Document LgjezzJ7GMd0V2nGzoNDJYxB7

SCF-FA-0010 PRODUCED BY FDR n Nairelschmidt: Dual Content in Lung* with A&bcatosie 66 DUST CONTENT AND ASKESTOSJK, .MADE s jnW'UJMiKMNIOHlR* . vV;i exposure. followed by one year out of dust. He found many asbestos bodies ihd fewer needles of free a*bo*toa end identified the Utter .v chry*uii)e t>r> the basis of their ii|iiic*l iiruiiertirs. The refrertive mile* seemed simitar' id material believed t be gypsum which he found in some section*. bire fringence was Inif w/lh the higher refractive index parallel to the fiber ftablishrMiti, " England Hit, and the fibers behaved similarly to fresh chrysotlle in acid leaching .experiments. . '' 1: -' Bfgcr made many measurements of the frequency and dimensions of the . i^f-a asbestos bodies and fibers and estimated that one cubic cm. of lung c6-'i \lf. in UwO$t *lMd 002 * nf asbestos. This would be equivalent to 40 m*. for . |sis of the dust found in lunge;1*] 1 or a number of years. StudIs*. i nets (coal, hematite, and tin); ' i vide range of techniques has'.. " volume of litres for Imth lungs. He gave the average dimensions of the free fibers as 60 g long and 0.6 fi wide. Koppenhsfer (1H35> examined by dark field microscopy tissue sections of the same lung embedded in bromobentene (refractive index. 1.6601 and found very large numbers of needles 1 which S-M.lt.K. is concerned, .-i far smaller than those described by Beget, but these would not add much in of the disease is that the V/fr to the estimated weight. The identification of the asbestos as chrysotile snd ? he dissolution product, siiicsl;;* tie weight estimates roust both be considered unreliable by present-day standsrds.. , . J-a dust inhaled directly fran^fl I -----i--------------- Suhdiua and Bygdin (1988) worked on samples of the lungs of an as- and died 2Vi months V'tfjg been stored in a galvan- ^ , sgyj' imi rcwi <i>i psvrtoi efr 8iiKtut,r contaminated with tine salts. ^ Mure recent y t r wor -V.. The authors usod the hydrogen peroxide method, which they had developed. , genic eflecta of as >c* <* "J < to destroy the lung tissue, and they also used a mechanical method: filings l.R.E. ha* recen y en " :Vj , $ the wet lung were sieved io water, the sieved suspension was centrifuged, he Pneumoconiosis eses 4B(J ^ washed successively with water, alcohol, and bentene. The -,;it. in carrying <>u` UDf * a.? rtaldilf was then fractionated with mixtures of acetylene tetrabromlde 1 any definite conclusions. tht|i^ .sad btnsene... The heaviest fraction, of densityabove 2J7/contalDfd 'tree sent paper 1,iT,, .... .............. 'v?:sSS^fe*?' il'.'hdaV asbestos'bodies. '/ . ;Mr. fSt- .oundin the literature frqcfjj I ,, 'Prom a quantitative study of 260 gm. wet hmi/eorresponding to ( I of the lung dust in asbest deat bf wori seems to bii sfdh'etflung.ths authors estimstod. that Jn 'both'Vung* there were about .OigTu.of free asbestos needles and 0.6 gm. of sib^ftM fnsi(de bodies! giving .m'';.; ; I "* of lungs. These slw together 1.4 gw. of asbestosV: theyalso'eatimaU a-aituilar.amount of other;-?,/-- ;j .v\ yfcsbeatosis, before the rlAH I; Mineral dust to have been pre*ejit(qusrU,' i^lW'e^?Y*.V`tolil tninaraI $ Ji'at death were in the middle! Visit Was 2.8 gm. As figures for per cent dried lurig they give -^asbestos. jrs. and the