Document LZrbq1MoGZjNzmxvkZoVrKQd

T Kj Made by the Saranac laboratory May 25 - June 2, 1936 deceived Jul'v 31, 1956 The National Asbestos Co. plant of the U. S. Gypsum Co. was investigated in a survey made or. May 25-June 2, 1926, and the nature and extent of dust exposure encountered there by workers are reported herewith. At this plant are manufactured various asbestos products such as asbestos paper, pipe coverings, cement and liquid roofing, and asphalt composition roofing anv shingles, ."aper for the composition roofing also is made here. The plant was formerly ov;ned by the National asbestos Co. and has c-en operated by the U. S. Gypsum Co. for only a few months. Plant Layout The manufacture of ..asbestos cement and pipe coverings is carried on in building. Asbestos, clay and other minerals are dumped through chutes into enclosed rooms or bins, located at the south end of the third floor, from which screw conveyors carry the material to the first floor where it is bagged as asbestos cement. Also on the third floor are machines for corrugating paper and for making asbestos pipes, a canvas room in which asbestos paper is cut into strips and saws for cutting asbestos boards. paste f rc m "Its cav..v 1. .ii .-.char: ed throw gh a : i- e 1t o - "cos: or* 'he first floon. The office occupies part, of the secenu floor. Host Of thi first, second and fourth floors are for store.re. The roof ins find paper machines are arranged along parallel lines in -7-2 buildin.... In making roofing heavy paper is unwound from a large roll ana passed through a vat of liquid asohalt. Farther on a heaw layer of ccur..e granules is added stone to the other side. Finally the long sheets are wound into rolls or cut of: so maxe sh.nries. The roofing and paper machines are parallel, of i.prcximat :iy the same length and about 15 feet apart. ,-t tne end of the paper machine in this building and ( also in -5 building are the beaters into which the base mate:*:-! (asbestos, rags, s :rap paper) is dumped. Water is added to make a semi-fluid mass and the mixture then passes through the rolls . f the machine until, it emerges as paper. In ;?5 building, on the fiftn floor, rags for making paper stock are shreaced in tne rag cutters, .-ifter dropping to the second floor they are weighed and are then fed to the beaters on the first floor. Liquid roofing is manufactured in a moderately-sized room in the warehouse building. Bags of asbestos dust and as bestos fiber are a imped into a small tank, asphalt is added, the mixture is stirred thoroughly, and the liquid mass is then drawn off and transferred to cans. I.luch of tne ..I ant floor space is for storage. There is a large warehouse for roofing rolls and anosner for shingles, * be:: i J a. so-ce ;'cr eiorirr or.jcr v.utori.i -irr 1i blr htundarris of Just. iness The ueveio;.:.isnt, of ar.y form of pneumoconiosis depends upon the ere a thin." of air cents in i nr mineral ^articles which must be ssfficientiy high in concentration, fine in size and hazardous in nature to cause permanent injury to the lungs. Thus, far only free silica minerals, such as quartz, flint ana chalcedony, and fibrous minerals describee as a greup by the pathologic fibrosis. 'Vhile it. cannot safely be said that ether minerals containing silica are without danger, it is generally recognizee that t..e extent to which a possible _ust hazard exists is indicated principally by the cmcentraticn in the 1 i c* * ' al at tes-xero- or frss silica or asbestos ..articles of Various authorities have tentatively a gwescec a con centration :f 3 r:.il_ion particles of free silica per cubic foot of air as a lim.t above wnich a silicosis hazard r.iignt exist, and this value has met with "scree recognition. The figure just given refers to dust samples collected with the C-reenburg-Smith impinger apparatus and counted by the standard technique of the Public Health Service. There is no starn. darc for the sa f e to the val ie dust dust. However, the results of a survey mace in four asbestos fabricating plants and reoortec in 1?35 ir. . :iletin *42, Dept, of Labor anc Industry of rennsylvania, give pertinent data on the subject and are summarized below. , i ;;o c:i2 in a nr cup (10 t.ersons) -'ith lass than maw . n. i.;-ri'0,j .as el as sen as doubtful'. 30 per cent in a group (14 out of 46 persons) with mere than 5 years exposure had asbestcsis. The incidence cf ascestosis was directly related tc the concentration of ascestos dust to'whicn workers were exposed, as brought out in the following table. (fetrcrra^r.ia analyses failed to disclose the re sense of free silica in cast from the plants studied). Incisencc- o; aecestcois among workers with acre a:.an 5 years exposure: Average duet Concentration for lack Crowe gt ..s i sd Percentage of hach Cro y a v i r. ~ she stasis :c_es cer cw.i-.ci air. 44 million 73 i(3 out of ii perrons) 17 27 "(4 it M 15 t /\ 5" 1C "(2 i (1 20 ") The authors cf the report ccnclude that it i s not possible frc.T. their findings to establish the maximum safe con centration of asbestos dust in the air. In another study on as'cestosis (U. S. Public Health Service Reprint rrlc65, 1936) Lanza, ..;cConnell and Pehr.el report that 43 per cent c: a group with less than 5 years exposure had asbestocis and that ire proportion had increased to 87 ,j*r cent in a nrcuo with mere- pr.cn 15 y- .ro exposure. The/ also ..tote that "it is not practicable as yet to establish standards for the asbestos dust content- of air". yhile acbestosis may be a milde/* type of fibrosis :nan is cilia Ow.ii, i t duos not appear from the *.-d;es ii/.