Document LKNKyqQEBJX0zYVr6vRqnX5g

iff INDUSTRIAL EldZRZ SORVXT or ie s mracfOTOff pl an t or sat sHBamr w t t .t ,t a ib c o w ak t .00005""" I oooi-s^ AS INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE SDK7EY or THE KENSINGTON PLAIT or THE SEERIXI m.r.TAMS COMPACT PARTICIPANTS* Representing The Sherwin Williams Company Cleveland, Ohio Hr. G. A. Martin, President Hr. H. 3. Hein, Vice President Hr. E. E. Hare, Executive Research Director Representing The Kensington Plant Representing; The Industrial Health Conservancy Laboratories I. S. Stevens, General Superintendent J. Errlngton, Assistant to General Superintendent G. R. Hess, Hedlcsl Director S. L. Winslow, Safety Director R. B. Parsons, Safety Engineer Carey P. McCord, H.D. William I. Witheridge, M.S. Ira Wilson, H.D. William Fredrick, D. Sc. Kuril.Hyler, Technician Herbert Walworth, Chen. Big. Gordon Harrold, PH. D. Lucille Richards, Secretary Marjorie Slater, Secretary Period of Investigation--Septumber l,--l?^*d''Ho v't^bEr 15,-1^S7 . .. .. - --v. i . i, ,:4r. . REPORT PREPARED BI THE INDUSTRIAL HEALTH CONSERVANCY LABORATORIES 10 Peterboro, Detroit, Michigan 0007-SWP-000030431 1 Typical Equipment Used in Industrial Hygiene Investigation Work. Inflammable Vapor Detec tor, Carbon Honoxide Detector, Hydrogen Sulfide Detector T 0007-SWP-000030432 I THIS IS VOLUME III OF A THREE VOLUME REPORT THIS ZS A COtmOITZAL REPORT 0007-SWP-000030434 .. ----- W j I I I POTETTIiL AHD PR1CTIC1L HPOSORD JROK SAW 1UZBBZAIS USD nt :&x ucqora d s par bo bi? Ob* a Ingle department baa bean aalactad for brief running eomnant os prwetloelly all tb* rma notarial* utilised* Within eartain limitation*, tha majority of all of thaa* aubetaneaa ara applied to aon* artant la all other of the chief manufacturing dapartnasta* Therefor*, to avoid aadlaaa repat It Ion, no attempt baa haaa mad* to dlaeoaa thaa* aam* raw material* a* manipulated la thaa* other de partment** it la obrloua that the aaaa material* ar* everywhere harmful la proportion to the extent of ue* and la proportion to tha praaane* of objectionable work condition* attending their uae. Thla praaantad material now follow* through aaveral peg*** i i 0007-SWP-000030435 II Coda 5o. S 8 15 19 20 SOL Si LAcapia pgiangsT yam* Appralaal of Tuxia Propartiaa SU1M Sills* 1* tha moat dangarou* of flbrogenati# dust*, but dangwr 1* limited to the Inhalation of vary fin# partial** (bale* 10 mlerona la 1m) la high ceneantratioa (roughly aboT* S alllloa partlelaa per eobla foot of al* ard owar long parloda of tlaa push aa far 5 year*. Slngla exposure* to aloud* of silica duet sued a for 1 day ara quit* unimportant. Load eoatlaoad axpoaur# laada to direful dlastas, lllooala, which 1* Insurable and vbleb 1* frequently *a*oel*t*d *ltb tubcrculoala. Saa additional aeonaat la special aaetloaa such aa Duat Counts* Tuscan Clay Tbla aubatanoa and *oat otbar allleataa (aabaatoa eblaf exception) ara cooperatively harmlasa. Dangerous la proportion to content of fra* alllea vbleb ordinarily la bale* 8 Ho laaa, claims ara being oad* la many laduatrlaa for alleged dusty luag dlaaaaaa following exposure to allleataa* Claims ara made for alleged dlaaaaaa taroad "silicatosis.* Inorgaalo allleataa ara approximately only H as barmful aa alllea. Ho laaa. tb* legal situation soy baooaa troublsaooa. China Clay Sa* praeedlng ltao. Traneh Oebra Iron oxides la all eolora have proved to be aoong tbe least dangeroua of all dusts following Inhala tion* Associated with fra* alllea dust. Iron oxides probably serve a beneficent purpose and say prevent tbe occurrence of sllleoals and even nay tend to retard tb* progress of aa axlatlag sllleoals. Son* Trench oebras bav* an appreciable content of load as aa lsgmrity. Tb* saall load content ay ba nor* significant la terns of toxic properties tbaa Iron oxides tbanselvea. Asbestine Pulp Asbestos and similar bodies represent variable but always complex allleatea, chiefly magnesium silicate. This allleat* la on* of tbe fe* exceptions to tbe established fact that silicate dusts are harmless. Magnesium allleat* dust, under conditions of adsqunt* exposure, may lead to a definite dusty lung disease beat known as "asbeatosls.* This disease la diaalmllar to silicosis, presents different x-ray character istics and la lass likely to be associated with tuberculosis. Tale #482 itoat talcs are complex magnesium silicates, and aa such, under conditions of extensive exposure, may lead to aabeatosla. This substance 1* eblefly harmful in proportion to tba amount ef free alllea or magnesium allleat* prssant. it B Raw Turksy ttabar Tbla subetane* la harmful In proportion to lta content cf manganese dioxide and free a illes Uanganeae dioxide may be present to ao extent of aa blgh as 17)(. Tbla la quit* aufflelant to Indue# manganaaa poisoning If grant duatlnaaa 0007-SWP-000030436 rode 5P-. 21 22 25 26 27 12 101 257 T32 706 71S 402 40S 440 461 Kama Aooraisal of Toxic Properties M S Sam Turkey Dtober (Coot'd) is provided and if inhalation takes placa by workmen. Content of free silica la ordinarily too low to be significant. Burnt Turkey Caber See Item # 21. IT L Raw Italian See Item # 21 above. Sienna T T Burnt Italian Sienna See Xtea t 21 above. # 1771 Van IJrke Brown Chiefly organic asterisk. No aore toxic than coal dust, that is, practically haraless. EB Coaaic Black As here used, essentially haraless. Possible source of low grade skin disease through sensitization. High Tone Carbon Black This comment is intended to cover all carbon blacks. Soae msy contain oil es an impurity and occasionally a free 6ilica content mey be detected. Primarily, this substance is innocuous. Zinc Bust On the assumption that this is metallic zinc powder, this* substance is rated as substantially harmless. Aluminum Bronca Although a disease has been termed "aluminosis* this is probsbly unwarranted. Metallic aluminum dust is essentially harmless. In fact, when associated with silica it may tend to prevent the occurrence of silieosia. C? Baiytes This salt of barium is much used in medicine. Some other salts of barium sre distinctly harmful, such as the carbonate and chloride. The manipulation of crude baris such sa in the manufacture of lithopone may be associated with dangers from impurities. Oxalid Acid Highly dangerous acid. Unimportant as used because if trivial amounts involved. Mahogany Oil Skin irritant. Migrosin Skin irritant. 'Jegneilua Carbonate Albalith Almost entirely harmless. Used In medicine. % Lithopone. The making of lithopone may be associated with divers exposures. See special section. Lithopone as here used, and as generally used, is rated as almost entire ly innocuous. 0007-SWP-000030437 I flame Appraisal of Toxic Properties Chrome Oxides Chromic add, chromates sod various compounds of chrome are toxic, hut sot all are toxic. Certain valences of chromium yield harmless compounds. Typical actios of chromium as produced hr chromates are `chrome holes* snd by ^_1 septsi perforations. Chief action Is local, but bronchitis nay be produced. Sensitisation followed by systemic disease Is possible. In general, chromium compounds are distinctly injurious. 1450 Graphite fundamentally harmless, but may be. troublesome because of free silica content. Rarely produced skis disease. j Alminm Stearate Occasional source of skin disease. I Whiting This is calcium carbonate and therefore essentially harmless. Vac Dry White Shellac Zf this represents bleached yellow shellac and is not buckwheat shellac, mey contain arsenic as an impurity and may be potentially dangerous. Shellac is a known skin irritant but is chiefly Important because of solvents in which it mey be dissolved. Ester Gum Low grade skin irritant and sensitizer. W W Rosin Low grade skin irritant. Gllsonlte Low grade skin irritant. Tltanox B Titanox dioxide la a very inert substance. Recent reports describing *tltanosis* as a dusty lung disease probably not warranted. Here rated as innocuous. .Spirit Copal Gum Skin irritant and sensitizer.' vyy Antimosy Oxide Antiaoqr is a dangerous substance, purtieul'.rly when inhaled as dust. Zt is more toxic than lead. Chief manifestations related to gastro Intestinal tract. SB Turned Litharge One of a great variety of lead compounds manipulated in this plant. These lead compounds constitute the moat practical of all exposures. All lead compounds are toxic, particularly whan taken into the body through inhalation. Ingested lead harmful in proportion to solubility. See special section devoted to lead poisoning. IJepieo Yellow ' She Item # 19 Lemon Slate flour felenite Ulxture of free silica and silicate with other minerals. Content of free silica aa hlg aa Z7%, Because of this fair2y high content of free silica a possible source of dusty lung diseases. See Ztem # 6 0007-SWP-000030438 Code HO-.1224 1225 1226 1217 1246 1267 1400 1401 1409 1412 1414 1415 1418 1440 1441 1442 1445 1444 1448 iro9 1575 Wage Appraisal of Toxic Properties Manilla Gun Skin Irritant and sensitizer. (1286) Residue Skia irritant and sensitizer. Nitrocellulose In the absence of burning altrocelluloses are hanlese but a< nanlpulated mqr be wetted with denatured alcohol In which there waj be a content of 6J( wood alcohol* Dangerous material because of fires, possible explosion end wetting agents. An herol Skin irritant and sensitizer. Soapstone Mixture of conplex silicates with sons free silica. Harmful in proportion to free silica content end extent of exposure. Batu Indian Bubs . Natural resin which nay' constitute skin irritant and sensitizer. ; Chinese Blue 100)t ferric ferrocyanide. Harmless unless highly heated. Dangerous in the presence of fire. Ultra Blue Silicates with some sulphur `Compound. See Item # 8. Zinc Stearate Widely used as a baty powder although a few persons aceuire skin disease frost its action. Sanaa Gold Finely powdered brass. Tforicers handling this substance stay present greenish skin and even greenish hair. Relatively unlaportant. Rottenstoae Mixed silicates. See Item # 3. . Black gadax Zinc Zinc oxide. Practically inert, but In the manufacture thereof, low grade skin diseases have been described, also sine chills. Rezyl 12 Allyl type of resin. Possible skin irritant and sensitizer. Synthetic Resla Many synthetic resins are potentially skin irritants and sensitizers. Bentonite Colloidal aillcates with some content of free silica. lately has bean reported as source of a dusty lung disease. Gun Tragacanth Although such .used in medicine, has produced skin disease on account of'.senaitization.' Eg-Glo Neonerpin On tha, assumption .that- this is a sine tung oil compound, this substane* may produce' skin disease. .! a> Maiy industrial soapa produce skin irritation or skin sensitization. Rhite Star Tlaonox See #1117A Snow Floss In Acne Plant, this item is reported ae zinc stearate. Here reported es free silica. If latter, see iten #5. If former, see $1409. Beckaeite Gun Allyd resin--see #1418. 