Document Lg2606rVwbm1g3LjZ7QQVQvbX

I - , AH............................... INDUSTRIAL ETCHUE SORYZT car .t h e mins . . 07 TEE ACME WHITE t .v at i AND COLOR TORES HlMPRAUCg (DETROIT) ICCCHIOAK i I ! I PARTICIPANTS: Representing The Sharvin Willlama Cot^)any - ! ! Dr. I. S. War#, Executive Research Director Representing Acme White Lead and Color Works C. A. Cambell, Tice President and General Manager C. T. Will a, Eactory Manager L. C. James, Superintendent of Tech- nical Service J. A. Hutchinson, Technical Super Intendent of Lacquer Manufacture - Representing The Industrial Health Conservancy Laboratories Carey P. McCord, U.D. William Predriek, D. Sc. Herbert Walworth, Chem. Eng. Jan Johnston, Technician Lucille Richards, Secretary i i * Period of Study--tfuly 12, 1937 to August 12, 1937 i { | i *l REPORT PREPARED BT 2EZ INDUSTRIAL HEALTH CONSERVANCf LABORATORIES k i > 10 Peterboro, Detroit, Michigan j i N16643 Acne W hite Lead and C olor Works Hamtrarack (D e tro it) Michigan 1 ! .i i v THT3 IS A COiyiDTOI REPORT f r % t| i l 0007-SWP-000030698 ISTBOIXJCnOK The advent of an Occupational Disease lav in tba State of Michigan haa provided impetus to many manufacturers to eetahliah with reaaonahle certainty the extant of exposure* to oceupa- tionel diseases existing in their plants. Michigan's Occupational pisesse Lav was signed by Oovernor Murphy on June 6th and prospectively will go into effect near October 1st* A discussion of the mmrlts of this lav constitutes on* seotlon of this report. The Aon* Whit* Lead Coupany, located at 8250 St. Aubln, Haatraack, has. in the past, provided many services re lated to the conservation of the health of its esployees, and nos falls into the category of those Michigan Manufacturing Establishments that desire to obtain more extensive information vlth reference to possible injurious exposures oonneeted vlth work conditions. This long.established manufacturing ooncern. engaged in the production of various lines of paints, lacquers, varnishes and other coating materials, employed the Industrial"Health Conservancy Laboratories to carry out a coaprehanslve investigation of all of its work conditions vlth the aim in view of detecting unwanted exposures and if such ware found to devise ways and meana for the elimination or control of such undesirable conditions. In the conduct of this work, the following objectives have governed the aaplojrlng company and the investigating group. 1) What are the health exposures, potential or actual, associated vlth the manufacture of paints, varnishes, lacquers and other ooatlngs? t) Do any or all of these exposures exist in the plants of this Cospamy? - 3) Are these expoeuree potential or actual? 4) Are there actual dleease states prevalent ueng worker* tnotabl* to work in tbssa plants as tbs sonros? 0007-SWP-000030699 5) What Baaaura* should ba takan by thla fully to safeguard the health of Its employees? 6) ire conditions Is the plants of this CoapanT average, superior or Inferior on conpariaon with other plants la this .Industry carrying out relatively almllar operations? . 7) What,program of endeavor should be provided for the procurement and maintenance of high standards as to Industrial hygiene, in the event that a need for such a program exists? 8) What Is the legal responsibility of this in the event that objectionable conditions exist or is case actual occupational diseases may be detected? In order to gain necessary Information rela tive to the aforementioned objectives of the study, the investigating group have been given full access to the entire premises, records, pro cedures and practices of this manufacturing oo^any, In particular, appropriate technical studies have been carried out, Including dust counts, air analyses, determinations of gases and vapors, the measure ment of Illumination, noise, together slth general appraisal of every portion of the activities of this Company's plants* Through necessity, the scope of this Inves tigation la limited to industrial hygiene and distinctly does not embrace such other related topics as mechanical safety, fire hazards, explosion hazards, disability compensation, relief association activities, sick ness from eauses unrelated to aork, etc* Although casual eos&ent may be made In the report to these matters, no altaapt has been made to furnish comprehensive discussions of these other probins, - Inasmuch as a satisfactory arrangement with respect to the medical care of Injured workman, the physical examination of .+ - applicants, etc, already exists, only limited comment is made In this report relative to the Uedieal Department* The limited Information bearing upon routine medical department activities Is furnished with the thought that OOOl .s^ .000,'030100 r I gaeb discussion should be brought to the attention of physicians at the BenrT ford Hospital for their consideration and advices. The entire attitude governing the present investigators grows oat of the desire not to interfere with the existing satisfactory arrangement with the ford ' Hospital. .'Biie, industrial hygienic investigation in the plants of the dome White Lead Cospeny represents approximately thirty days' work for four qualified persons, headed by Sr. Carey p. liaCord, an experienced investigator. This investigation has led to the present extensive report, which furnishes in nnprejudioed fashion a couplets appraisal of the potential and actual exposures provided in the Coepany'a plants. In nearly all instances, ways and means are I suggested for the elimination or control of undesirable conditions. The prime purpose of this report is to acquaint the management with its present condition and to provide adequate guiding material for a continuous program of plant protection. The title page of this report records the | names of the Company's representatives who day by day participated in ! the problems of this investigation. In addition, it is desirable that recognition be given to a much larger number of officials, superin tendents, foremen, chemlets, peraomel eiperviaors and others who eon- trlbuted to the lnveetigatlon and the preparation^ of this report. The ( . workers of the Industrial Health Conservancy Laboratories take oceasion | to thank all parsons eonnaeted with the dome White Lead Coopany for l their oooperatlon in the acquirement of valuable data leading to this report. iMBtX NUMWJI 58175 STJU-AHY Ho two paint manufacturing establishments present identical health -exposurea. Cf the nine plants Investigated by these workers, orer a period of years, -each one stands out as an entity, calling for different methods of appraisal and different remedial procedures. The investigation conducted in the plant of the Acme White Lead and Color Works has disclosed a series of potential and practical exposures calling for varying degrees of isprovement. A record of the investi gation made and the recommendations proffered constitute the contents of this report, ' By way of sumaary of the elaborate discussions shortly to follov, a number of items may be shown, epitomizing the high points of the investigation. These now follow: 1) Ko gross exposures exist in the plant Immediately threatening the health of large nus&era of workers, 2) A large number of moderately important situations have attracted attention and have led to suggestions for improvement, 3) The type of occupational disease most likely to appear in this plant is industrial dermetoaea-*kin inflammation of varied sorts. ' 4) The most significant exposure detected through suitable inquiry is related to liquid materials used as solvents, thlnners and vehicles chiefly as found in the Lacquer and Tarnish Departments. 5) Lead oompounda, although widely distributed--intentionally and unintentionally--constitute less of a hazard to occupational disease than is true for mo'st paint zmnufaeturing establishments, _6) The total list of raw and intermediate materials manipulated in this plant embraces larse numbers of substances of potentially harm ful nature. 0007-SWP-000030703 SClfJLHY No two paint manufacturing establishments present Identical health ^exposures. -Of the nine plants Investigated by these workers, over a period of years, -each one stands out as an entity, celling for different methods of appraisal and different remedial procedures. The Investigation conducted In the plant of the Acme White Lead and Color Works has disclosed a series of potential and practical exposures calling for varying degrees of Improvement. A record of the Investi gation made end the recommendations proffered constitute the contents of this report. ' By way of stannary of the elaborate discussions shortly to follow, a number of items may be shown, epitomizing the hlgi points of the Investigation. These now follow: 1) Ko gross exposures exist la the plant Immediately threatening the health of large numbers of workers. 2) A large number of moderately Important situations have attracted attention and have led to suggestions for Improvement. 3) The type of occupational disease most likely to appear In this plant la Industrial dermatoses--akin Inflammation of varied sorts. 4) The most significant exposure detected through suitable Inquiry Is related to liquid materials used as solvents, thlnners and vehicles chiefly as found In the Lacquer and Varnish Departments. 5) Lead compounds, although widely distributed--intentionally and unintentionally--constitute less of a hazard to occupational disease than Is true for mo'st paint manufacturing establishments. 6_) The total list of raw and Intermediate materials manipulated in this plant embraces large numbers of substances of potentially harm ful nature. 0007-SWP-000030704 7) At this very tine a few eases of characteristic or borderline occupational diseases are believed to st among workers casually observed. This number includes a nild incipient ease of % lead poisoning, one borderline case of benzol poisoning, two or three low-grade skin affections and two instances of involvement of the eyes with pterygil, which condition is not characterlstleally occupational In origin, but well may be so regarded. 8) Primarily this investigation has been directed to physical conditions rather than to the physical status of workers. Only such examinations of workers have been carried out as were necessary in appraising the extent of exposures in work environ ments. 9) The old age of many buildings introduces a detrimental effect in the procurement of the best possible type of work conditions. 10) At the present tine, the plant management is lacking in adequate facilities for supervising work conditions in relation to health problems. The chief recommendation made by these investigators involv- lng mechanical installation, is with respect to the following depart ments or work places: 1) Ike varnish department, including the manufacture of carbon-nitrocellulose paste, presents proved health exposures warrant ing the introduction of several items of protective equipment. Among others, these Include remedial devices associated with a) the manu facture of paint and varnish remover, b) the nmnufacture of glycerol anhydride type of resins, c'l the filtering of resins, d) the manufacture of cold cut varnished, e) the blowing of fish oil. 2) Drum and other container cleaning with alkalies is now carried out under conditions that are not praiseworthy and call for the institution of liproved conditions. 3) Present practices connected with the disposal of waste end refuse Introduces potential legal hazards as well as exposure for workers of this company. A better type of procedure for meeting SWP-000030705 0007- this situation is suggested. 4) The Lacquer Department has lees, found to contain grossly hlih concentrations of mixed vapors of substances, some of which are iaiown to be distinctly toxic. Owing to the statement that extensive .alterations are an early prospect, no -detailed items; of .protective equipment are specified, but the definite recommendation is made that in connection with the rearrangement a to be made, facilities be intro duced for the elimination of toxic concentrations of vapors, 5) it no known point is the concentration of lead in the etrasphere such as to Justify the installation of dust collecting equipment. Education of workers and changes in common practices will maintain the lead concentration within tolerable limits,............. 6) Illumination in this plant, while not grossly inadequate, is far below desirable standards in many portions of the plant. In addition, many fixtures are worn out and in a few places where safety lighting equipment should be universal, unprotected lamps are inter spersed with safety lamps, Apart from these major considerations, this report discusses scores of comparatively trivial items calling for remedy. In the eggregate, the significance of these minor items approach in importance the major matters discusssd. Conditions found in this plant reflect obvious interest on the part of the management in the well being of its workers. At no time has any evidence been encountered that the management is disposed to avoid responsibility for undesirable work conditions or to be niggardly in the furnishing of necessary moneys to rectify wrongs. There la no evidence of willful neglect or a desire to place personal responsibility on workers fbr their misfortunes connected with injury or ill health. Conditions found at the time of our first entry into this plant were such aa to nBke Improbable any large number of cases of occupational diseases per year. If the major number of recomarenda- 0007-SVVP.000030706 r I i j i I i * I ! tlons made la connection with this report are put Into operation, it is believable that apart from occasional akin affection, no oc cupational diseases will arise except on rare occasions. Finally, It Is the Intent of this report to maintain that If the major recommendation herein made are applied, this plant will then be ready to face with equanimity any requirements that may be made by state or local legal agencies, trade unions, worker committees and insurance carriers with respect to occupational disease exposures. - i # i i i GENERAL PLANT DESCRIPTION _H--isto~ ric1,1al r The Acme White Lead end Color Works was organized in December, jftAA, jrith a capital ntock of $10,000* The active sen In the original organization were Messrs. Thome a .Neal end 7T. L. Davies. Earlier, lx. Neal had been engaged In the insurance business and prior to these In surance activities bad served as an engineer, Ur. Devies bad been con nected in the capacity of salesman with Farrand, Williams and Clark, which is now IdcZeason, Farrand, Williams. This business was founded with the Idea of manufacturing paint and marketing It; in cans. The first product was "Neal's Carriage Paint", the sales of which repldly Increased. The volume of business grew from $30,000 during the first year of operation to millions within a few years. Tills rapid expansion called for Increased financial resources, which were furnished by Messrs A.3.F. White and H.I. White, these gentlemen were connected with the D. U. Ferry Seed Company In the respective capacities of Tice President and Auditor. These gentlemen served as directors of the Oonpany during the early years of history, as did also lir. Neal and lir. Davies, In respective capacities of General lianager and c President, until the transfer of the Conpany to the Sherwin Williams Cospany in 1921. During a portion of this period, tbtee members of the group, namely Messrs. Neal, White and White served as directors of the old First National Bank. During this period the General . Motors Corporation suffered financial distress and from this bank and other Detroit banks obtained $15,000,000.00. Ur. Thomas Neal, because of his banking connections was made President and General Manager of the General Motors Corporation, which position he con tinued to occupy over a period of years. Mr. Neal, while not active In business, is still interested in the affairs of this company at the advanced age of 78 years. 0007-SWP .000030708 In the building up of the integrity of the Acme V'hite Lead end Color Company* Neal displayed great interest la the Company's ejj-vy.-ea and provided at one time that all employees might obtain stock in the Company at low cost, to be peid for through time pay * Bents. Those employees who took advantage of this opportunity were well repaid "when years after, "this organization .-was absorbed by The Sberwin V7illiams Company* The original location for this company was on Grand Siver Avenue end Fourth Street. Soon the cospany outgrew these small quarters and moved to the present location during or near the year 1896. The affairs of the cospany prospered and rapid expansion took place. A number of concerns in related enterprises were purchased. Along others were the Peninsular Peint and Tarnish Cospany, acquired in 1904. The identity of this company is still retained as a sales department of the Acme 7,'hit e Lead and Color .v'orks. In 1911, the Lincoln Pafct and Color Cospany was purchased, which company still functions as a sales division of the present organization. Earlier, in 1908, there was purchased the propertlea and business of the Howley Lead Cospany of St. Louis,, which acquisition led to the building of the large structure north of the present office building, fcr the manufac ture of white lead, by a then new process. This activity was con tinued for several years until favorable arrangements were made with the National Lead Company for tha supply of this raw material. At the same time (about 1913) the manufacture of lead oxide was likewise discontinued. Also, about 1908, there was purchased the John Briggs Cospany, which engaged in the manufacture of whiting, aa well as paint. A little later this company acquired the K.a. Tibbetts Cospany of Los Angeles, California and San Biego. Although the Tibbetts name baa disappeared, these plants are still operated as divisions of The Sherwln 'i7111iams Cospany. ' The absorption of these cosipeniea and others led to the ere ction of an' outstanding amnufaeturing establishment in the field of paint, varnish and lacquer manufacturing. In 1930, it was deemed desirable to dispose of the Acme White Lead and Color V/orka to the Sherwln Williams Conpany of Cleveland, Ohio. At that time it eppeered to Messrs. Davies, Heal and './hits necessary to naintaln large quanti ties of raw materials, celling for heevy investments. By this time these pioneers were approaching old age, which fact served as an in fluence .leadlng to -the disposition of . the Company'a possessions to The Sherwln Williams Conpany. Since 1920, this Cleveland Corporation has completely owned and controlled the activities of this Company. Since 1920, marked changes have taken place in the paint industry, but this company, serving as an allied unit of The Sherwln Williams Company, has more than kept abreast with the industry's progress and at the present time its affairs are superior to those at any time in its history. . The operation of this coi^any from its first organization has been characterized by concern for the well being of workers. Long before such matters became eonraon practice in this City, ifr. Ileal provided rest rooms, fostered the development of an employee relief association, encouraged parties, picnics and outdoor recreation. The result of this interest in workers is reflected in the fact that up to the present time 113 testimonial watches have been awarded employees in the service of the oompany for 25 years or more. At the present time, *8 of the company'a work force have served for 25 to 50 years, althougi only one pereon falla into the fifty year period. ' Since the acquisition of this company by The Sherwln Williams Company, in March, 1920, the Detroit White Lead ..'orka baa bean absorbed end now functions solely aa a sales division. At the present time, the local officers of the Acme White Lead and Color Works, an allied company of The Sherwln Williams Company, are: Ur. C. A. Campbell, Tice President and General Manager, lir'. R. H. Stephens, Treasurer and Controller, Mr. ?. L. Knapp, Secretary, and Ur. C. T. Kills, Factory Manager. 0007-SWP-000030710 At various times, the name of the Conq>any h9S been different such as the ';.otor City Paint Conpany, Interstete Paint and Varnish Company. Since J.-arch 2, 1920, the nsne Acme /hits Lead and Color Vorks has been used without interruption for the designation of this allied company of The Sharwin i/illiams Conpany. . Thus the Acme Vhite Lead and Color ..'orlca briefly sketches its 53 years of honorable history. Physical Properties: The main plant of the Acne Vhlte Lead and Color .forks is located in the City of Detroit (Hamtramek). 'The plant covers some 14 acres and is bounded on the Vest by St. Aubin Avenue, on the South and Last by the liichlgan Central and Grand Trunk Railroad tracks, and on the North by Denton Avenue. The plant is made up of some forty odd building, which vary in construction from wooden frame to fire-proof steal end concrete. Practically all manufacturing takes piece in the more modern buildings, the older frame buildings being used almost entirely for raw material storage and warehousing. The lacquer plant, paint plant and enamel plant all face St. Aubin Avenue. The main office and one brick warehouse for finished stock also faceSt. Aubin Avenue. The balance of the plant, namely the varnish works and warehouses are back of these buildings. Acme TThlte Lead and Color 'forks engages in the manufacture of a general line of protective coatings, for both interior end exterior use, as well as materials for industrial uses. These may be divided into four distinct lines, paints, varnishes, lacquers and enamels. The paint plant is housed principally in building #2, which is a two-story brick building. In this building are manufactured all paints of the oil type both for trade sales and Industrial use. fixing is done on the second floor and grinding on the first floor. The varnish works is housed in several buildings, due to the need for considerable tank space for storage. The varnish works not only supplies the trade but also supplies the other manufacturing units with varnishes for use in the manufacture of paints and enamels. There are storage tanks eve liable for the storage of finished varnish In excess of one million gallons. These tenks are all connected by pipe linos to the paint and enamel plants for their use. All tanks for finished varnish ere housed in heated build ings. Directly behind the varnish works ere the outdoor tanks for storing raw asterlals for both factory and varnish manufac turing use. These tenks are also connected by pipe lines to the factory end have a total capacity in excess of one million gallons. The lacquer plant is housed in building #4, which is a two- story brick building. Practically ell grinding for the lacquer plant is done in the enamel bulldl ng, and in a snail building ad jacent to the vernlsh corks. Only the thinning and shading is done in the lacquer plant. The first floor is devoted entirely to the filling of lacquers while the thinning and shading are done on the second floor. The second floor is also devoted to small batch pro duction on lacquers. The enamel plant is housed in building #46, which la a four story building of brick concrete and steel construction. Idixing is done on the fourth floor, grinding on the third floor, thinning on the second floor and filling on the first floor. Part of the first floor is also devoted to small batch production. This building being the Dewest building used in the manufacturing end of the business is also the best laid out. The gravity system is employed, starting on the fourth floor with raw neterials end ending on the first floor as finished enamel. The raw materiel warehouses, buildings 15, 19, 20 end 26 are all located at the north end of the plant, edjecent to Denton Avenue. These ere ell one story wood and corrugated Iron buildings and ere used entirely for the storage of raw materials. . The main office is centrally located, facing it. Aubin Avenue. This lea two-story brick building and is used solely for the clerical and executive offices. The maintenance shop is housed in building jiZi, which is a one story brick building. General mechanical work is done by this deoartnent, tad maintenance of rwchiner:' throughout the factory. The drum cleaning department is housed ia building ,'=ZZ, tenrol cleaning of drums end buckets used throughout the factory is done in this department. The printing department occupies the third floor of building ;-21. General printing of advertising mteriel end stationery is done here, Also the assembling of color cards end advertising displays takes place in this department.* The balance of this building is used for the storing of finished stock. Buildings 13, 12, 16 and IS are ell used for finished stock storage. Products: it the present time, this company produoes for .'ale, under varied trade names, extensive lines of house and industrial paints, essentially ell typos of natural and synthetic varnishes end an extenalve variety of'lacquers. In addition, sales are made of certain products elsewhere zxnufectured by the Sherwin V/iIlians Company, such, for example, es insecticides. The trade names of this company's products are readily available through published advertising bulletins. ITumber of anployeesi Factory Hourly aeployees Selerled Bmployees liale Feme la tale Female 379 74 54 0 Office Salaried 5nployees lisle Female 19 21 (factory office) 52 147 (main office) 71 168 TOTAL 746 4.2* of this employed group ere colored; with the exception of four or five engaged in Jenitor work around the offices, they all work in the factory Tils census of employees does not include certain salesmen, sales teenagers, branch organizations' personnel or the personnel of retail stores. Trjlcyeec' iierTice Provisions: This company fosters., but docs not operate the Acme Thite lead and Color Dorics 2c?loyees Relief Association, which was organized in 1900. Any employee of the company is eligible for membership in this association, membership belrer divided into two classes. In class 1, the edmission fee is .75 and the Donthly dues ere .52. In the second class, the admission fee la .50 cents and the monthly membership charge is .26 cents. Benefits from the first class of membership are .>12.00 a reek on sccount of sickness and >75.00 as a death award. Tor class 2, the weekly sick benefits are $6.00 and 350.00 la payable as a death award. A maximum of eight weeks' benefit is the limit for any one sickness. The funis of the association primarily are derlTed from membership fees, although the company itself contributes to the associa tion at irregular intervals as the need arises. Further details as to tne Employees' Relief Association may be found by those interested in the printed constitution and by-laws readily available. In addition to the local relief association, lii'e insurance and certain other benefits are proffered the employees of the Acme VThite Lead end Color ..'orks by the parent corporation, The Sherwin T'illiams Cos^any. Through legal requirement, liability insurance is provided in full compliance with the lews of the State of Michigan. At the pre sent time, this is limited to coverage for accidental Injuries, but in a short time this coverage will extend to occupational diseases in compliance with a new law in this state, not yet in effect. The Cafeteria: - Owing to the peculiar geographic location of this company, which la somewhat inaccessible to restaurants and other sources of foodi a luncnroom or cafeteria baa been opereted continuously since 1396, the time of first occupancy on the present location. Although this serTice to employees tea never paid for itself, it is regarued aa highly desirable aa a convenience to ell employees who may care to make use of this facility and in carder to encourage the adequate consurptlon of wnolesome food. radical Services! Through arrangement with Henry ?ord Hospital, care la provided for Injured employees and to a limited extent the sick em ployees of thia company. Pre-employment physical examinations also are made on all applicants at the hospital. In addition, a graduate nurse is on duty during ell work hours, functioning in the small first aid station centrally located in the plant. Labor Organization; The workers of this oonpany ere not organised into any group with national affiliations. Without any connection with the manage ment, the workers maintain their own local labor organization for deliberation of problems of interest to employee groups. The manage ment regerds this group with favor end duly considers and acts upon such matters as may be brought to the management's attention by represen tatives of this group. Corpany's Attitude to Worker Protection: 1 statement made by Ur. A. C. Campbell, Vice President of * The Sherwia -JilUiaM iowpsny, in ahsiwe-af the Acme Shite Lead end Color Tforks, relative to the promotion of the well being of all em ployees follows: . July 26, 1S37 "The Acme Jhlte Lead and Color Uorka, and I believe the Institution's attitude toward employees is rather briefly summsd up aa follows: Je believe in the right of an employee to a wage which not only provides mere sustenance, but provides es well for some of the pleasures and good things of life, which will vary to quite eome extent with his willingness and ability to produce. tfe believe in steady, oontlnuoua work end deprecate the necessity for extended lay-offs. 5f# believe it to be tne employer's duty to so arrange production that pealcs and valleys will be sinicized as greatly a a tbe a-.ture of tbe busi ness will permit. ;Te believe and acknowledge our responsibility towards,.*he workman in jured eltber thru accident, or because of his occupation, end feel it our duty to stand by even and considerably beyond the requirements of the laws of the ?ederal Government or the State of iiehigan. jje believe in the worker's right to continue on ilia Job.so dong as he is loyal,-efficient, industrious, capable end physically able. TTe believe it to be our duty to privde a certain sustenance for our superannuated employees. ye believe in the right of the employee which will permit him to appeal to higher authority than his laaedlate superior, thus eliminating to a large degree the possibility of enmity or favoritism entering the picture. He believe in providing the best working oondltlona possible eonsensurate with our business. We believe In a 40 hour week, and' only such overt ini as is necessary for tne so far inevitable peaks of the business. We believe in the inalienable rights of the worker to choose his employ ment; to work for whom he pleases at such wages as he is willing to accept free from coercion on the part of the employer or any other organization or group either inalds or outside the plant. '.7e believe in short in the rights of labor ss well as the rights of capital, and lastly we believe that eepltal and labor each recognize that neither can do without the other, and, therefore, each must be not only tolerant recognizing the risk of capital end the sweat of labor, but must be co-operative in the true sense. We not only believe in the ebove course of procedure, but are prac ticing this procedure to the best of our ability in dealing with our fellow workers in this Institution. > (Signed) C. 1. Campbell Tice President and General Manager. ir- '..V* Coaaandable Type of Ssnauet Syetem for Vapor* From Paint Mill. Asms White lead and Color dork* Eemtremck (Detroit) Michigan A T.wriiT. ASPTCT3 07 OCCOPATIOK1L DISEASES At the rear of this section of the report nay be foond a copy of the reoeatly enacted Occupational Disease Lav of Michigan. This lav, vhleh haa sot gone .into affect, probably sill becoaa affective near October 1st of this year. Hot for tvo or three years vlll the full pur* port of several portions of the lav become established through precedent end court action. It is therefore unvlse that any attempt be made to interpret the significance of certain portions of this lav. On the other hand, solely vlth respect to medical fea tures of the lav, it is possible to make, vlth reasonable assurance, a fair amount of interpretation. Such a medical interpretation nov follows! On June 8th, Governor liirphy signed "An act to amand the title of aet number ten of the public acts of the flmt extra session of nineteen hundred twelve, entitled 'An act to promote the velfare of the people of this state, relating to the liability of employers for in juries or death sustained by their employees, providing compensation for the accidental Injury to or death of ea^loyees and methods for the payment of tfaa earns, establishing an Industrial accident board, defining its powers, providing for a review of its awards, making an appropriation to carry out tha provisions of this act, and restricting the right to compensa tion or damages in such cases to such as are provided by this act,' as amended, being sections eight thousand four hundred seven to eight thousand four hundred eighty-five, inclusive, of the osnailed lavs of nineteen hundred twenty-nine, and to. add thereto a new part to stand as part seven, and to consist of sections one to thirteen inclusive," providing Michigan's Oc cupational Disease Aet, which baars the final deslgiatlon of "Senate Enrolled Aot Ho. SB*. This new lav probably vlll become effective ninety days after the adjournment of the Michigan Legislature, or about October 1st. In view of the fact that Michigan is without legislation of this particular character, it may be advantageous to present from a medical point of Ties some of the features of thla ns* la*. It must be reoognlssd that not Ibr t*o or three year* v*11 aooogh decisions have bean nil by the Coralaalonera of the apartment of Labor and Induetry, aaaoelatad with court daelalona, to provide as adequate understanding of the application of thla lav. further, It must M reoognlxad that any medical Interpretation* bar* made are at beat tsntatlr* and although the dealre la to avoid azpraaalon of opinion aa to legal aattara, Inevitably medical and legal altuatlona are intartvlnad. >L.nral Provisions? Thla Michigan Occupational Llaaaaa La* la of th* achadula varlatf, providing coverage for aone thirty-one ltana, eoae fev of vhleh are blanket In their realfloatlone, mia act represents an enendjaent to the no* ezlatlng Induatrlal Aecldant Lev of 1912. While th* praeant amendment appear* to be vaak In administrative feature*, thla eituatlon la largely righted through the fact that the entire procedure, vith some fev exception#, governing th* application of the Acoldent Cocgenaatlon Lav vlll apply to thla amendment vlth reference to occupational dlaeaaea. Apparently no asperate election la provided for either the employer or th* employee, apart from th* elective feature* of the ' basic lav of 1912. Thla nav lav provides ooverage and other benefit* only In the caae of disability or death from th* disease and not solely because a disease zlsta. The same benefit* provided for disability growing out of Induatrlal acci dents are extended to occupational dlaeaaea, except In th* case of silicosis and other dusty lung diseases, vher* It la specified that id no event shall such compensation exceed an aggregate total of three thousand dollars. A system of apportionment of responsibility for the payment of compensation and ether benefits la provided. If the employer at the tlms of the onset of disability ball have reason to believe that previous exposures led to the occupational Alaeaae in question. Coverage becomes applicable provided there la any exposure to the causes of any alleged occupational disease at any time after the effec tive date of this lav. However, vlth the knovladge that exposures antedating the affective detc of thla lav probably vara the principal causes of the ffeetion, provision* are mad* that if disability arise* In th* ease of ailleoala r other dusty lung disease during the first calendar month In vhleh thla act become* effective, the total responsibility for compensation shall not seseA 9500.00, and In the second Booth *550.00 and so on. This ns* lav contemplates the use of a aedleal oomission, consisting of three qualified, impartial physicians, whenever Bedleal Batters are In dispute In regard to tay occupational disease claim, A aedleal report, when signed by at least tao of the three members of the aedleal oosmleslon Is by lav final and con- eXosive as to the condition of the claimant with respect to the alleged dia- ase or diseases. Adequate provisions are Beds for the tines of notice and claims. This act does not apply to cases of occupational diseases originat ing prior to the effective date of this act, nor does It apply to agricultur al, nursery or orchard pursuits under any clreuastanees. A General Estimate from a Medical Point of View of the Strength and Weakness of this Law. ..................... It la granted at the outset that no legislation of this character Is likely to be perfect or anyvhere near free from flaws when it aakes Its first appearance as an act. At once the opinion is expressed that In this nav lav good features outvelgh the objectionable ones and that this lav la vlthout espeelal leanings either tovard labor or employers. Justification no leas exists for the contention that this lav Is veak in s o bs respects, both because of objeotlonable amissions and Inclusions. This lav does not bear the earmarks of intelligent guidance by qualified physicians and others fsBlliar with the occupational disease situation in Michigan. In aany respects, this lav Is the type that might veil have appeared tventy years ago In the State of Michigan and very definitely does not Beet the needs of the lanedlate period. However, all In all, this lav la oonaendable as a start and Its deficiencies Bay be remedied through sup- 0 plamental le^latlve action, if, as, and vhen objectionable eontente vork undue hardship either on industrial workers or employer groups. In short, this lav should have the support both of labor and of capital. Pie Schedules ' From no known records available In the State of Michigan la It possible to forecast the experience likely to arise la the application of tbia la*- The schedule of 31 items embraces some occupational diseases likely to arise with comparative frequency in this State* Other items are not like ly to lead to reported eases once in ten years* toreover, occupational diseases not listed -as .items on tha .schedule are -likely to arise with a greater fre quency,than the majority of those items appearing on the sohedule. A better basis of oomperlson may be found in the occupational disease experience of a sister state* Ohio* which is operating under a schedule similar in many respects to the Michigan schedule* Tha Ohio Occupational Disease La* has been in effect about sixteen years, which time is sufficient to hare built up an extensive experience, useful in anticipating Michigan's prospective experience Ihe individual items are now listed, as they appear in the law, and in each ease are followed by some medical comaent. Disabilities arising from Caused by 1. Anthrax Handling of wool, hair, bristles, hides or skins. Anthrax is a bacterial disease, commonly called *wool*worters' disease"*... The bacteria responsi ble or their spores may lie dormant for a very long while in hair, wool, animal bristles, akin or hides. The hair or skin of goats is the most oomaon source of infection* Sheep hair is perhaps second. Cases have appeared among dairy workers, brush makers, particularly shaving brush makers and workers in wool* Instances of anthrax as an industrial disease are quite rare, but on occasion widespread outbreaks do arise. Involving a large percentage of exposed workers* This fact Justi fies the appearance of this item on the sohedule, but in the nine year period beginning in 1928, no single ease was accepted for compensation in the State of Ohio. Technically speaking, anthrax as it arises in industry should be regarded as an accident-and not as an occupational dlseaae. This, however, is a matter of definition and this item does appear on many occupational dlseaae schedules throughout the world. In the absence of a severe epidemic, such as took place three years ago in an Eastern woolen, mill town, it Is predicted that this item will produce few eases for consideration by Michigan's Coamlssloners of the Department of Labor, and Industry. 2., Lead Poisoning or its Sequelae Any process involving the use of or direct con tact with lead or its preparation* or compounds. This occupational disease is one of the most l^ortant appearing on the schedule. There are perhaps not less than sixty distinct industries f 3. Zlne Poisoning or Its Sequelae. 4. Mercury Poisoning or Its Sequelae. la the State of Michigan Baking uaa of metallic laad or s o b* one or aoro of the oonpounda of lead. ihe chief aouree of danger to load poiaoning la aaaoelatad with breathing of load daat or lead fans. Ingested lead, aueh aa In tbe form of paata or paint, laaa frequently gives rlaa to lead poisoning. lead la not absorbed through tha akin In toxic quantities, axeapt In lta or ganic eoapounds, each aa tetraethyl lead, each aa la oaed In gasoline. Vltb rare exception, lead doea not produce local action, each aa a dermatitis. In Ohio, in the nine year period ending In 1936, 1269 eases have been soap ensated aa properly traceable to lnduatry aa tha aoorea of tha lead polaoning. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with sine or Its prepara tions or compounds or alloys. Zinc polaoning la a eo^iaratlvely innoeuooa diaaaae, uaually limited to metal fume fever from sine and comennly found la braaa foundries, galvanising plants, ate. "Zlao chllle", "brass chlUa","braslars chills" are eomaon namea for - sine poisoning or sine metal fume faTar. This la an aeate disease, without nay known ehronle form, d more serious form of sine polaoning may arise whan sine oxide In fame form, aueh as arises around galvanising work and brass or sine foundry work ooBea In contact with aueh other vapors as sulphurie or sulphurous acid, leading to tha formation la the air oi sine sulphate. Such a chemical In tha air aay give rise to ulears of tha stoaaeh or other serious Inflamatory processes. The eo^ounds of sine Bay give rise to entirely different types of nanlfestatlons. Zlae chloride, for example, may load to serious skin affections, Zlne sulphate may produea gastro intestinal disturbances, Ivan sine stearate powder, such as Is widely used as a baby powder, Bay oc casionally lead to Blnor akin disease. I^rarltles In sine, aueh as lead or arsenic, are ordinarily rsaponslbla for tha chronic dlaaasas ooamonly at tributed to sine. This Item on tha schedule is destined to lead to a fair nuaber of elalas, aany of which will prove to be unwarranted. Workers with aoltan sine are frequently over-alooholle, since the action of the sine la such as to produce an Insatiable thirst In some Instances. Hesort to excessive aleohol sometimes results In aore evil consequences than those produced by sine itself, The Ohio experience. In nine years, reveals an average of seven cases of sine poisoning per year. Any proceee Involving the use of or direct contact with mercury or Its prep arations or compounds. % 5. Phosphorus Poisoning or Its Sequelae. 6. Arsenie Poisoning or its Sequelae. Heroury poisoning ss an occupational disease Is quits oonon la the fur cutting sal hat mak ing industry. An even more ssrlous type of dieease is found among workers in those states la which mercury is mlaad, such as Texas and California. Looel aarcury poisoning is quite oonoa la the oartrldge industry. Oeeasloaal eases arise in connection with insecticide manu facture. Ia the State of Michigan, some la.stances of poisoning, have eons to light in.the instrument industry, among attendants ia hos pitals, and possibly among technical workers la laboratories and la chemical industries. The use of mercury la small quantities is so wide spread that aa occasional etas inevitably will appear la eonaeetloa with ths application of thla act. However, la Ohio, no cals* appeared in the nine-year period mentioned under Item 1, Any proeeaa involving the use of or direct contact with phosphorus or its preparations or compounds. Actual eases of phosphorus poisoning are now quite infrequent. Pfaoaphorus poleonlag is a tradition throughout the world because of dire ful experiences related to the manufacture of 'Old fashioned matehee. Of three kinds of phos phorus, only the white or yellow is outstanding ly harmful. With ths disappearance of yellow phosphorus in ths manufacture of matches, phos phorus poisoning mss largely limited to the manufacture of fireworks and warfare material, noth of these soureea of onset are at the present time relatively unimportant, particularly in the State of Michigan. While eases of true phoaphorus poisoning era rare, injury from phosphorus com pounds are somewhat more frequent. These include phosphorated hydrogen, which at times is an im purity in acetylene, phosphorus ss found in phospho-bronze, phosphorus es an impurity in ferrosllieoa stael, phosphorus oopounds in fertilizers All told, ths array of eosponad* is so large and ao diversified that a few oasea may arise in Xlehlgaa. However, only one ease has appeared in the State of Ohio during the pest nine years. Any proeeaa involving the use of or direct oontaet with arsenic or it a oospounda or prapera- . tloas. . Arsenic poisoning conceivably may arise in almost any industry'. Largely, this la due to the feet that arsenic is an impurity in many industrially used substances, snob as pl&mnts, paints, acids, sprays, metals, ste. Th5.s matter of arsenic as an impurity is Important sines only very small quantities of arsanle are necessary to produce Injury. Within the ezperlenee of this writer, arsenic poisoning has been caused by the pig ments on wall paper, the pigments that enter Into the coloring of window shades, plgnenta formerly used In impregnating leather, from the handling of sulphuric add containing arsenic as an lapurity, In the malting of lead, In which araenlc was present only as a minor contaminating ingred ient. In the State of Ohio during the past nine years, 15 eases of arsenic poisoning haws been accepted for condensation. In Michigan, a similar experience is predictable together with the reasonable expectancy that an occasional severe outbreak will arise with the simultaneous intoIt a- neat of fairly large group of workers. Poisoning by Wood Alcohol. Any process involving the use of wood aloofaol or any preparation con taining wood alcohol. This substance, also known as methyl alcohol and aethanol. Bay be derived naturally from wood or may be made synthetically, from the language of this itea In the law, it will require court decision to detemine whether the synthetically made methanol is subject to coverage. Properly speaking, synthetic methyl alcohol is not wood alcohol. Regardless of the source of this material, its action is the saas. It is a source of severe damage and best known as the cause of pernanent total blindness. Other Injuries arise, including nephritis, hepatitis and skin disease. As little as one spoonful of wood alcohol has produced death. It may enter the body through the skin, through inhalation of its vapors or through ingestion as a liquid. Regardless of the portal of entry, the nature of the Injury produced is In general the same. The use of wood alcohol in industry has been subject to rather wide fluctuation, largely depending upon public opinion hostile to its use. One of the famous early outbreaks of occupational disease in this country ocourred among the "Ban bury hatters", where wood alcohol wae need as a solvent for shellae used In stiffening bets. During the prohibition ere, wood sloohol led to hundreds of deaths because of the misuse of lnduatriel wood sloohol or materials denatured with wood sloohol. At the present time, wood alcohol la used in aoate paint ooatlnga, paint reaovers aa a da- naturant and athyl alcohol as an antl-freasa and aa a solvent. Interstate shipments of wood alcohol arc subjaet to appropriate labeling of Bajor unite. Industrial wood aloohol" poisoning led to only three awards in the State of Ohio during the past nine years. Wood aloohol poisoning will occasionally arise in the application of this set, but the greater number of poisonings throughout the country may be traced to iaqiropar non-Industrial uses of this dangerous eubatanoe. Poisoning by ben zol or nltro-, hydro-, hydroxy-, and aaldodsrlTatlTss of benzene (dinitro-benzol, anllln and others), or Its Sequelae. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with benzol or nltro-, hydro hydroxy-, or amldo-derlva- tlvss of benzene or its preparations or compound!. The language of this Item la euctx aa to provide coverage for very atataroua derlvatlvea of coal tar benzol. So dissimilar are aome of the chemi cals covered that the dlseaaea produced have little or nothing In eosnon. Tor enable, the clinical states produced respectively by benzol and dlnitrobenzol are entirely different entitles. The chief manifestation of benzol poisoning Is the destruction of-the cellular elements of the blood through Injury to the blood foradjag organs, while the chief manifestation of dlnitrobenzol poisoning Is asphyxiation, resulting from the formation of methemoglobln, As extensive as the array tff ehaaleala extended coverage under this Item la. It is chemloally true but not necessarily legally or judicially true, that ooverage has not been extended to the much more widely used sister chemicals to benzol, name ly toluol and xylol. These substances are homologuea of benzol rather than compounds, but If re garded as compounds they are methyl compounds rather than any of the varieties specified In tha language of this Item, Benzol Is no longer widely . used In dry cleaning plants or as a solvent for paints, lacquers, varnishes, etc. There are someforty industries In Michigan that might make use of benzol, but disasters during the past twenty years have built up widespread objection to Its use. Deaths have occurred from the use of benzol in the rubber Industry, In tha leather Industry and In dry cleaning. Under this Item, many cases will be reported under the allegation that the chemical responsible is derived or derivable from benzene as the basic substance. This Item will constitute one of the most difficult for the Com mission to apply with any full assurance as to facts Involved, This will become apparent when mention la made of hundreds of pharmaceuticals derived from benzene, hundreds of dyse and scores of ohemleals, enjoying technical application throughout Industry. Zn tha State of Ohio, 63 eases led to awards during the past mine years. 0. Poisoning by carbon bisulfide or its se quelae, or any sulfide. Iny process Involving the use of or direet contact with carbon bisulfide or Its preparations or ooapounds, or any aulflda. This disease is said to arise In the following industries! inmenlum salts makers, artificial silk makars, asphalt tasters, carbon bisulfide makers, celluloid makars, eananters (rubber shoes'), cement mixers (rubber), dry cleaners, dryers (rubber), eaamelere, glue workers, Insec ticide makers, match factory workers, oil extrac tors, paint makers, paraffin workers, putty makers, reclaimers (rubber), smokeless powder makers, sulfur extractors, tallow refiners, vulcanlzera. Of greater Importance in this Item than the mention of carbon bisulfide la the supplemental language ( "or any sulfide*. This extension paves the way for ooverage for a considerable umber of other chemicals, Including for enable hydrogen sulfide, a very deadly 91a. Hydrogen aulflde In any measurable Quantity, such aa reflected by one part In a million, la dangeroua. It la pro* phesled that an extensive number of eaaee mill be reported under thla Item and that more Till arlae from hydrogen eulflde than from carbon bisul fide, In Ohio, carbon bisulfide has led to '.thirty oases during the past nine years. 10. Poisoning by Nitrous Pumas or Its Sequelae. Any process In nhleh nitrous fumes are evolved. Popular Interest was attracted to this Item, due to the Cleveland Clinic disaster a far yeara ago, whan the burning of x-ray films, oonslatlng of nitrocellulose, gave rise to deadly nitric oxide, gases, which may arise In a variety of Industries, Whenever nitric acid comes In contact with organic metal, nitrous gases appear. Whenever Very high te^eratures react on the atmosphere, nitrous gases may appear. In the State of Michigan, claims revolving about nitrous pees chiefly will be de rived from the are welding industry. The action " of these gases chiefly is limited to the respira tory tract, leading to profound edema, particularly of the lungs. This item Inevitably will lead to spurious as well as genuine disease claims. Among welders,'almost any respiratory diseases, sueb as pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiectasis and even tuberculosis will serve the basis of clalam. It Is In cases of this ehsraeter that the Medical Boards provided for by this law will be called upon for differential diagnosis in the weighing of medical evidence. Fortunately, tie manifestations of ths action of nitrous gasss are fairly typical, so that unwarranted claims should sot lead to great difficulty In their detection In order that they may be eliminated from favorable eonsIdaratIon under the provisions of this act. 11. Poisoning by Hlekel Carbonyl or Its Se quelae. Any process in which nickel carbonyl is evolved. This Is ons of the unimportant Items In thla law. `Ala substance Is formed when carbon monoxide Is passed over powdered nickel and is an Intermediate step In the Hand process of nlekel produetlon. When eases do arise, they are severs In nature, associated with profound edomn along the respira tory tract, shortness of breath, high fever, eough and bloody sputum, high pulse rate, with damage to ths brain. Thla writer has never seen a ease - of this rare disease snd has no reason to believe that any high frequency of eases will appear In the State of Michigan. This Item does not appear on many schedules for other states so that no pre cise statistics for this country are readily available. 