-ntioriea aoeve that a standard for a safe concentration of asbestos dust would permit a greater concentration than the value already given fer free silica dust. It is quite possible that the safe limit might be even lower for asbestos than for silica. For the present it would seem best to attempt to keep the concentration of asbestos dust leas than 5 million particles per cubic foot of air counted by light field examination. Dusts Encountered in Plant A great variety of minerals which go to form air-borne dust is used in the plant. Among them are asbestos, infusorial earth, slate, clay, soapstone, mica and limestone. Some of ;h- e c minerals are definitely hazardous; others are probably not ver; dangerous although conclusive proof is lacking; and still our era have be;n shown to be practically harmless. Asbestos can be classed as hazardous and diatomaceous or infusorial earth, which is a hydrated form of free silica, may perhaps fall in the same`category. Asbestos has.been shown by both clinical and experimental evidence to be capable of giving rise to pulmonary fibrosis. Uncompleted experiments indicate that diatomaceous earth is like other kinds of free silica minerals in causing pathologic reaction in animals. Clinical proof of its harmfulness is still lacking. Slate, clay, soapstone and mica are all silicate minerals. Most authorities agree that the silicates, except asbestos, cannot be regared as distinctly c dangerous as are quartz and other varieties of free silica, but it shoula be noted that frequently some free silica accompanies -5- silicate minerals ana nay present a hazard. Limestone is a cnlc.'un carbonate mineral and extensive experiments can ieo on >. -rb^c dust, another variety of the sane mineral, failed to reveal any hazard associated with the inhalation of dust of that composition. Hags and scrap paper used in making paper are also sources of dust. Nearly all this dust is undoubtedly either organic particles, such as lint fibers or pieces of paper or cloth, or else non-hazardous mineral particles. There is little likelihood that appreciable quantities of dangerous minerals are present in t.iis carry pathogenic bacteria must be considered. Fumes arising from the asphalt vat simulate dust, and although very undesirable from a hygienic standpoint- they do not appear to increase greatly the amount of dust in suspension. Dust Concentrations in Plant Dust samples were collected with the same Greenburg-Smith imping.- apparatus used in other dust surveys for the 'J.S.Gypsum Co. an: the particles were counted with both light field and dark field illumination. The former method of illumination is the standard of the U. S. Public Health Service; the latter is a technique employed by many investigators to detect the smaller' particles not revealed by the Light field method.- Dust counts for both methods are tabulated at the end of this report. The collecting fluid for all samples was 95 per cent ethyl alcohol. #1 Buildinr (and liquid roofing room) On the third floor of #1 building are the rooms or bins in which asbestos, soapstone, infusorial earth, etc. are fed into the screw conveyors. These are small rooms about 20 ft. -6- square, completely enclosed and having no ventilation, and men working in then are exposed continuously to Lirh concent ration of dust. Thus inside ;yi bin in ./hich a man was shoveling Italian fiber (asbestos) the concentration was 296 million particles per cu. ft. of air; inside -f3 bin, vhere bags of asbestos, clay, etc. were opened and the contents pushed into the screw conveyors, the count was much lower, being only 22 million. This indicates that considerably more dust is stirred up by shoveling the material than by emptying it from. bags. Over the opening on the fourth material the dust concentration was found to be 79 million parti cles per cu.ft.of air. All men working in or over the bins wore respirators and the high dust counts emphasise the necessity of their continuing tc do so. Also or. the third floor is the machine at which asbe. os boards are sawed. Tne dust concentration there was not very nigh, being -uly 3 million particles per cu.ft. of air, but that value is somewhat above safe limits.* It would appear desirable to equip the machine with an exhaust system; also, if feasible, to arrange the rotation of the saw so that the dust is.thrown away from the man instead of toward him. Several dusty operations are conducted on the first floor. Loading bags with asbestos cement was responsible for a concentration of 261 million particles per cu.ft. of air. As the cement is about 60 per cent asbestos besides containing diatomacecus earth, the dust is highly hazardous. There was no provision for rem.ovinp dust set up by this operation. Even thoug -he men wear respirators, the installation of an efficient system of exhaust -7- ventilation would si-tr.i ao be a necessity, not o.n]y to protect the men leading the bare but also to prevent the diffusion of dust into the general atmosphere. That there was much dust suspended in the air was shown by sample j'6, tai:en about 40 ft. away, for which the count was '4 million. Men trucking asbestos cement and paper in that vicinity are thus exposed to a high con centration of dust. Another dusty operation is shoveling waste felt and asbestos from the dus- house into b:gs, for which the wore no respirator . All men whs work in such high concentrations of dangerous dust should be compelled to wear respirators; but a determined effort should be me do to eliminate most of the dust by installing an exha uii svstem of ventilation, by arranging to bags without crest Lr.g sc much dust, by improving the dust house to reduce leakage ar.d permit the removal of waste felt and asbest:^ with less exposure to the man, and by providing better ventilation in reneral. Mixing liquid roofing involves the exposure to consider able dust as the concentration next to the vat was found