intervals btw< ^ ii&t tetit. total mineral 1 order of 1 year or Itsa^T ' CCoilslderable effort was (pent oh the' IdentlficatWof t% type of aabest (along* -to this 'bertodl;11H*>5 m mi 8000 0960 PRODUCED BY FORD l.'VTf mm *i> \ ' 66 Annals New York Academy of Sciences Nagelaehmidt tractive index in the fiber direction, with ny most near 1.70 but-varytat" fibers, or what propo down to l.eS, No clear evidence waa obtained for the presence, in the leaf etcojrtileable as fibers. duet.of eroeldoliteor ehrysotile. .. . . . In a later publieation Beger (1949/1060) questioned the identifleatiot Th Lung Dust C .. , by Sundiua and Bygd&t, of the asbestos as a hornblende variety and trW ^./Several yesrsago a '1 ; to prove that they.had in fact been studying a chemically altered chrysotlh' iftWInes Research Estal . but his arguments do not seem convincing. . ' %of asbestos is. Most of ; The only later work to be mentioned here is that of Beattie and Km* v:;th.e.. London Pneutnoco (1961). These authors examined samples of lung, lymph glands, and pleuin: j^ieaearch (Jolt in Cat of 60 people who had been exposed to asbestos, mainly ehrysotile. for pi i|jhlnlmal, moderate.Or : ' longed periods. They distinguished four grades of asbestoaia, none, minlmil gloria given by Beattie moderate, and aevere, and determined the amount.of mineral dust obUlmi Inmost cases who' lVydr^i^ia.T^r^p^i t&eW c h*t)st"iAvsrat>d4e< were minced, tissue. ... - :v ..... ... ' f;; ^ground lung were as! . . ^determined chemically tfttaoted with 0.1 N ..toyb l^lWwAiihMiiaIN Aumosia, Arrta Bemt**nKtiox-(1961) '! mineral residup for ^my dlffruction." ,>: Grade of Asbestoaia * None Minima] Moderate .Number of cuw / 16 ' " *Mineral content mg./gnt,v:4^\!3.; dried lung* ;; ;trv ter^*-v.v` - vs'^'i^A&Mr'idiaagtS S'Doat exp6eu^jreW.^sS3HS iftS* .{ 1 -18 'IV ^urvivni;. yean ?***?. ! Duet accumulation, mgygm'.-^er object ofthe* ^fjia completely as poasi Sever*. JflltUe u possible. Expe I^TRbodesia (previously eampl$) and^wlth.nor ?iptdroehlorie `acid.;*?'d i^gaa finally used *a a*. m* >\\. -AvwaocQi |v*^ti i'A IN mf*/fma ^u4ljl fm. la a pair tone* at $00 fm. dry r*i$fct >4^^jHAv BAu'.hcS'i 'M-'^..'1 S-W5-Aw.(:v!^*A** eonoeirned. her* only wlthehocsts lor theluhga, which are sut^J '' a'' ' marlned In TABUC 1. There ls.no dear correlation between the average iuxj ^ytasidus per cant.drtcc dust .coacentratfoe And, . the grade of aibestosis,- but the lungs yith.tl*] highest] grade of iWolrhad.the.lQngMt'iuryivai;Interya '(period Jbetwsnj G^iiftaag* '-t i^/iii' v'^ood".of- d-ust ex"posure and.d.e.a.th.).am ths ^ow<(llt calculated dust a$jjta&f j^J'JNo. of,eamplas -V Rssldus in grams in t? Baattie and Konx also countml and msuurvd the asVatiw fibers In'tM l\l residurs, and (hey found that in severe asbestos Is the proportion of loit|2?j.?>. ! Msen ^; fibers tabovs 16 *4) to all fibers or partlels* was coouldoruhly lowsr ths*c^." yj0- o( samplss In the throe other grsdrs, but they say nothing about the nalurt of thf* ;-.