12. Dope Poisoning (poleon- lug by tetraeblomethane or any substance used ss or In conjunction with s solvent for acetate of cellu lose or nitrocellulose), or its Sequelae. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with any substance -" 'd as or in conjunction with a solvent for acetate of cellulose or nltrocellu lose. nils Inelegant terminology is sueh as to include scares of solvents used in coating .and similar.in dustries. The embrasure includes hydrocarbon sol vents. caches benzol, toluol, xylol, solvent naphtha, many aloohols. many esters used in con nection with varnishes, lacquers, paints and other coating materials. Sines this one item is blanket In its extent, it is impractical to refer either to symptomatology or to statistics of frequency. No lees, it is asserted that this item will become of outstanding.l^ortanee because of the vide use of coating materials la connection with automobiles trucks, furnitures, ste., such as are produced in this state. IS. Poisoning by Formal dehyde and its Prepara tions. Any process involving the use of or direct contact with formaldehyde and its preparations. Formaldehyde as a gas Is used as such only in a fee industries, suoh as for fumigation. Zt is veil knovn. through madlaal usa. as formalin, a 40% water solution of the gas. Wherever exposure le provided, this substance Is highly dangerous, since It produces a direful disease. Zts manufac ture and that of Its oosqxjunds constitutes one of the chief exposures. Other exposures may be found In the synthetic resin Industry. It is a jroduot of the decomposition of wood alcohol. Tory few eases arise in Industry so that Its inclusion In this lav vlU probably not lead to any very great frequency of claims. 14. Chrome Ulceration or its Sequelae or Chrome Poisoning. Any process Involving the use of or direct contact with chromic add or bi chromate of ammonium, potassium, or sodium or their preparations. Chromium scarcely ever leads to poisoning, but Instead only to local Injury, such as "chrome holes" or nasoseptal perforations or dermatitis. Kasai perforations are not disabling and very seldom are local ulcerations totally disabling. Unfortunately, chromium compounds In contact with flash are not neutralised so that Injurious action .Is persistent, leading to under-mined, Jug-like ulcers. Occasionally, workers become sensitised to chromium so that the most trivial subsequent exposures lead to troublesome sldn affections, astb am, etc. It is forecast for this item that large numbers of eases will appear, but that the chief ' Y amber will Involve medical treatment expenses rather than ooiqpanaatlon for loat time. In Ohioi where thle dleeaae wee made compensable In 1931, It la noted that 332 eaaea have appeared In the paat nine years, only e portion of which were awar1*''-! ' ,ss>ensatlon dan to abeenee from the schedule during the earlier years of this period. Not all forms of chromium arn Injurious. Certain valences of chromium are Innocuous and In addition any eoqpounds of chromium are without Injurious properties. Chromic acid, chromic oxides and ehroBstes are the chief offending agents. Under the Michigan lew, this Item, referable to chromium, will be a troublesome one, because it Is about the only agent for which compensation is provided that Is used la plating. It least twenty other substaaoes used In plating are injurious, but It will be human nature to attribute all Injuries re lated to work to ebrome, provided chrome is used Instead of the non-ooxpsnsable agents. 15. Hplthellomatous cancer or ulceration of the skin or of the corneal surface of the eye due to tar, pitch, bitumen, mineral oil or paraffin, or any compound, product or residue of these substances* Handling or use of tar, pitch, bitumen, mineral oil, or paraffin or any compound, product or reel due of any of these sub stances* A growing body of Information establishes full well that akin cancers may be produced by various Industrially used substances, chiefly coal tar derivatives. In proportion to the exposures, the number of caneers Incurred Is low, only 13 In the State of Ohio during the past nine years* It Is possible that chemicals other than those mentioned may produce epithelioma, such, for exaagile, as wheat germ oil. - IS. (Handers* Care of handling of any equine animal or the carcass of any such anlnal. . 17, Compressed Air Illness or Its Sequelae. This Is an old time Infectious disease, belonging to the horse days with livery stables, drays, and racing tracks. The disease, whleh in horses Is called "farey" Is transferred to men and la then called glanders. However, other animals may trans fer this disease. It Is quite rare. The writer has never seen a ease In a human being, but has seen many in animals. Hot a single case has appeared In Ohio, I believe, from the origin of the law in 1981 and certainly hot'In the past nine years. This sort of Item should have been left off the schedule and might very well have been replaced by aoms useful item, atieh as carbon tetrachloride. - Any proeeaa carried on m compressed air.  ' Wherever underwater work la dona, aseh tunnel construction, diving, tone typas or eofferdea work, workmen ay ba subject to tba affecta of lneraeaed atmospheric - pressure. As an oooupatlonal dlaaaae probIan, thla disease la usually associated from - tlaa to tlaa with some outatending projaot such aa tba building of on nndamtar tunnel. It la eomosndable that thla dlaaaae appears upon the achedule ngnlnat the day of theae epeelal projects. however, it mat be recog nized that apart froa aach activities, fa* lnduatriea are likely to provide any oondltlon ' whatever of high atmapherle preaaure. Ko laaa, It la to be atreaaed that in Ohio*a experience, to which reference la regularly mad* In thla review, 170 eaaea have appeared during the* peat nine yeara. It la to be noted that 121 of theae occurred in the yeara 1929 and 1930, which undoubtedly would prove on lnveatlgatlon to be aaaoelated with aoae one or two underwater projeeta. 18. liinere' Diseases, . including only eelln* , lltla, buraltia, enkylo- \ atoolaala, tenoaynovltla and nyatagnua. Any proeeaa Involving wining. < * . . It la unfortunate that any group of diseases ahould be aet apart aa "miner* diaeaaea* when, aa a matter of fact, theae apeclfled diaeaaea are not apeelfle for Elnara and for the moat part are already eovared by oth ltama of thla lav. Buraltia and tenoaynovltla are covered by Itea Ed. Bystagwua, while a very cannon minora' dlaaaae In Europe, la aeareely known to exist In thla oountry. It require* aoae thirty yeara of exposure prior to the appearance of moat eaaea of aystapma In England. In Bag* land, nyata^u* la the mat prevalent occupa tional dlaeaae, at leaat among wlnera, but In thla country auparlor work eondltlona have led to the atatemant of United State* Public Health Official* that It la non-exlatunt. When thla dlaeaee doe* aria*, It la moatly non-dlaabling, la at leaat frequently a neuronla and la the basis of much malingering. AnJiyloatoalaala la a fancy term for hookworm dlaeaae. Thla dleeeae has appeared in the alnea of South Africa and In Wales and In a fav other places where laek of sanitation lead* to Indiscriminate defecation throughout the mining are*. Thla writer has baan unable to locate ]any authentic figures Indicating any existence of hookworm dleeeae In the State of Michigan, exoept e few Instances of the dleeeae Imported from other states and chiefly Southern States. Although the City of Detroit la extenslvely populated by Southern negroes, no ease of bookworm baa been reported, so far aa known. 19. Cataract In Class Workera. ' ' Processes la the menufaetura of glass involving exposure to the glare of molten glass. 20. Kailua Poisoning or Disability duo to redio-eotive properties of substances or to roentgen raps, (x-rays). 21. Methyl Chloride Poisoning. It la possible that this Itan should haya baaa aitandad to Include bo re than glass workers and amhraaa all workers exposed to emanations from any Incandescent notarial such as aolten Iron, brass, steal, ate.. Also, this ltaa would bays been wore acceptable If It had extended coverage to spa conditions other than cataract, such as corneal opaqueness, retinitis, choroiditis, ate. Such needs, however, map ba rectified in coming pears. Also, actual experience map show that such eases are ao infrequent .as to be uniaportant either through Inclusion or exclusion. 10 thin writer's best knowledge, the glass industry In the State of Michigan at the present time Is very limited inso far as molten glass Is concerned. lay process Involving the use of or direct contact with radios or radio-active substance or the use of or direct exposure to roentgen raps (x-rays). 1 few small plants In the State of Michigan are carrying out radius dial manufacture. 1 much larger number of persons are exposed to the harmful action of x^aps. One of the chief actions of the roentgen xsp Is to produce sterility both In the male and la the feuale. Sueh sterility should not be adjudged to constitute disability. Skin diseases from roentgen raps are quite common and should lead to co^ensatlon, even though sueh affliction possibly nap not be strictly Interpreted as radios poisoning. The aajorltp of these cases, however, will require aedloal services only rather than oedleal services and condensation. X fair number of roentgen rap.workers In this state have sueh deformity of their hands resulting from x-ray exposures as to Justify an Interpretation of total disability. Any procsss involving the use of or direct contact with methyl chloride or its preparations or eonpounds. This substance has attracted attention chiefly beoanse of deaths produced by the uae of It as a refrigerant; doubtless there are other uses then as a refrigerant, but these are sot extensive. Cases of methyl chloride poisoning ohiefly have arisen under non-industrial conditions, such as Mosg householders or apartment residents exposed to the deadly action of methyl chloride escaping from leaky refrigerators. However, In the manu facture of refrigerators using methyl chloride as a refrigerant, considerable numbers of cases have taken place, particularly la Indiana. When methyl chloride poisoning arises, it is substantially methyl alcohol poisoning, sines methyl chloride decomposes Into methyl alcohol within the body. The cases la Michigan will be few and far between, since the use of methyl chloride as e refrigerant is on the wane. It would be much more practical to have Introduced sulphur dioxide on this schedule instead of methyl chloride. 0007-SWP-000030730 22. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Any process involving direct eipoaura to carbon monoxide la buildings, ahada or eneloaad places. Uoat carbon aonozlda poisoning should ba accepted for compensation purposes as an accident, which they truly are. Heretofore, they hare bean covered In this State as accidents and the shift to a clas sification vlthln the domain of occupational diseases will lead to a great deal of confusion. A true chronlo form of carbon aonozlda poisoning resulting froa long oontlnued or oft repeated exposures to low concentrations of the gas Is denied by most workers, but recognized by a few. On the other hand, the sequelae froa an acute carbon aonozlda poison ing are fairly coiaaon. These, no lass, mi git wery wall be handled the same as the sequelae to any accident. It inevitably will coos about that almost every workman engaged la any occupation leading to the formation or presence of carbon monoxide will be prone to blame any infirmities that arise on this gas. There are difficulties ahead for the Coonlssloa, Medical Boards, enployera and Insurance companies connected with the settlement of carbon monoxide claims. S3. Poisoning by sulphuric, hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acid* Any process Involving the use of or direct contact with sulphuric, hydro chloric or hydrofluoric aeldn or their fumes* The wonder Is that nitric add was not Included In this list. A possible answer may be found In that most of such cases will be oovered by Item 10. A further wonder la that this Item did not include In addition to mineral, adds, organic adds, such as acetic, which groins of adds In the aggregate cause more occupational diseases than the mineral adds. One reason for this Is that sulphuric acid does not evaporate. Left side open, Its volume will not appreciably dimin ish. Zt only enters the atmosphere as a vapor la considerable quantities la association with steam or Is the result of the evolution of bubbles, such as la pickling work. Direct contact with sulphuric, hydrofluoric or hydrochloric add naturally will give rise to accidents. Cases arising following continuous or frequently repeated exposures to vapors are rare and eo^aratlvely unimportant. Eroded teeth, bronchitis and gastro intestinal inflaanatloa are characteristic of mineral acids and more especially sulphuric add. 4* Besplratory, Gastro intestinal or Physio logical Nerve and Eye Dlsordere due to Con i tact with PetmJanwi Products and their Any process Involving the use of or direct contact with petroleum or petroleum products and their fumee. Zt ie unfortunate that such a departure should have been made In this Item, specifying peculiar aspeete of petroleum poisoning rather than making an all-inclusive Item such as "petroleum poisoning or "disability from petroleum products". T 2b* language of this Important Item la such aa to exclude dasage to the liver, kidneys, skin, ete. This la one of the aoat Important Items os the list, as the derivatives of petroleua are alawet as legion aa those from eoal tar. Chief aaohg these are gasoline, to rosene, naphtha, Stoddard's soIt ant, light oils, heavy oils, together with their many derlratlTea and eoimounda, possibly Including a variety of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Is Ohio, SI eases have appeared during the past.nine years. 25. Disability arising from Blisters or Abrasions. Any process inrolrlng continuous friction, rubbing or Tlbratlon causing blisters or abrasions. * Heretofore such things as blisters and abrasions hare been compensated as accidents, which they chiefly are. However, there are types of blisters arising not from accidental and fortuitous dreunstanees, but froa long sustained, repetitive Motions. Rierefore, there oan be no objection to this Itsn, although there will be endless confusion as to when a blister or abrasion is the result of an accident and when it la an oc cupational dlseaee. More work for the Cosmlaslon and Medical Boards. 26. Disability Arising from Bursitis or . Synovitis. Any process involving continuous rubbing, preasure or vlbratione of the partn affected* This is a good item, as there are endless tools operated by air, electricity, water, ete. leading to Incessant vibration. A typical exasple is known to all In the noisy, vibrating concrete drill, widely In use la street repair work, ask ing days and nights hideous for those nearby, but frequently leading to inflametion along tendon sheaths of the operator. More difficulty will be experienced in associating bursitis with industry, in that there are Many causes of bur sitis other than work, infection being a primary one. In Ohio, where tenosynovitis has been compen sated as an occupational disease since 1929, there have been 129? instances of tenosynovitis of the hand In the past eight years, and 186 instances of bursitis about the knee Joint In the sane period. Thus it any be seen that synovitis or tenosynovitis nay bacons the outstanding lten in Michigan's occupational disease schedule. . 27. Dermatitis (venenata) . ' ' Any process involving the use of or direct oontact with adds, alkalies, adds or oil, or with brick,, esnent, lias, con crete or nortar capable of causing daznatitls (venenata). This item, which should have been a blanket one, is unfortunately dram la the Michigan Act, 0007-SWP-000030732 ? . 8. Hernia. 29. Stone Worker's or Grinder's Phthisic. apparently beoause of lack of familiarity with the many causes of occupational dermatitis. Instead of e provision apart from acids, alkalies and oils. It is limited to "brick, cement, lime, concrete and mortar". There should have been ooverage for those hundreds of akin diseases which make up 65$ of the total number of occupa tional diseases. There are no less than 700 causes of skin disease In Industry, while this act stqps off Into the by-path of brick, eanent, lime, concrete and mortar. Hove cases of derma- title will arise among florists, gardeners and nurserymen than from all the workers In brick, cmaent, lime, oonerete and mortar throughout the state. In Ohio, 7,660 cases of dermatitis have arisen In the past nine years, with only 19 in 1936 arising from lime and cement. In that year, 930 eases of dermatoses arose, which was 68.4$ of the total number of compensable oaaes. This item should be the first one changed In any modi fication of this law. Clearly recent In origin and resulting from a strain, arising out of and in the eourse of employment and prompt ly reported to the em ployer. It Is just a little ridiculous to elasa hernia as an occupational disease. This ridiculousness Is further apparent In the limitation language about this Item, whloh specifies that it must result from a strain". Thus the very definition of an occupational disease breaks down. A strain is Inevitably an accident. As a matter of fact, hernias are foramostly eongenltal and are neither aeeldente or occupational diseases. Accidents may lead to pre-wxisting hernias oomlng Into prominence and making themselves first known to their victims. It is not very important, however, Into which category hernias are plaosd, both being anomalous and industries at this time expect to be saddled with responsibility for them In most In stances. In the ease of a valuable worker, It will naturally be the disposition of employers to procure the repair of hernias In order to safeguard the worker's Interests, earning and producing capacities. No less, the qualified occupational disease worker cringes Just a little bit to see hernia appearing In any list of characteristic occupational diseases. . Quarrying, cutting, crush ing, grinding or polishing of stone,' or grinding or polishing of metal. 9tone worker's or grinder's phthisis was an ex cellent tezs.about 1896, but Is not very Im portant la the concept of disease In this day and time. "Phthisis* then and presumably now la descriptive of old fibroid tuberculosis. The condition to which this term "stone worker's or grinder's phthisis" formerly applied le foramostly silicosis. Doctors now know better, or should. On medical matters, legislators should be guided by doctors, but good ones* 30. Silicosis. Mining. The wonder la why eanpenaetlon for aillooaia was 11mltad to mining. There ora at laaat 35 lnduatrlaa in Michigan providing exposures to aillea. The workman who davelopa silicosis In a foundry la Just aa disabled, Just aa needy, Just aa deserving, Just aa aubjeot to pain. Just as afraid of daath as tba workman exposed to allies in mining. 31. ?neuscoonlosls. Quarrying, cutting, crush ing, grinding or polishing of matal. Apparently in tbs minda of tba legislators, there was a tbree<eray desire to establish compensation for soma dusty lung dlaease, namely *stone workers' phthisis*, "ailieoaia*, and *pneumoeoniosls*. "Pneumoconiosis" maana dusty lung dieeaae, but the only pneumoeonlosee of slgnifloanee ere ailieoaia end asbestoeis. There la no metal that will produce a disabling pneumoconlosle and it is noted that in this list of en^loymaats the mining of metal is omitted. Let it be understood that such dusts as silver, platinum will not in thamaelvea produce a diabllng pneumooonloale. Ihe Medical Board: This act fails to provide a fixed Medical Board, but perhaps doea batter in that provisions are made for the appointment of Commission of three qualified physicians, for the consideration of every individual disputed eaae. The report of this Coanisslon, whenever signed by any two members of the three^man board, definitely binds the Industrial Commission, Insofar as medical facts are oonoerned. This in an admirable feature. It appears, from the nature of this provision, that the Medical Cocnlsslon will not be casprleed of the seme physicians on any large number of cases. If it so happens that some Comisaiona are little qualified and render questionable aervlcee, other Commissions will be better qualified end may be expected to render valuable services in the adjudication of occupa tional dlaease claims. Definitions . The definition of an occupational disease appear ing in this act la not elaborate, but is fairly good. Boweveq there are no definitions as to what constitutes a number of occupational diseases, such as "silicosis*, "atone worker's phthisis", "pneumoeonlonls", etc. Ibis omission will lead to confusion unless definitions are prepared la connection with eaees acted upon by the Conalasioa, which thus may serve f 0007.S'Hj, 00 03 0734 I praeedents. . Omlssiona Proa the Schedule Earlier dlseuealoa baa baas presented aa to tbs significance of tba rarloua Items of tba schedule; also some earlier ooaasnt ' baa been made as to the worth of the sehedole Itself. Through repetition, it may be enphaeized that the schedule In Its entirety la limited In Its worth, both because of tha omission of many needed Items end baeauss of re strictions placed upon the extent of application of eoTarage In some Instances, such as the limitation of "silicosis" to "mining*. It appears that there Is no eoTerage for such Important Items as carbon tetrachloride, trlchlorethy- lene, cyanide, many forms of shin diseases, eye diseases other than cataract (except cancer), etc., eta. Extant of Corerage! It Is noted that compensation Is provided only for disability or death from a given occupational disease and not merely from the fact that such a disease exists. This is salutary. However, many \ instances will arise In which claims will be suds baeauss of the existence of a disease which will call for alert activities on the part of the medical, claims and legal departments to Insist upon the enforcement of the provision that disability Is required as a requisite for compensation. Even In the absence of disability, It Is not probable that medical relief will be la order, which provlalon should not be combated, because In the absence of medical relief, actual disability may develop. . Monetary Awards: It appears that the rates of payment and extent of payment for occupational diseases are the same as for. accidental Injuries, exempt la the ease of silicosis, possibly pneumoconiosis, phthisis, etc. Hare It seena established that a maximal of three thousand dollars Is provided. Common lew Actlonl This lav provides coverage for those cases In which there has-been even trivial exposure to specific Injurious substances 'after the effective date of the law. This means that some coverage, but not necessarily full, is extended to large numbers of canes, the chief ex posure leading to which took place prior to the enactment of this lav. This (tap la regarded aa eonaaadabla and to ba favored. Undoubtedly a fair number of claims will arlae ahortly after the beginning of the operation of thla law, In which no Injurious exposure may ba ahown after the effective date of thla law. Such caaaa will require adjudication on whatever baala they night have been aettled If thla law had not appeared* The noat ItQortant question to be oonsldered la whether occupational diseases not appearing on the schedule nay lead to eonaon law action, or instead If such cases nay not be made the baala of any claln with the prospect of favorable action. Such a natter aa this la naturally for legal and judicial decision rather than nedlcal. Insofar aa a physician is entitled to sake any coment, the opinion la ezpreaaed that occupational diseases not on this schedule nay not be nade the baala for action at cornea lav, which will be given consideration by the Courts. The reasons for this Interpretation are the title of this bill, 1) which In its last phrase reads "and restricting the right to oonpensatlon or damages in such caaes to such as are provided by thla aot" and 2) the language of Section 12, which reads Tlothlng In thla act shall affect the rlgita of an employe, or hla dependents, to recover compensation In respect to a disease to which this act does not apply. If the diaeese, apart from this act, la one for which dispensation is payable under tbs other provisions of this act", but more important than either of the two foregoing, the fact that this lav constitutes an amendment to the compensation lav of 1912 and Imposes upon this .new section of that lav the same restrictions attending the basic lav, which In ons portion clearly states further that the employer operating undar the provlalons of this aot shall be subjeot to no other liability whatsoevar In eonnactlon with claims growing out of worker Injury. While this provision of the early lav has always existed, it now takes on peculiarly new significance In view of the addition of this occupational disease section, for these tbree reasons, It appears to this writer that the worker afflicted with an ocetpatlonal disease not covered by this new act is without legal recourse under ordinary circumstances. This writer hastens to emphasize that thla la a matter for Interpretation hy the Comlaalon, by the court end possibly by the supreme court of the State. Payment for laaEfcera of Radical Coanlaalonh: Thla la* provides for the payment of the service* of the physician* serving on Uedleal Board* from general funds available to the Department of labor and Industry. Bo charges are made directly upon Industry for the provision of any such services* Apportionment of Compensation and other Benefits under this Act: This lav pnovidasi under certain circumstances, that the cost of awards made and other benefits shall be shared by the last employer with previous employers, providing similar exposures. Any appraisal of the procedure provided should be made by legal personnel and not by physi cians. Viewed from a strictly medical point of view, the opinion has been formed that tha application of these apportionment provisions will be diffi cult. A correlary to this statement is that new employee* should ba subject to a batter type of physical examination than heretofore with respect to occupational diseases, occupational disease exposures and to types of pre vious employment. It la emphasized that from tha point of view of the em ployer, it may become necessary to ddny employment to persons who may harbor occupational diseases in fact or who have bean ao extensively exposed to make occupational diseases acquired in other employments a reasonable future ex pectancy. Addition of Bew Items to the Schedule! . It la not known that items not now appearing on the list may be added by other than legislative action two years hence, in the absanca of special sessions of tha legislature. Resorting of Occupational Diseases! Two bills era now awaiting aetlon of the legis lature calling for the reporting to the State Department of Health of all occupational diseases. Since such bills have not been enacted into laws, it is not possible to make any modtarlous consent at this time* Costa of Occupational Dlaeaaa Coverage Under this Act: The coat for occupational dlaaass compensation, madleal relief, ate. will approximate 2)1 of the present: costs for accident compensation, etc. If contrariwise, claims for additional occupational dis eases, not appearing on the schedule, ar* settled in a different mmtr, but at approximately the same rata, only meritorious eases are extended benefit*. tbn tbs total coat for tbe two claaaea^of occupational diseaaas should not exceed 3j of tha present oost for accident compensation, etc. In the TTnlted States, the average cost for each caee of occupational disease froa 1920-29 was $191. The amounts paid for the eooaonest diseases were as follows: Toxic vapors, gases and fuaes, $414; "germs" $322; irritant dust and fibers, $298; toxic fluids $52; and miscellaneous irritants $47.00. Possible Joker: Under the provisions of this act, with respect to dusty lung diseases, including silloosls, the provision is aade that if disability or death arises during the first month after the effective date of the law, entire responsibility on the part of the employe may be liqui dated by the payment of $500.00. nils opens up the possibility of much of fensive action on the part of vicious e^loyers. Disability is not something that may be determined by the worker himself, but la large measure may be determined by physicians acting 1a good faith. Any employer, under this provision, conceivably may find It desirable to examine all workers in his employ during tha first month after the effective date of this act and in the event outstanding degrees of silicosis or other dusty lung disease are found, it may be well within the physician's Justifications to announce that'such workers should not continue further employment and that total disability at least for that form of employment in fact exists, whereupon it appears that such eases may be permanently disponed of upon the payment of $500.00. Total Number of Occupational Diseases Per Tear in Michigan: . During the period of legislative, agitation con nected with occupational diseases, large numbers of persons have gained the impression that the numbers of eases of occupational diseases in this State will be comparable to the number of accidents, or at least that the number is to be reckoned in many thousands, such as ten or twenty per year. This Is a fallacy. It is unwise to make any close prediction, but there is some warrant for maintaining that throughout the State, there may not be more than 1000 or 1200 cases per year Of genuine occupational diseases of the type covered by the Uichlgan law. Of course, during the first year or two the number of claims will be considerably higher, owing to lack of familiarity on the part of physicians, attorneys, employers and workers beoause of lack of praelaa knowledge aa to the nature of occupational diaeaees, etc. Rnnatltutionallty of the Ulchlgan Occupational Dieeaee Law! Any such natter Is renote to the donain of nedleine, but already there are aone lega- n-ablings to the effect that the constitutionality of the law nay be questioned and that attacks nay be made on the law by mining interests. supplemental Interpretationi This rerlew and consent is made within that week in which this measure became a law through the affixation by the Oorernor of his signature. Undoubtedly there are faulty interpretations herein. This writer wishes to be the first to recognise the necessity for modifying and extending the views here expressed as additional experience and information beoonas available through the application of this neir law. B. DISCUSSION 0? DHB OCOTPATIOKAI DlSSASg Lit WTIB PARTICULAR RgTfflgTOB TO Eg ACME ,/HITE LE1D COMPANY. Of the 31 itens appearing; on the schedule, it is most likely that not more than 12 may lead to legitimate claims in this plant as now operated. Three of these itens refer respectively to Item 23, "blisters and abrasions", Item 26, "bursitis or synovitis" and Item 28, "hernia These items of course may appear in any factory and are to no wise characteris tic of paint manufacture. This leaves eleven items for which exposure may be provided in the paint Industry as a natural consequence of contact with materials manipulated. These eleven items aret 2) lead poisoning, 3) sine poisoning, 6) arsenic poisoning, 8} benxol poisoning, 9) carbon bisulfide poisoning, 12) dope poisoning, 13) formaldehyde poisoning, 14) chrome . poisoning, 22) carbon monoxide poisoning, 24) petroleum poisoning, 27).dermatitls. Without any proof, except that growing out of past experiences, these eleven characteristic items are arranged in order of anticipated frequency of cases. because of lock of precise knowledge ee to the nature of occupational diseases, eto. nriTietltatlonallty of the Michigan Occupational Disease Lnw Any ouch matter la remote to the domain of ' medicine, but already there are legal rumblings to the effect that the eonetltutlonallty of the law ay be questioned and that attaeka ay be mede on tbe law by mining lntereata. Supplemental InterpretationI This reriew and oommant In made within that week In which thla maaaure beaa a law through the affixation by the Governor of hla signature. Undoubtedly there ere faulty Interpretations herein, Thla writer wlahea to be the flrat to reoognise the neeeaalty for modifying end extending the vlewa here expretaed aa additional azpalenoe and Information beeomea available through the applleetion of thla new law, b . d is c u s s io n o f rag occomromt cisziat l aw rrm pabt ic u l l r Rmaroca t o ... IKZ a c me .(HITB I.MH rnuPiNT. Of the 31 ltama appearing on the achedule. It la moat likely that not more than 12 may lead to legitimate cl alma In thla plant aa now operated. Three of theae ltama refer respectively to Item 2S, "biletera and abraelona", Ita 26, "buraltla or aynovltla" and Item 28, "hernia These Itetna of eourae may appear In any factory and are ki no wlae characteris tic of paint manufacture. Thla leaves eleven ltama for which exposure may be provided In the paint Industry as a natural consequence of contact with materials manipulated. These eleven Items arei 2) lead poisoning, 3} sine poisoning, 6) araenio-pctacnlngi 8} teasel petounm, T) BarB6S~tTarayi4e . Tnlirnlifli 1"^ flrj; iilinrlna, 1"} fi-malfihTli pndinrirl11 i In urns gglannlagy^2Z?Tcarbon monoxide1 poisoning, Pt) pwtiulcum'^clwgirfgg. JZQflgme- 11112. IF" Without any proof, except that growing out of pest exparlencea, these eleven characteristic Items are arranged la order of anticipated frequency of cases. 1. Dermatitis. 2. Lead Poisoning. 3. Dope Poisoning. 4. Petroleum Poisoning. 5. Benaol Poisoning. 6. formaldehyde polwoal^ (from synthetic resins) 7, chromium Poisoning. 6. Carbon Jenoxlde Poisoning. 9. Zinc Poisoning. 10. Carbon bisulphide Poisoning. 11. Arsenic Poisoning. It Is to be understood that this list Is prophetic and at best Is without great significance. In the absence of some unusual outbreak, such as of skin disease. It Is anticipated that of the diseases appearing on the schedule as now provided, this Conpany will have not more than ten genuine easea of occupational diseases per year. Probably this statement should be qualified for the first year after this law goes Into effect, when, In all likelihood there will be considerable agitation connected with long existing eases, which no less are entitled to condensation if additional exposure Is provided after the effective date of this law* Another section of this report Is extensively devoted to a general discussion of medical work in this plant. The follow ing Items with particular reference to medical procedure connected with the new occupational disease lew should be regarded as supplemental. 1) The occupational disease law provides for the apportionment of responsibility In case the employer believes that an occupational disease originated in part or pn toto In previous employments. Por this reason, whenever applicants are being considered for employment, careful work histories covering previous employments should be obtained. These histories should provide not only the names of previous employers and their addresses, but also the precise work performed. This procedure may not be vary laportant Immediately after the law goes into effect, but la the course of a few years, such records will lead to substantial savings in some Instances. 2) At the time of making a physical examina tion and the taking of medical histories, every applicant should be question*! as to his having suffered previously from occupational diseases of any nature. Both negative end positive statements in this respect should be signed by the applicant. A provision of the law Is such that If a worker rtlfniiy mis-states his past ezparienee with occupational diseases, hs is uaentitled to the full proTisions of tha oeeupatloaal disease set. 3) It tha time of making physical examina tions and tha talcing of madleal histories, more ears than haretofora should be exercised in preventing tha employment of workers extensively exposed to dust such as slllea or lead or to any other substanee that say provide a background of latent disease of occupational origin. For example! It would be most unwise to employ an applicant with ten years' exposure as a sand quarryer, sandblaster, pottary worker, miner, etc, 4) If thare be In the plant one or more workers who are known to harbor an occupational dlaease such as silicosis, lead poisoning, etc., such workers should be made the recipient of careful reexamination shortly after the law becomes effective,. If there be any likelihood that at any future time such workers may beosme a claimant for a condition that existed before the application of the law. Tha law makes provision that such cases, at least of dusty lung dlaease, may be completely disposed of in equitable fashion at a lower rate-Immediately after the effective date of the law than will be true after the law baa existed for a few years, at which time It Is unknown that this statement applies to all occupational diseases or solely to dusty-lung diseases- At any rate, the theory of the law la such as not to tax the employer beyond a limited amount for those cases foremostly produced prior to this law, * 5) One of the most troublesome features of this law with respect to diagnosis will be In connection with akin diseases. In any event, not more than half of the skin diseases that arise among the workers of this plant will be of occupational origin. Of this one-half, not more than 1/5 apparently will be covered by the present language of the lav as set forth in Item 27. Is noted elsewhere In this report, the pro visions made for occupational dermatitis are somewhat unsatisfactory from the point of view of the worker. 'In particular, the language of the law Is such as not to affect the majority of operations engaged In In this plant. 6) Slsewhere la this raport mention Is mala of tba rarloua places at which exposures are provided la the operations of this plant to the various substances specified la the list above as potentlal sources of occupational dlaeasea. In most Instances, adequate Informa tion Is furnished as to diagnostic procedure* notwithstanding all of the foregoing discussion. It Is pointed out that the Governor of this State has called an extra session of the legislature for August 1st and thereafter and that one of the Items for consideration Is the revision of the Occupational Disease lav. This may mean that the entire lav here discussed will be extensively modified* STATE OF MICHIGAN 59TH LEGISLATURE REGULAR SESSION OF 1937 rc,--.. pm #. in Introduced by Senators Hlttle and Burke SENATE ENROLLED ACT No. 28 (Ordered to be known ei the `TUttle-Bjirke-Rowell-Smith-Hartin Act") AX ACT to amend the title of act number ten of the public acte of the first extra eeeeion of nineteen hundred twelve, entitled "An act to promote the welfare of the people ot thie atate, relating to the liability of employers for injuries or death sustained by their employes, providing compensation tor the accidental injury to or death of employes and methods for the payment of the tame, establishing an industrial accident board, defining its powers, providing for a review of its awards, making an appropriation to cany out the provisions ot this act, and restricting the right to compensation or damages in such cases to such as are provided by this act," as amended, being sections eight thousand four hundred seven to eight thousand four hundred eighty-five, inclusive, of the compiled laws of nineteen hundred twenty-nine, and to add thereto a new part to stand as part seven, and to consist of sections one to thirteen inclusive. - The People of the State of Michigan enact: Section 1. The title of act number ten of the public acts of the first extra session of nineteen hundred twelve, entitled "An act to promote the welfare of the people of this state, relating to the liability of employers for injuries or death sustained by their employes, providing compensation for the acci dental injury to or death ot employes and methods for the payment of the same, establishing an industrial accident board, defining its poVers, provid ing for a review of its awards, making au appiopriatiou to carry out the provisions of this act, and restricting the right to compensation or damages in such cases to such as are provided by this act," as amended, being sections sight thousand four hundred seven to eight thousand four hundred eighty- N16643.01 five, inclusive, of the compiled laws of nineteen hundred twenty-nine, is hereby emended, end e new pert i> hereby edded to eeid ect to ntend e* pert |eTen, end to coneiet of eectione one to thirteen inclusive, eeid emended title end edded pert end lections to reed es follows: TITLE An ect to promote the welfare of the people of this stete, relating to the liability of employers for injuries or death sustained by their employes, pro viding compensation for the disability or death resulting from occupational injuries or disease or accidental injury to or death of employes end methods for the payment, end apportionment of the same, establishing an industrial accident board, defining its powers, providing for a review of its awards, making an appropriation to carry out the provisions of this act, and restrict ing the right to compensation or damages in such cases to such as are pro vided by this act PAST VII Sec. 1. Definition. Whenever used in this act: (a) The word "disability" means the state of being disabled from earning full wages at the work at which the employe was last employed; (b) The word "disablement" means the event of becoming so disabled as defined in sub-paragraph (a); (c) The term "occupational disease" means a disease which is due to causes and conditions which are characteristic of and peculiar to a particular trade, occupation, procem or employment Bee. 2. The disablement of an employe resulting from an occupational disease or condition described in the following schedule shall be treated as the happening of a personal injury by accident within the meaning of this act and the procedure and practice provided in this act shall apply to all pro ceedings under this part, except where specifically otherwise provided herein: Disabilities arising from Caused by 1. Anthrax Handling of wool, hair, bristles, hides or skins. 2. Lead poisoning or its sequelae Any process involving the use of or direct contact with lead or its prep . arations or compounds. 0007-SWP-000030745 T 3.. Zinc poisoning or its eeqnelae Any process involving the use of or direct contact with zinc or its prep stations or compounds or alloys. 4. Mercury poisoning or its sequelae Any process involving the use of nr direct contact with mercury or its preparations or compounds. 5. Phosphorus poisoning or its se Any process involving the use of or quelae direct contact with phosphorus or its preparations or compounds. 6. Arsenic poisoning or its sequelae Any process involving the use of or direct contact with arsenic or its prep _ arations or compounds. 7. Poisoning by wood alcohol Any process involving the use of wood alcohol or any preparation containing v * wood alcohol. 8. Poisoning by bentol or nitro-, Any process involving the use of or hydro-, hydroxy-, and amido-de- direct contact with bentol or nitro-, rivatives of benzene (dinitro-ben- hydro-, hydroxy-, or amido-derivatives zol, anilin, and others), or ita se of beuzene or its preparations or com quelae pounds. . 9. Poisoning by carbon bisulphide Any process involving the use of or or its seqnelae, or any sulphide direct contact with carbon bisulphide or ita preparations or compounds, or any snlphide. 10. Poisoning by nitrons fumes or its Any process in which nitrons fumes seqnelae are evolved. 11. Poisoning by nickel carbonyl or Any process in which nickel carbonyl its seqnelae is evolved. 12. Dope poisoning (poisoning by Any process involving the use of or tetrachlormethaue or any sub direct contact with any substance stance need as or in conjunction used as or in conjunction with a sol with a solvent for acetate of cel vent for acetate of cellulose or nitro lulose or nitro cellnlose). or ita cellulose. seqnelae SEA-28 J 1 V I 1 i' i IS. roisoning by formaldehyde and Any process involving the use of or lt preparation* direct contact with formaldehyde and its preparations. 14. Chrome nlceration or it* sequelae Any process involving the use of or or chrome poisoning direct contact with chromic acid or bichromate of ammoninm. potassinm, or sodium or their preparations. 15. Kpithelioraatous cancer or ulcer Handling or nse of tar, pitch, bitn ation of the akin or of the corneal men, mineral oil, or paraffin or any anrface of the eye, dne to tar, - compound, product or residue of any pitch, bitnmen, mineral oil or of these substance*. paraffin, or any compound, prod- net or reaidne of any of these substances 16. Glanders Care or handling of any equine animal or the carcass of any such animal. 17. Compressed air illness or its Any process carried on in compressed sequelae air. IS. Miners' diseases, including only Any process involving mining. cellnlitis, bursitis, ankylostomia sis, tenosynovitis and nystagmus 19. Cataract in glassworkert Processes in the manufacture of glass involving exposure to the glare of molten glass. 2fl. Radinm poisoning or disability Any process involving the nse of nr dne to radio-active properties of direct contact with radinm or radio substance* nr to Roentgen rays active snbstance or the nse of nr di (X-rays) rect exposure to Roentgen rays (X- rays). 21. Methyl chloride poisoning Any process involving the nse of or direct contact with methyl chloride or'its preparations or compounds. 22. Carbon monoxide poisoning Any process involving direct exposure to carbon monoxide in buildings, sheds or enclosed places. 23. Poisoning by sulphuric, hydro Any process involving the use of or chloric or hydrofluoric acid direct contact with sulphuric, hydro-' chloric or hydrofluoric acids or their fumes. 24. Respiratory, gastrointestinal or Any process involving the use of or physiological Bern and eye dis direct contact with petroleum or pe orders due to contact with petro troleum products and their fumes. leum products and their fumes 2T>. Disability arising from blisters Any process involving continuous or abrasions friction, rubbing or vibration causing blisters or abrasions. 26. Disability arising from bursitis Any process involving continuous rub \ \ or synovitis * bing, pressure or vibrations of the parts affected. 27. Dermatitis (venenata) Any process involving the use of or direct contact with acids, alkalies, acids or oil, or with brick, cement, lime, concrete, or mortar capable of causing dermatitis (venenata). 28. Hernia Clearly recent in origin and resulting from a strain, arising out of and in the course of employment and prompt ly reported to the employer, 29. Stone worker's or grinder's Quarrying, cutting, crushing, grind phthisis ing or polishing of stone, or grinding or polishing of metal. 