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HtiBB-BOi8320 FOUNDATION* This news-letter is issued monthly to member companies and trade associations affiliated with Air Hygiene Foundation. Its purpose Is to report FACTS Foundation news and activities. Air Hygiene Foundation is a partnership of industry and science organized to protect the health of the IS million workmen in heavy industry. Vol. 3 June, 1941 No. 6 Engineering Research Report Findings from a Foundation supported study of "Fundamental Factors in th8 Design of Lateral Exhaust Hoods for Industrial Tacks," will be issued to member com panies in the near future. This practical study was made by Leslie Silverman* who held one of the Foundation's fellowships at Harvard University. /5?\ Brief Bulletin Coming on Skin Diseases C=3 No. 4 in the Foundation's series of brief bulletins on Industrial Health Defense v.dll be issued shortly. This bulletin, prepared by a noted dermatologist points out that many cases of skin diseases ariso in the wash room, rather than in the production process. Strong soaps injure the skin. Nutrition in Plain English Instead of stressing the thirty-odd chemical or technical ingredients of an adequate protective dietary, public health workers might well emphasize simply that nutritional requirements are well met except for calories by the daily intake of tho following foods: 1 quart milk for a child (1 pint for an adult) as drink or food; 1 ogg; 1 serving of meat, fish or fowl; Z servings vegetables (on of them green leafy or yellow), including potatoes; 2 servings fruit (one of than raw); patties of butter; 1 serving v.-hole grain cereal. --Illinois Health Messenger. Defend tho Defense Worker Total war demands total defense. Use your Foundation membership to help defend tho defense worker. Some 15 of them are necessary to maintain a soldier at the front. Today's wars are won in mines and mills. Sabotage "The employee is the objective in tho destruction of plants* If the foreign agent can't win the employer over to his side as an agent of destruction, then he cooks to destroy that employee".... From, "Sabotage," National Foreman's Institute. * Consoling Noses The Census Bureau assures us that the chance of being killed by lightning is only about 1 in 233,000. Grcex Philosopher Galen said, almost 1,900 years ago: "Etaployment is Nature's best physician and essential to human happiness." Defend the Defense Worker*. AIR HYGIENE FOUNDATION 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTBBURQH. PA. i PLAINTIFF'S i EXHIBIT f LUt4~U<J HhBB-0010322 1 {65 June, 194N 1. Air Hygiene Foundation, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. _n DIGEST OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Literature--News--Developments News Items 418 Malnutrition. The National Nutrition Conference on Defense, which was recently held in Wash ington, D. C., included two sessions presented by the Section on Nutrition in Industry. The effects of malnutrition on v/orking efficiency, also measures for improving the diet and nutrition of workers were discussed. Recent dietary studies among large representative samples of the people of the United States, clinical studies among smaller groups, and the examination of men called up-., for military service show clearly that poor diets and undernourishment are wide spread in the country. While there is no ground for alarmist statements, the facts are serious enough to be a genuine c-rase of weakness in the present nation al emergency and to warrant national attention and concerted action* Under nourishment is more insidious and less obvious in its effects than a disease ' epidemic, but it is not loss hamful. Recommendations made to the Conference by this Section included: (l) special attention should be paid to the diet of all workers and particularly to the diet of defense workers, and (2) the cooper ation of each State should be enlisted by urging the governor to call a State wide nutritional conference. The efforts should Include an educational cam paign, and provision for restaurant and lunch facilities in factories. Defense, 2, 19, (June 3, 1941) and Industrial Hygiene, 2 (May, 1941). 419 Occupational Health Exposures as Related to tho Open Factory Window. There is a tendency during the warn simmer months to open windows in an attempt to obtain better ventilation. In many factories and workshops there are occu pational health hazards effectively controlled by means of local exhaust systems whose exact balance may be upset by stray air currents. In this way, toxic materials may be swept into the general atmosphere and endanger tho health of the workers. Under normal room air conditions processes, such as add dip ping, alkali cleaning, electroplating, lacquer dipping, lead hardening, spray painting, or vapor degreasing by means of chlorinated hydrocarbons, may be oper ated with the health hazards fully under control, but a breeze or draft from an open window may offset, to a major extent, the mechanical means provided to guard against dissemination of toxic materials* It often happens that the discharge of a local exhaust system is relatively near a window so that when opened, toxic materials may be returned to the workroom. This is particularly true when the discharge is opposed to the prevailing simmer wind* During warm weather, it is essontial for comfort, unless air conditioning is provided, that many windows be openod. However, care must be taken to eliminate drafts in the vicinity of -processes involving the use of toxic materials, through the erection of suitable baffles or the locking of occasional windows thereby assuring tho effective operation of oxisting control measures* Conn. Health Bull., 55, 145 (May, 1941). HhBB-0010323 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 2. 420 No More Mercury* The nation's hat industry has agreed to eliminate poisonous mercurial compounds from the manufacture of fur felt after December 1, 1941. Thus one of the oldest and most dangerous health hazards to workers will be removed provided the States adopt the model regulations which have been drafted. Participating in the agreement were representatives of the industry: The Hatters' Fur Cutters Asso ciation and the Hat Institute, Inc., of Hew York; officials of the United Hatters, Cap and Millinery Workers International Union (A.F. of L.); Health and Labor Commissioners of New York, Pennsylvania, Now Jersey, Massachusetts and Connecti cut, in which States the nation's felt-hat industry is concentrated. In 1934 the Public Hoalth Service made a survey of chronic mercurial poisoning at the request of the Hatters' Fur Cutters Association. This study was supplemented by another last year of the control of mercurial poisoning in the felt-hat industry. The Public Health Service studies showed that worker's exposed to mercury dust or vapor developed extreme irritability, digestive disturbances, insomnia, loss of appetite, tremor ("shakes"), loss of weight and sore mouth. Adequate substi tutes developed by industrial chemists are less expensive than mercury and do not require engineering and medical safeguards for workers. About 60 per cent of the fur-felt industry already has eliminated mercury from manufacturing pro cesses, New York Times, May 25, 1941. 421 Symposium on Industrial Public Health Nursing Services. A report of the Symposium on Industrial Hoalth Nursing Services, sponsored by the Wisconsin State Board of Hoalth and the Industrial Nurses of Wisconsin has been published in nultigraph form, including the papers presented. A few of the papers have been abstracted in this Digest and ethers will follow. Legal Doveloments 422 Blow on Chest Causes Death of Miner Suffering from Silicosis. While engaged in drilling coal, the deceased employee was struck on the chest by the handle of the drill when it caught in a binder or slate band, causing the drill to kick. The employee was knocked to tho ground, and had difficulty get ting his breath. The employee at the time of this accident was suffering firm silicosis. The condition of the employee became worse. He was sent to doctors, and to a sanatorium, and it was found that his lung had collapsed. Seme ten months after the accident he died. The Court held that the blow was the cause or one of the causes of the death, and that the facts of the case warranted a compensation award to the widow for the death of the aaployee. Rudolph vs, Shnrmppin Coal Co. (Pona.) 18 Atl 2nd 329 (January, 1941). Occup. Hazards, 3, 22 (Mayi 194lJ, 423 Indiana Supreme Court Reverses Decision Which Denied Award for Occupational Dis ease Caused by Gas Poisoning. ' ` In this case the Industrial Board found the disbility not to be due to an occu pational disease. The appelate Court affirmed such decision. On final appeal to the Supremo Court of Indiana the Board's and the Appelate Court* s decisions were held to be incorrect. Tho facts wore: The claimant, 33 years old, work ed for 2-1/2 years as a tool hardener. The occupation consisted of treating tools, machine parts, etc., by heat in furnaces, at very high temperatures, after which they were treated in baths of chemicals. The claimant worked at 3 fur naces, one of which, a heavy duty electric furnace, was equipped with gas which burnod continuously whilo the furnace was in operation, for the purpose of pro ducing carbosmonoxide, which was necessary in the hardening process. One furnace Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 3. HWB8-001032h and a portion of another was equipped with a hood to carry away fumes and excess heat. The heavy duty furnace was without a hood. The claimant became sick, dizzy, had difficulty in breathing, and suffered a general collapse. Medical examination led to the conclusion that he was suffering from polycythemia caused by carbon monoxide poisoning. Certain tests were made to determine the amount of carbon monoxide gas given off by the furnaces, and an amount insufficient to oo be injurious was reported. However, the Supreme Court said such tests were not made under conditions comparable to those under which the claimant worked. It said further, in reversing the judgment, that the circumstance of being ex posed to the poisonous gas, and being in a physical condition generally attri SL] buted by medical science to poisoning from that gas, and the absence of any other possible cause for the condition, seem sufficient to establish that the claimant was a victim of an occupational poisoning. Louoks vg. Diamond Chain and Mfg, Co. (Indiana) 32 N.E. 2nd 308 (March, 1941). Occup. Hazards, 23, (May, 1941)". 424 Additional Occupational Diseases for Delaware. Compensable occupational diseases shall not include any other than those sched uled below and shall include these so scheduled only when exposure stated in connection therewith has occurred during the employment, and the disability has commenced within five months after the termination of such exposure: Occupational Diseases: ... Anthrax; . Load Poisoning; Caisson Disease; Mesothorius or radium poison Mercury Poisoning; Arsenic Poisoning; Phosphorous Poisoning; Benzene, and its hcnologues, and all derivatives thereof; Wood Alcohol Poisoning; Chrome Poisoning; ing; Carbon disulphide; Hydrogen Sulphide; Dermatitis; Silicosis; Poison Ivy; Oak Poison. ' (As amended by S. B. 230, Sec. 10, Laws 1941, Effective May 26, 1941.) (CCH). 425 Left Inguinal Hernia. Hernia Considered an Occupational Disease. Total Disabil ity. This i3 an appeal by defendant from an award by the Department of Labor and In dustry awarding to plaintiff compensation for total disability# Did plaintiff suffer a hernia in the nature of an occupational disease? Plaintiff was employ ed by defendant as a sand mixer; his duties were to load sand on a wheelbarrow and wheel it across the plant to a mixing machine. A part of his duties was twice a week for about two hours to bail out of a well a composition referred to us slush. After lifting about four pails from the well he folt a pain in the right groin. The next day plaintiff told his foreman, Bulak, that he had rup tured himself. The testimony of the plaintiff together with the report of the commission of physicians fully justifies the finding of the board that plain tiff's hernia resulted from lifting the pail of solvent fren the well. Plain tiff's position in doing this work would be entirely different than that of one doing ordinary heavy lifting or carrying, and it is entirely reasonable to infer from these circumstances that plaintiff in this work was subjected to an musual strain and that a hernia resulted therefrom. Was there ccspetent evidence that plaintiff suffered a total disability? There was evidence upon which the department could make such a finding and this court may not review its finding as to facts. The award is affirmed. Brozozowski v. Swedish Crucible Steel Co,, Mich. Supreme Ct. Decided Juno 2, 1941. (CCK). Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 4. HBB--0010325 426 New Sections in Idaho Occupational Diseases Statutes* Non-Diaahlipg Silicosis -- Waiver 43-2121 -- Where an employee, though not actually disabled, is found to be affected by silicosis, ho may, subject to the approval of the board, be permitto to waive in writing full compensation for any aggravation of his condition that may result from his continuing in his hazardous occupation. In the event of total disablement or death as a result of the disease with which tho employee was sc affected, after such a waiver, compensation shall nevertheless be payable as heroin elsewhere provided, but in no case, whether for disability or death or both, to exceed $2000.00 in tho aggregate. A waiver so permitted shall re main effective, for the trade, occupation, process, or employment for which oxocuted, notwithstanding a change or change of employer: Provided, that such waiver shall not inure to the benefit of any employer who fails to comply with the provisions of Soction 42-2113. The industrial accidont board shall make reasonable rules and regulations relative to the form, execution, filing, or registration, and public inspoction of waivers or records thereof. 43-2121a -- A workman, seeking employment and having knowledge cr being informed that he is affected with a non-disabling silicosis, who nevertheless voluntarily prefers to work in an occupation where his disease may become aggravated, may, with the approval of the board, enter into a contract with his prospective em ployer, waiving compensation under Soction 43-2122, upon the possible subsequent termination of his employment from any of the causes set forth in Section 43-2122. or from any other causes. (Added by Chap. 160, Laws 1941, Sec. 1, Effective March 13, 1941.} Entering Agreement Voluntarily 43-2121b -- Before approving a waiver under Section 43-2121 or Section 4&-2121a, the board shall be satisfied that the workman has voluntarily entered into said agreement to waivo compensation; that it is of greater advantage to the woriaaan and his dependents, if any, for him to work in an occupation where his disease may become aggravated than to seek other employment, and that the working con ditions maintained by the employer are such as to minimize the hazards of silicosis. (Added by Chap. 160, Laws 1941, See. 1, effective March 13, 1941.) Non-Disabling Silicosis -- Compensation upon Severance from Baplovment 43-2122 -- (1) vrhon an employee working subject to this chapter, who has not pre viously executed any of the waivers referred to in Sections 43-2121, 43-2121a, and 43-2121b,and who would be entitled to compensation under this law, if dis abled, is, because he has a non-disabling silicosis, discharged from employment in which he 13 engaged, or when such an employee, after an examination as pro vided in Subsection (2) and a finding by the medical panel that it is inadvis able for him to continue in his employment, terminates his employment, the in dustrial accident board may allow such compensation on account of such discharge or termination of employment as it may deem just as support money pending his chango of employment, payable as in this law elsewhere provided, but in no case to exceed $750.00. (As emended by Chap. 160, Laws 1941, Sec. 2, effective March 13, 1941.) {CCH). 427 New Occupational Disease Statute for Washington. Chapter 235, Laws 1941, effective June 11, 1941 Section 1. Within the contemplation of this Act "occupational disease" moans such disoaso or infection as arises naturally and proximately out of extra- hazardous employment. Each workman who shall suffer disability from on occupational disease in the course of an extra-hazardous employment, or his family and dependents in case of death of the workman from such disoaso, shall ` HHBB-00iflf326 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 5. receive the same compensation benefits and medical surgical and hospital care i treatment as would be paid and provided for a workman injured or killed in ext: hazardous employment under the industrial insurance and medical aid act of the state: Provided, however, That this Act shall not apply where the last exposure to tho hazards of the disease occurred prior to January 1, 1937. Section 2. Tho compensation and benefits provided for occupational diseases shall bo paid from the same fund r>d in the same manner as compensation and bene fits for injuries under the industrial insurance and medical aid acts and tho contributions of employers to pay thcrofor, shall be determined, assessed and collected in the same manner and as a part of tho premiums for extra-hazardous employment. Sec, 7679-1, Remington's Revised Statutes, Vol. 8, 1940 Pocket Part Section 7679-1 -- Compensation shall be payable for disabilities sustained or death incurred by an employee resulting from the following occupational diseases: (1) Anthrax. Handling of wool, hair, bristlos, hides or skins. (2) Lead poisoning or its sequelae. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with load or its preparations or compounds. (3) Zinc poisoning or its sequolae. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with zinc or its preparations or compounds or alloys. (4) Mercury poisoning or its sequelae. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with mercury or its preparations or compounds, (5) Phosphorous poisoning or its sequolae. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with phosphorous or its preparations or compounds. (6) Arsenic poisoning or its sequelae. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with arsenic or its preparations or compounds. (7) Poisoning by benzol or nitro-, hydro-, hydroxy-, and amido- derivatives of benzene (dinitro-benzol, anilin, and others), or its sequelae. Any pro cess involving the use of or direct contact with benzol, or nitro-, hydro-, hydroxy-, or amido- derivatives of benzene or its preparations or compounds. (8) Poisoning by carbon bisulphide or its sequelae, or any sulphide. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with carbon bisulphide or its preparations or compounds, or any sulphide or sulphite. (9) Poisoning by tetrachloimethane or any substance used as or in conjunc tion with a solvent for acetate of cellulose or nitro cellulose, or its sequelae. Any process involving tho use of or direct contact with any sub stance used as or in conjunction with a solvent for acetate of cellulose or nitro cellulose. (10) Chrome ulceration or its sequelae or chrome poisoning. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with chromic acid or bychromate of ammonium, potasslm or sodiua, or their preparations. (11) Ulceration of the skin or of the ccmeal surface of the eye, due to tar, pitch, bitumen, mineral oil, or paraffin, or any compound, product or residue of any of these substances. Handling or uso of tar, pitch, bltwen, mineral oil, or paraffin or any compound, product or residue of any of these substances. (12) Compressed air Illness or its sequelae. Any process carried on In compressed air. (13) Minors' diseases, including cellulitis, bursitis, ankylostemiasis, tono3ynovitis and nystagmus. (14) Cataract in glassworkers. Processes in tho manufacture of glass in volving exposure to tho glare of molten glass. (15) Methyl chloride poisoning. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with methyl chloride or its preparations or compounds. (16) Carbon monoxide poisoning. Any process Involving direct exposure to carbon monoxide in buildings, sheds or enclosed places. HtiBB-0010327 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 6. (17) Poisoning by sulphuric, hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with sulphur, hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid or their fuses. (18) Disability arising from blisters or abrasions. Any process involv ing continuous friction, rubbing or vibration causing blisters or abrasions. (19) Disability arising from bursitis or synovitis. Any process involv ing continuous rubbing, pressure or vibration of the parts affected. (20) Dermatitis (venenata). Any process involving tho use of or direct contact with acids, alkalies, acids or oils, or vrith brick, cement, lime, concrete or mortar capable of causing dermatitis (venenata). (21) Asbestosis or silicosis (including anthmcosilicosis and silicotuberculosis) resulting from exposuro to heavy concentrations of finely divided quartz or ether forms of free silica (Si02): Provided, However, That no workmen shall be entitled to compensation for asbestosis or sili cosis spocificd herein: a. Unless he was employed within the state of Washington for two years immediately prior to the date of claim for said occupational disease; and b. If the inception of such disease originated outside tho state of Washington unless it bo determined that tho said disease was con tinually quiescent and non-disabling for two years prior to the date of injurious exposure in the state of Washington and that such expo suro during his employment in tho State of Washington activated the quiescent disease to the extent of disability; (22) Any respiratory disease other than asbestosis or silicosis contracted through the inhalation of du&t in any industry whero intense dust prevails. Nothing in this section shall be construed to apply to any case of occupational disease in which tho last injurious exposure to the hazards of tho diaeeaa occurred prior to January first, nineteen hundred thirty-seven, nor to any case in which such occupational disease was incurred in the pursuit of a prior employment to which a character of occupational diseases is incident different from those incident to the employment followed at the time the disability occur red: Provided, Further, That no workman shall bo entitled to compensation for any of the occupational diseases specified herein, oxcept asbestosis or silico sis, if the onset of such disease originated outsido of the state of Washington, unless it is determined that such disease was quiescent and ncn-disfbling one year prior to the date the injurious exposure occurred while in the course of his aaployment in the state of Washington and that such exposure during such employment in the state of Washington activated the quiescent disease to the ex tent of disability: Provided Further, That no workman shall be entitled to compensation for any of the occupational diseases specified herein if the onset of such disease originated outside of the state of Washington, unless it is dotoimined that such disease was quiescent and non-disabling one year prior to the date the injurious exposure occurred while in the course of his ssployment in the state of Washington and that such exposure during such employment in the State of Washington activated tho quiescent disease to the extent of disability. (CCH). Notices of New Books 428 Handbook of Federal Labor Legislation. Bull. No.39, Part 1, Div. of Labor Stan dards. U.S.Dept. of Labor, Washington, 1941. For salo by Supt. of Documents, Washington, D.C. Price 35 cents. This handbook attempts to go somewhat further than just to set down the bare legal rights and duties contained in tho laws. It is arranged by statutes, and Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 7. S<NO gives the main provisions affecting labor contained in the law itself and in the regulations issued thereunder, together with a brief description of the agencies chargod with enforcing or administering the law, and the procedures they use for obtaining compliance* g . 4. '.- Lifting Heavy Weights In Dofonso Industries* Margaret T. Mottert. U.S.Dcpt. of:c Labor, Women's Bureau, Special Bull. No. 2, U.S.Govt. Printing Office. 11 pp. 9=3 for sale by Supt. of Doctmoats, Washington, D.C, Price 5 cents. During the V/orld War women in industry were called on to lift heavier loads than normally, and in all probability the some condition will soon arise. The normal _n load which women habitually lift is not over 25 pounds, but an analysis of war time occupations here and in Great Britain shows that much heavier loads were often carried. The following recommendations are made for the conservation of women's health and strength: (1) guard against injury to physique in the lift ing of heavy v?eights; (2) analyze the elements in weight lifting to develop methods of saving onergyj (3) overcome the dangers involved in lifting weights by introducing lifting and conveying devices, providing efficient conditions for work, and informing workers as to proper methods for lifting; (4) train workers to use tho most economical methods of carrying weights; (5) protect the health cf '-.orkers in heavy industries by physical examinations; and (6) stato regula tion of xvoight lifting is more effoctive through the general authority granted regulatory bodies than through specific laws fixing maximum weights* Each point is discussc-d in some detail. Six 3tatos now have laws regulating weight lifting, which are summarized* Papers on Dust, Gases and General Industrial gygione 43 Asbcstosis. A. Wolff. Nord. Hyg. Tid. 81, 1-33 (1940). (Norwegian}. Zentr. Gewerbehyg. Unfallverhut. 