Document LgXVbeaRLxpwnOeDz7Ljy5bnb
. ur.t . urvoy ;-t . .. ;yp: r:.. > o fi; r.t : .low .-rijr.tcr., wt.ui.es: lei: nd
'.ncia by the ;:aranao -aboratory Juno 1-5, 1936
t'lAINTfFFT r , e^xrnhiabuit
msg j$(f
.. survey of ere uact sedition exist!r.c in the Uov. _ri bi
son plant of the
w c*o on h*no L ** 0 p iC w L *3 jT
the ..c.rs::r.c laboratory una. tho results :.ro riven ir. this report,
ire preduces of tho plant include lend plus ter (ground i^ypsun) j
colcinca jypsuas r.lono, sio plaster of pcri3, or in snluturos such us
car.cr.t "duster r.d ccjrdeu plaster; jypaua buildin.;; blocks; r.nd Cyp
rus: rll boars, 'he plant cun prounco appreuiev.:tuly CC9 tens of
stucco (calcined cypeur:) per uay, of which shout tv;o-thirds would
be '--Iclued ir. lent rosutir.;; kilns ur.d ono-r.b.iru. in ovens or !,kot-
:los;i. .ho blood plant has n tbilly capacity of 00 tens of blocks
: nu rr.o ooord plunt cun esko 100,000 fet of corr.pooition well
ooaru
i.ny.
Vie ..yw urij-.ton plant oxtenuu alone thu .ur.cr-i':*c::t for sno Lr.irs, of u :.:iie cr.a receives its raw n?:toriul3 (^ypauu-. rock, si.nti) by boat, '-here ura tn-.o bir.ua of rnw rypsun rock : aurb and .rito. Vho dark rock la uisekurcod frore tho boat ir.to sr.oru^e al loc fro..'. ..rich it ir: ..lthdruwn ss n-jedvd nnd foe to ; conveyor salt in tunr.ol unuernouth tho alios, . ftor boim; curried to u cinislior, .hero it ia rouucod to r.rsull si;:o, the roclc la puanoa through serronn, calcined in lone rotary kilns, ground flno in tubo rcillo
nci -.r,.nc'Jo: *'.''-u o i stucco bi:n; /or storage. hr or. o bine i:.&
: ;u:co c
; ::-'r :: t. t .*n c.
y:.c.o . . c..ucc .
to . . `.Vr -.1 c.iont *
T.'.o silos nro i.t the south onu of '/lie plant; near the
north 2nd are lsr^e bins for the storage of white rock, farther on
art the buhrstono ,_rinuers 'for
th.e rock fine cr.d th.o
;les" In v.hich it is calcined. " rJho ''kettles1' and rotary kiln csl-
cir.crs do 'not or ounce exactly
sane type of calcined yypeun, be-
ir. t ''/lerks1 :h*,, . I.is h..jn;;ratec. fror.; th.e ch.-ar^c ..hile
in the cult inert "be products of cor.ousticn and the: chr.rye are in-
tir.Htol7 h-ilxoa.
'-
Vho <'Hrohouso occuoles the rniualo portion of t'se plant on
the vice adjacent to th.e tutor. Mere are located th.e machines for
.tinin;; unu packing ilaotor, -he stucco bins end the laooratory. husk of the warehouse floor space la used for storing boss of pits-
isr. Cn the street wide ic th.o section, of th.o olr.r.t in ..-rich are
maue building clocks .-:id wf.il board.
.-omissible -.tandards of lustiness
It is jenertlly conceded that the extent to which a haz
ard from silicosis or other form of pneur.oconiosis .ni^t exist is
indicated 07 the concentration in the Industrial atmosphere of free silica or asbestos particles of respirable size. Iiownvor, experi
ence with r.ixud casts, for instance silica ana iron oxide, shows
that th.e response of the boay to inhiuled silica la modified by the
prosence of tic.* ii*on oxide, .niunl oxpcrine.-.tc ..ith artificial .mix
tures of quartz and culcineu ^ypsun rcsultod in n u-.-ltyed hut typl-.
