Document Lg25grqZRg62vkJ73VJbRbOK5

I @unn&t *}nte&q&tce TZuMeti TefvU*t&ttbuctZ ( t975-t977 ) NO. TITLE DATE PACE CKLOROPRENE January 20, 1975 (1) TRICHLOROETHYLENE ITCE) ' June S, I97S <91 ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE (EDBI July 7, 1975 119) CHROME PIGMENT June 24, 1975 October 7, 1975 October 1, 197S (271 5 - ASBESTOS Aabeetoe Eapoeure During Swirldil of . Augual t, 1975 Off Motor Vehicle Brahe and Clutch AaaembUee ' 6 - HEXAMETHYLPHOSPHORJC TRIAMIDE (HMPAl October 24, 1975 (43) I ? - POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBa) November J, 1975 1511 < - 4.4-DIAMINODtPHENYLMETKANE (DDM) January 30, 197S (59) 9 - CHLOROFORM March 15, 1976 (65) 10 RADON DAUGHTERS n - DIMETHYLCARBAMOYL CHLORIDE IDMCC) REVISED May 11. 1976 July 7, 1976 (77) (SI) 12 DtETKYLCARBAMOYL CHLORIDE IDECC) u - EXPLOSIVE AZIDE HAZARD 14 - INORGANIC ARSENIC RESPIRATORY PROTECTION July 7, 1976 (SSI Augurt 16, 1976 (S7) September 27, 1976 (95) 15 - NITROSAM1NES IN CUTTING FLUIDS IS - METABOLIC PRECURSORS OF A KNOWN HUMAN CARCINOGEN, BETA-NAPKTHYLAMINE October 6, 1976 (97) December 17, 1976 (101) 17 - 2-nttropropane IS - ACRYLONITRILE April 25. 1977 July 1, 1977 (till 11)9) I U. S. DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Center ter Diteate Control National InatRute tor Occupational Safety and Health SCF-ALLF-05600 t . : : ' August 8,1975 ASBESTOS r. V' : ; *. . t , ' ASBESTOS EXPOSURE DURING SERVICING OF . . ` - : MOTOR VEHICLE BRAKE AND CULTTCH ASSIMBLIES . 3 exhibit l( DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE :. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE ' . CENTER TOR OUEA9E CONTROL ' (36) August 8, 1975 NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 9600 FISHERS LANE aoss* .Rockville,Maryland Dear Colleague: - . .. This communication is Intended to alert you to recently gathered informa tion indicating a potential health hazard for persons exposed to asbestos during the servicing of motor vehicle brake and clutch assemblies. ^ On July 21, 1975, the National Instltlte for Occupational Safety and Health convened a meeting of government and university scientists, industry representatives, and jLabor union officials to discuss the present state of knowledge with respect to this problem. Data was presented by Investigators from the Mount Slanl School 6f Medicine in New York City indicating that workers engaged in the maintenance and repair of automobile and truck brake linings are exposed to potentially hazardous levels of airborne asbestos dust. Specific brake servicing operations studied Included blow-out of automobile drum brake assemblies, grinding of used truck brake linings, and bevelling of new truck brake linings. Average peak asbestos air concentra tions fob these three activities based on personal samples taken within ten feet of the operator were, respectively, 10.5, 3.75, and 37.3 fibers (>5 microns in length) per ml. An analysis of samples of brake drum dust revealed that almost all of the asbestos fibers found vere shorter than (J.4 microns in length. Previous studies of the extent of asbestos emissions from automobile brake lining wear showed that only a very small fraction of the original asbestos content of the brake lining is found in brake drum dust (Ref. 1-3). It was presumed that this is due to thermal degradation of the fibers during braking. The present findings indicate that enough asbestos is preserved to produce' ' significant, exposures during certain brake servicing procedures. The full extent of asbestos-reiated disease in brake-servicing personnel is not known at present because this particular occupational group has not been studied systematically up to now. However, a review of the scientific literature on the association between asbestos exposure and _ mesothellal tumors of the pleura and peritoneum has revealed at least four cases of these rare tumors in persons who vere employed in jobs involving automobile brake servicing (Ref. 4-6) . . .. A - ;(37). Page 2. .. * W" /' . \ - ' . . t '' For your Information and guidance, ve are enclosing pertinent references, estimates of the population at risk, a NIOSS Interim recosmendatlon for . brake and clutch servicing procedures, and a copy of the Department of Labor standard covering exposure to asbestos In the vork place. The environmental studies of brake lining servicing operations outlined above together with observations.of mesothelial tumors In persons so employed affirms the necessity for instituting and maintaining recoamended control measures in this Industry so that the health hazards of asbestos are minimized. . ... ' Enclosures Office of Occupational Health Surveillance and Biometrics i i i 1 t j 2 (38) REFERENCES 1. Lynch, J.R.: Brake Lining Decomposition Products. J Air Pollution Control Assoc, 18`824-26, 1968 2. Hickish, D,E. and Knight, K.L.: Exposure to Asbestos During Brake Maintenance. Ann Occup Hyg, 13:17-21, 1970 3. Jacko, M.G. and DuCharme, R.T.: Brake Emissions: Emission Measure ments from Brake and Clutch Linings from Selected Sources. EPA Report 68-04-0020, 1973 . . 