27, 193-4 (194oT. (Geiman). The author describes three cases of asbestosis which occurred in Norway in fac tories where asbestos was used as packing material for acid containers* la one case asbestos particles woro present in the expectoration. The disease has not hitherto been observed in Scandinavia. 431 Somo Investigations in the Slcta OunTrias. Observations on the Lungs of Slate Workers. A. Fell. Ber. 8 intern. Kongr* Unfallaed. u. Borufkrankh. 986 (1939); Zentr. Gewerbehyg. Gnverfallhut* 27, 40 (1940). (German). French slate contains 84$ combined silicates (alumina, lime, magnesia, potash, etc.) and only 6-7$ free silicic acid. Examination of 251 slate workers who had been exposed to the dust under varying hygienic conditions revealed so signs of silicosis. The tendency to emphysema and chronic bronchitis is increased* Since the slate contains much sericlte, these findings do not Indicate that sericite is the chief cause of silicosis* In spite of the relative haimlessness of tho dust, prophylactic moasures are necessary. 432 Silicosis in the Steel Foundry* L.M.Merritt. Presented at Steel Founder's Society of America, Columbus, Ohio. December 17, 1940* Silica is brought into tho steel foundry in three ways* A great roltne of sand is used in the molding process and in cores* Silica flour is used in facings and In cores -- this source is more dangerous because tho silica is very finely ground, Tripoli is the third source but in recent years, its use is on the decline. The best method of controlling dust frtaa these materials is to prevent its formation or remove It at its source* Maintenance of good housekeeping is absolutely essential* L--J 0 (a) S=3 _ es Digest of Industrial fyglene - 6. 433 Acute Silicosis -- Occurring in Snnloyees of Abrasive Soap Powder Industries* R. J. Rltterhoff. Aa.ReT.of Tb.,43. 117-131 (January, 194lT. A report of two cases of acute silicosis due to abrasive soap powder dust with remarkably short exposure periods, being 100 days and 12 months respectively. The author s\mmarizes and compares 15 other cases which have appeared in the literature. The duration of life after cessation of exposure is quite short averaging just a few months, although one lasted for seven years. Those expo sures wore prior to the inception of dust control measures. Analysis of the powders showed a free silica content of 60$. 434 Dust Control -- Silicosis Prevention. Verne A. Zimmer. Brass and Aluninum Foundry 40, November 9, December 7, 1940; 41, February, 1941. Silicosis control inftuadries is accomplished by two methods: prevention of dust generation; and a number of foundry practices, including good houskeeping, isolating dusty operations, and integration of dust control with production. Plans arc shown for a foundry layout, showing isolation of tuablers, grinders and shakeout, also details of a duct system of local exhaust vontilation. Dust arrestors are described and the application of local exhaust to various foundry operations, such as shakeout, sandblast, tumblers, grinders, sand treating, and sand conveyors, is given in some detail. Oil is advocated instead of water for koeping dust down -- "coal-treating oil" being useful for this purpose and of moderate cost. Personal respiratory protection is discussed at length. Per missible concentrations of siliceous dusts is considered, together with two of the common methods for estimating dust in air. A list of selected references is givon. 435 Regulations for Prevention of Silicosis from Sand Blasts in Foundries. 0. ' Zweiilng. Giesserel 27. 362-5 (September 20, 1940). (German). Included in the discussion are notes on the use of steel shot, types of sand blast and safety regulations, breathing apparatus and medical examination of the sandblaster. 436 Air-cloaning Methods. R.E. Chase. Paper Trade J. Ill, No. 21, 29-33 (1940). 4ypes of air filters are described which aro available to provide air of any de gree of cleanness likely to be demanded by the industrial plant. 437 Predicting Dust Concentration. III. How to Figure Dust Concentration When Filter ing Process is Intermittent. F.B. Rowley and R.C. Jordan. Heating, Piping, Air Cond., 13, 304-6 (April, 1941). In the third paper of the series (See Abstracts No. 250, 251 April Digest) the authors extend the mathematical discussion to cases where the filtering process is intermittent. 438 Sources of Error in the Investigation of the Efficiency of Dust-collecting ment. g. Guthnann. Stahl u. Eison 60. 253-4 11940). \German). Operating efficiency depends principally on particle size and not velocity of fall. 439 Methods of Counting Dust Particles. John Finn. Mining J. (Phoenix, Arlz.) 24, No. 16, 4, (1941). A konimetor of the Kotze type i3 recommended. HW88-00i0329 HWBB-0010330 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 9. 440 Practical Discussion of Dust Units Employed in Ventilation* F.F. Kravath. Safe Practice Bull. No. 63, Penna. Dept, of Labor and Industry, May, 1941. This article reviews general types of filters, their capabilities and failings, and their comparative worth as shown by the experience record of installations in the abrasive industry. Among those types discussed are the gravitational filter or settling tank, the cyclone, cloth filters, electrical precipitation and air washers. The gravitational filter is recommended only as a preliminary cleaning device. Its velocities should be kept from 100 to 250 fpa. This type of installation is practically wear and maintenance free, since the dust comes in contact with practically none of the filter parts while it still has any velocity. The cyclone unlike the gravitational filter increases in efficiency with the decrease in size of, at least, the diameter. Because of its high effi ciencies, it is probably the most widely used collector. These installations find their greatest application where the dust or collected material is non abrasive in action. Cloth filters are used primarily where high efficiencies are necessary for the reclamation of valuable material, where recirculation is desired as a means of reducing heating losses, or in residential districts where it is unlawful to discharge visible solids into the atmosphere. The original cost is higher than for the cyclone but its efficiency is unquestioned, its life extremely long, and maintenance fairly simple. Electrical precipitation offers perhaps the most efficient type of separation but its initial cost is high. Therefore, its application will probably be restricted to the reclamation of valuable or extremely dangerous materials. Efficiencies of air washers are some what lower than cloth filters, but occasionally lack of proper application and maintenance of the lattor tend to make the former the more practical unit* Its cost averages about one-third that of the cloth filter design. 441 A Comparison of the Weight, Particle Count and Discoloration Methods of Testing Air Filters. F.3. Rowley and R.C. Iordan. Heating, Piping, Air Cond., ^3, 246-55 (April, 1941). Tho relative merits of three filter test methods based on weight, particle count and discoloration are analyzed and the results of numerous tests are correlated with the theory of filtering air. In the tests by the counting method, the authors employed both an adhesive impingement type of dust counter and settling chambers. Relatively low dust concentrations were necessarily used in tests with these instruments. There is considerable evidence that arrestances based on par ticle count arc the best measures of tho degree to which dangerous dust is elim inated, but are not necessarily measures of degree of removal of nuisance dust. Moreover in its present state of perfection, this method requires too long a time to make a statistically reliable detsimination. The weight method has the advantage of high accuracy, and readily allows determinations of filter life and dust holding capacity as well as arrestance. However, the role of tho larger dust particles is exaggerated and the method gives little information on axreatances due to smaller particles. Both tho transmitted and reflected light dis coloration methods have a reasonably good accuracy (3%), and the reflection method is probably the best for measuring reduction of soiling power. In the reflection method the blank is fairly constant, while it varies considerably in the transmission method. Both methods measure tho reduction and discoloration only in relation to the test dust being used, and the arrestances vary greatly for the same filters with different dusts. The photo-electric cell method, then, is tho best measure of the reduction in discoloration, while the crucible method is the best measure of the reduction of the largor visible dust particles. The question of which is the best indicator of removal of nuisance dust is left open. HHBB-0010331 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 10. 442 Protection Against Poisoning in Blast Furnace Plants. F.W.E. Spies. Ingenieur 55, G.59-G. 62 (August 16, 1941).'' (Dutch). The various types of respirators used against furnace gases are described, in cluding the carbon monoxide catalyzer, charcoal filter, and supplied oxygen respirators. 'C-'Cz 443 Protoction Against Poisoning by Insecticides. M.F. deBruyne. Ingenieur. 55. G.55-G.58 (August 9, 1940}. (Dutch). The paper is devoted mainly to a discussion of the respirators for protection against various types of insecticides, including the supplied air filtering, and oxygen generating forms of protectors. 444 In Dusty Work Places, Science Enables Men to Breathe Safely. A.C. Carruthers, Safety Eng., 81, 8-10 (April, 1941). F3 The author discusses dust prevention and personal protective devices briefly, beginning with the history of dust exposure and of preventive measures, especial 5) ly the part played by the U.S. Bureau of Minos in establishing approval tests for respirators. He lists four general methods of dust prevention and protection: wetting the dust, exhaust systems, enclosed systems, and respirators* The im portance of educating beginners in competent and faithful use of protective de- vicos is stressed. 445 The Gas Mask for the Protection of the Worker. E. Noitzal. Z.ges.Schiees- u* Sprengstoffsw. 35, 133-4 (1940). (German). ~~ Cases of fatal accidents, poisoning, otc., caused by nitrous fuses, halogens and their compounds, ammonia, carbon dioxide, lime and alkalies, benzine, dust, Carter gas, ethylene oxide, methyl sulfate, Firlnit, Prodorit lacquer, Rongalite solution, methyl alcohol, etc., are described. The use of proper gas masks is recommended. 446 Respiratory Protection. Anonymous. Nat. Safety News, 43, 19-20 , 28 (March,1941)The entire March mmber of NATIONAL SAFETY NEWS is devoted to safety equipment of all types, with a brief article on each division of the subject. The general sections are: (1) personal protection; (2) mechanical protection; (3) fire and plant protection; (4) first aid and medical service; (5) sanitary equipment and supplies, and (6) miscellaneous products and services. The first section is sub divided into clothing, eye protection, head coverings, shoes, respiratory pro tection, hand and aim protection. While the treatment of each subject is natural ly general and does not justify detailed abstracting, the issue is a good ccmpend ium of safety devices in general. An up-to-date list of Safe Practice Pamphlets* comprising General Pamphlets, Pamphlets for Special Industries, Industrial Data Sheets, and Health Practices Pamphlets, issued by National Safety Council, is included* In the section on respirators, the classification used by the U. S. Bureau of Mines is followed by a list of factors to be taken into consideration, as compiled by`H.W. Letmberg Including {1} efficiency in removing dusts; (2} minimum obstruction to breathing; (3) tight fit; (4) cemfort; (5) non-interfer ence with goggles and proper weight distribution; (6) minimum free space with positive-acting, low-resistant inhalation valves; (7) compactness and good appearance; (8) durable cover, and (9) non-injurious materials, and replaceable and storilizablo parts. 