Document Lg1KyD90agNLJpywwn0JvdnJX

FILE NAME State of the Art Literature SAL DATE 1918 DOC SAL003 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION US Dept of Labor - Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in Dusty Trades . = . om 7 oh w. _ we ~~. ~ wv s * 4 ~ - vv ~ & we ey e Re me s aw! te a . - . me . e . @ ~ a - ee ~ on oo ty chee fe tet oe eae be we ~ * - - sin ciiaoctaan doom C . . . . > . . st nttan ene jum . U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR U.S.BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ROYAL MEEKER Commissioner . : - i. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS N N UUMMBBEERR 231 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND HYGIENE SERIES NO 17 er Co . i 2 aitgm te OFS hve ieee - eee ee, ee . wk tok wre tt TAL RETO - . a _ : . oe 1 +b ok a a nn [| |] - MORTALITY FROM . RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN DUSTY TRADES | - INORGANIC DUSTS . . <j" BALTIMORE BY FREDERICK L. HOFFMAN a : vT tes pr <T we we del v alt a r ee De r 1 . - y OT oa~ regh ? ePSs oo ~. ( . v . e ares } 4 , 4 qo oman 77) t $ + a ree et ee es, a 7 oe -. - ys shtre 12107 ee _ cneres ; fh. JUNE 1914 WASHINGTON COVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 4 . fom. oe ss eet fey. on 8 er . wale er 2 ee CE aa ~n, 3 ig e Fenn rtnet te sean we. oy agP ; 172 MORTALITY FROM RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN DUSTY TRADES TABLE PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY SVECIFIED FROM PULMONARY INDUSTRIES OR OCCUPATIONS WITH EXPOSURE TUBERCULOSIS INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE OF PRUDENTIAL TO MINERAI DI CO 1397 TO 1914 BY AGE PERIOD 15 to 26 years 25 Ls 34 years 35 to 44 years a 45 to 54 yain . Occupation group Deaths fromau Cadiees. Deaths mm pillmonary from Mareu lasts noaths from CBUSES CBUSES Num Ter ter, joe Dralls from pulmonary till lous Drathe from causes Num- Per ber cent Dastbs from Smit tulares from Twi tulares Baths Lasher Josua from sill homag Cleef NOCH TOP{ ber cent Nure't Nure't Cr Asinatos workers Brick tile sad terra 6 } rolta 31 J122 Glassworkers.athee a Glassworkers.athee Lime 2410404 and gypsum .... eenveras Ithiraphers Ithiraphers work- 1537.5 + Marie stoa ne n word k- Tatal 1943 1 1 25532.0 1,220 573 153.30.G133.l0 250; 5H) 3a01.01 2,13723a ... eceecees os ee Vezan Vezan Vezan Vezan Vezan J122 33.91 +3 203 61 31.5 so 11 so 37152 37152 ag ag 10 5 fa} is 23. +40.0 +40.00 +40.00 37 351 20 34 25532.0 3 st 94 1371 *St 156 40 Su | ast 1771 1771 16 1371 1,220 , Hh San , | : 12.31 12.31 21 12.01 731 37. 28 50.09 931 58.21 I 1537.5 +2131 +2131 121 41 21 40. 703.11 703.11 7 14 .01 77144.01 77144.01 TU 43. 19.61 $ ,, , ,, ,> 973 ay 193 | an ,, ,26 31.31 901 15 4 M Ly 4.8 37 117 579 % 10 ms ot % , i ,, ,fi ,,, ,fi ,a ts 60 27] ... : yt 6941 1 ...7 44 21 20.71 St mm > Good Im: Ty 101 0.01 ay 2 Wy 11 7411251 7141012.51 144. en isl 32. 172 2. : ots 2 t to years | 63 years and over unknown Total 15 ^ N Asbestos workers Brick le and terra Comrietmaaker3 946 55^ 55^ Glass blowATS Glasscutters Glasscutters 07! Glassworkers Glassworkers niber .. Lima cement and Lithographers cypsum cypsucm ypsum Lithographers Marklesadstone Marklesadstone HHaallm m PaPaipnerthangerS hangerS Potteries. ..... ccc, .. Tutal ea, veeee 10.71 121 75 13 10.71 11.5 SH 15.1 re] 4. NH 16 115 4 ein 4 32 4 IRS 500 20.7 G201 87 13.9 151 re 3301 11 391.1.9 117 3121.1 IF 200 16.7 i Neresasbersecle creases seventleeees 622 622 se deeene[eassuciacae. H i ny re 5271 5271 151 151 89718971 112 480 la T 3141 ti 1,684 100 8.51 Sees. > Eee } 3.05 3.234 129 704 3.3711 Sunt 11.17 see] 11.17 1.17 3,181 bronchitis MORTALITY FROM NONTUBERCULOUS RESPIRATORYRESPIRATORY DISEASES On account of the importance of cases Table 70 is nontuberculous respiratory dis from asthma included showing proportionate bronchitis the pneumonia mortalit pneumonia and other respiratory disease respiratory disease On the noblitberculous An~-l ficor be Fruterick Fruterick * respiratory