4. Nevhouse, M.L. and Thompson, H.: Mesothelioma o Pleura and Peritoneum Following Exposure to Asbestos m Che London Area. BriC J Ind Med, 22:261-69, 1965 5. McDonald, A.D. et al.: Epidemiology of Primary Malignant Mesochelial Tumors in Canada. Cancer, 26:914-19, 1970 6. Greenberg, K. and Lloyd Davies, T.A.: Mesothelioma Register 1967 1968. BriC J Ind Med, 31:91-104, 1974 3 _. ~" 001685 PRODUCED BY FORD 09) . ESTIMATES OF THE WORKFORCE POTENTIALLY EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS IN THE MANUFACTURING AND SERVICING OF BRAKE LININGS AND aUTCHES Auto Mechanics Garage Workers Manufacture (original and rebuilding) TOTAL 833,535 67,679 6,657 907,871 SOURCE: Adapted from 1972 Census of Manufacturera, 1972 County Business Patterns, and Census of Population: 1970 Occupation by Industry (all, are Department of Cotnaerca, Census Bureau publications) 4 001686 PRODUCED BY FORD (40) RECOMMENDED (INTERIM) PROCEDURES FOR ASBESTOS BRAKE AND CLUTCH SERVICING ' The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ha3 research underway concerning dust exposures during brake and clutch servicing. Due to preliminary data demonstrating significant asbestos exposures during presently used cleaning techniques, NIOSH has reviewed alternate techniques whereby asbestos exposures are reduced. The following are interim procedures recommended by NIOSH to minimize dust exposures. . 1. If possible, an area shall be designated for all brake and clutch repairs. Entrances into this area shall be posted uith an asbestos exposure warning sign as follows. . Asbestos . Dust Hazard Avoid Breathing Dust Hear Assigned Protective Equipment Do Not Remain in Area Unless Tour Work Requires It Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Asbestosis and Cancer 2. During brake servicing, an air purifying respirator, either single use or with replaceable particulace filter(s), as approved by the Mining _ Enforcement and Safety Administration (formerly Bureau of Mines) or NIOSH, shall be worn during all procedures following removal of the wheeLs including reassembly. During manual clutch servicing, such a respirator shall be worn during removal and cleaning of the ducch, pressure place and housing assembly and during installation of Che new clutch assembly. 3. Dust shall first be cleaned from bcake drums, brake backing pLaces, brake assemblies and clutch assemblies using an industrial type vacuum cleaner equipped with a high efficiency filter system (>99X efficiency for 0.3 pm diameter aerosols). After vacuum cleaning, any remaining dust shall be removed using a rag soaked m water and wrung until nearly dry. Under no circumstances shall compressed air or dry brushing be used for cleaning. 4. During arcing and riveting operations, an approved respirator, as described in (2) above, shall be worn. Grinding (arcing) machines shall be provided with local exhaust ventilation such chat worker exposures are maintained at least below the 1976 OSHA asbestos standard (29 CFR 1910.1001).* At a minimum, the dust bag of the arcing machine shall be removed and replaced with the hose of the high efficiency industrial vacuum described in (3) above. . 007687 $ PRODUCED BY FORD (41) -7- 5. Industrial vacuum cleaner bags containing asbestos dusc and cloths used for wiping brake and clutch assemblies shall be sealed in plastic bags and labeled with the following warning label printed in lecters. of sufficient size and contrast to be readily visible and legible: Caution Contains Asbestos Fibers .. Avoid Breaching Dusc Breaching Asbestos Dusc May Cause Asbestosis and Cancer All asbescos waste shall be disposed of in accordance with the OSHA asbestos regulation 29 CFR 1910 1001(h). During removal of vacuum bags, an approved respirator, as described in (2) above, shall be . worn. . 6. All floor cleaning, in areas where brakes and clutches are repaired shall be done with the high efficiency industrial vacuum cleaner as described in (2) above. Grinding (arcing) machines shall also be cleaned with such a vacuum cleaner and any remaining dust wiped with a damp cloth. An approved respirator, a3 described in (2) above, shall be used during this cleaning. 7. Although adherence to the above procedures should minimize any contamination of work clothing. It is required that ' che appropriate portions of Che OSHA regulations era. asbestos (29 CFR. 1910.1001(d) (3 and 4)) concerning special clothing, change rooms, etc. be followed. NOTE: Strict adherence to the above procedures should minimize exposures to mechanics during brake and clutch servicing. These are interim recom mendations and are subject to revision pending results of ongoing NTOSH research. * Secclon 1910.1001 of the Code of Federal Regulations va3 formerly Section 1910.93a. This change was noted la the Federal Register, May 2a, 1975. Prepared By Division of Field Studies and Clinical Investigations National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio . 6 " 001688 '. . ______________________________ PRODUCED BY FORD i.1.11 air, as dnleoniiv:*! by ii>i in-rUimi i-.i Bciihtt' In i!P.*i>;'rn|>)> <>) ni Uil* <c) MClbodA of cnmyininnc - iii f>- pincerinp meiluuls. U) Hupiiireriug co.i- . troll. Fogincerln," controls, .111011 us, but Slot limited to. isolation, enclosure. ex haust vcntUatian. and (lust collection, shall be used to meet the exposure Units prescribed in paragraph (b' of this section. (ii) toed exhaust ooiUitutim. 10 > Local exhaust venlflatlou and unit eoi- Icctioo systems slall be dcslrmii. con- strutted. Installed, and nnii.itr ;->* in accordance wiU the American National Standard Fundamental;* Governing the Dealer, and Oiw;*t{n oi laccl i.xhanst Systems. ANSI 2M.2-1971. which Is in corporated by reference herein. (b) Sec 5 191O C concerning the avail ability Of ANSI Z9.2-1971 <u:u <.* maintenance of a historic file l;i connec tion therewith. Tire address n.` ti.e Amer- tean National Standards Institute b* given in 11910.100. (Ill) Particular tools. All hand -op erated and power-operated loo'.<; which may produce or release asbestos fi'icn In excess oi the exposure limits prt- scribed In paragraph (bi of this ceciion. such as. but not limited to. saws. r.noren abrasive wheels, and drills, shall b- p. >- vided with )oci*l exhaust vcnUlrtiou sys tems to accordance with subdivision <> of this subparagraph. (2) Work practices--(1) Nr: r.irin-rts. Insofar as practicable, nsbr.iv-:; M-.ds <-- handled, mixed, applied, rewom'. scored, or oUwrwire worked in s v.->n stato oufilelent to prevent the cmh-.mn of airborne fibers in excr.-w of too ex posure limits fSTRcrlbcd in parr.n'-nnh (b) of tide section, unless the iisr uihin--. of tbx product would be diiui.U.-..u thereby. ' 1910.93* ASct(o. (111 Particular products ar:d n;vretioue. No asbestos cement, inert* . . co-t- (a) Definition*. For the purposo of this section, (1) `Asbestos" includes chrysotlls. amosite. crocldollte, tremoUte, anthophyllito, and actlnoUte. . (2) "Asbestos fibers" means asbestos fibers longer than S micrometers. ' (b) Permissible exposure to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers--(1) Standard effective July 7, 1972. Tbe 8-hour time-weighted average elrborso concentrations of asbestos flbors to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed five fibers, longer than S micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method pre scribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (2) Standard effective July X, 1970. The 3-hour time-weighted average air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed two fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of lng. grout, planter, or similar mat containing rvib'ctoa shall b tv.o><ui- from, bans, cartons, or other uu/.'.d-- In which they rxo shipped, without bxi olther wetted, nr enclosed, nr vont'l-.-c') 60 ns to prevent effectively the rele-.--* a. airborne asbestos fibers In excess of th- limits prescribed In paragraph (bi of this neotlon. (ill) Spraying, demolition, or 'removal. Employes) engaged In the surryii-; o' aibrator., the removal, or dori'ilivkai pipes, structures. or cmlnruent cow .>1 or hxxd&ted with nsbestos. ..,<a i<> iho removal. or demolition of suktcrto? ir- culatf.on or coverings shall bn p.ovid-id with respiratory erySpracnt lr oe-iord- anco with pnmgruoh (d) (2> <i:o of tni* section end with spotisl clod'.; *-, in r.c- cordnwse with pnracvoj'u (0/ ii-< of tt.U oectlce- (d) Personal protective -- (1) Compliance with the oxpoj.-uv.i limits air, as determined by the method pre prescribed by paragraph (l of un- *-c- scribed In paragraph (c) of this section. tlon tuny not be achieved by the use- of (3) Ceiling concentration. No em ployee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of . asbestos fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer than micrometers, per cubic centimeter of respirators or ouilt rotuuou of em ployees, cstoe.pt: (1) During iho Mmo Dci-icd r>er>xr.r.7 to inoliiii tire satdaerrtae sontrols and to institute the work practices requh'evl by paragraph (c) of this secUon; KPUAl BEGISlig,. VOU 39, NO.