30. Silicosis Mining. ' 31. Pneumoconiosis Quarrying, cutting, crushing, grind ing or polishing of metal. Bee. S'. If an employe is disabled or dies and his disability or death is caused by one of the diseases mentioned in the schedule contained in section two of this part and the disease is due to the nature of the employment in which such employe was engaged and was contracted therein, he or bis de pendents shall be entitled to compensation for his death or for his disable ment, and he shall be entitled to be furnished with medical and hospital ! ! t ' services. all as provided in part two of this act, except an hereinafter stated in thia part: Provided, kowcver, That if it shall he determined that each employe ia able to earn waives at another occupation which shall be neither nnhealthtnl nor injurious and such wages do not equal his full wages prior to the date of his disablement, the compensation payable shall be a percentage of full compensation proportionate to the reduction in his earning capacity. Sec. 4. Compensation shall not be payable for partial disability due to silicosis or other dust disease. In tiie event of temporary or permanent total disability or death from silicosis or other dust disease, notwithstanding any other provisions of this act, compensation shall be payable under this part to employes in the employments enumerated in section three of this part, or to their dependents in the following manner and amounta: If disablement or death occurs during the first calendar month in which this act becomes effective not exceeding the sum of Are hundred dollars; if disablement or death occurs during the second calendar month after which this act becomes effective not exceeding the sum of five hundred and fifty dollars; thereafter the total compensation and benefits payable for disability and death shall increase at the rate of fifty dollars each calendar month. The aggregate amount payable shall be determined by the total tuuouut payable in the month in which disablement or death occurs. Iu no event shall such com pensation exceed an aggregate total of three thousand dollars. Bee. 5. Neither the employe nor his dependents shall be entitled to com pensation for disability or death resulting from such occupational disease, unless such occupational disease is due to the nature of his employment and was contracted therein, or in a continuous employment similar to the one in which he was engaged at the time of his disablement, within twelve months previous to the date of disablement, whether under one or more employers. The time limit for contraction of the occupational disease prescribed by this section shall not bar compensation in the case of an employe who contracted such occupational disease in the same employment with the same employer by whom he was employed at the time,of his disablement and who had con tinued in the same employment with tbe same employer from the time of contracting such occupational disease up to the time of his disablement thereby. Bee. 6. In case the employe is alleged to be suffering from an occupational . ; ! j { ' j ! ! j I ' gjmie and there ehall be t dispute with respect thereto, the said board, or tar member thereof, ehall appoint a commission of three qualified impartial phraiciana to examine the Injured employe and to report. The report, when tinned by at leaat two of the members of said commission, ahall be Anal and conclusive aa to the condition of aaid employe with respect to the alleged disease or diseases. Members of the commission shall receive anch compen sation for their services as shall be Axed by the board, to be paid from the appropriation to the department of labor and industry. Sec. 7. For the purposes of this part the date of disablement ahall be such date aa the board may determine on the hearing of the claim. Sec. 8. Xo compensation shall be payable for an occupational disease If the employe, at the time of entering into the employment of the employer by whom the compensation would otherwise be payable, or thereafter, wilfully and falsely represents in writing that he has not previously suffered from the disease which is the cause of the disability or death. Where an occupa tional disease is aggravated by any other disease or infirmity, not itself com pensable, or where disability or death from any other cause, not itself com pensable, is aggravated, prolonged, accelerated, or in any wise contributed to by an occupational disease, the compensation payable shall be such propor tion only of the compensation that would be payable if the occupational disease were the sole cause of the disability or death as such occupational disease, as a causative factor, bearing to all the causes of such disability or death, such reduction in compensation to be effected by reducing the number of weekly payments or the amounts of such payments, as nnder the circum stances of the particular case may be for the best interests of the claimant or claimants. Sec. 9. The total compensation due shall be recoverable from the employer who last employed the employe in the employment to the nature of which the disease was due and in which it was contracted. If, however, such disease was contracted while such employe was in the employment of a prior em ployer, the employer who is made liable for the total compensation as pro vided by this section msy apiieal to said board for an apportionment of such . compensation among the several employers who since the contraction of -.such disease shall have employed such employe in the employment to the nature of which the disease was due. Such apportionment shall be propor- tioned to the time each employe was employed in the ten-ice of each employ er*, end shell be determined only after e hearing, notice of the time end piece of which shell have been given to even employer alleged to be liable for any portion of such compensation. If the board finds that any portion of tnch compensation it payable by an employer prior to the employer who it made liable for the total compensation as provided by this section, he shall make an award accordingly in favor of the last employer, and tnch award may be enforced in the same manner as an award for compensation. Sec. 10. The employer to whom notice of death or disability is to be given, or against whom claim is to be made.by the employe, shall be the employer who last employed tfce employe during the said twenty-four months in the employment to the nature of which the disease was due and such notice and claim shall be deemed seasonable as against prior employers. The require ments as to notice at to occupational disease and death resulting therefrom and the requirements at to the bringing of proceedings for compensation for disability or death resulting from such occupational disease shall be the same as required in section fifteen of part two of this act, except that the notice shall be given to the employer within one hundred twenty days after the disablement. Sec. 11. The employe, or hit dependents, it so requested, shall furnish the last employer or the board with such information as to the names and addresses of all his other employers during the said twenty-four months, as he or they may possess; and if such information it not furnished, or it not sufficient to enable such last employer to take proceedings against a prior employer under section ten of this part, unless it be established that the occupational disease actually waa contracted while the employe was in his employment such last employer shall not be liable to pay compensation, or. if such information is not furnished or is not sufficient to enable such last employer to take proceedings against other employers under section ten of this part, such last employer shall be liable only for such part of the total compensation as under the particular circumstanceu the director may deem just; but a false statement in the information furnished as aforesaid shall not impair the employe's right unless the last employer is prejudiced thereby. Sec. 12. Nothing in this act shall affect the rights of an employe, or his dependents, to recover compensation in respect to a disease to which this T act don sot apply, It the disease, apart from this set, is one for which com pensation is payable nnder the other provisions of this act. Sec. 18. This act shall not apply to cases of occnpstional disease in which the last injurious exposure to the hnaards of such disease occurred prior to the effective date of this act. This act shall not apply to any employer or employe in agricultural indus try pr in the nnraery or orchard business, or to any labor Incidental to farming, including repairs on buildings nml other property in connection therewith. * v V Approved. Bseretair of the Baaata. Clerk of the Bonne of BepreKStativet. Governor. I Rif MATERIALS AND P0T2fTIAL HAZARDS The paint industry ordinarily makes uaa of a greater number and a greater variety of rev materials than almost any other. Moreover, tha number of dangerous substances that are bandied in the paint industry As.higher on a percentage basis of the total number than is true for almost all other equally large industries. The Acme White Lead Company, because of the nature of its manufacturing operations and sales activities provides a list of raw materials of various types exceeding that-found in any other paint establishment investigated by these workers* By no means, does the presence of a dangerous substance In a factory establishment mean that'inevitably injurious effects vlU be produced. Similarly, it does not follow that the large number of raw materials coming into this plant means that the nature or number of exposures is necessarily high. Whenever any dangerous substance is present in a work place, its very presence constitutes a potential threat to workers in that vicinity. However, of the total number of potential exposures, the percentage of practical.ones may be comparatively very low. Such is the ease in this plant. These remarks preface a long listing of raw materials finding their way into this plant together with the approximate consumption for a recent twelve months' period. These investigators have noted those substances that are known to have caused damage to workers either in other paint establishments or in other industries making use of the same or very similar materials. Kecessarily the comment associated with any one item Is-very limited, for example, scores'of pages ml git be written describ ins'the, ill effects of benzol. Instead, it is necessary to limit sueh comment to a few lines. In a few instances, it has proved impossible to obtain any information relative to the toxic properties of soma agents. These substances are catalogued as possessing unknown proper ties as to toxicity. Those substances possessing well known dangsrous properties are starred In order to attract additional attention to the faot that they should be manipulated with respect. N16643.02 . No attempt baa beta mads la this elaborata listing to lncluds finished products la all Instances. Inevitably sow vuiernedlate stages appear as raw materials; also certain finished pro ducts are re-used in the manufacture of other products. Notwithstanding, this omission of consent on finished products. It may well be recognized that .aeon possess a degree of dangerous properties. Tor exasyle, paint and varnish removers, as used by the consumer, are substantially as dangerous as the raw materials entering their manufacture. X listing of raw materials, with various items of consent now follow; on crosswise pages* HT, Vr. 0007-SWP-000030754 Hand Scraping of Post Agitator Tanka After Burning. Definite Lead Exposure in the Absence of Protection. Filter Type of Respirator Adequate. Respirators Should be fell Fitted and fell Serviced. Aeae fhite Lead and Dolor forks Hamtraoek (Detroit) Michigan 9S00OO0-d M S -I000 Cod*# Name s Zlno Oxide (french Process) factory (x,y,z) Consumption 88,184# RAW UATERIAL3--DRY composition l Iqrarltlea 99> Zinc Oxide (ZnO) 3 ** Silica P.S.A. > 188,470 Sllloon Dioxide 8 China Clay (American) 170*493 footnotes (z) Fleoal year beginning September* 1935. (y) Subsequent items in pounda until otherwise noted* 4*1 Hew material* estimated for 1938-37. Aluminum Silicate containing 13jA oomblned water of hydra tion* Toxic Properties freshly produced zinc oxide, su found in galvanizing rooms may zlno chills, an acute disease. in the paint Industry, zlno oxi stantially harmless. Prolonged posure may produce minor increa markings as seen in x-ray. Als oxide rarely produces a low gra title. Kseentially noh-toxlc. This substance is the cause of a direful dusty lung disease. exposure is required, over a lo of time, such as from 5-30 yea disease characterized by pecul soar tissue formation. Presen istic x-ray picture. Worker* a eome short of breath.fchd are un ezpand chest on breathing. Af prone to develop tuberculosis. particles only (below ten micro of producing the disease. Dan men proportional to dust conce duration of exposure. China day is chiefly a mixture silicates with varying but low free silica (SlOg). Silicates less as producers of dusty lung Rarely silicosis produced by fr content when sufficiently high lS QOOo-l Name Lead Sulphat* (Sublimed Whit* toad) Taotory Consumption 74,800 China Clay, I^ortsd (White Tiller) 48,000 17 Indian Had 0,103 Composition 11-101 toad OxIda (FbO) 01 (sax.) Zina Oxlda (ZnO) Balanoa toad Sulphate (PbSOg) lluiaua Sllloataa and other Sllloataa. 131 oomblaed water of hydrogen. 87Jt Ferric Oxlda* Toxlo Propattlu Somawhat laaa toxle t pounda of load due to Solubility, however, tant, particularly wh body through Inhalati of lead or any of lta lungs on the order of day aufflelent to pro In time. Inorganio l enter body, through ak lngeatlon and Inhala a oharaoterlatlo ooou axtenalve dettilla, ae publlabed by the Ame Aaaoclatlon, 1B36. L affact any portion of nerrea, auaolea, bloo tract, brain, eyea, g pecially dangerous fo duces abortion and' m festations! weaknes foul taste la mouth, o araaps, aramps In leg on gums, etc. See 8* This material la almo In faot. Its dust, m may retard the aotlon will not produoe any from aeohanlcel actio lnjurlous. 0007-SWP-000030758 Cod*/ ia 10 * Ram* Baalo Lead Carbonate (Oartar Prooaaa) Franoh Oohre Paotory Oonaiaptlon 571.601 79,008 so 00 labeatoa Pulp Uabeetlne) 1,403,850 00 SO (H-0) SOL 0 labeatoa Pulp Ihlo 805,600 359,050 * SI 0 Usbsr {Has Turkey) 10,633 Coeposition Baalo Lead Carbonate* (PbgOOg)'' 10$ Iron Oxide (ferrlo ozlde) Balanoe silica, sllloates and oonblned water of hydration. 8$ Calolua Carbonate (max.) 8$ Magnealua Carbonate (max..) Balanoe Magnesium Silicate. See 20. - Extra fine magnesium silicate. 12-17$ manganese dioxide 44$ Iron oxide. 0$ calolua carbonate. Traoe of silica and silicates. Toxle Properties See 9, Slightly more toxle tha sulphate. Beoause this oohre oohtalns fre extensive exposures to dust ma silicosis, although the Iron o In some measure aot as sn Inhi 3. Asbestos dust, under Condition suffloient exposure will produ tools. This disease resembles See 3 above. X-ray picture, c manifestations and susoeptlbl tuberoulosls different from oo arising from silica exposure. See SO. Chemically similar to hsbeatos not fibrous. Cross exposure to mey produee lung conditio to asbeotosls. Tfelc may oonta sllloa Manganese dioxide Is present i percentage to produo* Manganes through Inhalation of dusts. rarely seen In paint industry. sent, la a permanently, totally affeotlon of brain and nervous leading to bizarre paralyses, laughter and crying, inability legs and arms, etc. Code# >8 * Ham* Ukiber (Burnt Turkey) Faotory Consumption 34,010 85 Italian Sienna 85,448 86 * 87 89 48 * Italian Sienna (Burnt) VanDyke Brora Bed Lead Keystone Filler 18,060 0,083 31,333 .84,709 44 #* Lead Aostato (White) * 87,934 (a) . 45 Qypaua 73,000 Composition Toxic Properties 56^ Iron oxide 12> manganese dioxide 30> silica and ellloatea, jt calcium carbonate Chiefly Iron oxide (60gl), Remainder manganese dioxide, allloa and silicates. Manganese poisoning oonoelTab arise. See Item 81, above| t of silica and sllloates oonoe might lead to silicosis in the of gross and prolonged exposu See 88, shore. Sea Item 85, Chiefly organlo material. Lead Oxide (Pb^O^) 8jl carbon, volatile, 88jt free sllloa and sllloates. Lead Acetate* ' lOOJt hydrated oalolum sulphate. No mors toxla than ooal dust, praotloally harmless. Sea 9 above. Under conditions of adequate e sufficient free allloa Is pres produce sllloosls. See item 3 Ready source of lead poisoning posure is provided. Mors solu sulphate. For symptoms refer Produces no dusty lung disease serves to prevent silicosis w with silica dust. Infrequent low-grads skin disease from m action ohlefly. 0007-SWP-000030759 P- Cods # Hama 48 * Litharge (powdered) 54 . Indian Had 55 Mineral Blaok Factor/ Consumption 2,980 11(998 2(599 (s) 57-0 ex * Chroma Tallow (nltrata) Ultramarine Blua 1,992 . 7,474 55 F` aria Whiting* 10,176 91 Metalllo Mlnaral Brown 17,100 95 Marble Dust 133,000 98 Blua Ultra C.U. 13,519 Composition Toxio Fropartlea load Oxide Iron Oxide. 2% sllloa and sllloates 72% Carbon 3% Volatile 8* Sllloa 70% lead Chromate 30% lead Sulphate Mr / be the same as Prussian blua and therefore chiefly ferric ferrooyanlde or may be sodium aluminum tbioailloate. 100% ultramarine blua Calolum carbonate ' Ready source of lead pois Item 9. See Item 17. Praotlcally harmless. Ha oase of silicosis from th content of this substance Definite Souroe of lead p See item 9 above. If ferric ferrooyanlde, a high tenpereture may give formation of oyanldes and dangerous nitrogen ocapou Practically harmless. 50% Iron Oxide, 3% Caloiixa Carbonate, remainder aillea and sllloates. 100% Calolum Carbonate (CeCOjj) 100% Ultramarine Blua Harmful in proportion to . free silica. Ictual Inju Essentially harmless. Du capable of producing any disease of note. See Item 61. Cod* 101 lot 108P 119 Nana S.i' Carbon Blaok Paatory Conaumptlon 11,775 Iaiq> Bla6k. 18,880 Zlno Oxld* . 79,400 Vinter'a Metallio (Iron Oxld*) 30,800 181 Oxld* # 8 138 B*d Iron Oxld* 13t 188 Eoa * 13 Venetian Nad * Persian ftilf Oxld* Paint Orlndara Bed L*ad Blano fix* 4,889 7,800 814,700 3,883 188,048 9,430 Composition Essentially pure carbon. Trao* of oil. 1004 pur* carbon. Trac* of oil. 994 ZnO flOjt Iron oxld*, 44 oalolun oarbonate, balano* allloa and allloate*. 804 iron oxide, 804 mixed llle* and allloat**. 8Q4 Iron oxld*, 804 mixed allloa and allloat**. 334 Iron oxld*, 414 oalolun aulpbat*, 844 oalolun oarbon*t*, trac* of allloa. 7O-730& Iron oxld*, 4$ illoates oaioiuM carbonai#* 984 tru* r*d lead (Pb304) 84 litharge (PbO) 1004 barlua aulphat* . Toxlo Propertlea Xaaentlally harmleaa. See Item 101. See Item 8. The percentage of free not high enough to pro Preaanoe of Iron oxide the aetlon of allloa. Sea Item 119. . Sea item 119. Xaaentlally harmleaa. Xaaentlally harmleaa. Potential aouroa' of le Saa Item 9. Barium la .a toxlo el oompound of barium la harmleaa. Not known a poiaon. Cod* # 14 05 198 Hem# . Bright ReiJOxid* Powdered tfiatoh * ht \ ' f '" . Bronx* Aljb^num ' . :i: :.K factory Consumption .508 0,500 18,617 . 500 Burt** # loo 3BE Ground Gluw * 540 M Reno Unb*r Tiller 515,950 1,067 7,590 554 Blaok Iron Ozld* Uegnetlo 577 Plaster of Paris 4,908 6,984 Composition 95> iron ozld*, 5jt ailloa and sllloatas. lOOji aaqrlosa. 98jt matalllo aluminum. 100|( barium aulphata. Animal glu* a* ua*d dissolved In wat*r. ' Approzlmataly BBA iron ozld*, la* mangan*** diozid*, 30jt allioa and ailloat**, oaloliat oarbonat*. Approximately 95jk magnetlo iron oxide. Trooe of ailloa and sllloataa. W3> oalolum aulphat* Tfr. oomblned water. Toxlo Piopartlaa Essentially harmless. S Essentially barmleaa. worker* develop oanaltlz ataroh and nay present asthma or ataroh daraa Aluminum dustqi <r conta matalllo aluminum laada Alumlnua dust tends to notion of ailloa and to la banaflolal. Aluminum oonduolT* to rapidly pr and to azploslon. Harmless. Saa item 813 Raraly thia substance la grads skin disease. Un Sea ltam . S*a item 119, Essentially harmless. Section of Chemical Laboratory. Just ea Contlnnoua Attention la Paid to the l'ecbnleal Aapeeta of Paint Products, so Highly Skilled. Consideration Should be Extended Possible Dangerous Exposures Throughout the Plant. Acme iVhlte Lead and Color rforka Hamtramck (Detroit) Michigan SWP-000030763 0007- Code f 3B2 jfaOM , Paraffin Wax factory Consumption .11,438 3BB 404 * Bee's Wax Manganese Dioxide 018 6,810 XI IP Pipe line Cleanings 68,400 4181 * leaded Zlno 1,488,733 (x) 418d * 4121 loaded Zinc * leaded Zinc 1,883,800 60,780 440 Magnesium Carbonate 4,180 443 ilumlnua Sllloate 12,400 OcmpositIon 100)4 paraffin* Hatural yellow wax. 70)4 manganese dioxide 66)4 sine oxide. 36> baelo lead sulphate. 69)4 sine oxide. 39)4 basic lead sulphate. 69)4 sine oxide. 35? baele lead sulphate. ' 6674 sine oxide. 39)4 baelo lead sulphato. 90)4 magnesium carbonate, 2)4 oalolum oarbonate. llunlnu sllloate with 13)4 water hydration. Toxie rrocwtlw Essentially harmless, vapors of molten para Irritating. Paraffin skin diseases and rare paraffin eaneers. la unimportant. Rarely produces low gr disease. Relatively u Manganese dioxide la a subatanoe under coalit extensive exposure. 3 Praotlaal source of le See Item 9. ' Praotloal source of le See Item B. ' Practical source of le Sea Item B. Practical source of le Sea Item B. Almost entirely harml medicine. See Item 8. . Cod* t 401H Nem* Spsolal High Body Llthopon* Faotory Conaunptlon 848,700 401Y 4018 itlHH 4013 468 Llthopon* 987,050 Llthopon* 101,800 Llthopon* 897,738 (s) Llthopon* .(nanufao- 1,470,845 . turera) drapblt* (natural) 840,300 * 588 Carbon Blaok 539 Pumlo* Ston* (powdered) 14,775 8,007 Ooavoaltlon 70)t barium aulpbat*, 30> zlno aulphld*. ( ' 70jt barium aulpbat* 30)1 slno aulphld*. 7(9 barlia aulpbat* 30)1 alno aulphld*. 70)1 barium aulphat* SCrjt zlno aulphld* 70;l barium aulpbat* 30)t zlno aulphld* 78-74)1 oarbon 87)1 allloa and aillcatea. . Practically lOOjt oarbon, trao* of oil*. 100)1 allloa and alllcat** ' Toxic Pro portlea Xaaentlally harmlea*. A la tozlo, barium aulpha toil*. Zlno aulphld* po tozlo proportion. Long aubatltut* for mor* har S** ltam 401H 3m ltam 401H 3** ltam 401H .3** Item 401H - Baoaua* of fr** allloa a remota poaaiblllty th aourc* of duaty lung dla produo** akin dlaoaa*. l*aa. 3** Item 101. Bacaua* of a fair poroa allloa, pumle* la poa*l alllcoala und*r oondltlo ozpoaur*. Aa her* ua*d barmloaa. From nechanl akin dlaoaa* oocaalona 0007-SWP-000030766 Code# 647 600 026 809 Hams Aluminum Stearate Whits Ulneral Primer Hydrated Lima (Hydro-Oalolna) faotory Consumption 23,760 308,200 66,108 Venetian Rad 0,042 1003 1000 * lanp Blaok french Ochra 7,890 0,300 (s) 1020 Cohalt Aoetate 3,200 1044 10*44 1093 1097 Zinc Oxide y.jnft Qsid* Super-cel Filtering Agent Tltanox Plgsent 193,140 104,932 (s) 30,802 308,260 Composition Toxlo Properties 100> aluminum atearata - lOQjt oaloium oarbonate Ulxture of oxldea of calcium and magnesium 85jt iron oxide 8f oaloium sulphate XOjk allioa and elllcatee 100> carbon 19fi iron oxide 81ft allioa and allioataa end com bined voter of hydration. Contains not leas than 23ft cobalt. Essentially 100ft sine oxide. Essentially 100ft zlno oxide. Exact composition not known. 2Sft titanium dioxide 1ft aluminum 74yt barium sulphate Occasional source of bkln dise Sea 00. Essentially harmless. Tory ra arsenlo as an impurity in trac See 119. Sea 101. See 19. Ochres at times oont an impurity. Remote source o soning. The toxicity of cobalt is unc should be used with fespeot. ing of cobalt, lung bancar is Sea item 2. See item 2. Believed to be sillcdOus powd in proportion to the free sili and in proportion to exposure Titanium dioxide is a very in Reoent reports describing "tlte dusty lung disease, probably n Here rated as innocuous. Cod*# Nut* 1117 * Antimony OxId* (Tlmonox) Factory Consunvtlon 3,800 1119 Tuscan Red 1,569 1128 Flax Soap 5,417 1188 ** 1138 1133 ** Litharge 31,953 Oebr* (ferrite, yellow, 78,987 light) Litharge ' 16,775 1140 ** 1147 1151 ** mIu Co^Oniti (white lead) Ultra Blue C3 Lead Carbonate (eleotrolytlo procesa) 0|5? 3,008 5,835 Composition 98% antimony oxide 84% Iron oxide 10*490% organic coloring matter Balanoe silica and sllloates Linseed oil soap. Lead oxide 87% ferric oxide 13% silica and silicates 78% iron oxide 5-18% oalolua sulphate uilio lead uaruuiiatv 100% ultramarine blue Pure basic lead carbonate. Toxlo Properties Antimony Is a dangerous substa particularly wben Inhaled aa d It la more toxlo thait lead. C manifestations related to gas tlnal tract. Small quantity u this plant precludes extensive tical hazard. Harmful In proportion to cont free silica. Contalhs small p of phosphorus. Howeter, unkno dangerous. Occasional aouroe of skin dise lng bolls (furuncles) See Item 9. See Item 119. See Item 119. Sad itdn 9* See Item 98. ' See item 9. Code# 1157 1159 lies Name V Red Indian Oxide Venetian Red Metallic Princes Faotory Consumption 18,398 83,885 0,438 (z) use Red Indian 4,740 1167 Oxide #6 4,000 lies Oxide #9 (purple) 4,185 1194 1195 Whiting 683,877 Bone blaok (cosmlo blaok) ' 18,811 1806 * Slate flour (green) 7,544 Conposltlon Toxic Properties 95$ Iron oxide 5$ silica and silicates See Item 119. 85$ Iron oxide 15$ sllloa and silicates See Item 119. 80$ Iron oxide 8$ calolum carbonate 18$ sllloa and silicates See item 119. 85$ Iron oxide 15$ sllloa and silicates See Item 119. 90$ Iron oxide 10$ silica and silicates See Item 119. 88$ Iron oxide ` 18$ allloa and silicates . See item 119. 100$ calcium carbonate . See Item 95. 4-10$ oarbon Balanoe calolum phosphate, calcium carbonate and moisture Substantially harmless. Mixture of free allloa and elllcatea Because of a fairly high con with other minerals. Content of of free ellloa, possible sou free allloa aa high as 87$. dusty lung disease. 6ee Item Cod*/ 1208H 1209? V Han* Crypton* (doubl* strength llthopone) Crypton* Faotory Conaunntlon 358,900 1,411,800 12003 Crypton* 152,500 1211 Raw Turkey Umber 8,850 1218 * Burnt Turkey Umber 17,550 1813 * Raw Italian Sienna 1214 i Burnt Italian Sienna 37,250 0,400 1220 Mopham'a Oxld* 8,405 1226 1/2 Seo. R.3. Cotton 98,883 Con(>oaltlon Toxic Properties 524 2lno aulphld* 484 barium aulphat* See 401H . ' 324 zinc aulphld* 484 barium aulphata ' See 461H 524 zlno aulphld* 404 barium aulphat* ,<1 " 1manganes* dioxide 441 iron oxld* 94 oalolum oarbonat* See 401H See Item 21. 55)1 Iron oxide 124 manganese dioxide 304 alllca and aillcatea 24 oalolum oarbonate. See Item 21. 47*504 Iron oxide - Balanoe manganese dioxide, alllca. and allloatea. See item 25. 0^)1 Iron oxide Balanoe manganea* dioxide, alllca and aillcatea See Item 25. 90)1 Iron oxld* 34 calcium carbonate 74 alllca and allloatea See Item 119. 100)4 1fz Seo. nitrated cotton. is auch, nitrocellulose la n burned, may give rise to hig oxldea of nitrogen gasia. 4 aubatanoe may be wetted with natured with methanol and at Coda # 1231 Ham V liepham'a 0x14a Taotorjr Oonaumptlon 4,390 1244 1269 1243 1271 1288 1400 1403 1403H 14037 1409 Powdered Soapatona 132,745 Imp Blank Lamp Blaok Calelum Tltanox 1,440 3,080 78,430 Oblneaa Blua 1,228 Pruaalan Blua 0. P. Oxlda Titanium Dloxlda ' Titanium Oxlda Zina Staarata 3,883 320,120 140,704 (m) 128,100 5,280 1417 lllsarlna Lllao Laka 415 Oompoaltlon Chiefly Iron oxlda, with a oonalderable paroentaga of fraa allloa and allloatea. Mixture of ootqtlex allloatea with aone free allloa. .Approximately 100> oarbon. Approximately lOOjl oarbon. 30jt titanium oxlda 70J1 oalolum aulphata 100j farrlo ferrooyanlde. 100$t farrlo ferrooyanlde. Chiefly Iron oxlda. 1005* tltanlin dloxlda. Titanium Dloxlda. - Pur# slno ataarata. 26jl organlo color 70JI alumina hydrate. Toxic Propertlea See Item 119, ' Harmful In proportion to free and extent of e^oaiva. Saa Item 101. See Item 101. Xaeentlally harmleaat See It Harmleaa unleaa highly heated the preaenoa of flraa. Saa Item 1288. Saa Item 101. Harmleaa. Saa Item 1097. Harmleaa. See Item 1097. Widely uaad aa a baby powder peraona aoqulra aklh dlaeaaa action. Eaaentlally harmleaa. Code / Hama 1481 1430 Alundnc Bronx* ffliplw Tallow 1448 -* 1508 White Star Tlmlnox Ultramarine Blua 1500 Air Floated Snow Flows 1510 Bono Blaok Factory Consumption 500 6,440 (s) 10,040 674 8,000 15,470 1528 1520 * Atlantia Blua Leaded Zlno 7,820 (s) 527,150 1531 Aabaatoa fibre 1,400 1533 1538 15380 Pale Gold Laoquer Striping . , Zlno Sulphide Zlno Sulphlda Off Shads 350 814,057 45,800 Compos It Ion . 100* astallle aluminum powder. Bellowed to ha ohromo yellow. 100* antimony oxide. 100* ultramarina blue. Purs slno stearate. 10-12* earbon, eontalna organlo material. 100* forrlo ferrooyanide. 50J zlno oxide, 40* baslo lead sulphate. Complex magnesium sllloate with Impurities. Inadequate lnfoimatlon. 100* slno sulphide. Zlno sulphide. Taxis Properties See Item 292. ' Obvious possible souroe of l See Item 9. See Item 1117. Sea Item 51. See Item 1409. Essentially harmless. See Item 1288. Obvious possible aouree of l See Item 9. See Item 20. - Inadequate lnfoimatlon. Harmless. See lteid 461H. See Item 461B Cod* # Nam* ^ 1839 * Asbestos litre Faotory Consumption 28,440 1548 1690 1692 1870 ** 1571. Tellow Crud* 3oal* Wax Zlno oxide Filtering Agent Orange Mineral Triple A Bono Blaok 1,288 (s) 109,090 32,790 2,700 34,683 1576 Varnalumlnum 31,261 1577 Celolum Llnoleate Pulp . 48,852 Composition Tbxlo Properties Complex magnesium silicate with Impurities. See Item 20. low grade paraffin.' Possible souroe of Minor ski See Item 392. Zina oxide (2i0). See Item 2. Information lnooavlete. See Item 1093. 95p true red lead. Obvious souroe of lead poiso See item 9, 10-12)1 oarbon. Contains organle materiel. Sea Item 1510. 6S> aluminum mlnlnua 35> naphtha. Aluminum content harmless. all light patroleum derivativ produce acute or ohronlo sys or localized akin disease. tlon common. Commonly terme Chronlo form rare and resemb eolerosla. Associated with and kidneys. Por elaborate Bayhurst's article, "Indust 1935 or 1936. 70)1 water, 30calcium llnoleate. frequent source of lot grade Cod* 1781 * Hams V Permanent Groan Taotory ConaUEmtion 4,988 1728 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1779 Comis Blsok Alvmilnus Bronx* Standard Tarnish Aluminum Spaoial TOmlng Black Prsnohon Maroon Midway Maroon * Ponderad Mica 7,688 8,700 9,850 4,068 . 650 944 30,500 (s) 1796 * Ming Orange 8,875 1814 Petrolatum Paata 1,844 Composition lOOjl hydrated chromium oxide Carton Biack, lOOjt aluminum bronze. IOO9I aluminum bronze. R>xlo Properties Soma, but not all, chromium co toxlo. Systemic disease unkno least rare, Produoes deep bu resisting treatment; Leads to characteristic ulcer known as Perforation of naaal septum w lealon, fill aot on unbroken workers become sensitized to c they react to scat trivial ex Essentially harmless. Harmless except In donnectlon explosions. See IteM 898, See Item 898. . Iaoquer pasta dye. Ho known toxlolty. _ Information Incomplete. ' See T-893 Complex sodium, potassium magnesium silicate. Unfixed chemical constituency. 72jl lead chromate 19JI lead sulphate 9jt other lead compounds. Stanollne amber petrolatum paste. Information incomplete. Ho known toxicity. - Action of mica dust Similar to talc. See item 2QL; Practic unlikely. ' Obvious possible source of lea See Item 9. *_ Possible source of low-grade Cod.# 1817 Nam. Surfex * Taotory Consumption 7100 1825 1830 1831 1832 1857 * Lltbopona (treated) 163,050 Chinese Blue 2,033 Chinese Blue 4,283 C.P. Prussian Blue 1,800 Dry Ioe 47,824 (z) 1877 1897 Kxtra Pine Lining Bronze Titaniua Dioxide 4,000 (z) 117,204 (z) 01783 Chrome follow 2,808 (z) 10109 Para Toner (ddsp) 11,910 (z) 10181 Para Toner (light) 19,848 (z) Composition Treated ealclua Carbonate. , . 3 1004 ferriofarrocyanide. lOOJt Solid oarbon dioxide IQOf aluminum Titanium-barium mixture, 304 TiOg Mixture of lead obromete and lead sulphate. 954 organlo color 84 oalolua oarbonats 924 anllln color 84 calcium carbonate Toxlo Properties Calcium carbonate essentia See Item 00. See Item 461H. See Item 1288. See Item 1288. - See Item 1288. Used In Tarnish manufactur burns following direct con of finger tips almost iner dlreot handling. ' See Item 292. See Item 1097. ObTloua source of lead pois Item 9. Theoretically may Contain Beal toxicity not pToTad. material possibly highly to See 10109. Code# 10132 Name Alizarine take Red Paotory Consumption 1500 (z) 10180 Scarlet take 900 (s) 10189 Toluldlne Toner Red 15,735 M 10257 take Maroon Toner 1,110 (a) 10253 * Vermillion Ruby (deep) 8,100 (2) 10270 Tuscan Red 11,187 U> 10277 take Turkey Red (light) 2,418 (x) Composition 19% organic coloring matter 08% aluminum hydroxide 15% barium sulphate 3% oalclum phosphate 23% organlo color 12% aluminum hydroxide *05% barium sulphate Pure toluldlne toner and ohloroform extraction dfer 90% 40% anllln color 10% aluminum hydrate 50% barium sulphate 42% barium sulphate 0% aluminum hydrate 37% orange mineral 15% eoslne lake - 20% blano fixe 28% Indian red 39% barytes 7% organic dye 20% organlo dye 80% blanc fixe '' Toxlo Properties No proved toxlolty. No proved toxicity. Raw materials and Intermed lieved to be highly toxic. acute nephritis, cyanosis, bladder disturbances, bloo damage to the blood* Aa h essentially unlifiortant. No proved toxicity. Because of red lead and llth this plgmant material may of lead poisoning tinder co exposure. See Item 9. This oonqilex mixture Is es less. bore closely related shlch see. This dye may oontaln free toxic end possibly a skin used, not known to be Impo Cods# loess Hams Para Rad (light) Factory Consumption I860 (z) 10894 Para Red (dark) 3,088 (z) noes 11084 o 11080 +* Chinese Blue Ullorl Green Chroma Green (light) 8,490 (z) 36,448 (z) 60,141 (z) 11080 * Salvaged Green 3,480 (z) 11087 * Chrome Green (olive) 11090 Prussian Blue 11118 lake Green Deep 3,138, (z) 7,380 (z~) 100 (z) 11133 Chroma Green Dark 3,084 (z) Composition 85* orgenla coloring matter 75* barium sulphate* 75* barium sulphate 23* organic coloring matter. Terrloferrocyantta . Green chromic oxide* 83* lead chromate 9* lead sulphate 8* ferrocyanide. 25* ohrome green 67* barytes 8* ohlna clay. IOC* chroma green. 97* ferrooyanide blue. 39)1 blano fixe 21* alumlnun hydrate 40* coloring matter * - ' 100* chrome green. Italic Properties See item 10109. See item 10109. See item 1888. See item 1781. See item 9. Because of chromium oonten agent may be harmful. See See item 1721. See item 1888. If green pigment be either lead, which is not known fr available, this substanoe harmful. See item 1780. Code/ Name U163 ** Chroma Qreen Light Factory Consumption 17,133 (s) 11164 lues HSU * Chrome Qreen Medium Chrome Qreen Dark Light Chrome (been 40,467 (s) 088 (a) 8,808 (a) Composition 80*9P lead ohrornate H.Sp lead sulphate 7.6p ferrocyanlde. 10QP chrome green. loop chrome green. 100P ohrome green. TOxlo Properties Obvious potential souroe of l See item 9* . See item 1781. 8ee item 1781. See item 1781. 18007 Chrome fellow 30,948 (a) 18010 ** 18054 * Chrome Tallow Medium Zino follow 84,030 (a) 3,408 (a) 18804 * Nitrate Tellow 889 (a) 18311 * Chrome Tellow Orange 1H,4U (a) * 73p lead ohrometo 87P lead sulphate. lOOp lead ohromate. 60-TOP oomblned adnc ohromate. 5458p lead chromate - 44.35p lead sulphate. 30.SP lead oxide ' 8.5p lead sulphate 6lP lead ahronate* ' Obvious potential source of See item 9. See item 9* Potential source of chromium See itma 1721. Obtlous potential source of See item 9* Obvious potential souroe of See item 9. la the foregoing eooment upon the potential toxin proportion of dry substances used in this plant, many apaeiflo items in order to avoid unnecessary repdtltlon. In tbla Hating there appeara a aoore or more various abodes of green, orange, y ate., ell repreeentlng mlxturea of lead ohrostium combinations. Nothing would he gained by the inolualon of every individua Sufficient have been included to Indicate that chromium and lead respectively are toxlo. 0007-SWP-000030777 1 fan Items have been left off thla llat due to the look of any information as to their chemical nature. This stateme particularly to various maroona and similar substances in whloh aniline dyes of unknown composition have entered. However, fashion this listing provides information aa to toxic properties of practloally all dry aubatancea used in this plant. Cod*# 82 102 293 290 208 908 987 990 030 037 Ham* Standard T.N. Shellac factory lxya] Consumption 98.070 "K* Rosin Kauri Oum Brown Damar Singapore Rosin "If* Congo # 4 Shellso Bons Dry Bleaohsd 284.421 24,970 08,017 273,732 17,070 102,390 Bast India Nibs ' Pal* Xster gum . 04,494 270,190 Rosin "WW" 423,010 RAW MATERIALS--<TO13 Coiq>osltlon Natural orange shallao. Probably contain* traoaa of araenlo a* an Impurity or a* a preservative. Natural Conifer Rosin. Natural gum. Natural gum. Natural gum. Natural gum. Natural gum with possible trace of arsenic as an laqmrlty. or preservative. . Natural gum. Ibxlo Properties ~ _________. Dry shallao la essentially n but occasionally produces sk through sensltlzatloh. As u nay be definitely lrtltetlng outtlng agents. Many oases o from wood aloobol used as so Low grade skin Irritant. Possible source of skin, disea Possible source of skin disea Minor source of dermatitis. Potential source of skin dise Ses item 82. Possible souroe of skin dlsea Synthetlo rosin. Olyosrlds of ab'letla add. Natural gum. Possible source of skin dlsea May oauss akin affections. Code # OSS Name Aaphaltw Ota 6 Factory Consunptlon 102,607 1084 1087 Darner "BataTia" Gllaonlts 10,550 245,475 1238 1230 1202 Damar Damar Oua D** Grade Amberol 1207 1208 1431 Realn N (synthetic) . Resin EH (synthetic) Rezyl # 10 14340 1512 ** Amberol 801 (dark) Phthqllo Anhydride 27,402 8,250 75,500 223,628 32,720 42,071 27,004 270,405 Composition Asphaltic tar bituminous. Natural Gw. Mineralized tar-like body, general order of aephaltum. Natural gum, . Natural gum. Modified synthetic glycerol resin. Synthetic type of resin. Synthetic type of resin. Rezyl type condensation resin. Phthallc glyceride. - Ibdlfled synthetic glycerol resin. Phthallo cold. Toxic Properties When heated emits s dlrersl rapors, many of which are I the eyes, mucous membranes Potential source of skin di See ltw 0SO. Remote poss respiratory traot irritation source of skin disease. Has caused skin disease. Potential source of skin di Ehonn source of akin diseas Possible sou roe of akin dis Potential source of akin dis Shown Irritant to the resp traot, eyes and skin. Possibly capable of Inducin Definite source of akin dis bronohltls, eye Irritation, Cods # Name Factory Consumption Composition Toxic Properties 1578 Super-Ssokadts 100,403 . Synthetlo type of condensation resin. - Knom source of skin disease 1714 Amberol 108 18,006 (s) See Item 1434 D See Item 1434D. Of all of the thousands of gusts or rosing, natural and synthetlo, potentially used In ths manufacture of Tarnish related eoatlng materials, nearly every one my he the cause of skin Injury to workman. The natural resins or gum are le likely than synthetloa to bo an aotlve skin Irritant or skin ashsltlzsr. In any one Tarnish plant. It Is unlikely that a experience will be developed relative to skin affections among workers, and yet In the aggregate the total number of such throughout the oountry la eppreolably high. This matter of skin diseases from resins has been Investigated by ths United Public Health Service and published In various papers aaanatlng from the Treasury Department of tbs Federal Govertment, su the Public Health Bulletins. One article appears In ths American Journal of Public Health for the year 1036. A fairly el dermatologic bibliography my be brought together ooverlng this aspect of varnish manufacture. Additional discussion may In a subsequent section of this report, dealing with skin diseases. (See Journal of ths Amerloan Public Health Association, June 1036, Vol. 35, No. 6 "Dermatitis from Synthetic Resins and Ha Louis Schwartz) . Code# (1) Name Acid Refined Linseed Oil Factory Consunmtlon 12,400 gal. RAW MATBOAL3--LIQUIDS--CIRCLES Composition (2) (3) (13) (14) ** Raw Linseed Oil Raw Perllla Oil HB Boiled Linseed Oil (oonaon) Turpentine Spirits (steam distilled) 205,290 gal. (a) 172,984 gal. 17,181 gal. (44) (83) * Yarnlah Hakora Linseed 80,844 gal. Oil Liquid Petroleum Naphtha 327,274 gal. (benziae) 10Q> mineral aplrlts. Toxic Propertlea Occasionally leads to minor a In oonnactlon with storage In areas and when ooated on aur give off carbon dioxide or ot Tank oars and other tanks lat this oil should not be entere caution and protection. See Item 1. See Item 1. . Sea Item 1. This variety of turpentine ha peat proved to be-exquisitely the skin. Sams batches appea irritating than others. Outb disease have occurred in epid steam distilled wood turpentin is mors irritating than the d distilled. It is noted that turpentine has been discontinu Conpany. This Is oommendable customer protection and satis a considerable extent for the workers In this plant. This Is a lOOjt linseed oil. See general discussion under JTiOCOOOO'dAVS-iOOO Cod*# Nan* ?aotory Oonaunction Composition (92) * Qua Base Dryer (113) Raw Castor Oil 000 gal. 10,937 gal. 19* vegetable oil 12* gum 47* mineral spirits 17* turpentine 8* dryer (114) Wood Aloohol 839 gal* (Methyl aloohol, nethanol) Toxlo Propertlea Petroleun hydrooarbobs In ge praotloally harmful In propo volatility, Thoee egenta fa general category ot gaaollne benzine naturally are nore tr blgber boiling agenta sueh a naphtha, Stoddard'a aolTent( See ltema S3 and 1676* In epite of the bland qualit lta extensive uae in medicin externally. It atlll occasio sensitization and violent ak Thle atatement la not to be apprehenalon. lb tbe fullest extent possib should be eliminated from a manufacture. Its use and mi aooompanled by disaster throu The fact that It produces to blindness makes of this agen pathetlo occupational affeot that It possesses lntbxloatln and a fairly agreeable taste wary to consume this deadly age purposes. The total niai the uae and misuse of wood e country In the past 8k years particularly was high during era. If It be necessary to Coda# Nana Factory Conaumptlon Composition (140) Raw China Wood Oil (Tung oil) (141) Kerosene (debloonsd) (149) ** WOJk Benzol (benzene) 854,581 gal. 05,982 gal. 21,883 gal. 100> vegetable oil. 1009t mineral spirits. 100)t benzol. Toxic Properties all sorkera should be fully a Its properties, earnings shou end protection should be exte the of wood alcohol used fo purposes Is not known to be s bring about disaster under or turing conditions, Hather frequent source of akin Otherwise, refer to item 1 ab See Items S3 and 1574, At the present time,,the cons benzol In paint manufacture Is nil oompared with the period years ago. The reason for th in use la primarily the well to users of benzol coatings a extent the manufacture of suc toxloologlo literature of thle replete with articled on benz The present investigators hav small book presenting the out of benzol poisoning and the c which It may arise, this ooa carbon, when present.in such as 100 parts per million of a cause chronic poisoning, Suc tion as 1000 parts per million tably will affect the majorit long exposed, A very high co will lead to acute benzol poi Coda# Hama Factory Consumption Composition J (188) Fish Oil 55,832 gal. Toxio Properties Is entirely different to the b chronic form. In the acute va outstanding menlfnatation is n with death occurring In a few few minutes. In the chronic v ohlef point of action Is upon of the blood leading to marked in both white and red oell cou ensuing condition IS described anemia. It Is the Intent of t conment to discourage the use and to urge full protective ap procedure connected with Its e this plant. - It Is not determinable from th at hand that this Item refers or to blown fish all* The fis Is malodorous, but not particu It may produce nausea, distas neuroses, but after hll Is no On the other band, when this blown and heated, lti offensiv become multiplied and In addi and other aldehydes are produc is a highly Irritating substa and mucous membraneei lately scribed by licNally ad conduciv disease. At the present time statement Is open to question stance Is rated as offensive r highly toxic. Cods# Haas factory ________________________________________ Consumption (18?) * Methyl Aoetone 10,448 gal* Composition (813) * Blown Linseed Oil 698 gal. (8SB) Coal Tar Creosote Oil 8,145 gal. lOOjC oreoaote oil. (835) (841) Turkey Red Oil ** Toluol 179 gal. 848,011 gala. 100JI C.P. toluol. Toxlo Properties Cntil recently acetone has bee only as a akin hazard. Recen to attach some significance as of systemic disease. See the Industrial Hygiene, Vol. 18, F 1930, "The Relative Toxicity o Methyl Aloobol and their Mixtu See Item 1. However blown lin is apt to be a are active sk than ordinary linseed oil. S dangerous. This oil represents a hodge-po organic acids, phenolic bodie nearly all of which are capab skin injury. These investiga seen outbreaks of aklh disease by creosote oil. However, thi oreoaote oil Is applied to a v chemicals so that the condemn made may not apply to all var This bland oil is essentially This widely used solvent Is a bensol, and possesses toxlo p very similar nature. It Is le only because Its boiling poin The ollnlcal ploture produced action of toluol Is identloal very similar to that for benz 140. Code# Hama (891) * Mixing Varnish Taotory OonsusDtlon 1,744 gal. (895) Pino Oil 1,383 gal. (330) Ithyl Alcohol 93,611 gal. (3*8) * 4IIjHsol;l Minorol Spirits Naphtha ' Raw soya Boon Oil (483) Bodied Soya Bean Oil (483) * Olyoerlne 916,838 gal. 18,060 gal. 14,695 gal. 8,569 lba. (SIC) Heat Bodied Oil 3,180 gal. Composition 31.19$ wood oil 38.8 $ perllla oil 35.53$ mineral spirits 64$ manganeaa .38$ oobplt. . 100$ pine oil. 95$ drain alcohol. 100$ mineral spirits. 100$ soya bean oil. 100$ vegetable oil. 100$ glyoarlne. 100$ linseed oil. Toxic Properties This mixture Is slgnifloant o of Its petroleum spirits conte manganese and oobalt present a . low quantities as to be compa unimportant. PrSotleal souroe disease. . This distillation produot conn turpentine manufacture has bot souroe of skin disease and rea treatment for skin disease. I useful In the treatment of ath and other ring worm infections used la fairly unimportant. Then used under conditions fac evaporation such as around Ban eo muoh evaporation may take p produoe aloohollo Intoxication gross evaporation takes place with work operation exhaust de desirable. 3ee Item (63) and 1576 Dry. Possible source of skin diseas See Item (418). Contact with glycerine of con - greater than 25-30$ may lead t Irritation. Irritating when h temperatures. See Item 1. Coda# Rama (584) * Xylol Taotory Consumption 150,084 gal. Cong>osltlon 100* xylol. (1107) ** Butyl Aloohol (1170) - Butyl Acetate 47,157 gal. 151,432 gal. lOOJi butyl alcobol (butynol). Butyl aoatata. (1171) Amyl Acatata 7,415 pi Amyl acatata. Toxio Properties This oolTent la a higher hom banxol and along with toluol much substituted for benzol. higher boiling point, its rap readily arias In oonneotlon w It la a preferred substitute for benzol. However, It is and should ba used with caut produoas dlaaaae states simi but oasea are rare. See ltem In low concentrations beginn 100 p.p.m. My produce derm nephritis, anemia, pulmonary degeneration of the liter, a Uore of an Irritant than eth but la regarded aa leas injur synthetic amyl acatata, wblo Is ballarsd to ba mofe objec the natural product. The synthetic variety la mor toxloologioally than Its nat part. Both varieties lead to of the ayes, mucous membrane tract and occasionally the a Uomparatlvely harmless. Code/ Nome (1257) High Flash Solvent Naphtha Faotory Consumption 78,872 gal. (1273) (1487). Fine Soya Bean Oil Eldorado Engine Oil 5,650 gal. 323 b 1 (ISIS) (1020) Eldorado Engine Oil Dlbutyl Phthalate * 2,003 gal. 80,825 lbe. (1821) * Llndol Trlcrepyl Phosphate ' 17,424 lba. 9 Composition In an earlier day solvent naphtha usually constated of a mixture of benzol and toluol, but In reoent yeara apeolflcatlons have ohanged ao that solvent naphtha oontalna only traces of benzol with a high percentage of a mixture of xylol and toluol, with the former predominating. lOOJt Soya Bean Oil. Paraffin oil. Paraffin Oil. Dlbutyl Phthalate Tricresja. Phoaphate Toxla Properties For toxicity see Items (241) which In turn refer to ltaa See Item (418) When highly heated vapor or nauseating and slightly Irrit Merely skin disease may be p EVen more rarely akin cance produoed by paraffin. . See Item (1487) Little Information available In other Industries by these quite Innocuous. . Does not e all easily. This substance la the source "Jake paralysis" epidemic du prohibition era. It la ther standing toxic agent when ta It la not known that any Ind have arisen or that they may ordinary pursuits. No lees. be manipulated with caution. 0007-SWP-000030789 Code# Name (1688) Uel** Ansol (1634) Blown Castor Oil (1657) laoquer Baae Faotory Consumption 2,605 gal. 67,554 lba. 973 gal. (1674) Plasti Olzer - (1688) * Butyl Calloaolva 446 gal. 24,039 16a. (1666) Special Naphtha Dryolene (1695) * Kastman's Film Sorap Solution * 183,883 gal. 1,638 gal. (1696) (1711) laoquer Baae Tlah Oil Settllnga 37,139 lba. 31,882 lba. Composltlon Full information not BTallable. Oleins rlclnus Butyl acetate, laopropyl aoetate, special naphtha dryolene, xylol, toluol, butyl alcohol and l/S 8eo. H. 3. ootton No Information aa to exact type of plastaolzer speolfled. Butyl cellosolye. Chiefly a petroleum fraction. Kxaot composition not known. Probably represents a mixture of ooal tar solvents, esters, acetates, and alcohol. See (1657). lOOjt fish oil. Tozlo Properties Full information not availabl See Item (113) This complex mixture of ooal hydrocarbons, acutatea, ester naphtha and alcohol nay lead to acute or chronic disease o nature, also skin disease may produoed. No information aa to exact type of plasticizer speolfled Slightly more toxic than ethy which is reported by ibe Fed ment as possessing only limite Chiefly a respiratory tract I See 1576 Dry and (63) Breathing of these vapors may mixed Intoxication. See (1657). See (186). Coda/ (1764) (1007) Nan* Oualaool Liquid Cotton Solution factory Consumption 007 gal. 003,243 lbe. (1030) (049) Cotton Solution Dlpen';lna 2,012 lbs. 2,477 gal. (100) Oblna Wood 011a fatty lolds 4,144 lbs. (113) 3ynthetlo Short Oil Mixing Tarnlah 047 gal. (120)' fatty lolds - Linseed * (211) Huodex Load Briar 99(742 lbs. 397 gal. (310) * a Xlastoll "1* 3,003 lbs. Conposltlon Toxlo Properties Oualaool 100%. Saa specimen formulaa of thlnners, solrent basas, flatting basas, reduosrs, ato. furnished at the and of this saotlon. Sea Item (1007) fraotlon from wood distillation oonstltuent of turpentine. China wood oil - fatty aold. Please refer to speolmen formulae synthetic tehlole oil types at the end of this seotlon. Solid fatty aolds of vegetable ' origin. Out 0%, mineral spirits 00)1. However, tula drier is believed to have a 4% lead content. 100% fish oil. Used medically In oough syrup. lntoxloatlon not known. Sea comment on toxlolty at the this seotlon. See Item (1007) Ohlefly skin Irritant resembli In Its aotlon. The solid fatty aolds are rela lnnoouous. Occasionally produ skin disease. See oomnent on toxlolty at the this section. Sea (100). Important toxloologidally In p to tha lead oontent. See Item Also contains mineral spirits. (63). Sea Item (106). 0007-SWP-000030791 Code# (508) Hems Nuodex 6$ Manganese Factory . Consumption 4.544 lbs. (507) Nnodex 6Jt Cobalt 1,900 lba. (808) Base laoiuer (811) Isopropyl ioetate 168,639 lba. 66,738 gal. (648) * Hydrogenated Naphtha 13,383 gal. Composition Oua 0, mineral spirits 80, with manganese. Similar to Items (811) and (506) except for presence of cobalt Instead of manganese or lead. See speolmen formulae at end of this section. 100> Isopropyl aoetate. Hydrogenated naphtha. Toxic Properties (2211) " Analogous to/manganeae. Howe Is present Instead of lead. 6 may not be an Important aouroe poisoning. Hay not be accepte . harmless. See Item (11). Toxicity of Industrially uaed scmewhat uncertain. This age ehlefly Important because of m spirits content. See Item (6 See discussion of toxoelty of mlstures furnished at the end section. ' Sams order of toxloltjr as sth which Is known to produce low respiratory Irritation, nause rarely headache. This modified naphtha Is belie possess no toxlo proportion b tboae poaaosaod bp straight n Utaly tbare baa baba aoma ola hydrogenation of naphtha leads tba formation of a variety of oompoule of higher toxicity t straight naphtha. Very exten hydrogenated naphthas In the e of these Investigators has lea single case of poisoning throu of nearly two years. For the this agent la rated aa no more than naphtha. Cod*/ Wane - (me)a * Mur Proof Mixing Tarnish Faotory Oonsunptlon (3031) Sunflower Fatty Aold 33,083 lbs. (3030) * dlyoerlne 148,364 lbs. (3006) Para Thinner 33,837 gal. (3096) Matbyl salleplate 430 lbs. Composition Yellow soale wax 3.77)1 Anbarol gum 34.01)1 Wood oil 19.53* Mineral spirits 51.77)1 Solid ragetable fatty sold. 08)1 glyoerlne. See speolnsn form.furnlabed at the end of this seotlon. Synthetlo oil of wlntergreen. (3097) Beeknsol * 13,306 lbs. Phenol formaldehyde condensation produot. (3008) Beokeaol 8,073 lbs. Phenol fornaldehyde condensation product. (4000) * Sollgen Drier 333 lbs. (>) Contains 28)4 lead. Toxlo Properties Chiefly la^ortant beoause of spirits contained whloh la c harmful. Sea Item (63) Cooperatively harmless. Occ cause low grade skin disease Concentrated glycerine readi skin disease. See Item (434 See general discussion of co leading to mixed Intoxication of this section. This Is muoh used ad a rubbin rheumatism, therefore substa harmless. Taken Internally may bo poisonous In large do although salicylates are muo orally In medicine. Relativ important. Possible eource of dermatiti Possible source of dermatiti Possible source of lead pois Ooda# (4091) Rams Soli gen Uanganaaa Drier* . Factory Conainptlon 102 lb*, (z) 0oB()osltlon Contain* 6Jt manganaaa. Ulneral spirit*. ' (4092) Soilgen Cobalt Drier 106 lb*, (z) Contain* 6jf oobalt. Ulneral spirits. (5091) (5090) T-388 Benzoyl Peroxide 03,090 gal. Bakellte Realn Solution 11,200 gal. (a) Benzoyl Peroxide (OgHgCOjgOg Sea speolmen formulae fur dlxers solutions, thlnnars, eta. at the end of tbla section. toxic Properties Related to corresponding nuod drier. No proof that this low H of manganese leads to a pra manganese hazard. Ulneral ip may be more significant. Related to Ruodax drier. The of cobalt little estebllehed. mineral spirits present these be more significant. See Item Kiplodes above 1080i See conment at and of this se on mixed Intoxication Induced cal mixtures. T-83 T-18B Ifoplco Tollow Ochre Refined ABC Bentonite 7,BOO lba. 2,700 lba. T-281 * Cadmium 400 lba. O0O7-SWP-OOOO3O794 T-S87 Cum Tragacanth m 1,210 gal, RAW 1UTERIAL3--T NUM5ERS Compoaltlon Toxic Properties Practically lOQfr oarbon. Traca of oil. Eaaentlally Innocuous la used In conjunction with various la a Bkln Irritant. Leads to eoapa to form aolutlona and emulsions throat, headache, mehtal oonfu for oleanlng type. May be used In urine. conjunction with dangerous hydrocarbon . solvents. If also heis11n la a trade name tor a substance akin to tetralln, tetralln la a trade name for tetrohydro- nephthalene, la a turpentine substitute. 98> ferric oxide hydrate See Item 119, drys. Mixed allloatea with soma free sllloa. In animal experiments, benton to formation of scar, tissue an that In silicosis. Remote sou lung disease. 22 Cadmium sulphide 20jt Cadmium selenlde 5<%t barium sulphate Cadmium and Its salts are high 10 m&na. dally breathed for a such as two or thrso days may active gastro-lnteatinal disea over a prolonged period nay pr Injurious. All cadmium compou be handled with caution. Vegetable gum. This gum la widely used In med less, a few workers become sen present skin disease following with this substance. Code# Rama Faotory Consumption Composition Toxic Properties T-294 Cellte 1,500 lbs. Loss on ignition 10> Inorganic matter 125* Silica 72* This material, which resemble possible source of silicosis. dry. T-307 Argent Aluminum Lining 223 lbs. (s) 100?i alumlmxa Essentially harmless. See ite T-341 T-449 Mapico Super Black Oxide Korlte Asphaltum 11,319 lbs. (z) 20,250 lbs. Believed to be black iron oxide, FE03* Asphaltum. Essentially harmless. Bituminous tarry body. Comp mixture. When heated, may gi fume of irritant nature to ey tract and to akin. Asphaltum quently present low grade ski plugged pore openings, oomedo T-405 T-458 Wyandotte Portland Cement lflcronlzed Fibrous Talc 423 lbs. (z) 300 lbs. (z) Portland cement. Magnesium silicate. Contact with Portland cement to caustic burns, ulceration. email amount hers used makes significant. See items 20 and 20L* In the foregoing long lists of drys,, liquids *T" numbers and conpositions, made Into thinning compounds, bases, eto. there is much duplication insofar as toxicologic properties are concerned. For example, in the Purchasing Department l laboratory manuals from which these items bare been listed for discussion, there may appear as mny as twenty types, varietie of"lithopone". Although a fair nunber of these are mentioned in the present hygienic discussion, gradually these items refe "llthopone* beoame so numerous that all further reference was omitted. This type of discussion equally applies to d great v other substances brought into this plant. For this reason, the hyglenlo listing of raw materials falls far short of the item in the volumee of the Purchasing Department, Further, the hyglenlo listing refers to no items for whloh purohase has not be sequent to the fiscal year of 1935-30. Still further, it la noted that the hyglenlo listing falls to Include a fair number listed only by trade name, for which we hold no data as to chemical constituency. For example, this statement applies to "P "Cryetone", "Byerllte", etc. Specimen Tormlaa for Coating Compounds. Thir`?.vr*JL Bases. Etc., together with a Discussion of tbV*To> lclty Resulting from Complex lilxtures. Foremoetly, the preceding discussion deals with Individual chemical substances-and fairly simple mixtures. Thus, cement has been made upon such basic substances as benzol, toluol, ethanol, butanol, silica, naphtha, manganese, chromium, lead, cadmium, etc. In paint work, It is Inevitable that mueh activity will center about the use of mixtures of various typea of solvents, thlnners, bases, etc. On this account, there Is now presented a series of formulae showing the composi tion of a variety of oompounds utilized In the making of still more cooler products, After the listing of these formulae, brief discussion la pro vided concerning the toxicity of these confounds. Bepreaentatlve yormulae 1. lacquer Base #223 Deep Para Bed 23# 10109 Para Toner, Deep 12# (113) Baw Castor Oil 28# (1820) Dibutyl Phthalate 24# (1851) Zster Qum Solution 13# (1519) Demar Qum Solution Of these five Ingredients, three still represent oo^ounded articles, namely (10109), (1851) and (1519). Thus (10109) Para Toner, Deep is made up of an organic color and ealdum carbonate. The Ester Cum . Solution consists of 650# of ester gum and 350)1 of (584) xylol'and further Demar Ana Solution consists of 474# of 1239, Darner (him, plus 185# of (584) xylol plus 341# of (330), which Is 95)1 ethyl aloobol. Thus it oomes about that under the soaawhat Innocuous term "Deep Para Bed" there lurks the possibility that In the successive stages of manufacture there conceivably might be brought about distinct exposure to two subatanoes definitely known to be toxic, namely toluol and xylol. 2. Thinner 04516 (1628) 110 gals. (149) Benzol 50 gals. (2611) Isopropyl Acetate 10 gals. (116?) Butyl Alcohol 30 gals. (1170) Butyl Acetate. % Under this term "thinner", use Is made of four solvent materials, all of which are lmowa toxic agents and two of which are distinctly dangerous. However, It Is noted that the very formula carries rafarence to "caution" as required la connection with the use of benzol. Since this formula may not be taken as representative, the formula for a second and more widely used thinner is here shown In the fCUowlng Item: (1516) *B" Gride Thinner Acne Use 3. 807.5 lbs. (1170) Butyl Acetate 49 ft (2611) Isopropyl Acetate SI.5 ft (1686) Special Naphtha Drioi-i*- 109 n (584) Xylol 241 (241) Toluol . 27 (1167) Butyl Alcohol Again it appears that In tbs more or less standard thinners, liquid substances capable of fairly Teady evaporation widely are used. This consent stands distinctly In relation to the conplalnts being aade by these Investigators about the undesirable work conditions In the Lacquer Department. 