Document La1QLpwGwbomBRvmmO1J5Og

-i ? 4 1 i, t 1 * ) i \ ) 1 A PROPOSAL FOR A HEALTH STUDY OF VINYL CHLORIDE WORKERS March 6, 1973 Presented by TABERSHAW-COOPER ASSOCIATES, INC. 2180 Milvia Street Berkeley. California URL 18253 A PROPOSAL FOR A HEALTH STUDY OF VINYL CHLORIDE WORKERS PRESENTED BY TABERSHAW-COOPER ASSOCIATES, INC. March 6, 1973 Introduction Tabershaw-Cooper Associates, Inc. is happy to respond to the request from the Manufacturing Chemists Association for a proposal to study the health of vinyl chloride workers. Our organization is well qualified to carry out such a project because our staff has had extensive experience in the areas of occupational medicine, indus trial hygiene and epidemiology. Our personnel includes three full-time occupational health phy sicians, two experienced industrial hygienists whose services are available as required, and a health studies staff concerned with the acquisition and analysis of health data in an occupational setting. The health studies staff is composed of a full-time professional epi demiologist, a statistician-programmer and appropriate clerical per sonnel. It is organized to conduct health studies, is cognizant of the need fcr timeliness in such studies, and can be responsive to new demands without administrative delay. The health studies staff is experienced in successful techniques of tracing and follow-up, and has operating computer programs for the complex calculations in volved in health status studies. At the present time, TCA, Inc. is responsible for organizing and maintaining a physical examination and industrial hygiene pro gram for occupational work groups, and is carrying out several long term follow-up health studies in selected industries. Among the latter, the study which is closest to completion has successfully followed and accounted for slightly over 96 percent of the study population. Possible methods of study There are essentially three ways to study the effects of occu pational exposure, each of which can be useful in appropriate sit uations. One is to measure the functioning of selected physiologic systems which one suspects may be affected, in either a cross-sec tional or serial study, hoping to detect subclinical changes not accompanied by diagnosable disease. While presumably of high sen sitivity, this technique inevitably leads to serious questions as to the significance of minor physiologic deviations, which must be resolved by studies of morbidity or mortality. A second approach is to measure the prevalence or incidence of diagnosable illness or morbidity, either in a cross-sectional survey or by analysis of reported illnesses or absenteeisms over a period of time. Cross-sectional surveys are useful for chronic illnesses of relatively long duration such as silicosis, but are of little or no value in many other conditions such as lung cancer. Morbidity is virtually impossible to measure from records of a population on a retrospective basis, since it is affected by many extraneous fac tors, such as health plan coverage, policies of plant medical care, and the quality of medical records. . A third approach is to observe the pattern of mortality in an exposed population and to compare it with the general population and with other occupational groups. While it cannot be expected to answer all questions regarding effects of exposures, a normal mortality pattern is reassuring. If there is excess mortality from causes associated with a specific body system, this can provide valuable clues as to cause-and-effect relationships and for appro priate biological monitoring to detect early disease. A mortality study is a logical precursor to any further in vestigations for at least three reasons. First, the study provides a data base in the population to be studied, so that subgroups iden tified by age, length of service, job title, etc., can be found and investigated at a later date. Second, the process of studying mor tality provides an opportunity to review and describe the quality of records, so that the feasibility of other health investigations can be assessed. Third, if any deviant pattern of mortality is actually found, it will usually indicate what areas of morbidity should be studied or what subgroups of the population should receive further attention. TCA, Inc., believes that an essential step in appraising the health implications of working in vinyl chloride production is to know the cause-specific mortality pattern, we therefore propose to conduct an epidemiological study of mortality in vinyl chloride workers. The study would start with existing records and would follow workers to determine their current status. The objectives would be: (1) to compare the mortality of individuals who have worked in vinyl chloride plants with that of the general population, corrected for area, age and sex; (2) to compare mortality patterns within the population of vinyl chloride workers, based upon estimated occupational exposure^ and (3) to compare mortality among vinyl chloride workers with the mortality of other occupational groups which TCA, Inc. has studied. -2- 03 ro cn cn URL 18256 Study design Although a more detailed study plan will be developed as ac tual plant populations and processes are defined, the following outline covers the essential elements. Among the 19 companies participating in this study there are 13 plants in the continental United States and 1 in Puerto Rico de voted exclusively to the production of vinyl chloride (VC), and 28 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plants in which some, workers may be expo sed to the vinyl chloride monomer in the early stages of the pro duction process. On the basis of the Manufacturing Chemists Association survey of these participating companies, a study population of plants will be chosen. It will include all 14 of the VC plants, except those which have been in operation a year or less, and any PVC plants which report non-trivial numbers of workers exposed to the monomer. (See the Budget section for details). In each plant, the study population will consist of all workers who were employed for a least one year, beginning at the earliest date for which records are available, and ending on December 31, 1972. It has been estimated that this group will consist of approximately 5,000 current employees. Our experience indicates that retirements, terminations and deaths before December 1972 will increase the total study population to