- 133--THURSDAY. JUNE 37, 1974 - -'ll . SUlS AND ul> In work situations In which the (ci Mo employee shall be assigned tr (2) Personal monitoring--ill Rum methods t.rHcrlbcd lit paragraph (c) ot tasks requiring the use of respirators if. ple: id sill ;>; colicr.n-ii fmni within u.r this section arc either tecluiicahy not based u;n>n his most recent examination, breathing r.r.ne of tlie employees, on slide or fea-.lblo to on extent lnsuTQ- nn examining physician determines that niciiVmnm' fi\ter?i of 0.8 micrometer po- to reduce the alrhome concentro- the employee will be unable to function rasity r.ionnl-d in an open -face filter ...,ns of Asbestos fibers below the limits normally wesrinc a respirator, or that holder. Samples shall be token for tho preserlbctl by paragraph (b) of tills the safety or health of the employee or (ieleriniiiation of tlie G-linui Unu'- section; or other employees wlU be impaired by his w.ii.htr.il averago airliornr coiiccn tru- till! In emergencies, use of a respirator. Such employee shall tious and of thn ceiling concentrations of civ) Where both respirators and per be rotated to another job or given the asbestos fibers. sonnel rotation are nllowed by subdivi opportunity to transfer to a different po <ii> Sampling frequency and patleruv sions (I). Cii), or (III* of tills subparo- sition whose duties he b able to perform After tho initial determinations reouircil Rriinli. nml both ore practicable, person with the same employer, in the same geo by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph. nel rotation shell be preferred and used. graphical area and with tlic same senior 3rjii!ilc.i aliall bo of such frequency snci - 2i Where a respirator Is permitted hy ity, ntnius, and rate ot pay he hud last pattern nr, to represent with reasonable Mibparasi'auh (I) of this permrmph^ it prior to such transfer, if such a different accuracy the levels of exposure ef em shall l>e selected from among thoso cvp- position is available. ployees. In no case shall the sampling be proved by the Bureau of Mines. Depart C3> Special clothing: The employer done at Intervals greater Utah 0 muiitlis ment ot the Interior, or the National In shr.H provide, and require the use of. spe for employees whose exposure to asbestos stitute for Occupational Safety and cial clothln.-p such nn coveralls or similar may reasonably bo foreseen to exceed Health. Department nf Healtil, educa whole body clothing, head coverings, Uic limits prescribed by paragraph (b) tion. and Welfare, under tlic provisions of gloves, mu' foot covering?! for any em of tills section. 30 CFR Tart 11 (37 F.R. 244. Mat. 25. ployee exposed to airborne concentra (3) Environmental monitoring--(li 107;: and shall be used in accordance tions of Asbestos fibers, wind) exceed tho samples sliaTl be collected from areas of Uli subdivisions (l). (U). (ill), and (Iv) celling level prescribed In paragraph (b) a work environment which aru represent of tiiu nubpartteranh. of this section. ative ot the airborne concentrations of *1 Air purifying respirators. A reusa ble o: -.iiihIc use air purifying respirator, nr a respirator described lu subdivision <11- or (ill) of this subparagraph, shell ha .\i to reduce the concentrations of airi-jmc aabesioR fibers In the respirator ha,i\v tho exposure liinlls prescribed In iimim graph : u of this section, when tho ceiiiih. or the fl-hmir time-weighted avor#Kf- ah oomr crciccntintioni of osix-sto.) liiwr;. arc rcsKonehly expected to exceed no then )0 times those limits. .;i Pomercd air nrnifylng respire (orn. a f.iii fiiceiucco oowored air purh'yirvt stor, or a pou--rod air nprlfylng ...riitur. or n rcspirahiv Jcser)l>er! in rSii-iivisinu tii. of this subparagraph, h:i hr nsrii in reduce the coiicentra ilin'. of airrvMiH- asbestos fibers in the rr.i uir beIor.- the exposure limits pvesrrihen in purer.trph (b) of this section, when the eciiinr. or the fi-hour vtnteweightcd nvcreec concentration:) of asbestos fibers arc reasonably expected to exrecd 10 times, but not 100 times, those limits (III) Type "C" rupplied-air respirators, continuous fiou> or pressure-demand c/ns*. A type "C" continuous flow or pres sure-demand. suppllcd-alr respirator shall be used to reduce the concentra tions of airborne or-beslns fibers In the (4) Change rooms: <l> At any fixed place of employment exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers lu ex cess of tlie exposure limits prescribed In paragraph (b> of thin section, the em ployer shall provide chunge rooms for employees working regularly (it the place. ill) Clothes lockers: The employer shall provide two separate lookers or con tainers for each employee. .30 separated or isolated an to prevent contamination of the employee'.*, street clothes from bis wort: clothes. . <iil' laundering: (a) Laundering of asbestos contaminated clotlUng shall be done no as to prevent the release of air borne nsbasloo flbc.rr, in excess of the ex posure limbi prescribed In paragraph (b). of this section. Ot) Any cmo'oycr '.tho gives nsbe.