-ju--- ;.i.. w" 6000 09&1 . ' ' PRODUCED BY FORD N'gvUchnuH: Duet Content in J.unga with Aetx'xtusis <17 V.tU liut xarylh*' . scnce. In the lung . fU^rx. m wlutt >>ri>|ntlitl) of (hr recognisable a* fibers. in (h residue* vnt In fnct jjjalMlcattoV") .variety and tried '. -J The Im%p Duat t'oaiml of Asbestos Worker* /row Creof Britain Several yean ago a preliminary study had been made in the Safely in ^cred chryoti)(', ; Mines heararch Eat* bl ishment of the duet in the lungt of tome 20 eases . of ssbestonl*. Moot of the lungs had been auppllod by R, "M. McGowan of . desttie n<t Knoifc > /lands. and pleur* ' bryotlle, for pr#*' ! da, none, minlmypi Jeral dust obtained ' one-lcnth normal': * mg./gm. dried! the London Pneumoconiosis Medical Panel, other* by th* Pnvumneonlosis Research Unit In Cardiff. The grade of aabeatoaia had been assessed a* minimal, moderate, or never* by the pathologists concerned, using the criItrla Riven by Beattie and Knox (1961. p. *20). In most case* whole lung* (right, kft. or both) were available, and representative samples of one or both lungs were used for analysis. The stmples were minced, dried, and ground. Between 20 and SO gm. of dried ground lung were ashed at 38CTC., and total silica and iron oxide were determined chemically on part of the ash. Another sample of ash was ex i n Knox (IfiCl) tracted with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, washed with water, and dried to give a mineral residue for examination by light and electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. * . . .. . : . : letteela The object of the acid treatment was to remove endogenous lung salts ' ' V completely as possible end st the same time to attack the asbestos as .oderate Severs'!' little as possible. Experiments with a fine chrysotile sample from Southern Rhodesia (previously used by Smith tf of., 1901 sad referred to as 2.6 n . '&i: sample), and with normal lung ash, were' made with different buffer* and iP*1.'. .hydrochloric acid at different concentrations, and 0.1 K hydrochloric acid 6.9 5.2'>:' 1 w% \hlch are sirtt('*; ~ , >fe average, luaf' is lungs with tM.-J J (period betw*t|. eddust accumtffssjS --------------------------- -------"--" atoe,ffhsre-tn.J| erahbrMrtMfriO^ the nature ot !ly. M PRODUCED RV mvn I -tv*. 6~8 AjjjvrU Nw York Academy of Science# ii. Nagclschmi ***. >**-*iiV'::'. _r . : "?' < ' V,;.;.-..:r,.: y^y'--(: .' *ttf<r.f*c? p*>i for- . .' % ASBESTOS ESTIMATES IN MlNWAl RESIDUES Or v ' Aascerosi* Lungsmow Gsv-vr Btnux : * ' ; ... . .** * * ' Avcmss Am .::V) irt.; liw."- * a' ' Per cent dried 1Ka-v.-- - ' ' Mean 810- T Rai*e ij. M&stm ei.jwmp V,reaidue found'ere given - in'table 2.' There is * (light increase is tte ^;<\T li J^jji : :*f :vv' &&& **j * *' ^ . amount of duet with increasing grade oMbrosis,-but the differencs'le! r^j|Mi^..ainir -tween-the modcTateandseveregroo^ianot significant, and the dtt; the two asbestos t; expressed a* per cent dried lung show hardly any difference. : ' `'ttitv-e identification r^lduea^^re jwainJDed by..Iight.iteroec<>pr. The amount of ftbert ^.Bfcroaeopy.wr X-> 'in a few wrildues. Identi '/ of amai) amount . '' JfKleaaa J(ifoMn ojkdf aa s*Lbe*sItaoas* 'ab--y- XV -. ray AdiiJfBf^raa ActiiioAani wasWbaa--aaejIdmomnetVhaeaampaplaeaaraamnacaeesaai l residues. . . intensities of four lines dt 9,4 6, 8,8, and 8.1 angstrom units. Line intenii- _ ./The, average an ities and liber frequencies were scored roughly a* "`nil or trace.*' "son*/ - given in TABLE 4. $\Wtween moderate '!^wU,;lted..on P3 .WiilrsU w*`?nT'4) te'.l'per cent of atilca weight but these are rough guesses. If one assumes thatw yVjqgidup .may well W. - ^'.Vv'g .V.