4. (169$) 1/2 See. Base Lacquer (Cotton Solution) 415 Its. 106 ft 166 * 28 it 15 tt 225 ft 45 w 122$ (2611) (1170) (1167) (330) . (241) (584) 1/S sec. Nitrocellulose Isopropyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Butyl Alcohol Grain Alcohol Toluol . Xylol. Again the eoaaent nay be nade that such a cotton solution po tentially Involves exposure to dangerous aolvent material. \ 5. (2619) T-245 Gum Solution V-8632 374 lbs.T-245 Rezyl Gun . 93.5 (1170) Butyl Acetate 93.5 * (2611) Isopropyl Acetate 280 * (241) Toluol 6. Lacquer Tint 507. Canary Tallow 142 lbs. L.B. 20? 14 lbs. (1651) Eater Gun Solution . 59 lbs. (1519j Danar Cum Solution 613 lbs. (1807) Cotton Solution 52 lbs. (16l6j Solvent Base B Of the foregoing five Ingredients, themselves representing com plex compounds, all require still further analysis in order to reach the Individual constituents. In this case, further analysis is not here listed to save space, but the point remains obvious, that In all Instances wide spread use Is being made of substances, the toxicity of which Is well es tablished. . 7. Synthetic Base 507, Deep Green .5 lb. 547 Aluminum Stearate ' 16f " 11024 ittlorl Green 192 " 11025 Chrome Green (light) 6 1195 Bone Black 9.5 * 1538 Zinc Sulphide 47.5 * (2142) Synthetic Oil Mixed Tarnish (2142) is (1257) high flash naphtha and (3085) para thinner. certain of these Ingredients may further be broken down* In turn, Here again, under terminology that discloses no hint as to possible dangerous material, we ere dealing with lead compounds, chromium compounds, high flash naphtha and other substances of potentially harmful properties. . The objective ia Bind la presenting this discussion of the Bake up of coopounds is to point out that with practically every ramification of paint, varnish, lacquer and other ooatlng manufacture, theoretical oppor tunities for exposure almost regularly exist. It Is not argued that actual and practical exposures prevail, hut Instead It Is maintained that these toxic compounds, being so widely spread, might, on occasion, give rise to eases of occupational diseases at almost any point In the plant. The Toxicity of i&xturea of Harmful Substances . In the world of industrial toxicology, much ia known about the dangerous properties of a great variety of Individual substances, including liquids, solids, dusts, vapors, gases, mists, etc. Ways and means have been devised for measuring the concentration of these various agents under divers circumstances. When, however, these substances are found as mixtures in the atmosphere and particularly as mixed gases or mixed vapors, an enormous lack of Information exists. It is well nigh impossible, with any of tha equipment and pro cedures now available, readily to measure on a percentage basis the presence of such vapors as those from benzol, toluol, ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol. Isopropyl acetate, glycol, when these substances, or any similar grouping, co-exist. With reasonable certainty, the extent that various constituents of a vaporous mixture may be estimated from a knowledge of the respective chemical and phyalcel properties. Ebwever, in complex mixtures, this accuracy may still provide far a thirty or fifty per cent error. Equal difficulty is encountered la delineating the effects of indi vidual members of a group of mixed vapors or gases. To some extent, tha action of one particular constituent may mask the manifestations of % harmful action of some other constituent. In industrial hygiene work, this situation gives rise to a well recognized but little known field of mixed intoxication. Such a situation exists in the Lacquer Department of this Plant. Here it is known that a very high concentration of mixed vapors is widely present, but it is net known that this vapor concentration is paramountly made up of any one vaporous material present, sucb ee toluol, xylol, butanol, etbanol, naphtha, acetates, or others. . By eotnot consent, under such circumstances, much significance is attached to the most toxic body present in a mixture and to assume that at least a portion of the vapors present arise from this outstanding agent. In the ease -of the Lacquer Department, such algnlfleases. Is to be attached to toluol and to butanol. Because of the inability precisely to measure quantitatively the presence of harmful vapors in mixtures of vapors, it becomes necessary to stress the importance of providing preventive appliances and practices such as vlll largely eliminate the entire lot of disturbing vapors or gases. V niranurion srarar la order to present a better understanding of the results of this surrey, some of the factor entering into the recommendations, Appearing later in .this report* are first briefly considered. These factors relate to the store ooaaon defects of industrial illumination, such as (1) intensity; (2) quality (color or spectral .composition); (3) distribution; (4) steadiness; (5) diffusion; and (6) direction. One of the most important factors of industrial Illumination is the Intensity of light. %e time required for a worker to see an object is dependent upon the quantity of light on that object, for example, it requires twice as long to see at- 3 foot candles as at 30 foot candles, where the industrial worker has defective vision, the time element Increases and since a large percentage of industrial workers have defective vision, illumination Intensities beeome an important factor. . The quality of light as mentioned above refers to the color or spectral distribution of that light and it is generally agreed that light which approaches diffused daylight is best fraa an industrial point of view. In most artificial lighting installations the light employed is too yellow. AxtB fact becomes of even greater impartanoe where color judgements are to be made. Eegardless of these facts, however, ordinary light is entirely satisfactory If all other factors of illumination have been properly considered. The distribution of light in any workroom is an exceedingly impextant factor in industrial illumination. The ideal situation exists when the general workroom illumination Is high with local lighting fer those areas requiring close work. In case of defective distribution, the worker in..the well lighted area Is unable to see for a period of tims when walking into a relatively dark area. This condition of course presents a definite accident hazard and produces ocular fatigue. The unsteadiness of artificial Illumination Is the source of fatigue due to constant demands upon the eye for readjustment. This T factor ia of little Importance in this plant, but in plants where low frequency current is used, it becomes an important factor. Fraa the industrial standpoint, diffused light plays a very important part, since workers in properly diffused light avoid rapid fatigue and dyestraln. Diffused light does not produce sharp, dense shades which are a proliric cause of industrial accidents. In general diffused light is furnished by providing frosted glass reflectors, Indirecting lighting and refle etlrng surfaces. In most cases of industrial illumination, direction of light is of little importance when proper diffusion end distribution of light is furnished. However, if the eye receives direct reflection . or is in direct line with the source of light, careful consideration should be given. ?bese two conditions produce glare which permanently injures the eye and affects the nervous system. Since the factors of Illumination mentioned above directly \ affect the workman's physical condition or the quality and quantity of work produced, illumination becomes an important consideration for this company. In making this survey end recommendations, these factors were kept in mind at all times. Hie unit of illumination is the foot candle and it is in these terns that the field data and lighting requirements are specified in this report. The instrument used in this study for the collection of field data wt.s the '.Veston Foot C andle lister. Its size and the rapidity with which readings can be taken make it particularly adaptable for the conduct of a survey of this type. Hie field data were collected with the assistance of Ifr. I. la. Glynn who located the various manufacturing departments and obtained certain necessary information. . In general this survey was conducted in the following manner. First the building and floor or department nisnbers were recorded. General observations were then made and recorded of the general conditions affecting illumination such as conditions of fixtures, cleanliness of windows and Skylights, cleanliness of fixtures, condition of walls and ceillnga, position of outlets and a general evaluation of the present lighting conditions. Information as to the kind of day and whether or not the eun wai shining wai alio recorded. Foot candle reading* were then taken at the plane of work end at operator's position. Although readings were not taken at all points t of work, representative readings were taken la each workroom which gave an average picture of the working area. In the case of the general offices, resting* on every second or third desk were made. The .survey covers the manufacturing departments, general offices, laboratories, printing department, maintenance department, power house and certain other miscellaneous work places. Although very few. if any. readings were-taken in warehouses and stairways, certain observations were made and some consideration is given in this report. Discussion On the day which the survey was conducted the atmospheric conditions were sanewhat changeable. During the greater.part of the forenoon the sun was either partially or entirely hidden. The visibility was generally poor. However, in the afternoon the sun appeared and disappeared several times, but in general visibility was good and the tky bright. The changing atmospheric conditions necessarily affecta illumination reading* and in making the specific recosmendatlons these factors were taken into consideration. In general it wat eonsidared that outaldt atmospherio conditions increased the illumination readings by 30~60^. However, in some eases it was believed that outiidt light was almost entirely responsible for the foot candle reading* obtained and recommendations were made accordingly. In still other eases, outside illumination entered in little, if any. Referring to the epeoiflo recommendations whioh follow it will be noted that in certain eases no suggestions were made to increase illumination. In acme of these eases the illumination 1* already sufficient while in other caaes it la believed that the illumination will be increased sufficiently providing the general reeamiendations are followed. It xu noted that In several manufacturing departments of thi* pleat e reflector was being used which we* equipped with e screen orer its fece. Although this type of reflector protects against br?|g( Utf ffljhcr fllffiifl it flltlPl Ut e Mr percentage of the light, thus reducing its' efficiency. Thls type of reflector also traps considerable dirt .and unless it is cleaned frequently* the light furnished the workroom is reduced to a ainiaua. In a previous section of this report a mention of glare was made. Throughout this plant it was observed that aany workmen were exposed to glare. In many departments, especially the storage rooms, large mnbers of bare lnps were used a* a source of light. Aside fra the fact that these lamps produce glare which causes injury to the workmen, the efficiency of such illumination is very low. A large percentage of the light produced by these lamps is absorbed in the oeiling. If these leaps were equipped with approved reflectors, all light would be directed towsrd the floor which would probably result in adequate illumination for this type of work place. In still other case*, reflector* of an ancient type which havonot been properly maintained were being used. One of the greatest factors la the low foot eaadle readings observed throughout this plant was the accumulation of dirt on the sources of light. Sine* it is possible for dirt to cut out practically all of the light from a particular eouroe. it is reason* able to believe that the general level of illumination has been greatly reduced la this plant through dirty fixtures* window* and skylights. Sine* reflected light plays an important part la industrial lighting* it is believed that the general level of a illumination has been reduced through poor reflecting walls and ceilings. This condition was in evidence in many departments of this plant. Referring to the accompanying table, there wore two eases in which deck leaps were recommended where it wan not feasible to Increase the general illumination. The lamp referred to is the 7 6ftfln -fiWT>-AAAA'A A T X. 2. S. Lamp #778. This lamp is especially made for offices and is approved and recorrr.ended by the Illuminating Engineering Society. Recomendatlonsi Aside from the individual recommendations appearing in accompanying tables, the following general comments 'are in order, if it ray be assumed that nearly perfect illumination is to be ob . tained. It ; is pointed out that the standards -set in-this mention ere quite high and in some measure almost unattainable in thia es- tebliatinent with some old buildings. On this acoount it seems only fair that theae investlgetora recognize that if the company comes within 15# of attaining the high atandards sat that a very'good job will have been accomplished in improving lighting in this plant. In abort, all recomneaiationa made throughout this section may be discounted 15fi should the need arise. ' 1) Wash walls and ceiling or paint walla and celling in general offices (main offices). If feasible, this should also ba done in many of the manufecturing departments. 2) Clean lighting fixtures In ell offices and printing department and clean once each month thereafter* 3) Clean lighting fixtures In all other departments and clean once every two months thereafter. 4) Replace burned out lamps and those lamps which have had 1000 or more Sours of service. Change lampa every 1000 hours of service thereafter. 5) Wash windows and skylights and repeat process at least twice each year. ` 6) Replace old type of reflector with new approved type in all cases where old type is now being used. ' 7) Install approved type of reflector where bare lumps are now in service. 8) Hake frequent checks of the lighting system to insure adequate maintenance of equipment. 9) Eliminate all open lights In those sections of the plant dominated by safety light equipsent. It is ?uite foolish to install 80# of spark proof lanps and thee intersperse 20# of unprotected laraps. Such is reported to be the case in a few departments. 3XLUHUIAT10N SURVEY Field Data and Results Position Foot Candle ** Std.* Foot Percent of. Reading_____________ Candles___________Ifailmura Std. Laboratories - 2nd floor E. Bench - Lab. 2 W. Bench " " E. Bench - Lab. 1 W. Bench - " " E. Bench - Lab. $ 3 V. Bench - Lab. f 3 REDACTED E. Bench - Lab. /f 4 W. Bench - Lab. jj 4 Spray Booth Humidity Bath lab. Roll Hill - Grind. Room Stone Hill - Grind. Room Hlzlng Bench - Grind. Room Stationary Wash Bench 16 8 30 30 16 12 30 24 30 36 15 17 12 5 2 14 24 35 8 10 4 7 10 6 15-10 it n tt '* n it it ft it it ft tt ft n ft 8-5 ft 15-10 tt it tt it 106 53 200 200 106 80 200 160 200 240 100 113 80 33 13 93 160 430 100 66 27 47 66 40 50 " 330 * Code of Lltl'-l.v:. Ill jmlt.*.tii.t: Engineering Society. 1930 Percent of Minimum Std, 160 80 300 300 160 120 300 240 300 360 150 170 120 50 20 140 240 700 160 100 40 70 100 60 500 Recommend ) ) Rearrange Desk ) ) ) ) ) See General R ) ) I ) ) Increase Gene by 100* Install Desk L ) ) Increase Room ) 100* ) Increase Watta Nearest Desk b Position REDACTED E. Bench - Ihlbots Lab. . W. Bench " " Large Ibble Laboratories - 3rd Floor Telephone Board - 3 desks Ulxlng Bench Double Working Benches Dept. - 3 desks ' Bench " Bnch Balance Chan. Hood Stairway - Building jf 3 Foot Candle Reading 11 47 10 4 6 20 30 16 0 8 14 4 3 32 7 11 14-12-13 9 3 13 6 7 4 0-2 Std. Foot Candles 15-10 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 8-5 3-2 Percent of Uazlmia Std. 73 314 66 27 40 133 200 106 0 53 93 27 20 213 47 73 87 60 SO 87 40 47 27 0-67 Percent of Minimum Std. 100 470 100 40 60 200 300 160 0 80 140 40 30 320 70 100 130 90 30 130 60 70 40 0-100 itoconmen Increase Wa Nearest Desk Increase Wa Nearest Desk Increase Wa Nearest Benc Same as E. B ____ ______ Lamp burned Watt Lamp ) ) Increase Ce ) Install Desk Increase Wa " * ) ) Increase Roo ) 50-100$ . ) Install Bala See Ceneral Increase Wa Install FTos Position Foot Candle Std. Foot Reading_________ Candles First Floor E. Labeling Machine Stenciling Machine . - Desk labeling Desk 6-10' 3 2 2 10-6 it 10 -8 10-6 Bldg, f 2 - Paint Dept. N. E. Filling Machine Filling Machine Next to Vibrating Screen Bench Desk REDACTED 30" Stone Mills Filling Station Liquid Paint Mills (6) Bldg, jf 2 - 2nd floor Mixing Room - Whites 8 Mixers - Dark Colors Center Pipe Station Desk - Tinting Dept. Tinting Dept. - E. Will ' Tinting Tanks - Center Aisle " " - W. Aisle Pony Mixers -- W. Aisle 3 3* 6 4 60/ 2 t 24 0-1 0 4 I 3 0 30 5 10-6 10-6 10-8 10-8 10-8 10-6 10-6 It N tt 10-8 12-8 * n 10-6 Bldg; # 4 - 2nd floor - lacquer Dept. Weighing Station lacquer Tanks Small Batch Tinting 4 3-5-10 25 6 10 tt " 12-8 10-8 Percent of Percent of Maximum Std.______ Minimum Std. 80 133 30 50 20 25 20 33 30 50 35 59 60 75 40 50 600 625 20 33 58 25 42 0-10 0 5 5 25 0 250 50 0-16 0 8 6 37 0 375 83 40 30-50-100 210 60 67 50-83-166 310 75 1 Recommendations Install App ) ) Increase Roo ) and install ) ) ) ) ) Increase Roo ) and Ihstall ) Reflectors ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Install 150 ) Outlets and ) Reflectors ) Anil nludOnS ) ) ) increase Wa ) Position . Toot Candle Reading Mixing Room - Oil Colors West Aisle Aluminum Boas . Bldg. # 4 - 1st floor - Lacquer Dept. Ball Mills Pulley Chaser Lacquer Filling Lacquer Filling - E Aisle 0 7 10-15 0-2 10-15 6 1-3 Bldg, jjl 4- Oil Color Dept. W. Filling Mach. - Small Tubes W. Crimping Mach. TUbe Filling Bench Grinding Mills - Lead Dept. Synthetic Filling Oil Color Mills - 30" Oil Color Mills - 20" S. Staub - Order Desk Stone Dressing Dept. Lathe . Griader Bldg. # 1 - Power Plant Compressor Room Generator Room Swltohboard Boiler Room 2 1-3 3-6 0 2 1-3 2 25 35 a ' 3-13 3 2 3-15 Std. Toot Candles 10-6 3-2 10-6 5-3 10-6 10-6 5-3 10-6 n it 10-8 15-10 10-6 ft ft 5-3 Percent of Maximum Std. 0 230 100-150 0-40 100-150 60 . 20-60 20 10-30 30-60 0 20 10-30 20 250 233 30 30-130 30 20 60-300 Percent of Minimum Std. 0 350 167-250 0-67 167-250 100 33-100 33 17-30 50-100 .0 33 17-50 33 310 350 50 50-216 50 33 100-500 Recommendations Increase Wattag to Maximum for Increase Wattag by lfc# Increase Wattag Increase Wattage by 50* ) ) ) ) ) Increase Wattag ) ) ) ) Wash Windows ) by 150* ) Wash Windows ) by 100* - Inst ) Reflectors Install Approve Increase Wattag Position Foot Candle Reading Bldg. H 46 - Enamel Dept. - Desk Desk W. Aisle 2taia11 Batch Tinting - Desk Center Aisle Pipe Station Filling Mach. 31 30 7-10 18 40 1-3J J 3 Bldg. # 46 - 2nd floor Furn I Filling Center Aisle Front of 20"StoneUlli.B Paint Tank Balcony 3-7 0 1-40 0 Bldg, if 46 - 3rd floor 6 Mills N. W. Corner Aisle Between 30" Mills Aisle Between 3 Roll Mills S. Side Lehman Roll Hill Inside Guard N. Side Lehman Roll Mill Inside Guard Aisle Between White Mills A. Kleck - Order Desk , 20-50 10-35 2 6 13 5-45 30 Bldg. # 46 - 4th floor Pipe Station 1 Aisles E. Side Aisles Side Aisles White Room 8-25 18-40 6-8 REDACTED Std. Foot Candles 10-8 " 3-2 12-8 10-8 3-2 10-6 " " 3-2 10-6 5-3 10-6 " 10-6 12-8 " 10-6 10-8 10-6 " " " Percent of. Maximum Std. Percent of ReConmendatlons ' Minimum Std._____ ____ ___ 310 300 233-300 150 400 33-116 5 30 388 375 350-500 225 500 50-175 8 50 Increase Wattag tt ft 30-70 0 10-400 0 50-116 0 17-667 0 ) ) Increase Watta ) on East Side ) Maximum 200-500 100-350 20 50 108 50-450 300 333-833 167-600 33 75 163 83-750 375 Increase Watta Thoroughly Cle end Cbrer Clas Sams as S. Sid 10 80-250 180-400 60-80 17 133-416 300-667 100-133 Incredse Watta to Maximum fo Position Bldg. $ 13 - 3rd floor Warehouse Bldg. / 3 - 2nd floor Storage Conveyor Bldg, f 3 - Test Room - Desk A. B. -- Bench - Bench Wash Ihpk Water Sanding Table Storage Room Spray Booth Bldg. # 13 - labeling Dept. C. McCee Paper Box Stitcher Small Tube labeling Stnall Quart labeling Tube Filling Sealing Mach. label Bench -- K: W. Comer Bldg. # 13 - label Stook Room Aisles Between Stock Bins Bldg. / 13 - label Printing Type Setting Bench Press - Small Press - Lcrt'e , REDACTED Foot Candle Reading 2-4 1-3 21 50/ 50/ 60/ 10 50/ 3-9 40 21 . 2 2 4 3-5 4 3 7 7-13 i-2 50/ 33 7 Std. Foot Candles 3-2 3-2 10-8 12-8 n a 10-6 n 3-2 15-10 8-5 10-8 10-6 tt n it it it 10-8 8-2 100-25 12-8 12-8 Percent of Maximum Std. 67-133 33-100 210 416/ 416/ 416/ 100 500/ 100-300 267 262 20 20 40 30-50 40 30 70 70-130 17-67 50/ 265 57 Percent of Reoosiosndatlons Minimum Std._____ '___________________ 100-200 Install Approv 50-150 262 625/ 625/ 625/ 167 833/ 150-450 400 420 ------ - --------- -- --------------- -------- -- -------- ~ ---------------------------- 25 33 67 50-83 67 50 116 ) ) ) ) Incre&se V/etta ) Outlets and In ) Reflectors ) 87-162 25-100 200/ 412 87 increase Y/atta Install Approv Install Approv Kh Increase Watta Install Approv position Bldg. 44 - Can Warehouse Can Cover Stamping E. Can Cover Stamping Center Can Cover Stamping W. Office - Desk Bldg. / 41 - Tarnish Wks. Filer Press Room Shellac Thinner Room Ttelegage Station Order Desk labeling Desk Aisle Between TVs. Thinner Storage - Desk i - Desk Tarnish Lab. - Desk Bench fIood REDACTED , Bldg. # 42 Bandbury Control Room Bandbury Mill Room Roll lUll Room Foot Candle Reading 28 9 4 29 35-45 20-50/ 45 8 2-5 6-12 14 9 32 23 * 1 1 Bldg, jf 16 - Shipping Dept Office - Typewriters - Clockwise 1 10 1 6 7-S-2-3 Std. Foot Candles 10-6 10-6 n 10-8 6-4 10-6 10-8 n 1C-6 3-2 10-6 10-8 tt 15-10 10-6 8-5 10-6 I* 16-10 It It ft Percent of Maximum otd 280 90 40 290 573-750 200-500 15 450 80 67-167 60-120 140 90 213 230 94 5 10 10 Percent of Minimum Std 450 150 67 363 875-1120 333-833 19 563 133 100-250 100-200 175 112 ' 320 . 383 150 8 17 ' 17 7 67 7 40 20-13-20 10 100 10 60 70-30-20-30 Peccvnmebdations ) ) Increase Watt ) 50* Wash Window' Drop Outlets Increase Watt -------- ------------ ) Increase Y/at ) ) ) Wash Windows ) ) Increase Num ) Use Lamps of Increase Y/at Outlets Install Desk Increase Watt Install Desk ) Increase Watt ) not possible Outlets 0007-SWP-000030813 Position Dispatching Desk N. Dispatching Desk S. Storage Aisles Bldg, t 21 - Shipping Dept. Parcel Post - Express Bench - Desk . Shipping Desk Carton Stitcher lielabeling - E. End Relabeling - W. End Bldg, i 18 - Faint & Varnish Remorer Dept. Copper Filling Itenk REDACTED Office Desk Bldg, j/ 12 - Export Shipping - 1st floor Order Desk Order Desk (Doc) General Workroom Bldg. 1Z - Export Shipping 2nd floor General Workroom Bldg. # 12 - Export Shipping 3rd floor General Workroom 1 Foot Candle Reading 45 30 3 4 13 8 1 15 4 4 20 21 10 -3 ~8 20-10 Btd. Foot Candles 10-8 10-8 3-2 10-8 tf 10-8 10-6 10-6 n n 15-10 10-8 10-8 6-4 it a Percent of Maximum Std. 450 300 100 Percent of Minimum Std. 562 375 150 40 50 130 162 80 100 25 42 10 17 150 250 Recommendatio ) Install Approve ) on Lamps Not A ) Equipped ) ) Improve Genera ) Illumination o ) Increasing Wat ) and Installing ) Reflectors and ) Obsolete Reflec 40 67 ) Increase Wattag 40 67 ) 133 200 210 100 8-50 . 263 125 12-75 -------- ------------------------ ---------------Increase Wattag 8-133 12-200 Increase Wattag Room by 100> - 333-167 500-200 PI?00000 Position Varnish Works Stacks 3 Stacks # 4 Stacks 1 Synthetic Varnish Drum Pilling Inert Cas Station filter Press Telegage Station Synthetic Stocks Bldg. ,1 24 - Maintenance Typewriter REDACTED Stockroom - General Tin ftnlth Bench Drill Press Mechanics Bench Electricians Bench Power Saw Power Grinder Plumbers Bench Auto Mechadcs Benfch Blacksmith Shop Carpenters Bench Circular Saw Drum Cleaning Dept. foot Candle Reading 40-50 3-7 3-10 3-4 1-4 3-15 3-7 6 5 4 . 4-13 15 7 10-45 11 1 1 2-15 19 3-8 5-8 3 3-8 Std. Foot Candles 5-3 ft ft 10-6 6-4 10-6 5-3 10-8 IV 15-10 10-8 6-4 10-6 w 10-6 IV 15-10 15-10 10-6 IV ft If 15-10 8-5 Percent of Percent of Maximum Std._____ Minimum Std. Reconmendatlons . 800-1000 60-140 60-200 30-40 17-67 30-150 60-150 1333-1667 100-233 100-333 ) Install Approved R ) Outlets for Genera 50-67 25-100 50-250 100-233 ) Drop Outlets to Low ) Refleotord for Two ) Wattage by 100$ ) Wash Skylight 60 50 27 55 67-217 150 70 100-450 110 7 7 20-150 . 190 30-80 50-80 33 37-100 75 62 40 69 100-325 250 117 167-750 183 10 10 33-250 317 50-133 63-133 30 60-160 ) ) Increase Wattage by ) ) ) ) ) Wash Windows on Thr ) Shop. Wash Skyligh ) Burned Out Lamps. ) At Certain Work Po ) General Wattage by %)1 Approved Reflectors ) ) Increase Wattage by Old Reflectors with Reflectors Position Receiving Dept. N. Desk - S. Deck Warehouse Aisles . lacquer Shop C. Gerard Label Panting Thble Mixing Bench Spray Booth Mixing Bench Mixing Bench Mixing Bench Stock Bins Storage Spray Shop REDACTED * Foot Candle Reading 11 38 16 5 60/ 1-4 12 14 14 7 30 7 14 1 1 4-10 . Bldg, if 21 - 2nd floor Wrapping Desk Wrapping Desk - Large Bldg, j 81 - 3rd floor - Printing Dept. -- Typev/riter De3k 4 1 Cutter jj 3 Cutter if 2 Cutter . 10 8-10 6 20 33 21 14 6 12 20 20 Std. Foot Candles 15-10 tt n tt 10-8 3-2 10-8 12-8 12-8 8-5 12-8 12-8 12-8 3-2 n 10-6 tt It 10-8 15-10 15-10 n tt it 12-8 tt n Percent of Percent of , Recommen Maximum Std. Minimum Std 73 253 ' 107 30 500 33-133 no 380 160 50 625 50-200 ) ) Increase Wattage ) ) V/ash Skylight Reflectors to Ba 120 117 117 87 250 58 117 33 33 40-100 x1 AwA ` 80-100 60 150 175 175 140 375 87 175 50 50 67-167 ) ) ) Repair Damaged O ) Reflectors Where ) ) ) ) Clean Fixtures - Proper niuininat 167 133-167 75 \t Replace Old Hsfl ) Type - Add Refle ) 133 200 220 330 133 210 93 140 40 60 install Desk Lam 100 150 ) Adjust Local Illu 167 250 .. ) Greatest Efficien 93 125 ) Position ' Foot Candle Reading 'Std. Foot Candles Percent of Maximum Std. Percent of Minimum Std. Reoctmaendat ions Desk - Wrapping Bench Multigraph Uultlllth Gordon Press / 9 Gordon Press H 10 Gordon Press # 12 Cordon Dress jf 13 Cordon Press / 14 REDACTED ' 6 15-30 30-40 15-30 25 6 10 6 13 10-8 10-6 15-10 15-10 12-8 12-8 tt tt tt 60 150-300 200-300 100-200 208 50 83 50 108 . 75 250-500 300-400 150-300 313 75 125 75 163 Increase Wattage in O Desk by 5091 - ____________ ---------------------- ---- ) | Increase deneral Watt ) Area by 50# ) Cylinder Press / 7 Cylinder PreBS Jf 8 Cylinder Press Jf 6 Cylinder Press / 4 13-50/ 10-50/ 14-50/ 15-45 tt 108-413 83-413 tt 117-416 it 125-375 Cylinder Press jf 3 Verticle Press jf 2 Verticle Press 1 17 10 11-18 12-8 If t . 142 83 92-150 Type Setting 10-15 100-25 10-15 Type Setting 13-18 tt 13-18 H. Knowles Folder 12 7-9 15-10 10-6 80 70-90 Folding Tbble 9 10-6 90 Hailing Table Pasting Thble 4 10-6 40 13 tt 130 Inspection - Color Chips Fasting Color Card Ifachlne jf 9 50/ 15-10 333/ 15 10-6 150 5 12-8 42 Color Card Sorting 10 tt 83 Color Card Machine if 2 30 ft 250 Color Card Machine jf 3 32 tt 267 162-625 125-625 175-625 187-563 213 125 137-225 40-60 52-72 120 117-150 150 67 216 500/ 250 62 125 375 400 ) ) Equip Bare Lamps at B ) with Approved Refoect ) ------------- ------------------------------- -- ) Install Local Illumin ) All Type Setters -r-ris-^-r--, _-r _________________ Increase Wattage in A Increase Wattage in A ` _______ .000030816 0007-SWP-0000308J7 Po/slt Ion General Offices Billing Typewriter REDACTED Foot Candle t Std. Foot Reading________ * Candles 4 6 6 8 9 8 5 12 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 4 14 6 6 9 7 25 35 5 n 5 10 8 4 5 7 15-10 it it n it t it H ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft It ft ft ft ft If If ft Percent of Maxlmim Std. 27 40 40 53 60 53 33 80 33 33 33 40 . 40 43 40 27 93 40 40 60 47 167 233 33 73 33 67 53 27 33 47 Percent of 'Minimum Std Recommendatio 40 60 60 Wash or Paint '.'.'alls 80 General Roots Wattag 90 80 50 120 50 50 50 60 60 65 60 Increase Ceneral Wa 40 Room by 75$. This R 140 May be Disregarded 60 Where Desks Border 60 Obstructed Windows 90 70 250 350 50 110 50 100 80 40 50 70 P007-SWP-000030818 Position REDACTED ___ .. Foot Candle Reading 9 3 7 4 12 8 5 3 5 4 23 6 6 3 '9 9 8 8 6 . 13 50/ 4 4 8 4 6 3 5 9 16 3td. Foot Candles 15-10 n t n ft tt ft it m tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt tt . tt tt tt tt tt n tt tt tt tt Percent of Maximum Std. 60 20 47 27 80 53 33 20 33 27 153 40 40 20 60 60 53 53 40 87 167/ 27 27 . 53 27 40 20 33 60 107 Percent of Minimum Std. Re comtne nda t Ion 90 ) 30 ) See Preceding Page 70 ) 40 ) 120 ) 80 ) 50 ) 30 ) 50 ) 40 ) 230 ) Wash or RejAlnt Va 60 ) V/attage of hooms by 60 ) Cases Where One De 30 ) Very Little Illumin 90 ) Be Possible to Move 90 ) So that Maximum Be 80 ) Received frcm the 80 60 j At Hand. 130 ) 500 ) 40 ) 40 ) 80 ) 40 ) 60 ) 30 ) Increase Wattage by 50 ) .Paint Wall* Althou 90 ) on the East and So 160 ) General Illuminatio Position REDACTED ' Foot Candle Reading 10 3 3 9 9 Std. Foot Candles ' Percent of Marl mum Std. 15-10 *t w n ft * 67 20 20 60 60 .Percent of Minimum -'td, 100 30 30 90 90 Re can endatlons Along the Wells ere Affected. The Heconm Wattage Inorease Vil Affect All Outlets S In T\irn Affect the C NOISE Oae of the most neglected aspects of i'--.strial hygiene centers about the ill effects produced by noise. In truth# the Acme plant is not outstandingly noisy on comparison with some other.indistries# > such as' the automobile . Industry. Prior to mentioning# by way of example# several noisy places end practices in the Aeme plant# a series of comment is introduced into this report, bearing on noise. These items of comment have been made by various persons in this country and in Europe# and are not especially directed to industrial noises# ' but instead include street noises# disturbed sleep# etc. The items now follows Statements made by Sir Robert Armstrong-Jones# C.B.E.# il. D.> D. Sc.# etc. .* "The ordinary worker# if he is to support himself and his family and to carry on# has a pre-arranged and proper setting for his period of rest# and his life is of necessity ore of routine. Be goes to bed tired and exhausted# but he is repeatedly roused# and his sleep disturbed by loud and most distressing noises. Be rises in the morning shaky# confused and unrefreahed after his so-called "night's rest." Bis health suffers# his work deteriorates and he eventually joins the highly sensitive neurasthenic, who Junpe even when the clock strikes and he may in consequenoe of loss of sleep end his life in the asylum# or he may try to get sleep from drugs and so become an "addict" to sedatives or to drink. In any ease unless he can secure natural sleep his health is ruined." Statement by Professor George Robertson# a . E.< eto. "The effect of noise, especially prolonged noise# on the nervous system may be in the nature of a constant strain and drain on nervous energy and this may lead ultimately to exhaustion. It is this action of noise# causing nervous and mental exhaustion# that leads to neurasthenia. This seems to be a much more eoaaon disease now than formerly....The eonsequenoe of neurasthenia# apart from the misery it entails# is a lots of national efficiency# which is an Important matter in these days of struggle and competition....It is alleged that lots of sleep oocurt either.as a eause of a symptom of mental breakdown In about 75 percent of the cases....Undoubtedly loss of sleep is one of the causes of insanity -- and the production of sleep one of the means by which insanity is prevented and also cured." ' Report of the Committee on the Effect of Noise on Bunan Beings. "This committee# after a study of data so far made avail able through research# declared that the continual pressure of strident sound to which New Yorkers are subject tends to produce impairment of hearing, to induce harmful strain upon the nervous system leading to neurasthenic nd psychasthenic states, to cause loss of efficiency of workers and thinkers, and finally to inter fere so gravely with sound, refreshing sleep that rest is difficult and in seme cases impossible. " .. Aside from the effect which constant noise has upon many individuals and particularly upon their hearing, the committee found that the abatement of noise is imperative because it Interferes with sleep. .' Crowing children, many invalids and all convalescent patients are in need of complete quiet during the day es well as the night. In addition to these, Hew York contain* many night workers who must obtain their necessary rest during the daylight hours, Ahese facts make it clear that a partial abatement of noise during the night tri.ll not fit the need of a city a* large and diverse as this. The whole chorua of sound must be decreased at all hours." Summing up its preliminary report, the Committee oa the Effect of Noise on Human Being e found thati . "Hearing it apt to be impaired in those exposed to constant loud noises. . Noise Interferes seriously with the efficiency of the worker. It leesens attention and makes concentration upon any task difficult. In the attempt to overcome the effect of noise, great strain is put upon the nervous system, leading to neurasthenic end psychas thenic states, and necessitating frequent reeuperatioc in the country to maintain mental effioienoy and alartnesa. Noise interferes seriously with sleep, even though in some eases it appears that the system is able to adjust itself so that wakefulness does not result. It is well established that, in addition to these other evil effacte, the normal development of infants and young children is seriously interfered with by constant loud noises." Statement made by Professor Henry J. Spooner in the Guildhouse Monthly lUgaxlne, London. Normaber 1929. "Noise -- the most insidious and harmful plague that has ever affeeted the huean raee. One of the most serious aspeets of the noi.ee problem is the* of sleep; particularly in eases where mental waters snd invalids ore concerned. Normally about a third part of our lives is given up to sleep, that "sweet restorer of tired nature." Now aelenoe telle us that those who think most and do most mental work require most sleep, and that If the recuperation does not equal the expendi ture of the brain's energies. that organ withers, causing insanity. The ancient torturers well knew that persons prevented from sleeping always died raving menifcos; and the Chinese torture of the noise, snd the inquisition sleep prevention, were based upon this feet. Count less people living near late-traffle noises are deprived of sufficient leep end are thereby injured in health, even whan the bddroom windows are closed to keep out the din*. But the danger to health and life i: greatly lncraaeed in the eases of invalids sho are deprived of that vital balmy repose; life's nurse, sent from heaven to create us anew, day by day. t Eree Silica la Extensively Introduced Into Ball Hills but Irregular Operation Eliminates Practical Exposure to Silica Dust. Bell Mills ere Universally Noisy. Acme 17tilts lead and Color fortes Eaatremck (Detroit) Michigan i 07-SWp.000030822 Statements from radio talk by Lewis H. Brown. Chairman. Koise Abatement Cosaission. over Station WEAF. January 26. X930. "It has been shcwnV*yn<1 peradventure of a doubt that Eearlng is undoubtedly affected by exposure to continuous noises. . Koise interferes seriously with the efficiency of anyone engaged in mental tasksj it affects memory and the ability to concentrate. . In an attempt to compete with noise, great strain is put upon the nervous system leading to neurasthenic and psychasthenic states. Koise interferes seriously with sleep, and this is of serious import in the oase of the siok and convalescent. . The normal development of infants and young children is seriously interfered with by constant loud noise." Tests made in the Department of Heurology at Bellevue show thlsi "Kolse is more harmful to the brain than powerful drugs. The fact that people can cot eoneentrate so well under the influence of noise has a profound influence on our daily working lives and on the work of school children and college students. It has been shown that hearing is definitely affected in those persons who are constantly exposed to loud noises. Koise interferes very seriously with the efficiency of the worker. It lessens attention and mekes concentration difficult. In attempting to overeome the effects of noise, great strain is put on the nervous system -- leading to neurasthenic and psychasthenio states. Koise may break or interrupt sleep, may make sleep disturbed and unrefreshing, or may produce insomnia. ' The lack of sleep or the inability to obtain refreshing sleep -- because of noise ~ represents a definite insult to the organism's normal physiology. It is a well established fact that the normal development of infants and young children is seriously interfered with by oonstsnt loud noises. It is a proven fact that, to the busy brain worker, to the sick, to the nervous, or to the wakeful, noise is a serious menaee to which adaptation may be impossible." * ' In this plant it should be.a general policy to eliminate. to the extent praetleal. all possible noises. Within the plant itself there are three classes of noise now specified! (1) . Koisy machines. Examples - filter pumps in varnish filtering room, ball mills. (2) Koisy praetlees. Exmaples - faulty operation of can lid dating work* Incessant ringing of auto call belle (3) Unnecessary nolle Bade by workers in quiet areas such as unneeessary whistling, shouting, ete. in laboratory area.' It is at once granted that all noise may not be eliminated froa this plant. However some noise may be completely lrradieated and some may be mitigated in large measure. Three items are here dismissed for the purpose of. indicating eontrol measures. (1) The noise produced in connection with tin lid stamping is ohiefly due to the falling of tin on tin after the lids are stamped. In due course eaeh of the two girls observed working on this operation will become partially deaf and in time partially permanently deaf due to this continuous din. By simply arranging for these dated lids to flow from the machine without dropping much of this noise may be eliminated. A few simple tricks such as keeping the piles of lids small through using a small rather than a large container for receiving these lids and avoiding metal receptacles will add to the noise abatement. (2) It is a practice of this plant, in searching for persons absent from their offloes through the ringing of the auto call belli to keep up this ringing somewhat Indefinitely, and for some such period as ten or fifteen minutes. Such a bell loeated near to these investigators' office has necessitated postponing considerable work until nights or Saturdays and Sundays. Undoubtedly other persons are similarly affected. There is no such thing as "getting used to" the noise, even though a person consciously fails to notice the noise present. The hearing apparatus registers every sound, even though a person's consciousness does not. It has been observed that the same call is repeated large nwibers of times, believed to be as high as forty or fifty. In the absence of emergencies would it not be sufficient to limit these auto calls to six or eight ringings and then repeat after aa interval if the person sought does not respond. (3) Xorkers in the filter press rooa inevitably will be made partially deaf by the noise of pump*. provided this noise as heard by these investigators continued. Possibly this noise may be irradieated through the remedying of mechanical defects. Conceivably other types of pimps -may .be .substituted. If neither of these suggestions are praetioal. then at loast workers in this area may be furnished ear plugs of inexpensive type such as are manufactured by Hants Products Co.. Zno.. 103 Park Avenue. Hew York. H. Y. As en item in a general program of Industrial hygiene noise abatement should be included. Kew operations should be considered in terns or whether or not excessive noise will be produoed. Defective machinery such as worn bearings should be repaired in order to eliminate excessive noise. Through education workers should be encouraged to avoid continuous whistling, un necessary shouting suek as takes plaee within eertain offioe areas* at the present time. OOO7-SWP-O0OO3OS25 BLOOD miHKATIONS Whenever typical lead poisoning arias*, no difficulty la en countered in making a diagnosis. On the other hand, when persons are suffering from long existing lead poisoning and conversely whan p*eosa are absorbing lead but do not have any clinical lead poisoning state, preoise diagnosis la moat difficult. This second situation, that is "lead absorption" la most important to lead using industries, It the present time, the best knownssthod for determining minor Intakes of lead into the bodies of workers is through the application of *at la known as the "Baso philic Aggregation" Test, This examination is quite simple and is based upon variation in the type of red blood cell, which change apparently con sistently takes place whenever workers are absorbing very minor quantities of lead. In the City of Detroit, in the past two years, approximately 200,000 of these tests have been carried out by various laboratories and various technicians. In some instances the work may have been performed badly, so that the results obtained were not entirely reliable, Under our own control, approximately SO,000 such tests have been carried out, all of which we believe to be free from technical imperfection. This test is positive in certain other disease states besides lead polnonlng, includ ing all of the anemias. Workers exposed to the fumes of benaol, toluol, xylol and possibly other liquids used in paint work provide positive tests. However, for substances other than lead very much less is known about the test* - A detailed description of this test is to be found in an aeoospanying reprint entitled "Basophilic Aggregation''Test in the Lead Poisoning Epidemic of 1934<-45", Also a second reprint is provided en titled "The Atmospheric Content of Lead and Its Correlation with Baso philic Aggre&tlon Teste in Exposed Storage Battery Workers", The second reprint is based on a small study in the storage battery Industry, but the data there furnished say tery well be applied to the paint industry in showing a correlation between the quantity of lead present in the air and blood changes in workers breathing that air* In this plant, 103 persons hare been tested by this basophilic aggregation method. The details of these tests shortly will be presented. Those workers showing a result of 2$ or higher may be regarded with definite suspicion of hewing recently absorbed lead. Those below 1.5$ ordinarily nay be regarded as normal. Between 1.5$ end 2$ is an uncertain zone, but no great attention is paid the findings in this bracket. Kane Dept. B .A. REDACTED Lab. Technician " Clerk . " Technician nn tt m nm ft ft . Dry Mix Enamel B Bn w Lacquer, Mixer Aluminum Mixer Dry Mix Enamel Lftacquer Mifxt er ft ft ft ft Dry Mil Saaroftl BB . Lacquer Mixer Dry Mix Enamel Lacquer Mixer Dry Mix Enamel BB B Lacquer Mixer Gen'l work la Laequer Tube filling Wet Mixer BB ; J Tube filling Dry Mixer Supt. House Faint ' Faate Faint Filler Wet Mixer-paint Dry Mixer Wet Mixer Dry Mixer BB Tube Filling Dry Mixer Wet Mixer Tlnter Dry Mixer Drum Cleaning ft ft , . * ' ; . 0.5$ 1.0 0.5$ 0.7 0.8 1.0 . 0.4 0.5 1.0 2.0 2.2 0.05 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.3 0.7 1.6 O.S 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.2 0.4 0.9 0.8 1.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 O.S 0.6 0.7 0.4 1.7 0.9 1.0 While Most Container Label lag is Performed Autonatiealljr Some Hand Work la Done InTolvlng Skin Contact with Irritant Paste end et Tinea with Lead on Terne Plate Containers. Acne White Lead end Color Works Bantraack (Detroit) Kiehlgan .000030828 0007-SWP Kane REDACTED Dept. B.l. Tret laser 0.4j Tube Tilling Ulz Foreaan Paste paint foreman 1.0 0.8 1.7 Dry lilser " 'V 1.1 .0.6 0.5 Paint and Varnish Remover X.5 Varnish Technician Varnish Cooker ' Varnish Oust Tfarehouae Varnish Research niter Varnish 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 ,1.5 Varnish Gum Warehouse 0.6 Varnish Cooker 1.0 Drum Cleaning Varnish Oooker 0.4 1.5 Lacquer Grinder , 0*6 Varnish Pllterer 0.7 Lacquer Thinner Varnish Cooker . 0.6 . 0.9' Varnish Cooker Varnish Thinner . 0.9 0.3 ReeeiTlng 0.6 1.4 " 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.9 * 0.8 0.7 * yard gang Yard man 0.5 . 0.5 0.6 ReeeiTlng . 1.0 yard gang ** * 1.3 0.3 * Sup't 0.7 ' 1.6 0.9 0.8 * ' 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 Labeling * 0.6 0.9, 1.0 * , 0.9 0.4 8.7 Janitor ' 0.9 1.2 Yard man (refuse pile burner) S.S ' CONTROLS Pnesposed to Lead Vice President Factory Laneger Surrey Director 0.5 0.7 0.8 Continually series of basophilic aggregation tests are being made on persons wholly unexpoeed to lead, and ineatauch as lead in aBall quantities is so widely distributed throughout this plant, no large number of control tests have been made directly in the plant. We, however, are Influenced by control tests continually being made in .other.portions -of the City. The average-worker, nnexposed.to.lead, presents a basophilic aggregation test of approximately ,8J. From the above list, those persons showing near 2$ or over are i Heme Dept. B.i. REDACTED Terd Han (Refuse File Burner) Z.Sp Dry Mix darnel 1.9 *n n 2.0 it . 2.2 labeling 2.7 It la believed that these persons are absorbing lead and conceivably might become clinical oases of lead poisoning, It this writing, four of those five persons have been Interviewed, three of whom are hale, free from complaints and free from the ordinary signs of lead poisoning. A fourth, . on oasual examination, presented evidence of weakness in the right hand and forearm; he also showed a suggestive lead line on three teeth. It is believed that this man is a borderline case of lead poisoning. However, if any one of these workers suffered- a gastro-lntestlnal upset or soma ordinary infection, or engaged in an alcoholic bout, they might beooms eases of lead poisoning. ' This, however, la unlikely except in the case of the fourth workman. Three of these workers are employed in the Dry Mix Department, where a lead exposure is known to exist. A fourth handles containers made from terne plate material and her hands are almost regularly liberally coated with black lead material, presumably a lead oxide, rubbed off of containers. The fifth burns the refuse pile which la known to con tain a fairly high percentage of lead. It is thus maintained that an appropriate exposure has been shown accounting for the blood condition .described. In at least two other sections of this report, additional discussion is extended to the natter of lead exposures in this plant. In order to aeoid undue repttition, no further consent is made at this tine, but other sections will Include certain recoseendatlons bearing on these aligitlr leaded workers. 1090 Auralc a n Jo u r n a l or Pu b l ic He a l t h As far as is known among the large process of preparation and staining, >( number of cases, there have been no prefer to use the term "Basophilic proved deaths, little profound en- Aggregations," which term uniformly cephalitis, very few instances of wrist appears in the subsequent discussion drop or foot drop, etc. With certainty of this test and our experience with it, it may be believed that there have been which now follow. ' milder degrees of neuromuscular in juries, encephalitis, etc. The outstand- bas ic ramcipcis ing and almost uniform manifestations In normal adult human life, the coo- have centered about involvement of the tent of erythrocytes in the blood stream gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by is maintained on a fairly uniform level excessive fatigability and blood changes, by the orderly entry of new cells from Already the work conditions that the bone marrow replacing those that produced this recent epidemic of lead have been destroyed, poisoning have been modified in many These new cells are essentially plants to the extent that large numbers mature, only about 1 per cent ex. of additional cases of lead poisoning are hibiting any of the several knows unlikely. In some plants elaborate characteristics of Immaturity. In boot protective devices and procedures have marrow, during the formative period of been introduced. As yet no practical erythrocytes, an entirely different substitute has been found for the lead- cytology takes place varying with the tin alloy, inasmuch as certain other stage of development of the red cells, alloys that otherwise might be used Readily there may be demonstrated may not be used due to prohibitive nuclei, protoplasm, and basophilic costs, undue shrinkage, etc. All in all, substance. In due time a change not it may be stated that at least in some known for any other cells of the body ' automobile plants the lead hazards ' occurs; a chemical (hemoglobin) re- have been brought under control. places the protoplasm and the nucleus This recent epidemic has provided is extruded. The erythrocyte is then us a long sought opportunity for the ready tor its chief function in the extended investigation of a diagnostic circulatory blood. These phenomena procedure first utilized by us in 1924.* are set forth admirably in Key's' Already a publication has been made fundamental paper on erythrocytic on this recent experience up to the cytology. The mechanism which liber- time that 1,600 tests had been carried ates cells when mature and conversely out At this time the results of nearly retains undeveloped cells is not known. 8,000 tests are available for the ap- However, the functioning of such s praiaal of the method. This test is mechanism is well established, based upon tbe enumeration of the Under conditions in which toxic total number of basophilic containing agents exert an action on bone marrow, cells in the blood, in distinction to the and under other conditions in which widely used procedure of enumerating physiologic demands are made, in- preformed stipple cells, the value of creased numbers of erythrocytes- ester which method is now somewhat ques- the blood stream. As examples of the tioned. The method as carried out is former may be cited lead, benxoi. similar to that lately used by Jones and toluol, xylol, possibly arsenic and his associates.4 Since the basophilic chlorinated hydrocarbons, such u formations as seen in the microscope do carbon tetrachloride; of the latter the not exist as such in the blood stream effects of high altitudes constitute so and are artifactually produced in the obvious instance. The chief charac- Ba s o ph il ic Ac c u s at io n Te s t .1091 teristic of these liberated immature cells is the presence of basophilic substance. Poiychromasia (polychromatophilia), punctate stippling, and reticulation are but different manifestations of one phenomenon--the presence of basophilic substance. The exact form of this basophilic substance existing in the un altered blood is little known. Probably the picture observed as poiychromasia after staining is nearest to the natural state of this material. The impression furnished by all available evidence is that of thousands of ultramicroscopic particles in add suspension, or possibly in their innate form in add solution. Reticulated ceils probably are produced only as a result of laboratory manipu lation and thus while not being true artifacts are laboratory creations. With suitable laboratory facilities one is able to observe through the microscope the actual formation of reticular processes in cells not previously exhibiting such reticulation. Through variations in laboratory technic, the experimenter may produce at will in a single blood smear all the well known varieties of reticulation, as fragmented, anasto mosing, wreaths, mossy forms, etc. If the artificiality of reticulation be ac cepted as fact, then such terms as " reticulocytosis " conceivably may be regarded as anomalous, in so far as these terms betoken the existence of reticular forms in the circulating blood. However, stippled cells are believed to exist as such in the unaltered blood. Through unknown processes, the ultramkroKopic particles observed as poiy chromasia or the basophilic in add solutions, are caused to arrange themselves into masses characteristic of stippling. From the literature these concepts art well borne out In sub stantial publications, brief excerpts from which are now recorded. Key* notes: If ta ledhridual rtUcubied edl be watdud artfully during the proaet of suWaf, the net as be Men to grow under the eye of the observer u though it wen being formed by precipitation of the subsuaee from the surrounding medium. It is difficult to conceive that fixatives ause a definite network to break up into ultmmicroscopic particles and become uni formly distributed through the cell (te., polychromatophilia). Fixatives tend to fix intracellular products fit rile. It b conse quently felt that the conclusion b sremnted that the reticular network a tea in supra vitally stained erythrocytes b formed only during the process of staining and that no such structure exists in the unaltered erythrocyte. My observations lad to the belief that the granules of punctata basophilia art formed of the same basophilic substance which in simple anemias gives pictures of poly chromatophilia and that because of the pathologic process the substance b aggre gated into small granules in the oeD (punctate etippling]. With Wright's stain allowed to dry on a slide to which salt solution and blood b added, no polychromatophilia b seen hut a definite basophilic reticulation slowly appears in the basophilic erythrocytes. Basophilic substance (in, as a term) b preferable to " reticular substance" Once reticulations nte artifacts due to the action of a stain on a substance distributed uni formly through the cell. In Hawes's * work no distinction was made between polychromatophilia and atippling, but when total percentages of the tero were added the results cor responded with fair constancy with the total percentage of reticulated cells enumerated by other meus on the same blood. Such differences as were encountered were attributed to dif ferences in the delicacy of the methods used and not to any true excess of reticulated cells. Jones4 observes: "This (basophilic) substance is demonstrated either in the form of polychromatophilia, punctate basophilia, or reticular designs.