Document LgeLBEbRQV61qQkXVdL6oxMYg

Tetraethyl Lead Helps Engine Efficiency Boost TRl CK Heel operators have profited from a big bonus since 1949. trucking operations. Fleets are di vided into two broad classes--those Their trucks are doing a bigger job with engines above and those with and more efficiently--yet are experi engines below 350 cu. in. piston dis encing greatly improved engine life. placement. Both groups were found This is the picture that comes from to be carrying a more than 17 per a survey of trends in heavy-duty fleet cent greater average gross load in operations made by a leading pro 1954 than five vears earlier. This ducer of tetraethvl lead, the almost- finding, coupled with the fact that magic ingredient that raises the oc average monthlv vehicle mileage did tane rating of gasoline. The better not vary greatly during the 1949-54 engines, the survey points up. demand period, indicates that commercial en higher and higher octane ratings gines are working harder than ever. which means higher content ol tei- 'if itness to the added power of en raethvi lead, per gallon of gasoline. gines and the greater efficiencv of It is noteworthv that engine durabil- gasoline is the fact that the average itv and load-carrving ability hate in ton miies per gallon of these heavv- creased side bv side with those in dutv fleets increased more than 31 creases in the tetraethvl lead content percent in the period, rising from 83 of the fuels used. ton miles per gallon in 1949 to more The survev. w hich has been made an- than 109 in 1954. Meanwhile, bene tiuailv since 1949. includes almost 2.4 fiting from the increased antiknock percent of the nation's heavy-duty quality of gasoline, horsepower per intercity truck fleets and represents cu. in. of displacement of commercial oxer 2.5 percent of the total miles ac engines rose 14.7 percent. counted for bv heavv-dutv intercitv During this period the TFL con tent of gasoline increased substantiallv. rising from an average 1.6 ml. per gal. of regular in 1949 to about 2.2 ml. in 1954. In the same period the average life of piston rings, intake valves and exhaust valves showed a remarkable improvement. In 1949. the surveyed fleets had a mean piston ring life of 62.500 miles. In 1954. this figure had increased to 91.000 miles, for a gain of 46 percent. Simi larly. in 1949. the fleets could expect 45.500 miles of service out of an ex haust \alve~ Bv 1954. this had in creased 541-n percent to a lex ei of 69.800 miies. The survev of heavv-dutv truck fleet' is made periodirallv to provide continuing background data on the actual operation of heavv-dutv inter citv fleets, to establish significant trends in engine durabilitv and op erating characteristics, and to make atailable information on engine dura bility and engine trends to the oil industrv and engine manufacturers. , ( ) ; One measure ol improvement in engine performance since 1949, as tetraethyl lead content o' easoline increased, ;< shouT,. at lei! beiou. b\ the percent increase in horsepower per cubic inch for commercial engines compared with the increase >r, the aicagc "<tane number 'research! tor regular grade gasoline. At right is piottca the increase in ton miles per gallon over the 'ante period. PERCENT INCREASE HORSEPOWER/CU. IN. TON MILES PER GALLON 1 --2 - LiA2 606 6 ) lead in Contact Manufacture Of Sulphuric Acid Corrosite sulphuric acid mist is handled i>s these lead electrostatic mist precipitators and ducts at the Baton Rouge. La. sulphuric acid sludge regeneration plant of Consoli dated Chemical Industries. Inc. THE Consolidated Chemical Indus ing gases with a counter-current tries Inc., acid plant at Baton stream of dilute sulphuric acid. These Rouee. La., includes three sulphuric scrubbers are lead-lined steel vessels, acid sludge regeneration units of the the lead being protected from the in contact type. Each of the units, one tense heat inside the vesssel by brick converted to acid regeneration in sheathing. The lead roof on each 1945. the other two twin units built scrubber is connected bv lead