-jj .'feild^ee ^rhich showed more than trace* of asbestos all contained It ^ y .' Tha tron conte ;4'.* ..^^.;;^^i.-;^^.j)^ cent,j4ha^th*,ayerare:aiouht of asbestos found In these {tings wouM fy; people-not expose- " ir,; y,,'haVe beenfiaTper oent dried lung (range 0.06 to 0-84 per cent tgcjr less this obtained by us is ' '' ' 0-5 gm. (range 0.17 to 0.70 gm.)' In both lungs, but this ia likely to be w may have come f overestimate. . hy microscopy In The type of asbestos found was amosite rather than erocidolite, if one i eos) miners with accept* the criterion of the larger refractive Index being along the fiber '' ihown In Tantr. ' axis as proof. The X-ray diffraction patterns obtained in 9 cm. diameteri';-minerals), and c< PQv 8066 0963 M I^rV'yityvjlrir^A*'Jws.'t "'T' PRODUCED BY FORD NHvtoWhiuiiilDust Content i Lungs with Aitaiueis 81i 1'ssi*. a AvtAi;g A Minima ur NlU ani> Vi>,Oj in ANnwnisi* I.I'niiii riuiM : ' C*MT UsITAIN . ' Crsde of Fibrosis ' * Minimal Moderste Severs AU Per cool dried lut . ' ' Mean StOj per cent ; Range . - o.oe 0.23 ' V." 0.24 -i 0.1* 0.06-0.10 0.05-0.69 0.12-0.31 *' ' Mean FtjOs per cent 0.26 0.41 0.44 0.40 Range 0.20.8.36 0.15-0.91 0.33-0.54 ; the rcmninimg ' .ol*med light- No. of samples Crams in both lungs 3 10 7 20 e and eurvivJP. grouped by d ':' !mts of mine! Mean S10 Mean Fe^Og No. ol samples 0.16 0.58 3 0.52 1.06 . 10 0.76 1.30:.; 7 0.4S 0.86 20 . .increase in ' -t difference cylindrical cameras with cobalt Ka radiation show no clear differences for /;t, and the di . two ssbestoe types when these art present in small quantities. No posifvt identification of chrysolite could be made in any of the residues by 'amount of 'flbtf ilcroacopy'or X-ray diffraction, but most residues showed the presence lrestduesvlde-J ! small amounts ..of quarts, and unidentified lines occurred In .several v ;|!4ppe*fnrie ^ AUM-T The average amounts of silica and iron..oxide found In the lungsare tan'll* tshi 4. As with the miners] residues, there is no clear difference . ets of score* e ween moderate and severe fibrosis although the figure* for. minimal i are set out} rusts, based on three lungs only, are lower. If.alt silica found by ash ' fsis wu in the residues these would, on average, have contained IS ytO, i. and! jar cent of silica (range 4 to S3 pet .cent); tn fact, the silica content of the h assumes tbafo itdueimay well have been stilliower.. . aU contained flhe.Von pontent of the hinge Is well aboye that found for lungs tf \ these tuns* *r `oplttoot exposed to dust which' accordlng ibo the literature and to-datar; r cent) or lessi tallied by. us i of the order of 0.1per cent dried lung. Much'sif thtiltron , : a is J/kely to .) `"hsW dome; fraridebris of adbeatos bodies 'which wss lound `Copiously. " t.,,erpcld9JltcC';k dnt'JjjoijkfJJw microscopy In the mineral. residues. The. Iron -QOMtant: ........ other wltb the sveragO 'anyoirD' rid * in 9 cm! dU* srtiO ,Vmcompared with the data for the asbeatoaU lunre^Tbea* IP Mi* VM,. 5$gjs I'A'v' BOtfi 096q rr*wi w***T!i+wi'yr***' PRODUCED BY FORD I 70 Annals New York Academy of Sciences' st;.