-depend ing upon the staining method used." Basophilic substance long has been regarded ss the foremost blood finding in lead poisoning, but to in over whelming extent reliance has been . r 1092 Ame b ic a n Jo u r n a l o e .Pu b l ic He a l t h placed upon the determination .of stippled cells. Recognition that polychromatophiiia, punctate stippling and reticulation are but different aspects of the same material, should prompt the placement of greater diagnostic de pendence upon examinations for the totality of erythrocytes containing basophilic materia]. Of the three forms of basophilic substance, stippled cells ate the least common. The positive diagnostic significance widely attached to the qualitative finding of stippled cells in suspected lead poisoning is be coming more and more questionable; conversely less uncertainty is believed to attend the quantitative determination of all basophilic erythrocytes. TECHNICAL MtOCEDUtX The blood of normal human adults rarely contains more than 1 per cent of basophilic erythrocytes. The aver age in our experience lies between 0.4 and 0.8 per cent. With workers ab sorbing lead without clinical manifesta tions and in early lead poisoning, the percentage commonly ranges from 1.5 to 4.0 per cent, with occasional findings up to 20.0 per cent The tone between 1.0 and 1.5 per cent represents the threshold, findings within which bring open to doubt. In the absence of other pathology, any .finding in lead exposed workers of, or in excess of, 1.5 per cent at once suggests the probability of lead absorption. Findings in excess of 2.0 or 3.0 per cent are to be associated with an increased imminence of clinical lead prisoning. Search for these basophilic forms is best made in laked cells. Whenlaking takes place tome of the basophilic sub stance probably leaves the cell with the hemoglobin. The remainder, being insoluble in water, salines, and some stains, collects in masses, strands, and reticula, as laboratory artifacts. Such forms are far more visible than priy- chromatophilic cells and are more numerous than stippled cells. In our first work 2 a thick, even blood smear was entirely laked. The number of basophilic aggregations in an average of many uniform microscopic fields was interpreted in relation to our clinical observations of the persons examined either as controls or as leaded patients. This procedure justly has been criticized as not readily transferable to others for quantitative work, since the making of uniformly thick smears by divers per sons is most unlikely. Under rigid research conditions this earlier method will yield quantitative results but now is not the preferred procedure. The technic now employed is here pre sented: The Sussmann-Wrindel stain ad vocated by Jones is quite satisfactory when its several ingredients are pure. The formula is as follows: Teluidine blue ................................. O.S.ga. Born ............................................... o.OJ gm. Methylene bluesolution (Loaner's) S c.c. Distilled water................................. 100 ex. Our experience with this stain has been that it is not uniform from one batch to the next. Most of the trouble may be traced to the toluidine blue. Of six samples of this dye recently purchased by us from various supply houses, only one was found to be satis factory. A modified Manson's methylene blue yields more consistent results. The formula is as follows: i . ! ` Bam ........................................... 1.0 gm. Methylene blue............................ 2.0 gm. ; Distilled water (bailing)........... 100 cx. j The borax is dissolved in the boiling distilled water and to this is added the methylene blue. After filtering, this stain is ready for use and provides a stable, satisfactory, and uniform stain for at least 2 weeks. If used for long periods, a progressive formation of j ' .Ba s o p h il ic Ag g r eg a t io n Te s t * JOM rtcOTJ l. Schattic rrct|c,,it WisUM tnd (i. i) ud uftacd (y. y> patiaa ol llUt. Ufttbc iU cMitui pcaadan m uUm elide. precipitate may appear. However, due to the low cost and ease with which this stain is prepared, we consider this a small handicap. This stain is less stable than the Sussmann-Weindel, but in our experience gives more trust* worthy results. Thin, even blood smears are made on slides and allowed to dry.' The proper drying of these smears becomes im portant. If permitted to become ex cessively dry, that is, longer than 12 hours, some of the basophilic contain ing cells will not lend themselves to aggregation of their basophilic material. On the other hand, insufficient drying facilitates removal of cells during the spirting period. Ordinarily the opti mum time lies between 1 and 3 hours. Under peculiar industrial conditions, involving high temperatures and low Ftevu Itt. Tjrpie*! teieroeeooic (rea ftaed pertiM MVW slid* m i> Figerr 11, prartUag wekkrd. ittiMd ltd Hoad etlk. 14ms el Whippk grid eied u gvidt hi coeetieg my hr art. humidity, or conversely high humidity, special consideration for the drying period may be required. After drying, one-half of the slide is overlaid by a strip of filter paper, as set forth by Jones, and cautiously there is applied with a pipette or dropper the minimum amount of methyl alcohol C. P. (methanol, wood alcohol) re quired to moisten the filter paper until it clings to the slide. This is allowed Fv k II. Trpleel ikmcepk 1*14 Imi Mthnd kkcd portiM ( llitfc pfTMU*g lUtfllM bu> philit tfgrtgeiieM. Fict'U IV. Scnl<*cfceaaUc dnwleg ( * bMaphilic apgfTgatioB Itt tokrd red hired cell, hfewoe itaie. Mtfiiiauoa it erigieai davieg: 17,000. 1094 Au e k ic a n Jo u x n a l o f Pu b l ic Hx a l t h to dry until the filter piper becomes x ec en t x is v l t s loose. ' During 1934 end the first two-thirds The slide is now submersed in s of 1935, approximately 8,000 exami- Coplin staining jar, containing the nations were made, using the technic Minson stain, for approximately 10 just described. The examinees repre minutes. The time is of minor im- sent employees in 1$ plants and 6 dif- portance sine* a readable stain may be ferent industries. Included in the 8,000 had in 2 minutes, and on the other tests made are several hundred controls extreme it is impossible to overstain, usually obtained from office groups. After staining, it is necessary to wash The lead exposed workers were dis- tbe slides through 3 or 4 rinses of dis- tributed over the following industries: tilled water. In some cities tap inter lead pigment manufacture, paint and may be safely used for this purpose, other coatings manufacture, soldering, Air drying of the slides is recommended, lead casting, lead oxide manufacture ' The microscopic arrangements as and application, and lead smelting. In used by us provide an oil immersion ob- some plants, but not aU, concurrent jective and a 10X ocular, which is fitted determinations were made as to the with a Whipple grid. The outer lines amount of lead in the atmosphere ex* of this grid determine our microscopic pressed in terms of mgs. of lead per field (Figure III). The average field 10 eu. m. of air. In the aggregate, in a good preparation contains approori- 416 quantitative lead determinations mately ISO red blood cells. Before were made. The results from the baso- counting, the slide should be examined philic aggregation tests have been cor- for an area showing suitable distribu- related with the findings of the quart- tion of the red cells. In the unfixed tity of lead in the atmosphere breathed portion of the slide, customarily 10 by exposed workers, consecutive fields in two parallel raws During 1934, basophilic aggregation are counted, making a total of 20 fields, tests were carried out simultaneously but in the more evenly distributed slide with stipple cell determinations, and in 20 consecutive fields. Then moving some instances with hemoglobin mea- to the fixed portion of the slide, S ap- surements and total red cell counts, propriately corresponding fields are Very early it was established that no counted (Figure I). The basophilic consistent correlation was present. In aggregations are then expressed as a many persons wholly unexpoeed to percentage of the latter. lead an orrasional stipple cell was en- Thus, if in the 20 fields counted in countered and among lead workers ap- the unfixed portion of the slide there proximately 90 per cent presented large were found 76 BAs (Basophilic Ag- numbers of stipple cells in the absence gregations), and if in the 5 fields of of clinical lead poisoning, and often the fixed portion 1,000 red blood cells after 3 months of no exposure to lead. (or 4,000 in 20 fields), the obvious The number of stipple cells in lead- percentage is 1.9. using workers without clinical lead The physical features of the BAs poisoning ordinarily war lower than are best presented in the accompanying 3,000 per million. The qualitative photographs and photomicrographs demonstration of stipple cells proved (Figures II, TV). The color of the of no value in the diagnosis of clinical cells varies with the stain employed. lead poisoning or in the making of A dear, brilliant blue is obtained with decisions as to acceptability of men for the Mansoo stain. A hand tally is continued work. Many workers used in the enumeration of the cells, regularly exhibiting stipple cells in : . j j i j ; i j i \ ; i ' j ! .Ba s o p h il ic Ag c s ig a iio n Te s t io s their blood smelts pessed through the entire automobile production sessoci without illness and without any lost time. In similar fashion it was found that no significant diagnostic values resided in the routine determination of hemoglobin percentages or in total red cell counts. Over and over high per centages of basophilic aggregations were detected with no significant changes either in the hemoglobin or in the erythrocyte counts. For this reason all blood work other than the basophilic aggregation tests was abandoned as routine procedure in plant surveys, although complete blood work was carried out in the management of clinical cases of lead poisoning. The trend of findings from 8,000 basophilic aggregation tests are now shown in three specimen tables. Table I comprises the results from 25 representative controls. In estab lishing normal ranges of basophilic cells only such persons were utilized as Initials R. T. E. T. j. j . L. H. 0. 0. S. M. K. F. R. H. H. D. M. C. C. C. 0. L. W. F. ) B. F. W. H. K. w. a. JR. H. F. W. E. E. S. C. W. R. B. L. K. C. V. t asiz i Ptr Ctnt BtsepkSu Ct&t 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.9 O.S 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.4 O.S 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.3 . 0.6 0.4 C. S. V. D. J. M. T. *. /. * C. F. A. S I>. T. G. i. G. t. T. U. K, W. E. C. S. F. V. T. A. C. F. N. S. H. l c. J. c c. c. F. L. s L. E. C. It. TASU n PtT Cff MwpkUie dtt CtUt 41 t.i ST. 1.2 4| 1.4 34 3.5 4* l.t 4} 3.2 47 3.2 si 2.3 SI 0.4 so t.s Si s.s 24 1.4 S3 O.T 30 2.0 3B ss S.S 45 1.7 IB 1.4 33 2.1 33 IT 1.4 40 2.4 33 2.S 4T 1.0 SO 1.3 Timm FWM*t/4 14 yaan 1 yatin 4 pun 9 yann 7 yarn 1 ytt* 4 Mad 4 )Wi 2 yam 10 neat) 2 Mill 3 yam 1 yaan S yaan 4 Mill 1 MOttl 1 yaan 3 yaan 4 yaan 2 yaan 3 yaan 4 yaan 4 yaan 4 yaan 21 yaan were known to be essentially unexposed to lead and definitely unexposed in industrial pursuits. Almost without exception control examinees-present less than 1 per cent of basophilic contain ing cells. In Table II may be found the re sults of 25 workers in an atmosphere containing lead to the extent of 14 mgs. per 10 cu. m. of air. In contrast to the control table just preceding, a fair number oi these examinees present findings above 1.5 per cent. It is among workers having such findings as these, that clinical cases of lead poison ing may be expected to arise. Almost uniformly it has been noted that the higher the lead content of the atmos phere the higher the percentage of ex posed workers showing positive baso philic aggregation findings. On the other hand it has not been found that the percentage of basophilic cells in creases with any uniformity in keep ing with increases in the lead content of the atmosphere. An occasional worker may yield as high a figure as 10 or 15 per cent of BAs but this is not the rule and the majority of affected r J06 Ame r ic a n Jo o t n al or Pu b l ic .He a l t h workers regardlessof the amount of the multiplicity of chemicals manipulated exposure will present positive findings some biological antagonistic factor in in the range of from 2 to 6 per cent. terfered with the usual reaction of the With the procurement of better work embryonic red cell to lead. conditions, as reflected by lowered ' The chief application of this test quantities of lead in the atmosphere, ' has been in the routine examination of there occurs a corresponding diminu large groups of lead exposed workers. tion in the number of persons showing The results of such tests have been positive tests, although there is a lag utilised as a guide for the transfer of of from 1 to 2 weeks before this drop workers to less hazardous departments, may be demonstrated. This correla in the appraisal of the degree of ex tion between lead in the atmosphere posure in different departments, in de and positive blood smears is reflected termining the - effect of preventive in Table III. measures, and in the differential diag nosis between lead poisoning and con TABLE III ditions simulating this disease, but in tAtovatue AMaceamM Tnrr Heron tt WoaaMH Btrau aire KrttM t w s Lc aa C*emA- t io m Was Rtweo raeif TJ ice. iu tO eu. u. r An n 4 ik . k i 10 ev. k . r Ait. Eimt Tins: JSDav i. routine work its greatest single value has been associated with the detection of malingerers. During this epidemic in some plants, as high as 90 per cent Imiiitll M. V. T. S. A L. J B. W. H. C. H. J. T. K. $. c. s. C. M V. K. M. S. c. c. C. B. 1 l. D. 0. D. T. W. W. J. K. C. A c. c. p. A. A I. L. r.. p. Bm Cmt B. 4. CtiU Wkm 19 nr. . Air CmlamtA tt mt / LmA 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.T 4.J 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.S 2.2 1.1 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1 l.S Bm Ctf B, A. CtlU r*m 20 n. m. 0t Air Cmitbui 4 mt #/ UU 0.1 0.2 1.0 o! 1.4 0.4 2.0 o!s 0.9 *'.0 1.2 0.1 o.s 1.4 0.1 2.4 of all exposed workers have simulated lead poisoning presumably in order to be eligible for insurance and sick bene fits during the nonproductive season in the automobile industry. In some in stances this basophilic aggregation test has been accepted as a sufficient cri terion for the weeding out of these malingerers. GENEXAL COUKENT In persons exposed to lead, other wise free from disease, the defection of basophilic containing red cells in per centages in excess of l.S, and par ticularly in excess of 2 per cent, sug gests lead absorption and the possi bility of approaching clinical lead poisoning. Inconclusive proof Is available that this test may be positive after exposuie This specimen material is charac to other substances such as benzol teristic of the entire investigation, with toluol, xylol, arsenic, etc. Occasionally one exception. In one plant, manu In infectious diseases numbers of baso facturing a great variety of pigment philic aggregations above the usual may materials, lead poisoning was known be found. Manifestly in anemias and to be present but the basophilic aggre other types of. diseases involving the gation tests were not found to be in red blood cells, normal ranges may be keeping with our general experience. exceeded. The assumption is that because of the The length of exposure to lead ap- .Ba s o p h il ic Ac g k e g a t io n Tx s x .1097 pears to have no significant bearing upon the basophilic aggregation find ings. Two weeks' exposure is ample to bring about increased numbers of basophilic containing red cells. New workers employed alongside of workers employed for a longer period are prone to show a greater frequency of response than the older workers. In prolonged chronic lead poisoning the test described appears to be of limited value. The recession in the number of basophilic aggregations may be definite in long existing lead poison ing even in the presence of frank manifestations. Under such conditions punctate stippling may persist. In many publications the minimum amount of lead that may lead to lead poisoning is specified as from 1 to 2 mg. as a daily intake. While this figure may represent a primary threshold at which an occasional case of lead poisoning may arise, it is our experience that many hundreds of workers continue at employment in concentrations much higher without demonstrable impairment Without denying the possibility that a daily in take of 1.5 mg. of lead may produce lead poisoning, the belief is expressed that the practical threshold may be considerably higher and in the general range of from 4 to 8 mg. At least, yean of exposure to such concentra tions have not led to a single recognised case of plumbism in several plants included in this investigation. One of the practical advantages served by this test as described lies in the fact that large numbers of persons may be examined daily. In our ex perience, a single worker has been able to collect as many as 300 specimens per day. Laking, staining, and cell counting, subsequently carried out, necessarily must be at a slower rate, but on a single day, as many as 70 counts have been made by coe ex perienced technician. This rate of work stands in contrast to stipple cell enumeration, which if properly carried out ordinarily yields not more than 20 determinations daily. Sl'HMAXY In the 1934-1935 epidemic of lead poisoning in the automobile industry, 6,900 basophilic aggregation examina tions of the blood were made. In ad dition during this period 1,100 tests were made in other industries, thereby totalling 8,000 tests during the investi gation. This number includes approxi mately 500 control examinations made upon workers unexposed to lead. Positive basophilic aggregation tests, the method for which is described in detail, have served as an index for lead absorption prior to the appearance of clinical manifestations of lead poison ing. This test has proved to be of value in the diagnosis of early cases of lead poisoning. An approach to this test was described by us in 1924. Through technical improvements, made by others and by us, this procedure is now suited to application by any physician or laboratcxy carrying out any blood examinations. The baric principle in the basophilic aggregation test is the enumeration of red blood cells containing basophilic substance, in contrast to the customary procedure of qualitative or quantitative examination for stipple or polychromatophilie cells. The native state of basophilic ma terial in unaltered red blood cells is not known, but in the process of laking and staining red cells this substance may be artificially aggregated into readily visible masses. In normal human adults, these aggregates rarely exceed 1 per cent of the total number of erythrocytes, but-in lead exposed individuals the percentages ordinarily lie above this normal maximum, when considerable lead is being absorbed or when clinical lead poisoning is im- ices AsmsCAN JOUBNAX. VF PUBUC Hk ALXH mlnent. Findings of percentage above 1 to 1.5 per cent and apedally above 2 pet cent in persons exposed to lend at once sugget lead absorption and the possibility of approaching lead poison ing, or tbe actuality of early lead poisoning. In chronic lad poisoning this tat usually Is not, but may be, positive. As lead poisoning progresses to extended chronic!ty, tbe reliability of the pro cedure diminishes. This tat has been utilised in lead-using industries to de termine the number of exposed workers absorbing lead, as tome proof of ex isting lad bawds, as a guide for the transfer of lead absorbing workers to lad-free departments, as a measure of the efficacy of preventive devices and practices, and as a means for tbe de tection of malingerers. There are varied types of diseaaa leading to positive basophilic aggrega tion tats, but in groups of workers m lad industria, presumably normal ex cept for tbe possible effects of lead ex posures, tbe positive basophilic aggrega tion tat stands in some relation to lead absorption and its subsequent action. atrzuNCEs 1. Dau. A. A> EpUtmk 1 Imi IhhaaU Cmwl Sr iSc SaaO-Fapnlaf M AatanaSUr MSa /. Mtfl. .. VI. SiMS (Oct). MM. ^ 2. McCatS. C. 2., Mltncr. DwwAy X.. w Scan MatSMa. TSt SanpSlUa AonpUa tm h Imi r.mmitt JJJtJC. I1:1TI (Mar SI). l*sa. S. MaCad, C. K BaUaa. V. S. aa< Mwa ;&a. TSt lawSIHa Aniipllaa Tan In leas AWtptloa aad Uni hnaSt, Tta Vaan Aim ltt Tint Un. Mul. Mat. 4, 4:110 (Apr.). MIS. a. Jaw. A. A. TSa tailnaOaa ai twaMS C-fr (Aatlaalaeytat) Sr BaanlaadM W OvOWr Slaad niaL Aa. MmUt Aa*. 41:1011 (tm. II). MU. S. Ear. J A. Stadat aa tcrtkwrm, VSS . . MHacSaadria. Ant iwt an, mm (Nac.). MU. I. Haw, J. 1. A Stair > <St AaUaahM U SlaaS Caapaada Sr Maaaa al VMal Saatew -fn|-a In Aalatiaa la ralrdHaantapSOia uS IkteaW. Anna U. & S. U Ill:*a2 (Sapt IS). MOt $ The Atmospheric Content of Lead --And Its Correlation `with Basophilic Aggregation Tests in Exposed Storage Battery Workers-- INCE "the Ust published Ounr P. Mc Co r d ,* clinical lead poisoning than S report1 made by these workers on the use of He r b e r t T. Wa l w o r t h , and arise out of employment in larger plants. This paper is the basophilic aggregation j** Jo h h s t o x and Ptcur E. Fis h e r , based upon a survey of minor test as a measure of lead ab* Detroit. Michigan manufacturing plants in one sorption and early lead poison* city where the total number ing, the number of tests made , of employees in any one plant tinder our control has increased to approximately rarely exceeds 10. As the use of this method extends, it inevitably Conditions of Work in the Usual Petty Plant becomes desirable to seek out the nature and ex AT ONCE it is necessary to draw a distinction tent of correlations that may be established be between those plants that merely assemble tween the findings from this test and those from battery parts and those other plants which carry urinary and fecal analyses, atmospheric concen out substantially all operations necessary in bat trations of lead, clinical manifestations and other tery manufacture. Without exception, work con blood changes such as are frequently carried out ditions in the assembly plants are far superior in relation to examinations for lead absorption and to those in the manufacturing plants, and on the lead poisoning. Already some investigative work whole, these assembly plants are not highly culp has been carried out for the purposes of determin able with respect to producing lead exposures. ing the extent of these correlations, but only In the city concerned in this investigation, it under conditions that preclude disclosure. Lately, was found that as little as $400 would purchase a limited inquiry has been directed to lead ex sufficient equipment to carry out storage battery posures in a series of small scale storage battery manufacture and that an additional $200 would plants. The results, while not elaborate, unfail purchase raw material;: sufficient to start opera ingly indicate the- association of high basophilic tions. These plants customarily operate under percentages in workers exposed to high concentra conditions without any adequate exhaust or vent tions of atmospheric lead. These results, together ilating systems and without any machinery for with pertinent comment, have led to this report. the enclosed mixing of lead oxides into paste-- The Use of Lead in the Storage Battery Industry instead the mixing may be carried out in open devices such as tubs or barrels. Without excep IT IS not the design of this minor publication to tion, no facilities, or inadequate facilities, were describe in detail the various steps in storage found for bathing, consumption of food, change battery manufacture, potentially and often practi- of garments, etc. In the 13 battery plants investi ally leading to lead exposures. Adequate de gated, more than half make use of no more than scriptions may be found in publications by Hamil two workers. In many of these plants, it is found ton,' Wigdortschik and Kupritz,*-4 Balsac, Lafont that no two manufacturing processes are carried and Feil,* Wells,* Greenburg, Schaye and Shlion- out at any one time; starting with the unmixed sky,' Russell, Jones, Bloomfield and others.' dry lead oxides, operations are carried out step In general it may be noted that the chief opera by step to the point of the completion of the bat tions are the mixing of lead oxides preparatory to tery, ready for sale. Activities in these plants grid pasting, pasting of mixed lead oxides into not only are highly seasonal, but ordinarily are grid plates, casting of lead grids, plate forming, highly intermittent. Several plants operate not lead bunting, battery assembly, lead salvaging, more than five days in any one month. During and miscellaneous janitor and clean-up work. In this period, sufficient batteries may be produced a few plants, lead oxides are produced on the to tax the selling capacity of the organization premises, but only in the very largest of establish concerned. These factors tend to mitigate the ments. Ordinarily, chief exposures grow out of probability of lead poisoning, but even so, on a the manipulation of the dry lead oxides, the pre proportional basis, this industry and this type of paration of grid paste, the application of paste to the industry, produces more clinical lead poison lead grids, the cleaning ana inspection of plates ing than any other industry in this city. Em Prior to forming. In addition, practical exposures ployment ordinarily is so distasteful that workers frequently grow out of lead reclamation and jani rarely remain for more than one or two months, tor services. and the .cessation of employment is often brought As a general rule, freedom from exposures to about by the actuality of lead poisoning, for lead in this industry is in proportion, to the size which there is no required compensation in W the manufacturing plant. Large establish this State. Often circumstances are such that no ments, almost without exception, have introduced monetary responsibility may be imposed upon Protective devices, automatic features and other these small employers. This work is classified bv safeguards to the point that clinical lead poison- some workers as a "last chance" job, in which the big is a rarity. Conversely, in every city a few labor turnover is enormously high, due to the oc Petty battery manufacturing plants are likely to currence of the almost inevitable lead poisoning exist, operating in two or three rooms under con or to the procurement of more desirable work. ations obviously exposing all workmen. In the Other plants in entirely dissimilar industries fre aggregate, these plants produce definitely more quently inherit clinical lead poisoning in the ab Sumu H ledntrial Otvanmrat of Hraltb, Defalt. sence of exposures in their own plants, but aris ing in workers who have been able to abandon Page 35S INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE June, 1937 employment in low -types of storage -battery fact .3. Piamic: ories. ' The lead oxides as handled by the paster are In.making the study of this stratum of the stor in the form of a paste and as such are of little age battery industry, the work was divided into significance, except if taken into the body through three parts, as follows: the mouth while smoking or other similar pro. 1. An engineering survey of each plant was cedures. However, it is usually found that the first conducted to establish familiarity with the pasting tables are littered with dry lead oxides various manufacturing processes. and dusts are easily thrust into the air while the 2. Collection of air samples and the determina paster is working. Ibis may be caused by drop tion of the concentration of lead at the various ping of tools or otherwise fanning the dry dusts manufacturing operations in each plant. Other in carrying out his regular work. Because of the samples were collected to indicate the general dose proximity in most eases, of the mixer and workroom atmospheric content of lead. pasting table, the exposure at these two positions 3. Blood specimens were secured from all em is found to be about the same. ployees working at the time the plants were 4. Bu s k in g : . visited. From these specimens, basophilic ag The exposure connected with the lead burning gregation cell counts were made. Two or three operations is probably the least hazardous of all weeks elapsed between collecting air samples and the manufacturing operations, except assembly making the basophilic aggregation tests. This and forming and charging, because of the short delay in the malting of basophilic aggregation period of time the operator is actually burning tests was through design, inasmuch as there is lead. Approximately 75% of the operator's time a known lag with respect to the time of exposure is spent in placing of plates and posts on the rack prior to the appearance of increased numbers of This does not mean that he is not exposed to lead basophilic aggregations. This lag ranges from at all times, however, because he frequently stirs one to three weeks. up lead oxide dusts which accumulate on the table. Health Hazards and the Various Operations 5. As s e mb l in g : The dust exposure accompanying the assembl ALTHOUGH it is our belief that exposures con ing operation is not great, as the only lead oxide nected with the various manufacturing pro handled is in the form of dry pasted plates. cesses differ greatly, it is difficult to demarcateProximity to other and more dangerous activities these exposures because all operations are usually represents the outstanding source of injury. carried out in the same work room. In other 6. Fo r min g a n d Ck a r c in c : words, it is believed that the mixing operation Providing these operations are confined, the might contaminate the air of the whole work worker will not be exposed to lead. room with lead, and greatly affect the lead find ings around the burning table, which may be only Experimental Ta few feet from the mixer. No less, the individual manufacturing operations briefly are appraised with regard to their health HE apparatus used for collecting air samples for lead determinations was a modified, Greenburg-Smilh impinger apparatus.' The ap hazards. paratus consists of a rotor pump which is equip 1. Mu t in g a n d Ca s t in g : ped with a standard orifice and measuring devices The melting and casting operations will be con for metering the air. The pump was connected sidered as one because of their close relation. In to an impinger tube and the lead collected in the all cases, the operator stands close to the melting water. These samples were obtained as near as furnace and does casting. In those plants which possible to operators' positions and at all man are using unhooded furnaces (this is usually the ufacturing operations. In general, air samples case) the operator is exposed to lead fume aris were taken over a period of 20 minutes at the ing from the molten lead. The extent of this rate of one cubic foot per minute. lead fume depends upon the temperature of the After the samples were collected, they were molten lead. The higher the temperature is, the treated according to the method of Harrold, Meek greater the quantity of lead being expelled into and Holden," and the lead determined. Calcul*- the air. In no case were these lead pots controlled tions were then made to convert the amount of with thermostats and as a result the temperature lead in the sample to milligrams per 10 cubic of the molten lead was much higher than neces meters of air at standard conditions. sary. In this survey, this fact greatly affected In addition to making lead determinations, baso the lead exposure connected with lead melting philic aggregation cell counts were made of all and casting. workers. The blood of healthy human adults 2. Mix in g : rarely contains more than 1.0% to 2.0% of baso It is our opinion that the greatest hazard con philic cells. The percentage of basophilic cells nected with the storage battery industry, as con for those workers absorbing lead without clinic*1 ducted on a petty scale, accompanies the mixing manifestations is usually 2 to 4, while in some operation. Large quantities of lead oxide dust cases the counts may be as high as 15%. Findings are usually expelled into the air, both in trans of 2% or greater at once suggest lead absorption- ferring the oxides to the mixer and when the Table 1 is a combined table, showing the re mixer is first started. Because of the small part suits of lead determinations and the basophilic icle size of these dusts, they are suspended in the aggregation counts. air and gradually float to all parts of the work room. Although this operation is carried out only Comment on Experimental Study I Ofor short periods of time each day, sufficient lead oxide may be expelled to cause serious exposure throughout the work day. F THE entire number of controls, it is to b* ' noted that not one person yields a basophil'C : aggregation percentage in excess of 1.7%. A* . 0007-SWP-000030S43 I Vou 6, No. 6 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE Page 359 many times pointed out, this is characteristic of the healthy, unexposed adult. On the other hand, of the total number o battery workers, including those persons performing only clerical services, 44<7c presented basophilic aggregations in excess of 25 of the total number of red blood cells. While this percentage may seem high, it is to be em phasised that the conditions of work -in most places were favorable to universal lead poisonpig. The lack of proof of universal lead absorp tion or lead poisoning probably is due only to the jptermittency of work, not' only on a seasonal basis, but on a month by month basis as well. Wh>' no physical examinations were carried out, it is xnown that several of the persons here classified as showing lead absorption were in stances of early lead poisoning of clinical type, which impression was formed from casual in spection and from offhand remarks made by workers in the course of survey activities. While these basophilic ..aggregation tests num erically represent only a small fraction -of the near 25,000 that have been conducted, they are regarded as possessing significance in that they were made on workers exposed to high atmos pheric concentrations of lead in a combined form. Plant No.1 Xo.2 80.J No. 4 No. 3 Xo.S *0.7 So.S Table L Atmwjhertc Lead DetermlnsHem aad Cemepondlag B. A. Cmata Position Lead per 10 cubic meters of air (inmgat.) Mfeing .................... ... ........... 64 - ~ 3.0 Melting and Casting -h *-.. ..... 7.7 ..... 2ft ft Blank ..____ ...... ____ .... . 00.0 Worker B. A Cell Count (percentage) ........ 6.6 Pster____ '.______________ ... ___ 3.0 ififi Melter and Caster___ _ _____ 5.0 ' 2.S Lead Burner _______________ -- ... 1.4 Assembler _________________ ______ 4.1 Manager........ ................. 1.5 Office Worker____ ___ ... .......... ft 1 Mixing______ ............. . ______ 6.3 Melting ____ __ __________ ______ 12.0 Blank______________________________ 00.0 Mixing ,, Melting ___ Melting _ . Blank --_____ . .- ------------ ia 2.3 4.9 2.7 0.0 10 Office Worker______________-_____ U Office-Plant Worker _ _ eea 1.1 Deliverer______ ___________ ______0.9 Paster __ .. ... 4.0 Manager ............................... ........., 1.0 Baby______________________ ______0.6 Burning Rlantr ' 0.35 ft nn Pasting ____ ____________ Mixing.......... ............................ ____..... 23.0 Melting _________... _____- ___ 2.8 Workroom ___________ Riant ........... OOft Pasting ... ____ Pasting _________ * Mixing .... ______ Workroom Blank ... . ..._ ___ __ SO -- ... 7.8 .. 16.7 ______ 5.6 -......... ft Ml Burner ____________________ ______1.1 .......... 1.0 Foreman ............ ........ ......... .......... 0.7 Fireman ............................... Charger __________________________ 1.4 Manager _____ ________ .. Repairer______ _________ . 1.5 Shioner ... ...... ......... .......... _____ 1.3 Assembler ............ ...... ______ 1.2 Former end Charger_______ _____ 1.4 Pester _____________________ _____ 10.2 Pester ___ - __ 2.0 Office-Plant Worker___ .. ... 2.0 Pssting _ . _______ -- 4.1 Pasting _____________________ ____ 3.7 * Meltinr .. . ........ .................. ~ 2.05 Workroom__________________ 2.23 * Blank _____ . ... 0.00 Pasting _____ _ ___ _ * 2.8 Pasting ................................ . -- 3.34 Pastinr ... .............................. Mixing ________ .... ........... 1.2# Mixing _________________ 7.10 Mixing .._________ ____ _ Burning ....................... ....___ 5.45 Blank___ ________________ ___ - P*t#r ......*. * Assembler ................. Assembler .................. Manacer ..................... Wrecker ............. Melter end Caster.......... ......... ........ " _____ 1 ft S.S 11 ** 4.1 Page 3S0 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 1937 In general, wherever a high conceniiition of lead subsequently check counts may be unreliabu was established in the atmosphere, this was ac- 5. Some batches of dry stain are inherent!, companied by an increase above the usual of unsulted to this test because of chemical unpun basophilic aggregations in the blood of exposed ties which lead to unwanted and inaccurate re! : workers. suits. j Some laboratories report in connection wjtv I Comment instances of proved lead poisoning a percents- AS THE application of the basophilic aggrega- of basophilic -aggregations in that zone regard* tion test, as a measure of lead intake in- by us as within the usual limits for unexposed 1 creases in extent and in value, it becomes highly persons. Appropriate investigation of all circu. desirable that this method come into no degree of stances usually establishes that as a result of som. . disrepute because of deficiencies in technical pro- technical inaccuracy, the full number of W ; cedure. From extensive correspondence that has philic aggregations potentially present are act - Mans, or Leao on Av er ag e R-a on HIGHEST G.A i.s mb h s . or Lead u.t Av er ag e B A. 44 HIGHEST BA B4 MGMS. Or LCAO l Av e r a g e b .a . o Hig h e s t B.A. 14 mo ms , o r l e ad 04 AVERAGE BA 0.9 h ig h e s t b a 14 SCHEMATIC DRAWING INDICATING LINE OPERATION IN A LEAD USING INDUSTRY * WORKERS WITH Hig h Ba s o r h iu c Ag g r e g a t io n Co u n t s (a A3 a r e rouno On l y In Th a t Zo n e w h e r e Air mo o in g o r l e a d Ou s t e d Pa r t s Ca u s e s Hig h At mo s p h e r ic Co n c en t r a t io n Op l e a d . MOMS, or LEAD Ot a v e r a b e a.a . 1.1 HIGHEST B.A I.B O WORKER WITH MO ISAS ASOORPTIOH G WORKER WITH IXAO ABSORPTION AS SHOWN BY EA.TE3T LEAD EXPRESSED AS MthURRAMA PER 10 CUM. OP AIR B-A EXPRESSES AS Rfc OP TOTAL REO CELL COUNTS grown up about this method, it becomes well established that some unfavorable results are related to demonstrable technical difficulties. A number of these are now mentioned: 1. In the preparation of the Manson stain, best results will be obtained if the boiling water to which the borax is added is allowed to cool to room temperature prior to the addition of the methylene blue. Otherwise, a precipitate may be formed in some instances. 2. The Manson stain is best used in covered jars, into which the slides to be stained are sub merged. However, prior to the staining of any batch of slides, the surface of the stain should be skimmed off with a sheet of filter paper, in order to remove possible accumulations of precipitate, which sometimes forms at the surface. 3. From slides sent in for examination, it has been determined that the greater number present blood smears so thick as to make enumeration difficult and onerous. A single layer of discretely separated cells is desirable. 4. The use of xylol, alcohol or almost any other solvent commonly employed in the cleaning off of cedar oil leads to the removal from the slides of many basophilic aggregations, to the end that being recognized as such and counted. In one ; instance, an industrial technician reported a 12% i basophilic aggregation in a known case of earl; { lead poisoning. A more experienced worker, mai- i tag a count on the same slide, detected a percent- age of 4.6 of basophilic aggregations, which is expectable. ! No known reason exists for any recession from the statement that healthy persons, unexposed to lead or other sources of increased basophilic aggre gation counts usually will not present percentages of basophilic aggregations in excess of 1 S, ai- l though very rarely apparently normal persons I may present a percentage near 2. Such persons, i on investigation, usually may be shown to exhibit ; an undue amount of oral aepsii. a tonsillar m- > fection, sinus disease or some little apparent as* . comparatively unimportant condition. One accompanying schematic drawing is ! signed to present the application of the basophilic * aggregation test in spotting exposure points is lead using departments in industry. In the factory department leading to this drawing, a11 of the approsdmately four hundred workers eB- ployed were sent to the dispensary during the course of a two-day period for the purposes o! Vot- 6, No. 6 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE Page 361 supplying blood tr-c*i' for basophilic aggrega tion examination. These workers were sent to the dispensary without any selection as to precise work points and no information was procured by the examiner as to types of employment--in fact no information was procured other than the name of the employee and his badge number. In due time, basophilic segregation counts were made with the result that nine workmen presented counts well above the normal range. Then with the colored pin system, all workers were spotted on a blue pnnt of the work department concerned. Through this maneuver, it was established that without exception the workers showing positive tests were employed at identical duties located in an area with a radius of about 30 feet. Then and then only quantitative determinations of lead in the atmosphere were made through the method described oy Harrold, Meek and Holden18, at this point and at other appropriate stations in the en tire department Only at this one location was the concentration of lead sufficiently high to have induced lead poisoning and to have provoked the high basophilic aggregation test encountered. From this storage battery work or from any other investigations in which correlations have been sought between the quantity of lead in the atmosphere and the B. A. test, it may not be main tained that with any given increase in the atmos pheric content of lead is there a corresponding and commensurate increase in the percentage of baso philic aggregations in the blood. It is unlikely that any such precise conformity ever may be demon strated, since the content of lead in the atmosphere in most work places obviously varies from hour to hour and day to day and even greater difficulty is encountered through the fact that the basophilic aggregation count determined on any given dav probably is influenced by a lead intake of several days' priority, and possibly as much as two or three weeks. Therefore, no contention is made with res pect to a correlation other than the demonstrable fact that in the sustained presence of an atmospher ic lead content above that which is tolerable, or in the presence of other lead exposures, such as a proved carrying of lead to the mouth by fingers, there will arise in due time among workers tip ex posed increased percentages of basophilic aggrega tions extending beyond the range regarded as usual for tuiexposed and healthy persons. In view of statements frequently made that there is no known tolerance to the action of lead, the issue is frequently created as to why all workers under apparently equal exposures do not uniform ly present increased basophilic aggregation per centages. The response and explanation leaves no uncertainty as to the rationality of this occur ence. The intake per day or per any other consid erable unit of time by different workers engaged in substantially the same work markedly varies due to a number of factors, such as the efficacy of the nasal passages as a barrier to the entrance of dust, the rate and depth of respirations, different heights of workers which introduces variables as to proximity of the breathing zone of workers in relation to exposures, the manner in which work ers manipulate tools, such as blow torches in the burning operation of storage battery manufacture, and lastly the variations in hygienic habits of dif ferent workers as to cleanliness,, change of gar ments, etc. It is therefore expectable and almost inevitable that some workers will exhibit evi dences of lead absorption or lead poisoning while their fellows appear to be unaffected. Summary: IN AN industrial city, an investigation has .been made of work conditions as to lead exposures in a series of very small storage battery manufac turing plants, some of which were operating under manifestly objectionable work conditions. As a part of appropriate engineering hygienic surveys, lead determinations were made of the atmosphere in all operations. Later, and with due regard for an inevitable lag period, basophilic aggregation tests are carried out on the blood of all workers. In those plants leading to quantitative deter minations of lead in the atmosphere in excess of the threshold of tolerability, corresponding baso philic aggregation tests were likewise such as to fall beyond the zone characterizing healthy, unex posed persons. Conversely, in those plants provid ing no high amounts of lead in the atmosphere, no workers exhibited basophilic aggregation find ings beyond the percentage accepted as charac teristic of healthy unexposed persons. 1 Table 2. ' Wniyihnir AirfiecaUao Taat Controls UoesjMned. Healthy Malta ' Worker Technician Technician _ Technician Secretary Secretary Secretary Secretary B. A Cell Count (percentaze) Salesman SalttsuA Student Student Dentist Doctor Housewife Housewife Kousewtfe Houeewite Housewife Doctor Citations: 1. McCoeo. C. P., Homan, F. R., and Jo s h s t o n , Jut: Basophilic Assresatioa Teet In the Lead Poiionini Epi demic of 1934-35, Am. J. Pub. Health, 25:1039 (October), 19S5. 2. SUnm-ron, Auct: The Storere Battery Industry, J. Induct. Hyp., 9:345 (August), 1927. P0007-SWP-000030846 Pape 362 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE June, is j j 3. W*,.r;..'.-eimc, E., and Kvnm E.: Lead nd Gaaej paralysis is most always due to bony pressure^, in th Manufacture of Lead Storafe Batteriet, Cijieno Trudo.No. 9:19,1928 _.' ,. 4. WieBoirraCBnc, E., and Kvnm, E.: Introduction of Labor Hygiene in the Manufacture of Accumulator^ Arb. especially if it takes place at the time of injury It is rare that a cord is so torn or lacerated at the time of injury as to cause a complete paralyse Leningrad fntt. Geiserbchve., 3:122, 1930. 5. Ba ia a c , Lat o h t , and Fan.: Lead Poiaonlnf Reaultinf from the Manufacture of Storafe Batteries, J.A.M.A., 85: 1412 (October, 31), 1925. . 8. Wnu. C A.: Remarks e Acute Lead 'Poiaonlnf: Then too, in most cases a torn or lacerated c o m will not cause an early subarachnoid block as win bony pressure. This is an important point to he kept in mind in differentiating the cause of the Its prevention, dlamoels and treatment. (In the storafe batter7 industry).. Canad-MAJ., 22:825 (June), 1930. ?. CumrM, L, Sc b a t x , A. A., and Sb u o ms e t , H.: A Study of Lead Poiaonlnf In a Storafe Battery Plant, V. S. Pub. Health Rep.. 44:1888 (July 12). 1929. _ block and the paralysis. Cases in this group which do not have major manifestations of cord pressure are not surgical A reduction of the fracture og a Hawley table with use of the fluoroscope is the 8 Guxmrnc, L., and Btoourms, J. J.: The Implnfer Dust Samplinf Apparatus, V, S. Pub. Health Rep., 47:854 (March), 1932. 9. Roasxu. A. Em Jours, R. R., BtooHrau, J. J., and others.: Lead Poiaonlnf in a Storafe Battery Plant, Pub. proper treatment. Certain cases with bony pressure, immediate paralysis and subarachnoid block cail for surgj. cal intervention. I am less inclined to surgery Health BulL, 205 (June), 1933. 10. Hassons, G. C,, Mm. S. T. and Honoru T. R.: A Practical Method for the Rapid Determination of Lead when Found in the Atmosphere, J. induct. Hyp., 18:724 (December), 1938. than formerly, and this is because of our results with conservative treatment. We always try ( reduction first. This is done on a Hawley table with the use of a shock proof fluoroscope and without anesthesia. I am of the opinion that no Fractures of the Spine fractured spine should be operated until a reduc tion has been attempted. --The Surgical Aspect-- Ric h a r d Bnnox, MD, MiltedpeviHe, Georgia Surgery should be resorted to in those cases in which x-ray shows bony pressure bn the cord, in in which there is a total paralysis occurring at the time of injury, and in which there is a com IN THIS modern time of fast living, rapid trans portation and strenuous playing, fractures of plete block of the subarachnoid space. It is ran that orthopedic measures help this type. Immed the abtphopedeysaprainnthedaactroetvhneeorsbloothnnegyesfrrpuainnmaceol wmcoomrrdkoniws.*hniocIthlwosnougupelpdrortsiicatotriesdl.ywaiIsfettehtroinakrtetemitmoppvoteinotrghejaundbgoumnnyseunpctrceetsosssuwfureal irtferodoumncttithohines adequate to take care of the increased demands type of case, and delay means mortality or per made on it. Formerly a rare condition, spine fractures are now quite common. Intelligent manent morbidity. - I am aware that certain neuro-surgeons..oppose..surgery .in.