about 7,500. For each person, age, date of employment, nature and duration of employment, and ethnic origin (if possible) will be determined. For those who have died, copies of the death certificates will be obtained, either from plant records or from the public health autho rities. These will be classified by cause of death, using the same rules as are used in national death statistics. Those who left employment will be traced to establish their present status, using post office notification, drivers license re cords, and other methods which in the past have enabled us to trace over 96 percent of our study population. In addition, as much information as possible on occupational exposure will be obtained from plant management. At a minimum, we expect to be able to classify job positions as involving either high, medium or low exposure to vinyl chloride. Both personal and plant data will be kept in the strictest confidence, and no indivi dual worker or plant will be identified by name in any analysis or communication about the data. -3- URL 18257 Data collection A TCA, Inc. team will photograph all relevant personnel re cords at each plant. Involvement of plant personnel during the course of the study will be minimal* unless desired by local mana gement. The data collection team will require a contact person at each plant through whom arrangements can be made and information channeled to local management. The only physical equipment requir ed at the plant is a worktable with a nearby electrical outlet. Our practice is to record data for active employees first and return the records to the files immediately* and then to examine the records for retirees* terminations and deceased employees. Data analysis Depending on the actual population size and the duration of follow-up activities* it appears probable that about 800 to 1*000 deaths will occur in the study group. The basic mortality analysis will begin with a calculation of the number of person years of observation contributed by the study group at each year of age and at each point in time during the study period, using a computer program prepared specifically for this pur pose. These data will be used together with the observed deaths at each age and each point in time to calculate mortality rates* which will be compared with the mortality to be expected in the comparable U. S. population* as obtained from national statistics. Techniques of this kind are well developed and have been used for some time in chronic disease studies. (See California Tumor Registry* Cancer Registration and Survival in California*California State Department of Public Health, 1963.) The above analysis will be repeated for specific causes of death, paying particular attention to competing risks* or interac tion among different causes of death. In addition* analysis of general and cause-specific mortality will be repeated for subgroups of the study population identified as having high, medium and low exposure. The resulting mortality figures will be interpreted not only in light of their statistical significance* but for their relevance to known and suspected mecha nisms of action of vinyl chloride, and for their implications with respect to future studies of special areas and groups. The validity of the conclusions reached from a study of this kind depend crucially on the competence with which data are collec ted and processed* and the appropriateness of the comparative morta lity analysis. TCA, Inc. is uniquely qualified in both areas. The -4- URL 18258 procedures and analysis proposed here have been tested successfully in other industries and as a result, TCA, Inc., has a data bank of mortality profiles, which provide a realistic standard against which to compare vinyl chloride workers, and which furnish a second bench mark in addition to the general population statistics. TCA, Inc's, resources in occupational medicine and industrial hygiene further guarantee that the results of the mortality analysis will be evalua ted in relation to the current state of knowledge in these fields. Timetable Exhibit I outlines the basic timetable of the major activities involved in the mortality study. The proposed study will require eight (8) months for completion. Once the plants are identified and approval is received, the records collection from the plants will require approximately two months. Processing of the film and classi fication of the records will require an additional month. At the same time, follow-up procedures will be initiated. The search pro cess for the status of unknown workers and the collection of death certificates for those who have died are the key follow-up activities and are the most time consuming in the mortality study. These acti vities are also the ones most beyond our immediate control and it is for this reason that the study can not be successfully completed in a shorter time span. Every effort will be made to achieve a follow up level of 95% or more and if this is accomplished earlier than an ticipated, TCA, Inc. will strive to supply the Manufacturing Chemists Association with a written report in less than eight months. Pro gress reports will be made on a mutually agreeable schedule through the course of the contract. -5- ] I / ] * ] ] ^ MORTALITY STUDY FLOW CHART EXHIBIT I -* i MAJOR ACTIVITIES MONTH r7 i 12 ___________ 3 i 4 56 4------------f- 78 .> i 1. Identify plants and get approval for visit 1> 1I i 2* Visit plants and film records EszsasEsssEsa 3. Process and receive film 4* Establish unit records and \l status determination 5. Search process for unknown workers 6. Obtain death certificates w 7. Data analysis **/*<& rv-N* B. Prepare and submit final report C i "i i 1J i U R L 18259 1 J ] 1 1 } * ' PROPOSED BUDGET Staff Personnel - Health Studies Unit Project Director, Statistician, Programmer, Occupational Physician - Toxicologist, Industrial Hygienist, Clerical Assistants Total Staff PersonnelCosts $20,580 Direct Costs Records Collection Film Processing Death Certificate Fees Data Processing Printing, Forms and Supplies Total Direct Costs $ 3,300 2,000 3,000 500 $ 8,800 Total Personnel and Direct Costs $29,380 Overhead, G and A, Profit Total Contract Costs $34,615 $63,995 Estimated Travel Costs* $ 7,350 Total Contract Price $71,345 * Travel costs are based on visits to 14 vinyl chloride and 10 polyvinyl chloride plants. This cost estimate will be ad justed once the actual plant populations are identified. IJRL 18260