-, N ageist '' .Tasuc i J' . CoMrAjuso* or Ison and DVn Content or .. Absestos M'oucots' Lvnos m Similas Data for Coal Minus with Bimflc Pneumoconiosis ,'Vould be exaa j';- and industrial V and split into (laid. Dust iso' '* ' *' * Coal mlneri ' X-ray catecoryr 0 . .' : ,, ;'. ; PejO, per cent dried lone O.it Total duat In both lungs (grams! ' 8.4 . ,20 Bo. ot lunga 34 method of Th i:;.:.'wcmined by c In the Shell .thelhod devtlo; :V:j 'f low unit f ^destroyed by ^;6et*t'ej 'And t> 0.M 30 " 'v 1* VA'-> Aebeatoe workers' hnat :.L ' Iroea Great Britain . . d.< . ' - weu^not^etU' JV::- decomposed. A lungs ore into ...... . .............. . . .... ,. . ...grouped aecon v'V-j "beve about a* mutblron as the lung* of coal miners with X-rny eateirory together wi Is *... 1 but contain far leas duet. flbroaiel -Th p;.. l\r % *"' ' average *ravtiov vokf Ea tjOi twio BoitOvii,, *aJs per icxemnt duruiecdv t<aunngpa(i fjQorr.. ux i;`.;.tVyplPec oif wMubensvt whole eerie* U 2.7, and it tend* to rise a> the AbrosU grade falls, but tht .'^'amount ofresi. ',s ' acatter of values is high. : ij ';' *`i "*?' ;.i .' , '<: . I xfi'4 va' -'. M AS a . . An attempt, was * ' A -vf ,* ' v Microscopic y' ' ff/*' Wa-,._t n ' ..It > exposureYldfUJ The main conclusion, from this study of sabestoeis .lungs from Grtit Britain i* that In Ver half the!1unf:sl>!'irrespecti're of grade' of Abroais, ns -.IKV-iB Tangla*______ jiies ioststanps Asbestos workers In Great;Britain aeuiUly hav* mixed.dust -exposure: m'fti'3''!j5wildoll In the sense that they;may hate been'jexpoeed'ioVAr^^ . taffy erocidolite dusts.' ' * . ***' ; In order to be certain of the type of dust exposure one has .to find m* v . " ; who' onty worked in' specific miana, t. 4?. Warner of the Pneumocnninsb ?. Xoetlc sc . par oant < HoaWch Unit, Cardiff,and formorlyrof the Pneumoconiosis Krasnrch Unit {;.' . ' In Johannesburg, South Africa. arrangNUUirough I. Webster of Johannes r\ ; Mean r. Range burg, for such lungs to be made availabte- Tbe.plan.was that the luaei i j .--- , vv' ' 8&00 6965 jp^j| PRODUCED BY mo n Nageiachnoidt: Dust Content in Lungs with Asbcstosia . would be examined In Johannesburg, the (trade of atibealonis determined, and fn'funtrf*! histories taVun. The lunge would fhcii lx- dried end ground .V and split into two portion* for d(it analysis In Johannesburg end Shef- . 'f. of lung* msthod of Thomas *nd Slegemann (19W). and the residues would be examined by chemical and physical methods. ; r,_ of low rank from coal miners' lungs. In this method the lung tissue is U 3ft destroyed by treatment with a mixture of acetic acid and ammonium 41u acetate, and the residues are further treated with formic Mid. Tests with 1 smosita, erocidolite. and chrysotile had ahown that the former two minerals were not attacked or altered by (his treatment although chryaotile was decomposed. At the time of writing analytical data and information on the lung* are incomplete. However, the numbers of the lungs ao far examined, (rouped according to grade of fibrosis and type of dust, are ahown in Table .