cal ronetion to the quartz. ppnrently the protective action of
the j_ypsun vjrc 0 mechanical one> a clumping of qunrtz particles in-
c . o .! ir-i 1 jj. t-u . * "
, ** \r
* ' '
r* *" * ' W|,^ >w
iL p
* . I 1 Id ' i 'J W O ' - . . 0
V ' U ^ U. ...^' .^4 j
W-U
- - ^
L
( |* j Ji
-;i" II;; :udcn.:.ry o
..t.i.- jf :.r. . ru u nn
_.our.`. of
fre-i silica ir. the ^ir-floatcd cu::' anu r-.`;;trd gypsum. an- other non-
siliceous conetituunts ns r.erely diluents. dhe evidence from the
present end previous surveys in the gypoun industry strongly suggests
thr.t this as-sumption is not universally applicable*
concentration of five million particles of free silica
-v?r -ri. ft. o? nlr has beer, *-.:* vciveiy tugyesto-..
. lir.it stove
.tie:. cillubsid raiu.ni mi. r.t e:;i::t. -Ills vr.luLs for uust : ur*.-
pl;s collected -ith the .Ireer.burg- iuith ir.oinger nppnrnzua and soun
ite: by the standard light field techniquo' of the U. d. Public health j-ervict. floe light field -cethoc. reveals particles ..'icb. are larger th'- n ''ir.ir.un sice es timer.* a to lie be tween C.7 yt. :..r.h 1.5 Ji* disco the Lmtin.ger apparatus collects and retains the r.njority of partic
les much er.aller than that limit, down to 0.2 yt or smaller, a dark field cached by vn-.ich zr.fir-j sr.silcr particles :<rn icr-.ue visible is also -employed* Tito re is no encruliy-i>ccoptod star.dard for r.t fe
bust concentration determined by the d1 ark field scat hod and it is used r.erely as n.n ujunct to the light field technique and as a .guide* in interpreting the general dust condition*
icon housokeening stand crus demand chat the amount of even apparently homier non-siliccous dusts bo kopt -within r-^conable limits. .-. value of 130 r.illicn particles per cu.ft. of ir (ll.^ht field count} ia scmctlmos given as a maximum concentre - ion for any oust ~o wrich men ^ro continuously -.ixpoaou.
leasts oncounterra In Plant 1'though thcro ia souo variation in the composition of ir-borne dust in the plant, the principal constituent is gonornlly
* i
ror cr
psu . ;*a .rii, uu .0:' z
*uz - Z
.t f ...jv.
. i * , * *u;
w *. w. o
In :::j :.r;.r.ou:-', :ho
bloc.: p.
cnu t'ro boars sinus. ..Iso suspended In the ;.ir of the
.i:\ouso urn particles of sand, .coq floor, jute fibor, lime,or
ganic materials employed ns a rotardur, nnd occuslonnlly 3-. ell a-
..,ov.'.*.ts of substances such us ;.sbest03 anil talc U3od in. special
plasters. buch of the dust sot up when anna ia 'unload.?ri from the
host is undoubtedly quarts,sir* that mineral ia in excess In the
sr.r.d, I.: tve operation of o''.ip"inr huhrstcr.e s dust '..rich is al-
..'.ost rum suartz is ;erorsio:
"Cuartz and oana <ov>ig to its quartz content) or.n be clas
sed as definitely hazardous, l.sbestoa also fs 11s in the tune cst-
-Gory but to little it used that It can be r.e,"looted. Clinical
end e*-: per ircntnl evidence has leu to the conclusion that the in-
hcl.ttion of cTP3Ua dust ia relatively harr.Heso; in fact, thor9 is
oor^ bi sis for the belief that it 'ms a protective ;.ction by en
gulfing r,u-rtr. particles into clur.ps which settle out of tho breu-
thin(. tone* '.ho other hinds of dust mentioned ure ro;;f.rd5u as un-
lihely to cause any type of pncunoccnidsls.
Ihist Concentrations In Plant
fust sonnies v/ero c.olloeto i \.ish tho CroonburG-^nith in-
pir.ycr " porrv.tus uneu in previous dust surveys for the V. ... Pypsun
Cc . `.ho uust particles ere countoo by the light flolc :.othod of
the Public health borvice nu also with dark field illumination na
reco/i'iendeu by some investigators# biunts for both methods ere ta
bulated at the end of this rwort# Most of the auricle: -'ro coll- *
ectod in 95 -per cent alcohol; for u few 25 per cent alcohol visa
substituted so that only quartz and other insoluble ourticloo would
-A-
*.>W*^*
ren;;in ur.ulsioived.