- any type- of knowledge and management of this type of frac ture is now demanded of every doctor whether compression fracture. I cannot see the wisdom of allowing bony pressure to remain on a cord he be a surgeon or not. and when other attempts have failed to remove When the spine is fractured there are usually two problems with which we are concerned: the pressure, I believe it good surgery to remove that pressure. I am aware that laminectomy does First: Compression fractures in which dislo- not leave an ideal situation for the patient but it location is not evident by x-ray and in which is better than permanent paralysis and slow death. there is little or no neurological or manometer In dealing with an injury so severe as to cause evidence of cord injury. spine fracture we, in practically all cases, have a Second; Compression fractures in which dis patient who is severely injured in other parts location and cord injury are evident by x-ray, of the body. I think a rapid and careful exami neurological and manometer findings, either one, nation should be dope before the patient is mani- Etwo or all. ulated in any manner. It is useless to manipu- In the first group are fractures which cause ite or operate on the spine of a patient in which mild or slowly progressive neurological symptoms. there are other major injuries likely to prove These cases usually make a good recovery under fatal. Several years ago we did a beautiful and competent orthopedic management. They are successful laminectomy on a fat man with a rarely surgical and certainly never early surgi first lumbar fracture and complete paralysis only cal. Our objective in this class is just the same to have him die four days later from a ton as in any type of fracture, that is to secure mesentery and ruptured cecum. This experience anatomic, economic, and functional restoration. certainly made me look around more carefully. Occasionally for various reasons a proper reduc Surgical intervention in spine fractures is be tion of this type of fracture is not done early. It coming less popular. This is due to several fac may then become necessary to resort to surgery tors: first! most of these injured who would be because callus formation and contractions grad considered surgical are fatally hurt; second, the ually cause cord compression. use of reduction under shock proof fluoroscope, In the second group are placed those cases and third, receiving these cases after paralyse which present immediate evidence of x-ray, has existed for 24 hours or longer . neurological and manometer changes. These In conclusion I would say that when definite changes vary from moderate neurologic distur indications exist for surgery we should not hesi bance to a frank paralysis with complete sub tate. I would warn against foolishly fast surgery. arachnoid block. The neurologic disturbance may Most of these cases are referred to us and often be due to slight bony pressure, edema, hemorr times it takes courage to refuse an operation hage, or cord and dura laceration. The complete when it is urged on you by a colleague who is * good friend. After all nothing is to be gained by Pn**r*fd *t tfct Mewing of the Awodotta C IwrgeeM f the AiUna and W* Point Rail toad, the Weetera Railway etf Alabama, and the Georea Railroad, at Atlanta, Cwrgia. March jo, operating on a patient who will get well without it and one who will die with it. 0007-SWP-000030847 The Technical Material* on Lead Analyses are Canbined with Those on Dust Counts and Are Presented in the Pollowing Section N16643.04 1 LEAD A1ULT5SS ' Iba chief source of lead taken Into the bodies of paint workers is respired dust* Apart from organic lead compounds, lead does .not .enter rthrongh -the .portal -of ithe akin. Sons lead, is transferred to tbs south by the hands, in handkerchiefs, and froa lead dust deposited on the lips, Soae of this lead reaches the intestinal tract and nay be absorbed. About fire tiaee as auch lead is required for the average worker, entering the body through the intestinal tract, to produce lead poisoning as is true for that taken Into the longs. In other words, practically all of the lead entering the lungs Is absorbed, while perhaps not more than 1/5 of the lead Ingested is absorbed. The above being true, appropriate, aeasureasnt of ataospherlc lead provides the best index of contaminated air In a given paint plant. Seventeen such samples have been collected at suitable points In this plant. The method of collecting measured quantities of air used by us Is that described In the United States Public Health Reports, Vol, 45, No. 12, Larch IS, 1932, "The Construction and Use of Impinger Dust Sampling Apparatus*. In brief, the apparatus employed consists of a motor driven rotor type of pump, oarefully calibrated In such a fashion as to pass through the apparatus a predetermined amount of air per minute. The usual rate Is one foot of air per minute of time. The dust In the air Is thrown out of the air through the procedure of Impinging. Thus the air Is stripped of Its lead content and the lead is retained for analytic purposes. An accompanying picture portrays this equipment. After the collection of samples, analyses were carried out by a new method which is described in accompanying reprints of an article entitled *A Practical Method for the Rapid Determination of Lead Then Found In the Atmosphere*. This method Is highly sensitive and whenever the need arises will measure very minute fractions of a milligram of lead. Theoretically, some lead compounds are more toxic than others. This is based on differences of solubility. The sulphate is know to be 0007-SWP-000030849 rre insoluble than the carbonate for example. Practically, theee dif ferences are of little importance, except for thet quantity of lead taken' into the gaatro-inteetinal tract. So far as known, all respired lead eventually is absorbed and becomes available for damage to body tissue. So far as this report is concerned, mo .variations in degree of importance : is ascribed to any one compound of lead. Just what quantity of lead taken into the body dally will produce lead poisoning is speculative. By common consent, many published articles and many legal standards set the threshold of danger at 1.5 mgma. of lead in ten cubic meters of air. The last figure cited approxi mates the quantity of air breathed by a workman in the oourse of an el s^t hour day. Prom our own experience, we have come to believe that the dally Intake quantity required to produce lead poisoning is considerably higher end on the order of 8 mgas. It is difficult to prove this point, so these investigators Join in the "eosnon consent figure" of 1.5 mgms and endeavor to devise conditions that will provide exposvres below that point. The practical fact involved is that most persons will not acquire lead poison ing at the level mentioned, that is 1.5 mgs*. per day, but occasionally one worker will. Not all persons equally exposed will provide the same response to lead. Those who are eloohollc, those who are constipated, those who are given to repeated infections, such as common colds, those who are afflicted with gastro-intestinal upsets, those who have nasal abnormalities, and those who breathe rapidly are more likely to acquire lead poisoning than wholly normal persons equally exposed. The counting of dust parti clew is not a proper procedure for the measurement of exposures to lead in any plant. Since, however, lead la never used as such alone, in most operations it has been deemed appropriate to make dust counts along with lead analyses in order to have in hand some information as to the general dustiness of the air concerned. The method used in particle enumeration is well de scribed in that United States Public Health Report above cited. Below is furnished a tabulation of the lead analyses and dust counts made in this planti 1 Sample #1 House Paint, Bry Uix B, loading mixer, with dry lead pipents. 40.3 mgms. of lead per 10 eu. meters of air over a 20 minute sampling period. Bust: 46,200,000 particles per cubic foot, (Note: In subsequent samples, it is assumed that lead in air is measured per 10 cu, meters of air and dust in particles per cubic foot) Sample fs . Bouse Paint, Bry Uix 3, loading mixer with dry lead plgnents. Lead: 7,6 mgms. over 20 minute sampling period. Bust: 12,400,000 Sample #3 House Paint, Dry Cix B, loading mixer with dry lead pigments. Lead: 8,7 m^s, over 11 minute sampling period. Bust: 10,100,000 Sanmle ?H House Paint A, loading mixer with asbestine and other materials. Lead: ^15^4_mgas. over 10 minute sampling period. Bust: 10,100,000 ' Sample #5 Aluminum Bronze billing Room B, wetting down aluminum powder with solvent. Lead: 6,5 mgms. over 10 minute sampling period. Bust: 24,800,000 (approximately) Sample #6 House Paint B, Chrome (been Bry Uix. Lead: 12,8 mgms, over 10 minute sampling period. Bust: Over 2X^000,000. Sample #7 House Paint B, Chrome Yellow Dry Uix Load: 10.5 mgns. over 8 minute sampling period. Bust: 66,400,000. Sample #8 White Enamel Mixing, 4th Floor, D-4 Dept. Lead: 5.7 mgms. over 7 minute eupling period. Bust: 21,200,000. , SanaIs #9 White Enamel Mixing, 4th Floor, loading ball mill. Lead: 8.0 mgss. over 12 minute sampling period. Bust: 45,700,000. Sarnie #10 White Enamel Mixing, 4th Floor, loading mixers. Lead: 2.8 mgcs. over 5 minute sampling period. Bust: 24,800,000. Sample #11 White Enamel Mixing, 4th Floor, loading mixer*. Lead: 1.4 mgms. over 10 minute sampling period, Oust: Oter 23) 000,000. Sample #12 House Paint B, Dry Mixing, Second Floor, mixing Ferrite Ochre, lead: 1.5 mgms. orer S minute sailing period. Dust: .49,700;000. Sample #13 House. Paint B, General Air Sample, lead: 2.2 mgas. orer 22 minute period. Dust: 6,230,000. Sample fi4 House Paint B, Dry Mix, Second Floor, Mixing French Ochre, lead: 4.4 mgms. orer IS minute sampling period. Dust: 167,000,000. Sample #15 Resin Room, Gum Warehouse, Tarnish Department, loading tarnish pots with gums and resins. Dust: 6,700,000 oter 7* period.- . Bote: Sample collected in dilute aloohol solution, which disaolTed most of the dust. Sample #16 Resin Rocm, Gum Warehouse, Tarnish Department, loading tarnish pots with gums and resins. lead: 0.35 oter ten minute sampling period. Dust: 16,900,000. (dust badly agglomerated. Count definitely too low) Setmle #17 Nitrocellulose Milling Room, Department D-6, operating Banbury ^ mu. Dust count oter 15 minute sampling period 2,920,000. Saayle <lfl Lacquer Mixing Rocm, Second Floor, Dept. D-4L, dumping nitro cellulose into lacquer mixing tank. lead: 0.1 mgas. oter 20 minute eampllng period. Dust: 5,300,000. Sample #19 Stone Dreaalng Room, facing mill stone on laths. * lead: 0.6 mesa, oter 30 minute eaepling period. Dust: 1,290,000. ' From the above list, it may be noted that the following loca tions show lead concentrations above 1.5 mgms. per ten cubic meters of air: 1 House Paint, Dry liix B Bouse Paint A Aluminum Bronze Using Room House Paint B, Chrome Green Dry Uz House Paint B, Chrome Yellow Dry his White Bnenel Using House Paint B (general air) House Paint B (sizing French Ochre) 40.3 mgas. 15.4 mgma. 5.5 mgms. 13.6 mgas. 10.5 mgas. 5,7 mgms. 2.2 mgms. 4.4 mgns. She problems . created by this .lead exposure re..discussed In e subsequent .section entitled "Lead Problems''. Additional Botes Hade by Dr. Tredrlck: ' 1) The low type of dry misers used In this plant have little to be said In their favor from a safety standpoint, but from a dust control standpoint appear to be preferable to the higher forms with underneath drives. ISuch less duatlng occurs during charging at the miners and the workers' breathing zone Is well above the localized cloud of dust which Is emitted. 2) When Interpreting these data, collected in nineteen representative areas about the plant, It must be remembered that stumer time conditions prevailed, with high humidities and excellent window ven tilation. Unquestionably higher dust concentrations will prevail In winter months when the relative humidity is correspondingly low and the doors and windows tightly dosed. ' 3) The present wet type of grinding and chiseling practiced In the stone dressing department appears to have the silica dust problem well under control. Such practice la highly eosmendable and should be con tinued. 4) The dry mixing and the wetting down of dry aluminum and other bronzing powders la accompanied by large clouds of metallic dust. It is suggested that whenever possible, the s%aterial be wetted down In the original container and subsequently manipulated In paste form. The wearing of properlyt designed respirators tends to alleviate the exposure. 5) It was observed that respirators were almost universally wore during the dustiest phases of the operations, but ware removed as soon as the work was completed. This practice affords no protection against the resident dust concentrations In the air, which may remain high for considerable lengths of time In the absence of frequent air changes. Sea Accompanying Reprint for Description of Method For Atmospheric Lead Analyses Cerried out in This . Investigation* Acme tfhlte Lead and Color Works Bamtramek (Detroit) Michigan 6) Further it is believed that proper servicing and maintenance of respirators is not being made. All respirators should be cleaned and inspected dally in a special department far this work and by an experienced workman. In order to aTold the need of two respirators for wery man, this "work should be done wit night after the regular shifts haws ceased work. Every workman in dusty arses should have his own respirator, cleaned and sterilized dally and worn by no one else* 7) The respirators in use, in the writer's opinion, are of a satisfactory type and probably the best now available for protection against lead and other dusts, 8) The exposure to high concentrations of organic dust in the gum warehouse, especially during Tarnish pot loading operations should be viewed with suspicion. Suitable control and protective measure should be inaugurated in the near future. At the present time, these workmen do not use respirators and only natural vmtllatlon is provided. Certain experi mental work, if done, might successfully reduce the dusting of the resins, ibistening with water, alcohol or alcohol-water solutions may be both feasible and adequate, S) The enormously high counts and the ertraaely tnall particles found associated with samples taken about color pigment mixing operations indicates a real need for dust control in the form of local exhaust hoods. The mixing of chrome pigments presents sn especially dangerous exposure to both lead end chromium, Respirators of the type which are used at present will protect agalnat the lead, but not against the possibility of chrome derma titis and chrome ulcers. The chemical conposltlona of other color pigments in use are not known to the writer, but unquestionably provide similar ex posures to other metals and irritating agents. ' 10) Hiring caulking confound releases numerous asbestos particles into the air as show by counts made about this manufacture. Bowet the extent of the exposure is sufficiently limited that the use of resplratoi by exposed workers end the introduction of some general exhaust ventilation into the work room will prevent the appearance of aabestosls. 1 IX) la conclusion it may be said that the dust conditions of tbs lens 'Jhite Lead and Color ;/orks, as pictured by the several dust ; counts here reported, are not alarsdngly bed and do not require the applies * j tion of drastic and laced late control measures. However, this company should | consider as a long range course of action the gredual reduction of all .high j :durt exposures in the plant, either by installation of local exhaust hoods, I increasing the general ventilation, changing manipulation procedures and processes, or a combination of these devices. i Twmjowauk * Innnnr Broun*m tOMM TwL U. No.II. Piling, m* A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR THE RAPID DETERMINATION OF LEAD WHEN FOUND IN THE ATMOSPHERE* G. C. Ha k b o l d , S. F. Me x x a n d F. R. Ho l d in Pram the Mum'll Byfiam Department, Ckryeler Corporation, Detroit, Michigan HE determination of lead is that too many of the methods require T null amounts found is air equipment not available to the average has been carried out is the worker in industrial unitation, we put by some modification of Fapriro-pose in this method to limit the bail'a chromate method (1,2). These use of expensive or special equipment. modifications include those using the The details of the sampling ap S-diphesylearbaxide developed by Ca- paratus can be obtained from papers zeneuve (3) u an indicator for hex- written by Greenburg ei al. (IS) and avalent chromium. Kehoe (4,5) and Bloomfield (19). Ordinary items of others found this method inferior to a Fyrex laboratory glassware will be the spectroscopic determination (6, 7) only other items of equipment neces especially when used for biological sary. material. Electrolytic methods have Sampling procedure for lead.--Using also been proposed (8) u have various a modified Greenburg-Smith impinger colorimetric procedures (9, 10). Re and air sampler, one collects ordinary cently a number of investigators (11, lead dust composed of lead oxides, 12,13,14,15) have developed modifi etc., in 250 cc. of lead-free distilled cations of Fischer (16) and Leopoldi's water. For some lead compounds and (17) dithisone method for the quanti lead fumes where it is best to collect tative determination of lead for use in the sample in a dilute nitric acid solu various types of investigations. We tion, one uses 10 cc. of concentrated have for some time used a modification nitrie add (C.P., 8p. G. 1.42-1.43) of this method for the determination in the 250 cc. of distilled water. Inas of lead is air. much as we, for the sake of conveni Inasmuch as we know of no other ence and accuracy, in evaporation, method which permits one to collect ordinarily use 500 cc. Pyrex wide- and analyse so many samples of air mouth Erlenmeyer Saaks with 250 cc. that may be lead-contaminated, we of distilled water, the quantities of describe here the sampling and analys add and subsequent reagents are ing procedure in the hope of contribut based on that procedure. Should one ing to the development of rapid and use other collection bottles, containing accurate methods for the determina less distilled water (75-150 cc.) as in tion of toxic substances in the field of some types recently described (20), industrial hygiene. Since it is felt modified reagent amounts should be *lUeeivsd for pubUeatioa May X, IMS. used. 724 i i ! N16643.05 / tel. it, no. 10] DITHIZONE METHOD OP LEAD DETERMINATION 725 The sampling time for quantities of lead which will approximate 1.5 or lea mg. per 10 cu. m. of air ehould be from 30 to 40 minute*. In area* where the amount* of lead are greater than 1.5 mg. per 10 cu. m. of air, the time of sampling should be reduced according to the concentration as the amount* of lead analysed by thia method are in the neighborhood of thousandths of a milligram, and should not exceed 0.1 mg. The sample is collected either with the 10 cc. of concentrated nitric acid added or in pure distilled water. If collected in pure distilled water, add the name quantity (exactly 10 cc.) concentrated nitric add after collec tion. The sample is boiled in the original sampling fiaslc until the quan tity u slightly lea than B0 cc. After cooling, place in 100 cc. volumetric Basics. Wash the sampling Bask with two 5 cc. portions of distilled water and add this wash water to the volu metric Bask. Then dilute to the mark with distilled water. Remove an aliquot portion of 5 cc. which quan tity will contain approximately 0.5 cc. of concentrated nitric add. It is important to add exactly 10 cc. of nitric add and no-more. Too little add will cause destruction of the dithiaone reagent. Too great an amount will lower the pH below B.7 which is the alkalinity to which the lead extractive solution ha* been adjusted. This has been shown to be the optimum pH by Clifford and Wichmann (21). The reagent* have been adjusted to care for all commonly interfering metallic ions, but thia will not be true unless the described condi tions are followed precisely. Cb e Uc a i. An a l y s is Preparation o} Solulion*.--Prepare (1) a 5 per cent ammonium citrate solution from dtrie add by the addi tion of ammonium hydroxide until just alkaline to litmus paper. (2) 10 per cent solution of potassium cyanide. (3) Lead extradite edution.--Mix 15 cc. of 10 per cent potassium cyanide solution and 20 cc. of ammonium citrate solution with S3 cc. of concen trated ammonium hydroxide (Sp. Q. 0.9), and then add 450 cc. of water. (This solution is used to neutralise the exeea nitric acid, and provide the proper pH of from 9.5--10.) (4) Ditkiune extractive eolation.--5 cc. potassium cyanide 10 per cent, 15 cc. concentrated ammonium hy droxide to 500 cc. of water. (5) Diikitone solulion.--25 mg. dithisons per liter of pure chloroform. Standard lead eolation.--1.598 gr. lead nitrate (recrystallised) in 1000 cc. of 0.1 per cent nitric acid solution. 1 cc. of thia solution .001 gr. lead 1 mg. lead. ' 10 cc. of above is diluted to 1000 cc. Whence 1 cc. of the dilution solution .01 mg. lead. All reagents should be of the highest purity obtainable. Detailed procedure.--15 cc. of the lead extractive solution is placed in each of the Squibb separatory fun nel*. Exactly 5 cc. of the unknown sample contained in the 100 cc. volu metric Bask is added. Then add the dithiaone solution from a burette in 0.3 cc. portions, shaking the separatory funnel after each addition until a slight purple tinge is noticed in the chloroform layer. The dithiaone in 0007-SWP-000030858 T 728 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY (De,, tut + ' ' Lead extractive solution containing the ,of the 10 mg.-per X. dithisone reagent lead, until a alight purple tinge which will be sensitive with the di- appears, one adds a known volume of thisone already added, up to about known concentration of the dithisone 0.015 mg. of lead. Should the color reagent. These concentrations are so still be cherry red, it is recommended adjusted as to give colors ranging from that 5 cc. of the 25 mg. per L. solution green through blue-green to purple be used. This will increase the lead shades, and finally a cherry red. which can be determined up to about We have found it advantageous to 0.05 mg. If still larger quantities of use small known amounts of the weak- lead are present, one may add the est dithisone reagent for the unknown successive increments of the 25 mg. sample and the same solution for the per L. dithirone up to about 25 cc. standards nearest the unknown in when the sensitive limit will be lead concentration. reached. This procedure will allow a Then by adding a definite volume top limit of about 0.25 mg. to be of the stronger solution, the unknowns determined. It is recommended, how- having larger lead content may be ever, that a smaller aliquot portion of determined. Other standards will the total lead sample be used, should then be made up containing larger one have over 0.15 mg. in the sample, known quantities of lead and the Draw off the chloroform layer contain- dithisone will be added in two portions, ing the lead dithisone complex into one, the known amount of weak the comparator tubes and compare dithisone as added to the weak stand- with the standards. The greatest ards, and the second portion of sensitivity is found when using the stronger dithisone as added to the deeper purple shades, unknown sample. The standard lead solutions made By following this method of adding as previously described are the same the dithisone reagent, an unknown volume as the unknown sample. They containing up to 0.2 mg. of lead may must be treated exactly as the un- be accurately determined. Most rou- known sample. It is cautioned that tine work demands no more than four the analyst should never compare to six standards. unknown samples which approach to Detailed procedure.--Collect sample near cherry-red color. It is further as previously mentioned. Add 5 cc. recommended that when greater aeeu- of the unknown sample contained in racy is desired the number of stand- 100 cc. volumetric flasks to 15 cc. of ards be increased to that the range in lead extractive solution. Shake thor- lead content is never more than 0.002 oughly and add 5 cc. of the dithisone mg. between any two standards, solutioncontainingtmg. perL. Shake Diteuuion.--This procedure has, in vigorously. This amount and concen- addition to a greater accuracy, the tration is very sensitive for from 0 to advantage that larger samples can be 0.005 mg. of lead. If the dithisone analysed with no sacrifice in accuracy, solution turns a cherry red indicating Using this modification with an aliquot that the unknown contains larger of 1 cc. of the 100 cc. sample, it would amounts of lead, one then adds 5 cc. be possible to analyse air accurately 730 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY |Dee., Me Results obtained using th$ modified .parts after the addition of nitric add. method compered to results obtained One portion-was treated as suggested by the method when all exoeae di by Clifford and Wichmann (21) for thisone ia removed are shown in table removal of tin and the lead then 2. These figures indicate that an determined by the "mixed color" analyst familiar with the variations in method. The other portion was tints produced by addition of exoeases treated by the "one color" method of dithisone can obtain results accu described in this article. No appre rate to less than 3 per cent of the lead ciable error was evident. The results present. The error is of course greater are shown in table 3. when very small quantities are an alysed. For this reason, the analyst TABLES should so choose his sample aliquot that it contains between 0.005 and u a i row (uu AJTB na) iu>ronr> (TU UMTtl) 0.15 mg. of lead. This is not difficult after a short familiarity with the method. The speed of the method is not appreciably affected inasmuch as the extractions with dithisone extrac 1 2 3 4 *# o.azt 0.02 0.04 0.013 0.023 0.022 0.040 0.011 tive solution are eliminated. TABLE 4 IirmrauNcx or Mx t al Io n s Lass Focus nr Pmxssncs or Ixrsarxaixa The only interference which occurs Eisum with diphenyithiocarbasone in the solutions used is that due to stannous MW Al> VTAffiVOM UAI vata i i UMTun tin, bismuth and thallium. We have neglected thslHnm because of the 0.02 0.01 #. *#. 0.021 small amounts of this material used in 0.02 0.01 0.010 industry. Bismuth and tin do not 0.04 0.01 0.041 interfere due to the excess ammonium 0.04 0.01 0.04 hydroxide and ammonium citrate 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 which remove these metals while in 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.041 combination with dithisone. It is not known how completely this pro It may prove advantageous if a cedure removes the interferences. It problem involving bismuth and lead may be that compensatory errors cause should arise to remove the bismuth the removal to appear complete. by Willoughby's procedure (22), al However, it has been observed that, though it appears that reasonable in the analysis of air containing solder results for routine work can be ob particles with a composition of approx tained without such preliminary re imately 50 per cent tin and 50 per cent moval if quantities for analysis are lead, no appreciable error is evident. above 0.01 mg. This stand is taken The following experiment was made. in view of the errors of air sampling Air samples containing the unknown but cannot be condoned should ex material were divided into two equal treme accuracy be desired. k I. It, w. I0\ OITHIZOKE METHOD OF LEAD DETERMINATION 731 These results shown in table A-were standards that ate used in the analysis obtained by using the method as given of the unknown sample. We have in the general procedure, using the used the method for other determina dithisone extractive eolution to remove tions than air analysis and, in such excess dithisone. In actual practice, cases, it is of course necessary to where it is used with lead, the inter determine an accurate blank. This, ference is found to be negligible even however, we find in most cases to be when the shortened routine method O'.OOl mg. or less. This is not true is used. for various organic materials requiring Cmparium ofthree methods.--It was digestions and other manipulations. found that, when using a modified In conclusion, it should be explained indirect chromate method, results that the value of this procedure is felt were invariably higher than they to lie in the rapid sampling and analy should have been. As used by us, the sis of lead in air to the end that control excess of standard hexavalent chro of industrial haxards may be accom mium was determined colorimetrically plished. Much difficulty in studying using diphenyicarbaxide as the indica complex industrial problems arises be- tor, after lead chromate had been I> $ separated by filtration. TABLES Our results seem consistent with Ac t o ai Ssmus w it s Ixrxarasnro Sea- the spectroscopic results obtained by STsxcas PasssiT >4 ill another laboratory, and about the tame order of accuracy as other results kifiM.ua aSSTua previously presented. Discussion of error in air analysis.-- The accuracy of this method when a #. 0.025 0.035 0.017 0.094 m$- 0.0133 0.0335 0.01 mg. sample or more is taken for analysis is certainly greater than 0.033 0.054 0.018 0.031 0.0161 0.0237 needed when the errors of sampling technic are considered. Inasmuch as cause not enough determinations can there is no point in having a method be made in the time allotted for such much more sensitive than the whole study. process of collection of sample and analysis, it is felt that, because of the SUUUKT speed in analysis and the smaller We have presented a means of ' sampling time that is directly related collecting and analysing lead in any to the smaller quantities of lead which form using a minimum of expensive can be accurately analysed, this equipment. No colorimeter need be method is much superior to the used if this procedure is followed, and methods previously used in lead analy the only special equipment needed is sis of air samples. the air sampler and impinger. It is It is further to be noted that no recognised that by making blank blank has been found necessary be determinations Pyrex separatory fun cause the same solutions and amounts nels and high purity chemicals are not of chemicals are used in making up the required. T 732 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY [Dee., tnt BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Fainsiu, L. T.: Lead etudiee. Esti minute amounts of lead is arise. mation of minute amounts of lead Canadian Med. Asst. 3., "It," Hi in biologies! material. Tate Joos., (1833;..........." 4,4(1822-23). U. WicsMamt, E. 8., MossaT, C. W., 3. Faisnali, L. T.: Lead etudiee. A rapid Hauls, M., Curross, P. A., Looos- method of analysing arise for lead. ssr, J. H., am Vossse, F. A., Js.: J. Biol. Chcm., 80,485 (1334). Methods for determination of Iced 3. Caxsirstrrs, P.: Bar la diphenylearba- is foods, J. Ases. Official Agr. side, reactif trie sensible de quelquee Chcm., 17, 108 (1834). composes metalliquee (cuirre, mer- 14. Worm, O. B., Ro s ik s o m, B. M., eure, fer an nerimurn, aeide ehro- Lam, F. W,, am Minus, E. J.: mique). J. de phara. et de ehirn., It, Detensiaation of lead. J. Isd. Eng. UO (1800). Cheat., Anal. Ed., 7,365 (1835). 4. Enos, R. A., Tuun, F., am 15. WiuDXs,E.8.,Ja.,Wiuot>onT,C.E., CsoLas, J.: Os the normal abeorptios Kmates. E. O., am Sk it s , F. L.: and ezeretios of lead. Torn Ion., Determination of minute amounts of II, 357 (1833). lead is biological material. Ibid., 7, 6. Enos, R. A., Tsaauurx, F., am 83 (1835). CsoLas, J.: Normal abeorptios asd 16. Fiacsss, B.: Uber den Nscbweis von excretion of lead. J. A. M. A., 101, Schwermetallen mit Bilfe von "Ditbi- 80-83 (1833). ton" (Diphenylthioearbuon). An- t. Csotas, J.: Tbe quantitative epeetro- gew. Cham., It, 1025 (1828). Mikro- graphic determisatios of lead is ebemie, 1,318 (1830). arise. J. Am. Cheat. Boo., 17, 104 17. Fiscsss, B., am Lsoroui, G.: Colori- (1835). metrieebe Beetimmusg von Blei und 7. Clout, J.: Quantitative spectro- EapfermitDithison. Asgsw. Cheat., graphie determination of lead is bio J7,80 (1834). logical materials. J. Isd. Eng. Cham., 18. Ean, B. H,, Sk it s , G. W., Mt s s s , Aaal. Ed.,;, 387(1835). W. M., Ts o s t s l , L. J., Ik o s is , M., 8. Curross, P. A., am Wtcnamr, B. 8.: am Osssmtrso, L.: Comparative Method! for determisatios of brad is tests of iaetrumests for determining foods. V. Deetrolytic method. J. atmospheric dusts, etc. U. 8. Pub. Aaeoe. Official Agr. Cham., 17, 133 Health Boll. so. 144 (1825). (1834). ' . 18. BnooKnsLS, J. J.: The sampling and 8. Wiemtam, H. 8., am Vossse, F. A., Js.: Methods for determisatios of leadis foods. VI. Colorimetric dithisose method. Ibid., 17,130 (1834). 10. Vossse, F. A., Js., am Curross, P. A.: Methods for determisatios of lead is foods. IV. Colorimetric sul fide method. Ibid., 17, 118 (1834). analysis of industrial dusts. Am. Pub. Health Assn. Year Book, 1835 1830, p. 80. 30. Bates, T., Wassss, H., am Ds ik s s s , P.: Modified form of the Greenburg8mith impiager for field use, with a etudy of its operating characteristics. Tsui Joes., II, 8 (1833). 31. Curross, P. A., am WicsKaxw, H. B.: II. Aurosr, N. L., am Brsisewiss, Ditliisone method for the determina G. H.: A sew method for the deter- tion of lead. J. Assoc. Official Agr. atisatios of lead is organic material * Cheat., It, 180 (1836). with special reference to dyeetufie. 23. WiixoaqssT, C. E., Wil u s k s , E. 8., Analyst, 17,440 (1833). am EnasKSs, E. O.: Determination 12. Rose, J. R., am Local, C. C.: A sew siethod for the determisatios at of lead. J. lad. Eng. Chcm., Anal. Ed., 7. 385 (1835). i !* 0007-SWF-000030865 Apparatus Ueed for Collection of Samples of Atmosphere Containing Dusts, Lead and Other Contaminants. Acme White Lead end Color Works Hamtramck (Detroit) Michigan 0007-SWP-000030866 n Additional Concent by pr. Fredrick on Lead Analyses and nuat Counting Method of Sampling and Counting All samples were collected la lead free distilled water by the sine procedure as described under the heading "Dust.* Adequate precautions were taken to prevent the accidental contamination of the sample with lead. Blank determinations on reagents and solvents used demonstrated their very low laud content. In every instance th average blank value was deducted Trot the total lead content of the sample. The lead content of the samples was determined by the dlthiso.no method of Holden, Meek and Harrold, described eleeshere in this report. All results are expressed in terms of milligrams of metallic lead in 10 cubic meters of air at standard condition of temperature and pressure (00 and 760 am Hg pressure). Comments on Results and Heespaendatlons The maxiauB concentration of lead which may be present in the atmosphere without danger of lead abs rrption taking place has been fixed at 1.5 mg. per 10 cubic meters. This volume of air is a close approximation to that breathed by the average workman during an eight hour working day. However, in our experience, the- threshold limit before Isad absorption takes place aa revealed by the basophilic aggregation test is nearer to 5 mg. for most people. In epite of this fact, a better legal position will result if the concentration of lead ie kept within the 1.5 mg. limit. Due consideration must be given to the fact that samples were usually collected during the most intensive liberation of dust and thus tend to show maximum values. The general eight hour level will not run so high. For dxample, the mixing of paint involving the use of dry white lead produced atmospheric concentrations of from 8-40 PbACte^ while a general air sample taken in the roam at greater : distances from the operations shewed only 2 mg. The wearing of lead ; dust type respirators during the changing operations greatly reduces the exposure. Most operations in the houee paint B department gave rise to high lead concentrations. The dry white lead used canes in small barrels. It is the practice of some workmen to empty the barrels on the floor in front of the mixer, shovel the contents into it, and sw#p up tlv? bal'-nci -ith a oroan. This proced'.re giv-;/- rlae t; exoessive lead smicvntr-.ti ns. The opfrativns riuiied in t-r*ts 1, 2 ini 3 were practically ldenti:.l except that in %st 1 the mixer was charged acc t: the tb'vc described pneedura. In tests 2 and 5, the lead was shoveled or poured directly fraa the barrel into the mixer. The corresponding atmospheric lead contents were 40.3 mg., 7.7 mg.* and 3.7 mg. ier 10 eubis meters of air. ' The mixing of colored pigments such as lead chromate and especially leaded chrome green leads to very high concentrations of . lead dust in the atmosphere. It is suggested that exhaust hoods be supplied on mixers of these materials ime time in the near future. It should be noted that most Trench ochres contain large amounts of lead and can bee me a serious source of contamination. General lead conditions in the enamel mixing department were goo . illy a few operations seem to give rise to high lead ccneentr-.tions. The use of respirators should continue at all dusty operations, especially if any leal containing compounds are to be used in the enamel formulae. The mixing of caulking canpound is attended by a rather severe exposure t: Wi. The mixing of aluminum bronzing powder gives -lse to surprisingly high lead concentrations, perhaps due not to the operation itself but to general room contminatlon from other nearby lead using operations. Lead in significant concentrations wae not found in the dusty operations sampled elsewhere in the plant. . attention is called to the practice of burning lead containing materials in the yard of the plant. Such work may give rise to lead exposure, as may the removal of accumulated ashee frem . the burning. Analysis.of the ash pile showed it to contain from 3-10 per cent lead, even after passage through a 325 meeh screen. The burning out and scraping of pots contaminated with lead containing v-rnish may give rise to a significant lead exposure. Vortoen engaged in scraping these pate ehoull wear respirators of proper deeljpi. The general lead exposure in this plant, while not bad, could be appreciably reduced without undue expenditure of money. General exhaust ventilation should be installed inall lead using departments and local exhaust hoods supplied for very leady operations. Better wash room and looker roas facilities should be provided for lead workers. The coaoany should insist upon worlaen completely changing their clothing before leaving the plant, and supply overalls to be worn in the plant if neeeseary. Under no eircwstancee should the consumption of food be permitted in lead using departments. LEU!) PROBLEMS On a qualitative basis, lead may bs found in almost every portion of this plant. It is found in raw material warehouses, in nixing departments, in vamiaji departments, in connection with the _ Miking of aluminum paint, in the stone dressing room, in the lacquer department, on the waste pile, in connection with paper baling work, on stairways, etc. This statement is of relative unimportance. Lead has been used in this plant for approximately 42 years. It has been tracked from lead using departments to remote container cleaning operations, in ssmll quantities it has been wafted by winds through the various yards- until inescapably precise teats made for lead anywhere would disclose some of this substance. However, the quantity present, except for a few localities, is unimportant in appraising practical lead poisoning exposures. Two other sections of this report are devoted respectively to atmospheric analyses for lead and examination of blood of workers for evidence of lead absorption. As noted elsewhere, only one worker is at this time suspected of having any degree of lead poisoning, although not every worker in the plant has bean examined. That section devoted to lead analyses in truth reports several places where lead concentration in the atmosphere well exeeeds tolerable limits, but this fact in itself does not servo as a guarantee that lead poisoning will arise. Offsetting this high concentration of lead are the facts that respirators are fairly faithfully worn by exposed workers, also the.operations lead^g to lead in the air are ap - intermittent as to'preclude Continuous elpjpsurwfj -i,;: -1 ` " ' '. Now after these preliminary statements, an attempt is made to answer the self-imposed questions - "Can lead poisoning arise in this plant?", "Are numerous cases eminent?", "At what points may eases be expected?", "that steps my be introduced to avoid lead poisoning?". The answers now followi N16643.06 Seoticn of Dry Mix Departant both White and Colored. Operation Lead to Mineral Du:te in Ataoe share Including Lead Duet. Dustiness Favored by Vibration frcm Overhead Shafting. See Discussion under "Lead Analyses, Acne White Lead and Color Works Haatramck (Detroit) Michigan (1) "Can lead poisoning arts* in this plant?" "Tss. So widely distributed is load throughout this plant that in spits of slahorats precautions, it would not bs surprising that at rars intervals sporadie eases of genuine lead poisoning would arise. It would not be the least surprising if the drum washer * -developed -typical-lead -poisoning, or.rthat .the woman-paster nf tarns plate cans developed lead poisoning, or--that the post agitator tank cleaner developed thia disease. In short, and to resort to vernacular Hue oakin's of lead poisoning are about this plant'". (2) "Are numerous eases eminent?" * "There will be found under present and unimproved conditions only rare' cases of lead poisoning. The reasons for this aft apparent. The human body is able to stand the action of day by day email intakes of lead without injurious manifestations, furthermore, lead, while everywhere present about this plant, is not taken into the body in appreciable quantities under ordinary circumstances. The mere fact that a mixer is coated two inches thick with hardened lead and oil does not constitute exposure. Zt in only when such lead finda entry into the body either through the lunge or the v gastro-intestinal tract that difficulties may arise. In spite of the absence of prospective large numbers of lead poisoning eases, a few persons at all times probably may be proved to be absorbing lead." (3) "At what points may eases be expected?" "Xf lead poisoning cases arise at all they are most likely to appear at the following work points, in order of importance* (a) lard work, if.this includes burning of refuse or baling of leaded paper bags (b) Janitor work in enamel or house paint departments (e) Cleaning of post agitator tanks after burning (d) Dry mix room of paint department (e) Dry mix room of enamel department (f) Manipulation of tens plate cans (g) Drum and container cleaning (h) Ceneral Janitor work in factory (l) Ston dressing (j) Varnish anIcing (k) Maintenance department because of repair job* on la&dai machinery . (l) Paint recovery % aaetion, including small order aaction for dry odors." U) "Vhat stops nay "be introduced to avoid lead poisoning?" "(a) The use of lead in paints, except for color purposes, is definitely on the vane, being replaced by such other ainerale as lithopone, titanium, etc. This trend should be encouraged, and one of the steps in any program of lead control in paint mills should center about the diminishing use of lead. (b) Personal hygiene of vorhers brought about through education is a definite factor in the avoidance of lead poisoning. Vorhers should be taught that lead is poisonous, that its general source of entry is through the lungs in: breathing, that the vearing of respirators serTes as a barrier, that lead may be transferred to the mouth in connection vith eating, tobacco chasing, emoting, etc., that constipation favors lead poisoning, that the use of alcohol promotes lead poisoning, that the drinking ef milt in some measure diminishes the likelihood of lead poisoning, that personal cleanli ness is a factor -- that is, the avoidance of clothes dusted vith lead, the removal of lead from hands and forearms, etc. (c) Small tricks in the handling ef leaded rav material in this plant play on important part in connection vith lead exposures. As shovn in another section, some lead in barrels iu dumped on to the floor near mixing machines, then is shoveled into the mixers. This . practice produces more lead dust .than found under any other circumstances in this plant. Ibis practice should be stopped once and for all time, and promptly. Conversely, the careful dumping of lead from bogs resting on the lip of mixers leads to comparatively little dust. Some vorkers, in emptying bags having contained lead, bang and slap the bags about producing excessive lead concentration in their immediate vieinity. Others achieve. to empty the bags with Tory few notions sad Tory little scattering of lead. Obviously, the latter is preferable and should be encouraged. (d) Every worker ehould be trained to wear suitable respirators at all times when lead is being stirred up as a dust. This applies yo mixers, janitor workers and on occasion to yard workers. The two typee of respirators here la use are both commendable 'but -neither type are well serrloed, and particularly the Tillson respirators are neglected. Some one person, and an intelligent person, should be given the duty of inspection, cleaning and testing respirators. The few in use in this plant calls for no elaborate cleaning equipment or any great amount of time expended in this work. Soap and water are the best agents for cleaning solid parte of respirators and carbon tetrachloride is a good detergent for the felt type of respirator after these have been blown in reverse.direction. Some few respirators in use in this plant are so neglected as to present shaggy whiskers, in part representing an accumulation of dust on the felted surfaces. (e) Accumulations through the years from faulty janitor work has lead to encrusted machinery, floors and other portions of the plant. Day by day some load is ground off by walking and hand trucking and this lead is tracked in all directions. Lead as a constituent of general dust settled on stock, machinery, unused portions of floors, raftsra, etc., so that whenever any draught is present lead dust is stirred up end endlessly blown about, fire hazards are increased by accumulations on equipment, floors, walla, etc., so that altogether it is desirable that increased effort be made to get rid of at least 75 per cent of the accumulated lead bearing incrustation widely present in this plant. This statement applies particularly to the enamel department and the house point department. (f) No workers in definite lead areas should be permitted to consume food in these areas, or anywhere, without proper hand cleansing. Soma etates prohibit the consumption of food in lead using departments and conversely such states require the providing of suitable eating places.. This commendable law does not exist in Michigan *o that the elimination of eating Burt ba laft to tha control of tha manufacturer, along with tha intelligent cooperation of hi* workers. Vary definitely no food ahould eve. enter tha top floor of tha two dapartaent doing dry nixing (g) Not a great deal of any tort of Janitor work ha* been obeerved around nixing department*, except for tha laying down .of puddle* of paint remover and spent lacquar for tha purpoee of softening up floor incrustation*. Dry sweeping ha* bean obaerred and wat sweeping ha* not bean obeerved, although this may exist. It would ba wary helpful if Janitors sweeping up lead accumulation* such as in tha mixing department might wear respirators during this operation, tha watting down with water of a solution of epsom salts might ba used to allay tha dust,and further, if careful avoidance sight ba carried out not to stir up unnaoasaarily any lead bearing dust. ' (h) No need for elaborate dust collections has been found in this survey. At least, up to the present time this need has not been demonstrated. If the very simple remedies discussed in this section are carried out, and faithfully eo, it is believed that lead concentrations may be kept within safe limits. (i) from a hygienic point of view, no objection should be made toward the us* of chewing tobacco by lead exposed workers, provided the tobacco is introduced into the mouth with clean hands. The reason for favoring tobacco chewing is that workers involved will invariably spit out tobacco Juice that may contain lead, whereas in the absence of tobacco in the mouth, saliva might be routinely swallowed', thus introducing some lead into the system. . (J) from time to time batches of workers should be subjected to blood examinations for lead as a test of the efficaey of preventive measures. Xf workers present positive basophilic aggregation tests, something is wrong, either with the worker or his work conditions in relation to lead exposures. The finding of consistent positive S. A. teats should lead to additional remedial etepe. (k) With respeot to those worker* handling tSrnplate containers, ter it may be pointed out that the lead on plate, which is oxidised oa the surface, rube off on to ths hand* of workers in the form of lead oxide. Every worker handling these leaded cans any show you his or her blackened hands. This lead is then transferred to e." j the south and some portion of it inescapably is swallowed. Snail traces of lead from these cans is thrown into the atmosphere as the cans are bu^ed about, in connection with filling and labeling/ etc. 'This atmospheric lead is not enough to produce lead poisoning. The h?"* transferred lead is the important matter in this situation. These workers should be enoouraged to exercise extraordinary care 'Q i putting fingers into or about their mouths when they are coated with turn plate lead oxide. (l) Yorkers with dry eolor materials often fail to realise that these substances, particularly the yellows, oranges, lemons and greens may be rich in lead. The wearing of respirators and the same precautions named in this general discussion should be exescised by eolor workers. (m) Inaemeh as women are likely to be affected more seriously by lead poisoning than men because of their child bearing function, many states prohibit the use of women on any lead work. It is not known that any such law exists in Michigan. The contrary is hollered to be true. This question light, however, be brought to the attention of If. McGregor, the resident attorney. In any event, no women workers should be called upon to carry out duties involving definite lead exposures. The handling of turn plate cans is not regarded as constituting a definite exposure. (n) Summary -- Vhat this plant needa more than anything else in the control of lead exposures is a first class elean up, followed by day by'day cleansing' measures that will avoidths accumulations now present. During the extensive clean up period, added exposure will be brought about. This is inevitable. Second, the more careful wearing of respirators at ths immediate time of temporary exposure to lsad would go far in preventing actual lead poinoning cases. Third, the aducation of workers is needed in regard to the best type of practices in handling materials to obviate lead dusts or other lsad exposures. VAPOR DETERlXIiTIONS This phase of the Investigation was carried out by Dr. Fredrick and la not strictly divided into special departments, such as lacquer, varnish, etc. <he suggestions and recoanandatlons made by Dr. Fredrick are here typed, Just as prepared by him, but In some Instances in later sections Dr. UcCord has modified the feeom- mendatlona made by Dr. Fredrick as not being practical at this very time. ' No fixed standards may be set for all chemicals giving rise to vapors, but a few may be mentioned. For benzol, toluol, xylol, solvent naphtha, wood alcohol, chlorinated hydrocarbons . and butanol, the threshold of danger is about 100 parts of the vapors per million of air. In mixtures such as found in thinners, which may contain some toluol and xylol, along with various ace tates, alcohols and naphthas, the threshold of beginning possible injury is believed to be about 200 parts per million. For petroleum distillates, including gasoline, kerosene, mineral spirits, naphtha, Stoddard's solvent, without admixtures with more dangerous substances, the threshold of beginning danger is perhaps higher, on the order of 300 parts per million. Dr. Fredrick's data end ooament now follow: Lacquer Department. Portable Centrifugal liachlne. This Operation Gives Riae to Disturbing Quantities of Hired Vapors. See Text for Discussion of Remedial Measures. Acme v/hlte Lead and Color Works Hamtramck (Detroit) Michigan rf Testing and Sampling Condition! All test* for organic rep ore were made with a Mine Safety Appliance Company Combustible Gaflndicator. an Instrument capable of expressing in terns of its lower explosive limits the eonoentration of any flammable gas for which proper calibration has been made* A knowledge of the lower explosive limit of the .gas;under consideration msfces possible the calculation of its eonoentration. Approximate information may be obtained about any eoabustible rapor providing the camposltion is known, even though the instrument has not been precisely calibrated for that material. Obviously only very general data may be deduced from the scale deflections produced by complex mixtures such as lacquer solvent fumes. ' In order to minimise errors in sampling due to air ourrents. dilution and intermittent release of high conoentrations of vapor, numerous readings were taken about each work area investigated. The i i values reported show the average range of gas concentrations encounter ed. All samples were taken at the nose level of workmen engaged in the operation under study, and as close to his faoe as possible. At the time these saaples were taken, all windows and doors were open and the natural ventilation so provided was good. With the exception of spray booths, virtually no mechanioal ventilation in the form of hoods, exhaust fans. etc. was provided. It may be reasonably predioted that tests taken under winter working conditions -with doors and windows closed would show substantially higher results. -General Findings and Comments ? The general vapor content of the atmosphere in both the ^^glrst and secon'd floor lacquer rooms was found to be near 500 p,p.m..; - -^.-.{ftobe^ly^the upper limit of concentration which may be tolerated for.'; . '"v -'"long-periods of time without marked harm to the workers so exposed. Windows were open and natural ventilating conditions good. Vapor concentrations about lacquer tank cleaning operations and laoquer clarification with oentrifugee were found to be ar much as ten times lacquer Department. Portion of Poet Agitator Tank Section. These Tanks Balt Fairly High Concentrations of Uized Vapors at Breathing Level of Workers. This Picture also Typifies the General Unsightliness Characteristic of Several Portions of this Plant. Acme White Leal and Color Works Kamtremck (Detroit) Michigan the probable safe value. Hitro cellulose-carbon black nixing and milling produce* enoraou* concentration* of denatured alcohol rep or (2500 - 7000 p.p.a.) to which the worker i* expo*ed for period* of several hours. It should be pointed out that th$ methanol concentration in the Taper . la probably higher than that in the liquid owing-tc it* higher volabillty. Excessive vapor concentration* (500 - 1000 p.p.m.) were found near the agitator tanks in the D4F Enamel Thinning and Filling Department. The manufacture of paint remover, oomposed as it is of benzol, methanol and acetone, all highly volatile and toxic materials, produces a serious exposure to dangerous vapors. Although windows and doors were open, from 200 to 10.000 p.p.m. of Tapor were found. A safe concentration would not exoeed 100 p.p.m. Vapor concentrations about the varnish filter presses (100 - 500 p.p.m.) were not speotaoularly high, but due to their highly irritating character possibly create a condition dangerous to the health of the exposed workers, especially men engaged in cleaning the presses. The possible presenoe of phthalio anhydride and other phthalie aoid derivatives should Increase oonoem over conditions in this area. Concentrations in other areas were not alarmingly high during the period tests were made. It must, however, be considered that ventilation conditions were probably at their best. Similar tests mad* under winter conditions with windows and doors dosed ..will show muoh higher values. ~. . ' - - Attention i*"alV*d to the practice of deaning floors and maohinery.with the paint remover described elsewhere in this report. Observations made in the Enamel Mixing Department showed paint remover vapor to be present in concentrations of from 100 - 500 p.p.m. in the general workroom air. The condition existed throughout Spray Booths Wherever Found Is the Plant Require Ibdiflcatlon in Order to Obtein Complete Protection from Injurious Exposures. decs White lead and Color Works Hamtremck (Detroit) Michigan the entire working day. The widespread use of lacquer thinner for hand washing and miscellaneous cleaning is not praiseworthy and leads to undue exposure to these vapors. The extended use of shellac in hand labeling and color card preparation may lead to sethanol intoxication* * It has been observed that practically without exception exhaust stacks on spray booths are Inadequate and permit the return of exhausted material into the buildings through open windows* These stacks should be raised to at least five feet above roof level. The blowing of fish oil, and to a lesser extent linseed oil, results in the formation of highly irritating products, probably unsaturated aldehydes such as acrolein and croton aldehyde* These vapors are exhausted into a short stack. Unless unusual wind conditions prevail; excessive concentrations of these materials become distributed in the several work areas* in appropriate exhaust system should be provided for the centrifugal clarifiers on the first floor lacquer Department* The nitrocellulose mixing and milling machines are producing a serious exposure to aloohol vapor. Their enclosure in exhaust hoods similar to those on the enamel roll mills will successfully reduce this exposure* Installation of individual exhaust hoods of proper design bn the varnish filter presses is advisable. It appears that an unusual amount of leakage of hot varnish takes place in the fil tration process. In order to reduce the general winter time level of solvent vapors in the various work places, it is suggested that adequate flooy level exhaust fans be installed througiout these' areas* (All tests made Tuesday afternoon, July IS, 193? and Wednesday. July 14, 1937) lacquer Department, second floor. General roan air average-600 p.p.m . . Cleaning tanks trith thinner, a comaon practice - '4000 - 5000 p.p.n, lacquer Department, first floor General room air - 200 - 400 p.p.m* Filling oans - 400 - 600 p.p.m. Centrifuge elarlfioation * 2000 - 4000 p.p.m, lank cleaning rith thinner 4000 - 6000 p.p.m. Paste Color Tube Filling (3 or 4 girls) - 200 p.p.m. (Carry over from Laoquer Department) ' Around grinders in color tube filling area - 200 p.p.m. (Carry over from laoquer Departeest) Color oard spraying - 100 - 200 p.p.m. Some spray oarries back to operator. Small batch mixing roam Uixing table 100 - 400 p.p.m. At spray booth - 100 p.p.m. Shellac filling - denatured alcohol - 125 p.p.m. laoquer solvent storage (large tanks in an unrenti'iated shed) - 100 p.p.m. Nitrocellulose-carbon T Department D4L - Laoquer - Second Floor General room elr average - SOO p.p.m. Cleaning tank* with thinner, a canon practice - 4000-5000 p.p.m. Department D4L - Laoquer - Firet Floor General room air - 200-400 p.p.m. .Filling cane -- .