-ray ca\*jrwy/l I. together with the average amount* of residue for the different grades .of fibrosis. The residue^ averaged 2 per cent dried lung, and'neither the I unge, for theld type of asbestoa nor grade of fibre*is showed any dear relationship to the 1 Ma.uia-. bi.,u,4t tHi j smsunt of residue. - I 'v I silica values Microscopic inspection showed the number of fibers in the residues to trr from nil tn significant proportions, and fiber frequencies were scored ! Itncy tor high .' as -trace or nil," "some," and "much," as with the lung residues from {ied lung, to bo;1 Crelt Britsin. Out of 22 residues four were scored as containing "much" : clods. but tit* aad five "some" asbestos, while 14, over half the samples, showed only traces {hit no deflnitf W fibers. Fiber frequencies were not related to grade of fibrosis but ^ ^ Amount .. . Tail* 6, .. ............... !:3';vv' ! v' ' Asambw* Lvttcg mow town Ararcai .------,,. WiSr' Houata or lA'VOs with birrmnwr dunea or Praaosu as 1 1 Trims or Assonoft, AHb Acetic Acio Resipux Context' hen why. tiOst eieposu, amosHa, as fid;find -:lneumoopbloi Research \Ji r etf JobtnM|| 'that the f-'- ' PRODUCED BY FORD 72 Ann*Is New York Academy of Sciences Tablc 7 Fun Estimate* in Acme Acib Knmtin or Asasarosis Luncs ntoM South Amic* v` Vi' Fiber estimate -_ 'r ' --~1"--` ij -^OhMlecf FH>roli':ftfe w:- Minimel' Moderate Severe AH' 131 2 31' ' 0 ft ft 2 Nairelschmidt - ***. -'nyi* ' 1 Grade Ol ' ... Asbeetoel* Severe f ,f' i'if't: \ ifntailrfkkelddlyv t(oA ttyVpVe^ oftff aftslbkeiiatitioMs. uai sshVoawmmni iSnm t*aMmjmo 71and><( 8fi. Aill the l*rm tfe*. fibers seen bit the .residue* had the larter refractive index parallel to tb ^! } ' fiber direction and could have been amosite. No X-ray diffraction diaeriw' f*'* . of the re*tdues;we^ta$ned.;iv^>^*ii^i^ii(aas^ife^'b'- V- tt'v ft ' ' ''' Sa# [fra i. . Aoer--i.-.- a Taakia/nAi* ^ .' ' - -- Moderate V- ' ' ' ' Type of Aabeatoa '.. Crocldollle ^ C `interval betvetc Trace or oooa . . Soma. .. Much.. swvwuiwvswaaetft - .*. V ' ?:. 4 '' _ ' . i. - 0 ' 6000 0967 f| PRODUCED BY FORD I Nnirolschmidt: Dual Content in Lun^s with Asbeetosis 7S ' Tajjc * Dctajus Data roa Zb AucsTMie Lunds mox Great Britain Cie No. ' r ' Quit exposure; Dt-ied Ortde Year* - welfht of . of both ^ftbUtOlU to Out* lut* (gram* Per cent dried hu| Aib ` Mineril reeidue 610} PejOj Aebeeto* Of reeidue l* ' i 2 3 4 All the torjtf*' 6 t parallel to th 7 ! action diwrrRTM^ 1 '!;'Jf . 10 Severe . s 17 43 6 16 3 20 37 15 12 33 4 14 17 121 8.9 3.0 0.12 0.47 0 346 5.5 2.4 0.37 0.54 0 307 4.3 2.0 0.25 0.34 0 346 6.3 2.0 0.21 0.40 1 336 5.0 0.6 0.20 0.33 0 300 4.0 0.6 0.20 0.40 . 2 362 7.5 1.7 0.32 0.58' 1 228 6.3 2.8 266 6.4 1.4 .-- A* :*V. . 2 r'0` - 6.5 2.6 - - *' ' 0 Moderate >. it in probably a 11 4 312 6.1 than with vci?; 12 a 2 326 6.8 cun lx said dot .-l if.l > ;+l ig asbeetoe. 13 a is -1 37 2 156 6.3 4 2 150 6.6 27 19 272 6.5 e 24 211 , 6.4 lot known. Ml $8f$$ 206 . 4.6 ss **.0 llQyhhle 21 i 236 . 4.6 3Wf t' mtlne bperatlpfca m, . "'Ad ;. ia u. /' ' ** \ 4 ;r: .**'. ' ; n . *1 ' ' E' ' 20 23 41 2 .' IT.-' '- . D no 4.6 154 4.1 196 T.3 - -- . 11.2 1.5 0.10 0.31 2.1 0.22 0.40 0 1 1.0 0.05 0.15 0 1.6 0.06 0.29 O 1.9 0.35 0.33 0 0.6 0.07; 0.16. ; 0 0.6*. Wj COM* w* IP O.ll o.w 2.0 0.20 0.70 .. . 1. i.o 1.2 1.6 0.7f 2.5 " 0.06 0.05 O.lO -- ' -- i -* .t* 0.36 0.20 0.32 --` 1 0 ... 0t 'c 0 . iAta , W4rvJ between end o< duet exposure *nd death. i;, ' ...,... -.i-.h* .' u*d <^^fActd,with b^l _ K; :J""/- . sp'-ia ff * *. ? <. Kt 1 : ' . I .. ... * 8000 0966 PRODUCED BY FORM * . ? ... f] * \. !