Document LKZRezp3DjQZE15LMqMwKj34Q
FILE NAME Manville JMA
DATE 1977-1978 DOC JMA123
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Report - Cobra Brake Show Emission Studies with Test Results and Relevant Correspondence
UM Mahville =
Internal Correspondence En
.
ny
.AL 102691546
En
Date January
20
1977
from F. M. Fenner
Subject COBRA BRAKE SHOES
this morning it is my opinion that
As we discussed
will be forced into the
Manville eventually
shoes if it
of asbestos COBRA brake
production
its dominant place in the railroad
wishes to retain
I base this opinion on
friction materials industry
the following points
there is a tremendous amount of hysteria
1 Presently
the health effects of
and emotion concerning
of airborne asbestos
exposure to small quantities
fiber This has extended to the government
where NIOSH is proposing an
regulatory agencies
of 0.1 cc 8 hour TWA
airborne exposure limit
and 0.5 cc ceiling concentration
by Westinghouse Air Brake have shown
2 Experiments
brake application does not convert
that the heat of all fiber in the
brake
shoe to an amorphous mineral is released to the atmos-
but that approximately it
phere as asbestos fiber
are Union believes that operating
3 The United Transport
to fibers released from
trainmen being exposed
the
overheated
brake
shoes
and
have
requested
if
asbestos-
of Transportation to determine
Department
be provided This union concern
free brake shoes can
has been conveyed to
WABCO
and
they
have recommended
of an asbestos-
to us the development and production
free brake shoe
is a large potential market 2.0M for
4 There
in subway use I understand
composition brake shoes in New York City and
the mass transit systems
shoe
Atlanta have mandated an asbestos
Our major competition Abex Corp. is presently
by
marketing and extensively advertising
producing and lead free composition A copy
an asbestos
is attached
of their advertisement
( 151
-
ined
<aeebt tien + @
Page Page
January
January
1977
.
4
apparently tg superior
The containing product
apparently
an performance
performance our
experimental experimental asbestos
asbestos
free
superior
composition and the experimental
meet the
composition
specifications the American both
specifications
has recommended that
Y understand that Chet Stuolecwosmkbiat this recommended that
HS
prepare
prepare
program interested
parties
this
situation
situation
convincing convincing
the use that no significant
health hazard 1 hazaa rd mcraefartaeidd btyhat this would the present
difficult shoe
difficult difficult do
Attach Attach Attach.
Walt |
564 564
|
E. WILLCOX '
W. B. REITZE
MAY 12 1976
1
E. M. FENNER
\
il
PRESENTATION FOR WABCO - COBRA
ED FENNER AND I HAVE DISCUSSED THE POSSIBILITY OF A DOG-
PONY SHOW FOR THE WESTINGHOUSE SALESMEN
THIS MIGHT BE SOMEWHAT OF A WASTE OF TIME
AND
FEEL
THAT
WHAT WE WOULD SUGGESITS THE PREPARATION OF A WHITE PAPER
WHICH WOULD REVIEW THE SCIENTIFIC DATA THAT IS AVAILABLE
ON BRAKE SHOE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS WE KNOW OF SEVERAL
STUDIES PERFORMED ON CONVENTIONAL BRAKE SHOES BY
BENDIX CORPORATION ONE BY THE FORD CORPORATION AND
ANOTHER BY JEREMIAH LYNCH AT NIOSH
ALL OF THESE PAPERS
REACH THE SAME CONCLUSION DRUM POLLUTANTS ARE
EXTREMELY MINIMAL I AM ALSO VAGUELY FAMILIAR WITH THE
PAPER THAT YOU MENTIONED REGARDING THE TESTS RUN AT D
ON COBRA
IF YOU WOULD SUPPLY US WITH A COPY OF THIS .