-400-600 fcip.m. Centrifuge clarification 2000-4000 p.p.m. lank cleaning with thinner - 4000-6000 p.p.m. A Department Pact color tube filling (5-4 girl*) - 200 p.p.m. (Carry over from Lacquer Department) A Department -' Around grinder* in color tube filling area - 200 p.p.m. (Carry over frost Lacquer Department) Color Card Spraying Department - 100-200 p.p.m. (Seme apray earrie* book to operator) Department 21 Small Batch Hiring Boom Mixing Table 100-400 p.p.m. At (pray booth - 100 p.p.m. ' Department D8F - Tarnish Shellac filling - denatured alcohol - 125 p.p.m. Field Tank* Lacquer *olvwnt storage (large tank* in an unventilated shed) 100 p.p.m. Department D6 Hitro cellulose-carbon black mixing - denatured alcohol - 5600 Department D6 . 7000 p.pm* Hitro oellulose-earbon black milling - Average - denatured alcohol 2600 p.p.m. . (Prooea* laat* 4-6 hour* at a time) 0007-SWP-000030885 Department D40 - Stone Kill* Samel grinding - apt over 100 p.p.a. Onhooded roll mills - 100-200 p.p.m. Vapors very irritating. Hooded roll mills - wall below 100 p.p.sw Grinding with laoquer solvent - 100-600 p.p.a. Department D4 Houaa paint mixing tanks at one and of enamel grinding room below 100 p.p.a. Department *. (little) House Faint Saoond Floor 100-200 p.p.a. largely laoquer fuses from Laoquer Department next door. Department B House Paint Grinding - First Floor - no Tapors in measurable concentrations. Labelling Department nearby also showed no vapors. Department D4F - Enamel - Thinning and Filling General air conditions - 100 p.p.m. Around agitator tacks - 300-1000 p.p.a. Girl straining box ear paint - 200-400 p.pm. The solvent vapors in this Department are quite irritating and in general are not laoquer thinners. Paint Remover Department 50/5 benxol and 50) of a 7655 methanol - 25)5 acetone solution used as solvent. Some erude paraffin added to retard evaporation of the raaever on work. Emptying bentol drums into tank from second floor, windows open - 280-700 p.p.a. Sue for "methyl aoetone" drums - 1000-10000 p.',?.m. Filling 1 gallon oans on first floor - 200-10000 p.p.a.. 1000 p.p.m. being suet frequently enoountered. Department DIO - .^Filling druse with "eynthetloVvarnish at synthetio storage tanks - 200-400 p.p.a. of laoquer thinner vapor Department D-1CK Cleaning varnish filter press - 200-800 p.p.m. Vapora are very irritating* eapecially to the eyes. Filtering varnish on filter preaa - 100-200 p.p.m. Department D8F Tilling apar varnish - no rapora Filling lacquer thinner - 200-400 p.p.m. Varniah labelling near lacquer thinner filling room 100 p.p.m. or less. la aaid to be much higher at tiaea. Department D8U Varniah cooking - no aeaaurable concentrations. Varniah oobling - no measurable ooncentrationa. Varnish thinning at pita - traces - below 100 p.p.m. Spray Booths ' Kuaeroua spray booths were tested and were found to be virtually free from rap or leakage at their throats. All teats were made afternoon of Tuesday* July 18* 1937 and Wednesday, July 14. 1987. VARNISH 1ANUFACT0RH An outstanding portion of this plant's operation Is repre sented b; the Varnish Department* Here practically all classee of Tarn- , lshes are manufactured, using vegetable, fossil and apathetic gums. In addition, 'there are a number of ancillary operations conducted, such as the manufacture of paint and varnish remover, the preparation of nitro cellulose carbon scale, etc, * from our investigation, we are impressed that a number of ' objectionable conditions exist, calling for some remedial action. These deficiencies may not be rated as constituting gross exposures. On the other hand, they are of such severity as to be reckoned as practical exposures. As some proof of the actuality of these conditions, we are noting tbat there now are employed in this department two workers with double pterygium, which dlsesse of the eyes may well have been caused by the irritant action of materials used or created la this department. It is Impossible flatly to state either that the condition of these eyes was or was not caused by the materials in use. Legally the answer is in the affirmative, further, there appear to be a number of persons with chest diseases, one of whom now is in the Hospital, one recently has been in the Hospital and several are said to be working but complain ing of chest affections. Third, widespread complaint exists among the man as to the injurious effects growing out of work at various points. This is notably true of the manufacture of glycerol phthalate, the filtering of varnishes, and the bloving of fish oil. . In the following listing, these injurious practices and : operations, are described', diacueaed^and insofar..as possible' remedies ere- suggested. 1) Varnish filter Presses This section of the Varnish Department makes use of six filter presses. When these are in operation, a fair amount of leakage takes place, the quantity of which varies somewhat with different types of varnishes. All lesd to soma leakage, some to more than others. In the Nl6643.07 0007-SWP-000030888 I f Filter Seotlon la Yarnlsh Department. High Coacentratlona of Noxious Vapore Were round la this Workroom. Acme White Lead and Color Works Haatramek (Detroit) Michigan process of knocking down these presses, additional Tapora enter the elr. It a general result, this room, in spite of its very high eeillng, ia thoroughly contaminated with rapora of whaterer oonatituenta go into rarniahea, but chiefly naphtha and related petroleum derivatives. By actual teatlng, the concentration of vapors was found to be high. These teste are reported in a apecial section devoted to the measurement of vapors of lacquers, varnishes, :t dinners,.solvents, etc. It is in this .room that one of the two workers with petryglum la employed. The superintendent of this department agrees with these investigators that this room constitutes one of hie most objectionable work points. In the opinion of these investigators, it is desirable that hoods be installed in this workroom. Conceivably general ventilation might be introduced. This, however, will call for the removal of so such air per minute as to be expensive. It seems preferable to recomend that an individual hood over each filter press be installed, that these hoods be fitted with suitable oondulta leading to a central stack which in turn should lead to the roof. This central stack should be equipped with a blower end the Individual conduits should be equipped with dampers so that when only one or two filters are in use, others may be daapered off as may be required. This installation probably will call for the introduction of Increased heating facilities because of the continuous removal of air from this room. 2) Cold Cut Room This room, which is located in Building 41, houses, a variety of operations of somewhat dissimilar nature, but all giving rise to high concentrations of dangerous vapors. Roughly the vapor concentration is 1000 parts per million of air, when not more than 200 parts per million ' may be regarded as permissible. -Mot only do workers in this particular ~ room complain, but nearby women workers,' -labelIng'vamiah'and.similar ` .vt duties, complain of vapors from this workroom. After due consideration, ' these investigators have oome to the conclusion that so many changes would be required in order to protect all operations in this room, that the cost B Natural Stack Action Connected with Varniah Cooking Kliainatee High Vapor Concantratlona about Stock Roooa. Thia Stataoent Does not Apply to Phthalic Anhydride Work* Acne White Lead and Color Work* Hantramck (Detroit) Michigan would be prohibitive and perhaps would cost acre than the creation of a new work place to house these operations. Accordingly, the suggestion la made that all of these operations be re-established In some other better suited place end that at the time of such installation, there be Installed suitable exhaust systems as will keep the vapor concentration level within permissible limits. Tfo attempt ;is here made "to Indicate a new location, type of arrangement or other facilities leading to acceptable results. One of the worst features In this room Is the lack of safe guards for belting. ?or example, in one location an unguarded belt runs up directly over a aeries of steps so that the workman Bust climb under an unguarded belt In order to reach the work platform. 3. Tank Storage Problems. . This department Is provided with an unusually large array of storage tanks. It Is gratifying to note that already a fair number of these tanks are equipped with carbon dioxide gas overblankets and at this very time an Installation is being Bade that will provide such gas for a larger number of tanks. The use of this protective procedure la to be comaended In all ways and at all times. Those tanks that do not lend themselves to the application of carbon dioxide should as rapidly as Is expedient be replaeed by others that do. At this time there appears to be no way of measuring whether or not carbon dioxide actually la pre sent In a tank. This uncertainty should be removed through procedure to be devised by the Chemical Department. A very single test may be devised for this purpose. Inasmuch as fatalities end severe accidents connected with toags tanka for varnishes and raw ssterlala are associated with entry Into tanks, It seems desirable to discuss in some detail protection against such accidents. We are therefore oopylng Into this report a similar discussion chiefly derived from an investigation In another plant. So far as known, this material Is applicable to all varnish and similar storage tanks. "The type of asphyxiation or acute Intoxication that may arise varies from substance to substance. In the case of benzol, benzol vapors themselves are responsible. Sufficient benzol vapors to product death may ha present In a tank that has been treated over a period of days by team, hot water and air blowing. In the case of linseed oil, the - damaging egant Day be carbon dioxide, possibly with a trace of carbon mon oxide. or there may be an o^rgen deficiency. In the case of Tarnishes, vapors from the various volatiles, through -their oomblned action, -may lead to asphyxiation. The following statements nay be pertinent to the situation: 1. No workmen should enter tanks unless absolutely necessary. . 2, No workman should enter a tank unless previously It has been freed, as fiw as possible, of Its contents, 3. No workman should enter a tank unless closely guarded b7 another workman making observation from the manhole or equivalent - opening. 4. No workman should enter a tank unless fitted with safety rope with which he may be withdrawn If asphyxiated, 5. No workman should enter a tank unless wearing a positive pressure respirator of proved suitable type. The a11-earrice eannlster type is not regarded as suitable. Breathing through a hose In the absence of positive pressure la regarded as objectionable and Insufficient, 6. No workman should carry ordinary electric light into e tank and no type of light other than those approved by fire and explosion regulations, 7. In case two man enter a tank, each should be guarded by a separate Individual on the outside and eaoh should wear a separate safety line, 8. Under no circumstances should workers ram*.In for prolonged periods In tanks. One half-hour Is the maximum without emerging for a short period. ... _ '* '- 9. Inmost Instsnceaf- a positive pressure respirator device should be of such type as to alao provide eye protection, 10. Sue consideration should be given to the possibility of static electricity sparking or other sources of Ignition In connection with work In tanka. The Storage of Raw and Finished Liquid Materials May Introduce Serious Exposures Connected with Leaks, Entry of Tanks, etc. Sea Discussion in Text. Acme White Lead and Color Works Hamtramck (Detroit) Michigan 0007-SWP-000030894 It is observed In the Acme Plant that a fair number of small leeks are continually present ebout tank erees. This statement applies not only to tanks themselves, but to valves, puzps, pipe joints, etc, Hhile no one leek was observed to be serious, In the aggregate considerable material Is lost and eventually a disaster almost Inevitably sill arise, * On the day -that this Item -was -written up. It -was observed, In connection with the es?tying by pumping of a tank car that continuous leaking was taking place In the pump Itself and from the flexible hose entering the storage tank. It was estimated that during the period of esptylng the tank es ouch as 20 gallons say have been discharged on the ground. In one place, bucket had been placed under the leak, but unfortunately the bucket likewise leaked. This criticism is not made of any individual or any branch of the management, but is simply the observation that the way; Is being paved for explosions, fires, aqphlxiatlon, Incrustation of machinery and general unsightliness, 4. rish Oil Problems. In another section of this report, one of these Investigators has Introduced some discussion of the difficulties attending fish oil and particularly blown fish oil. In small measure, the present discussion is a duplication of the consent there uade. Among the workers of this plant, the one thing that is known to ell as offensive are the vapors created in the process of blowing fish oil. The condition appears to be worse at some little distance from the point of operation than it is at that point. Those persons describe the offensive odor as being in pert animal odor, fishy in nature, end a some what pungent Irritating substance which it appears possible to disassociate from the fish oil odor. In short, one disagreeable agent is an odor, the other is a-b^irrltant;\The Important item, from a health point of view, is - - ' the Irritant, as odors do not themselves create diseases. They may foster nausea, loss of appetite, create neuroses, but they do not lead to organic disease. Heather conditions Influence the disagreeable features of fish oil processing. On occasion the vapors are blown back to the varnish area with the result that practically all workers may be observed with irritated eye* aa indicated by profuse lacrlmation. This vapor or gas would very well serve as a powerful lacrlnator for military purposes. This irritent is believed to be acrolein or sons acrolein-like body. It least it appears to be an unsaturated aldehyde. Because of offensive properties, the blowing of fish oil is now oonducted at night and only on occasion. In addition to worker discomfort, whan workers are present during the blowing process, some cosplalnts. are ..arising from fairly remote sources. During the present week workers at the Dodge Plant, approximate ly six blocks away were complaining of the disagreeable action of fish oil from some source, test of the workers were unaoqusinted with the source of the objectionable odor encountered. It is believed, but not proved, that it may be a rather simple procedure to get rid of the odoriferous.portion of this exposure. It the present time the vapors created are discharged through a conduit up on to the roof of an adjoining building, where there is a short stack. If near tta point of origin of this conduit, fairly near to the blowing tank, minute traces of chlorine may be introduced and dispersed, it is probably that the offensive odors may be eliminated. This msthod has been Introduced into tanneries, where similar offensive odors are produced by flesh, hides, skins and other animal organic material. Wallace and Tlernen manufacture chlorine deodorizing equipment, but it is not known that any elaborate equipment be necessary, at least during experimental stages. It is believed that as little as one part of chlorine per million of vapors any prove effective. Certainly the quantity will not be over three or four parts per million. The coirt therefore would be negligible and conceivably all that may be necessary is a small cylinder of chlorine with the type of; valve that may be cracked in such a fashion as to discharge minute.-tre'cei of the gas. The quantity of gas discharged readily may be.TOaurd*?by:the-'Chealcal Department. Ibis procedure should be tried out as an experiment, since practically no money is involved. If the odor is eliminated, approximately one-half of the problem will have been solved. The above mentioned procedure will probably not eliminate the presence of the irritant acrolein or similar body. In fact the chlorination of acrolein may enhance its irritant qualities. Some aonsid- ration should be given to the poeslbllites of eliminating the irritant fraction of this vapor mixture by washing with appropriate solvents, such as dilute alkalies, sodium bisulphite, or otherwise. Since there are already on hand large numbers of tanks, it might prows to be practical 1 to rig up a spray washer in some "tank.now on hand which .is .unsuited for other purposes. Equipment to control this problem is on the market, but is only available at a high price. The local chemical group, well quali fied ae it is, should be able to create a spray method or some method for the elimination of this marked irritant. S. Carbon-Nitrocellulose Milling and Mixing. One activity in this department apparently is unrelated, at least so closely, to Tarnish snnufacture as to the making of lacquers. This is tha mixing and rubber milling of carbon with nitrocellulose. A troublesome exposure is provided not by the carbon and not by the nitrocellulose, but by the alcohol which is used to wet the nitrocellulose. This alcohol primarily is ethyl alcohol, denatured at least in part with wood alcohol. The percentage of wood aloohol is, however, so low as not to constitute the foremost exposure. The exposure is a mixed one of ethyl and methyl alcohol. The operations involved are 1) mixing and 2) milling. A separate nearby operation is that involving the' use of the Banbury machine, using somewhat dissimilar materials. The problem involved with the Banbury operation is mentioned in a later paragraph within this sec tion. Four times daily, for approximately two hours of the work day, material is being removed. by the^Orkman- from the..mixing machine. Two such machines ere present^.t^fcnnijScine may .be>.ln use. At times both are in use. Correspondlnglpnt^>^ii^T^k^iikes''are present', but only one may be in use at any one time. It seems necessary that the worker or workers in this room be protected against excessive aloohol vapors. For the milling machines, it is suggested that an appropriate hood be designed and installed immediately Roll Mill for Nitrocellulose Carbon Paste. High Concentration of Alcoholic Vapors Continually Present during Operation Call for SxhBust System. Acme White lead end Color Works Eamtreack (Detroit) Michigan r I above each stilling sactin# and that the vapors be conducted at least five feet abore tbe roof level with the aid of a blower. ?hla hood should be loceted as low as possible on to the aachine and if at all possib'.;' **,,low the breathing level of the wortaan. For the nixing machine, the problem of exhaust is difficult, owing to. possible explosion hazards because of .the dry .carbon, and nitro cellulose. almost inevitably fires or explosions cay be expected in flues connected with any exhaust system. Any general ventilating system is like ly to be somewhat ineffective, inasmuch as worker projects his head and shoulders well into the mixer in process of removing the batch. It seems the best method to meet this problem say be to equip this workman with a positive pressure mouth and noae piece instead of the usual positive pressure hood of larger size. This will provide complete protection. Perhaps somewhat less expensive may be the use of an organic vapor respira tor with cannlster, which cannlster is good for approximately eight hours of service. Least expensive of all would be the use of the ordinary cartridge type of respirator, the cartridge of which oontalns activated charcoal sufficient for about one-half hour's continuous use. ibis last sientloned device, while cheapest, is difficult to control in that the effectlvity of the respirator at any given moment is somewhat uncertain and the cartridge must be replaced three or four times daily, depending 190c the amount of use. If the choice of these three methods is the positive pressure face and nose piece, due consideration should be given to the matter of source of supply. The taking of positive pressure air for breathing purposes off of the usual plant pressure line offers some risks because of She high pressure likely to be provided in the plant pressure line. The thought underlying this entire discussion is that this small operation is a rather dangerous one and oalls for dome remedial action. The Banbury operation, and to some extent the operations Just discussed. Involve more than usual fire risks, already the Banbury machine has been well fitted with protective devices against fire, but not against explosion. The experience of the company is that fairlyfre quent fires are expectable, but explosions ere not expected. The stand here taken is that explosions are not out of the question. It la suggested that the management consider enlarging the two windows sot present to Include the area between the i~~ windows and ao to construct the window Installation that this constitutes an explosion wall. This may be done at low expense and say prove to be both economic and a life .saver should there be .an explosion. The results from fires may not be limited to fire damage, but Instead mcy involve injury to workmen from the inhalation of the deadly nitrous fumes produced on the burning of nitrocellulose. These nitrous fumes involve series of oxides of nitrogen which are without warning properties and bring about no inaedlete damage, but after a few hours' interval fatalities may arise due to pulmonary edema. On the assumption that there may be fires, all workers in this lnnediete area, including nearby buildings, should be duly warned to leave this portion of the plant even though the fire appears to be a small one. The burning of as little as 10# of nitrocellulose may give off sufficient fumes to kill all persons within the breathing zone within a distance of 100 feet. While this report does not contemplate fire pro tection end fire procedure, it is strongly urged that the possibility of fires and the production of nitrous fumes be considered and a program for avoiding exposure be created before any fires arise. Already there are on hand two all service masks which so far as knotm are suitable for rescue purposes should the need arise in these two rooms. It is noted in passing that these all service respirators should not be wan on the inside of a tank where an adequate supply of oxygen is missing. These respirators merely filter out noxious gases without at all supplying oxygen when oxygen is lacking. - What is here recorded with reference to nitrocellulose fires around the Banbury machine and milling operation' also applies to any other portion of the plant where nitrocellulose fires may arise. 6. Glycerol Phthallc Anhydride Resins This type of resin manufacture is the source of a fair amount of apprehension among workers in this department. Just what the irritant lnTolred la la somewhet uncertain. This may be Halted to tbe phthalle anhydride or conceivably to the heated glycerine and more eoneelTably la the little known conpound produced by tbe coobination of glycerine with phthalle anhydride under theee circumstances. It la poaalble that nore than one Irrltent'la produced. It la a well estebllahed fact that eome irritant la produced which leads to Irrltatlbn of the eyea, nasal .passages end bronchi. There la apprehension that acre serious daaage may be done, lead ing to susceptibility to tuberculosis, pleurisy, chronic bronchitis, pneu monia end other such affections. This is not proved. The process leading to Irritation Is probably not just one but a combination of mixing, cooking, thinning, filtering and subsequent handling. The superintendent of thla department believes that ateck action is sufficient to take care of the vapors produced In the process of cooking. Of this these Investigators are not equally certain. They are Inclined to believe that the Installation of fans within the stack for booster action under unfavorable weather conditions may be desirable. Ibis may benefit the workers in the cooking department, but possibly may lead to the distribu tion throughout the plant area of Increased quantities of phthalle anhydride "snow". Without any definite recommendation, It is pointed out that certain other plants have installed booster blowers to augment stack action. The reconneadation is made that the management give due thought to the merits and demerits of this sort of Installation. - The thinning of this type of varnish offers greater exposure than the cooking. Although the superintendent Is convinced that tbe present Installation Is adequate and takes cars of all vepors, it Is readily discernible that such Is not the case. The hood over the varnish pot is only about one-half the area of the pot Itaelf. Visible fumes are observed not to be taken up through this hood. The stand has been taken by the superintendent that the hood Bust be smaller than the pot In order that the condensation drainage will be returned to the pot. This is a tenable position as the control of the condensate without wastage readily may be brought about. If the hood be made as large or somewhat larger than the pot, tbe lower edge may be rolled Inward and upward to constitute a gutter which at some one or two points may be perforated for drainage purposes Into the varnish pot, through one or sura suitable apouta. Thia type of thinning is cocgiliceted by the fact that hydro* carbon solvents, toluol and xylol, are Introduced into the vanish while hot. The toluol and rylol bolls due to *the heat of the varnish. Enormous quantlties of dangerous :vapors -are -given off from these hydrocarbons, .which are In addition to the liTltatlon from the glycerol phthallc anhydride confounds. A third problem oonneeted with phthallc anhydride work la in the small room housing the filter presses for this type of varnish. As observed by ua, oondltlons In this room were exceedingly bad. One of our own workers, spending only a few minutes In this room, acquired a minor pulmonary condition. Even thougi It bs granted that Improvement should be made, It Is a bit difficult to offer any arrangement that will be entirely practical. At once the question arises as to the advlsiebility of moving this filtering operation to the general filtering area, for which certain recommendations already have been made. It is understood that this Is not likely to be practical owing to the necessity for filtering this varnish hot and because of the desire to keep this troublesome varnish confined to one area. If we be wrong In this assumption, possibly the filtering of this varnish In the general filtering section, whan Improved, will be adequate. If the above asausgtlon be correct, consideration should be given to three possibilities* 1} general ventilation, 2) a hood Immediate ly over the filter press and 3) the wearing of positive pressure helmet by the operator. Inasmuch as the varnish pot la present In the room containing hot varnish, and Inasmuch as this filter Is of the portable variety. It seems more practical to these investigators to favor the provision of positive pressure equipment for this one operator. If decision be Bade to use this type of equipment., such apparatus should be bought aa will not be damaged by the varnish Itself. By this la meant that rubber equipment might be softened up by the toluol vapors. Feinted equipment likewise might be quickly made unsightly. It Is believed that an all aluminum face piece or synthetic rubber may be found available. Please note that no definite reeosnenhtlona have been made beyond the recommendation that ooneideration be given to this one or two nan work place. 7. Paint and Varnish Hanover Manufacture. This small operation is located in Building 16, in a lead-to shed of ancient vintage. Paint and varnish remover consists -of :the 'follow ing formulae: Paraffin Wax Benzol liathyl Acetone 3.30$ 50.25 . $*6.45 100 00 * In this mixture, the benzol is the Best dangerous substance. The methyl acetone, which is not a true methyl aeetone, but a mixture of methanol and acetone la second in importance. In another section of this report, reference is made to the concentration of vapors in various localities including the one under discussion. At times the vapors in this varnish remover work place ran as high as 10,000 parts per million, but the average was only 1000 and the minimus 200. Hot all of this may be considered to be either benzol or methyl aoetone. Obviously a mixture exists. On the floor above, at the time the drums of benzol and methyl acetone respectively were emptied, the ooncentratlon ranged from 280-700 on benzol and 1000-10,000 on methyl acetone. It is to be understood that these concentrations were not general and not continuous. However, one worlasan was present in close proximity to these high concentrations. . The outstanding difficulty connected with the manufacture of. this product is connected with the filling operation. This paint remover automatically fills into an opan trough from which four more or less siphon units lead off to run into email containers. Inescapably, a fair amount of spillage takes place and evaporation is constant during the filling opera tion. The testation is to recommend that this manufacturing operation be moved out of the present quarters, owing to general dilapidation. It is, however, understandable that there may be good reasons for utilizing that space as it is. It does seem scarcely warranted that any elaborate exhaust equipment be installed in so worn out a workroom. Ferbaps the under lying thought in this situation is this--that if any plans are contemplated for moving this operation, the noting should take place now, prior to the lnstallaxiuu of any exhaust or other type of protective equipment. Before making any recommendations, it is here observed that a complete blood count was Bade upon the one worker at thla operation. The results ore here appended: Hemoglobin (corrected Sahll) Erythrocytes 4,600,000 leucocytes 6,200 Polymorphonucle ars Large lymphocytes Small lymphocytes No pathology of red blood cells. 90J5 6Sf> 2$ 33fr The outstanding laboratory evidence of benzol action is to be found in diminution in the number of white blood cells present. The nomal end usual number approximates 7500 per cubic millimeter of blood. This worker shows 6200, which is not necessarily below the normal range, but at least 16 borderline, A second test is that recently described as the urine sulphate test, which was developed by the Bureau of Hines, A sasple of urine was taken and tested and was definitely positive, Indicat ing a benzol intake. Although these investigators may possibly be charged with a benzol phobia, it is recoanended that this operation be modified so ae to provide no concentration of the mixture of vapors present in excess of 200 parts per million. This may be accomplished in any one of several ways. The dumping of the drums above the floor level requires only about ten minutes and thus is coimperatively unimportant, even though the exposure be high. On the floor level, the filling operation may be made automatic or instead the filling operation may be carried out in the equivalent of a spray boothi that is, Immediately in the vicinity an exhaust fan may be installed within a booth, in which zone the filling may be performed* One worker in this department exhibits a trivial dermatitis, which may be ringworm or may be caused by benzol or other ingredients of the paint re mover, A third possibility, and the cheapest, of the lot, may be found in doing away with the open trough siphon system now in use, sinstituting for this filling directly from the closed tank and providing suitable respirators for the operators. The dilapidated shad, favored with the auaber Building 32 really should be torn down, as no useful purpose is being served by It. The materials sow housed there appear to be of as little value as the building Itself. If this building space la truly needed, rebuilding should take place* * On the aoutheast corner of Building #12, there Is situated low aatal stack, approximately ten feet high, with which Is connected a series of conduits from the vamlsh thinning department and nearby operations. The greeter portion of vapors work their way upward toward this stack and are condensed before reach'lng the stack Itself and drain back Into their respective oondults. This Is not entirely true for a fair amount of complaint has been encountered that under certain weather conditions vapors are blown down from this stack and unfavorably effect workers In that region. The question Is raised, but may not be practical, and advantageous, to Increase the height of this stack by twenty feet and possibly more. miscellaneous Items: Another section of this report discusses skin hazards in the plant, Including the varnish department. Uany of the pumps and similar equipment In this department Is In need of ordinary cleaning. Coscared with certain other plants, the machinery In this department may be classed as filthy. In the resin warehouse, e considerable amount of dust Is present and some of these dusts are explosive. Theoretically, a fair amount of skin disease should be present, but we do not possess sufficient evidence to condemn operations In this room* It seems to be Justified that we maintain that throughout this department there Is a fair amount of disorder, accumulation of unused objects end materials. .One portion of the yard area Is particularly bad, but this Is said to be due to repair operations now la progress. Resin dust has a way of plugging up the ears of workers leading to functional deafness without any organic disturbance of the bear ing apparatus. One man, working with resins in the warehouse, appears to be hard of heerlng in his right ear. Nothing is known about this nan's condition, but it nay be well to sand this nan to Ford Hospital to have his ears freed of accusulated resin if in fact his partial deafness is due to this cause* * T CC*" -.TM -Tv H .C XT--.TDATIL .C*UZTl DIFAHTITZITT As elsewhere observed, a considerable portion of the 1ct-j-nr Dipa.'tse-it tor's is done elsewhere. Tr.e nitrocellulose paste is pre pared apart fraa this plant. T%he milling a* earban nitracellulase seals is here carried out in the Tarnish Department. The milling of lacquer materials is here carried aut its the Dnomel Department. Thus the Lacquer Department largely becoaes one of thinning, tinting, filling and labeling, notwithstanding this restriction of operations hers carried out, this lacquer department presents higher concentrations of vapors than any yet investigated by us where actual measursmente were carried out. In another section of this report details are provided as to various teste aade of vapors, gases, etc. throughout the plant. Also, certain limitations are there shown as to the accuracy of the method used by us. Sven though the method employed possesses an error of 50% as a deviation fraa accuracy, there still is much too much vapor material in the Lacquer Department. It appears demonstrated that the high concentration of vapors about which complaint is being made is due to four sourcee, as follows! 1) almost continuous cleaning of large and small utensils, including tanks, immediately on the two lacquer floors, hit particularly the first floor, using lacquer thlnners as cleaning agents. 2) the free use of lacquer thinner or paint remover for floor cleaning, cleaning of work utensils, hands and forearms, etc. 3) the use of centrifugal machines. A) the almost total lack of any air exhausting equipment in this area. . In that earlier section, dealing with vapor determination^ Dr. Fredrick has made various suggestions as to ways and means of con trolling vapor concentrations. Dr. Fredrick's ccmment should be con sidered, but in the last analysis this final comment ie to be regarded N16643.08 0007-SWP-000030907 T as taking precedent over caaaent Bade in other plaees. It is distinctly recommended that within the lacquer Department there be installed an isolated roaa, well exhausted, for all cleaning of containers, portable tanks, etc. used in this department. This installation seems to be imperative. In^this Email room there should be installed a sufficient number o^tanks for the > i.-a^s 'of such fluids as aay be neeessary for cleaning purposes. All tanks, save those con- ^ sa jS f taining cold water, should be riH?Sexhausted. Due consideration ehould be given to spark proof lamps. It seems likely that this roca should be Installed on the first floor, as the use for it is greater there. However, plans should be aade for the use of this cleaning room in connection with the work on the floor above. It has been represented to ua by lir. Hutchinson that extensive alterations shortly will be instituted in the Lacquer Department. If this be true, it is undesirable that major installations be made at the present time as regards vapor control. Whether or not these Innovations are introduced, provision should be made to maintain the vapor concentra tion level throughout this area between 200 and 300 parts per million of air with a preference for the lower figure. It is possible that the centrifugal machine or machines will require an exhaust system, as this operation is a considerable offender. Conceivably the centrifugal machines might be made more or less stationary in order to provide opportunity for the exhaust installation. The rather free use of laoquer thinner for all types of wash ing purposes in open areas should be discontinued by being centered in the lacquer utensil cleaning room above mentioned. Cn the second floor, . it may be sufficient merely to introduce exhaust fans at about the floor level for the evacuation of accumulated vapors to the outside. Since extensive changes are in order in this department for production purposes, and since it is understood that these workers will spend a few days in this plant about six months hence, no further recaa- mendatiens are made at this time. However, this section closes with the emphatic statement that at the time of our testing, vapors were unusually high in this department. S1A13L D"?ARTJE8T In many other eeetione of thie report activities in the enamel department are dieeueeed. Seme, comment may be found In connection with .lead analyses,`vapor d* .ersinations, duet count*, blood examination*, illimination teat*, ete. In two eeetione erne recommendation* are mad* by Dr. Fredrick in connection with hie own examination of theee premise*. All thie being true, no reason exiet* for lengthy diacueeion of hyiienic conditions in this department. Two item* stand out with definitenessi (1) No major mechanical installation* are required for this department under,immediate operating conditions. (2) This department, like many others, is badly in need of better janitor work, one good wholesale cleaning and considerable brightening up of unsightly places. More important consent ie made in separate sections, such as "Lead Analyses.* HOUSE AH? SPECIAL /AC.T ItANj? -CTUHIH3 BEPARIiraiT Already In other eeetlone practically every consideration connected with thle department hat been included. Theee other * actions refer to lead analytes, duet counts, blood determinations, illuaination tests, observations as to noise, janitor work, special means for the control of lead, etc. On this account, it is preferable not to repeat a record of these observations, but instead to refer to other special chapters. Two or three asall items are here made in connection with this department! ' (1) A fair amount of lead is being carried into the dry aluminum room and the mixture of theee two substances conceivably may increase the inflammability of the aluminum, even though the lead be present only in traces. If practical, this aluminum work should be removed to less exposed quarters, in view of the fact that two wasen work in this department. This suggestion is by no means urgent. (2) Just outside the door of the aluminum room there is an acid soda water type of fire extinguisher which apparently is intended for use in the aluminum roan in ease of fires. If this were done, the intensity of the fire would be greatly Increased. Instead, there should be located directly in the aluminum room two buckets full of fins sand for use in smothering metallic aluminum flree. WARSrlO'JSE a '.O STORAGE In the Northeast seetion of the plant area are a aeries of buildings used for warehouse storage and for antiquated machinery storage. In part these represent left-over buildings from the horse and buggy period of the life of the plant. Some^of the buildings are now devoted to garage purposes, liore centrally located In the plant area are the old calcimine building, the dry color building and the dry color warehouse. Considering this entire group of buildings as a unit, It nay be pointed out that from the point of view of Industrial hygiene, this series of buildings are relatively unimportant. In special sections of the report, reference say be made to special items, such as illumination. In those buildings devoted to raw material storage, there are certain minerals of dangerous nature such as lead In various forms, silica, etc. Since movement of these naterlals takes place intermittently and infrequently, such as at the time of unloading cars, no hazards may be said to persists No visible dusts are present, no mechanisms for stirring up dusts 8re ordinarily operated and altogether no reason is known for taking any stand egsinst practices as now carried out. In that grot of buildings representing the very old type, such as Building #14, the old barn'building #39 and possibly one or two others elong the East wall, It Is believed that they serve very little use ful purpose at the present time. The stored antiquated machinery does not ' appear to have a great deal of value other than for scrap purposes. -;ilthohgh the retention of these buildings has little or nothing to do with health problems, their presence Is of soma significance in that it brings about an appearance of disorderline as- In that area. Without any definite reconomdations, the question is raiaediiaa. tdline T&MHpf tearing down at- ljiast the' , old barn and shed and possibly other buildings. It is not known to be a feet, but possibly soma tax saving may be accomplished by this step. 'These statements do not apply to that portion of Building #18 devoted to the manufacture of paint and varnish remover. N16643.1 This Venerable Cstablishacr.t Setaine Sons Antiquated Buildings of a By-Gone ?eri:d. Although Constituting JIo Distinct Health Hazard, the He-oval of Scoe of These Buildings would Greatly Add to ths Sightliness of the General ?lant .i^aranc*. Acne Chit: load and Col :r Corks bust? nek 'Detroit) liicfcigin 0007-SWP-000030912 WASTE DISPOSAL Dua investigation has brought out a number of potentially Important facts concerned with the disposal of refuse In this plant. Three '% .items are sow enumerated: . 1) The wooden waste, chiefly derived from barrels, at the present time is turned over to the City of Hamtramek, which, la turn, dis tributes this burnable material for fuel to Indigent families. The under lying idea Involved is commendable, but wherever lead, chroaltm and other dangerous aaterlals are involved, considerable risk is run in that poison ing aay becoae the lot of persons not employed in the plant. Conceivably a legal risk aay be involved, but this is a natter for the Legal Department to decide. . 2) Paper bags, previously having contained lead or other minerals, are picked up by waste collectors not connected with the plant, who are permitted to enter the plant for this purpose. What becomes of this paper waste thereafter is not known, but theoretically, at any rate, a widespread exposure aay be provided. Including the waste collectors, paper balers, paper sorters, etc. Again the question of legal responelblllty arises. . 3) On the premises, considerable material is burned.- In the burning operation, highly laflamnble solvents and thinnars are thrown on to less burnable aaterlal. The temperatures provided are such that in evitably there enters the air a mixture of all sorts of volatilized materials. Thess are spread over the nearby residence area.. It is believed that no real intoxicants are thus dlssasinated', but if any complaints were to arise, it would be costly to defend claims that might be involved. All of this leads to the recommendation or at least the suggestion that waste materials be disposed of Qn the plant premises. The basic reason far this recos&endatlan, supplementing the foregoing enumerated items, is the fact that chemioal analyses made on the ash pile where burning The Disposal of Keats and Waste Containers Xntroduees Possible Exposure for Workers and Possibly for the Public. The Construction of an Incinerator with Stack for the Disposal of all Waste on Premises la Suggested. Acme White Lead and Color Works Hamtraack (Detroit) Michigan j 0007-S WP-000030914 | is carried out jfelded a percentage of lead which is the highest instance was 14.80$ and in a sifted sacgile 5.7$. Is this connection, it may be pertinent to inquire if too such material ,1s not reaching the waste pile, but so stand is taken is this respect. 3y accident .the period .of this Investigation .coincides with the period that the accumulated waste heap was being carted away and loaded on to flat cars (or a flat car). By actual observation this process was noted to be distinctly dusty. The tender of this present dump heap appears to have a very mild lead poisoning, la view of a 14$ lead content, the wonder is that sure lead poisoning Is not present in this man who constantly works around this refuse plla. ' . After due consideration of this problem, a decision has been reached to suggest to the management that an incinerator be built for the disposal of waste. Ko attempt is made to pick out a location for such an Incinerator. This incinerator should not be elaborate, but should be en closed at least as to walls and should be furnished with a staok. It should be so constructed that ashes and residual mineral material may be thoroughly wetted before handling in order to obviate dustiness. The operator of the incinerator, when handling dusty materials such as bags, barrel staves, etc. should be required to wear a filter type of respirator. In view of the faet that the materials burned Include spent laoquer thlnncrs, solvents, oily materials, pigments, etc., a variety of hazards may arise unrelated to lead. Two examples are eltedt 1) The hydrocarbons entering liquid vehicles, when evaporated are distinctly toxlo. S) Various coloring materials, but particularly ultramarine blue,;;may give rise to oxides of nitrogen, which are extremely dangerous [evon "in tiroes. The filter type of respirator Will not provide protection against vapore or gases which means that the incinerator tender should con tinually be alert to his protection by avoiding close proximity In the process of disposing of essentially all waate materials. Stack action ordinarily will entrain these unwanted gases. BRUM AND TANK CLEANING One* of the nsst troublesome features'of paint manufacture - from the point of rise of worker protection is the inevitable department .derated to the cleaning of drums, tanks, buckets, etc. Some .of .these .containers reach the cleaning department smeared with lead containing substances and other materials of injurious nature, including skin lrrl- - tents. This is a minor hazard compared with exposures that may arise from the materials used in cleaning. The exact composition of the chemicals employed is rarely determinable, being trade secrets. It is known that these materials are strongly alkaline, that they contain caustic alkalies, tri-sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate or similar agents. These sub stances do not evaporate under oidinery circumstances, but when heated the created steam does contain these irritant materials which as such or when precipitated into the general atmosphare may become harmful. Further more, this process is coamanly a hot one. The presence of heat augments the irritant action of alkalies. Altogether this type of work is to be accepted as necessary, but rated as troublesome insofar as health of workers is concerned. In certain other plants, x-ray examinations made on the chests of wor*kers have revealed evidence of increased fibrosis in the lungs which, while not disabling, represents a low-grade disease state 'of the respiratory tract. On this account, three workers from the Department ! were subjected to x-ray examination at the Henry ford Hospital. The re sults furnished by that.Hospital are now shown: ... _ REDACTED;-'.- "The x^rey of this man's chest was entirely negative for any pathology.'' y'.;.u^ :' ' ~t-'' _ * r _ "This man's cheat x-rays show some calcified hilar rglands on the ri'ght atd<f. with a calcified lesion 'sli the right ':beree,^ probably an old tuberculous f/ TT'tr~-- ' v . t*. "process. No other parenchymatous involvement . . -could be msde out, and there is nothing to suggest any ectlve'process in the lunge now." ' : "The x-ray of this man's chest yesterday showed calcified glands in the right hllua area and marked ' .lnaroaaa in the rmrvtttg,. but SO------ definite evidence uf lllVolve&ent in the lung paren chyma itself to suggest any tuberculous involvement or other serious pathology. It is possible that he, at one time, bad an infection which healed, and hence would give the markings mentioned." 1 "1 I Alkali Cleaning of Drums and Other Containers. Alkali Vapors Continually Present. Situation Calls for SztenalTe laproremant, Including one or lbre Exhaust Systems. Acme White Lead and Color Works Hamtramck (Detroit) Michigan From the foregoing, It does not eppeer established that the lungs of these workers hare been harmed to e measurable extent. This is fortunate, but dose sot free the plant from responsibility for better ing work conditions 1a this Department, i number of suggestions are now made, seeking lagiroved work conditions .for these employees. First, over the alia 11 tanks now installed, an exhaust system should be provided for the purposes of entraining and discharging alkali vapors and excessive heat creeti by these tanks. At once it is pointed out that this will not be easy to do, because of the fact that - the containers to be cleaned are loaded into cradles and are bandied. , by small block and tackle crane devices. On this account, the entrain ing hood will have to be constructed in such a fashion as to swing up ward and be'ckward to provide clearance for the cradles. In lieu of this arrangement, possibly the entire intake of steam heat, vapors, etc. may be accomplished through the use of hoods, situated only at the back of the tanks. Still further the possibility exists that lateral suction may' be introduced on three or four sides of the tank through which the steam, etc. may be drawn first downward and eventually upward to be discharged above the roof level. _ In any event, due consideration must be given to protecting workers In the nearby Printing Department, to which Department these dis charged vapors may be carried under ordinary circumstances. Tbs withdrawal of large quantities of air through this venting system will lead to the necessity for an increased number of heating units In this Department during winter months. Whatever Is done In the way of an exhaust system will probably require the installation of a fan system rather than the placing of dependence upon natural venting. Of this, however, these Investlgators are not precisely certain. That portion of the work now devoted to drum cleaning already is fitted with natural stacks and la enclosed, except at the filling and discharge ends. These two portions are in fact enclosed, but necessarily are r frequently opened up for the Introduction end discharge of drums* The type of stack present Is not conductre to the best removal of Irritants and heat, but for the time being no recommendations are made for changes. In addition to the Installation mentioned. It Is believed' * . that there is a need for the general exhausting of air In this building. It is noted that a spray booth Is present in this room for use in conjunc tion with the painting of drums, vrhan this hood Is being operated, the air in at least some portions of the workroom Is frequently changed. The question arises If It may not be advantageous to operate this fan at all times in order to bring about frequent changes of atmosphere. This, however, will place increased loads on heating units during winter months. This entire building Is somewhat ramshackle! and dilapidated. This very fact Introduces no especial health hazards except possibly cold In winter. No less, It seems desirable to suggest that this building be repaired In order to make it more livable. This applies In some measure to ' the antiquated wooden platforms located about cleaning tanks. Some of these ere broken up, partly submerged In water and altogether are unsightly. Appropriate examination of these workers disclosed no evidence of lead poisoning. . Is there any known system of carrying out these cleaning operations with oold solutions In ordsr to eliminate excessive heat? 1 SKIS EXPOSURES. I Of all occupational disease*. 