447 Artificial Lungs for the Testing of Gas Masks and Respirators. R. Sauer. Gasnaske, No. 1 {1940). {Gorman/. _ The paper describes with illustrations, an artificial mechanical lung apparatus for testing gas masks and respirators. Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 11. HUBB-0010332 448 Avoidable Loss of Life. W. Meyer. Gas&aske 12, 42-5 (1940). (German). A description of deaths caused by breathing fumes of lead, mercury, benzene, miscellaneous organic vapors, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and du3t. These could have been avoided by the use of a gas ma3k. 449 Public Notice of the German Minister of Labor Concerning Decisions of the German Committee for Dust Protectivo Apparatus. January 30. 1940. Reichsgcsundheitsbl. 15, 283-7 (1940 v. (German). The published regulations relate principally to protection for sandblasters. Each must have a positive pressure helmet which must have sufficient excess pressure and an air supply of at least 80 liters per minuto. Construction must be such as to prevent decrease below that amount; the air supply must be free from dust and oil and there must be an adjustable contrivance for heating which will provide a temperature of at least 20C. It is rocommended that air be brought in by special ventilators, and direct connection with the ordinary com pressed air supply is allowed only temporarily and only if the other conditions arc fulfilled. Three commercial German helmets meet the specifications, (one Auer and two Draeger) and others have been rejected. 450 Resuscitation After Electric Shock. C. F. Delziel. Elec. Vfest 86, 38-42 (3 (April, 1941). Several first aid techniques for the electrical worker are presented. The prone pressure (Shaefer) method and pole top method are described, with the aid of numerous illustrations. The various organic causes of death from electric shock, the treatment of shock, and safety measures are fully discussed. 451 Resuscitation from Shock. G.E.Bell and J.A.C.Knox. Elec. Rev., 127. 241 (September"20, 1940), ~ Experiments in resuscitation using the Jollinek and Shaefer methods were perforat ed on subjects who were trained to relax their respiratory muscles. In the Jellinek method, the subject is laid on his back and his shoulders are forcibly pushed backward toward the ground, bending the vertebral colunn. The authors found that this method did not bring enough air into the lungs and that tho sub jects were very uncomfortable. Tho well-known Shaefer method proved entirely satisfactory and is much preferable to the other. 452 Muscular Paralysis Caused by Electric Currents. C.F. Dalziel and J.B. Lagen. Electronics 14. 22-3 (March. 1941). This is a report on tests conducted to dotenaine the threshold of muscular soncontrol of a group of noraiol men on direct and alternating currents freo 5 to 10,000 cycles per second. The results give the values of the electric current at which muscular paralysis occurs in luzaans and range from 10 to 20 milliamperos at ordinary frequencies. The results are independent of electrode size, moisture on hands, current pathway and previous experience in the tests. The threshold increases as the frequency decreases to very low values and also increases as it increases from about 200 to 10,000 cycles per second. 453 Training Men In Pole-Top Resuscitation. H. Miller. Hoc. Light & Power 19. 56 (February, 1941). _ A new pole-top technique devoloped by Southern California Edison Company, elimin ates some difficulties found in the former method. A series of photographs demonstrates the method of resuscitation. HMBB-0010333 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 12. 454 Zlectrie Shock, Electric Burns and their Treatment* A.E. Gordin. Ind. Med., 10, 87-91 (March, 1941). In the treatment of electric shock, immediate and continuous artificial respir ation, without moving the victim, is the first requisite. After breathing is restored the patient must be kept quiet at least for an hour. As a rule no drugs should be administered. Burns should not bo treated until recovery from shock appears certain. Amputation, where necessary should be delayed if possible until the shock has been overcome. Gas gangrene is a frequent complication, usually appearing 12 to 56 hours after the accident. The author has been un successful with serum and drugs of the sulfanilamide type. Tetanus antitoxin should be administered. Deep and severe hemorrhage must be watched for. For this reason, very careful nursing is of major importance. Bone involvement does not show in x-rays and soldcn appears before 6 to 12 weeks have elapsed. Skin grafting is usually successful if not attempted too soon. The patient's mental concL ;ion con be Improved by giving him compensation early and by putting him back to work as quickly as possible. 455 Defects of the Cardiac Valves aa a Consequence of Electric Shock. S. Kooppon* Gin. Wchnschr. 19, 1257-61 (1940) riGeraanH The author first discusses 13 cases of cardiac valve and muscular disturbances thought to have resulted from electric accidents, but finds the problem compli cated by infection and other factors. From a number of animal experiments he concludes that the electric current causes disturbances of the nervous system of the heart and an increase of blood pressure, caused by the spasm of the peripher al muscles and central irritation of the brain. Also found are disturbances of the rhyths or a complete cessation of the heart with typical findings, or fibril lation of the ventricle. It is impossible that a valvulardefect could be caused by an electric accident. 456 Electric Arc Welding: the Effects of Welding Gases and Finos. S.F. Mode, C.P. McCord and G.C. Harrold. J.Am.Med.Assoc., 116. 1618-21 (April 12, 1941). The authors briefly describe spot and gas welding with their associated hazards, and then electric wolding in more dotail. The potential hazards from electric arc welding are: (1) the arc itself {ultraviolet emanations, heat, ozone, nitrous gas); (2) electrodes (manganese, chromium, nickel, zinc, magnesium, etc.): (3) coating of electrodes (fluorides, silica, silicates, bitumens); and (4) oxygen deficiency. Finally they present an abridged version of their experiment al work which vus reviewed in our Abstract Mo* 783, November, 1940. 457 Infrared Spectrophotcmetrl c Studies on Hemoglobin as Affected by Cyanide, Methylene Blue and Carboh Monoxide. M.M. Brooks. Am.J.Physiol. 132. 311-20 (March 1, 1941). By means of a spectrophotometer and infrared-sensitive photometric plates, the absorption spoctra of blood in the presence of methylene blue, nitrite, ferricyanide and cyanide were studied. No changes were produced by potassium cyanide or by methylene blue, in the concentrations similar to those occurring la poisonings and their therapy. Sodium nitrite produces a shift in the trans mission maximum. The author concludes that methylene blue does not produce motbeanoglobin; also that the mechanism of cyanide poisoning Is an alteration of the oxidation-reduction potential of the ferrous-ferric system of the respiratory enzyme, such that the bivalent fora is unable to revert to the trivalent. Any non-toxic oxidant, such as methylene blue or sodium nitrite, may bring the potential back to a normal range, allowing recovery. HMBB-001033^ Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 13. 458 Cerebral Vascular Lesions After Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Queries and Minor Notes. J. Am. Med. Assoc.. 1167 451 (February 1. 1941). Poisoning by carbon monoxide in a laborer aged 3? was followed in 3 weeks by severe head pains and vomiting, after apparent recovery, and 7 days later a similar attack proving fatal, was clearly a case of cerebral hemorrhage. No clear reply can be given to the quostion whether the poisoning was responsible for the cerebral hemorrhage, but fatty, hyaline and other retrogressive changes of vessel walls are known to follow carbon monoxide poisoning. An existing arteriosclerosis enhances the effect of carbon monoxide. 459 Carbon Monoxide -- A Domestic and Occupational Hgsarri. W.H. Schulze. Medical Clinics of N."America.~25, 437-52 (March. 1941). Where exposures continue over a period of several hours the oarbon monoxide concentration in air should not exceed 100 parts per million parts of air. Acute poisoning is manifested by a progressive paralysis of the central nervous system ultimately resulting in unconsciousness and death. Subacute poisonings are characterized by such subjective symptoms as headaches, nausea and vomiting, weakness, dimness of vision and dizziness. Continued educational methods de signed to acquaint the public with the sources, symptoms and dangers of carbon monoxide poisoning both in the home and in industry should help to reduce the large number of fatal and non-fatal poisonings caused by this gas every year. 460 Ozone in Ventilation and Air Conditioning. T.R. Crowder, Proc. of the 20th Annual Meeting of the Medical and Surgical Section of the Assoc, of American Railroads,New York, June 10*11, 1940. pp. 123*131. Insofar as the physiological effects of ozone have been measured they ere pr^ ponderately harmful. Even such minute quantities as 1 part per 10 Minton parte of eir may be definitely injurious to the respiratory membranes. Bacteria can be killed by ozone, if moist; but hraan beings are injured by concentrations so far below those necessary to bring this about that the fact is of no practical importance in hygiene or therapeutics. The deodorizing effect of ozone is not real, only apparent; since it accomplishes its purpose by paralyzing the sense of smell. The author concludes that ozone has no proper place in ventilation or air conditioning. 461 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. A.H.Baggenstoes. Net.Engr., 44, 211-2, 225 (March, 1940). This is a general paper on sources of carbon monoxide, its mode of action, symp toms and prevention of poisoning, and treatment for persons overcome by the gas. 462 How Dangerous is Gas? W.B. Paton. Can. Min. J., 61, 527-9 (August, 1940). The author answers the question, sometimes asked in just that form, by saying: "As dangerous as it is permitted to be." The torn "gas" is used by mining men to denote any noxious or inflammable gas encountered in underground workings. In Canadian mines, such gases consist of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydro gen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen peroxide and methane. Probably all fatalities are caused by carbon monoxide. The affects of each gas are discussed, with special attention to carbon monoxide. Suggestions are given for reducing the hazards. 463 Protection Against Poisoning in Mines. A.H. Vossenaar. Ingenieur. 55, 0.52* 0.55 (August 9, 1940). (Dutch). ' " This is a general paper on the properties of the most conaon mine gases, under the usual classifications of suffocating, irritating, paralyzing and truly poisonous gases, with brief consideration of protective measures. HBB-t010335 Digest of Industrial Ifygiene - 14. 464 Guarding Against Nitrous Fumes. Anonymous. Safety Eng., 81, 47-8 (1940). From an English Accident Prevention Bulletin. The oxides of nitrogen are among a few gases that may cause grave Injury withou Immediate indications, and their effects may be realized when it is too late to save the victim. To avoid injury it is necessary to know where they are likely to occur, to avoid breathing them when they occur and to obtain medical advice at once when ill effects are felt, however trivial they may seem. Nitrous gases may arise wherever strong nitric acid is usod. The prefix "nitro" in the name of a substance should be a warning that such fuaes may be encountered in its use or manufacture. An atmosphere containing enough of the fumes to show their red color is highly dangerous, and even smaller concentrations, enough to cause coughing, choking sensation or smarting of the skin are injurious. Wherever . fumes may arise the operation should be eithor totally enclosod or provided with strong oxhausts, supplemented with general ventilation. Breathing apparatus of the canister type is suitable for repair work and any other necessary exposure, only when the concentration of the fuses is low. Otherwise air-supplied or oxygen-generating respirators must bo used. When molten nitrate baths are used for heat treatment, the temperature must never exceed 550C. 465 Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Snifidn Pois^n-infi in industrial Processes and Pro tection Against Thai. E. Neitzel. Z.ges.Schiess-u. Sprengstoffsw. 