WHITE PAPER WE WILL BEGIN IMMEDIATELY TO PREPARE SUCH A
SCIENTIFIC
PAPER
W. B. REITZE
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C^ BRA BRAKE SHOE EMISSION STUDIES
A review of scientific studies designed to measure the asbestos dust emissions from the wearing of COBRA brake shoes indicates
that fiber release is minipal and of no consequence to human health
In early 1977 the Industrial Hygiene section of Manville
conducted COBRA brake emission studies on the Boston Massachusetts
Rapid Transit System The vast majority of rail cars used in that
system utilize COBRA brake shoes Because most of that Boston
system is underground it was felt that potential air contamination
ele
sorb
would be more marked than in above ground systems thereby providing
CT
dee
a more stringent test
Sahiae
With the cooperation of Boston transit officials and representatives
gi
from the Westinghouse Air Brake Division industrial hygienists
conducted monitoring tests to find both the most representative
exposures and the potentially highest exposures Personal monitors
were placed adjacent to operators of the cars such as the motormen
oh
as well as passengers Other monitors were placed nearest the__
atest :Bx brakes on the cars elsewhere in the passenger compartments
Ee
a
and on the station platforms Samples also were taken in the
ee
4
4
system's maintenance shops during actual maintenance and repair
yl procedures where the exposure potential was the greatest
bale
Lr teas
hai
sens
ry
aed
ee
i]
On
ey
Analysis of the samples was conducted according to government
approved procedures including analysis by light microscope
and transmission electron microscopy Overall the fiber levels
found at the various monitoring stations could not be easily
distinguished from those existing in ambient air samples taken
in five areas in and around Boston Some of the samples contained less asbestos fiber than was found naturally in the air outside
the city Every reading was at least 50 times lower than the
permissible exposure levels set by the Federal Government to
protect asbestos workers And in the majority of samples the asbestos fiber levels actually were hundreds to a thousand times
lower than OSHA's occupational exposure levels In some instances
there was no detectable level of asbestos fiber in the areas
monitored
This series of monitoring tests was in relative agreement with similar studies conducted in 1971 by the Westinghouse Air Brake
Division Their study was run on a dynamometer in Wilmerding
Pennsylvania and simulated various service conditions Four
different test phases were run 1 Passenger car simulation
2 Commuter run simulation 3 Grade simulation and 4 Heavy freight simulation Material worn from the brakes was submitted for chemical and electron microscope analysis and separated into airborne and airborne fractions by air clutriation
In almost all cases less than 1 per cent of the original asbestos fiber in the formula remained as recognizable chrysotile fiber in the wear dust Additionally in every instance less than 1/2
.
.
AAR EP et
al
Metab eeos
--@
of one per cent of the original fiber remained as recognizable in the fraction of the dust that is potentially airborne
From a health standpoint there is no medical evidence to indicate
that the minute amounts of asbestos worn from brake shoes is of
However any consequence to human health
.
~
persons involved in
cide.
the repair maintenance or replacement of brake linings containing
asbestos should take precautions to prevent dust generation and
inhalation Use of appropriate respiratory protection may be
necessary in such instances Air blowing procedures should never
be used to remove dust the use of a vacuum system is
recommended Grinding equipment - should be ventilated with
exhaust systems
.
should prevent just
Compliance with proper
4
generation and exposures
'
work
procedures
ins
tale
Aes
re
wre
oe
PERSONAL 2
PERSONAL TESTS
vet
ee
Ac
ASBESTOS ASBESTOS FINER COUN'TS
mates
Menciate
HUIBER
LOCATION LOCATION
Gi
VOLUME
Titers
1518 .
P1
Motorman Car No.
On
P1
216 264
dim
C
240
Pl
260
r1 P3
12
12
PO
- P2
-.
P3
P3
03 P3
P3
PM
T4
T4 P4
Motorman Car No. 1523
"
N
w
.
Outside
y
Car
" "
No.