respiratory og, Port Nestem of Medicine edited Lumileu 1000 by Sir is in~ Penang of the at 1. Philadelphia Philadelphia and New Clifford Allbutt Albut had flumphrey Bronebi Lond York 1015 I Davy Rolfesta OCCUPATIONS WITH EXPOSURE TO MINERAL DUST 173 among workers in occupations with exposure to mineral dust without to divisional periods of life eference MORTALITY FROM NONTUBERCULOUS RESPIRATORY PROPORTIONATE DISEASES TANTE ERAL TANTE IN SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES OR OCCUPATIONS WITH EXPOSURE TO DUST INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE OF FRUDENTIAL CO 1697 TO 1914 MIN 8 - s Deaths eansed by nontuberculous respiratory disear denization denization group . Asthma Nronchitis T'neumonia Olber Tolat ' || || | {| | }| || ber | Fo r Num- Fer Num Por Koo Fot Num- Ter cont ber cont Ler cont ber ceal bor ... 2 > gar sing worketrersra . ule and terra yo a ere 4 gmae - nesbers . we tdawees + ... ... . Flak morters.other morters.other | m meuatnd gyn- Faure eeerepererrreress t wrathers 1. kun je alalstude alalstude work- -n., eeseres oD dete e AntiactameS AntiactameS ' 1. ephongers.. be. tenere, 2 0s PUES. wee . eeee aes + ,, . cevcecces wecete 8 3.1 secfesaweess 3 .3 t .5 4 of 2 5) 23--0 23--0 23--0 23--0 23--0 2 , 2 t.4 8 8 |. ot 7 51 51 wreeens & 87077 t 87077 4 87077 ] 87077 6 87077 3 39 3 39 52 23 51 23 cneeeee 8 23 5 eveceere 1.1 1.7 17 | 5 | 17 | ~ 858 858 858 21 71 20 20 62 463 == == 89 16 16 15.3 frsccvecsjeccsacel 2 15.3 12.9 11. 5.9 9.3 7.9 ^n n ^n n ^n n ^n n ^n n 1.9 2.0 1.5 .y L. 20656 16.9 20656 1.3.4 20656 9.0 2065 20656 LL 20656 10.5 6.8 10.8 wa 23 wa av 11.3 = 127 3.6 14.1 8.9 8.8 9. 83 23 2. 23 2.0 : 1.3 000 1.3 000 1 130 276,075 83 130 130 276,075 276,05 327 604 = 79 176 276,075 276,075 13.9 18.3 9.7 11.2 128 110 146 It does not seeni necessary as observed in the discussion of occupa- tions with exposure to metallic dust to enlarge upon the facts dis- ,, sine] by the preceding comparative statistics which emphasize with suflicient injurions degree of scientific conclusiveness the obviously health- injurions consequences of considerable and continuous exposure to TS the inhalation of mineral dust It is clearly recognized that the sta- e data Pd 1.stical utilized for the present purpose are of rather limited intrinsic value but they are in the main quite fully confirmed by the apis extended re consideration of occupations in detail where the ex- *Jasure to mineral dust is sufficient to warrant their inclusion within e the +g plan and scope of the present discussion a > ENGLISH OCCUPATIONAL MORTALITY DATA In conclusion however it has seemed advisable to add to the pres- t observations a table obtained from English official sources which felnantgers plasterers consideredthe combined of potters paper morltiatlhiotgyraphergslassworkers and and which may safely be with representative itions sufficiently of the entire group of occupa- information with exposure to mineral dust in the absence of more extensive information which unfortunately is not available ~> ~> a fl fl \ Rw weet oy Se a 1: Se tt ~ 7 At eon val 174 . - <a - en. ; MORTALITY FROM RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN DUSTY TRADES st Taber MORTALITFYROM ALL CAUSES FROM PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS AN ay, ee Eat Sh FROM OTHER RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN OCCUPATIONS EXPOSED TO VINET DEST COMPARED WITH THAT OF ALL occuFIED MALES IN ENGLAND AN as te =? } WALES 1900 TO 1002 BY AGE GROUrg - : Registrar- mt ot ey | a ee Kngland and Source Part IISaSppalepmenptlementto the Sixty Annual Report of the Registrar- of Births Deat ; and Marrocsain Wales Wales ww Deal rata per 1.000 ^ Death rata per 1,000 dias the disestry Death per 1,00 1,00 00 dus olber - to all cause ODG : respirator syst louis among among- . de44adt eah th Allorto Allorto pied males Occupations an unaridust O unaridust Alloces : Alloces pied males Occalls exposed to A oc | Mineral amt Mee! | Occupation XL XL mineral cos to yeaTccS ses 24 4.41 2.25 0.54 0.54 0.55 Q28 1 : 4.03 1. 