to be 165 million particles per cu.ft.of air. Most of this was asbestos because the ingrecients of liquid roofing are asoestos saw dust, asbestos fiber and asphalt. The high count shows how important it is that the man continue to wear his respirator. An exhaust system of ventilation over the vat is very desirable not only to get rid of dust but also to remove fumes arising from the asphalt. Also, the vat should be covered. -e C prrurati n~ c chine > Tr.ere wa s little cu:t near t.ho cor:*-r*c.t i nr a oh i nr. Sar.ples taxen at the feed end and at the discharge end both showed the dust concentration to be-less than 1 million particles per cu.ft. of air. The concentration in the canvas room where asbestos paper is cut off in strips for making pipes was about 2 million. Roofine Machine i - V- c & v * -*n x : q r- r " ; * C C U H t. 2 I* I T* 2 . r : C . . v C * *; w 2 7* tha roofing machine, although slightly higher tr.an for the survey of the North Tcnavauda roofing plant, were not excessive. Comparative light field counts are tabulated below. Lirht Field Count C (in millions) J e r s e r City North Tenawane a At saturator 3.3 2.1 C; her tender w v v 3acxing ran o. ** 1.9- Feeding slate flour . 1712.9 Shoveling granules 3.2 Shingle machine 3.0 O.S From a hygienic standpoint the condition of the atmosphere at the roofing machine was quite unsatisfactory. Fumes from the open asphalt vats diffuse through the air and there is little or no ventilation to carry them anay. Plans have been made to en close the asphalt vats at the North Tonav/an. -i. plant more fully; such a change is even more desirable for the Jersey City plant -9- ^ because ".here ventilation is poorer and'men at both the roofing and '.he pn-jor machine are ex:.ored to the fumc-s. The sample taken on the platform above the roofing machine, where slate flour is dumped into a tank, shows that the man working there is exposed to an exceedingly high concentration of dust. For even a harmless dust the concentration would be excessive, but since slate' flour contains some free silica there would appear to be a possible silicosis-hazard. This very dusty condition should be eliminated, possibly by covering the tank man should wear a respirator. improving the ventilation. Provision should also be madr for Paoer :.#3,c*nin9 The dustiest operation associated with the manufacture of paper is the handling and cutting of rags. Unfortunately no dust sample could be obtained, since no rag paper was being made. At the i.raneateles Falls plant the dust concentration near the rag cutter was 53 million particles per cu.ft. of air; it was undoubtedly much higher in the Jersey City plant because additional dust was released when the rags dropped from the fifth to the second floor. As noted in the survey report for the Skaneateles Falls I,:ill it would appear desirable to furnish respirators to men working in such a dusty atmosphere and also to provide better ventilation. The dust concentration near men filling the beater machines was 8 million particles per cu.ft. zf air when paper stock was used and 10 million when the mate-:al was asbestos. -10- * Since the latter count is somewhat higher than a safe value, tne men shoe a-- wear re spirators when i lllint. tue betters witn asbestos. Much dangerous dust is set free when empty asbestos bags are shaxen out so that the man doing this work is exposed to 3b million particles per cu.ft. of air, a concentration well above safe limits. It is suggested tnat this operation be eliminated, possibly by shaking out the bags in a bag wheel as is done with err...ty cement sacks. In the meantime the man should wear a respirator. In the passageway along the paper machine the concentration of dust was about the same as near the roofing machine, being 5 million particles per cu. ft. cf air. Most of this dust procably comes from the roofins machine. m i s c e 11 a n e o u 3 For samples taken in the roll warehouse and shingle ware house, representing tue average oust condition in those buildings, the counts were less than 2 million particles per cu. ft. of air; for a sample collected in the machine shop it was less than 1 million. Summary and Conclusions t 1. It is recommended that the concentration of free silica or asbestos dust to which men are exposed be kept less than 5 million particles per cu.ft. of air by light field examination. Men exposed to greater concentrations bhoulu wear respirators. -11- 2. It is suggested that until the dust condition be brc u;!: t within safe limits respirators be worn by thv. following men (in addition to those already supplied with them): (a) All men on the first floor of 1 building especially those working at the dust house and loading asbestos cement. (b) The man feeding slate flour above the roofing machine. (c) Men working near the rag cutter. (d) Men at the beaters when dumping asbestos into the vat. (e ) The man who shakes out asbestos bags. able for the following operations: ( -) Sawing asbestos boards. (b) Loading bags with asbestos cement. (c) Mixing liquid roofing. (d) Feeding slate flour. 4. The ventilation should be improved in several 1ocalit: ^a: (a) Cn the first floor of #1 building. (b) At the roofing machine, especially around the asphalt vat and on the platform where slate flour is added. (c) Near the rag cutter. 5. The diffusion of dust, especially cancerous dust, into the atmosphere should be reduced as much as possible. Special attention should be given to preventing leakage from the dust house ana asbestos cement loader on the first floor, and from the slate flour and liquid roofing mixing vats (possibly by covering tnem). -12- 6. The present mthod of feeding slate floor filler over the roofing machine should be changed to reduce the dust hazard. 