ducts in 1953. uses lead extensively in its to lead downdraft coolers consisting gas purification sections. of 6-in. diameter lead pipes and 24- The sulphuric acid sludge regen in. headers over which cool water is eration plant is an example of a con cascaded. The wet acid gases are tact plant producing a wet burner cooled below their dew point in the -as. the occurrence of which is the downdraft coolers and the dilute acid reason lead is used. The wet sulphur collected in lead-lined tanks. The dioxide gas produced at the burner downdraft coolers are connected bv must be economically dried and the lead ducts to lead-lined and lead- sulphuric acid mist removed from the roofed coke filters where the cooled gas stream before entering the con gas stream has its entrained acid mist tact catalvst chambers. Gas purifica removed. The gases are then con tion in this tvpe plant is very impor ducted through lead ducts to a drying tant in preventing catalyst damage tower and through the conversion and and corrosion of equipment in the absorption section of the unit. conversion section of the plant, and to The acid regeneration units built in insure a clean stack gas. 1953 have their burner gases cooied The Consolidated unit built in 1945 in a gas scrubber before being con recehes the hot. wet burner gas in hot ducted through large lead ducts to the gas scrubbers which cool the incom electrostatic precipitators. The pre cipitators are constructed entirelv of sheet lead supported in a steel strap and angle framework. The gases emerge from the precipitators minus the entrained sulphuric acid mist and are conducted through more large lead duct work to the drying towers. The dried sulphur dioxide gas is con verted to sulphur trioxide and ab sorbed in concentrated sulphuric acid in the conventional manner. Lead was selected for this installa tion because of its unexcelled corro sion resistance, ease of repair and field assembly and a factor that is often overlooked in selecting materials of construction, the unusually high salvage value. Lead in its service as a material of chemical construction is metallurgicallv unaltered bv corrosive action. There are many instances on record where plants constructed with lead alter becoming obsolete were converted to new designs and the original lead used once again. The economies of such a re-use are most attractive. O' xC o rsj < K-t Lead Shielding In Radioisotope Handling ADIOIODINE, according to one scientist, can be used to destroy all or a portion of a thyroid, at a cost less than 20 percent of surgery and without hospitalization. Radiumberyllium neutron sources are used in the development of soil moisture gages, and radiozirconium in the tracing of catalyst flow in cat crack ers. Quantitively. the boom in peace ful. commercial applications of radio isotopes mav be measured in terms of the 2.416 firms and institutions counted as .users of radioisotopes in 1954. Of these. 1.020 were indus trial firms. Shipping isotopes from the various 4.EC installations, and further pro cessing and use of them in hot. and -emi-hot and low-level laboratories. calls for adequate protection against the harmful effects of radiation. Lead, because of its high-density and space saving ability is used in numerous types of shipping containers, storage containers, handling equipment and for permanent and temporary barrier shielding in the several classifications of radiation laboratories. Laboratories may be classed, ac cording to the level of radioactivity, as follows: hot laboratories, in which from 20 to 10.000 curies mav be handled, semi-hot laboratories for levels of 1 to 20 curies, and low-level or tracer laboratories for lower values. A massive leaded-glass window, three feet thick is used for observa tion purposes at the Esso Research Center in Linden. X. J.. a true hot laboratory where a cobalt-60 pipe of 3.500 to 4.000 curies strength is used. In large installations like this, where space-saving is not important, four feet of concrete is used for the principal shielding, but lead plugs are used on