0007-SWP-000030439 I Code Ho, 1530 521 Aroelor ippralsal of Toxle Properties Chlorinated eynthstle realm* This gsasrel type of chlorinated waxes or resins, newly In troduced, la proving to be highly dangerous. If this aubatanae and others similar readable halosaxea", their us# should bo discouraged or at least oarefully supervised until ths extent of dangv is fully sstab11 shed. 1538 Zinc Sulphide This subatansa la assantlally harmless. See #481. 1338 Hi-7low Super Cel Bsllsvad to ba vary fine free slUee. See Item #3. 1781 1708 Permanent Creea Cadmium Rad, Lt. Chromium Oxide* See #478* This cadmium selenium sulphide is bsllsvsd to bo highly toxle and possibly tan times as toxle aa lead* 1 agm. Inhaled In tba form of dust par day say ba regarded with apprehension. Chiefly Important because of cadmium content, although Ionium Itself may ba harmful* 1900 Slagle Blue Sea #1400. 1904 Smoked Bubber May ba a akin Irritant If any rubber accelerator present. 10109 Para Toner Possible akin irritant. 10109 10018. 10041 Toluldlae Orange Pulp Chroma Yellow Pulp Raw materials and Intermediates believed to bs highly toxic* Mcy produce aoute nephritis, cy anosis, dirtiness, bladder disturbances, bloody urine, damage to the blood* lead Cbroaata la oil* 3so Item /1188. In addition to probably containing load ebrooatas, oontalna xylol, *lch Is toxle. Xylol la a homologua of benxol and la laaa toxle only because of lass svaporabillty. 10043 Orange Pulp 106B0 through S 2130 On 103 Csllto Ssa #10648. Da this dopertmsnt, t greet variety of chroma grssn, ysllov, oraega, lanos, ato., la usad, along with various types blues, rads, ate. Nearly all of theee substances eontain lead or chronica, butters better dlteusaod la eonaaetlon with other dspsrtseat operation where such sub stances are tads. Tbs praetloal danger Is muah lsaa la ths Lsoqucr Oepartaent than la connection with the aaaufaeture of these aubataaeaa. Ulxad sllicstse with ten content of free silica. Harmful in proportion to obntaai'of free silica, 7 Methyl layl This class of substance lately has attracted Kstoae attention as toxic, leading to a condition some what reseat)ling wood alcohol poisoning. 0007-SWP-000030440 Code No. Kane Appraisal of Toxic Properties CT 2614 Hood Filler Contains silica and asbestos. See items #5 and #20. CB 133 through a variety of CS numbers, 8 numbers, SI numbers, C? numbers. A great nvmber of theoretically harmful substances which are better discussed for other departments. In Lacquer Department, relatively unimportant. CP 456 Methyl Violet Ink This particular fye is particularly irritating to eyes, leading to corneal ulceration. More Important than ordinary inks or dyes. CP 460 Kaphthalene Minor irritant to eyes and respiratory tract tlesuea. Off 635 Golden Cadmollth See item #1762. CK 749 Air Floated Pose Tripoli This substance is not mimed silicates, as stated in the Raw Material Seotlon, but instead is approxi mately 33 crypto-crystalline free silica. The electrostatic properties of this substance prevent highly dusty workrooms. Real danger to silicosis in proportion to dustiness and extent of exposures. CK 751 XR 5180 Bakellte resins ere highly conducive to skin diseases from formaldehyde content. c* sro Cellulose Acetate This substance is even less harmful than cellulose nitrate. Combustion products less harmful. Impor tant chiefly because.of materials in which may be dissolved. CTT 3*5 Vlnsol This turpene resin is possible source of low grade skin irritation. CK 334 Orange Cadmollth CO Raw Linseed Oil Occasionally leads to minor skin disease. In connection with storage in enclosed areas and when coated on surfaces oy give off carbon dlcbcide or other asphyxiant. Tank cars and other tanks lately empties of this oil should not be entered without due caution and protection. (1!) Boiled Linseed Oil See (2). (14) Steam Distilled Earlier the steam distilled turpentine was a definite Turpentine skin-irritant and more so then any other known tur pentine. Improved industrial processes for manufac ture apparently have eliminated some irritant properties of steam distilled turpentine, hut it is still regarded as a definite <ticin irritant. Given eiy choice, a preference should be exercised for gum spirits turpentine. (TO) Solox If denatured with wood alcohol, this fact is important, because of possibility of wood alcohol poisoning. As here used, unimportant because of low quantity. 0007-SWP-000030441 M -*. toe Ao.-irtlcil of ?o::lc Properties Vi "-.phtha Naphtha, ll>e all light petroleum derivatives mey produce acute or chronic systemic disease or localised s'cir. disease. Acute intoxication connoa. Coir-only termed "naphtha Jay". Chronic Com -rare and reteables cidtiple sclerosis. Associet*d with damage to liver and kidneys. For elaborate discussion.see Hsyhurct'.* e.-ticle, "In'.ustrid Medicine", 1955 or 1956. (1-13) China "ood Oil This widely used oil has long been regarded as not more harmful than as a minor skin irritant. Lately considerable interest has been attracted to this substance as ha/in* greater toxic properties ana is said to eauso violent purging, skin ulceration, etc. These statements possibly are exaggerated or may apply to only one or t>:o aoeciea of trees giving rise to this oil. i; i; (141) ST 'de.-osene fee (55). (143 ) 30? Bencol At the present tine, the consumption of bensol in paint manufacture is practically nil coia-rsd with the period ten or fifteen years ago. The reason for this diminution in use is.primarily the well known dangers to users of bensol coatings and to a lesser extent the manufacture of such articles. The toxicologic literature of this country is replete with articles on benzol poisoning. The present investigators have written a small book presenting the outstanding features of bensol poisoning and the conditions under which it may arise. This coal tar hydrocarbon, when present in such concentrations as 100 parts per million of air nay in time cause chronic poisoning. Such a concentration as 1000 ports per million almost inevitably rill affect the majority of workers long exposed. A very high concentration will lead tc acute bensol poisoning "hleh is entirely different to the better known chronic form. In the acute variety, the outstanding manifestation is narcotism, I with death occurring in a few hours or a few minutes. It the chronic variety, the chief point of action is upon the cells of the blood leading to marked diminution in both white and red cell counts. The ensuing condition is described as aplartie anemia. It is the intent of this extended comment to dis courage the use of bensol and to urge full protective apparatus and procedure connected with Its every use in this plant. * ` (152) Cobalt Crier Various cobalts, lead manganese driers,.; are - theoretically rather than practically harmful. Also these substances are used in comparatively low quantities. No less, ell these metalliferous driers should be respected. See (<032). 0007-SWP-000030442 Code Ho. (187) (188) (41) (295) (880) (848) (592) (425) (429) (454) (458) (834) Sant Appraisal of Toxic Properties Methyl Acetone Until recently acetone baa been regarded only aa a skin hasard. Recent work tends to attach some significance aa a source of aystenle disease. See the Journal of Industrial hygiene, Vol. 18, February, 1986, *The Relative Toxicity of Acetone, Methyl Alcohol and their Mixtures*. Heine Red Oil Oleic add in crude font is a definite skin Irritant. Shen pure, leas so. Toluol ' This widely used solvent is a honologue of benzol, and possesses toxic properties of very similar nature. It is less toxic only because its boiling point is higher. The clinical picture produced through the action of toluol Is identical or at least very similar'to that for benzol. . Fhlte Steam This distillation product connected with Distilled Pine Oil turpentine manufacture has both been a source of skin disease and recommended treatment for skin disease. . It has proved useful in the treat ment of athlete's foot and other ring worm infections. As here used, is fairly unimportant. Ethyl Alcohol Ethyl alcohol, much used for beverage purposes, may become an industrial Intoxicant if long exposures are provided to high concentrations of vapors or if long sustained skin contact is provided. In such operations as the making of nitrocellulose chips, enough ethyl alcohol may be present in the air to Impair the normal mental functioning of workmen ty producing ordinary drunkenness. Of greater importance is the B% wood alcohol used for denaturing purposes. Even this low percentage of methanol may lead to ill consequences, particularly when associated with the effects of the ethyl alcohol. Oleum Spirits See (68). Oil Drier Of minor Importance as a akin irritant and sensitizer. Blown Soya Bean Oil Grinding Vanish CP Glycerine Possible source of skin disease. Such substances may contain a variety .of solvents. Including naphtha, toluol, etc. See items (241) and (65). * f. Concentrated glycerine (above S0)C) may produce skin disease. Paraffin Oil Paraffin oil, although freely used in medicine, must be recognized as having low grade neoplastogenie properties. Paraffinomas are well known following the Introduction of solid paraffin in pseudo-cosmetic surgery. Continuous contact with paraffin oil is therefore undesirable. jylol This solvent is a higher homologue of benzol and along with toluol has been much substituted for benzol. Having aihigher boiling point, its vapors do not readily arise in connection with its use. It is a preferred substitute on this account for benzol. 