7. npty asbestos bags should be shaken in some way which does not allow the asbestos dust to diffuse into the atmosphere. S. Men inside the bins on the third floor of #1 building work in a high concentration- of dangerous dust. It would be desirable to develop a method of supplying material to the screw conveyors without requiring the continuous exposure of men to the Iv. -13- ) Summery of Hedicuj Findings The majority of the physical examinations were made by Dr. Arthur B. Blinn; a few were reported by Dr. Hill. The x-ray films of the cheet taken by Dr. Perlberg were interpreted by Dr. H. L. Sampson. Occupational histories were taken by Hr. Fred H. Sephton. Tc date there have bee: :?C-5 employees examined of whom 160 had worked more than 1 year and could be properly considered as old employees. Eight of the entire group were young women under 23 years of age. The age attribution of ail employees, soown in Table I, indicates that practically all of them are under 50 years of aye. V.'e have no information as to whether there were older individuals who quit work because of disability; but th.^lack of complaints in the history of those still employed suggests that this was not "the case. .Table I Age Distribution in 206 Employees Are Periods 15-20 21-25 26-3031-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-60 Number of Employees 26 40 29 27 30 20 30 4 # of Tonal Group 12.6 19.5 14./ 13.1 _ 15.5 9.7 15.5 1.8 These individuals were apparently in good physical condition and made no complaint. Aside from incidental findings, that have been noted on the examination blanks and will undoubtedly receive the attention of the ..lant physician, the only common abnormalities were chronic tonsillitis and bad teeth and gums. In view of the prevalence of these conditions in the general population they can hardly be attributed to occupation. In Table II are tabulated all of the employees, grouped according to the major occupations in which they were employed at the time of the survey. This arrangement is of doubtful value owing to the fact that the factory superintendent usually assigned each man to a job for the day; on the following one he might work in another place with a different dust exposure. However, as it is necessary to tabulate all of cases in some fcrm the one adopted seems as useful as any. -1 a- 1 c Ko. Name ROOFING LiACHINE ATTENDANTS (s ome mica , soapstone or slate flour) Age Time X-Ray Physical Findings Chest Findincs Occupation 283 J. Skiba " 264 S. Gluhan 231 S.Marinki 285 M.uanot 19 yrs 3 mos. 0 18 n 1 yr. 0 21 tl 1 It 0 19" It l' If ' *1 0 0 0 / O T. CL ,V. Buska 26 It 301 J.Cze rmanski 38 . . 390 P.L'ajewski 280 I. Kv/ityn 45 n 43 269 J.Stefanowsky 40 n C 271 A.Tchis 46 11 1 11 F1 1 II F1 1. II 4.' . .. 0... . 18 mob. rl 2 yrs. 2 tt *1 F1 0 / / / 0 279 S.Sparks 300 L.Nied2 260 S.Tob Las 267 H.Farmer '268 N.Wanot 284 J.Huatyk 277 F.Baltazuk 263 L.Panasuit 278 J.Yosey 265 A.Dennis 262 D.Collins 266 D.DiToria E.Gerhardt 21 tt 24 ti 27 ti 32 n 52 it 22 it 23 11 47 11 39 tt 36 it 34 it 34 tt *46 tt 2 II 2 If 3 It 4 11 4 tt 4H 5 II 6 ti 6 II 8 II 9 tl 10 ft 11 II F1 *1 0 P. c. 9 / / .0 0 F1 0 P. c. 0 0 00 Al / n0 00 F1 0* F1 0 F1 / <M Moving rolls of roofing material Moving rolls Moving roofing material Mixing granules brick and stone n Slate and coating mixer Mixes slate granules : . Moving roofing material Mixes slate '* slate flour in coating tank. Cutting shingles Coats roofing with asphalt Dumps wheel-barrows Saturates felt roofing paper Mixes slate Mixing granules,brick/stone Cutting shingles Oiler Cutting shingles Rolls felt K-eps fire in asphalt still Saturates felt roofing paper Rubs soapstone on rollers -2 ROOFING MACHINE ATTENDANTS (continued) No. Name Age Time X-Ray Physical Findings Chest _____________________ Findings Occupation 275 E.Howard 26 yrs 11/ yr. 0 0 Cutting shingles 274 S.Schemchuk 41 n 12 " 0 P.C. 0 Cutting shingles 270 N.Tarby 46 " 18 " Fi Chr. / . Active TB llixes slate flour in coating tank 27 3 F. Ko'.val 42 " 18 " A1 / Rubs soapstone on rollers RAG BRATER HELPERS........... (very heavy lint and fuzz) All men in this department at some time or other are engaged in shaking bags of asbestos into a feeder - making asbestos paper. Fairly heavy asbestos exposure at time. No. Name Age Time X-Ray Physical Occupation Findings Chest ____________________ Findings__________________________________________________________ 251 G. Gress 247 T. Marinki 250 P. Marcenkus 240 J. Clow 242 S. Skiba 249 P. Homick 253 C. Hurtuk 236 J. Bojar 239 V.Twardusky 246 J. Sokel 233 D. Rodgers 31 yrs 1 mo. 45 u 5 ii 46 II 5 it 46 It 1 yr. 46 1II it 39 II 1 ii 47 II 1 ii 46 II 1 ii 49 II 2 ii 49 II 2 it . 32 II 3 it ' Fi 0 *i 0 fi 0 0(Heart) 0 A!(Inf.) / /F1 00 0F1 F1 .0 Al? 0 / 0 Cutting rags If ft 91 It H ir ii it _ ft it ales -3- ::o. Name 24 3 H.Stanford 243 J.Buda 244 J.Liszkiev/icz 245 T.Smith 225 '.7. VJandov/ski 234 ;:.Gluhan 227 J.Britt 241 H.31igen RAG 3EATSR HELFERS (Continued) Age Time X-Ray Physical Findings Chest Findings Occupation 35 yrs 5 yrs. 0 P.C. / 37 5 FX 0 45 " 8 " . F3 . . . / 35 9 , . * 48 " 9 " * 46 " 10 II 37 10 " 00 F, (Healed TB) V *1 0 / 0 0 21 " 11 " F1 0 Cutting rags in b It . II ' r ` .-.'a \ 11 II n ll li SHINGrLE PACKERS AND SHINGLE STA Cl :ers (General Dust) No. Nam e Age 337 R. Car.pi."-. 344 '.7* YYitkewski 334 '.Y. Jankowski 293 \l. Patterson 335 J. Evans 340 J. Carter 342 R. Ellis 323 J. English 328 F. English 343 J. Parker C 326 F. Ellis |341 C. Johnson * 13 yrs. 19 II 23 31 II 38 34 II 23 n 23 it 24 it 33 n 30 M 37 if Time 1 mo. 1" 2 .yfs 2" 4n 2" 4" 5 5" 7" 9" 14 " X-Ray Findings Physical Chest Findings 0 T3?active 0 ,0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1 00 0/ Fi / -4- TRUCKING IN WAREHOUSE (Loading trucks with shingles and rolled roofing) No. Name Age Time 357 G. McCullough 23 yrs 1 mo. 355 P.. Pello 359 V. zazula 18 .20 3 II II II ' 4 .. n 351 John O'Connell 44 II 2 ii 356 J. Czerzpaka 23 If 2M 352 J. Kieland 29 If 4 It 353 I. Cook .30. If ..4, . II 177 C. Catkins 29 ft 5 II 176 A. Watkins 44 1 10 II X-Ray Physical Fi ndinrrs Chest Fincincs 0/ 0 v :0 / . . o: ..