- os- contambiatsd clotblog to annthev poison for laundering shall in'era) such person of the rcquircmiwt In (c.) of this subdi vision to effectively prevent tho release of airborne asbestos fibers In excess of tlia exposure limits prescribed In para graph (b) of this section. (e) Contaminated clothing shall bo transported In sealed impermeable bsce. or other closed. Impermeable containers, and labeled in nacerd.anco with para graph (g) of this section. asbestos fibers which may reach th breatliiug gone of omployce). Sixr>nit:. shall bo collected on a membrane tillei of 0JB micrometer porosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Sample) aha'., be taken for the determination of tli* ihour time-weighted average airborne concentrations (uid cf the celling cut centre.lions of asbestos fibeni. (li) Sampling freancncu and >!*'/ : ns. After tho initial determinations ,-ec,iiiv.:r. bv r.ubiiarrgrapb O) of thin pe-.aiimni-. samples r.brll lie of such frcouctii';, nn.: pr-ttsm ns to represent with rnp.v.ma.maccuracy the levels of exposuro of -he employee). In no ense shall samnllnr he at intervals greater Ilian 0 itmnUi.-. jo. employees whose exposures t>i ur.uolo may reasonably he foreseen to exceed the exposure limits prescribed in ppdi graph (h) cf this section. (4) Employee observation of monitor ing. Aflccied employees, or Uioir rep- rcsmtatiVRs. shall be given a rctinooniue cpportunlty to obrorve ouy monitori'i.- iciiulrcti '07 this paragraph aud ohall have access to tbo records thereof. <C> Caution signs and labels. (1) Cau tion eigne. <1> Posting. Camion slims shall bo provided and. dlsolayed nt ench location where airborne coucoilmlinnc of sshestes fiber: may lie b\ excess of tlie exposure Dmlh; )>reccr1bed In porogr.ipii rr-.pirntor below the exposure limit) preecrioad In imiegrap'u lb) of this section, worn the celling or the P-bour timeweighted avers.':? nlrbomo concentra tions of asheslas fibers are reasonably expected to cxrecJ 100 times those limlt3. <e> Method of measurement. All de terminations of alriiomc concentrations ot asbestos fibers shall bo cio.de by tho <b? of this section. Signs shc.ll be poi.i*xl at ouch a distance from such'a location no that an employee may read ihc ulrpis membrane filter method r.t SOP-MO X (magnification) (4 millimeter objective) cud take necessary protective .steps be fore entering the area marked by tho with phase ccutrost Uliinilno.y.on. rigne. Sb,T>s shall be posted nt all ap Iv> Establishment of a respirator pro <f) Monitoring--(1) Initial determi proaches to arcus containing exccsnivc gram. (a) The employer.shall establish nations. Within 0 mentbs of U>e publi concentrations of airborne osh.-wtai a respirator program In accordance with the requirement) of the American r.'- cation of this seclisn. every employer shall cause every place of employment fibarii. (li) SiiTr. specifications. The warning tio.inl Standards Practices for Respira tory Protection, ANSI Z83.2-l?5f), which where asbestos fibers nrc released to bo monitored in such a wr y ws to determine sign? required by subdivision (1) of tlus r.ub'inrugraph simll conform to the re Is Incorporated by reference herein. whether every employee's exposure to quirements of 20" x :-.i" vortical fortniX hi See 5 l?m.G concerning the uvall- asbestos fibers Is below the limit) pre cigns specified In ( 10i0.l45(dM4). and ability or ANSI Z00.2-1B59 and the main scribed Iri paragraph (b> of tills sec to this subdivision. The nlgn.i shall dis tenance of an historic filo In connection tion. If tire limits ore exceeded, tho em play the foiiow/ng legend in tlie lov/cr therewith. The address of the American ployer shall immediately undertake a panel, with letter si-es and styles of a National Standards Institute is glvon In compliance program In accordance with Visibility at. least equal to that specified 1910.100. paragraph <c) of thin section. in this subdivision. FEDERAL CECttren, VOL 3V, MO. 125--THURSDAY, JUME 27, IP74 RULES AND REGULATIONS .* . Lspsnd AabMto*_______ Dull Hiwd..__ ____-- ivoid Breathing Dust... Vr i\irn*d notec'vlfo Eqnlpmvnt. Do Hot Remain In Ant Unlrvo Tour Work Rf qu>rw It. RnraUUiw: Al>~sti Dust May Br Ilwunlovii To Tour Il-nlth. notation paragraph, which indicates the cm- I" Oaua Bnrli. ployco'n own expo.-'lire to asbestos fibers. Gothic or Block. <K" Out Serif, Ootbie or Block. 14" Oouuc. (3) Employee notl/lcn/lon. Any em ployee found to have been exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbes tos fibers In excess of the limits pro scribed in paragraph Co) of this section K" Gothic. shall be notified in writing of the expo K" Gothic. sure an soon as practicable but not later than S days of the finding. Tho employee shell also be timely notified of tho cor 14 point Gothic.' rective action being tol-.cn. (J) Medical examinations--(i) Gen eral. The employer shall provide or nuvkb Spacing between lines nholl be at leant equal to Uie height of the upper of any two lines. (2) Caution labels--(1) Labeling. Cau tion labels nhall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products containing asbestos fibers, or to tlielr contain err, except that no label Is required where asbestos fibers have been modlOed by a bonding agent, couilng, binder, or other material so that during any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, disposal, processing, or transportation, so airborne concentra tions of ncboiton fibers In excess of tbo exposure limits prescribed In paragraph available at hie wist., medical examina tions .