0007-SWP-000030443 ^ C.ede Ho. (690) (864) (1157) (nss) (1170) (1257) (1620) .1621) (1656) (1632) (1636) (1637) (1757) (1326) Name Aooraisal of Toxic Propertief Sulphuric Acid Usual exposures associated with mineral acids, for the most part accidental. Sulphuric acid, however, does not evaporate readily. Formaldehyde Properly speaking, formaldehyde is a gas and the liquid equivalent is formalin, which is a 40JC solution of formaldehyde in water. Formaldehyde or formalin is a profound irritant to skin, eyes, respiratory tissues, and is capable of damage to liver and kidneys. This substance has such definite warning properties that it is seldom improperly used. Butanol In low concentrations, beginning at 100 parts per million, may produce nephritis and even pulmonary hemorrhage, degeneration of the liver, etc. Ethyl Acetate Ethyl acetate is a low grade Irritant to the skin, eyas and respiratory tract. Butyl Acetate Uore of an irritant than ethyl acetate, but is regarded as less injurious than synthetic aryl acetate, which, in turn, is believed to be more objectionable than the natural product. Hi-Flash Saphtha See (66) Dibutyl Phthalate ' little information available. As observed in other industires by these investigators, quite innocuous. Coes not evaporate readily. Chronitex This substance is the source of the famous Tricresyl Phosphate*Jake paralysis*, epidemic during the prohibition era. It is therefore an outstanding toxic agent when taken internally. It is not known that ary industrial cases have arisen or that they mty arise in ordisaiy pursuits. Ho less, it should be manipulated with caution. Cellosolve Probably ethylene glycol (monoethyl ether). Toxic properties are of low order unless concentrations are very high. Publications of the United Statea Public Health Service available on this topic.' Butyl Cellosolve Slightly more toxic then ethyl cellosolve which is reported by the Federal Government as possessing only limited toxicity. Chiefly a respiratory tract irritant. L.D. Haphtha See (6S). . Grinding Base - See (16a) ' Anti-Shining Agent. Guaiacol. Used medically in cough syrups. Indus trial intoxication not known. Acetone The Bursau of Hines, experimenting with animals, reports an acute narcotic effect, stronger than that of chloroform and death at 110 mgms. per liter of air. Industrial poisoning little known but possible. rndg Vo.a Same Aoor-.l'al of Toxic Prooertles (2946) Sutyl Lcot'te lev grsd* rcnplrstoiy traet Irritant. '"ipentine Tract Isa fomr vo:* Jistillatlon constituent of turpentines. Chiefly' skin irritant resembling turoentin: i.n its action. I (2S0I) Vo thy1 Cellosolve See (1682). Methyl cellosolve probably more injurious than cither ethyl or butyl cellosolve. (:s:i) Isopropyl Acetate Same orier of tortelty as ethyl acetate, which is kno to produce lor grade respiratory irritation, -a and rarely headache. I (sa7) Methanol Tool alochol. This extensive u:e of rood alcohol is to he associated with outstanding potential injury. Methyl alcohol is one of the most dsagr-i.i substances used in industxy. Is dangerous when absorbed through the skin, breathed a a vapor or introduced orally. Produces Injury particularly to the optic nerve, leading to permanent blindness, liver damage and nephritis. Should, be used in induct only rher. not replaceable by other substances and then only under well guarded conditions. (2?^) Methyl Asyl Aeetat e Approximately the seme extent of toxicity as aryl acetate, but probably slightly increased. (1625) Secondary Amyl Acetate The synthetic variety is more active toxicologically than Its natural counterpart. Eoth varieties let.d to Irritation of the eyes, mucous membranes, respiratory tract and occasionally the skin. Comparatively harmless. (2613) Shingle Stain Oil This a coal tar solvent, probably containing higher hsnologues of benzol and is known to have caused severe skin disease. (2359) Methyl Ethyl Ketone Action akin to acetone or methyl acetone. Prob ably more injurious than earlier recognized. See Journal of Industrial Hygiene, 1956 or 1957 for extensive discussion. (650) Diacetone Alcohol Approximately the same toxicity as methyl ethyl ketone. (5028) Apco Thinner See (63) (4021) Solvesso See (65) (4037) Sollgen Drier Various sollgen driers contain lead, manganese, cobalt or other metallic constituents. Scarcely harmful because of liqfcid state. (Clf 30) Hexalin Is used in conjunction with various soaps to form solutions and emulsions for cleaning type. Miy be used in conjunction with dangerous hydrocarbon solvents. If also hexslin is a trade name for a substance akin to tetralin, tetralin Is a trade name for tetrohydronaphthalene, Is a turpentine substitute Is a skin irritant. Leads to Irritation of throat, headache, mental confusion, green urine. 0007-SWP-000030445 {I Cede Ho. (7 11029} Name Bakelite China Wood OilVarnish Appraisal of Toxic Properties. One of a series of vanishes containing bakelite all of which are well known skin irritants. All of the foregoing coaaent falls far short of ear-narking the seorces of substances used in connection with lacquer, which are known to be injurious if used under improper conditions. The intent of- the United notarial here presented is to portray lacquer nanufacturing as a dangerous trade, calling for intelligent supervision on the part of tha nanaganehth.. Many of the substances appearing on the Lacquer list of Saw Materials are discussed in connection with other departnents, asking even greater use of such substances. j | I ! I pornmAL roosoras as s o c iat e w it h r an k it e ia l s (A DISCUSSION or SO 0UT3TANDIN0 ITBS) la Volume II than baa baaa praaantad a listing of all Imom ra* materials entering into tba operation of thle plant by departments. .These Hats of ra* natarlala bare baaa furnished by tb* various aoperlntanieats la charge of dapartaaatal or aub-plant operations. Aaaoelated vltb that* long 11 ata are figure* furniahlag approrlaata eons motion for ona raoant year and United data *a to tbe cbeoleal composition of eaeb ra* material Item. In the aeotloa Juat preeedlag, there baa bean presented soae highly condensed oomemnt ralatlre to tbe toed* properties on nuaaroua of these ra* material* sueh aa are used In tbs laoguer Department. It is balloted to be undesirable bare to reaord by departments tbe Injurious properties of these earns aubstanoes vhish are more or Isas abared by all departments. In this present section, from the entire list of ra* materials, fifty Items bare bean aeleeted, embracing outstandingly toil] materials ery art ana Italy used. Zaob on* of tbeea fifty Items bate been made tbs object of enlarged but atlll Halted eomtaant vltb reference to tbe nature of tbe diseases produced, together vltb a limited appraisal us to tb* probability of these occupational affections arising In this plant. N16651 0007-SWP-000030447 I The fol^oslug discussions are with reference to fifty sub- -tiaces or groups of substances regarded as of outstanding import arrc with regard to industrial hygiene in this plant. These discussions are far froa comprehensive and are Intended only as leads or flags. In all instances, auch more extensive Information is available should the need arise. Also, in some instances, special sections of this report supply extended presentations. 1. Silica Silica is silicon dioxide. It is found in maty forms, but In this plant quartz trlpoll and amorphous silica are of chief interest. TXposure'to the dust of silica under suitable circumstances later set forth aay lead to silicosis, a dusty lung disease having specific char acteristics, chiefly demonstrable through x-ray examination or at autopsy. Only silica aay produce silicosis. There is no such disease as silicosis from ouch dusts as iron, coke, coal, titanium, lead, zinc, stc. In order that this disease may be produced, exposure is necessary to particles i tea clsrsas or less in size. A aicron is 1/25,000 of an inch. Exposures must be provided ever an extended period of time, such aa several years. The average years of exposure are above seven. Intermittent work, such as the hsiilling of silica "for a few minutes each dey is ordinarily unimportant. Certain dusts associated with silica apparently retard the action of rill:a in producing silicosis. Among other associateddusts having 1 helpful action are iron, aluminum, gypsum, some clays, possibly alkalies. Then this disease is onee inaugurated, no repair takes place, cures ire impossible. The disease is progressive even in the absence of further exposures. At times the disease ney not appear until long after exposure to silica is provided. I Protection against silicosis msy be obtained along the following lines: a) the wearing of respirators, b) introduction of exhaust systems, c) substitution of other materials for silica, d) manipulating silica under wet conditions. Seme persons are more susceptible than others to the action of silica. This difference of susceptibility Is related to frequency and depth of breathing, shapes of nostrils, presence of vibrissa*, etc. II long hours of work in silica dusty areas are highly conducive to silicosis, since e ten hour day would lead to approximately double the quantity of silica inhaled in a seven hour working day. Silicosis may be diagnosed only by x-ray examination or at autopsy. The chief objective symptom . of silicosis is shortness of breath, the chief objective sign diminished chest expansion. This disease may exist in a well established form In the ! absence of all symptoms and signs. Slllcotics frequently take on increased weight la the absence of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis very frequently follows'silicosis er.d an inactive tuberculosis -.may be stirred up ly silieofsls.. ` 4 In this dant, free silica is used to a limited extent in the following departments: Dry Color, Paint and Varnish and lacquer. 