- ' F1 / 00 F1 0 . , .... . 0 ... ., .. F1 0 Fl 0 UNLOADING CAR:S MIXING AS3EST0S CSKENT (Very heavy asbestos dust. ) No. Name 106 J. Vrojnaski 107 F. Wasko 104 J. Craig 105 R. Mackey Age 41 35 '40 40 Time 4 yrs. 5i " 11 12 " X-Ray Physical Findings Chest Findings Fi 0 . F1 0 7/! 0 A1 / PI? G DEPARTMENT (Small amount asbestos dust) No. Name Age Time 18 V. Horosz 39 1 yr 21 V. DiChirice 23 ,1. " 15 ?. DeFelice 23 T. Critelli 29 J. Clkie-v: cz . 21 22 or 20 mo. 2 yrs. *c-> " 17 7. Rovite 19 7 ?. Esposito 27 G. Guastiilo 25 3 V i --V .* v "49" ' ' 3 N " 4 Adomirok 23 5 II 8 A. Uitto 33 7 II 12 A. u. Kastrolia 35 7 if 50 M. Trier.-2 43 " 13 ?. .Mali;:ire 33 a ft 25 J. Peretti 32 9 " 6 A. Perrone 49 10 * > 2 J. Kail 29 13 9 V. Giannone 47 13 " 20 F. Tartarete 23 13 " 3 ?. Messina 10 S. zander 5 T. Carmella 24 J. Miglino' 45 14 " 41 19 " 44 21 " 56 24 " 16 M. De Vite 50 27 II X-Ray Physical Findings Chest Findinns 00 00 F^ .. 0 .. . 0 00 ?1 0 r? ..-VI 0 ;;v.v TP F1 TP *2 r* Fi - Ax? T i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A7 Al' 0 0 0 ' Fj. 0 / 0 Fx 0 Fx 0 Fx 0 A. 7 1' Tp F1 * / 0 6 C GENERAL UTILITY LEN (General dust, asbestos and slate flour) No. Name Age Time X-Ray Physical Findincs Chest Findings 343 T. Erv/in 253 J. Kwityn 19 1 day Healed non-TB 20 2 . .,F1... 0 0. 289 M. Rav/linke TOO 17. Ostrowski w0O2 w2 L. Bresnook 7 ^ T S-.W* F. Delvecchie 292 S. Bielicki 18 3 wks. IS 1 .mo. 20 o n 21 2 ' ' ; 22 r ''' 5 F1 L 0 0 0 0 0 0 ''"" o' " 202 A. Flust 22 6 '< 0 0 C 294 S. Pevelkc 358 11. eras 27 22 7 mos. 8" 0 0 0 0 389 J. Cha:.'7irs 21 1 yr 395 ?. 3esi;;.: 21 2 . " F1 0 0 0 153 S. Russe 329 A. Carlucci 44 22 " Healed TB 0 19 ?1 w~ Fi / C 7 No. Name 215 J. Jacoby 216 S. Grsczik 219 w. Kazmieski 214 Gardner 213 Baltazuk F ireme:N .iMD COAL PASSERS (Soft coal and ashes) Age 43 48 47 36 O Time ' X-Ray Findings Physical Chest Findings 3 yrs 3 " . 3 4 10 " F1 Healed T3_ 0. .. ... 0 IT '1 ... / ______ 0 ,/ . 0 _ / ; SA'./' DEPART!! 1 (Sawing asbestos pi^es - very heavy asbestos) 49 * HorbosKi 43 n# Mil tee r 46 * Ger.r-iie 45 un Damiano 39 15 yrs h 36 15 " 0 39 13 " ' 0 48 24 " F1 0 0 / 0 CORRUGATED ROLLING MACHINE (Make corrurated asbestos paper - very heavy asbestos) 41 D. I'ussillc 51 17 yrs. Ai? 0 42 F. Romano;vs!-:y 56 29 " A1 / -8 v,/in* rrv\ linet?!_T ,t` szTT,* (Putting canvas tops on rolls of roofing) No. Name Age 378 M. Patson 25 376 G. Bigart 22 372 M. Michalkowsky '' 24 373 J. Halupka 29 371 r ii. Bresky 29 374 \7. Liszkiewicz 22 Time_ 3 003 "1' yr 2 - 2f " 3" 4" X-Ray Findings Physical Chest Findings 0 o 0: 0 -0 ' v - o : 00 00 0/ PACKING DBI-'ARTI.iENT (Packing pipes for shipping - floor dust) 89 A. Bev_c_;ua 19 4 mo* 96 J. Borcacone 48 4. n 85 M. Ferrara 18 5 ii 76 A. Cacaci 22 1 ,ii 91 P. Hambsch 26 1 ii 90 A. Tavernise 21 2 u Tz F2 0 *1 *1 0 0 0 .0 / 0 0 79 V/. White 81 J. McGuirl 45 11 ii 38 12 it 0 0 0 / 9 i.;A OKIMISTS .x;d 2MCI NZER3 (Small amount mica, soa ustone) No. Mama 2C7 u '.Volf 204 H. Karl 205 M Xleht 202 '.To 1 f 2CS Engl ehardt 201 * Kernelz 212 r * C-aginrhi 211 A Kozloslci ' Age Time X-Ray Physical Findinrrs Chest Findin 35 6 mos. 0 ?. C / 35 34 37 43 39 43 " 46 ' ' " 1 w* 2A M S*7j II 4 II 9 II 15 If '*"17 ' ii ` 0 . Q P.C. . 0 ?.c. -"1 F1 *1 F1 / .. . .0. / 0 0 / .... SMALL S.->.'~UR.-.TCR ROOFING MACHINE Saturating felt with asphalt. (Very little mica, soapstone and slate flour) 325 F. Miner 323 E. Jones 324 t 3ugg 35 2 yw rs. F1 39 6 II 0 37 7 It 0. / 0 .0 322 '.y. Hart 43 9 .1 0 .0 233 c. Vri ght 321 H. '.'.'right 30 9 II 23 10 II F1 0 / 0 ` -1C- 4 4 PAr-ER LULL (Small amount mica, soapstone) No. Name Age Time X-Ray Physcial Findings Chest Findings Occupation 391 T. Adamski 24 6 mos. 0 R. C. 0 Cutting rags 230 A. Restek 225 J. Gazdwicz 24 1 yr. 0 21 ' -5 If - F1 " ' ' 0 ' 0 finder Back tender 224. J. Ksenick . 27 : -6 II . o .Fress main 231 H. Jobel c OC A. Rolls 35 7 tl 27 7 It 222 P. Koblansky 43 8 11 227. F. .Ramsey .; ,;,29.. .,..8 tl F1 0 0 P.C. 0 0 / Oiler Winder Machine tender Winder 221 F. Sandusky 22 3 7/. Schloss 44 to V/W 9 If 9 II F1 0 P.C. V 0 Machine tender Fress man 223 J. Ramsey 34 16 II 0 / Winder 232 F. Ben insky 225 T. Rasr.ard 252 A. Dzindzie 45 16 It 0 43 17 ft 0 47 17 II ' 0 / Millwright ' 0 Back tender / Machine tender PIPS '.TRAPPERS (Snail amount asbestos) 69 Miss F.DiGievanne 18 6 mos. 0 73 Miss F. Conte 66 H R.Lombarde 70 H S.Ciasulli 19 6 mos. 0 20 1 yr. F1 18 U " 0 0 Rolling canvas on asbestos pipe. 0 it / ii 0 it 1 Mr. E. J.Cacaci 38 2 " F1 ./ Supt. 61 Mrs. D.C'Keefe 23 5 " F\ P.C. 0 - Rolling canvas on C asbestos pipe. 62 Miss H. Weztev/ica 28 9 " Fi 0 n -11- liquid roc?i::g depart:.-;zkt C FI s t o - mixer., lane 11inn,st ensilling,coating, cl os i.nu containers.) 50; ; 0 f time in heavy asbes tos, slate, floe r. Name Ane Time X-Ray . Find iners Physical Chest Findings 359 F Rur:sell 19 2 mos 0 / 367 ?. Sininsky 21 1 yr 0 355 J. '.ialast 27 1 - .. '0 / / 361 A. Mestl'er 33 2 " " 0 354 Z. Sweeney 255 J. Fnrka 27 2 fl c ^v/ 2 " 0 0 / 0 225 J. Cstrowski P. Bober - 24 2 " 24 - . .3 F1 - O' : / it:".. 