*;'" * -V Annals New York Academy of Sciences Nagelschm in the study of ooal miners' lung residues. Tbe use of antifoeming agenti (Talvitie A Brewer, IMS') ha* changed the situation, and it is likely the destruction of the iung tissue with hydrogen peroxide or anhydrous forme mide would be better methods than ashing, although the residues wool! atiU have to he. freed from carbonaceous materials and, if present, hr from Great Britai found, irrespectlvi faulty technique ubeatos, eepeciall: kllkely that this droxyapatite; asbestos bodies, do not seem .to be attacked by hydrogtt .s-la.real and nee peroxide. - .-Vi; ' asbestos docaget i In the study of asbestos lungs from South Africa the acetic acid method to start with a re: "*'waa Vised because we wished to avoid ashing and because this method wu Wlnum, which wo .. used as a routine, at the time, in the study of coal miners' lungs. Althoart ^..physlcochemic t Isolation of cbr7otI>e*1t*e*m to.be apossiblejnetbot Shi* v law jfw ' terial that forms'asbestos bodies. .hot it leaves carbonaceous m&terUl !> j residue* would be tact. "Cori'',it in fact determined by the loss In weight found on.ashlai ;. ;i:7.he most prove the acetle acid residues.'' ' fibrosU, In The acetie acid method was used pn IS samples of the previously exam'miip:*w>I other forms '.''V.' ' asbestosis lungs from Great Britain.'The yield was, on average, about haH. .develop. A theory of that given by extracting the 880*'.ash with OJ N hydrochloric sell' advanced (Nagelr Although the acetic acid, residues contain more carbonaceous material, Ing. in the lungs they weigh lets because most of the iron compounds are missing. t'pneumoconiosis, : Separation of chryiotCe. Electrophoresis of dust in 0.001 molar sodiue uverity of fibros chloride at pH6 was used ln the SheflWd laboratory te the etudy of alll|f ;t^.amdunt*;oSf modifications. Obeervsllons by Bergman and' LAa'nnggrriissbh suggest that it iriijif." idyanceJI Ita'gei be possible by this technique to separate chryaotlle, as this mineral carri* fibrosis, as aeon a etrong positive charge in contrastJU> amdeite, crooidolite, quarts, llict.fc^^tbe^casej^th* - ^' `` and kaolin,, which ^irtUar^jsw . In general, the more the asbestos can be concentrated in a . expressed by Bey !12l;i<.`,'...easler.i.a It* identification,..Microscopy^with, polarised tight and suit^ffijVrihes fibrosis dlffl^D^^e'prbbably^H* meiiiyttirt after UWej . j_a - _ ' _a_ a^ _ __' m def0,n.to optickl. and,;?C .*'wd*iafwf_ra^ ctiio'.1n properties.'j^Kaae...c..o..n......... KLi'Vj^a..''<n* (mBm_il_t!$*. aJLv vV': ' "lero^opy bis been recommenddeed.'.t..8..e...h..m....(.d...t.,.`..I..9..6...0...)..,..b...u..t.._'w.*..l....d..^.q....n.^.b..k.t..li..^...^..^tw^hat'ovlde ` bow well thistechnique.works"wlthflbera of the site fotihd'lnlljingrerfdMi nor have we'any experience'with tnUrference micrd*cbpj$| ''. ' .-|. / *'"'V. 'il' ' '' ^ ' . Electron microscopy baa been ufd to a limited extent., Ssttrroongly cuorrwvtaf ^ game '' .' fibers teem indicative of chrysotlle although Huggins (1959) has *bown '^. gBOW(i j. j. 1933. that erocldolite (from Bolivia) may also occur in curved form.. ' VK)" pi*a,l*. J. , M"* U.VM. * ... ........................,,................ .