0007-SWP-000030448 1 X-ray examinations hare been Bade of a few workers handling silica in this plant. None have shown the leaet signs of silicosis. It is believed that silicosis will never arise in this plant under work conditions now easting. 2. Asbestos Asbestos (asbestine, talc) Is a complex magnesium silicate of varying constituency. Unlike most silicates, the magnesium silicates or at least some of them are capable of producing definite dusty lung disease. This disease is termed asbestosls. Although akin to silicosis, the two conditions are distinctly dissimilar In nary respects. Much less is known about the nature of asbestosls than silicosis, or the conditions under which it arises. Apparently much larger particle slse of asbestos dust or asbestos fibres than is true for silica may contribute to the causation of asbestosls. In the x-ray picture, which is the prime method for making the diagnosis, no characteristic nodules appear, at least no great number, and Instead the x-ray picture Is characterized I by very fine beaded network or lacework of pulmonary markings. Asbestosls is not associated with tuberculosis to the same extent that is true for silicosis. This disease is progressive, but its rate of progression may be even lower than for silicosis. Altogether this disease is somewhat less Important than silicosis. In this plant, asbestos, asbestine, or tale are used in the following departments: Coal Tar, Dry Color, Paint' and Varnish and Lacquer. A small number of asbestos exposed workers were subjected to x-rey examination. The results appear in a special section. Two of these workers appear to present very minor evidences of asbestosls. The condition is so trivial that Justification for a diagnosis of asbestosls does not exist. Th-se two workmen should not be apprised of their borderline condition and r.ay be kept at their same work, provided the protective measures later recommended are carried out in this plant. It is the opinion of these Investigators that asbestos does not constitute an outstanding practical hazard. J. Silicates A variety of silicates find application in various departments in `.his plant. Chief of these is magnesium silicate, discussed in the preceding item. Apart from this one silicate, no others are known to produce a definitely characteristic dusty lung disease. However, the term "silicatosis* enjoys some use. Among other silicates used in this plant in appreciable quantities and in addition to magnesium silicate, are various clays, bentonite, slate floor. In addition, many of the mineral pigments, Including ochres, umbers, siennas, etc., are rich in silicates, although not entirely composed of them. Silicates have been associated with silicosis, but it is to be definitely pointed out that maty silicates are admixed with free silica. Ordinarily, free silica is responsible for the condition attributed to the silicates. In some measure, some silicates serve tc retard the action of silica and bring about silicosis. The nature of this mechanism is not known. Lately It has been contended that barirn ' silicate is a toxic agent. Additional work is required before any stand may be taken in this matter. , I In this plant,.the use of silicates, apart from asbestos, is such th'at it is unlikely that any harm may be expected. On the'other hand, It is undesirable that workmen' be continuously exposed to high concentrations of aty oust, even though it he well established that such dusts are aontoxic. r 0007-SWP-000030449 4. Lead In this plant, the foremost practical hazard Is to lead poison ing. 'Jan? varieties of lead compounds are made In this plant, all ultimate ly starting with pig lead. As Is well known, the group of lead compounds Included as foremost are white lead, red lead, litharge, lead acetate, leaded -Inc, various lead pigments, usually produced as compounds with, chromium. Also lead Is found In the form of terns plate In the tin can factory, and Is manipulated in many fashions In many departments. Lead chiefly enters the body through the lungs, after the Inhalation of lead dust. Lead fumes are less Important than lead dust as a source of lead poisoning. Some lead is Ingested, being carried Into the south by fingers. In connection with consumption of food, smoking, chewing tobacco, etc. Ingested lead is only about 1/5 significant as inhaled lead. Inorganic lead compounds do not go through the skin In appreciable quantities. Some organic compounds do, such, for example, as tetraethyl lead used In the manufacture of ethyl gasoline. As elsewhere discussed In greater detail, lead is highly distributed throughout this plant. It may be detected in small quantities in offices. Some leau may be detected in the outside air in buildings, aanlpulatlng lead in large quantities. The minimum amount of lead that may eauae lead poisoning varies from person to person and for any given person depends in large measure upon his own individual body eeonoqr. There is, however, no such thing as complete tolerance to lead. Ordinari ly it is accepted as a fact that 1.5 milligrams of lead in ten cubic seters of air is sufficient to induce lead poisoning in some workers. This ten cubic meters of air is roughly the quantity of air inhaled by the average workman on an average work day. It is probably true that most workers will not acquire lead poisoning from this low threshold, but 1 instead ?dll require larger amounts before azy evidence of lead poison ing is evinced. In our experience, large numbers of workmen have been exposed to such quantities as eight millig.'&ms of metallic lead per day without acquiring lead poisoning. In view of the fact that an occasional worker may respond to very trivial amounts, this standard of 1.5 milligrams has been widely accepted as a standard governing protective measures. In the case of Ingested lead, some compounds are much more toxic than others. This depends upon the solubility of the lead. The more readily soluble preparations are conducive to lead poisoning and vice versa. In the ease of lead inhalation, leas significance is to he attached to solu bilities, as ultimately all'lead compounds are dissolved and all are toxic. The old idee that metallic lead Is non-toxic is probably not justified. At least in the form of fine dust, metallic lead la later oxidized so that the responses of the body are to lead oxide rather than to metallic lead. In this plant, very extensive use of lead, large numbers of workmen have been subjected to certain blood tests, suggestive of lead absorption. In addition, larga numbers of samples of atnosphere presumably containing lead have been analysed. The results of these procedures make special sections of this report. Lead in one form or another ie used in the following departments of this plant: Tin Can, Pigment Products, Chemical Products, Dry Color,' Paint and Tarnish and Lacquer. ._ __ * Tor the purposes of this report, lead is'accepted as the dominant exposure in. this plant,, which fact is well recognized. Much of the intire program of,. Industrial hygiene must necessarily,, center about the prevention of worker exposures to lead. At t'he time of tha writing of this report, a fair number ef workmen 're presenting borderline conditions suggestive of lead poisoning. -I 0007-SWP-000030450 "1 5. Chroaioa Chromiw, la the font of the chromates, oxides and compounds with lead, prowldea rarloua widespread exposures in this plant. With respect to injury to human beings, ehromiia is a peoullar substance, first, it is so Very slowly hydrolysed when in contact with tissue that its action may persist over periu.' of weeks. This la? responsible for the well known term "chrome hole*, which is a burrowing ulcer more or less Jug shaped, with a small opening at the skin surface, but with undermined edges and enlarging area of damage. In the second place, not all of the chromium compounds are harmful. Certain valences yield toxic bodies while others do not. A third peculiarity resides in the fact that chromium, while able to attack the unbroken skin, is much less apt so to do than to attack a skin which is chapped, cut, blistered or otherwise broken. Apart from "chrome holes* of the skin, the chief aitet of action of chromium is the nasal septum, which is often perforated and irreparably so. This leads to no disability, although septal perforation may lead to disturbing whistling through the nose and may pave the wey for sinus, and other nasal diseases. Chromium rarely leads to generalized disease. Some persons suy become sensitized to its action so that responses ere brought about on the slightest exposure to chromium and at sights other then those in direct contact. It is also true that chrome compounds in the form of dust or vapor may reach lung tissues through inhalation and may set up bronchitis or other inflammatory processes. This is, however, the exception and not the rule. Lately the claim has been made that chromium compounds mqy lead to cancer of the lung. This is recognized as a remote possibility and in aoy event the action of chromium will not'be more specific than other irritants reaching lung tissues. In this plant, chromium finds some application or manipulation in the following departments: Chemical Products, Dry Color, Paint and Tarnish and Lacquer. 