`Jn 1 o a d ir. raw t url: i doth qypouci and sund l?o received by boat,
i.'ust r.tcoloa for
the ur-j.o^ciinr; of mypoun could not be. taken because no ah.ipraont of rock
arrive v-vi-v** t'r.e survey. However, any duct raiseu would bi or inci
te. .It
.. -./.d should not bo rr.fv.l. band is unicauo- by ns r.s of
:vr.. tor which lifts rl.
n tho bent .-.no uiacharges it
on a conveyor dolt in a snail room. the oust concentration inside the
roomy. :s quite high, being 16C million particles per. cu. . ft. of air.
wir.ee Ti'ir. oust l_s dorivou Iron rum: ..icl', contains a largo amount of
quarto (by chemical an a.lysis ."0 per cent), It is dsnrerous. Therefore
the r.r.n vor.rinr in oh is vicinity eWorld enr a reeoir'. tor when inside
tho room; cn the out3ido he ic exposed to little dust do cause it is
v\i E C i **: ^ by the winci.
** j? 11.?^ -v' ci c c lc irr Lt\it tt*v,*
Vc
-.
*
Vncer-.eath the rav: rock storage 'silos is a. tunnel in which is
--
the conveyor belt that transports raw rock to the crushor. The dust
concentration in tho tunnel \rr.s 10 million particles per cu. It. of
air. ft :r being crushed the rock is lifted to tho top of ;6 building
and then pcsse- down through screens. One men vor-cs around i' j?o screens
a;:d the rvornye concentration to which he is exposed s
to be
04 million particles per cu. -t. of :*lr. Vhe crushed roc : i- L'-on cal
cined. There v;nu only n roderatc amount of dust around tho calclners,
the counts doing 14 million for tho calcir.er feed can, 13 million for"'"
the cr.Icir.or firemen und 19 million for the tube r.lll oner;.tor.
d'oxt to the pkottles" tho dust concentration ..as ~G million
J .
"h -
-. Af-kj .
this Mist
i
(jrov.ra _
) which <j:s boinq lonuod into ocuurr?s n ^ m : . v ` M
r he ;*uhrr. tone .rir.de.rs, .< oro the rock to be ci.lcino:. in the "':ot-
' iu ground, the concentration of .dust aus loss ah' n 7 million
particles per -u. ft. of air.
Jhirolnq buhrstones
luhrstonss arc nearly turc quartz ana the c'nipoing oi ther.'i
crearos n dust that in definitely hur.crdous, The uuut count .'or
tr..;-. ; p;:\s ; tr.r.
-.tore "inn 17 .ililicn particles, a value h:c'.:
it the fo limit. .n exhaust r,~ztats of Curt removal res in-
utuliea niter the dust sumnlcs had been taken t-na it io believed
that the concentration has now beon rouv.oea to a aie vduj.
block and bourn rlrr.t
. t t'-o r.s. chine making gypsum blocks r.ko aunt concentration
-fas fa million pr.rticlos. per cu. ft, of air. Tor the hoard plant
the du3t counts .ere 9 r.iliion on the platform '..here thy upper pa
per roils r.ro unwound anu terrs alba accelerator ndcrvi; ig nillicn 1
on the floor below -vhore the soni-fluid gypsum is poured on the
paper sheet; and. 7 million near the r.achino cutting rocklsthe boards
lacs the _uot in these localities ir. principally rypsur., the fore
going '.or.t antra tior.s cannot bo revere, oc ::o hetnrdous.
in-t-r.r unu rrckin/* olr.sr.cr
Tho nixing and pecking of r.liistor produce concur.trutlens of dur.t that sre quite high, nn skor/n below# (dement plcstnr is nearly 99 per pont oalcinod gypsum und enndod planter ia about 78 per cent calcined gypsum und 71 per cont send#)
.' : r.