44 01 5.24 20 201 ori 166 10.71 12.10 2.74 100 1 17.73 33.14 4.01 3.32 106 31.01 40. 18 aH aM 11 68.39 68.39 92.00 Lis 13 17.17 bs ntasen at re jens oe oe " We ola a. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS Table 71 brings out clearly the fact that the mortality [:. pulmonary tuberculosis among men in occupations with expos to mineral dust is decidedly excessive at ages 35 to 64 but the mortality at the other ages is not appreciably lower than f occupied males generally Death rates are however not as used and conclusive for purposes of industrial hygiene as the proportion ate mortality figure which precisely emphasizes the quantitative in portance of a given disease or cause of death The proportiona mortality from pulmonary tuberculosis and nontuberculous respin tory diseases is excessive at all ages among men with exposur mineral dust although the relative death rate per thousand exposs to risk is not at least according to English experience decided excessive at certain periods of life The data are not of sufhtic importance to invalidate the general conclusion and in the main death rates sustain the proportionate mortality figure although th th although is not invariably the case The death rate from nontubercule respiratory diseases among men employed in occupations with posure to mineral dust according to the English experience the older ages so decidedly excessive that obviously much mo extended scientific consideration should be given to this group - diseases than hins heretofore been given it At ages 55 to 64 1 illustration the in the English experience there is an actual excess mortality from all causes aniong then exposed to mineral dust 9.22 per 1,000 equivalent to 29.7 per cent but in the mortality for pulmonary tuberculosis there is an excess of 1.53 per 1,000 equis lent to 82.1 per cent against an excess of 6.02 per 1,000 in the mo eh mee be cope ane Nay 6. wy we. wy te: UPATIONS $+ WITH EXPOSURE TO MINERAL DUST 175 itality from nontuberculous diseases equivalent 96.6 respiratory per cent The results of this analysis therefore to reemphasize Rientific conclusiveness of the extended the on Industrial discussion " reference rumoconiosis with special to dust phthisis Edgar by . toilis in the Milroy Lectures of 1915 and the corresponding obser- Ivations Ivations on pneumoconiosis by Sir Thomas Oliver in Allbutt & oe tuRorlyleSstyosn'tseSmystem of Medicine Volume V Diseases of the Respira- te+ Of interest in this connection are the observations by Dr. J. S. +s Mahlane contained in a contribution to the ination of Mining Engineers abstracted in ParolecteteedrinfgrsomofLtohnedoInnsttio- ItnhetJheournal orfeftehrereAdmerican Medical Association August 19 1916 paper to Dr. Haldane pointed out that while the age of 50 the death rate from lung disense is much lower up to liers than in the rest of the population above 50 the among mind there is a marked excess of deaths from bronchoiptpiossiteInhoclodn-s 3 nuation however he stated that the deaths from this disease have greatly diminished since 1890 for which improved ventilation i to be the cause secins Fifty years ago miners often worked in air con- ; taining so much black damp that lamps and candles burned 33h such air there is usually 2 or 3 per cent of carbon dimly | normously increases the breathing dioxide which during muscular exertion The Inathing is exactly regulated so as to keep un average of about r cent carbon in the alveolar 5.6 dioxide this air and with 3 per cent of a _, gas in the air man breathes twice as much air so the alveolar percentage right A man as to keep 3 work in pure air breathes about five doing moderate muscular a. or six times as much air as dur- sin-~--rrest In air containing 3 per cent of carbon dioxide he would breathing ten or twelve times as much air 7 Inathing would be taxed to the as during rest and his | more liable to utmost He would thus be much is contract emphysema The better ventilation