0 ' ; ' -- - - 353 J. Sir.chak 33 8 " F1 0 to <Si tO MISSELLAirZCTIS J03S :;o. Name Age Time X-Ray Physical Findings- Chest Findings Occuoation 33 5 L. Fa Ci-: 23 1 mo..' 0 0 Sample maker 396 2. Kaprellan 29 1 mo. 0 0 Inspector 398 R. Kerr 35 5 mos " F1 0 Inspector 102 J* VanAlstyns 34 2 yrs 0 / Night watchman 213 C-. Hallan 321 F. Sephton 303 S.Kostinowski 23 42 19 2 2" 2 fr F1 OCCong. Cyst) 0 0 /? / Wheels ashes Chief Inspector Coal wheeler 101 C. Major 37 4 rl 0 Shipping clerk V7*> 7W9 <1 wl 1 i s 36 10 " 0 / Repairs shingles 206 J. Kudak 50 10 F2 / Porter c 151 J. Huatyk 47 12 " 0 0 Mason 47 '.I. San toll 46 31 " Ft Healed TB / Canvass cutter -12 Chest Finding's The physical examination revealed only one case v.ith v/ell-defined disease but the x-ray picked up a variety of condi tions some of which were probably due to inhaled dust and others to infection. Among the latter there were 4 that were of nontuberculous origin. There were 4 more with healed apical foci of adult type tuberculosis whose occurrence has no clinical signi ficance. (Its incidence is only about one-haif that to be expected' in an urban poeolation.) Two cases showed more active mani festation of tuberculosis. Case 270 (M.Tarby) had a unilateral chrc-nic tuberculosis of considerable extent with a probable cavity at the base. This finding was substantiated.by physical exanin- ation. The possibility of sanatorium treatment for this man should be considered. Another case, 244 ('.Vitkowski) had shadows possibly indicative of active tuberculosis. In view of the fart that this individual was only 19 years of age, his cor.dit on should be investigated further to determine whether treatment is required. Only 5.3 per cent of the group showed evidence of healed childhood tuberculous infection, a very low incidence for an urban group. They are marked "P.C." (primary complex) in the table* Of the conditions that might be due to the inhalation of dust several forms were discovered. They are designated and defined as follows: F]_ - A moderate degree of exaggeration of the linear markings -in the lung fields. This may be due to inhaled dust of any type, to heart or arterial disease or to nontuberculous infection. Its incidence increases with -12- advancing age. Unless it can be shown to progress to mere advanced conditions in a given industrial exposure its significance .is negligible. Fo - A more advanced stage of linear exaggeration. This is more frequently a-result of inhaled dust but, of course, the finding must be correlated with the history of exposure in the particular industry.. ...... F: - An extreme stace of linear exaggeration that may be due to chronic bronchitis. A^ - indicates a possible asbestosis. Two groups are noted- "A]_" where the condition seems quite definite and "?A^" where there is some doubt of its significance. The designations ?.C and healed or chronic TB have already been mentioned. In table III the incidence of these various conditions have be -n tabulated in relation to the. duration of employment. The per::-ntages are based upon the number of men employed for each five year period of time. Men working for one year or less are new employees whose chest-films could hardly be influenced by their present occupations. 14- Table III Years Total __________________________ X-Ray Findings Employed Number 0 F-. F2 F;* ?Aj_ N1>J Uo. 79o iNv uo- 7fo nNvo. /#a No.~ /%o No. %/o Less than 1 year 34 21 61.7 2 5.8 2 5.8 0 0 __ A^ Niwo. /o 0 Adult TB /o 0_ 1 to 3 4 to 5 64 38 59.3 24 37.5 0 0 21 10 47.6 9 42.3 0- _ 0 1 1.5 1 1.5 0 m- 0 ^ . 0 0 m 6 to 10 36 16 44.4 15 41.6 2 5.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 2.5 11 to 15 17 8 47/ S 47/ 0 0 0 1 5.8 0 IS to 20 10 5 ^z. rw\' W5! 30 0 0 1 10 1 10 1 10 21 to 25 4 1 25 2 50 0 0 1 25 0 0 26 to 31 3 1 3c* 3 1 33.3 0 mm 0 0 1 33.3 . 1 33.3 Considering the x-ray changes that might be due to d-lst there is first the group classified as Fi which occurs in 35.4^ of all the employees. It increases more or less irregularly with the duration of employment but tabulations not included in this report indicate that it is not particularly common in any occupational group. The increase is much more regular when it is tabulated in relation to the age of the men as shown in table IV. For comparison a similar tabulation of 200 cement workers is included in the table. Since the incidence of this type of re action is higher in the roofing plant under consideration it is believed that more than the mere age factor may be responsible in this case. Frobably the various different dusts may play some part in producing it. But in any event'the change has no clinical significance and it is not indicative of a serious dust hazard. This is further emphasized by the lack of more advanced cases of -15- Fg. a change which was found in only 3 men. Age Total Period Number Under 21 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 25 70 ' 57 50 4 Table IV X- Rav Findinss 0 No. No. . 0 16 64. 7 26 48 68. 22 31.4 31 54.3 24 42.1 16 32. 25 50. 01 Cement Workers 0 Fi 87.5?a 97.6 - - 87.5 66.6 r,5.5 12.5^ O ^ ' 14. 3 22.2 r.o. o Zvidence of the nodular reaction produced by silica is . ..... . < entirely lacking in this group of cases. There seems to be no suggestion of a silicosis hazard. As already mentioned, the x-ray diagnosis of asbesto^is is difficult and unless substantiated by a definite history of exposure -nd by clinical findings it cannot be accepted as final. * The change consists of a diffuse haziness, particularly marked in the lower half of the lung fields, which may be associated with some accentuation of the normal linear markings. Usually the reaction does not become apparent until persons have worked in asbestos dust for 5 to 10 years. Whether any of the other silicate dusts can produce pictures simulating early asbestosis has not been definitely established. In the National Asbestos plant the exact duration of the occupational exposure to asbestos dust could not be determined owing to the practice of shiiting the men frcm job to job. The -16- presence of mica, soapstone and slate dusts tends to mane the analysis more