holes of the well where the radioactive pipe is stored, and lead shields around the holes through which the arms of the master slave manipulator extend into the cave room. The pipe itself is stored in a 2Ao-ton pig of lead. The major pur pose of the Esso Research Center is to explo'e the possibilities of usine ra diation to promote chemical reaction? essential in oil refining and possibly useful in the production of petrochemicals. A representative low-level radiation I 1 ) 1 j I j Portable tunnels with ,3-in. lead walls ate used to shield radiooctire samples drawn from the uranium-graphite rhutn reactor at Oak Ridge. fine of the types of lead-lined steii rantuiners used frequently tor otic radioisotope shipment. This lead counting shield manutortured b\ Kenneth L.nch K sons ior Sumilu (.urn. neighs al most 1200 lb. for . ompucl. hm <nst radiation shielding. laboratory is that of Traceriab Inc. at Richmond. Cal. (higher lever radia tion areas also exist at the same plant I. The company was the first to manufacture radiation instruments and process radioisotopes for nonAEC use. ^ ork in the low-level lab at Richmond is often done under hoods whose doors are equipped with 1-in. lead sheets to effectively protect workers legs and feet from large -ources of radiation since workers easily remember to build adequate Mde and top shielding, but may forget to provide adequate shielding under neath their experimental setups. Their building blocks, in erecting tempo rary shields, are lead bricks, which are widely used for general shielding in laboratories. Three ieet oi heatliv-leaded glass !c is used tor observa tion at the Esso Re search Center in Linden. \. J. unere a cobait-tpQ pipe 3.500 to 4.000 cartes strength is used tr. petrochemical re search. Gas Holders Protected By Red Lead A RED lead paint of the multiple pigment type is used to prime L.I.A. Formula 6-12 Composition ail gas holders in the vast utilitiesPIGMENT: Percent Another red lead formulation, widely used for the-painting of gas holders, is the following: system of the Consolidated Edison Co. of .New \ork. Red Lead, 97Tc Grade .............. 40.0 Zinc Chromate ............................ 7.0 Siliceous Iron Oxide, L.I.A. Formula 6-8 Composition Percent Con Edison, the more familiar 85 w Feg03............................ 28.0 PIGMENT: name to New Yorkers, has its gas Magnesium Silicate .................... 24.5 Aluminum Stearate .................... 0.5 Red Lead. 95% Grade................... 76.1 Siliceous Red Iron Oxide holders situated in a variety of en I vironments from heavy industrial at 100.0 (70% minimum Fe^Os) ........... 23.6 \luminum Stearate (Di) .............. 0.3 VEHICLE: mospheres to almost rural. More than Alkvd Resin Solution (Fed. 100.0 that, the holders are peculiarly open Spec. TT-R-266a. Type III).. 57.7 VEHICLE: to the battering of storm winds and the effects of direct blazing sun. To 28.8 Petroleum Spirits........................ 11.9 Lead Xaphthenate (24% i ........ 1.2 Ukvd Resin Solution (Fed. Soec. TT-R-266a, Tvpe II, 56.3 meet the w ide range of service con Cobalt Naphthenate (6%) .... 0.2 Class A1 .................................. 30.6 ditions. Con Edison employs a paint Manganese Naphthenate (6%) . 0.2 Petroleum Spirits and Driers . 13.1 of the multiple-pigment tvpe. the principal, portion of which is red lead. The paint, since Con Edison is also concerned, in a continuous heavy painting schedule, with speeding up lining time and vet achieving the Pigment -- 58.5% Vehicle = 41.5% Wt./Gal. = 14 lb^. PY = 35 100.0 l)r\ for handling--about 8 hr. Prv for recoating--aboui 16 h r. Pigment -- 75% \ ehicle =25% %t./Gal. =22 lbs. PY = 35 100.0 Drv for handline--about 16 hr. Dry for recoating--about 24 hr. benefits of good wetting, has a linseed oil-alkvd resm vehicle. Two coats of the primer are used on new work. Maintenance painting, done on schedule, has required only small area hand primine. Con Edison prefers performance standards rather than specification paints. Significant ly. red lead paints have met Con Edi son s stringent