn CM). Schumann, Frank M,, Hilo Varnish Corp., Brooklyn (F). Schwalb. William L.t Hilo Varnish Corpora tion, Brooklyn (F). Schwartz, C, R.. Pyramid Faint Company (F). Schwartz, W, O., patek Bros., Inc.. Milwau kee (M>, ' Seder, Fred H., Hooker Glass & F&lftt hffg, Company, Chicago (F). ' ' r, Seebach. E, J., Eagle-Picher. Lead Company, Chicago (F), : . Seidlitz, C. N.. Seldlttz Paint & Varnish Com pany, Kansas City (M). . . gallon. John, American Zinc Sales Company. New York (Pi. Shade, Curtis Amos, American .Varnish Com pany, Chicago (F), Shannon, Robert K., National Faint, Oil & Varnish Association, Washington (M). Shive, R. S., Arco Company, Cleveland (F). Shuger, Herman H., Baltimore Faint & Color Worka, Baltimore (F). - ' Sldford, H. G., National. Lead Company; New York (M). . SJl'berman, Israel, Paragon Paint A Varnish Corporation, Long Island City (M). S!me, W. W., U, S. Color Card Company, Chicago <M). Simms, a W., Wabash Products Company, Terra Haute, Ind, (F). Sinclair, Gordon D,, Rarahaw Chemical Com pany, Chicago <M, F). Sinclair, H. Murray, Malcolm Sinclair Com pany, Ltd., Toronto <F). . Slocum, ` CUrence W., Beckwlth-Chandler Com pany, Newark (M). Smith, Arnold, Winnipeg, Canada (M). ' Smith, Byron J,, Indianapolis Paint & Color Company, Indianapolis (M). Smith, Harry C., Harry C. Smith Coq-pany, Memphis (M), Smith, Howard, Bakellte Corporation, Cleve land (F5, Smith, H. Vernon, MeDougall-Butler Company, Inc., Buffalo1 (M, F). ' Smith, Norman L., Blnnoy & Smith Company, New York (F), ' Smith, Robert J,, Indianapolis Paint A Color Company, Indianapolis (F), Sodemann, A. E., Krebs Pigment A Color Cor poration, Newark (P). ' Sollneky, R. S., Continental Can Company, New York (M). ' Somers. Andrew L,, Fred L, Lavanburg Com pany, New York (M). Somers, Fred L. Fred I*. Lacanburg & Com pany, New York (M). Somer, P., North Bergen Paint & Varnish Company, North Bergen.' N. J, (M). J Gorenson, S. O., Archer-Danlel-Mldlajid Com pany; Minneapolis (F) '' ' Sohl, George T., Resinous Products A; Chemi cal Company,' Cleveland'(F). ' '' Sorrlok, K. M,, Oxidertoo Products, Ino-, De troit (F), Sparrow, Eugene B,, Imperial Vomleh & Color Company, Ltd,, Toronto (F). Spaulding, D. E.. Payson Vamfah Company, New York City <M). Spitz, R. J,, General Naval Stores Company, New York (M, F). Spruance. Gilbert, Gilbert Spruance Company, Philadelphia (M). ...................... Stanton, A, H., U/S. Color Card Company, Chicago (M). ' Stark, It. C,, Pratt A Lambert, Inc., Buffalo (F), . Stabler, Earl C.i United States Bronze Powder Works, Inc.-,1 Chicago (M).' Staudermsn, A. B,.' Devo^ A Reynolds Com pany, New York <F), Sterling, R, J.. U. S-. Gyneum. Company. Chi cago CM). Stpven^on, W- ShplL Petroleum C9rp., Chl- Vernon, Franklin, Savogran Company, W* " cago (F);- ' ingtidh (M)..................................... ' . Stewart, James K,t And^raon-Frlchard Oil 'Corpofation, Chicaed (F)< ' Stewart, Jeffrey R., Institute of Paint A Var- hieh- Research, Washington (M, F), 1 ' Volt,-s-Franlc T.,. French-Wolf Paint Prodoeh Corporation, Philadelphia (F). , 1, *' Vo h s j A, : F.j American Paint Journal, St, Ste^vart, S. H., S. H,-Stewart Company, --C1U- . Louis (Mj F). ' . cago (M, F). ' :. * Waga, J. C,, Fatterson-nSargent Compatiy, Stocking, A, E., DeLore Division, National Pigments A Chemical -Company, Bt. Louis (F), - Stodder, C. K., Savogran,. Company, Boston (M). ' Stoffel, A. F., S. C. Johnson & Son, Racine (M). Stoneman, Win. H,, M, G. Stoqeman & Son, Albany (M). - Cleveland (F). ^ Walker, R. O., Thlbaut A Waiker Company, ' Lon^ Island City (M). 1 '_ Wampler, Rollln H,, Southern Varnish poratlon (BO, _ .,, 'J Wandtke, A. P.. Calco Chemical Conjpenii Bound Brook, N. J. <M). Watson, J. D,, Watson-Standard Compaor, Streesen-Reuter, Fred A,, Fred A. Streesen Pittsburgh (M), Reuter, Chicago (M). Weaver, E. W-, Spencer Kellogg A Sons Sals Sullivan, Charles La Jr,. Thresher Vamlsh Corporation, St. Louis (M), Company, Dayton <M, F). Webster. H. E,, Pratt A Lambert, Inc., Buf Sutherland, George, H. B, Davis Company, Baltimore (F), falo (M), . Werthan, S-, New Jersey Ztno Company, Pal* Sullivan, Phil A., Phil A, Sullivan, St,. Louis (M). .. tnerton. Pa. (F). __ , _ ^ .. c- Wertz, F. A,, Varcraft Works, Inc., Potts- Vf Sulzberger, Frank L,, Enterprise Paint.Manu ' town. Pa. (M). ,,,, ., facturing Company, Chicago (M).