35, 157-9 otc. (1940), (Gemaan). A discussion of the opportunities which exist in many industries for the accident al release of carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide in poisonous quantities. The symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning and the mechanism of poisoning are des cribed. Methods for detecting the presence of carbon monoxide in air and for post-mortem tests for the gas are given. The three kinds of protective masks are described, including: (1) a mask with a canister containing a catalytic agent composed of a mixture of cupric oxide and manganese dioxide, which oxidizes carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide; (2) the oxygen breathing apparatus with a supply of oxygen, and (3) the hose mask to which air is pimped through a tube, fydrogen sulfide is no less dangerous than carbon monoxide. In high concentra tions unconsciousness occurs practically instantaneously. It also causes eye injuries. Instances of rapid poisoning are cited. Sources of hydrogen sulfide in industry and elsewhere are listed, and symptoms of poisoning are described. Suitable gas masks should be worn and stringent safety precautions should be observed. 466 Beware Ammonia Hazards. Anonymous. Power Plant Eng., 45, 69 (May, 1941). A brief note on the precautions to be observed in handling and using cylinders of aanonia Including proper manipulation of valves and the necessity of remain ing with the cylinder during discharge. 467 Anhydrous Anaonia. K.J. Quinn and R.L. Carr. Water Works & Sewerage. 80, . 132-6 (March, 1941). In addition to data on the physical properties of anhydrous ammonia, the authors present information en its physiological effocts, precautions in handling and first aid treatment of persons overcome or injured. The precautions include ventilation by fans near the ceiling, use of only iron and steel for piping, avoidance of mixing the gas with chlorine, end care in handling. First aid Includes removal to fresh air, use of artificial respiration but not the pulmotor, treatment of eyes with boric acid, nose and throat burns with boric acid and light skin bums with picric acid. More serious bums should not be treated with picric acid but should be cared for by the physician. The tannic acid treatment is advocated. Henderson and Haggard's table ct limiting concentrations is given. HWBB-0010336 Digest of Industrial ifygiene - 15. 468 Basedow1 s Disease from Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. I. Mahaim. Rev. med. suisse rom. 60. 588 (1940); Zentr. Gewerbehyg. Unfallverhut. 27, 193 (1940). (Goman). A 37 year-old woman suffered in winter from progressive weakness, which com pletely disappeared in summer. Basedow's disease developed during last winter. The cause was a defective stove which gave off much carbon monoxide. The case differod from those previously described in the literature in that the symptoms developed very slowly (3 winters) during an insidious poisoning. Exophthalmos wa3 absent. The similarity between carbon monoxide poisoning and Basedow*s dis ease is dismissed and the relation of Basedow's disease to changes in the mesencephalon is pointed out. 469 Danger of Chlorine Gas. Freitag. Z.ges.Scliiess-u. Sprengstoffsw. 35, 159 (1940). (German). Several instances of poisoning by chlorine gas are described. Methods of treat ment are suggested. Venesection and oxygen inhalation are recommended. ToXic action on man is described as follows: 0.01 mg. per 1. can be breathed for several hours without serious effects; 0.1 to 0.15 mg, per 1. is lethal in 1 to 1. 5 hours. 470 Chromate Method for the Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in Air. P.V. Moskalev. Lab. Prakt. (U.S.S.R.j 15, 26-8 (1940). (Russian). Cheo. Abst., 35, 1353 (March 10, 1941). The author has modified the method of Lang by making some slight changes in reagents, and presents details of the analysis. Sufficient details for practi cal use are given in the Chemical Abstracts reference. 471 Sodium Nltroprussido Test Papers for the Detection of Sulfur Dioxide and Hydro gen Sulfide. N. Sciacca and E. Solarino. Ann, chin, appllcata. 30. 236-7 (1940). (Italian). Filter papers washed in a solution containing 4# of sodi\ nitroprusside and 2$ of sodium carbonate will detect sulfur dioxide at a concentration of 1 part per million and hydrogen sulfide at 1 part in 5 million. 472 X-Ray Diffraction -- An Important Tool in Pneumoconiosis Research. L. B. Berkelhamer. Jour. Ind. Hsrg. & Toxicol.. 23. 163-175 (May. 19411. Seven representative and varied instances are described in which x-ray diffrac tion has been of assistance in pnouaoconiosis research. Mineral specimens and dusts, the chemically extracted mineral residues of lung tissue, six-micron sec tions as well as thicker sections, and dried and pulvorized lung tissue have all been subjected to x-ray diffractions with satisfactory results. The possibility of identifying minerals present in the same section that the pathologist has studied has been demonstrated. This may not be feasible in ell cases sinoe the dust concentration is a limiting factor but it can bo used in many instances and it has an advantage over methods involving dust retrieval which may alter the composition of the minerals in the process. The erroneous implication that the mineral pyrophyllite was the cause of a reported case of nodular fibrosis has been considered; and proof by x-ray diffraction analysis is offered that the case in question was one of disease due te quartz rather than pyrophyllite. X-Ray diffraction has its limitations but within them it has proven an invalu able aid in pneumoconiosis research. 473 The Medicolegal Aspects of Roentgenology. J.W. Pierson. Medical Clinics of N* America 25, 331-46 (March. 1941)7 The medicolegal aspects of roentgenology may be considered from three angles: (1) the presentation in court of testimony based on roentgenologic findings; (2) the preparation of the proper foundation for such testimony by accurate roentgen Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 16. HUBB-6010337 technic and correct interpretation of the films obtained; and (3) the legal responsibility of the individual employing x-ray apparatus for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, or both. 474 The Miniature X-Ray Film the Chest. B.H. Douglas and C.C. Birkelo. Am. Rev. ofTb., 43, 1C8-116 (January, 1941 Photo-roentgenography with the 4x5 inch film is quito accurate when compared wi* tho largor film. This type of examination can be used rapidly and economically in surveying large mmbers of persons. This film size is of practical use for direct interpretation without enlargement and has decided advantages over certain other methods of X-ray examination either as to accuracy or cost or both. 475 Tuberculosis Case-Finding. H.K. Edwards and others. Am. Rev. of Tb., 43, 491 (April, 1941). This is the report of a survey of 28,331 trade union members in New York City in 1939. The workers were primarily from the needle trades (dressmakers, etc.), department stores, wholesale warehouses, pocketbook makers, and food trades. The absence of important tuberculosis findings in warehouse workers was not signifi cant because of the small number x-rayed. Workers is the needle trades and pocket book makers had lower rates of significant tuberculosis than those in department stores and food handling trades. More detailed analysis by specific union locals showed a greater problem in some, but in do Instance was it possible to conclude that the job per se represented a special hazard so far as tubercu losis was concerned. 476 A Disorder Simulating PulanTiary Tuberculosis. Anonymous. Med. J, Australia. I, 21 (1941). This is an editorial comment on a paper by Finodt-Moeller end Barton (Indian Med. Gaz., October, 1940), who roport a "paeudotuborculosia condition associated with oosinophilia" or "oosinophilia lung." The patienta have fever,cough, expector ation, loss of weight, pain in the chest, and sometimes hemoptysis. The roent genograph resembles that of miliary tuberculosis or silicosis. The nettling is extensive and usually evenly distributed. The Individual shadows are about 2 smU in diameter. The prognosis is relatively good. Some of the patients, examined years later, were found to be in an unchanged condition. The condition nay be caused by constant or repeated passage of helminth larvae through the liags. The editors consider that the evidence Indicates a distinct disease, but advise awaiting proof from autopsy and histological examination. 477 Influence of Aircraft Performance on Selection and Care of Military Aviators. J.R. Poppen. War Med., 1, 180-7 (March, 1941). ~ The author discusses the problems of adequate testa for selection of aviators, adequate oxygen supply, prevention of "bends" and of a similar "decompression illness," and effects of sudden changes of directions. Progress is being mads on all these problems. The problems of cold, visibility and carbon monoxide are also receiving considerable attention. 478 Industrial Hygiene and the Navy In National Defence. E.ff, Brown, War Mod., ^ 3-14 (January^ 1941). The Medical Department of the United States Navy is vitally interested in indus trial hygiene, especially in navy yard practice. Industrial hygiene surveys are conducted separately by a medical officer and a line officer detailed as an engineer, and then correlated; and the engineer formulates the control program. Statistics are presented, which show a marked reduction In accident rate in a 12-yoar period. A list of occupational health hazards in navy yards is presented, with a discussion of the most ccesnon ones. Special physioal examinations of employees exposed to hazards is stressed. Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 18. HUBB-0010338 expressed in ponderous medical terminology which is perfectly understandable to him and other medical witnesses but is absolutely unintelligible to the lay jury. 483 Health Maintenance in Small Industry. R.B. Robson. Am.J.Pub.Health 31_, 162-6 (February, 1941), The author relates how a practical health program is successfully conducted in a small plant with 20C employees by a part-time doctor and a part-time nurse. The doctor*s duties include preomploymcat and annual examinations, monthly trips of inspection accompanied by the plant director and visits alone at irregular in tervals. The nurse devotes half her time each day to company work including pre @ sence in the first-aid room at a specified time, keeping records of all employee absences, and visits to the home of new and absent employees. First-aid equip ment costs about $300 and the rost of the service costs about $10 per employee <d per year. Sick absenteeism has decreased from 2.7 to 0.85 days per employee per year under this plan. Time lost through accidents has also decreased. The cost of accident cases is not included in the above figures slnco it is paid directly < through the Compensation Board. In these times of increasing taxes, the author points out, a medical service must be an asset, not a liability, and more than humanitarian reasons are necessary to justify the cost of a small-plant medioal program. 484 Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops. 1939. Chapter 3. Health. J.C. Bridge. H, M. Stationery Office, London, 1940. The present war emergency has affected the health cf the worker, not only In in creased accidents, but also on account of blackouts, increase in working hours, general anxiety and rotardation In applying new reforms. Among industrial dis eases, lead poisoning has remained at a low level, but mercury poisoning has in creased, ax has fclso ehreme ulceration. Arsenioei poisoning has occurred in insecticide manufacture. Dermatitis has increased, but silicosis is at a stand still. Several fines and gases are discussed. The first case of fluorine osteosclerosis was reported in 1939. First old In industry has received on im petus from the intensive preparation for national defense. Industry is more and more realizing the importance of medical supervision, and more full-time and part-time medical directors and nurses are being employed. 485 The Industrial Health Program in Maryland. R.B# Him, Maryland State Dept, of Health Monthly Bull., 13, 30-35 (June, 1941). This is an account of the Intensified industrial health activities in Maryland. By the cooperative provision of H.S. Public Health Service personnel to serve until permanent appointments are made, a broad program is being carried on. Practical surveys of soma forty industrial plants are done in cooperation with the county health officers and their staffs. Educational efforts of various kinds are being put into operation. It is emphasized that the successful pro motion of an industrial health program can best be accomplished by the closely combined efforts of the pfayeloian, the industrial hygiene engineer, and the chemist, in collaboration with other state, local and federal agencies, the accident commission, medical societies, employer and employee groups, universi` ties and companies interested in industrial casualty insurance* 486 Supplement #4. Occupation and Health. Intern. Labour Office. Geneva, 1940. This brochure contains four additions to the Encyclopedia of Hygiene, Pathology and Social Welfare: (1) Adaptation and Rehabilitation; (2) Coracolditls; (3) Occupational tumors; (4) Workers Nutrition. The third section is a continuation of previous articles on timers -- this one deals with those of the digestive system. Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 19. O'* ^co cs 437 UaintAwane* at Safe, Healthful Working Conditions During 1940. Div. of Ind. Sy^ja N.Y.State Dent. of Labor. Ind. Bull..20.~ 114-119 (April. 1941). ts The work of the Division of Industrial Hygiene during the past year has been three-fold: (1) it has made field and laboratory studies for the detection, H control and prevention of occupational diseases and accidents; (2) it has cm- * barked on a special health conservation program for the defense industries of the state; and (3) it has rendered technical service (medical, chemical and engineer ing) to the Labor Departmont as a whole. Theso activities are described in detail. 408 The Medical Aspects of Occupational Diseases. J.M.McDonald. Med. Clinics of N."America. 25, 357-64 (March, 1941). The author*s discussion takes up the following topics: Historical, Causes, Channels of Entry for Industrial Poisons, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis, and Prevention. The physician*s part in prevention begins with the pre-employment physical examination of all persons applying for work. The health status of each employee must also be re-checked at regular intervals. If cases of occupa tional disease appear, the physician should immediately seek the services of the industrial hygienist. After the control apparatus or methods aro completed, the physician must check the efficiency of its operation by making frequent observa tions of the physical condition of those employees for whose protection the equipment was installed. 489 Conservation of Manpower Through the Extension and Improvement of Induatrlal Medical Service. Conn. State Med. Society and Manufacturers Assoc, of Conn., Inc*, April 15, 1941. A joint conmittee from the Connecticut State Medical Society and the Manufactur ers Association of that state have made a study over a period of many months. As a result, certain suggestions are offered for the extension and improvement of industrial medical service. The type of service deals with the following activ ities: (1) Control of Plant Environment, (2) Physical Examinations and Super vision of Eaplcyees, (3) Therapy, (4) Special Investigations, (5) Education.The points are each dealt with at some length In this booklet. Minima standards are advocated and a plan suggested for assisting industries In developing their individual medical service. 490 Poisoning. P.A. Van Luyt. Ingenieur. 55, 0.45-0.51 (August 9, 1940). (Dutch). This is one of four papers presented at a syttposiv* of the (Netherland) Royal Institute of Engineers in December, 1939. It is a general discussion of indus trial poisoning, including Individual susceptibility, methods of entrance of poison Into the system, removal of poisons, therapy and prophylaxis. Mot much attention is given to any specific poison. 491 A Further Study of the Psychological Aspects of a Miner* s Work. T.E. Muller and S.N. Neville. Trans. Instn. Min. Engrs.. 100. 141-51 (February. 1941); reviewed in Colliery Guardian, 162, 311-3 (April 4, 1941). The research described was the investigation of certain aspects of the "h\man machine** and its behavior during exercise, with special reference to mining oper ations. It included walking and loading experiments, with variation In roof height, also ergometer experiments at high temperatures. Results of the latter tests indicate strain upon vital organs at first, which decreased with-adaptation to the heat. HwBB-0010340 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 20, 492 Rehabilitation of Injured Miners, Anonymous. Iron &. Coal Trades Rev., 142, 391-2 (April 2, 1941K ` This paper describes the rehabilitation clinic established by colliery owners of English Midlands, for injured miners, especially those with fractures. Gradual ly increasing axercise especially adapted to restoring use of the injurod parts 'O-'O' is a prominent feature of the treatment. Pleasant surroundings and psychological rehabilitation sire emphasized. A very large proportion of the miners return to work. 493 Industrial Saaitotjon. N.J.Radder. Safety Eng., 81, 41-6 (April, 1941). Health of employees and good will among them is fostered by adequate sanitary facilities. Minimum requirements for sanitary facilities in industrial plants were outlined a year ago by tho National Institute of Health (see Abstract No. 385, April, 1940). One drinking fountain should bo providod for every 50 employ =3 ees, In the approved type, now constituting less than 10% of the total, the water-flows are set at an angle from tho vertical. Sufficient toilet facilities, roughly one for each 30 persons, should be provided. Types of construction are discussed. Shower baths are becoming an increasingly important part of the san itary facilities in today's places of employment. Midget shower heads and heavy brass construction with chromiim finish and safety mixers are recommended. Wash ing facilities should be at convenient locations and preferably of the wall-hung type. Good soap from suitable dispensers, softened water and individual towels will load employees to proper health habits and self-respect. Pure water should be assured, and dual water supply systems should be avoided. 494 Protecting the Baployee's Health. R.C. Heard. Gas Age 86, 27 (Septaber 26, 1940). The common cold not only causes a large prepertion of loss of hours, but also is contagious and may lead to mere serious ailments. In one factory, the inci dence cf colds was greatly reduced by dispensing halibut liver oil tablets, with instructions on early treatment of cold and general health rules. The precau tionary measures advocated by Metropolitan Life Insurance Company are quoted. 495 Hookworm Disease and its Prevention in the German Mining Industry. W. Heine. Glueckauf .76, 457-63 (August 24, 1940). (German}. A map is presented showing the geographical occurrence of hookworm disease over the world. In Western Europe, as tho result of a highly successful campaign against the disease, it is prevalent only in France, Hungary and the southern countries. Bbwever, great precaution must still be observed on account of its increasing spread in the Soviet Union. 496 Recovery of Fatigued Muscle Following Intravenous Injection of Potassiim Chloride. S.Hoff and others. Am. J.~Physiol. 131. 15-8 (January, 1941). In a series of experiments in which potassium chloride was introduced into a vein in close proximity to a twitching muscle, the authors found that the origin al height of contraction was regained and even surpassed despite several hours of muscular twitching. They conclude that since potassitA is known to be liber ated from the muscle cell during contraction, this loss may well be one factor in the development of fatigue, and the replenishing with potassium salt may thus allow recovery. 497 The Effect of Exercise in Hat Atmospheres upon the Pulse Rate. D.H.K. Lee and G.P.B. Boissard. MedTj. Australia. 664-8 (December 21, 1940). Replacement of water lost during exercise in hot atmospheres is Jjdlte effective in preventing excessivo rise of pulse rate. The benefit of water replacement is somewhat greater in a "hot dry" atmosphere (101 dry bulb, 385& relative humidity) HUBB-B81B34 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 21. than in a "hot wet" one (87.5 dry bulb, 83# relative humidity) both having the same effective temperature index. Use of saline solution instead of 'water, is beneficial in a "hot wet" atmosphere, but appears to be disadvantageous in a hot dry one. 498 Cutaneous Diffusion of Helium in Relation to Peripheral Blood Flow and tho Ab sorption of Atmospheric nitrogen through the Skin. A. Behnke and T. Willmon. Am. J. Physiol.. 131. 627-32 (JanuaryT~1941). Tho subject's body was iioaersed to the neck in holium and the exhaled helium was measured. After 30 to 60 minutes, when equilibrium was established, at 27-28C, between 40 and 60 cc. cf helium per hour diffused through the skin, passed to the lung$ and wu3 exhaled. At 35C. the diffusion was about 170 cc. of helium per hour. This temperature effect is explained chiefly on the basis of an increased cutaneous blood flow. In similar experiments with the body surrounded with oxygon, the nitrogen elimination decreased from 47 cc. to between 24 and 34 cc. per hour, returning to normal when the body is again surrounded by air. There for under similar conditions the nitrogen diffusion is loss than 50# of that of helium. 499 Gaseous Nitrcpen and Helixm Elimination from the Body during; Rest and Exercise. A. Rnhnjce rnii^T, An..J .Physiol. 131, 63,9-26 (January, 1941), After a mixture of 73 to 76# helium, 5-Nitrogen and 20# oxygen was breathed for 3 hours, about 60# of tho helium was found to leave the tissues during the first hour. Exercise on a stationary bicycle increased the heliua elimination, for instance, 60# over a 15 minute period of exercise. The elimination of nitro gen is rapid during the first 2 hours and then slower until an end-point is reached somewhere between 9 and 12 hours. Exercise produces marked increase in nitrogen elimination. Tho addition of helium to the inhaled oxygen did not interfere with the removal of nitrogen from tho body tissues. Thus a helium dive will require about one half the period of decompression necessary for an air dive. . 500 Health Hazards in the Finishing of Metals. N.E. Promisel* Products Finishing 5, 18-28 {November,~1940); 52-61 {December, 1940). Tho subject is covered briefly but comprehensively in two papers. The first considers the subjective factors in health hazards, including race, sex, age, living habits, personal characteristics, experience and familiarity with particu lar operations and susceptibility to particular hazards, followed by the objec tive factors, which include temperature, humidity, ventilation, dampness, radia tion, illumination, electricity, noises, vibration, and neurosos. In the second paper the effects of particular poisons are considered, especially hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Benzene,- toluene, xylene, petroleum distillates, turpentine, carbon tetrachloride, the chlorethylenes, tetrachlorethane, ethylenet dichloride and chlorbenzenes are discussed at least briefly, with safety limits for the most important ones. General safety rules are included. 501 Industrial Poisoning of tho Nervous System. H. Voss. Fortschr. Geb. Nerrenkrankh. p. 161 (1939); Zentr. Gewerbehyg. Unverfallhut. 27 , 303 (1940). (German). A review of the following industrial poisons and thoir effect on the nervous system: lead, mercury, arsenic, manganese, benzene and its homologs, nitro com pounds of benzene, phenylhydrazine, benzine, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide. HU65-6010342 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 22. 502 Some Problems of War-Time Labor Management. K.G, Fenelon. Proc. Roy. Soc. Arts C\/ 89, 21-34 (December"l3, ~ 1940). In addition to problems of selection, and training of workers and forcmmn, the author discusses several phases of industrial health. The lesson taught by the previous war, that production is decreased by too long hours, has had to bo re learned by some industries. It has been found that suitable rest pauses in crease production by 5 to 10$. Blackouts interfere with working conditions be cause entrance of daylight into factories is restricted. Boredom must be S alleviated by varying occupation or by other means. Welfare work must not only a include increased service in the plant, such as introduction of canteens, but must also extend outside the plant, on account of bombed homes., lack of gas, and lack of suitable recreation. 503 Industrial Lighting In War Time. H.C. Weston. Light & Lighting 33, 178-80 (November, 1940), The use of blackouts (sometimes called black-ins when referring to covering fac tory windows) has emphasized problems of proper artificial lighting. The (British) Factory Lighting Commission has prescribed the ertent of illumination sufficient for comfort in ordinary work, and has advocated painting fixtures less e than 20 feet from the floor in light colors. Improvements in lighting are dis cussed, including use of fluorescent tubular lamps, and of local lighting where needed. A copy of the lighting regulations accompanies the paper. 