1518
Near
-
Brake
11
"
Passenjer In Car No. 1518
" 1
330 220 260 240 260 330 218 262 240 320 270 216 264 .240 260
-
P P5
'
Park St. Station of Platform
"
.330
180 180
P5
180
15
180
15-6
120
05
30
P6 76-8
Park St. Station End
ft
180 180
M PG
PG
100 180
H PO
PG
120 30
17
Park St. Station Ind
60
tina
--7-8
56
--7-0
60
sabidtnlacb - P7
58
a PE Cabot Car Inspection
Area
356
PR
250
JB
170
~~ 110 - PO
Cabot Car House
H
Maint.Area360 Maint.Area360 250
PO
170
DATE
3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/28/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/20/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/23/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/20/77 3/29/77
3/29/77 3/29/77
3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77
3/29/77|
3/29/77 3/20/77 3/30/77 3/30/77 3/30/77
3/30/77
3/30/77 3/30/77 3/30/77 3/30/77 3/30/77 3/30/77
RESULTS
Ce
0.0038 0.0062 0.0069 0.0063 0.0050 0.0075 0.0032 0.0034 0.0050 0.0025 0.023
-
0.0031
N. D. *
0.0077 0.0030 0.0076
*
N. D.
0.021 0.0032 0.0050
0.014 0.0021 0.0091 0.0091 0.021 0.027 0.0001 0.0046 0.7091 01018 0.0091 0.027 0.014 0.059 N. D. * 0.043
N. D. *
0.0033
0.0097 N. D. *
0.0033
N. D.
* None Detected
w
a bat ee ee
ety
-. 4
ivi:
2. A
BOSTON SUNDAY SUNDAY SYSTEM
ASBESTOS FIBER COUNTS
HIGH VOLUME TESTS
sal
sae
ter
NUMBER
LOCATION
hema
shapes
111
Inside Car No. 1518
H
dy 1H1l1 , " :
"
Hl
"
111
112 112 H2 112 112 H12 112-6
'=6s Park
St. Station End
"
" .
" -
.
123 813-8
Ambient Cabot Yard
_
_-
113
"
- 113
id
VOLUME Bi?
90.6 83.7 78.5 81.3 100.4
94.3 94.3
62.9 31.4 19.6 18.3 ' 19.6 10.0 726.2 167.3 97.9 81.6
DATE
3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/29/77 3/20/77 3/29/77 3/30/77 3/30/77 3/30/77 3/30/77 3/29/77 3/30/77 3/30/77 3/30/77
RESULTS cc -
0.0017 0.0019 0.0020 0.0019 0.0031 0.0033
*
N. D. N. D. * M. D. *
N. D. * 0.016 N. D. * 0.0002 0.0037 0.0048 0.0038
*
.
None
+
Detected
newr
: % a
tt in
iar hehe aa
Te PP potge ie m7 oe eat
_
hs
Pa
wy
o
!
UM .,
ae
^'
UM UM Manville
. J
I la a eo Oe OS
sal
Internal Correspondence
Copies Subject
G. L. Swallow
- 1-06
V. E. Wolkodoff - D
F. D'Ovidio D'Ovidio
~ D
Oate
March 16,1978 --
P. Kotin M.D.
W. B. Seitze W. I. Graham
= 1-06 .
- 1-06
- 3-05
3. P. Leineweber
~
S. Speil
S. B. Spencer
= 1-06
- D
-
&
COBRA BRAKE EMISSIONS STUDY BOSTON SUBWAY SYSTEM TEM ANALYSIS OF NINE SAMPLES 109
SUMMARY
Nine samples were filters by direct
analyzed
transfer
by TEM
method
for chrysotile fibers on in connection with COBRA
Millipore
Brake
Emissions Study Boston Subway System Free fibers were detected
in 4 samples Clumps with chrysotile fibers were detected in 7
samples The fibers are essentially fibrils with an average diameter
of 325 ^ and an average length of about 0.231 For samples
containing chrysotile the cc values range from 0.0501 to 1.0863 and clumps range from 0.0752 to 0.4345 .