- . Wethorill, A. P., Wetherill A Bros., Phlladel- s Swales, Herbert A., Spencer Kellogg A Sons phta (M). ,,L Sales Corporation, Chicago (M). .- Wherry. G. A,, G. A. Wharry A Compaajr, Swanaon. Oaoar H,, Swanson Wallpaper A Now York (M). , ,. . Paint Company, Mankato, Minn. (M). H Whltescarver, Jas. F,, U. S- Industrial Alcohol Sweney, W, H.p 9t. Paul White Lead A Oil Company, Baltimore (M). __ _ Company, St. Paul (M). Whiteway, P. J., George D. Wetherill A Com Thayer, Allyn K,, C. K. Williams A Company, pany, Philadelphia (M, F). Easton, Pa. (F), .Whlttam/F. FI, John Lucas A Company, Inc., Thomas, A, B., W. H. Kemp Company, New Philadelphia (M). ' York (M). Wlegel, J, B.. Hercules Powder Company, Thomaa. S. S., Western Roaln A Turpentine Wilmington (M, F), Company, Detroit (M), '' Wilkinson,- Horatio L,, Debevoise Company, Theurer, Frederick L., Pittsburgh Plate Glass Brooklyn (M). . Company, Milwaukee (F), Wilkinson, William H.-, Oliver Johnson A Com Thompson. C, T.,' Thompaon-Hayward Com pany, Inc,, Providence (F). pany, Kansas City (M). Williams, H. J., General Plastics, Inc., North Thompson, J. V., Thompson A Company, Pitts Tonawanda. N. 7. CM. F). burgh) (M). Williams, H, Zj ., Acorn Refining Company, Tllgner, Charles, Olsen A Tllgner Mfg, Com Cleveland (F), ' pany, Chicago (2d, F). Willis, CV W., George S, Mepbam A Company, Tobey,- Virgil W., Boston Varnish Company, Chicago (B^. . Everett, Maes. (F). Wllllsdh, Ai W,, Deep Rock Oil Corporation* Todd, J. D., Sherwin-Williams Company, Chicago (H). . ' ' Cleveland CM, F), Wilson, E. F.r E. H. Halnea, Chicago (H), Towns, George P., George P, Towns, Buffalo Wlahntck, Robert, Wlshuick-Trumpeer, Ina, ' (M), .. New York (M). '' Trask, Arthur C., Arthur C, Trask Company, Wittenberg, a . J., Stroock A Wittenberg Cor Chicago'{MJ. ' poration. New York (M, F). Trask, warren T,, - Geudsr-Paeschke A Frey Wood, John G,, The Boydell Bros. Company, Comptuoy, Chicago (M). ' '' ' Detroit (M). ' '' Trigg, Hrneet T-, John Lucas A Company, Philadelphia; (M). '' ' Wood, J. H,, Strandard Varnish Works, Chi cago (M)................. '' ' ` Trimmer, M. R,, American Agricultural Chem- . Woodlock, H. J,, Schroeder Paint 'A Glass ' leal Company. Detroit (F). " " ' Company, Detroit (M). Trott, -L. H,, New Jersey Zinc Company, New Woolsey, Harry, C. A, Woolsey Paint A Color York '(F). '" ' Company, Jersey'City (M). ' Troxell, D. A., Publican Commercial Alcohol Wright, Fred C,, Barrett Vamlsh Company, Company, Chicago (M), ' Chicago (F). '" Trural, Geo. W.P Cleveland-CIlffs Iron Com- . Wortele, V,, -Mlnnssota Linseed Oil Paint nany; Cleveland (Ml ), Company, Minneapolis (M), Tumpeer, Jos, j., Wlahnlck-Tumpeer, Inc., Yajmall, Walter PM YarnaJl Paint Company, Chicago (M). ' .................. Turner, G, L., Truscon Laboratories, Detroit Philadelphia (31). . ZelssJer, Hetman W., Edmonton Paint .A (M). Glass, Ltd.. Edmonton, Canada (F), ' Turkington, V. H,, Bakellte Corporation, Now - Zimmerman, Leon, Capitol Paint .& Vamlsh York (F). - . Works, Chicago (M). Valance, Edward H,. Spencer Kellogg A Sons, Inc:, Buffalo (F). . Zinsser, Rudolph, William Zinsser A Company, New York (M), Van Allen, L. R., L. R. Van Allen A Com Zoller, Miles N., Eagle-Picher Lead'Company, pany, Chicago (M). Cincinnati (M. F). '' Van Houten, C. B,, W, P, Fuller A Company, Zuck. -Gordon D., Wilson A Bennett Mfg, Com- Portland, Ore, (M). pajiy, Chicago (F). -- Contents of This Issue National Faint, Vamist and lac National Paint, Oil wad Varnish quer Association........................ 7 Association............................... 29 Amalgamation Formalities........... 1 .Code Discussion.................................. 13 Constitution and Bj--L-aws............. 7 Election ................................................. Nominations ........................................ 7 Officers ........... ...............;...................... 5 Code for the Paint Industry.,.. 