of coal mines largely a consequence of the greater amount of fire rent heat encountered as mines have become damp and >To Dr. Haldane is inclined to deeper think that both the fire damp and the |mianterhsave indirectly caused great improvement to the health of Where there is plenty of fire damp there is plenty of fresh and dry air and no harmful usually also excess of carbon dioxide The - proportion of deaths from bronchitis among old miners : the Staffordshire in 1890-1892 and was her ; coal fields 1900-1902 than in any of the to black and mines : black Staffordshire are exceptionally sub- been attributed has The excess breathing among old coal miners bronchitis has attributed to the dust and previously Haldane breathing of Dr. previously inclined previously why to agree with this was why why if dust is the theory But it is dificult to an . cause there has been so great a dimination in : . eye ~ . ryt a oN -@ yy LIT7 wae ew 9 oweeaten a : ME te ate aiad Mh, , Y wom iin oO 8 amresik tret a ve-r.* oe be. ae ww 4 ATna> fo + - (igvy von. wr. a 0 TRADES 176 MORTALITY FROM RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN DUSTY the bronchitis mortality in recent years Coal mines have on whole become drier and more dusty with increasing depth and be ventilation and if dust were the cause one would have exported bronchitis to increase whereas it has greatly diminished Certai an excess in mortality from bronchitis is associated with the brea ing of harmful dust But this excess is accompanied by a far grea excess in mortality from phthisis and begins comparatively early life unlike the bronchitis mortality in colliers Experiments animals carried out by J. M. Beattie show that both coal dust an~-l shale dust usually associated with it on mine roads are relativ fiornaless It is therefore quite clear that much remains to be as tained concerning the true nature and extent of dust phthisis : that in the solution of this important industrial problem a com erable advance is necessary in the practice of medicine which much larger degree should be made to rest cerning disease causation ascertained by means uopfoanutkopnsoiwelseidngeindtrial districts subject to an excessive mortality from pulmon tuberculosis and nontuberculous respiratory diseases ASBESTOS e ; by if. e Siar where conditions found i pie z 1 oie agian oar resisting ae Oe yei oN 3 (aq ae Sy Ne decidedly be The number of men employed in trades and industries involvi exposure to asbestos dust in the United States is unknown _ from the mining of asbestos in which exposure is rather limAusn there are numerous processes involving the conversion facture of the materials which or rema effects on health and are distinctly more serious in th longevity Asbestos weaving and spinning described Netolitzki on the basis of observations in Bohem the were to unfavorable 1 this country our information is very limited although the of asbestos used is very large Its quant led to its extensive employment for the properties . etc. as well as its covering of pipes furcas the rial etc. wall use in On account of its form of plaster roofing ma nonconducting qualities it is sively employed by electricians and also in the ext age rooms of refrigemting plants construction of =. " a go om = > wag, kane Got =| ee . pos. METHODS OF MINING Geologically according to the Technical World bestos is a fibrous form of Magazine crystalline l^>niestone The vesienrspemnitninean rock occurring in strala fourth to linlf inch but average thickness of ot soinetinies attain as much as 6 incl *** Mining miturral wool by Autery Fullerton is Technical N rld Magasinc N gee * oad yrreng. as NET sy ee oe she . 