6. Manganese: Comparatively small quantities of manganese in e variety of compounds find use in several departments in this plant. Manganese leads to a bizarre disease called manganese poisoning, which chiefly has arisen as a result of exposures to manganese oxides. At this time, there is no reason to believe that other compounds of manganese mqy not be similarly injurious. When the substance enters the body (chiefly through inhalation of dust), the disease state is brought about, in comparatively short time, such as three months and even less. Naturally, in some measure, this depends upon the concentration of the dust to which exposure is provided. Without a^r pain or sjy quick changes, workers exposed to manganese guy be noted to develop periods of excessive laughter or crying, unasaoclated with adequate cause. At about the same time, it msy be observed that their fades become mask-like, immobile, expressionless. At a littla later stage these workers, when walking or running, are unable to stop until they run into soma object or grasp soma projecting structure. They are apt to fall down, particularly when taking steps backward (retropulslon). They are unable to stop their movement a until they fall or bump into some object. During this process, these workers may have their mental faculties unimpaired, but are no less totally disabled. In time they become completely paralyzed in portions of the body,'such as the arms and legs and msy live long lives of total invalidism dt^out aiy prospect "of recovery. At- the time of the writing of- this' item, no suspicion has arisan that manganese polsoainj prevails in this plant. The circumstances of the use of these materials seems to preclude aiy practical extensive exposure. 0007-SWP-000030451 t ~v 7. Tripoli la this_ plant, tripoli Is eomonly referred to as 'mixed silicates*. These statements probably are not true. Instead, trploli Is a crypto-cry stallium--riety of quarts and Is composed to an extent of about 99* of free silica. The mining of this material is limited, so far as known, to two areas in the United States, namely Southern Illinois and the Seneca area in Missouri, which extends over into Okla homa. In the latter district, the beautiful rose and cream colored trlpolis are found. Trioolis possess peculiar electrostatic properties so that fine materials thrown into the air glomerate into heavier balls and drop to floor levels. On this account, cases of silicosis from tripoll are rare, although not unheard of. Since tripoli is in fact quartz, reference is made to item one; in this series, for discussion of the disease that m^ be produced by It. In this plant, tripoli is used in the following departments, in limited amounts: Lacquer only. Oust counts have been made in connection with its use and x-rays have been made of selected wortaaen longest exposed. The results obtained froa these procedures are set forth in other sections. 8. 2tn= Sulft?l,,. The raw material from which llthopor.s is made, as operations start in this plant, is zinc sulfate, received from the Coffeyville Plant, in a dry lumpy state, which is conducive to dustiness. Although lithopone with its content of zinc sulfide is rated as non-toxic, its precursor, zinc sulfate, possesses properties conducive to harm the workmen. This is manifest chiefly in the form of perforation of the nasal septum and lowrade ulceration or at least inflammation of the nasal passages. Fork carried out about ten years ago with sine sulfate by these investigators revealed a fairly high frequency of gastric or duodenal ulcer, which was attributed to the action of zinc sulfate. Therefore, it Is regarded as within the realm of possibility that Increased frequency of gastro-intestlnal ulcere might arise among zinc sulfate workers la the lithopone industry. Thus far no evidences have arisen, although no real search has been made for this disease. Zine sulfate, so far as known, is only handled in the lithopone department in this plant. There workers are supplied with respirators and no substantial exposure is known to exist. Mo less, this matter is discussed in greater detail in another section devoted to the lithopone department. Barium as a constituent of littiopone is elsewhere discussed. 9. ndiTMn Cadmiui is found in this plant in two dissimilar sets of circum stances. First, cadmium is removed froa the zinc sulfate as a preliminary to the manufacture of lithopone. This cadmium is reduced to the metallic state through recovery processes elsewhere described and discussed.' The second aspect of cadmium present is in connection with Its use as a figment material in the Dry Color Department and to s -minor extent in Chemical Products and Lacquer Departments." / : Wherever it ray be used, eadmiua is c. tracheroue substance. It is more toxic than lead, but perhaps not ten times as toils as lead, as is sometimes claimed. One milligram per day, taken into the body, is dangerous. Usually ths entry into the body is made through the portal of the respiratory tract, dust or fume entering in this fashion. However, swallowed cadmium may also lead to poisoning. In any event, the manifesta tions chiefly center about the gastro-intestinal tract, together with some involvement of the kidneys and liver. 0007-SWP-000030452 In view of the dangerous properties of this substance, various tests have been cade, the results of which are elsewhera set forth. 10. Carbon Maty vafielitr.of paint coatings contain carbon for black pigment purposes *!jle<: a great variety of names, such as lamp blac, bone black, cosmic black, etc., etc. Some of these substances at least are of such physical properties as to provoke great dustiness when they are handled. This dust is inhaled and later on the workman's attention nay be drawn to the fact that he is spitting up black tinged sputum. This n^y persist for some weeks after the last exposure. Workers may become highly concerned and attribute all of their respiratory infirmities to an imagined action of this dust. The facts in the case are somewhat as followsi flhile no dust is entirely innocuous, carbon is one of the least harmful. Its entry into the body leads to the condition known as anthracosis, a minor abnor mality from which all of us suffer. At autopsy every adult will show seme signs of anthracosis. Urban dwellers are prone to present well blackened lungs at every autopsy. Apart from this black pigmentation, carbon produces no noteworthy disease. However, attention has been drawn to the fact that some carbon preparations contain oil and that others have been mixed with silica as an Impurity. Under such circumstances, it is possible that these extraneous materials may bring about their own diseases, which no less may he laid at the door of carbon. It ia the intent of this discussion to rate carbon dust when inhaled as an innocuous material, worthy of little hygienic consideration. 11. Asphalt Under this term, there are included, for the purposes of this report, many substances that are not natural Trinidad asphalt. These include petroleum end coal tar pitches or residues, Cilsonite, Tailings of various sorts, stearine pitch, etc. Chemically, all of these eubetaneea represent mixtures, the exact composition of which is little known. flhen these substances ere in dry state, they present little opportunity for injury from contact. Contrariwise, when they are naturally liquid, or when they have been cut back, or when in liquid state through heating, they are more likely to bring about injury on contact. These substances are sources of skin irritation for some workmen. In contact with the akin, these materials are removed with difficulty. Satisfactory personal hygiene is not easily obtained and ia the ebeenee of a real dermatitis, there may slowly develop a condition characterised by numerous large blackbeade (come dones), largely the result of ordinary dirtiness. This stage nay progress to one of furunculosis, characterized by multiple small boils, abscesses, etc. then such materials are used on roadwork, they are ordinarily heated to high temperatures and the vapors thus arising are highly irritating to the respiratory tract. It is not known that paint manufacture leads to similar operation, hut if so this operation should be carried out only in the open or else under hooded conditions. 12. nitrocellulose * The pbblie entertains a fair amount of apprehension against the action cf nitrocellulose. This is unwarranted. At least the nitrecallulosea ' employed in coatings and in their natural state are free'from dangerous ^ potentialities. Hitration has not.proceeded-*o that percentage conducive ; to explosibillty. On the other h&id, when nitrocellulosa is burned, there j may be produced one or more of a series of the oxides of nitrogen, several of -hich are exquisitely active in producing -pulmonary-'edema and^edeme <: of the entire respiratory tract. After breathing a few breaths of nitrogan oxide containing air, sufficient harm la wrought so that a few hours hence, such as 5-18, enormous edema sets in, occluding the passageefor air and leading to death of the victim through internal drowning. 0007-SWP-000030453 The various grades of nitrocellulose used la coating preparations are apt to ba reoelved la the wet atats, tba watting being brought about by tha aetloa of denatured tleohol. la pr aatIsa, tba denatures* ouch uaad la wood alcohol, praaaat to tba axtant of 9* la tba cutting of nitrocellulose# -r laaquer purpoaaa, thla ooataat of athyl alcohol and wood aleohol la of no jyeat coneara. However, la a faw prooaaaaa, auoh aa tba manufacture of lacquer chlpa, disagreeable work condltlona nay raault fro* evaporation of large quantities of aleohol la cloaad areas* Dangerous firs hazards my ba produead and on oceaslon conditions favorable to azploaloa aty arias* 13* Bata Waphthol On# larga section, of this plant la dat o tad to tha m sufactura of bata aapbthol* This vork4ia earriad out under faTorabls conditions, and tha casual visitor at ones galas aa uafsTormbl# lnqireealon of thla opera tion. Workers la this department oaks eo^lelnte about tba dlaagraaablaaasa of tha aork, but aa yet no oae has baaa abla to prora that bata naphthol products any aarloua disease. It la Irritating to tba eyes and mucous membraaea, my lead to laerymtloa and sneezing, oeeaalonally produces som skin dlaaaaa; oeeasionallr, eyatltla arlsaa la bata naphtbol aorkara. 