requirements for many, many years. .4 m u l\-painted 5 mil lion cu. ft. gas holder ot the Consolidated Edison Co. oj ^ eu York. one oj the niany painted regularly ov Con Edison with a red lead-multiple pigment primer. A red lead-multiple pigment for mula. similar to that used on Con Edi son gas holders, is as follows: -- D --- I I 1 .1 l 1 | lt ; Leaded Glazes Put The Gleam ( < t On Wall Tile i ) Easy to clean and maintain. lead glazed tiles are widely used an the wails and ceilings at restaurant kit chens. COMPOUNDS of lead play an important role in transforming drab clav tile into the handsome ma terial that may adorn the walls of out bathrooms, or kitchens, or other rooms, for that matteT. in the home, and hospitals and certain industrial rooms outside. Lead oxide, in any of ously through the manufacturing pro a number of compounds, is a substan cesses. and come out the other end of tial portion of glazes that color and the building as finished tile, readv to cause to glisten the basic clay tile. be shipped. A typical wall tile manufacturing First the wet clav and other ingre operation, in which leaded glazes are dients are mixed and pressed to shape. used, is that at the Matawan. N. J. (A 4-14-in. x 414 -in. tile is the stand plant of the Atlantic Tile Manufactur ard piece, but trim and accessory ing Co., makers of "Mosaic ' tile. The products are also made at the plant, i plant is laid out on one door so that, The wet pieces are sent through a in essence, raw materials come into drying oven and then bisque fired in the building at one end. flow continu a kiln. Meanwhile, at an intermediate The tiles are shown emerging from the spraying cabinet where the glaze is applied and being placed in saggers jar the final firing. station, the glaze is being finely ground in ball mills as a simple aque ous mixture, containing perhaps twenty percent of lead monosilicate. (Atlantic uses this compound. Lith arge. red lead or white lead might also be used depending on the type of glaze. In any case lead monoxide. PbO. is the essential ingredient, i ^"hen the tile pieces come out of the kiln, the glaze mix is sprayed on b\ ordinary spraying machines. Tinsprayed pieces then go into another kiln for their final firing. It is in the kiln that the lead oxide goes to work. A glaze, it should be remembered, is ; ithing but a gias.formed on a ceramic material. The lead oxide acts as a flux aiding the melting of the hatch materials and imparting de-irable qualities to the glaze after nn-lting and in firing. Two of the most important of these quali ties are foolproofness and the low melting range obtained, which, bv reason of lower furnace temperature or shorter firing time, is a money sav er. Finish characteristics six en bv a leaded glaze are luster, brilliance and smoothness. Lead's advantages in glazes mav be indicated, as a matter of fact, by experience at Atlantic sev eral years ago in which attempts to use leadless glazes proved unsuccess ful. --6-- LIA2SC72 Twenty-four hours after the pieces !;o into the kiln, thev come out again as colorful, gleaming. easv-cleaning wall tile, completing the process ex cept for inspection and grading. One class of tile at Atlantic--the accessories. like soap dishes, glass and toothbrush holders and travel rack holders -- are processed bv single rather than double firing. These pieces are cast in plaster molds and are not fired in the raw cast condition. Because of their shape the pieces must be hand dipped in the glaze solution and then fired. Anv unevennesses in the dipped coat smooths out when the glaze is in the molten state in the kiln. A ieaded glaze representative of those used at Atlantic Tile might be expressed as follows: Lead Monosilicate Frit* Feldspar Zinc Oxide Barium Carbonate Llav Calcined Clay Flint 20% 21 20 12 4 8 5 10 plus coloring and opaciner N'a-0 CaO B0O3 SiO-> 10.4% 20.0 23.3 46.3 100.0 This glaze fires at approximately 1950 F? A typical application 0/ lead glazed tiles in a private bathroom oj a modern home. lead Fixture Connections In Tulsa High School ONE of