4 i -OCCUPATIONS WITH EXPOSU eto Mineral dust 177 >The asbestos fibers are as nearly as possible crystals of serpentine " .. According to the same magazine _ 1 The ore is mined mostly in open quarries Overlying soil to a > * thickness of sometimes 20 or 30 feet but quite often forming only a ' * thin layer on top has first to be removed and as soon as the asbestos | * veins are thus laid bare the actual quarrying operations may begin " The rock is cut in a series of terraces reaching a total depth of some weather ' the 130 or 200 feet Underground work has not proved successful the open quarry having been found both more economical and more * effective despite the disadvantages of exposure to the Drill ing and blasting are employed much the same as in ordinary stone : queerying queerying is it Wlien the rock is thus broken up it is rough sorted at the quarry +) Two or more grades are selected according to the length of the fiber ... _ and are then sent on to the cobbing sheds where the further process of dressing goes on This process is merely the separation of the asljestes fibers from the dead rock and is done in some cases by hand 2 hal to an increasing extent by machine Hand cobbing is the very } simple method of breaking the stone by small sledge hammers throw- * ing the fiber into one box and the waste into another This separa- ' tion is ordinarily not difficult since the fiber lies in layers more or less osely clinging to the rock and can frequently off * separated cleanly fingers The crude fiber thus as be picked with the as possible from the waste rock and looking very much like mineralized wool is . packed in pound bags in which form it goes to the market and F the manufacturer " and dressing is not however an absolutely thorough method : The waste material from the cobbing tables and the fine pickings - from the quarries have still some fiber in them and the utilization of + tais frequently represents the largest profits of the nine All these * tine pickings are mechanically dressed In case the asbestos contains a large percentage of water the moisture is first dried out by ex- sure to the air by steam pipes or by rotary driers and the rock is Pe then passed on to the crushers where it is broken by successively t Eerst rolls Cylindrical fiberizers and the cyclone machine reduce still further The latter latter is the most effective apparatus yet devised for asbestos separation It consists of two beaters one of the screw- s propeller reducing type driven particles within within a iron chamber at a violent speed yi reducing the particles of stone almost to a powder This is then F: pissed over a shaking screen to remove the sand and in some mills strong electric inagucts are used to take up the particles of iron 1 In all of these operations there must necessarily be a considerable however which degree degree of dust exposure : becomes in the i exaggerated and weaving with the manufacture i pinning weaving exaggerated in con ection with processes in connection pinning of asbestos yarn and cloth q article These processes are referred to in brielly in Engineering Engine ring Engine ring The Engineering Magazine article in the spinning spinning Magazine in in part as follows weaving many The spinning and weaving of asbestos have offered dificulties many difficulties fibers have no rough surface like wool of cotton but 14 the asbestos Asbestos a " Its miolug miolug preparation , markets and : usbe y E. Suba l SubSaualbaal Magazine Oct. 1007 ou. Regelman Regelman Cagi- Cagi- Cagi- Sering e 106911-18 231- pert: : . 1 ou. 7 , ay ; i! hee Ayre : f me - ah an Fe i ; are \ . ne - Pa : ids x (2 it Lg .. ot tog "tat oe an Sey 3, * iva? vise . rs. F : 2 - Poe _ . 2 . ; s so rou . mo ? 4 eo. a . a i : , al Ve fr ee t ete - . 