14. Paraphenrlenadlamlne * In tha cats of mat dyaatuffa, tha f lhal product la apt to bo noninjurloua, while Intermediates my ba quits to tba contrary* la tba case of paraphenylanedlamine, both tba latarmdlataa aad tbs final product are worthy of respect* la another eectloa la preaaatad discussion of tba manufacture of tbls dye* It la beat knowa aa a dye for hair, fur, fast bars, woolen materials, ate* dll diamines are said to poasas harmful proportlaa, although considerable differences my azlat between tba actions produead by different members of this group. This dye leads to three different types of manifestation, a} eatma, b) edem, e) akin eruptions. It la not unusual for tba waarar of a cheap fur, dyad with thla material, to develop extensive swellings of tha face, lips, sera, ate. Fur workers in particular my suffer from asthma produead by tba dust from furs dyad with paraphanylanedlamlna The akin dlaaaaa created has ao special characteristics and rasamblea may other occupational dermatoaaa. While no larga experience baa grow up rela tive to injuries produead to werkmaa la tha aanufaetura of this dye, It la ao lass labeled aa aa outstanding an op la of dangerous dyestuffs* 15. Zina Oxlda Tula wall known substmee la blamed for more occupational diseases than it la capable of inducing* da uaad la tba paint Industry bars, it la almost wholly guiltless and aa laart agaat, la ointments, lotions, it la perhaps tba most widely uaad of all treatments for Win diseases* High concentrations of its dusts will at most product nothing more than a harm- leal increase la tba fibrous tissues of tba luag. Regardless of tba eoneen- tratloa of axposurss and lta duration, zlae oxlda will never lead to a dusty lung disease, analogous to alllcoala. On tba other hand, zinc oxide, under certain oiroumtanced, my' lead to what la variously known as zinc chills, spelter chllia, braes workers* chills, zinc ague, metal fme fever, etc* Theee conditions which, ,*n fact, 2 are but one, are quite genuine and are due to;the Inhalation of recently | produead sine oxlda, such as arises In connection with cO-v*nislag,/breeo . ( founding, zinc founding, nine smelting, eta. ^Bare tho zinc oxide l its J recently formed stats la In a peculiar physical oondltlon known aa its dispersed* phase, in contrast to lta *floeeulent* state, wnlcb Is the eteto ' of the materiel found In the paint Industry, Thus, the toxic propartlee of zlne oxlda ere limited to e few operations which do not Include the use of different varieties In paint manufacture. 0007-SWP-000030454 I I i Titanium, in one for* or another, is used In this plant in the following departmentsj Lacquer, Chemical Products, Paint and Varnish, Lithopone. 19. Aluminas One of the common materials used in the paint Industry is aluminum. These present statements do not apply to elimdnum silicate or to other compounds of aluminum, tut Instead to metallic aluminas. Tell known to the paint trade are the scale-like flakes of aluminum which impart to a eoated surface a comeuhat ideal coating. In view of the fact that some years ago mary controversies centered about the toxic properties of aluminum, maiy persons still regard all aluminum as dangerous. If this were true, the millions of users of food cooked in aluminum vessels would suffer ill consequences. The widespread use of alum in a diversity of trades would have lead to the poisoning of hundreds of persons. The use of alum baking powder would practically have decimated the country. Least of all, should aluminum paints be regarded with concern because of ary toxic properties. It is true that aluminum powders possess peculiar properties favorable to fires and explosions. It" is true that water is not a repellent to fires of aluminum powder. It is true that the liquids with which aluminum powders may he mixed to make paint nay be somewhat irritating. It is true that aluminum powders lend themselves to great dustiness. It is true that in the manufacture of aluminas powders and bronsing powders great noise and vibration of harmful nature is brought about, but it is not true that powdered aluminum in any reasonable quantity will produce any disease analogous to those such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, manganese, etc. 22. Paraffin Paraffins as used in the paint industry ney exist either as liquids 5 or solids, depending upon their melting points. Naturally the solid varieties may be reduced to liquid states through the application of heat. So real reason exists far classing paraffins as dangerous substances to all persons. Then heated, the emitted vepors are nauscvtirg and disturbing. The unheated liquid varieties of paraffin are essentially odorless, tasteless and harm less. Very occasionally, a person brought in contact with paraffin oils will develop a skin disease and even less frequently skin cancer may arise. It is the intent of this discussion more to exculpate paraffin from injurious qualities than to include it in any group of dangerous substances common to the paint industry. 21. Caustics and goda Ash The term "caustic* is a loose one and is sometimes applied to tci an -ell as alkalies. Its use here is limited to such substances as sodium,potassium hydroxide end other lywvllke substances and includes soda ash. The real caustics, such as the lyes from soditas and potassium readily cause severe burns, leading to the formation of eschars. These dense, core-like centers of caustic ulcers set as foreign bodies end deter all healing processes. Caustic burns of the eyes are especially intractable and call for specialised treatment. Such conditions clearly constitute accidents, hut scarcely are to be considered in connection with occupational disease dis- - I cessions. Cn the other hand, caustic dusts breathed into the lungs may lead to."' somewhat extensive fibrous deposits of uniform nature,, cuitfj'similar .to v deposits from silicosis, foda ash in the form of a crystalline powder, in contact with the dry akin, produces no more harm than so much sands 1% 'If- Then, however, moisture is present end some of the soda ash is dissolved, -f particularly in such areas as between the fingers, definite burnings may arise, i taring hot months or under certain other circumstances, when sweating takes place, acute dermatitis from soda ash may be expected. 2* Phthalle Anhydride This narkedly irritant substance is used in the nanufacture of |lT?tol type synthetic varnishes. la the process of varnish cocking, rs of this substance prove to be distinctly irritating to the eye. 0007-SWP-000030456 and respiratory tract. These vapors are changed over into snow-flake like deposits which settle about the varnish department. On occasion these vapors or their subsequent crystals travel several hundred yards in the direction of prevailing winds. Some belief exists that phthalle anhydride's vapors or dusts are both taken into the lungs, paving the ray fa*asthmatic states. If so, this has not teen proved and at this tir.e no blame may be laid on this substanee other than that as a highly disagreeable local irritant. 2!. Synthetic Begins In this very brief presentation, it is manifestly impossible even to enuaerate the several thousand of possible synthetic" resins or even to mention the various classes. Two points only are to he made at this time in connection with synthetic resine. The first is that nearly all are proving to possess some degree of activity in promoting skin affections. Some ere much worse then others, some through direct irritation, others through sensitisation. Bakelite resins may be taken as an example. This condensation produet appears to base its irritant action upon the presence of formaldehyde derivatives. At ary rate, bakelite, in any of its forms, whether the powdered 'Hex' or the dissolved liquid used in fabric coating, constitutes an Irritant, dameging most persons brought into contact with it. The second point to be made is that the eynthetlc resin field is changing so rapidly that as yet the toxicologist knows little about the entire group .nd only ebout special examples. On this account, no attempt will be made to specify the more dangerous of the synthetic resin groups. 14. Vetural Guns or Resins The fossil gums and the vegetable resins are relatively unimportant as producers of skin diseases. However, every single one hes proved to be the *ource of some disturbance. Perhaps the most injurious of all is the limed pice resin type. Here the disturbing agent say of course be the . line rather then the resin, but in ary event this combination is a trouble maker in tome plants. On a comparative basis, the natural resins-are less dangerous than their synthetic substitutes. 25. Solid Ihrestuffs end Intermediates In order to approach comprehensiveness in this listing of much used solid items in this plant, it is highly desirable that mention be nade of a very large group of solid intermediates and dyestuffs. It is manifest that not even their names may be mentioned nor may it be said that a full understanding of maty of their properties exist. However, emphasis map be placed upon one observation, nemely that finished dye stuffs are far less toxic than their intermediates and precursors. 