:: :*'e. bv
i.r.r t t;c .'i ci-tIti * o
-------! j
1 ?:
1
l,-ht . Uid :U
.ir.c: of fluster
;:ixin^ Pi or, tor
fncklnc " 1 n o t - r
Concnt Pl&ster
431.9 Million 440.1 .million .`ic.l million 50(3.1 cillion
It i. -pr.r: `:i-t cp. x: v. : t ry-toa of duo- rtv.r.ovr. 1 r:-uut.-is
- -- ^
' *
* ^i * * - * - - ^
^ ^% * i , ' r
~
cnc* r* -- v
*'- i!'
~'v''* f
tr.3 rf: cv?
rf
r nd .`02 ..:ll'.l-;u /'re for :
:k-=r -ith :.t-
hsust
ion; counts for -rr.r.plcs t-fiken st the Os.cfiold plunt
r.cur :.
p: cucr -.iohout i;n cxh'-uct system v.orn Sil and 1C2J nil-
--^
..-.ch :/ist is tut in tutpe-.cion whon rackin' ;utc- br.rc v.ith
i-.na
r. rh-3
field count. for that operu*-ion coin*; dfl nil-
lion .re tho df : 1-: field count kevinr tho oxtrer.-i-ly hi, h vduo of
",1? iilicn. '.1:0 pronin." :ucrir.c is equipood with eihuust vontils-
tior. tut it is rmonbly rwrhcr i:;of factual because m opening in the
brek, loft uncovered to r.lloc uoi^ts to be clian^od, int.-rforea with
off-activc ruction. This condition, should bo remedied unc. the full
vr.Iue of the enkcust cytor, reclined.
, or. z.'.tr.r Z ~ y.v.id pr.ppr buns vith pi', star of r-ris io
"cos c: o r can;:.''nation of '.G nil lion portlslos oar ou. ft. of -.ir.
v i r. .-.:rt '.colci'od wypsup.) or ell
pho land plaster (jrour.n jyp-
cur. ) p.'.cwccd in ,,uto . ;;c is not. consiaerod to be dunrercus.
In u report of i. i-oocr.t survey -.udo nt tho juirflold plant on
V.urch ID - fO, 1056 ettuntion urs diroctew to tho dust condition n a -
Bocittcd with tho nlxinc end peeking of onndnri oloatar. It .:ci: ob
served thnt tho hazord presented by thooo opurntiona .7go loss sorlouo
> _-__*ifA,.t-
. ' O- . ,, ,1,4
- 7-
h *
r* : i
**
`.hen tr.o tot;. I c.u.-? ccncontreticn :.ione .ouiu
'h
" r*or'c*! 1.1'i i '.i "Tn I.- '
r*
- ; '
_
tho ori i ~ i *** T ' ^ *%v r* u * onr.ition Its boon iV-'nu'. ' rcvLi
ct the . e v _riw/hton plant. Ihie It .'c.voJ'.Iod by eonperinb cnolcs
collect .r,, i:i 23 per -.e>nt : Icohol r ::d in -?5 per cent nicohol. in :
font :r --esur: dissolves leaving r.Iy qunrtz nnd other insoluble pe
tides, cut in 0." per nenv. nicoh i the rypsurr. pcrticloc uo not dis
solve. Jounts for those samples `no ns follows;
I VO - - c =.
. i O ^ O 3 w >' 1M J C t v L cnr.t lc?v:oi
(jl * st _oant
hi;: in,; ^n.c-ic hiss ter htebin ; .^endud flue ter
."5 per cent .alcohol 25 oar cent ..ico'nol
-sr.plo
henplc
^v i 3 trillion
'\?.3 million
ISC-.i million
:.? million
The count for mixing tfinoon
r.tsr, f5 pci' ecr.t -ilechol mmole, is
higher thr.r. on: .ould. expect e.uu :.ay fcs duo to the presence of .tuny
or~cr.ic particles, such sa _ii..-l fibers, <in the uir ii9or the mixer.
i
height i:: ijiven to this explur.tticn by the cr.ec.iccl t-nclyses below,
which chovr n higher i^niticn loss for the mixer siicplo then for tho
pecker cr:-pl3.