504 Artificial Lighting and Eyesight. G.V. Downer. Aircraft Eng., 12, 286 (September, 1940). Defective vision is more widespread today than at any previous period in history, on account of increased night-time activity under artificial inclination, in creased nervous tension and vitamin deficiency in diet. The structure of the eye and mechanism of sight arc discussed. The essential requirements of really good artificial illumination are: even distribution, freedom from glare and elimin ation or reduction of shadows. Indirect lighting beat attains those qualities, but when it is not practicable the lighting should be carried out by comparative ly largo areas of comparatively low surface brightness. The color of the light should approximate daylight. Eyo strain can be minimized by occasional periods of looking away from the work. Proper diet is essential. Papers on Industrial Poisons. Cancer. Dermatitis, etc. 505 Poisoning by Triorthocresyl Phosphate. E. Staohelin. Schweiz, mod. Wchnschr, 71. 1-5 (1941). (German). Throe groups of triorthocresyl phosphate poisoning have been observed: (1) in therapeutic experiments with creosote-phosphoric; (2) in gingsr liquor in the United Statos, contaminated with the substance; and (3) in Apiol, employed as an abortifacicnt, which sometimes contains the substance. The author observed 69 cases of poisoning which were caused by the erroneous use of triorthocresyl phosphate instead of edible oil. Immediate and delayed symptoms are described, the latter being those of the usual progressive paralysis. Atrophies developed, accomodation of the eyes was affected, and although sensation was not disturbed, there were pains and fibrillar spasms of the muscles. The brain was not affect ed, The height of tho paresis was roached in 3 to 4 weeks, and improvement be gan, progressing in the opposite direction, but very slowly, requiring 2 months after the poisoning in tho least affected patients. The point of attack was the medullary sheath of the motor norvee. Abnormal amounts of triorthocresyl phos phate could not be found in the excreta. Heat, massage and movement were de ployed in therapy. It has been shown that 0.15 g. is sufficient to produce a slight poisoning and 0.5 to 0.7 . a serious one. HhBB-0010343 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 23, 506 Handling Paint Products, Anonymous. Nat. Safety News, 43_, 20-1, 76 (May,1941). This is a brief paper presented in popular style, dealing with composition of paint and the hazards involved in its use, including lead poisoning and fire and health risks from the thinner. The precautions recommended include use of non inflammable solvents, wearing of respirators and gloves or use of protective creams or liquids, use of raw linseed oil for removing paint from the hands, washing before eating and opening out cloths3 or rags saturated with oils to avoid spontaneous combustion which occurs when rags are closely stored. 507 Treatment of Chronic Benzene Poisoning in Low-Pressure Workers with Ascorbic Acid. J. Hagen. Arch.Gcworbcpath. u. Gewerbehyg., 9_, 698-704 [l939}, (German) Increased lymphocytos and decreased red cells and hemoglobin were noted in ben zene poisoning. The urinary level of ascorbic acid diminished. Ascorbic acid in doses of 75-105 mg. daily for 6 to 7 weeks resulted in return to normal values- 508 Germany. Circular of the Minister of Labor Concerning the Use of Benzene, August 20, 1940. Arbeitsschutz.-pp. 236-7 (1940). (German). The danger of benzene poisoning in Germany has increased on account of its sub stitution for benzine, which is difficult to obtain. The following regulations are announced: (1) avoidirg the use of benzene in closed spaces; (2) replace ment by toluono and xylene when possible; (3) materials containing over 8# ben zene must be especially labeled; (4} hours of work for women and young men mu3t bo reduced, and pregnant women must not work with benzene, and (5) all persons using such solutions must be examined every 4 months. 509 The Danger of Continued Inhalation of Oxygen or Carbogen During Acute Poisoning with Chlorinated Solvents. D. Matruchot. Ber. 8 intern. Kongr. Unfallmed. u. Berufskraqkh. 2_, 913, (1939); Zentr*. Gewerbehyg. Unfallverhut, 27, 27 (1940). (German). Three guinea pigs which had been kept 9 minutes in an atmosphere of 150 mg. trichlorethylene per liter wore in deep narcosis, although the respiratory rate was 50-60. The animals were immediately placed in a gas chamber in which the atmosphere was brought to 60$ oxygen or carbogen in the course of 3/4 hour. Upon administration of these gases the excretion of trichiorethylene during the first minute was more rapid than in air, but later became slower. After trichlorethyleno poisoning, therefore, the animals recover much more slowly in oxygen and carbogen. 510 Solvent Decreasing and Health. N.E. Promisel. Products Finishing. 48-57 (February, 194l], T.ichlorethylone is the solvent most generally used in degreasing, and its pro perties arc discussed with reference to hazards. In the proper method of manu facture it is thoroughly purified and stabilizers are added to prevent its de composition under most of the conditions of handling. The stabilization does not prevent decomposition due to contact with flame3 or rod hot surfaces, and it should not be used within 50 feet of sources cf heat. The design of several types of degreasers is next discussed, with illustrations and a diagram. The re quirements of the New York Division of Industrial Hygiene for exhaust systems are included. There are no health hazards in solvent degreasing if tho unit i3 properly designed, installed and operated. 511 Action of Carbon Tetrachloride on. the Circulation. H.A. Oelkers and H. Fiedler. Arch, oxptl. Path. Phannakol. 195~> 117-20 (1940IT (German). In rabbits and cats anesthetized with urethan the inhalation of carbon tetra chloride vapor caused an immediate drop in arterial blood pressure. p- r. FTr) Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 24. 512 Effects of Intravenous and Intraperitoneal Introduction of Polyvinyl Alcohol Solutions on tb Bloody W.C.Huoper and others. J. Pharmacol., 70* 201-10 (1940). Polyrinyl alcohol is a long-chained polymer which forms a viscous colloidal solution in water. The immediate effects of intravenous injection in dogs and rabbits are a decrease in erythrocytes and hanoglobin and an increase in sedi mentation rate due to accelerated conglutination. Repeated injections impair or suppress clotting. The general effects are much like those produced by acacia solution. Polyvinyl alcohol is retained in the blood, spleen, liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, etc., for many we ''s. 513 Chronic Poisoning by Benzine Vapors. G. Penni and C. DeStefanis. Pass. mod. ind. ll,~~516-38 (1940) (Italian). In experiments on guinea pigs and albino rats at a concentration of benzine {not purified, containing benzone) of 0.015 g. per 1. air, a true poisoning was not observed; at the concentration of 0.025 g. per 1. the toxic action bogins, but disappears if the inhalation ceases; with greater concentrations there is a serious toxic action. The histological results are shown and discussed. 514 Industrial Solvents as Possible Etiologic Agents in Myeloid Metaplasia. R, P.awson and others. Science 541-2 (June 6, 1941). A comparison of the histologic findings in agnogenic (cause unknown) myeloid metaplasia with those found in chronic benzol poisoning together with certain clinical evidence led to an investigation into the occupational histories of the patients in this clinic with myeloid metaplasia. All of tho six available ftor study gave a history'of exposure to certain industrial solvents including benzol and carbon tetrachloride. The facts suggest that exposure in some individuals to certain fat solvents may result in the clinical picture previously described as agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. 515 A Portable Unit for the Determination of Halogenatod Hydrocarbons. H.C. Dudley. Pub. Health Repts., 56, 1021-1027 (May 9, 1941). This is a description in detail of a portable unit for the thermal decomposition and determination of halogenated hydrocarbons in air. The principle of this sampling device is similar to that employed by others, the air stream being pass ed through 3ome typo of heated tube, which serves to decompose the organio .halides. Chemical tosts are finally employed -- tho gravimetric determination * of the silver halides having been found to be more advantageous) with smaller amounts of halogens. Analysis of standard samples indicates that, at a sampling rate of 2.5 liters per minute, recovery of carbon tetrachloride and trichlorethylone is quantitative. 516 The Prophylactic Use of Sulfonated Oil In Cement Dermatitis. I. Plncua. H.T* State J. Mod., 40, 1381-3 (1940). ! Two cases of cement dermatitis arc presented, which resisted all attempts at per manent cure until sulfonated castor oil was used instead of soap. The irritant action of soap is based on the type of fatty acids and the aklaline reaction* The mixed fatty acids in sulfonated castor oil show a minimw irritation and the pH is slightly on the acid side. 517 Occupational Dermatitis in Cigar Makers Due to Contact with Tobacco Leaves. J. Vero and"S.Genovese. Arch.Dera. & Syphll.. 43, 257-263 (February, 1941). A report of threo cases of occupational dermatitis in cigar makers working in the 3ame factory# It was due to contact with tobacco leaves and was attributed to acquired sensitivity to recently fermented tobacco leaves. Tho condition in all three cases proved recalcitrant to all therapeutic measures and cleared up only when working with tobacco was discontinued. In determining the cause of derma titis in this industry, acquired sensitivity must be kept in mind. HtffiB-0010344 L-- J -- u -2< Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 25. 518 Colliers* Stripes -- The Coal Miners^ Dermatosis. F.R. Bettley. Brit. J. Der matol. , 1>2, 1291 April , 1940). Colliers* stripes appear on exposed parts as numerous linear and irregularly shaped marks# the result of an accidental tattooing of coal dust into the skin. It has been claimed that these wounds rarely suppurate and that the particles of coal do not excite any reaction in the tissues. This author's observations dis agree with these claims. Suppuration occurs no less than is to be expected, and histologically he has found a foreign body reaction, particularly near blood vessels. 519 Skin Troubles and Machine Tools. A. Duckhao. Engineer (London) 169, 501-2 (May 31, 1940); Machinery "(London) 56, 188-9 (May 9, 1940). The author's experience with oil dermatitis began nearly 40 years ago., when the bacterial origin theory was considered sufficient. In the light of additional knowledge, bacterial contamination is considered a factor, but not the main fac tor. The author attributes the disease primarily to the stoppage of the skin poros by oil containing metal dust and othor dirt, interfering with the natural discharge of perspiration. Loss of the natural grease of the skin is also a fac tor. Inflammation is followed by suppuration and in that stage the disease is infective. The preventive measures suggested include protection by an oil-re sisting ointment (or water-resisting when emulsions are used), use of lanolin to rostore grease to the skin, and general cleanliness of machine and tooling oils. 520 Industrial Dematitis. D.C. Straus. Nat. Safety News, 43, 36, 82 (January, 1941). In Illinois, during the first two years of operation of the Occupational Disease Act of 1936, 107 claims out of a total of 474, or 22,5$ were for occupational skin diseases. In 1939 the ratio had risen to 39.3$, which was a higher percent age than for any other type of occupational disease. A similar increase has occurred in 5 other statos. Among dishwashers, one of the larger groups most subject to dermatitis, and among bottle sealers, sodita hexametaphoaphate applied to the hands and dried boforo working, proved completely successful in coabating dematitis from washing compounds containing chlorine. In tanneries, sodiia hyposulfite has boon found very effective as a preventive. "Chemical gloves" or skin coatings insoluble in the solvents being handled are of two types, watersoluble and waterproof. The first type gives good protection against paint, lacquers, varnishes, oils, greases, waxes, thinnors, carbon black, lead oxides, carbon paper, otc. The second type is used for protection against cutting com pounds and cooling lubricants in which the water content exceeds 10$, and with strong acid and alkaline solutions. 