(.isKii.H.tinaoiAaAiivuafl, Cr^..Ww., T* ' '''' ':,J " Cdrii<o' XurncKHorm. c mo` Jntercsting result.or this study_Ujthat inoverhalf the luai^[.HAOeUCKMIUT, ( 6-000 otQ 9969 I w~sr" rW> amnhi.V-* PRODUCED BY FORD .Nagelschmifit: Dual Content In J>Ug with Aabeetoaia 76 miming agent* : i likely that tram Great Britain and South Africa practically ho habeaU* at all war found. Irraipectlve of grade of fibrosis. It i* unlllcoly that thin wax due to 'rim forma.cO? WOUld faulty technique although further study of the technique of recovery of Ubcatoa, especially of chryaotile, from lunge is undoubtedly required. It f present, hy-|>y hydrogtn ii likely that this effect--the dieappearanre of asbe*toe from the lunga -- ii real and need* to he explained. The moat likely explanation is that ubestoe does get dissolved in the lunga. The proceaa of dissolution ia likely .:i acid method '.3* to start' with a removal of the cationa, magnesium, sodium, iron, and alu n method wet'-Jj minum, which would .leave a skeleton of hydrated ailiea or polyailieic acid. ngs. Although.' v| aslbls method ; Mt of the m:* material In 0a physicochemical and structural reasoning one would expect chryaotile to be most easily attacked, crocidolite to be intermediate, and amoaite to he the moot resistant form. The finding of amoeite only in some of the lung residue* would be in agreemont with such reasoning. , . ir.d on ashing The most prevalent type of fibrosis seen jn asbestosla is a diffuse inter stitial fibrosis, in contrast to focal or nodular' lesions found initially In usly examined.'. 5| '.'most other forma of pneumoconiosis. At a later stage massive lesions may :ge, about half/ develop. A theory linking this contrast with lung dust studies has been . ochlorie acid. idvsnced (Nagelschmidt.*J960i. According to this theory the dust remain ;ou* materia), ing in the lungs causes the fibrosis in coal workers' and similar forma of sing. : pnrumnconiuais. and a positive correlation between amount of dust and molar sodium severity of fibrosis or X-ray category of simple pneumoconiosis, ia found. ludy ot aillei The amount* of dust in the lungs are large and may average 60 gm. for ' that it may sdranred stages of coal workers' pneumoconiosis. In diffuse Interstitial Mineral carries ;j fbrosl*. as snen mainly in aluminoaia and atbestosla, this does not seem to (uorta,- ailiea,'- ' b* the case; the amounts of asbestos found in tha lung are very small and are not clearly related to grade of fibroel ^^ii'liifUV^ewi wtith regard te the' action ofchryaotile had already Wen. si' sajhjjle '^^stpr**ed by Btger. A'refinement of the same theory, by Beattie and Knox, / the moit lutrlber Abroela to the breakdown of the asbestos bodies, which may occur.----./vj ______^a__ __-L_____________________ a- . -V _ * _ a ..Ju- J.' . r the mechanismby which;'1' lung residues `gtandwii;. 'Vl Mbestoait will form a part of such research, but it ia likely te be much .. J contrart:,3 were difficult than, for instance, in coal workers' pneumoconiosis, because . 'j(u not kop^^l 'Will ef the evidence may have disappeared.; /. .. 1 'vS-otv/i? Ugly eti 1 has al Wmii, J!*J.F. Xuox. JMl. Inhaled Particle* and Vapours. C, N. ~ ' W. Pergamon Press, New York, N. Y. "' "Item,?.;. IMS. Arch. Pathol. Anal Bur.Vlinea Bep.Tnveat- <No! &U1). ' ! . lifKgnon*. G.Y. IMS. .Arch. Gewerbepathd,-.pewrbhyg. * "u 8000 69T0 PRODUCED BY FORD - . . -. ... . v*?* "LMw^WJP^W",B"B*'UllllMJtl`lJlWW*J--1 mvmm."r> w. *rwT+wm*T*' PRODUCED BY FORD