In oruer to obt; in iccur.tt: :r-.ov/ledr,a of tho composition of rir-bomc bust jenerated hen sanaed pl^ctor vtc bein^ mixed ...nd pcched, :t suction motor oauippeu v.-ith u dust coilacting bn.- \r.c operated ns described below,
rixln.T jr.ncieu >!.,;;t?<r
Hotor Kiii plueod on top of flculea, t breathing luvox,
and operated for 40 ninuteB. ftt. of duat oollected s 1.157 r. -6 -
Vi.
Bi. eking
pi:-at or
Lotor i.'cc cuspcr.r.ttd rt brc." thine loved, - ft. from car.
ut Bates packer, end oparuteci for 20 nin# V.t# of dust col*
looted r 0.1G0 gf.
Chenicel Ennlyses of tho dust collected and i.lao of samiod plcntor
reedy for shipment were thon made. Tho rocults are tetulrtod below.
Chemical Analyses of Ocndod
tor r.r.d Oar.ecu Bl-.-CCur j.ust
Aciu aoiuclo XLUterlnl Aold insoluble material
Ignition loss below 110 Ignition 108s above 110
r>i. ;ced --luster
i. b# Gy* 62.5
1.5
2.0 10U.0
..ir*L:m? Duct
near
near
mixer PECkor
7B.7>
73* 4/9
5.0
10.3
4.5 0.9
11.3
5.0
1 wt< d
liiO.'J
Total insoluble 510^
5G.8
Intimated free SiC'2 (Quartsj 0
5.5 2
G.4
3
These analyses of sir-borne dust, show that only o small fraction of
tho quartz In tho uc.no.ad piaster mixture diffuses cr. appreciable dis
tance Into tho surrounding air, either ct the mixer or at tho pecker#
t This condition cay be due to the largo site of quarts particles or to
the tendency of gypsum to forts aggregates with the quarts# In either
osso the quarts rould not be air-floetod readily but would eottle out#
hrox the above data it ic evident that tho tlxing end pack
ing of sanded pleatcr ure operations which cro not nearly so hnzerdoua
as they would eppenr to bo* But neither can they be ctld to be entire
ly without danger# Backing sanded plaster produced u cuct concontrc-
tlon of 59G million particles per cu. ft# of airj and about 3 par cent
of tbo dust vl8 quarts# If ell particles wore tho scr.u else there
would be nearly '18 million quarts particles in u cubic foot of clr.
This would bo i* dangerous concentration# Undoubtedly the pnrtlclee
of qur-rt:' i rr lrr. cr t/r.t.r.
u'c ; ;'P!:-v t<:\C t *:miv I P* t! cuuccnirr -
tier
-
- ' * ** -
*:
''' .
' 1 '*' * l X . 1 v *
' rn -
1 j... ion i. yoiuL' is :* ,.ei
for t .- r~ Mf.>
' i eof.ol
w> i1. *
A. 1- /-> *
^
' * t r. *. wi.C*. J a
c r*r. c.'.er co.ifi
o this ccnc:ufio.*.
^ J" * r c- i *
/* (.yncvi.t: -rohr-'o: T'^
rpr t o
Mr-
"1 j ft: nur.ber of
-cl.- '.'|y sc.'icv.nt f
particles mtu oily j ill-wiled.
Vh i 3
^ i i -v ^ ^ -loni
v.'on
'nn packing sorueu piaster.
C 1 r ^ ?
iy ;:
;r 1.-:: ; ; c!.S .- orf j.r.
villi:..-. oc.r-titles
. w-
~ cu. ft. of r-ir -
`'r*
,-. --
1 ' 1 '*'*'**
- - i.;i j w ^uw * u .*
0. * ' *'
?j
* e*
4 ir V* *<^>- O * ' ^ i ****' f O _
% 4 - fi?. .
*. -" n r r.ins
f. r-v.st in . . J . .'00 t-
i.- :: : * r -
t intervclo .'. ;.:n r.ust ,o uis.luo the rfucco tins ond
._ ' /
W *. Sm/ into holes in its floor. Jlcuds of oust ure raised' rr.rr.oio:'. t producir._ ten oxceodir ply high concentretion of
. ,,. 1: n nor tides vs: :u. f:. of oir. ..] r.tnurr f,io --.urr 13
: i ^jpsur nnci t` . refer': rtxr.tiV'*i j :.r.rr.lcs ;, i- -v;1q
: v? nr.
oi. -tic to t/ork out. n !, of fen air." stucco sich vould.
e> .
not 1-ojui- in to '-re rl: ln.ic' Vv:o count for ^ dust r'1.-- nle
the t.v ire floor of tho ..Hrehouce ,;r. s
represents Iui cvertigo oxposure of con trucking pluEtur.