the important phases of and thought should be given to the the present building boom is the selection of quality materials if un construction of school facilities thsaat nitary conditions created bv faulty are badlv needed in so many areas materials and workmanship are to be of the country. There is no doubt avoided. One of the most vital points that these facilities recently con in anv plumbing system is the connec structed and presentlv building will tion between the rigid fixtures and be needed and in use for a great piping. manv years. It is therefore important Probably two of the most important that quality materials be used (ron. attributes of a material used for these which a long life and low maintenance vital connections is that it be flexible costs can be expected. One of the major facets of anv -ohool building is the plumbing sys tem. It is here that considerable care The new Tulsa. Okie, high school plumbing roughing-m includes lead bends for the water closets and lead drum traps for the uri nals as shown below. enough to provide for differential movement of the building and the rigid pipe lines and that it be durable enough to provide long and troublefree service. Lead is one of the few low cost quality materials that meet these requirements admirably. A recent example of how these ad vantages. inherent in lead .waste pipe, traps and bends, have been put to practical use can be found in the nowunder construction Thomas A. Edison High School in Tulsa. Okla.. Black and West, the architects. Lead bends and lead stubs were Lead stubs, as shoun. are used for some 01 the u-ater closet con nections in the rigid piping. All lead fixture connections are rented with lead pipe as shown here for the urinals. --7-- LIA26073 used for connecting the 60 water clos ets to the rigid drainage lines as were lead drum traps with lead waste and vent connections for 28 urinals. Lead pipe was also used for the waste and vent connections for 48 lavatories and 182 sinks. The plumbing contractor. W. F. Glenn Co.. Tulsa. Okla.. also took advantage of lead's superior qualities 7 he roughing in jor lu'u of ihr lo:iei rooms in the new Tui.sa. Okla. high school. Leah runnerlions are used throughout '<>' ail fixiu res. including !aiui one \ shown un side wall. as a w aterproonnH membrane i>\ usinc Mb. sheet lead, properlv coated with asphaltum. for the pans under the 16 Mowers installed. Plumbing vent pipes passing through the roof were also flashed w ith 4-lb. sheet lead. Despite the long life and troublefree service that are expected of lead, the cost of installation is generally as low or lower than other materials available for such connections. One of the basic reasons is that with lead's flexibility no expensive fittings are required to make sharp or easy changes in direction as they can easily be made bv bending the pipe itself: thus fewer joints are required. TSr following arllclei and reprint! tontala information, drawing' and tpeelSratinoa on the uee o i lead producl* helpful architects. engineer* and other* interested. The? are available, /rea of charge, except where otherwise indicated. upon r*juet to i LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION. 420 LEXINGTON A VENUE. NEW YORK 17. N. V MATERIALS OF CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION ANNUAL REVIEW'S--LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS (Jt'-to-date report! on ne* development* to the use* of lead and lead allov* 10 chemical construction including researen progresa, engineering applica tion*. and terhnoineirai advancement!. With bib liography. 1955. 1954 and 1935 review* (edition* are not rumu.atnt) available. Reprinted from "Industrial and Engineering Cbemiatry." September ]955. October. 1954 and October. 1953. LEAD REFERENCE SHEET (Pam 14 2) A abort ouiiine of the type*. {fade*, and cbemirat and physical properties of lead in chemical eon strurtion. with a aumrrarv of tbe corrosion char irteriatira of !oc in me with a large number ol rommon chemical. aed solutions used in various industries. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineering Progress." January *nd February. 1955. LEAD AND LEAD ALLOYS The corrosion reatstaoee of lead and in alloy* a* material! of construction io tbe ehezaicai process indiKirie* i* ibc"*n for more than 168 industrial chemicals Reprinted from ' Chemical Engineering." February. 3953. INSPECTING AND TESTING LEAD LIVINGS Methods of testing and inspecting sheet leaa lit) ;,ng> jpo bonoec ltb urines usea m thr chemical process Industrie* sre describ'd. The procedtires to be lolloped in tne fluorescent penetrant and th< d vc-penetrant method* are presented and the ap plication of ulr-avonic* is Jiscussed. Special pos ibilhie* of fab.ocrapM 'nr lean and brirk-iinec vei<rt ace noted. Rt-pr.nieh from "Non-De?rii rive Tesimg." J antiarv-Februarv. 105b. LEAD UMNCS-- FASTER. CHEAPER. BETTER A repori on a new method of fastening strapped lead lining* br tbe uae of cartridge powered *tud driver. Reprinted from "Chemical Engineer ing," February, 3954. RADIATION PROTECTION The place of lead io (bidding against radiation to X-ray and atomic energy application*. Principle* of lead shielding construction. Rennmed from "Lead in Modern Industry." PORTABI E RADI ATION. SHIELDING MATERlALt* \ r r por l un --mmermail' me u.rni- Thai i an i*'-: iiuu i 'mi'"-: hano -urkr,- shiridine ' in u tn* -oiior* r.i uci*'nnir ' Mm Prop jrm.i i ''3 j. THE STORY OF LEAD-- MATERIAL** TIO RAILROADS BIT (Pari. 1 and 2) i ead from mine to nni`Ppr' ' , : - t * .'"f" ''erence ' 'ises Dt 'be hr:"in> 'om I'lifftiisri *n.* LEAD WORK FOR MODERN PLUMB1NC 11 .50 Poaipaid. 1) 00 per ton* in qunotitie* of 10 or more Protu*e)y illustrated wtr. over '4^ pnoiograpp* and drawing*, thia teatbooa presents rinriv to rfie plumbing Student 'he ncressan :nnq. ; rondures od tbe method* recuir'p for lead wor. SUGGESTED SPECIFICATION*, FOR CHFMICa ! LABORATORY DRAINAGE SYSTEM V complete guide to ** eterti,,o and in.ialUm<i> "f drainage ivUcms t 'Pernir^ laboratories. In ptudes 'aboratorv !i'* and -ent mpmc tret*, 'inks. sri~ 1 r s \ <. trn;:-:** '-an* n'n i raiinnj LFAD IN mo d e r n PLUMBING -- wnv, WHERE, now IT IS USED A Cl page booklet containing deacrinitve inform*-, ;ion * well s four rages of detailed drawing* for r'umb'ng installation* in 'ariou! 'vpe houae*. LEAD WELDING An 'ififormanve as ell t practical gmoe to iead welding. Reprinted from 'be "Telding Handbook. Society iThird Edition" uuMiahrd br tbe American Welding LE.AD FLASHI v(-' IN mo d e r n rossmi c TION Lead flah:ng* n*eu tn an u f rujnmierr nouse in Kannotph. Vt K'fnntea from "Vanonai Roofer." Dnoner. 1 ;5i LEAD IN MODERN INDUSTRY S 1.50 Postpaid A fttilv ,iiu*traten. 350 .age. -".om jyunu no. describing ill pnasea of 'ce production aud u*e i'f ead. ;e*o a'lo'a and lead compound* RED LEAD TECHNICAL LETTER* \ ene* of teconicai letter* contasning :a paint formulations i*\ii8r.i jet-sra'ci Teehnieai Leiier Vo. 3--Red Lead Primer* for Almo.pheeir Eipo-ure I'eehnieaJ Letter V. .' -- Ren Ir.iH Airi and Coumarone Tvpe Paim Trehniral Letter Vo h -- Red I^ad Paim Formulslion* Teehnieai Letter V 7 -- Paint lldrauiie "trurture* fnr Terisistral Letter Vo. R--Prin-r (or Railro .d 6tructure nod Rolling 'lork Teehnteal Letter Vo. O--Red Lead Paint, for Galvanized 'Meel flutrd, 'Feathered or Treated Nr. Teehntral Letter Vo. (0 -- L.l. A. FnrmuU T-7, A Red Lead-A Ik *d A ehirle Primer fte Industrial and Marine Fn ' t n n me n i - lEDERAL -PEC1HCATI0N TT-P-Hha Painl : fted-Lead-Flaae, Read*-Miieri l oera four tvpea of red-lead-bae paint* incluaing "o lavi-drvinc f o rm u la t'OP Man* men.-.4 .non cation' Gated. RED LEAD PAINTS FOR GALVANIZED SURFACES Pieaematioc of five new red lead paint formula non* for uxe on galvanized surtarei w>tb mn without ton coat*. Retmmed ftorr "F3'o' ini \ arniah Production." Mav. UPON REQUEST. THE LEAD INDUSTRIE.** V'-OCUTION UILl BE Gl,\D Til MAIL LEAD" REGULARLY. EHL) id CHARGE. TO THO'E INTERESTED, AND '!LL (OOPERAlT UTTHOUT ORt.1G ATION i\ THE 'OLUTION OF A OUR IF. AD PROR1FM- ffi.iv :U !' I - * l*a^C COl.pvi.vv CO'lfi* Xftr YCifi k ,_tT' LIA26074