26. Bensol Of ell fluids used in peist manufacture, benzol has attracted most attention as a toxic substance and perhaps has been the source of a greater number of severe cases. Benzol is a coal tar hydrocarbon, is in excellent colvent for a variety of substances little soluble in ordineiy ; materials. Chief among these is rubber. In fact, most of the eases of - benzol poisoning in the early days srbse from rubber using factories. So ;; ,raat :.as the complaint against bensol about ten years ago that its use almost J entirely ^disappeared in the paint industry, except in he manufacture of 5 pair.t and varnish removers, nothing seemed to take the place of benzol in this particular preparation. More recent times have seen an increasing use of benzol in the coating Industry, as is reflected by the feet that at this very plant a benzol producing department is being built with a capacity of about 1500 gallons per day. One reason for the return of benzol is the shortness of memory of man for his troublesome experiences of all types. The-second is a willingness on. the part of the manufacturer to install protective equipment to carry out supervised laboratory procedures. It is in truth much safer to make use of bensol at the present time than was true i 0007-SWP-000030457 I ! eighteen year* ago. It the present time it la possible to oerry oat uriso teat, known aa the "urine sulfate* teat tat benzol and fra* tba resulta obtained to detest those sorters who are absorb In* appreciable quantities of tbla aubatanee. asBenzol nay act as an aeuta poisonIn*, oparatln* as an anesthetic or asphyxiant and may bring about death within a few minutes or a few hours' exposure. Mare often bensol poisoning la chronic, leading to a disease characterized by leukopenia, dlalnlsbed sat1-bodies of tbs blood, peculiar susceptibility to all Infections, tendency to hemorrhage, profound weakness, etc. Tbs oondltlon produced is direful, there being little tendency for tba blood to regenerate, leading to what Is known as an "aplastic anemia". 1 few persona dewelop hemorrhages Into the *T and suffer couplets blindness. A greater number die fro* inter-current infection. Women eeem to be somewhat more Seriously affected than man. It la tbs Intent of this discussion to emphasise but not exaggerate the Importance of benzol ae a source of aerloua occupational dlsaaaa* Teats made of tba urine of aawaral workers handling benzol at this plant lndieate that a few are absorbing benzol. The appearance of a aerloua ease of benzol poisoning at any time would not be phenomenal far this plant. Benzol la used in considerable quantities In the following departmental Coal Tar, Chemical Products, Paint sad Tarnish, and Laoquer. Other sections of this report furnish additional Informal Ion on benzol poisoning. 27. Toluol (Toluene) Toluol Is e homologo* of benzol, but posssssez a higher boiling point, Is thus lass swaporabls and Is less likely to produce report which may be Inhaled by workers. Some oonfuslon exists relative to the clinical stats produced by toluol. Some observers maintain that toluol vapors If present In quantities the same as benzol will produce a disease similar to benzol poisoning SDd la only laaa polaonoua than benzol because of Its higher boiling point. On anotbar aide, some observers point out with accuracy that there have bean vary fan eases of toluol poisoning and that really no on# knows just what disease state mi#st be produced. These observers note that toluol appears to be capable of producing an acute asphyxiation more readily than benzol, but Is lacking In properties to produce leukopenia or other blood disturbances. Granting tba absence of adequate Information, the stand la taken by these Investigators that toluol Is a much preferred aubatanee over benzol because of Its hlghsr boiling point, but thst toluol Itself is a highly dangerous anWatanee and produces a condition at least similar to benzol poisoning, if not identical In its features. 88. Xylol (Xylene) Xylol la another honelogos of benzol in the asms earlea with toluol. Its boiling point la even higher than that of toluol ini to that extent Is lees toxic. All that has been said of toluol may proportionately be said of xylol. 7ery little la known about Ita toxic properties and vary few cases have bean wall studied. Ita physical properties do not make It a parfact substitute for banzol, but no laaa It finds extensive application In many industries. Tba urine sulfate test mentioned under banzol la not known to apply to toluol or to zylol. However, It la believed that leukopenia so readily demonstrated through blood oounta, probably may be shown far xylol poisoning aa well es benzol poisoning, which finding may tend to confirm tentative diagnosis of xylol poisoning. 0007-SWP-000030458 3. Solvent Naphtha Solvent naphtha, unlike naphtha. Is derived from coal tar in contrast to petroleum oil. Earlier solvent naphtha was chiefly * mixture of benzol-, approximately S1JC with lesser amounts of toluol and :ylol. Nowadays the specifications for solvent naphtha are so altered as to provide practically no content of benzol and higher percentages of toluol and xylol along with other related substances. Solvent naphtha is therefore much less toxic than formerly and is less likely to resemble benzol poisoning, which it formerly resembled, then toluol and cylol poisoning. The chief point to be made in this present discussion Is to point out that solvent naphtha is not analogous and comparable to ordinary naphthas, but is a much more dangerous coal tar derivative akin to toluol. - !0. Naphtha In the discussion of this petroleum derivative, there is a desire to include all other petroleua derivatives of similar nature, such as the misnamed "benzine", gasoline, kerosene, hi-flash naphthas, etc. Tor a long .chile these substance: were regarded only as capable of bringing about an occasional case of shin disease through defatting of the shin and an equally occasional "naphtha Jag", which i an acuts cental state resembling alooholio intoxication. More recently increased information has led to the concept that both acute and chronic conditions xcy be produced by these solvents, both of which are of fairly serious nature; althou0h less direful than benzol poisoning, the poisoning from naphtha a:y be v.holly disabling. The acute condition is relatively unimportant and ts chiefly manifest by gastro-intestinai disturbances, nsusaa and vomiting, together with headache. In the chronic state, a bizarre lot of changes mey take place in the central nervous system, giving rise to a disease more or less like multiple sclerosis. In fact, it is orobatle that in this disease some sclerosis of the brain takes place. Afflicted workmen develop various paralyses, unusual gaits, lose their fc.milit.rlty with the!" surroundings, at times may 'uffer from uncontrollable sleepiness. The Import of this comment is to include naphthas in connection .rith those work places where consideration should be gi-on to the possi bility ;f hrrmful vapors. fl. Acetates A wide variety of acetates are used for solvent purposes in this plant. There agents are all comparatively innocuous, but none are entirely hcrmless. There is seme reason to believe that the more harmful acetates ere neth.pl, butyl and isopropyl. Synthetic acetates are apparently more torie than their natural counterparts. The irritant properties of these acetates are chisfly limited to minor inflammation of the eyes, mucous r.enbrer.es, less frequently of the skin, eta. Cellosolves A typical oellosolve Is ethylene glycol menoethyl ether. All experience tends to indicate that none of the cellorolves are toxic except in high, concentrations and that their actions are about on a psr with there of acetates. like most other substances, apparently ethyl oellosolve is the mildest with the aetVyl, butyl ar.d propyl being of somewhat higher order. T?. '.'ethanol Methanol, the modem counterpart of wood alcohol, possesses all of the injurious properties of the tre.ditionelly dangerous wood alcohol. I i I 0007-SWP*000030459 ! Thla substance la ao dangerous thst the saellowlag of on* tasapeonful haa product! daath. Unlike ethyl aloohol vhlah easily breaks do** lato non-toxic components, methyl alcohol doaa not readily iecmpct* nor la there any known pfiyslologlo me* nanism through *hleb the body nay freely ellxlsat* thla aubatanee and without Injury. Apparently a*tuy*;is ?ta economy contemplated the coning of ethyl alcohol, but neglected to Bake any provisions for the management gt wood alcohol. At my rate, wood alcohol remlna In the body to a eonaldarabla extant, being only alowly excreted by the kidney*. Injury nay be don* to the optic nerve leading to bllndseaa, to the central nervous system, nay Involve tbs kidney*, liver, lungs and. other tlasuss. In addition, nstbyl aleohol la thoroughly capable of bring ing about dlaturblng akin lesions. Moreover, methyl aleohol passes through the skin with fair freedon so that systenle disease say be produced Barely by akin contact with this agent. To the full extent possible, nsthyl alco hol should be kept out of paint, paint removers and all other coating*, both for the aake of the workman manufacturing tba products and the ultimate appller of the coating material. 84. Butyl Aloohol (Butanol) Thla aleohol 1* flora toxic than Its ethyl counterpart, lass toxl* than methyl. In concentrations above 100 parts of ite vapor* per Billion of air, aome ill effects say be brought about If axpoeura la prolonged. In general Ita effect! are about midway between ethyl and nathyl aleohol. but apparently It lacka the capacity to produee bllndneea. 38. Croeola Theae coal tar derlwatlvas art alallar to phenol In their action. They are readily absorbed by the skin and on the akin produee the same sort of devastating action leading to gangrene. Tba boiling point of eresols la ao high that they do not appreciably evaporate at root tesperature. Thus direct contact la alaost requisite to damage. Taken Internally, creeola quickly produce death, but thla has little or nothing to do with Industrial toxloology. In a number of subatanoee, aueh aa water gas tar, possibly aspbalt and a variety of related substances, at least one of tne oonatltuenta la creeola. The presence of eresols appreciably adds to the toxic properties of these complex mixtures. 36. Creosote Oil fortunately, little necessity exists for any direct contact between the parson of the worker and a great variety of his ehaarteals. In tba ease of dusts In the atmosphere, the workman, in the abaaaea of a worn respirator, la unable to escape some oontaet. This la squally true of gaoea la the Inhaled air, but In the case of liquids, particularly tbosa which do hot readily evaporate, a fair degree of safety la provided through little necessity of contact. Ibis applies, for example, to creosote oils, which are substances of varying composition, but whloh at least contain some eresols, tarry acids and other phenolic bodice. 