7 ae ows. Pe a Sa . ae } 1 * Y f ere s Ny ! , t +f i 7 % a. eo@mrs Poet SG ; 7 ed 4 ele a ae eee ws Pa a Ave oF oot . rte note, wr "+ oo UF ' t sf a nab t . iL _ > . . ~ : at ; t : . - \~e 7 * . s 4 178 MORTALITY FROM RESPIRATORY DISBASES IN DUSTY TK are very smooth and thus have a tendency to slip by one when twisted and subject to tension An admisture of vege animal fiber was therefore often necessary but while thes tated the manufacturing operations they impaired the fire re of the fabric and special machinery and ingenious devices be invented to enable the successful spinning of a pure ashestIt is however now possible to make a singio asbestos thread though weighing no more than 1 ounce per hundred yards ha strength and braided material can be made much more rese torsion and tension while asbestos ropes chiefly used by department can be strengthened either by interwoven wire baring a wire core INJURIOUS OCCUPATIONAL CONDITIONS On account of the rather limited extent of the asbestosi in the United States at least in the large centers of populat industrial insurance mortality experience data are insuilici definite conclusions During the period 1907 to 1914 in the ' experience there were only 13 deaths of which 3 or 23.1 p were from pulmonary tuberculosis At age2s5 to 44. there deaths of which 3 or 50 per cent were from this disease ~ dust is not described in the extensive consideration of Dust if by Hayhurst nor by W. Gilinan Thompson in his treatise Occupational Diseases In 1914 the production of asbestos United States was only 1247 tons or much less than in earlie indicating a very limited available source of supply Most asbestos used in the United States is mined in Canada and a lent report on " Asbestos its occurrence exploitation and us been published by the mines branch of the Department of the i of the Dominion of Canada Ottawa 1005 which contain scriptive account of mining methods and of the dressing of i by hand or by mechanical treatment including the final crusi means of rollers fiberizers beaters cyclones and pulverizers these processes unquestionably involve a considerable dust haz the hygienic aspects of the industry have not been reported u may be said in conclusion that in the practice of Americ Canadian life insurance companies asbestos workers are as declined on account of the assumed injurious condit the industry It is regrettable that there should be no further information able regarding the asbestos industry in its various branches ing the utilization of products of manufacture on sequunt evident injuriousness of asbestos dust as a predisposing pulinonary tuberculosis _ -- The subject is not referred to by by : L'or a deserfullye secount of the Cirudian log Journal New York Apr 20 1019 susions susions larict larict see Engineering an ee : in. RS eres oe me . .. OCCUPATIONS WITH EXPOSURE TO MINERAL DUST 179 < end Ilanson in their published treatise on Discuses of Ocen- pation recently ' and Vocational Hygiene nor by Sir Thomas Oliver in his Diseases Occupations +Recent work on of The rapidly increasing des a |: elopment of industries using asbestos as ascertained from domestic 4 -! or foreign sources suggests the urgency of more qualified medical * consideration than has heretofore been given the subject There are & i? ye references to asbestos in the Index Catalogue of the Surgeon Gen- teral's Library which however brings the literature of the subject . down only to 1890. The discussion of asbestos in the annual reports of the United States Geological Survey on Mineral Resources is lini- 4 sted entirely to the technical aspects of the inining industry which * uuring recent years hus experienced a rather retingrade movement Jon that the production has diminished from a maximum of 7,000 tons re in 1911 to 1,247 tons in 1914. In contrast however there has been a B gradual increase in the quantity of the unmanufactured asbestus im- Ho tel chiefly from Canada The American production is prae- rally limited to the States of Arizona California Georgia and Vermont Vermont Georgia las for years been one of the chief producers of kibestus , in the United States but no medical observations are on RB woord as regards the possibly injurious results experienced in the 5 maning and manufacturing of asbestos materials in that State The rw industry itself has been described however in a report on the " astus talc and soapstone deposits of Georgia in Bulletin No. 29 5 of the Georgia Geological Survey 1914 . EVIDENCE OF DUET XXPOSURE The relation of asbestos dust to pulmonary tuberculosis is reported ; at some length in the Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of : Factories and Workshops for England and Wales for 1910. Th"iu- vestination was made by Dr. Collis who states in part that was Following up information received from the registrar it was found that five deaths of persons suffering from phthisis had urred in five years among a staff of under 40 workers employed at where asbestos is woven The process which appeared tsrheWosorsnteifscaactttcwhlhhooseeaherysoshowing hope of asbestos, dwahnigecrhous is the production of asbestos mattresses These mat- are composed of bags of woven asbestos filled with man asbestos fiber are placed on a table and beaten out flat by a wooden fail from which process much dust arises Worked who sew the mattresses into sections with asbestos threads inhaled close to the man who beat the mattresses and of necessity inhaled tion dust The roorganization of this process with the appli tal tal of localized exhaust draft was called for and an annual medi- by certifying institutedexaminationexamination of the workers instituted in the the certifying surgeon has has been dust those detecting and removing from exposure to become only early signs of respiratory disease Weaving other Years Two an important industry during the last 15 other large factories Thich was foundfound large asbestos were visited each of st prevention to have its own is required specialty in the production of which _ prevention is required + w a. 4 Ky4 Test: he: re | _ Tel * Z . ae st? oe ee: Se oe Ome evw? o ] ra OTa te ee Qe wee Ema! a ne kcga) nag > u*. ow "2 z 57 wt ton 2 ee i. andy teka aie 2 oT re ET tT 90" TayCEN i, oe i ott. a A Re ee reyee .. ~ iy ba 33 to odee ae ee te eSo S ~ : a7) fi - as f ' s Biv 4. . . a oe * rs oe ee Ta. fn ore RT pit8 Wek ST , Wo fa + ee ti - 7 @os. comes . e a mw + aed 74 oN os rane oy . 1, o ~ - _? eo r Sen fot 7 i. ; ; is a + ion qe S-1 a . Yo: * TINTS eteT Sori iz i$ + OG . ~ paneOES . St. Fg ame me we orf _ ee ony el Se cSotan we - be 4%pe Oa . ne ave aoe GA er 4 + 1 e e ae (ne. Famer 180 MORTALITY FROM RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN DUSTY THA 3 There is evidently an urgent need for a more qualified and ve investigation of the health aspects of asbestos manui especially so in view of the fact as observed in the Scientific can August 1 1916 that on account of the restrictions place shipments of asbestos from Canada the possibilities of utiliz asbestos deposits of this country are increased as well as bec the much larger demand for asbestos products on account recognized value of asbestos for protective purposes in the f ance of the industrial safety movement Of value in th nection is the evidence of Dr. M. Murray before t partmental Committee on Industrial Discases limited h to the single case of an asbestos worker verified as * diagnosis by a post mortem examination In reply to tion by the chairman of the committee as to whether in , the fact that there is something characteristic in the earlic of dust phthisis in the predominance of shortness of brenti physical signs become very obvious such a condition i: observed in the case of the asbestos worker under treatment Murray and under observation for fourteen months the doc that it had been noticed in the case in question and : other words there was a definite relation between the co phthisis and the physical incapacity resulting from the ini ae . of asbestos dust It is therefore to be anticipated that the co Geer *< of asbestos workers will attract more qualified attention sa von, country in the future than it has in the past ee ee MICA No special investigation has been made to ascertain the less injurious effects of mica dust According to W. Thompson the dust is slightly irritating to the respiratory like dust containing any sharp solid particles but as a gene- clusion he states that the dust does not appear to be part injurious Mica is extensively used in the manufacture of e machinery as well as in the glazing trade as a substitute fo and in the decorative