65 per cent, or thereabout*, ere skin disease*. In a general paint plant the percentage of sJcin disease* should run higher. Primarily thi* is due to the nature of the raw, intermediate and finished material*. If refer ence be made to the long list of raw materials in -this report, -it may be observed that not less than one hundred are rated as being capable of producing shin diseases. In particular, such substances as bensol. toluol, xylol, solventrnphtha. naphtha, mineral spirits ........ and their combination leading to thinner*, solvents, etc. are........ oapable of inducing skin diseases. Therefore many of the mineral materials entering paints and their coatings may induce skin diseases. The chief offenders are those compounds containing chromium, particularly the chromates and oxides of chroming. Many resins, but chiefly synthetic resins are well known as sources of skin diseases. ' 1 These divers subste. nees act to create skin diseases in different fashions. Some are direct Irritants, such as chromates, others injure skin by solvent action, thus depriving, the skin of ' its natural protective fatty coating.. The greater number are both irritants and solvents. Still others sensitise the skin and pave the way for chronic skin diseases. A few substanoe* may produce low grad* skin diseases by meohanical action. For example. . carborundum used in stonm dressing may abrade the skin as well as i abrading the stone. Actual burning of the skin with caustics may ] acoount for occasional extended skin injuries. Apart from actual 1 i work egqgosure possibilities for skin diseases are enhanced by the ] practice of many workers to wash up at the end of the work period in irritant solvents. All in all. a provocative source of skin diseases is legion in this paint plant, but not more so than in other paint plants with similar operations. It is a conmon truism in medicine that "whatever is looked for is ept to be found." The management is likely to express doubt that any skin disease is now present in this plant. Thee investigator*, without any search, have spotted several eases of skin diseases, not all of which are known to be traceable to work ! as their direct or indirect cause. The paint and varnish remover rtaker exhibits a dermatitis of one finger which is believed to be ringworm aggravated by contact with bentol and methyl acetone. Ore dry mixer has a definite skin disease of the face which probably is of .non -occupational origin. The two workers with double pterygium technically might be listed as suffering from akin disease, since the overgrowth of tissue in the eye* represent* an extension from a contact layer of the skin. It is prophesied that a careful survey of all workers woold lead to the detection of not leas than 25 instances of skin disease at this very time,. Skin diseases in the paint industry are prone to became more severe through complications resulting from invasion by fungi (ringworm). The combination is a bad one. The chemical action of various liquids provides a suitable bed for the growth V of fungi. In turn the growth of fungi prevents healing of the skin and a vicious cycle is established. Since it is unthinkable that the scores of causes of skin diseases in a paint plant may be eliminated from the raw materials. it is pertinent to Inquire as to appropriate ways for prevention and control of skin diseases. A number of suggestions are now made. (1) Personal hygiene it the key to the avoidance of Industrial skin diseases. Workers should svoid washing in solvents and thinner* beyond the most meager neoesslty. Soap and water is preferable, but not always entirely effleaeious. If it be necessary to wash up with defatting agents, it is desirable that workers, at the end of the wash period, rub into the akin of the hands and forearms, and at times their faces, some bland emolient to replaoe the natural fat that haa been lost. Lanolin, cocoa butter, cold cream or even vaeeline may be used, although mineral fats are much less desirable than either animal or vegetable materials. (2) Tba choice of soaps is fairly important. No soap is entirely harmless to all skins Soaps containing free alkali are nost objectionable. Lifebuoy soap is irritant to many skins and more so perhaps than any other'ef the better known varieties of soap. Frequent washing is preferable to wholesale rough washing one or two times during the day. (3) Workers upon the first sign of a dermatitis should not be permitted to continue work that involves additional closure. These afflicted ones should either be removed to non- hatardous work for a few days or else should be stopped from work altogether. (O Self medication with irritant drugs naturally does more harm than good. Iodine, for example, eommonly but aggravates skin diseases. If the condition is at all severe, medical services should be sought. In the absence of the necessity for V professional care, bland treatment is preferable. Such bland treatment includes application of some one of such substances as the followingi 10/c tine oxide in olive oil calomerim lotion t hot soaks in tliaainym acetate solution hot soaks in epaom salt solution (S) Certain operations regularly providing exposure to irritants should lead to the wearing of rubber gloves. This statement applies peculiarly to drum and container cleaning work. How ever. after the inauguration of the skin disease the wearing of rubber gloves may aggravate rather than aid the skin disease. l (6) In some instances it may prove to be possible to use some one or more of the protective ointments manufactured by the Kilburn Company of Detroit or Parke Davis & Company. The I latter firm manufactures a protective coating called "Tar Dermament." This, when applied to the akin, serves as a protective barrier against the aotion of a variety of irritant chemical*. (7) Seme few worker* may *o frequently break out with kin disease aa to require elimination from all future work. This is more likely to be true for blondes than brunettes. By and large, in selecting new workers a preference should be extended, other things being equal, to dark skinned workers, since they are muoh less likely to acquire skin diseases. However they are not entirely resistant. (8) Hegroes are well suited for work requiring exposure to the skin of irritant substances. (9) Education on the part of foreman and others of the workers under them in ways and means to avoid akin disease is one of the most helpful agenoies in avoiding this unwanted, troublesome affection. ' By no means are all skin diseases arising among industrial workers of work origin. From many observations the opinion has been formed that even in the paint industry not more than one third of the skin ease* detected are traoeabl* to work as the oause. llany workers suffsr from acne which is a non occupational skin disease. 1 fair number of workers will present skin diseases due to the use of phenolphthslein laxatives of which there are many varieties on the market. Still other workers are sensitive to food, clothing, animal hair, flowers, etc. Finally it is observed that no claim for compensation under I I the new occupational disease law. involving skin diseases, should be 1 aeoepted for compensation purposes until a thorough Investigation has been made by a qualified physician. CARBON >XVOXH>E In this plant, carbon monoxide la likely to be produced only In ooraectlon rlth fires used for cooking varnish, gas heated drying ovens, cook stove;, laboratory heating appliances, etc. Since this gas gives no naming and la entirely Insidious In Its action, it was deemed appropriate to make a fair number of tests for carbon monoxide throughout this plant. The type of instrument employed was the navy type, manu factured by the lines Safety Appliance Company for commercial pur poses, This highly sensitive instrument reads directly In parts per million of this gas. Tests were made In practically every (mown place In the plant where carbon monoxide might arise, but particular ly about the varnish manufacturing department. No positive tests were found anywhere end -the conclusion Is reached that no carbon monoxide was present At the very time that the tests were made. It Is observed that no tests were made around two blacksmith forges In the liaintenance Building, solely because these forges bad not been discovered at the time of these tests. Inasmuch as stacks are over these forges, it is not believed that harmful quantities of carbon monoxide are present. It Is noted that summer time rather than winter Is the danger period for carbon monoxide. Some of the very appliances tested during these sunnier weeks might, In cold weather, show dangerous concentrations of gas. It is for this reason that a recheck Is urged about six months hence. At the present time, there is no reason to believe that any carbon monoxide hazard existe in this plant. N16643.14 JANITOR SERVICE The janitor work In *M.e plant, aa vail a la Best industrial j plants, is a much nsglsetad art. From tins immemorial, it has frequently been the custoa te turn janitor work over to handicapped persons, to superannuated workers or to other .persons who., .for one reason or another, . jm.y not he used on direct production employment. Still vorae, janitor 1 work in aany places is carried out by the workers themselves in any | given department. This practice sometimes eventuates in little or no ! janitor service then the department is pressed because of workers being ! too busy. Then when work is very slack little or no janitor work is I performed because many workers are laid off. Continuing to speak of janitor work in general, and without reference to this particular plant as yet, it is believable that neglect of janitor services readily may be the souree of losses out of proportion : to money necessary to employ sueh help. Sven when good physical and i mental types of workers are available for janitor work, poor results ! frequently arise beoause of lack of supervision and lack of training. In truth, the janitor should be above average in intelligence and should regard his duties as of technical nature rather than a mongering type of employment. In this plant, aany of its ills represent current or past low , types of janitor work. The high concentration of vapors complained of in this report to a considerable extent grows out of the faulty practices connected with janitor work, in which paint remover is poured on to the floor in small lakes for purposes of softening up incrustations that have accumulated through the years. The faulty sweeping is in some ssasure responsible for the high concentrations of lead in the atmosphere found in various places. Failure to procure proper cleanliness through janitor work is likewise the souree of some lead in the atmosphere. Nov after these coalmining introductory remarks, a number of suggestions are made with reference to clean up services. (1) Faint remover, lacquer thinner or kindred solvents should net bs indiscriminately used for floor or wall cleaning purposes. Tbs jractice of pouring a gallon or two of paint remover or laoquer thinner on to the floor in the midet of various workers going about thair duties ia dafinltely condemned. If it ba daairabla to uaa aueb utariala for floor aofpurpoiaa, tha application should taka place after work houra, ahould ba carried out by janitors or other workers wearing respirators, and further all windows should ba opened '* up and the -entire spans .ahould .be -well ventilated prior is the re entry of unprotected workers. (2) Dry sweeping should not be permitted in any portion of this plant except office areas* storage areas for finished products, and a few other substantially dust free places such as labeling rooms. The practice of wetting sawdust with lacquer thinner or paint remover is likewise bad. I6r wetting purposes successfully nay be ueed water, II sawdust wetted with water, dawdust wetted with oils or various chemical floor compounds in which sawdust or similar material. is treated with deliquescent chemicals. Xn a few places actual hosing down of the floors and even the walls may be salutary. Sprinkling of floors with water in sprinkling cans, unless done judiciously, will in itself stir 1 I up considerable dust. (3) In those areas ia which lead is manipulated, or other dangerous substances such as chromium compounds, silica, magnesium ani rasing, janitors should be called upon to wear respirators. The two types of respirators seen about this plant are both good but fcT are not adequately serviced end some workers complain that the i particular ones furnished them do not fit. This item is discussed ia i greater detail elsewhere. .(4) If janitors are called upon to pick up and bundle up paper bags that have previously contained dangerous materials, including lead, or if they are called upon to handle empty barrels that have contained such substances, respirators should be worn whenever- any likelihood of dust production exists. (b) It is presumed that Janitors strictly derating themselves to suoh work are not called upon to dean up the machinery or appliances. On the other hand, in those departments where workers themselves are expected hath to do Janitor work about their machines and to elean the aachinea ae well, it may be pointed out that many of the suggestions here std apply to machine cleaning an vail at strictly Janitorial work, floor cleaningt ate* (6) As shown in another section, poor illumination la brought > bout in this plant to a considerable extent through tho failurs to clsan lighting fixturss. Approximately 30 par east of tha effective power of a now electric lamp ia loat if such a lamp is coated over with * wattled dust. (7) Distinctly more Janitor work ia needed is tha plant proper than la now being supplied. Thia doaa not apply to arery aingle department but la oartalnly true for saucy. the foregoing comment now laada to a definite recommendation. \ It ia bellowed that the Janitor work la thia establishment ahould be more eentrallted than at present, ill of the Janitor work carried out In the I I factory should be under the direct superrlsion of one qualified person who any instruct, supervise, guide and condemn workers performing Janitorial services. For purposes of administration it is probable that Janitors working in the office area carrying out ordinary Janitor work should report to some person having duties in the office section of the jilamt. In a subsequent section some comment is directed to the possibility of employing a supervisor for many types of employee in plant aarvices. This matter of Janitor work la there again discussed. i I ii1 1 CUSTOiER PROTECTION Tear bp pear erarp paint manufacturer la the recipient of num erous ooqplalnte Proa dealers or ultimate consumers of paint products, either directly condemning some product as harmful or else seeking information as to safe procedures. While many complaints map be unwarranted, it still oust be recognized that almost any paint product map lead to injury to human beings, j if gratiaIp ill-used. On this account, it map be well to bring together vari i ous items of information dealing with the protection of the ultimata user of paints- first a number of typical formulas are presented in support of the contention that moat all seating materials contain one or more well known injurious agents. White Proxlln Lacquer #556 I I Zinc Sulphide 7.0# Titanium Bioxide 7.12 Zinc Oxlds ,3.20 Zinc Stearate .20 Raw Castor Oil 1.65 Blbutpl Phtbalate 5.20 Bamar Qua 4.10 Blown Castor Oil .20 Toluol . 16.55 Xylol 6.36 1/2 Sec. N/C 14.75 Ethyl Alcohol 10.20 Butyl Acetate ' 12.95 Butyl Alcohol 2.00 Isopropyl Acetate 6.50 Eater torn .20 Naphtha 1.75 100.OSli Synthetic Varnish (2143) Phthalie Anhydride 19.0# Glycerine 11.00 linseed Oil Patty Acids 15.00 High Plash Naphtha 26.00 Xylol 26.00 Butyl Alcohol 3.00 100.0# Paint and Tarnish Remover Paraffin Wax Benzol Methyl Acetone 3-30$ 50.29 . #46.45 100 0 N16643.16 . ' : \ 1 ' j ! j Black Proxlln #66 Carbon Black 1.5* Black Dye Solution 2.67 1/2 Sae. N/C 13.90 Ethyl Alcohol 11.02 Dibutyl Phthalate 5.29 Amberol 801 4.01 Toluol . -20.10 lylol 3.12 Isopropyl Acetate 3.50 Butyl Acetate 15.74 Butyl Alcohol .75 Naphtha 16.00 6 Sac. N/C .40 100.0Q* Chroma Yellow Lacquer #807 Lead Chromato 9.65b Raw Castor Oil 2.3 Dibutyl Phthalate 5.0 Eater Oua 1.75 1/2 Sao. N/C 15.65 Ethyl Alcohol 6.67 Isopropyl Acetate 7.49 Butyl Aoetate 15.20 Butyl Alcohol 2.32 Toluol 14*47 Xylol 11.50 Naphtha . *6.05 100 00 lacquer Filler #400 Powdered Soapstone 25.96* Calcium Titanox 6.46 lamp Black . .60 Blown Castor Oil 6.49 Aoberol 801 12.97 Butyl Acetate 9.78 Ethyl Alcohol 5.27 Isopropyl Acetate 3.94 Naphtha 7.14 Toluol 13.45 1/2 Sec. K/C 6.29 Butyl Alcohol .65 Xylol . *l.o 100 00 lecqusr Polish Paraffin Oil 8.52* Methyl Salicylate .35 Oum Tragaoanth .55 Water 75.72 Snow Ploss Pllter Cel 9.63 Glycerine 3.53 Pormaldehyde 40* .54 Neomerpln S.A. Coao. Powder . *1.16 100 00 It it a well known fact that Boat old tine professional painters have suffered from lead poisoning at sons tine In their life ami nost such painters show a few of the sequdlae of lead poisoning* Sons reason exists for believing that on the average, the professional painter who starts his trade early in life probably Uvea several years less than the average tradeaoan in dlsslnllarf non-hazardous employments. It Is also known that many complaints arise from non-professional painters who assay some jobs of painting. Because of these Involvements of these two classes of paint users, It searns desirable to set forth hare a number of circumstances and practices that may lead to trouble and to oonplalnts coming to thla Company. 1) lead does not enter the body through the skin In sufficient quantities to produce lead poisoning. This Is not true of tetraethyl lead and other organic lead compounds. However, auch are not known to enjoy any extensive use In the coating Industry. All Inquiries based on the assump tion that lead so enters may positively be replied to In the negative. 2) Lead In itself will not produce skin disease, on the order of a dermatitis, frequently, conplalnts arise intending to in criminate lead as a direct akin irritant. This Is not true, although certain lead compounds may produce a dermatitis. Lead chromate, for example, pos sibly may produce a dermatitis. This, however, is due to the chromium consonant and not the lead consonant. 3) Among painters, the dry sanding of coated surfaces containing lead Is the eonsnest source of lead poisoning. This state ment may not apply to processes In which lead containing ooatlmgs are I i sprayed In the absence of suitable boothing. Otherwise, the statement as to dry sanding applies. The renewal of paint by burning la less dangerous as a source of lead poisoning than sanding. i . - i 4) After lead is mixed with oil, or other vehicles, the i hazard to lead poisoning is appreciably diminished. Lead does not evap 1 orate in coated surfaces, nor In the course of painting does enough splash ing ordinarily take place to the point of entering the mouth in adequate quantities to cause difficulty. This means that palntera, neither pro- 1 I feaaional nor amateur, should undertaka to make their own paints, starting ( with dry ingredients, ' 5) Painters, and particularly amateur painters, should . not long work in closely confined spaces, such as closets, in the absence of ventilation. Professional painters frequently get into difficulties - working in tenks in connection with painting operations. Almost any aub- ' * i stance will evaporate or otherwise give rise to harmful vapors in close I spaces to the point of injury. i ; 6} Paint removers are almost universally trouble makers, I either from ooatalnlng harmful alcohol,s such as methyl, or dangerous i j hydrocarbons, such as benzol, which may lead to distinct poisoning, or I. | otherwise the constituents of paint or varnish removers may lead to marked i akin irritation. Paint or varnish removing is at best a dubious enterprise i 1 for the non-professional when aairled out to any great extent. | 7) Turpentines are rather definite irritants to the skin.of \ | many persons from direct contact and a minor irritant to the respiratory I tract of some parsons. Soma turpentines are such more disturbing than .I I others. In the experience of these investigators, turpentines are trouble ; some in the order now listed, the first being the most irritating and so , on down. 1. Steam distilled wood turpentine. 2. Sulphate turpentine. 3. Destructively distilled wood turpentine. 4. Gum spirits turpentine. As a general statement, and with some exceptions, the more turpentine is purified, the more irritating it becomes. This is not neces sarily true of steam distilled wood turpentine, which now, by some manufac turers, may be so fractionated as to eliminate an irritant freotion. The \ thought in this discussion is that all persons making use of turpentine in paints should respeot the Irritant properties of turpentine. 8) Whenever linseed oil and possibly other vegetable oils are in process of drying, they give off or may give off appreciable quanti ties of oarbon dioxide and probably oarbon monoxide. The quantity that la created la one room is perhaps not serious, but in the case of large areas, I 1II i \ such as the hold of a steamship, practical hazards nay be produced. The point la that persona should not remain and particularly should not sleep In rooms, buildings, or other spaces ismedlately after painting, 8) Indoor spray painting should not tabs place with or with* out a lead content in the absenoe of boothlng, positive pressure respira tors or other adequate protection. Spray painting Is one of the great bones of contention on the pert of painters, tfhlle the real reason for conplaint may be economic, a case egalnst spray painting Is frequently brought out in connection with health exposures. The situation Is fair ly single and Is namely that' spray painting calls for special proteetlon of the painter and without such proteetlon, spray painting is unwarranted and with good protection spray painting is laudable and commendable, 10) for the sake of the oonaumer, as well as the paint maker, benzol, wood alcohol, chlorinated hydrocarbons and substenoes of ooBearable toxicity should be kept out of all eoatlngs to the fullest extent possible, 11) Although this Conpany does not manufacture waxes for coating purposes, It is here recorded that such products have led to disasters for consumers because of dangerous contents of such produets. 12) In general, all users of paint should realize that practically without exception, all coating materials call for Intelligent use, Erery type of paint product and related product contains one or more substances which conceivably might lead to disaster If handled with utter abandon and conplete recklessness. This statewnt is not meant to condesm in any way paint materials, but instead to esphaslxe that almost every substance about us, whether paint or otherwise, may lead to diffi culties whsn Improperly utilized, . It is hoped that out of the foregoing materials will be found useful faots for furnishing some Information In response to the majority of inquiries related to oomplalnts against your products* I i ! i i i MEDICAL DEPARTMENT Medical work In this plant Uni fairly lew level at this time. In any plant haring a* nany aa 746 workers* which i* tha work population of thia plant* th# ganuina day by day naeda for medioal oara far exceeds tha carrioaa randarad on tha plant premises or.at tha Ford Hospital. It ic ganerally stated* ' and widaly aooepted* that 'in industry from 6 to 6 par oant of tha work population will paaa through tha medical department daily with ganuina affaotiona of rarying degrees. Khan tha masher visiting tha plant'a medioal relief atation markedly falla below that figure* ordinarily thia refledta a lack of adequate facilities* laek of faith in tha paraona rendering tha aarrioaa or laok of knowledge on tha part of the workera that medioal aarrioaa are available to them* ' Thia argument does not maintain that thia plant or any other induatrial plant should make of its medioal . department a substitute for tha family physician or tha speoialist. By no means does it urge that every oondition affecting tha health of workers properly falla within the domain of servioas to be rendered in an industrial medioal department. On tha other hand* it is emphasised that the maintenance of the health of the worker well serves the interests of the management aa well as the worker himself. Day by day desens of workers develop minor conditions such aa headaohe* menstrual disturbances* gastro.intestinal upsets* minor outs* bruises* abrasions* sprains* buma* eye inflammation* to.* which rightfully should not lead to the worker seeking the aervioea of a phyaioian or taking time away from gainful employ ment. Daily in thia plant some 50 or 40 workers should be ministered to by the medioal department. Instead* praotioally no work la earried out on the premises* the total number, of items of medioai' care rarely exceeding 12 including redressing* the average approximating 6. The need for medioal service is somewhat obvious in passing through the plant whan even external conditions I \ ir in sufficient mbtri to attraot the attention of the pai*er-by. The it statement* are in no degree to be aooepted a* aa unfavorable oritioism or ooadaaaatioa of the arrangement with Ford Hospital or the nuree now la oharge of the pleat' flret aid station, The sendees rendered by Ford Hospital la physloal examination *--d special examination of the unusual ease aad the rendering of emerganoy oar* In oas* of aooldeat is of high orders but it has the sea* disadvantages as those'attending "absents* landlordism." So far as knee. no on* in the Ford Hospital is familiar with the worlc operations in this plant, nor are they la a position to properly interpret disease states brought to their attention in terns of possible relationship to work at this plant. An example of this laek of oontaot with plaat affairs on the part of Ford Hospital physio Ians may be found la the three workers seat from the dm oleaaiag departments during the period of this surrey to the hospital for x-ray examination of the ohest. It was thought by these investigators that the aotion of the alkilis in this work might very dell lead to heavy trunk marking in the x-ray film, resulting from the irritant aotion of the alkilis. In truth, on* of the three workers presented just sueh a eondition which with fair eertainty may be ascribed, at least in part, to the aotion of irritant work vapors, and yet in no known wise was work exposure on the one hand asaoelated by the Ford physician with the x-ray oondition found on the other. The point is this, if Henry Ford Hospital physioians are to be aooepted as this company' a Industrial physioians aad advisors, and if one physiolaa carries out most of the work, then this physician at least should be familiar with the chief operations oarrled out in this plant and the ohief exposures potentially or aotually existing her*. Furthermore, the opinion i* expressed that Mr* supervision should be exercised by the Ford physioians. as this plsnt's industrial msdioaljadvisors. on the aotlvitie* of the first add station, those physioians should be oonoemsd in the type of skin disinfectant* used, the medicaments applied. *11 to the end that eases given first aid here prior to 1 i i } < I i I I I t ) i J ! I \ being lent to the hospital may aot be mistreated to the point that the work of the hospital physician beoomes sore difficult. How with reipeot to the first eld station and the present nurse in charge> the equipment on hand is meager and faeilltles for work are equally so. It-is no wonder that workers have little Interest in the admimistrationaof the first aid department except as emergencies arise where the injured parties must be furnished immediate first aid care, ids a result of non attendance at the first aid station, the management develops the notion that no more eases exist and that the medical needs of the plant are being met. Such is not the ease. With full adniration for many admirable' qualities of the nurse now in charge. the faot must be faeed that she is not qualified as an industrial nurse, she has long been out of nursing ear* and is only employed beoause of unfortunate fsaily olroumstanees. This nurse is not qualified properly to interpret medical services that should be available in tills plant to the workers of this plant. She is not qualified to make tours through- out the plant for the purpose of building up faith in the medioal servioes and stimulating the reporting of obviously afflioted workers to the first aid station for oonferenoe. Her is this nurse qualified to gain the confidence of large numbers of workers for the purpose of disoussing more serious medioal problems which should be referred to the family physician, for whatever ministration the family physioiaa may deem advisable. In short, these investigators, with out any ill will recommend that the present nurse exclusively devote her servioes to duties other than the chief nurse, meaning the continuation of duties she is already performing apart from nursing and that three steps be taken for the purpose of better safe-guarding the health of workers In this plant, these are. nsmelyi (l) The removal of the first aid station to a larger and better equipped location. (2) The acquisition of the servioes of a skilled industrial nurse who may be responsible not only for the ordinary first aid services in the plant but who may serve as a health educator for the plant, and for the purpose of building up the first aid service here and (S) That close working relations be established with physician# at Ford Hospital to the end that he or they may be more fesiliar with the plant'# operation and the potential louroee of injury to worker#. Under the edstiag eirouaetanoee. it 1# futile to attempt here a delineation of a proper firit aid or edueatlonal program in thi# plant, or to eupply llete of praotleal flret aid medioaaest#. whioh to advantage might be in daily ue. However, beoauee of a more or le#e urgent eltuation. two item* of consent are mads. Zt appear# that the moot ueed or perhape nearly the moet i uced drug in thle flret aid etatlon ie bromo seltzer, whioh 1# a proprietary medioament. believed to oonsist chiefly of aoetanilid. whioh Is a drug widely oondsmned by the medical profession beeause of the faet that addiotion readily takes plaoe. Zt is eonoeived but not olaiaed that this plant may be producing a fine lot of aoetanilid addiots from the wholesale and unrestrioted dispensing of this dangerous drug. the seeond item here mentioned Is with respeot to the first aid treatment df burns, ainoe burns are perhaps the i easmonest injury in this plant. lannio aeld should not be used on minor burns. This agent is of great value but thic value ie limited to buna, of hospital sevsrity. The 6 per eent tannic aeld eolutlon ooa&only ueed. if applied to minor blistering, doee more ham than good, beoauee it deetroys little damaged epithelium. Lately ooaaerelal overtures have been made to the management to ] purohaee an elaborate tannie add kit containing a variety of eppllenoee such ae spray gun. bandages, tsnnio add. eto. So objection can be expressed against this kit sxospt that it la mors slaborats than nsesssary in order to bring a high unit eale prioe. Instead, what this company .noedt la a very simple spray jar or even an atsmixer. a small quantity of S per cent tannic aeld solution, faoilltiee for making up more tennlo aeld solution, whioh. however, may be obtained at any drug store all at a ooat of approximately $2.00. The nuaber of burns arising which will justify the us# of tannic add will not axosed on# a month. JIs a substitute for tannic add for minor bums. greaseless oin.tm.eat* coat lining skin anesthetios *ueh i* "Anesthesia" or "Huperoiine* ire preferable. Such olntaent* ire widely u*ed in the Detroit ichool* for minor bum* of pupil*. These anesthetic ointment* may be purchased under * great variety of name*. In thi* oity the on* marketed by the J. F. Hart* Co. oalled "len-Oxy-Csine" 1* regarded a* satisfactory and i* low in price. Thi* type of ointment '* . * should be on hand in the first aid station, and sinoe it is hsLmless should be plaoed in th* Tarnish making department and other hot areas where bums may arise, although the praotiee of lay treatment, partioularly in departments, is regarded with disfavor. Another argument for the building up of a better serrioe in first aid grows out of a review by these investigators of experisnoe with siok olaims of the benefit association. A. long list is provided which is said to cover th* 12 month period from 1935 to 1936. It is true this long list of fairly ssrioua conditions may represent a fair measure of negleot from not having reaohed some of these diseases in their very early stage. Taking at random on* example, it is noted that a oertain-woman lost several weeks' time beoause of an infected eye. Nothing is known about the nature of this infected eye or its cause, but the general oomment is made that there may have been'a time at th* very ineeptlon of this infeotlon when judiolous first aid rendered in th* plant's first aid station may have obviated the entire situation'. lost time end lost money. - The burden of this long discussion is that the minor medioal problems in this plant of 746 maployees are not adequately being met by existing medical facilities looated on th* premises. ' ' w, MISCELLANEOUS IBB Office Heat Problems 'i-i '.he seoond floor portion of the office building, no cell* lag la provided with the result that work Is carried out directly under a hot roof* However, due recognition Is given to the fact that this roof Is sltuated'et a high level above the floor. Already a number of overhead fans have, been Installed to evacuate accumulated heat and In 'addition overhead circulating fans are being used to produce improvement In air motion. Uany complaints arise during very hot seasons from workers In these office sections, which sections are fairly crowded. It Is not easy to make a decision tbat these areas should be equipped with celling and Insulation. . Very hot spells In Detroit in any one stunner do not aggregate more than fifteen or twenty days. During this time It oust be true that a great deal of discomfort exists In these offices*. For longer eumaer period, relative discomfort Is the obvious- lot of those markers assigned'to duties In the areas under discussion. The Introduction of fans for the withdrawal of heated air already has accomplished much, but still oosplalnta are reported to be numerous and appeals have been made to these investigators for consideration of the plight of these workers. On this acoount, the suggestion Is made tbat the managaaent determine the cost of introducing a celling, preferably of the sound ameliorating type, to be over-laid with suitable Insulation material for heat abatement. Unless the cost Is prohibitive, this installation should be made. However, overhead fans, evacuating the than attic air should be maintained and at the same time limited evacuation of the air In the work area should be provided owing to the considerable congestion of workers there. Color Card Manufacture: Building 41, a detached, small structure, Is given over to the manufacture of color oards. In practice, color materials are N16643.18 sprayed on to suitable cardboard whereupon these cards are racked and work Is terminated until these cards are dry. Under favorable ! weather oonditions two or three batches nay be run through per week but conversely when wet weather Is present, It la sometimes true that only one lot per week may be completed. This operation Intro duces a small but very distinct exposure. The large number of coated cards offer a hlgi area of evaporating surfaces leading to the pres ence In the workroom of toxic vapors. After due consideration, the conclusion has been reached that no new equipment of protective nature should be installed in this workroom, Inasmuch as It appears that oosgsaratlve safety may be attained If the spray booth fan Is continually operated whether or not spraying Is being conducted at all timae whan evaporation la taking placa. This means that In tbla small room the concentra tion of vapors may ba kept adequately low If the spray booth fan la operated as an exhaust system. > v ti Blacksmith Shop: i In the Maintenance Building, building #&ft, and In the black smith shop, thereof, there will be found two black stacks over forges that are Just about falling down and no longer serve the proper func tion of conducting smoke, carbon monoxide and other gases.from the forge. These stacks should be repaired, to Include cowls projecting over the fire area. These aprons or cowls apparently have existed i In earlier days, but have, worn out through much use. i i Seating Facilities! (fear women) ! ! Apart from office workers and the Printing Department, the seats for woman workers ere distressingly bad. Woman have been ob served to work for their entire trek of duty seated on a discarded box or bucket. This statement does not apply to casual operation of temporary nature, but Instead to operations where day by day women carry out substantially the seme duties In sitting positions. See for example groups of women working respectively on the first floors of the enamel and lacquer departments. There are a few bad seats In tbe Printing Department, but the larger number are fairly aatlafactory. \ f ii j i j i ! / Drying Ovens; la Building 13, a battery of drying oTons are in operation, heated by gas. The greater number of theee are adequately Tented, but four, apparently more recently installed, are not vented at all and discharge immediately into the workroom atmosphere. This should be remedied, * Seasonal Variation; ' This work has been carried out during hot stunner months with all doors and windows wide open. This provides a set of circum stances unlikely to apply in s o d s ,respects to winter months. In all instances it may not be assumed that statements made in this report aboslutely will be applicable to the winter season, Elsewhere the recommendation has been made that six months' hence a check-up study over a period of three or five days be carried out in order to bring out hygienic features in this plant peculiarly related to cold weather, , Spray Booths: In various sections of this report mention is made of spray booths and at times specific recommendations have been made. Now, as a general item, it is noted that throughout the plant the majority of spray booth exhaust pipes merely lead through the window or building wall and discharge lnaedlately in the proximity of the booth itself. Consequently it may be Observed that vapors are occasionally exhausted through the booth to the outside, three feet away, and they lanedlately are blown back into the workroom. Those discharge pipes that empty upward or horizontally appear to be less efficacious than those discharg ing downward. Is a general rule, but with some exceptions, it.is quite desirable that these discharge pipes extent to the roof level and 5 feat beyond. The best exasq>le of the item under discussion may be found in Building 13. Error* or Slat and faulty Eating Habit* Represent A Coszoon Shortcoming in th* Life of Industrial Worker*. Inductrial Caf*t*rla* Should Make Studied Effort* to Supply Suitable and Appetising Food for Higher Percentage* of Employee*. Acne White Lead and Color Work* Bamtramclc (Detroit) Michigan . ' ''I \ . 000?. Styp 00003094j Stone Dressing: In one other paint plant, two deaths among stone dressers were ascribed to silica dust from stone. On this aeeount, these Investi gators are somewhat alert to the possibilities of damage in this opera tion. In this plant It was found that stone dressing was carried out as a wet operation and that substantially no dust was produced, as shown In actual dust counts, mis baa lad to the conclusion that If opera tions at all times are as they were when tested by us, no dusty lung disease Is possible. Five man are said to work In this room, some of whom are "old timers".' Undoubtedly sons of these man have worked under other oondltions where dust was produced. Ho lass, it was deemed In expedient to obtain x-ray pictures on these workers since It seemed well established that even though they have silicosis, nothing existing under present conditions would augment that condition. Cafeteria: la la usually the case, the company's lunchroom Is not very popular. It Is little patronized apart from the office group and even In this group many complaints are made about quality of food, dirtiness, difficulty In obtaining food, etc. It Is well recognized that whatever may be done will not please all persons and that whatever la pleasing for 'the time being nay become distasteful a few weeks hence. On this account, these investigators wish to sidestep any elaborate recommendations for improving cafeteria service. Three things, however, stand out as of possible significance: 1) The greater number of factory workers should be served under oondltions satisfactory to themselves, either In this cafeteria or with food furnished by this cafeteria; S) This cafeteria should not take responsibility for the furnishing of food to be consumed In lead using areas; 3) It sppeers reasonable to believe that much would be gained if the lsmedlate management of the cafeteria was of a little higher Intelligence order or If there might be a little more extensive supervision by the higher management. The chief point here made is that something Is wrong with the cafeteria. Pee of Salt Tablets: From observations Bad* on several tours ovar tbs antIre plant, the Impression bas been gained that the use of salt tablets for purposes of combating heat Is not universal and further that where Installations have been Bade, supplies of salt tablets are not always kept available. InesBUeh as this Is the very season when salt tablets should be used and ............................... / * ....................... , Inasmuch as the worth of this practice Is now well established, It is suggested that a little bit Bore attention be paid to the applying of this helpful chemical agent. Beat exhaustion, abdominal cramps, muscle cramps and gaatro-intestinal upsets, frequently resulting from work under conditions of high temperature, are all related to the fact that the body Is partly deprived of Its normal saline content through the lose of aodlua chloride' and other aalta In perspiration. On a very hot suaer day, in work asacelated with hard labor, most workmen may perspire from 4*4 quarts of perspiration, which Bay contain as much as 20 or 30 grass of aodlua chloride derived fron body tissues. The use of eodlUB chloride tablets la for the purpose of replacing this salt lost In the course of perspiration. The drinking of water alone merely Increases the saline deficiency, produces increased fatigue and generally does not serve the Interests of the desalinized workmen. However, the use of water end sodium chloride tablets adequately Beets the physiologic requireaants of the body, provided sufficient salt tablets are daily ingested. It is customrlly stated that the tablets should be used with every drink of water. Since s o bb workers drink such acre water than others, this Is not an infallible governing procedure. It Is suggested that from 7-10 tablets par day is about the rigit number. kjhrklnn of Palleta l . ' Or. Fredrick, who has Bade several complete tours through the plant, reports that oany of the toilets are not Barked with such wording as "woman", "ladles", "women's toilet" or "restroom*. If this iu .rue, thoee unaerked toilet placee should be epproprlately Barked. In eoae states this is required by law. Ignored Work Placeas In tills report, aevs-al fairly large work areas are ecareely mentioned. The reason for this Is simple, that no conditions hare been encountered celling for modification of present practices, so far as health conservation Is concerned. This statement applies to the entire laboratory section, which Is o>nly mentioned In connection with excessive noise and various warehouse and storage sections; where no loxown hazards exist. This statement Is equally true for the shipping department, where work conditions appear to be satisfactory. FOTTOE PROCIOU The mere making of thi* survey will be of little value ualea* the majority of the recommendation* ore carried out. Some few of the rsoomsondatloas made may prove to be impraetioal or incompatible with industrial requirement!. Therefore, the firat item relative to a future pnogrea center* about the introduction of soma or all of the recommendations embodied in thia report. Apart from the foregoing, the question aria** a* to the desirability of future survey*, of additional ogemination of worker*. of additional aeaaurement of air oonditiona. eto. At '' onoe the opinion is ezpretaed that there ahould be a follow-up inquiry by the** isreatigator*. or other* if there be a preferenoe for other*, approximately six month* hanoe for the purpose of appraising the worth of ehange* that nay have been introduced. If the initial survey wa* made during the summer months, the oheok- \ up survey should be carried out during cold weather, as many difference* naturally will aria* due to the effect of seasona. . The converae of this statement also applies. This oheok-up survey should be limited in oharaoter and perhaps will not extend over three or five days. . It is believed that it will not be necessary that thi* plant set up its own laboratory or purohase any elaborate equipment for the routine oonduot of hygienic tests suoh as dust counts, vapor determination, blood examinations, carbon monoxide deteotioa. eto. The reason for this stand is that in this plant there are no overwhelming exposure* and no considerable ntmber of oases of oooupational disease*. One great need in this plant le for routine laspeotion at ehort interrale.eueh as ono* weekly and oertalnly not leee often than onoe monthly, of the entire premises by one or more parsons who will see the entire lay out in toms of health exposure*. In this plant there is no physioiaa. and the auras ' in charge is not sufficiently qualified for thia operation. It N16643.19 appear* likely that the fire ehief i* not qualified, although poeeihly he say bescce euited to the** requirement*. Xt any rate, acne qualified peraon ahould eheok ovsr.1 at frequent intervale, the many ceore* of potential danger point* brought out in thie report. Theee inepeotion* ahould not be psriuuotory. but instead should be eyetematio. The reoords should be written up. orders should be Issued, end if neoeesazy the advices of these investigators or son* other group ehould be sought on troubleson* points. Xt the present tins the use of lead in ooating material* is on the wan*, to the extent that it is praotioal. this exodus of lead should be enoouraged. X***a item for future program, it is suggested that lead should be replaoed whenever the ohoiee between this and other minerals is equal. This statement also applies to benxol. wood aloohol and other highly dangerous solvents. Tear by year new materials are introduced into the paint industry. Zt is to be hoped that any future program will inolud* consideration of hew materials in toms of avoidano* of health exposures on the part of workers in the faotory ami the consumers. It is oonosivable that various chlorinated produets may be proffered the paint manufacturer, that efforts any be mad* to inerease th* use of bentol. that arsenie compound* may enjoy some favor. Tihanever highly dangerous substance* sueh as these are brought up for consideration, due thought should bs given to th* new dangers that may be introduced because of their manipulation on th* plant's premises. In du* time the extent of medieal work on the premises should be increased. The section of this disoussion devoted to th* medioal department is without any eritieiam of the expediencies of th* present arrangsmsnt. but the fast must be faesd that very little asdloal work is going on on th* plant premia** and oonvsraaly that thar* is a Dead for nor*. X future program ahould eontamplat* this extension 1 \ Zt ml sot within the province of this present surrey to handle sefety hasards.. So less* these investigators would be unfair to the management to oait the statement that aechanioal safety at this plant is at low ebb and thav .stay iaproreaeats would be Justified. Therefore* a future program should contemplate inoreased safety activities, both of aeohanioal and eduoatlonal nature. . This report inoludes nuoh disousslon of the oooupatlonal *. disease law as now exlste and before it goes into offset. Zt is now said that plans are being made for the rereading of this law within the next few weeks by the Legislature in special session in Lansing. If. and when* this revamping la aoeoapllshed* there should be consideration of the then law by these investigators or other qualified persons in terns of the effects this law will have upon the operation of this plant. In further relation to the oeoupational disease law* it may become desirable that some what different types of physical examination be carried out by Ford Hospital physicians. This* however* - should wait the appearance of the effective law. It appeals to these investigators that if physicians at Ford Hospital are to continue to serve a's the plant's ' industrial physicians that some one or aore of these physicians* and particularly the one doing the greatest quantity of work* should visit the plant praises* should know of the operations involved* should read this report and otherwise inorease his capacity to fit in with the aedioal needs of this plant. Zt is difficult to disassociate any future program as projeeted here from the recommendations made in other parts -of the report. Zt is therefore urged that for the time being a future program related to industrial hygiene oenter about this report in its entirety as a guide. NE7 PI33COTCL After reviewing all of the discussion, date and recommendations made In tbla report, these investigators are impressed with tbe probability that tbe management should appoint some one highly qualified person, either now present in the organization or who may be employed, to be plaoed in charge of a variety of activities, chiefly falling into the category of employee service# The need exists for a high type of supervision of 1) mechani- ' cal safety, which is at a low ebb in this plant; 2) personnel problems connected with employment and kindred matters;' 3} first aid problems; 4) fire protection; S) the carrying out of the measures suggested in this report; 6) routine plant inspection with respect to health- and accident exposures; 7) Janitors. Zt la not argied either that all of these matters have been distinctly neglected in the past or that absolutely this type of service should be centered in one person. It is .argued that in this plant one of the outstanding shortcomings is a lack of supervision of and consid eration for a lot of matters not directly related to production. So much work is required that it may be dotted that these items may be added to the long list of Obligations of one or two persons in the manag erial group. . Without specific reoosnendation, the suggestion is made that much would be gained if a young, trained Industrial hygienist or cub . engineer might be given a chance to.bring up to high order the types of services above discussed. N16643.2 ' '----mi ^1-swp-oooo^ ssxrn Undoubtedly In * typewritten report of thle length auy undetected typographical errore exist. These unwanted ' dlserepenoles ere almost inevitable in eleborete reports of this character. Of greeter significance is the possibility of errors of emission end comalssion due to the short casings of these investigators, n t being entirely familiar with ell englee of paint manufacture. These investigators wish to be the first to recognize that they aanifestly cannot spend two weeks on the work premises end thus aaster every feature of intricate , production operations, \, ; This report, therefore, is Just whet it professes to be -- ' an appraisal by industrial hygienists only partially faalliar with the complex manufacturing prooesses involved in a large paint producing plant. i