Considerable uust is raised when Motors uro blom out - 10 -
'it/. '.e-tor
. V. --
4
lor `
1 y. : re ore;.or t _r.e -mm ..to cioyout r.otcrc
or his continuiu:*. to do so, .ispeoinliy sir.co the oust -.07
I-*--*- ` ^ * .* iCl-V: .
;sr.C'jr.Ti-.:ior. tn tha '-'.set me mop ,:r. s ..Leut 2
. -
.- 4
i'.ii. ten.
;.u;r:rr: r.c. .Jonclnsiona .
1. lu io : jco,-. or.esd eht.t tit-.5 eoneentrseioo of freo sll-
iet , 7.:'rtr. , duet to ich nun .'rj ixtoiioi; do '.root lens tit nr* 5
: illlcr. s.'.rt icier? nor re.
c;` ir. it is trton sir t :. seri
ous error"; I j ;v=ue to nest "roou h.ouseKaopint; ` requirements so V . - -.t r.n . ill It iitost-a .-ont irtveusiy '-.o ..uet of try rir.a in
. ^ - 4 ^ ^ re:.ter tie n 10b .ill ion, rrertiol-ec rer cu. rt. of
tir.
.hose vt-LUos refer to 11, itt: fiala counts.
1
2. 11:u r.tnn helping unlord sene frou the bust should .?enr
n r^snirstor .'non he Is insido the houso ovor tho conveyor "belt.
1'. Juhrstone chip pint; v-" it'-out on oxhrust oysters opn^nrs
to be 1'r.-ouo. It is beiieveu ;r.; the suction u9Vicc recent
ly i/ot.-lieu ::cy cii.umr.t''' the
'i. I.-cinq . r.u p tc.cine pi: sr.'*j* trouv.cn oust conconsrctlono
for cv : `pood housertooninj," Units. h.en the pl.-.et.rr is ; .;: rcoa
pi: ,,l.:: , i:.jv;j :/'uu::ta oi .-uorr.n :.re usoa .vt r.rji-iysis ol" "he : ir-
flo. t.:.. .lust rho*/3 th/ t li'rlo ruerts in suopnndod in tho otros-
phon. ;lo.ovor, or/in,;; to tho 1 i.h c.ust concentration, ev/in tho
11
O** ' \ -4
o\'.-iiunc oyaton. If t'r.iz is Irror-r.ctlc.-olu,
*.i
oi'.coiU L.r r'j:;Diriitc?rc
C ''J "'otcs c'tor or. -.;hich innd
lr cco.: oVoulti
SO
ij
"O JO <-i i-
:-o ?xJ-r.u?r
te:;'. sncr'i'cetiv::.
.. ;:i core
>.ul^ oruo-jovc . . ey
..
:
-y :: ;.i;
-si*. - . o . .y
i s:\cu
r.ouj--.
.\t _lo.'OU.ii !.1 y
ian
;:Vjcr.o
1_
so-. _.
j rT.rcr.-.oiy h i:\2i Uu_; : :nc.-r.c:'c r.ion. 1'. nu_u -es/i t:oo-
. . w :*::.::.yo ; ,,..y .y_
i;; .or;: .:o:* yj.yyxo y o Sin*
L'>. -lo'-'i:: * ;.ur. . rotors
o
coot,, oov.a of
oj u;*rso oi-rtieios* .. suooicn . or.`::oa of rovrovins tho
-- -*- *.r**'jj,o \i*'C-'li
^
. i ir uvig-*
/i .-'i / i '' )
,// A
12
8
if*
5 r -4
e o *4
JCO
*= w5
X
2*>
?
1
3 e 3
<H
>*J3
s S.
Ps c. e o C 1* ft
--C
Ooo '
e3
ft*
Zk
k ;
0 *X &o
X
2
-O
mft
a ** o
0r
<3
aft
4. c
77 s
1:
** el 0u
m e *h
3 Z> -* m m z. ur xr
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