trades including the manufacture paper There are two principal varieties of mica known as rite and phlogopite but whether there is any essential di between the physical and mechanical properties of the tlust been determined There are mica deposits in some 20 State United Statbue t tshe annual production has fluctuated consi reaching the lowest point in the last decade during 1914 3 there are any special hazards in mica mining in consequence dist has not been ascertained The occurrence exploitation ofisica ofisica have been admirably described in a report published mines branch of the Department of the Interior of Canada . ayant want MSE ye. 2 Ft a SPI PE wv vot u way ony, hI - 7? hel eae 7 a aes OCCUPATIONB WITH EXPOSURE TO MINERAL DUST 181 s observations port however includes no on the sanitary aspects of The various employments It is pointed out with special reference the inanufacture of ground mica that the difficulties of grinding the great owing to the tough and scaly nature of the mineral which n, may be assumed to indicate that even when reduced to fine powdler the dust is apparently not of very serious importance to the em- i juhovies briefly e: me: re ww we kee on els the Dred =e te3 = we ars Mea dust is briefly referred to by Kober and Hanson in as of Occupation and Vocational Hygiene in which their their it is bhancre gen Nig } and that mica is a mineral of widely varying chemical compo rato, but is essentially composed of silicates of aluminum and an ~ - me seo Bare ^' alisuch as potassium sodium or lithium It is stated that the # eral splits easily into thin flexible colorless transparent plates or sales known as isinglass and that in the powdered form it is emss ved in the manufacture of giant powder and that it is also used foeRiedie JT i a oo ee all * Aw: 20 . aor * tur corative purposes chiefly in the manufacture of wall . a paper -ottde 3minated designs etc. 1! The ouly medical conclusion arrived at by ee e ete ne - authors is that mica dust is doubtless a frequent cause of in- + * flammatory conditions of the eyes and air passages It is therefore of, a e r flammatory sted by inference that the dust in . x a! finely comminuted form may sya es have an irritating effect upon lung tissue and to that extent en Boe ote, 4 dispose mica workers to we pulmonary tuberculosis although much 7 Hey, ea TE *** *** extended observations are required before definite conclusions i can be arrived at,, et t THE STONE INDUSTRY fe a ed Pr + le The stone industry in the United States is of vast areal extent and ag summercial importance The product for 1914 was valued at $ 1,000,000 Stone is quarried or produced in nearly State territory and the number of every and 4 persons employed in the stone in- try exceeds 100,000 The principal varieties are granite trap knarble a knarble limestone and sandstone divided The industry may broadly 1 into the manufacture of crushed stone for road making and other purposes paving stone building stone and monumental tune The two latter are subdivided into rough and dressed brtsy The labor conditions in prod- Hundamental differences an industry of such vast extent and Hundamental Hundamental in differences in the nature of the product must neces- * e valuable <p 3. descriptive account of male see the Na National Museum Report 1899 With . Det . Untere Untere diimusion of mica Det monditions monditions mining to the United States with special reference to under- reference to see an article in the Engineering and Minor Journal catalog melbods in May 4 1209 Untere of Aprit 19 1008 Canada se an article to the same publication in ' also9 Preording .U Preording . Milonga a in the extended discussion by Mr. C. Usafoni ; Mr. Popular Science llenderson un Atica and the a Sloothly for Sept 1902 sistement by the Milonga Milonga manager of the Crown Illes Co. copilderd copildered very urality as most of it Co. of Coser , is done in open cuts en om 4 bm. mira City City , . + 7 eamore oe owt. nth eT ta $ vA n ?rin vm om e EE LD, waetule ' "Sate