\Jative to nxpocuro to onbestos re quired by this paragraph. <21 P-cplncemcnt. The employer shall provide or maue available to each of Ills employees, within 30 calendar days follo*rljBg hi'i first employment in as occupation exposed to airborne concantreLLocii of r.cbooioo libers, a comprohenal''A medical examine Uou. which shall include, as a minimum, a chest roentnonosrrm (portcrior-autcrior 14 x 7.7 fncbn.1), n hlrtory to elicit symptom- Biolog? Qf respiratory disease, and pulmonary function tests to include forced vital capacity (PVC) and forced cxpirrAory voliuvo p.t 1 second CTEV, .). (bi of tiua section will bo released. <l!) Labtri specifications. The caution labels rrqulrrd by subdivision <1) of this subparagraph shall be printed In lettew of sufficient nlze and contrast, os to be readily visible and legible. The label shall stoic: CAOTtON . CnnljilllR Asbeoton Plboi Aold Creating Dust (3) Ar.nyr* cxrmlnatlozs. Oa or bofoie Jrirjpjy 31. 197.1. and at least an nually thereafter, every employer shall pzovfCs. or nudre r.vrilable, coraprehen- olve mecbcal exrui) I nations to each of his cmoVerccs errand in occupations expoi.fd to nircorr.o concentrations of aalw.loo fibers. Such annual examination <ir.il Include, or. a. minimum, a chest yosotgenograin (posterior-anterior 14 x J7 inei'eo). a hfniory to elicit symptom BrrUiliu' iV.t*-nter llivit May Osusa errir>.iA BnriUy Harm atology oi.' J-.v-pu-ntory disense, P-ud pv.inenr.r7 Junction tests to Include <h> ffou.<rl;-ri,tnp--(1) Clean'.np. All external Kurfncr* in any place of employ forced vlviJ oopar.lt? (FVC) ond forced trn:lrrioxy voiumu et 1 second (FV*U). ment r.h.-.il be maintained free of accu (d) Tcnr.inaCion. 0/ rmoloyincnt. The mulations of asbestos fibers if, with Uiolr omnloyer shelf r.rcridv, or maho avaii- dispersion, there would be an excessive' nhlo. within 30 calendar (ir.ys before or concentration. after the termination of employment of (2> Waste disposal. Asbestos waste, any employee engaged in an occupation scrap, dchns. bngs. containers, equip exposed to nlrborno concentrations of ment. and ar.bdr.toK-contamlnatcd clolh- asbestos fibers, a co?nprchenslvo medical Ing, consigned for disposal, which may examination w.'s!.cU shrill Include, as a produco in rny reasonably foreseeable minimum, a chert roentgenogram (pos use. handling, storage, processing, dis terior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history posal. or transportation airborne concen to elicit symptomatology of respiratory trations of asbestos fillers in excess of the disease, and pulmonary function tests exposure limits prescribed In paragraph to Include forced vital capacity (FVC) (b< of this section shall be collected and end forced expiratory volume at 1 second disposed of In seeled Impermeable back, (FEV,..). . or other closed. Impermeable containers. (5) Recent examinations. Vo medical (i> Recordkeeping--(1) Exposure rec examination )c required of any em ords. Every employer shall maintain rec ployes, tf adequate records show that ords of any personal or environmental the employes hes been examined In ac monitor!ns required by tlilr. section. Rec cordance with this paragraph within the ords shall be maintained for & period of past l-yerx period. at least. 3 years and shall be made avail . (C) Medizal records--(1) Mainte able upon request to the Assistant Secre nance. Employers of employees examined tary of Labor for Occupational Safety pursuant to thlr. paragraph 6hatl cause and Health, the Director of the National to bo maintained complete and r.ccurato Institute (or Occupational Safety and records of all such medical examina Health, end to authorized representa tions. Records shall be retained by tives of either. employers for at least ?o years. (2) Employee, access. Every employeo (U) Access. The contents of the rec and former employee shall have reason ords of the medical examinations able access to any record required to be required by this paragraph shall be made maintained by subparagraph (1) of this available, for inspection and copying. 23.