521 Prevention of Oil Dermatitis. Anonymous, N.Y. State lad. Bull., 20 , 92-93 (March, 1941). The belief has developed, and is accepted today, that in the prevention of der matitis the oaphasis must bo put not on cleansing the oil but on cloansing the worker. Experiments have stown that by regular and vigorous attention to remov ing the residue of oil and dirt from the skin after each exposure, long strides will have been made toward the prevention of dematitis. A discussion of proper cleansing methods and protective coatings follows. 522 The Behavior of Blood Calcium in the Chronic Poisoning by Mercury Vapor. A.GoriSavellinl and A. Lucacclnl. Rasa. med. ihd. 11, 573-83 {194Q). (Italian). In the rabbits and guinea pigs which inhaled mercury vapor for 40 to 110 hours (4 hours per day) the blood calciua first increased, then decreased oven to per centages under the normal. HWBB-0010345 v.-.-M S=o --k Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 26. 523 Watch Mercury. Anonymous. Safety Eng., 81, 10-12 (February, 1941). The easy evaporation of mercury contributes greatly to its high place among hazardous substances. For that reason good housekeeping and mechanical ventila tion are necessary in all places whore it is used. Workers on equipment used in connection with mercury should wear a positive air line respirator or a gas mask. The absorption of 1 mg. of mercury daily over an extended period may cause poi soning. In the absence of definite information on safe limits, 6 to 15 parts of mercury per 100 million parts of air may bo considered a safe concentration of fumes, based on steady work and a forty hour week. Preventive recommendations are listed, including the usual cleanliness rules, medical examinations and the use of mercury fume detectors, indicating and recording. 524 Industrial Arsenic Poisoning. Freitag. Z.ges.Schiess-u. Sprengstoffsvr. 35. 135 (1940). (Gorman). This article emphasizes the danger of poisoning from arsine, an intensely poison ous gas. There is always a possibility of the formation of dangerous amounts of arsine when acid is brought into contact with arsenic residues or metals con taining arsenic. For instance, many deaths have been caused when water is used to wash out the sludgo contained in sulfuric acid tanks. The dilute acid reacts with iron to produce nascent hydrogen, which in turn reduces the arsenic, always present in the sludge, to arsine. Similar possibilities exist in connection with the refining of load, tin and zinc, which usually contain some arsenic* It is important to remember that aluminum arsenide produces arsine directly by re action with wator. The presence of arsenic as an impurity in zinc in electro technique has also given rise to the formation of arsine. Possibilities of poisoning from solid forms of arsenic are also described. 525 The Spectrographic Analysis of Lead in the Blood. E.C. Vigliani* Hass. aed. ind.'ll, 289-306 (1940). (Italian). Since it is now believed that the toxic effects of lead are due to the quantities in the blood, it is essential for any study of lead poisoning to have a method of analysis suited to the determination of very small quantities. For this pur pose a curve comparing the known quantities of lead and molybdom* was prepared, by the use of the line for lead at 2833 A. and for molybdenum at 281SA* There is a good review of previous work, in which the findings of other authors on the amounts of lead in blood of normal persons not exposed to lead, and persons ex posed to, and finally poisoned by, lead are discussed. There is no correlation between the amount of lead in the blood and the health of a person, same individ uals being much more resistant than others. However, the method can bo used successfully in the diagnosis and prognosis of lead poisoning* The values found for normal persons not exposed to lead, and for those exposed and poisoned are, respectively 57 , 68 and 108 gamma . A total of 300 determinations on 163 per sons was made* Twenty-eight references are cited. 526 The Bone Marrow in Experimental Lead Poisoning. C. Betti. Rass.med.lnd* 11. 584-603 (1940). ("Italian). A description of the histological characteristics of the marrow colls of rabbits in poisoning induced by injections of lead acetate solution* 527 Occupational Cadmium Poisoning from Electroplating with Cadmim. 0, Poncheri. Rass. mod. Indust. 11. 623-31 (1940). (Italian). Poisoning occurring in the extraction of cadmium and fusing of alloys is des cribed. The author presents the caso history of a man engaged in electroplating with cadmium, with description of symptoms, some of which persisted over two weeks. No cadmium was found in the urine or feces, but it was revoaled in the blood by spectral analysis. HKBB-0010346 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 27. HWBB-ooi0347 528 Determination of T.N.T. (2.4.6-Trlnitrotoluene) In Air. K. Kay. Canadian J. Rea. 19. 86-9 (.Marcia. 1941). War conditions have necessitated a reliable method for determination of T.N.T. in air. In the author's method the T.N.T. is absorbed in acetone, and 20# sodiui hydroxide is added, producing the red sodium salt. The optimum amount of alkali was found to bo 0.1 cc. per cc. of T.N.T. solution. The color developed to a maximum within 10 minutes and was stable up to 30 minutes. The intensity of red color 'was determined by a naked eyo comparison with standard solutions. An accuracy of 10# over the range of 4-40 microgram per cc. of acetone could be obtained. With the aid of a photoeloctric colorimeter and the proper color fil ter it would perhaps be possible to obtain much greater accuracy and sensitivity. 529 Textile Bleaching Compounds. Industrial Data Sheet D-Tl. Nat. Safety Council. Nat. Safety News, 43, 38 , 40 (January, 1941). The bleaching compounds discussed include sodixaa hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide and sodium peroxide. Sodiua hypochlorite may cause a dermatitis in the form of small blisters, particularly on the backs of the hands and between the fingers. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide, or even careless exposure to the 30# solution, may cause destruction or shedding of the finger nails, and bleaching of the hair. Sodium peroxide is an irritant of the skin and mucous membranes. Bums from a hot solution are intensified by chemical action. Among the general safety sugges tions are: (1) use only by thoroughly trained workmen; (2) personal protective equipment; (3) flood-type emergency showers, and bubble type fountains for trash ing eyes; (4) use of closed systems when possible; (5) removal of supersensitive persons from work with these materials; (6) chlorine gas masks for catergonoios, and (7) care not to allow hypochlorite solutions and acid solutions to b puapod into the sewer at the same time. First aid measures include liberal flushing of the affected skin with water, and neutralization of sodium hypochlorite and sodium peroxide with mild acids. 530 The Action of Methylene Blue upon Cyn?iide Poisoning in the Turtle. J.M.Johlin, J. Pharm. Exp. TherapV 71. 280-6 (March. 1941) . The heart glycogen of turtles receiving injections of methylene blue following those of sodiisa cyanide does not remain depicted as it does when they receive cyanide alone. The glucose and lactate contents of the blood, however, remain at high levels long after the administration of methylene blue or of soditn nitrite. The oxygen consumption of turtles poisoned by cyanide is very consider able but is greatly increased and brought within normal levels by methylene blue. The amount of cyanide recoverable from the respiratory gases of turtles poisoned by cyanide is greatly decreased by methylene blue. These facts tend to support the theory that methylene blue converts hemoglobin into metheooglobin under the stabilizing influence of cyanides rather than that it takes the place of the respiratory enzymes of the cytochrome systaa of the respiratory mechanism. 531 A Case of Intoxication by Hydrocyanic Acid Following Disinfection by the Toxic Gas. M. Bornand and G. Bonifazl. Mitt. Lebonsm. Hyg., 31, 207-10 (1940). (German). . Hydrocyanic acid has been used as a disinfectant for parasites In orchards and for rats and vermin in houses. It is more efficient than sulfur dioxide but moro dangerous. Many doaths have resulted, and in Switzerland there are strict rules governing its use. The authors report a death which occurred on the 5th floor of a house when the first floor was being disinfected with hydrocyanic acid, due to an unnoticed shaft which connected all floors. The victim died within 20 hours, and at autopsy the greatest amount of hydrocyanic acid was found in the urine. Hydrocyanic acid should be allowed only in speciel cases and then under the supervision of an officiel disinfoctor. KW8B-0010348 Digest of Industrial Hygiene - 28. 532 The First Clinical Observations on the Chronic Changes in Man Produced by Hydro- cynnip Acid. D. Coluaba. Ber. 8 intern. Kongr. tfnfallmed. u. Berufskrankh. Zj 1073 (1939); Zontr. Gewerbohyg. Unfallverbut. 27, 26 (1940). (German). Chem. Absts. 35, 3320 (May 20, 1940), In Italy, Spain and Palestine, approximately 35,000 persons use hydrocyanic acid in extermination of insects on fruit trees and rats on ships. Studies on 15 per sons engaged in this work revealed 3 types of changes produced by chronic inhala tion of the gas. The first is dilation of the lungs and bronchi, to compensate for air deficiency, with attempts by the heart to increase its volinae, resulting in a slower rhythm followed by hypotension, also a change in the position of the diaphragm* The second includes various hematological changes with lymphocytosis accompanied by monocytosis through irritation of the lymphatic system. The third consists of changes connected with the carbohydrate metabolism, including hyperglycemia and a docroase in the basal metabolism. These changes probably result from a partial poisoning of the corresponding regulatory nerve centers. In order to avoid severe complications only perfectly healthy persons should work vdth hydrocyanic acid. 533 Cadmium Feeding. R.H. Wilson and others. Jour, of Pham. & Exper. Therap. 71, 222-235 (March, 1941). Q Bleaching of the incisor teoth of rats receiving cadmium was the most delicate criterion of poisoning thus far observed, narked bleaching occurring with con centrations of the metal too low to affect the growth or general appearance of the animals. It appears to be a direct action of the cadmium, although the possibility of stimulation of flucride action has not boon entirely ruled out. Concentrations of 0.0031# or more of cadmium in the diet resulted in decreased rates cf growth. A severe anemia occurred in those rats eating diets containing as little as 0.00 62# cadmium. The more severely poisoned rats had hearts which weighed nearly twice as much as nomal, presumably duo to the severe anemia. m = hcbc (June, 1941) Alcohol, polyvinyl pathology 512 Ammonia 466-467 Anthrax, treatment 479 Arsenic 524 Asbestosis 430 Aviation. health hazards 477 Benzene 513 pathology 507 regulations for 508 Bleaching compounds, health hazards 529 Blood, spectra 457 Booh notices 428-429 Cadmium poisoning 527-533 Carbon monoxide general 461-465 pathology 458-459-468 Carbon tetrachloride pathology 511 Chlorine 469 Cyan!da poisoning 530 Dermatitis cement cutting oil general prevention tobacco 516 519 520 521 517 Dermatosis coal miners* 518 Diffraction, x- ray 472 Dust, detonninatlon 439 Dust control foundries 434 Electric shock 452-454-455 Fatigue, factor 496 Filter, dust 436-437-438-440-441 Oases, mine nitrous 462-463 464 Hookworm, occupational 495 Hydrocarbons, halogenated 509 determination 515 Hydrocyanic acid pathology 532 poisoning 531 Hydrogen sulfide 465 determination 471 Illumination, Industrial 503-504 Industrial disease diagnosis 480 general 490 nervous 501 Industrial health in wartime 502 Industrial hygiene general 485 naval 478 Industrial medicine general 463-488-489-494 Jurisprudence, medical 462 Lead in blood pathology 525 526 Mercury 522 general 523 Metal finishing health hazards 500 Mining work physiology 491 Myeloid metaplasia 514 Nutrition, workers 486 Ozone 460 Paint health hazards 506 Physiology gas absorption 498-499 work 497 Rehabilitation, miners 492 Report foreign (Gr, Britain)484 state (New York) 487 Respiration, artificial 450-451-453 Respirators 442-443-444-445-44 6-448 regulations 449 testing 447 Roentgenology, medicolegal 473 Sanitation, industrial 493 Silicosis abrasive powder 433 foundries 432-435 Slate 431 Submarine, rescue 481 Sulfur dioxide determination 470-471 T.N.T. detennination 528 Tri ohlorothylene degreasing 510 Triorthocresyl phosphate poisoning 505 Tuberculosis industrial 475 pseudo 476 Tumors, occupational 486 Welding health hazards 456 X-ray, miniature 474 HUBS'*6016349