17 Industrial Sales Conference----- 21 Competition from Raw Materials Suppliers ................................. .. 22 Cost of Developing and Servicing and Their Abuses........................... 22 New Era in Industrial Sales......... 21 Profits in Industrial Sales............. 22 Trade Sales Conference............... 23 Better Business Bureau.................... 26 Clean Up and Paint Up.................... Discounts and Rebates................... 27 Interior Quality Paints.................... 26 Presentation of Topic...................... 23 Inferior Quality Paints....................... 26 Amalgamation Proposal.............29 Clean Up and Paint Up Reviewed 34 Coiqmjttea Reports:--7 Arbitration ............ 37 Chamber oi Commerce........... 37 Clean Up and Paint Up...........35 Club Programs....:.,.............. 33 Code of Ethics....... .................. 37 Credits and Collections............. 33 Exports' and Foreign Trade.. 37 Fiax ....... ............................. 37 Flax Institute........................... 37 Legislation .............................. 36 Manufacturers ......................... 37 Membership ............................. 39 Memorials ................................ 40 Paint Distributors.................... 40 Simplification ..'...................... 40 TaxifT ..................... .................. 40 Trademarks ........................... 40 Traffic ..................................... 40 Dissolution Voted....... ............... 30 General Manager's Report........... 31 Memorial Resolutions.................. 36 Presentation of Topic................. 23 Sales at a Profit........... ........................ 25 Save the Surface.................................. 2$ Why Certafn Practices Shpuld Go 27 President's Address..................... 30 Reception of Delegates..,......... . 29 Treasurer's Report....................... 31 American Paint and Varnish Federation of. Paint and Varnish Manufacturers' Association.. . 43 Production Clubs.......................52 Amalgamat-On Discussed........... 47 Banquet .................................. 73 Dry Colors Report..................... 53 Committee Reports:-- Cost Accounting.................... .... so Fire Prevention................... .. 50 Lacquer and Synthetic G,ums. 60 Membership !......... ................. 50 Naval Stores and Petroleum Products ............................... 47 Plant Managers.................... .. 43 Returned ..Goods.......................61 Save the. Surface..................... .47 Tung on...........................................51 Unfair Competition................... 45 Exposure Test Report......... ........ 53 Golf Tropliy Report................... 53 Kpumhb.aar. Dr. W.. .Address.... 62 . Memorials. Report........................ 52 Qfflceifs. ......................................... 52 Plant Managers' Report.'..... 52 President's..Address..... ................ 52 . Secretary's Report....... .................. 62 Technical Papers:-- Baltimore Club.......................... 53 Chicago Club............................. 54 Cincinnati - Dayton-Indianapo-: ' 11s Club....... .......................... 56 Dissolution Voted......................... 50 Cleveland Club............................ 59 Detroit Club................................63 Educational Bureau's Report___.44 Memorial Resolution.................... 50 Montreal Club........................... 64 . New. England Club..... 65 New York Club....................... 67 Northwestern Club...................... 68 President's Address...................... 43 Save the Surface Reviewed......... 46 Philadelphia' Ciub......... .............72 Pittsburgh Club........................ 69 St. Louis Club........................... 70 ' Scientific Section's Report___ _ 44 Treasurer's Report.......................43 Toronto Club............................. 72 Treasurers' Report........................ 52 Trigg, E, T.--Address.................... 52 Unfair Competition Bureau's . Second Paint Industry- Show.... 74 Report- ........................ 45 Convention.Attendance lust.... 78 Index to Advertisements ........................____________ ...51