>ir to tho Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Cafcty and HcnlUi. tho Director of NIOSH. to authorised pnysl- clann and medical consultants of cither of Uicm. and, upon tho request of an em ployee or former employee, to his physi cian. Any physician who conducts a medical examination required by tills paragraph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employeo all the Infor mation specifically required by this paragraph, and any other medical In formation related to occupational ex posure to asbestos fibers. __ TEPE3AI fiEOISTES, VOL 3, NO. 13S--TMUtlSDAT, JUNE 27, 1974 /DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-127 Page 1 of 5 CURRENT 5 ASBESTOS) ASBESTOS EXPOSURE DURING SERVICING OF MOTOR VEHICLE BRAKE AND CLUTCH ASSEMBLIES August 8^ 1975 TABLE OF CONTENTS \ . J. William Llovd Correspondence Exposure Estimates Recommended Procedures Notes References IBB DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE ^ CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL ' NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 5600 FISHERS LANE ROCKVILLE, MARYLAND 20852 August 8,1975 Dear Colleague: III ALL0674-003 This communication is intended to alert you to recently gathered information indicating a potential health hazard for persons exposed to asbestos during the servicing ofmotor vehicle brake and clutch assemblies. On July 21,1975, the National Ihstitite for Occupational Safety and Health convened a meeting of government and university scientists, industry representatives, and labor union officials to discuss the present state ofknowledge with respect to this problem. Data was presented by investigators from the Mount Siani School ofMedicine in New York City indicating that workers engaged in the maintenance and repair of automobile and truck brake linings are exposed to potentially hazardous levels of airborne asbestos dust. Specific brake servicing operations studied included blow-out of http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/78127 5.html 10/24/2001 JDHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-127 Page 2 of 5 automobile drum brake assemblies, grinding ofused truck brake linings, and bevelling of new truck brake linings. Average peak asbestos air concentrations for these three activities based on personal samples taken within ten feet of the operator were, respectively, 10.5,3.75, and 37.3 fibers (>5 microns in length) per ml. An analysis of samples ofbrake drum dust revealed that almost all of the asbestos fibers found were shorter than 0.4 microns in length. Previous studies of the extent of asbestos emissions from automobile brake lining wear showed that only a very small fraction ofthe original asbestos content ofthe brake lining is found in brake drum dust It was presumed that this is due to thermal degradation ofthe fibers during braking. The present findings indicate that enough asbestos is preserved to produce significant exposures during certain brake servicing procedures. The full extent of asbestos-related disease in brake servicing personnel is not known at present because this particular occupational group has not been studied systematically up to now. However, a review ofthe scientific literature on the association between asbestos exposure and mesothelial tumors of the pleura and peritoneum has revealed at least four cases ofthese rare tumors in persons who were employed in jobs involving automobile brake servicing For your information and guidance, we are enclosing pertinent references, estimates of the population at risk, a NIOSH interim recommendation for brake and clutch servicing procedures, and a copy of the Department of Labor standard covering exposure to asbestos in the work place. The environmental studies ofbrake lining servicing operations outlined above together with observations ofmesothelial tumors in persons so employed affirms the necessity for instituting and maintaining recommended control measures in this industry so that the health hazards of asbestos are minimized. [signature] J. William Lloyd, Sc.D., Director Office of Occupational Health Surveillance and Biometrics Estimates of the Workforce Potentially Exposed to Asbestos in the Manufacturing and Servicing of Brake Linings and Clutches Auto Mechanics 833,535 Garage Workers 67,679 Manufacture (original and rebuilding) 6.657 907,871 [Source:] from 1972 Census ofManufacturers, 1972 County Business Patterns, and Census of Population: 1970 Occupation by Industry (all are Department ofCommerce, Census Bureau publications) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/78127_5.html 10/24/2001 DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No, 78-127 Page 3 of 5 Recommended (Interim) Procedures for Asbestos Brake and Clutch Servicing The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has research underway concerning dust exposures during brake and clutch servicing. Due to preliminary data demonstrating significant asbestos exposures during presently used cleaning techniques, NIOSH has reviewed alternate techniques whereby asbestos exposures are reduced. The following are interim procedures recommended by NIOSH to minimize dust exposures. 