difficult. Physical examination '.vas not helpful because although fine marginal rales were detected in all cases whose films had been read as A]_ and in 2 of the 5 read as ?A]_, the same type of rale was reported in 23 other individuals whose films"did not show the same changes. None had the persistent rales which one might expect with a true fine fibrosis of the Of the entire group'there were 5 cases whose"films were-consistent" with a "diagnosis of asbsstasis' and mere which were considered suggestive though doubtful. All but 2 of the 10 men had been working for this'" company for more than 6 years. The exceptions will be discussed first. Case *72 4 2 was 46 years old c and had worked in various places over a period of 32 years. Ke had wormed for the National Asbestos Co. for only 1 year and he could account for only 3 more years of his industrial life, which were not dusty jobs. During the other 23 years his dust exposure might have been most anything. His film was read as but if the condition was due to asbestos dust it could not have been inhaled only in this plant. The other case, #246, was a man aged 49 who could account for all his jobs over a period of 25 years. He had spenu the last 2 years as a rag beater's helper and cutter in the National Asbestos Company. His films were diagnosed as "?A^" This exposure ^seemed too short to have produced -this effect but his only other job with a suspicion of dust exposure was 1 year which he spent in a foundry. " Whether this man acquired his roentgenological changes in his last employment or elsewhere c is undetermined. -17- The details of the occupational and medical histories oi the other cases with evidence of asbestoses are Given in table V. It should be remembered that the occupation in the National Asbestos Company merely represents the individual's last job and that his previous types of work in the same company could not be determined. Since all of these men are over 40 years of age and have worked for this company for at least 6 years and generally more, it seems a safe assumption that the dust in this plant was responsible for the condition in their lungs. Eut even if these are cases of pneumoconiosis due to the inhalation of asbestos or of seme of the other dusts in the plant the condition has not'apparently advanced to the stage where it is noticeable clinically or causes any disability. Only by folio inf* these men over a period of several years could the seriousr.io of the pneumoconiosis be evaluated. -18- Table V Five Cases Ai Study Occupational History in No. National Asbestos Co. Other Dusty Fork Clinical Findings Age Lungs Other 263 6 yrs.Oiler Hoofing Machine(mica and soap stone) '"or.:ed 37 yrs without other dust. 47 Fine rales both Chr.tons bases.Prolonged expiration. 27 3 18 yrs. Looper man. (Roofing'machine) .' (mica,soaostone,slate) Worked 34 yrs.. 42 without other' ' dust. :: Fine rales -left Chr. tons; base. 105 12 yrs . C-e11 laborer, (extremely dusty as be stos.) Worked 26 yrs. No other dust excect wood. 40 Fine rSles left Chr.tons: base. 42 29 yrs.Corrugated paper Forked 41 yrs. machine . 12 yrs.wool factory. 53 Fine rales left Chr. tons: base. 242 1 yr.Gen'l laborer Worked 32 yrs. 46 Remembers only 4 yrs.None dusty Fine r&les right. - base Car.tonsil 246 2 yrs.Ra_ Beater's Helper ana Cutter. 41 17 yrs. Corrugated paper machine 6 11 yrs. Pipe maker 24 24 yrs. Pipe maker 50- 7 1/2 yrs. Sevang asbestos Five Cases At? Worked 25 yrs. Dust? 1 yr. founarv. Worked 31 yrs. 3 yr coal dust. 49 Rough breathing Head colas right base. Chr.tonsils 51 0 Si.hyper tension Worked 26 yrs. 3 yrs.JohnsManville. 9 yrs. mason. 49 0 Worked 41 yrs. 12 yrs.JohnsManville. 56 Fine rales both bases. Worked 25 1/2 yrs. elsewhere 43 0 Hypertensic Mild chronic tonsils Mild chronic tonsils -19- 4 4 The other medical findings do not seem particularly alarming. There seems to be no complaint of excessive upper respiratory infection and no evidence of it was brought out in the physical examination. Boils and other skin affections are in frequent. Five men had positive Wasserman and Kahn reactions, 10 more had doubtful blood tests many of which were negative on re examination. None of these occurred in cases whose films were read as A^ or ?Ai so that syphilis could be excluded as a cause cf the pulmonary abnormalities. It seems probable that the dust in this plant has affected the lungs of a considerable proportion of the workers but it is doubtful whether any case' of disabling pulmonary fibrosis has developed. There is a higher incidence of F^, or linear exaggeration x-ray readings than in a group of cement workers but approxima*.ly the same frequency as was discovered in the gypsum workers at Batavia. (In the latter location there were also about 28:2 of the films in the more advanced .stage designated as F2* The type of diffuse reaction described as cr ?2 in the gypsum study was not found in this study). The higher incidence of the F]_ readings suggests some accumulation of non-irritating dust in the lungs. The occurrence of '5 cases whose roentgenograms were inter preted as consistent with a diagnosis of asbestccis and of 5 more * in which the films were questionable is suggestive in view of the fact that asbestos was being fabricated in this plant. The lack of advanced and definite cases is probably due to the practice of rotating the men from one job to another sc that no person was exposed to high concentrations of asbestos dust for prolonged periods. It is significant that most of the cases so designated _ r>r\ were old employees of the company and only one case (1246) gave a satisfactory history that would not admit of an explanation of his chest findings. But granting that these are cases of asbestosis, the condition has