REFERENCES
A. Hand written letter to J. P. Leineweber from E. Bulava April 5
1977
Subject
-
MBTA Samples
20 B. Letter to W. I. Graham from G. L. Swallow May
COBRA Brake Emissions Boston Subway System
1977 on
C. Letter to G. L. Swallow from E. J. Bulava June 29 1977 same subject.-
D. Letter to G. L. Swallow from V. E. Wolkodoff July 1 1977 Interim Report COBRA Brake Emissions Boston Subway System
E. Letter to G. L. Swallow from V. Wolkodoff July 8 1977
Addendum to Interim Report above
-
TEXT
On July 14 1977 G. L. Swallow J. P. Leineweber and V. E. Wolkodoff met to determine which additional samples were to be analyzed by TEM to supplement the above reports Nine samples were selected and analyzed using the new Philips 400 whereas all previous samples
were analyzed using the RCA EMU B without benefit of high magnification high resolution good beam penetration electron diffraction and energy dispersive spectrometry for analysis of elements based on rays Sample identification is presented in Table I.
re
ete C. L. Swallow - 1-06
-2-
March 16 1978
we
a
me
oe
The method used for the preparation of TEM grids is the same as
e
cited previously but with an additional step of gelatinizing
ce
the Millipore out on the Cu grid by exposure to methyl ethyl
ak ketone approximately 15 minutes finger trap and then placing the grid in conventional schxlet extractor for final
filter
digestiobny hot acetone fumes for
used to negate as much as possible
15 minutes This method was
tear reactions between
organic compounds trapped in the air sample filter and normal
acetone digestion
Athene mesh TEM copper grids were employed and a opening or window measures 81 by 81 Alm Ten or twenty selected completely at random were systematically viewed nominal 48,000X magnification
grid windows
at
Previous data submitted to you on this study were based on morphological characteristics of chrysotile asbestos whereas with the new Philips 400 only fibers positively identified by electron diffraction often with EDS chemical analysis were counted Previously clumps were essentially opaque but now with exceptionally greater penetrating power considerable time and effort were spent on these masses to confirm the presence
of chrysotile
The definition of free chrysotile fiber is one that is truly
isolated and has been confirmed positively by electron diffraction
Clump is defined as a mass of material moderately to tightly knit
and from which or within which one or more usually many more chrysotile fibers can be detected morphologically and confirmed
by electron diffraction and EDS energy dispersive spectrometry
No statement is made or implied as to the nature of these massen
However clumps with chrysotile are significant and are included
in the computations separately The purpose of these analyses is to detect and quantify chrysotile regardless of its morphology
and dimensions Table 2 summarizes number of number of free fibers and clumps encountered
windows
read
,
and
Refer to Figure 1 which shows a typical free chrysotile fiber
measuring 291^ by 0.292 um and Figure 2 which is the electron diffraction pattern of this particular fiber A somewhat typical clump with chrysotile fibers is shown in Figure 3. In the readings the analyst is plagued with fibers or fiber masses Refer to Figure ) which prove to be asbestos electron diffraction patterns are very very weak and not indexable but definitely not chrysotile asbestos and chemically characterized by several
elements none of which predominatBey EDS it is not uncommon
swe
C. L. Swallow - 1-06
-3-
March 16 1978
for the spikes to be very weak and include Ca Al Fe and other elements No statement made as to
of this material
Si
the
Mg Na
nature
;
|
A summary of results of greatest interest to you is presented in
Table 3 cc etc
.
All chrysotile fibers encountered were measure andd are listed in
Table 4
12 Nolkdoff Nolkdoff Davidia Les
Davidia 12 E. Wolkodoff Nolkdof Nolkdoff
Davidia Davidia
vm
NB 7801 g 6-9 NB 4580 p 60 61 NB 4873 p 11-14
17-20
TABLE 1
Identification of Samples for TEM Analysis COBRA Brake Emissions Study Boston Subway System MATA Samples Received
From E. Bulava Manville N.J.
Sample
No.