1. Ifpossible, an area shall be designated for all brake and clutch repairs. Entrances into this area shall be posted with an asbestos exposure warning sign as follows: Asbestos Dust Hazard Avoid Breathing Dust Wear Assigned Protective Equipment Do Not Remain in Area Unless Your Work Requires It Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Asbestosis and Cancer 2. During brake servicing, an air purifying respirator, either single use or with replaceable particulate filterfs), as approved by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (formerly Bureau ofMines) or NIOSH, shall be worn during all procedures following removal of die wheels including reassembly. During manual clutch servicing, such a respirator shall be worn during removal and cleaning ofthe clutch, pressure plate and housing assembly and during installation of the new clutch assembly. 3. Dust shall first be cleaned from brake drums, brake backing plates, brake assemblies and clutch assemblies using an industrial type vacuum cleaner equipped with a high efficiency filter system (>99% efficiency for 0.3 pm diameter aerosols). After vacuum cleaning, any remaining dust shall be removed using a rag soaked in water and wrung until nearly dry. Under no circumstances shall compressed air or dry brushing be used for cleaning. 4. During arcing and riveting operations, an approved respirator, as described in (2) above, shall be worn. Grinding (arcing) machines shall be provided with local exhaust ventilation such that worker exposures are maintained at least below the 1976 OSHA asbestos standard (29 CFR 1910.1001).* a minimum, the dust bag ofthe arcing machine shall be removed and replaced with the hose ofthe high efficiency industrial vacuum described in (3) above. 5. Industrial vacuum cleaner bags containing asbestos dust and cloths used for wiping brake and clutch assemblies shall be sealed in plastic bags and labeled with the following warning label printed in letters, of sufficient size and contrast to be readily visible and legible: Caution Contains Asbestos Fibers Avoid Breathing Dust http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/78127_5.html 10/24/2001 >HHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-127 Page 4 of 5 Breathing Asbestos Dust May Cause Asbestosis and Cancer All asbestos waste shall be disposed of in accordance with the OSHA asbestos regulation, 29 CFR 1910.1001(h). During removal of vacuum bags, an approved respirator, as described in (2) shall be worn. 6. All floor cleaning in areas where brakes and clutches are repaired shall be done with the high efficiency industrial vacuum cleaner as described in (3) above. Grinding (arcing) machines shall also be cleaned with such a vacuum cleaner and any remaining dust wiped with a damp cloth. An approved respirator, as described in (2) above, shall be used during this cleaning. 7. Although adherence to the above procedures should minimize any contamination of work clothing, it is required that the appropriate portions ofthe OSHA regulations on asbestos (29 CFR 1910.1001(d) (3 and 4)) concerning special clothing, change rooms, etc. be followed. NOTE: adherence to the above procedures should minimize exposures to mechanics during brake and clutch servicing. These are interim recommendations and are subject to revision pending results ofongoing NIOSH research. Prepared By Division ofField Studies and Clinical Investigations National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Cincinnati, Ohio . Notes Section 1910.1001 of the Code ofFederal Regulations was formerly Section 1910.93a. This change was noted in the Federal Register, May 28, 1975. (return to main text] References 1. Lynch, J.R.: Lining Decomposition Products. J Air Pollution Control Assoc, 18:824-26,1968 2. Hickish, D.E. and Knight, K.L.: Exposure to Asbestos During Brake Maintenance. Ann Occup Hyg, 13:17-21,1970 3. Jacko, M.G. and DuCharme, R.T.: Emissions: Measurements from Brake and Clutch Linings from Selected Sources. EPA Report 68-04-0020,1973 4. Newhouse, M.L. and Thompson, H.: ofPleura and Peritoneum Following Exposure to Asbestos in the London Area. Brit J Ind Med, 22:261-69,1965 5. McDonald, A.D. et al.: Epidemiology ofPrimary Malignant Mesothelial Tumors in Canada. Cancer, 26:914-19,1970 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/78127_5 .html 10/24/2001 DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 78-127 Page 5 of 5 6. Greenberg, M. and Lloyd Davies, T.A.: Mesothelioma Register 1967-1968. Brit J Ind Med, 31:91-104,1974 Copies of this and other NIOSH documents are available from: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998 FAX (513) 533-8573 For further information about occupational safety and health, call This page was last updated: 27,1997 Go back to the NIOSH home page or to the CPC home page. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/78127_5.html 10/24/2001