apparently failed to reach a disabling stage v/ith manifest symptoms, secondar}' changes in the circulatory system and complicating pulmonary- infections. ' -21- Comment After the dust concentrations had been computed it was logical to determine whether the persons working in the highest concentrations of asbestos dust were the ones whose films had been interpreted as consistent with a diagnosis of asbestosis. The occupational histories did not permit such correlation but Mr. Edward Rembert, manager of the plant, has supplied additional information on certain employees which is appended to this report together with their x-ray readings. The men who worked inside ana on top of the bins. where dust concentrations of 22, 79 and 296 million particles per cubic foot of air were discovered, were either pipe makers or other persons who might have had spare time. The following cases had worked inside the bins and in the dust house off and on over the period cf years that follows their names. In the last column is the symbol designating the x-ray finding in the individual's chest. .4105 4104 4107 4106 12 years 11 tt 6 Cl 4 tt Al F1 0 Thus the man with the longest exposure in the bins apparently developed asbestosis but the others escaped. Sawing asbestos gave a light field dust concentration of 83 million per cubic foot. Four men were re. ;rted to have worked more or less steadily at this occupation but none developed signi- ficant reaction. #45 #'46 #48 #49 24 years 18 " 15 " 14 " F]_ 0 0 Fl It is to be noted' that case 50, v/ho worked only 7 1/2 years at this job developed a questionable asbestosis reaction as mentioned in the medical report. Loading asbestos cement was an extremely dusty process, the count was 261- million per cubic foot of air. "Various men were used in this work and it is safe to say that at one time or another the majority of the employees were utilized for this purpose." The men listed below were employed more steadily than any of the others. #176 12 years F]_ #177 6 F! Shoveling waste felt and asbestos from dust house into bags produced a count of 72 million per cubic foot of air. "Any available man was utilized in this work". Mixing liouid roofing was responsible for a count of 165 million. The following cases had exposures here #362 12 years F1 ;#363 3" 0 Feeding slate flour on gjlatform above roofing machine produced 1712 million particles per cubic foot of air. Long ex posures seemed to have little effect upon the lungs. While most of the men on the .roofing machine had done this work at one time -2- 'or another the following were regularly assigned to this dusty occupation: C 4270 13 years ,4*267 4" 0 4271 2" F Even 18 years intermittent exposure to this high con centration of slate dust apparently does not produce a dangerous pulmonary reaction. Shaking out asbestos bags is a dusty job that produces about 35 million particles per cubic foot of air. "This task was performed most frequently by men working inside of bins and men on the beaters." packing asbestos cement in bags and boxes was responsible for a count of 261 million. "All the.female employees listed be c low have at some time in the past" engaged in this occupation: 461 9 years n 462 9 465 6 467 3 470 2 466 1 469 1 0 0 0 #73 1 The inconsistency of these findings emphasizes the futility of attempting to correlate the occupational history with the medical diagnosis. The data indicate that the combination of various exposures which may have been responsible for the pro L duction of a.few cases of apparent asbestosis were likewise 3- responsible for protecting the majority of the err.pl: yees from se r ious co.nse oucr.ce s . But it is felt that this fortunate circumstance should not prevent every effort to reduce the concentration of dust in the plant, particularly at those points stressed in the engineer ing section. Many of the old employees have already had long exposures to excessive quantities of asbestos dust; if they continue to inhale it, it is inconceivable that more of them will not develop manifest disease. V/hether all of the conditions diagnosed as asbestosis or questionable asbestosis are actually such or whether they may be an effect of the other silicate dusts in this plant cannot be definitely determined for no standards of their effects have been established. It is even possible that the silicates have modi fied the reaction to asbestos dust but this is mere conjecture as no in; -ctigation of the action of such mixtures has yet been reported. In the light of .present, knowledge one must assume that there were 10 cases of asbestosis in this plant. None has reached a stage that produces clinical symptoms and disability either because of the intermittency of the exposure or because of a modifying influence of other dusts inhaled with the asbestos. Mo evidence has been discovered to suggest that tb pro-' longed inhalation of the mica, soapstone, slate and organic dusts in this plant has produced any significant reaction in the respiratory tract. (s) Leroy U. Gardner Leroy U. Gardner, Director Saranac Laboratory apdzndum After completing the report four more histories and examination blanks were received. Since the x-ray films of none of these cases shows any significant finding they are added in supplement. To insert them now in their respective occupational groups and to change the various tabulations and figures on incidence would delay the issuance of the report. Study Name Age Occupation X-Ray Other Medical No.Findings Findings 84 Salvatore Maggio 18 Laborer 1 yr. Fi 0 19 C. Prosprinti 42 14 John Provenza 30 65 Beatrice .'.'uroski ? Pipe maker 6 yrs. (5 yrs. Connell Asbestos Co.) 0 Pipemaker 10 yrs. (3 yrs.Muiseman Asbestos Co.) F. 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