2D
Description
Motorman Car No. 1523
Volume of Air
Through Filter 260 liters
Date of Sampling 3/29/77
4 3D Outside Car No. 1518 Near Brake 320 liters 3/29/77
4D
Passenger in Car No. 1518
260 liters
3/29/77
4
5D
Park St. Station Center of Platform
180 liters
3/29/77
F
-
B
6D
Park St. Station South End
180 liters
3/29/77
|
7C
Park St. Station North End
60 liters
3/30/77
pe
pe by
BB
Cabot Car House Inspection Area
250 liters
3/30/73/370/7
1s
s
4
9B
Cabot Car House Maintenance Area
:
360 liters
3/30/77
4
enn
eee 3C
Ambient Air Cabot Yard
97.9 cubic meters
3/30/77
re; te
Et
pt
a
e
i,
4
1 All P numbers are personal samples collected on 37 mm diameter Millipore AA 0.8 micron filters
a, ,
;
2. Sample 3C is high volume samples collected on 8 by 10 inch Millipore filter
Pe
Ete
Heme oe ame ae
a
a ep
TABLE 2
Free crystalline chrysotile fibers and in TEM Analysis COBRA Brake Emissions March 29 - 30 1977
clumps Study
with chrysotile encountered Boston Subway System
Sample
No 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 7C 8B 9B
3C
No. of TEM Grid
Openings 81 by 81 m
Scanned at 48,000X 48,000X 10 10 20 10 10 10 10
10 10
No. of Free Fibers Encountered 1
2.2
ND ND
_
ND
11
ND
No. of Clumps
Encountered 2 8 3 6 2 1 ND 4 ND
ND = None Detected
or
sicenplthaiont
TABLE 3
Summary of Results by TEM Analysis COBRA Brake Emissions Study
. Boston Subway System March 29 - 30 1977
Sample
No. 2D 3D 4D 50 6D 7C 8B 9B 3C
Free Chrysotile
Fibers
0.0501 ND ND ND
0.6513 1.0863
/ 0.5735
ND
Avg Fiber
Diameter A
208
-
-
-
436 1207
-
328
-
Avg Fiber Length um
0.249
-
-
-
0.231 3.244
-
0.189
-
Clumps cc
0.1002 0.3259 0.0752 0.4345 0.1448 0.2172
ND 0.2085
ND
* Only 60 liters of air filtered through sample High values due to presence of one relatively large fiber with diameter of
5000 ^ and length of 15,334 4m If this large fiber is not taken into account the average diameter is 259 ^ and the average length is 0.22 am
NB One micrometer = 10,000 ^
-~
we
ve
gre n
TABLE 4
en
Speron
Diameter and length of each free Chrysotile fiber encountered in TEM Analysis
Sample
No. 2D
.
6D
7C
9B
^
Diameter ^
208
1 250
2 624 3 360 4 630
5. 478
H Length um
0.249
|
at
'
|
0.244
0.237
0.223
0.415
0.256
^
Diameter ^
6. 562 7. 520 , 270 9. 229
-
Length um
-
0.219 0.208 0.110 0.169
-
1. 291 2 208 3. 225
0.292 0.145 0.201
4. 312 5. 5000
-
0.250 15.334
-
1. 464
2. 312
3 416
4 400
5.
208
. 200
0.203 10.312 0.208 0.208 0.145 0.312
7. 420
8. 290
9. 270
10. 350
11. 225
5
-
0.104 0.115 0.175 0.190 0.110
-
One Micrometer 10,000 ^
oT COEnem ae
TUS Oe EPR EE,
ee rt
ite oe cae
La)
Satta]
as
'
XN
.
Fig 1
FREE
CHRYSOTILE
.
291^
FIBER 291^ BY
0.292 ...mSAMPLE NO 7C
0221
120,000X 120,000X
Ht
tat
tines
Oe
ri
sme
rt
eeaie ates
TT
F
:
i
,
r
t
}
4
4
3
;
q
aE
nee hom
(ot OY eet nner
E:
r
,
Pp
ies
Fig 2 ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PATTERN
a
OF FIBER IN Fig 1
ale
.
0223
40X
:
.
: ; t
whe .
.
q
.
oo
'
i:
Fig 3 CLUMP WITH CHRYSOTILE FIBERS
t
q
SAMPLE NO 3D
0241
120.000X 120.000X
vat reer
een
a a
ea
te
-
Fig CLUMP OF ASBESTOS
SAMPLE NO 5D
FIBERS
0199
*
120.000x