37. Sulphur Dioxide * Thla gas la not a raw material, but la the reaultoof the flenipnlatlon of other raw metariala and may be-present in the Chwleal Produets Plant, the Dry Color Plant, Utbopons flanufaeture and 1* a few other places to a minor extent. This la one of the float irritating of casts, alnoe tec parts par million is about tba upper limit of safety, 100 parts par Billion being exceedingly dangerous. Thla sulphur gaa acts on the tissues of tbs respiratory tract, leading to intense inflammation end alaeration. Boat of which la acuta, but eventually a chronla state may be brought out. Most ! 0007-SWP-000030460 1 worker# exposed to sulphur dioxide appear to aequlr# a tolerant# ao that they no longer cough lsoaaaantly lika tba Tialtora or am workman* Th# ex planation la to b* found In tba faet that tba Inflamed ragplratery Maine# aeak to protaat thamaalvaa bp aaarating a *uooua protective coating, whleh la unreeponaive to tba act lorn of thla &. Howavar, below thla artificial barrier, tlsauaa routs which ere juit a# aanaltlT* ar arar* Tala Itb la bara lntrodueai, along wltb a fa* otbara, for tba purpoaaa of ludlsattog that no* alaapa ara expoauras to ba found In tba raw notarial* batag fabrlsated. Unexpected vaato prodneta ara sonatina* oora dangerous than th* subataaaaa being manipulated. 38. Hydrogen Sulflds Of all gates proaant about thla plant and not excepting cyanide gasts or vapors, tba no at dangerous la aulpburattad hydrogen. Tbla gaa In any quantity that up ba measured la tozle, although tba nara dataetloa of thla gaa aa as odor la no proof of lta toxicity. Vhan quantities ara aufflalantly high aa to ba toxic, ordinarily tha aanaa of small la ao daadasad aa to aaaap# tha odor* for othar than abort periods. It tha time of anting thla tim, teata vara being aada throughout tha plant, looking for lta presence. On* place knowing oonaldarabla concentration appaara to ba in tha barium kiln room and In connection with tba black aah. Worker# in tnaaa areaa eoqplala of this gaa and by actual tests objaetlonabl# quantitiaa ha*a bean aatabllabad aa present. In another section of this report, rweormandatlona will ha ends looking forward to tha dlaperelon of thla gaa ao that dangaroua oosoantratlona ara nowhar# praaant. 39. formaldehyde \ Is Tarloua report* placed at otr dlaposal, reference la made to tha extanalT* usa of formaldehyde In seat lsatanoaa and to fertaalln in others* Sines formalin la a 40 watery solution of tha gtasoua formalde hyde, d also* foraaldehyd# rather readily leavea this watary solution, no attempt la bar* aada to distinguish between tba action of ftit--ldahyde and formalin, except to point out that formalin la a definite akin Irritant* formaldehyde la a highly dangaroua gaa, exercising Injurious action In low concentrations, auch aa 90 parts par nllllon* It la distinctly lrresplrabls, leading to profound danaga to the respiratory tract, later to th* liter and kidnaps* The action of formaldehyde la akin to that of wood aleohol--ln feat It la Into formaldehyde that wood alcohol de compose* Man within the body* It lc tba intent of tbla dissuasion to Include fornaldahyda as a raw natarlal used In this plant in appreciable quantities, as an agent worthy of respect* 40. Nitrogen Pride* Th* oxldas of nitrogen are of course not raw natarlal* used In thla plant, but nay aria* aa extraneous gases frea the onnlpulatlon of other raw aatwrlals or In th* praaansa of unexpected happening*, each aw fires* Ibarw era perhaps aa iiany a a seven oxides of nitrogen, all of whlah ara toxic, except nitrous oxide, which la ibe wall known laughing gaa anesthetic. Whan the** gases enter tba lungs, thv may causa ao Immediate disturbsno*, but after a few hours lead to wary profound availing of * lung tlsauaa, along wtthstlssuas of bro&ehlel passages until th* entire respiratory tract 1* water logged; normal breathing-function la lost; death takes place. In' ttiia plant, several of tto^oparatIona connected .with dry color production, chan leal product manufacture, do lead to thaa* apora, wnieh on oeeaslon are Tlalbla* As noted In oonnactlon with nltrocallulose, th* burning at thla agent laadn to th* giving off ofoxldas of nltrogan. furthermore, whenever nitric aeld oernas in contact with organic material, thaa* vapors era likely to b* evolved. ' M07-s'i>-oa3W6, 1 41. Mineral Aelda In tula category, for tha purpose* of this discussion, >111 fall sulphuric, hydrochloric, nitric and hydrofluoric aelda. Of thaaa, all, in themselves, ardtha eaaass of ae aidant a rather than occupational dlaaaaaa. Of tha entire Lot, hydrofluoric acid la r-'-t* 4angaroua; far practical purposaa, the nitric acid, Bora so, ainea hydrofluoric acid la wry little uaad. Tha properties of mineral aelda arc aueh that they do not readily evaporate so that tha presence of acid vapors are not of frequent occurrence. However, in the moat fortuitous elrcumatancaa, thaaa vapors do arias. For example, if mtlphurls a aid la watery dilution la highly heated, tha sold leaves the solution along vlth water vapors, Tha water evaporates, leaving tha acid vapor la the air, 111 mineral acid vapor alia more than traces are irritants, leading, under the mildest of injurious elrcumatancaa, to Irritation of the eyes and nasal passages, under more severe elramataneea to erosion of.... tha teeth, severe bronchitis, pulasnary edema, and occasionally to gastric ulcers cr at least gastro-intestinal dyafunetlon. *2. Organic Acids It is quite impractical here to lfcst the numerous organic acids used in this plant. Acetic acid say be taken as an exmaple. Concentrated solutions in direct contact with the flcln promptly eause chemical hums vlth rapid destruction of tissues. Inhaled as a vapor, proapt action IS brought about on the respiratory tract, characterised chiefly by bronchitis and pulmonary edema. 43. Turpentines All turpentines are toxic, be they gum spirit, Kraft distillate, ateam distilled or destructively distilled. Of all varieties, it seems established that the steam distilled is generally tha most irritating. This statenant certainly was true a few years ago, but lately such Improve ments have been asde in tha mmufaeturlng processes of steam distilled turpentine that tha statement say not apply. All turpentines are akin irritants; all turpentines are potential sources of acute nephritis. A peculiar feature la connection with turpentine action la the pleasant'odor of violets imparted to urine whenever turpentine la being secreted. 44. Anllln One of the outstanding dangeroua materials in this plant, parti cularly In the Chaaleal Products Plant, la anllln or as sonatinas called, anllln oil. The damaging properties of this substance any persist through many chemical manipulations until ultimata dyes era produced, whereupon tha finished dyes are more likely than not to be free from toxic potentialities. With some exception, anllln dyes are innocuous, but anllln and many of Its elose derivatives and compounds are disturbingly so. Physically this agent la a thick, brownish fluid, arising shea altrobensol is treated with hydro chloric acid in the presence of a metallic catalyst. The oil may enter the body through the skin or may give rise to poison through the Inhalation of Its vapors, may be labeled In some of Its compounds In the fbim of dust and under sons cirevsistanees flay be swallowed. In very mild acute cases, workers say complain of or praaant tome of tha following manlfaatationat Pallor, with or without eyanoala, weakness, dizziness,* unsteady gait, eonfused speech, mental Irritability, rapid pulse and varying types of mental disturbance#.- In some, the disease leads to a condition resembling alcoholic intoxication with loud, confused spoaeh. Others demonstrate loquacity with imperfect orientation, ate. In more serious eaaea of acuta nature, cyanosis may be profound, pula* rapid, bounding, high rate of reeplration, with oxygen starvation, vomiting and generally lowered mental end nervous res ponses. During this stage, blood may appear In the urine. In the most serious oases, auch manifestations pass over to unconsciousness, vlth or without convulsion!, and death within a few hours. s. q 0007-SWP-000030462 may be 'seme .(hat. different. The following have been observed* -.ntnia, slow pulse, gastro-intestlaal disturbances. Including loss of appetite, visiting, diarrhea, skin eruption, headache. Inability to sleep, muscular pains, altered disposition, general lore-log :f mental capacitles-- 45. Phenol (Ccrbollc Acid, hy-'roiybeneene) This agent is a corrosive poison, leading to gangrene after local contact and also produces degenerative changes in the blood with narked destruction to liver and kidney tissues. It further produces the general constitutional symptoms shared with the nitro derivatives of the bsnreoe group. id. Ultrobenrol or ifltrobencene Mitrcbemol or nitrobemene Is obtained by the action of nitric r.v* sulphuric acids upon benrol. Thin such used chemicsl readily enters the bo-*y through the "skin as well as through the respiratory tract. The poisoning proJueed has as its chl"f objective sign profound cyanosis. Tther manifestations are nausea, vomiting, dlcclnsss, headache, weakness, turning sensation of the skin, nil of which occur in the mildest of eases. In ssr.e csrlous eases, in addition to the foregoing, there mey be a narked restlessness, fornication, ringing in the ears, loss of coordination, orr.fuscd speech, drunken type of gait, convulsions, etc. In the more chronic casss, there r.ay appear Jaundice, blioJaess or partial loss of vision, lined changes, etc. fhen death arises, a long period of unconsciousness any be preceded by active convulsive periods. ;7. oils In aapy paint plants, the blowing of Menhaden oil or other cr.lnal oils, gives rise to offensive odors, rather than to any intoxicating products. Fven in `he absence of blowing operations, some oils say be offensive, "hen animal oils are heated to high temperatures, acrolein ay be produced, which aldehyde is exquisitely irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. *9. Chlorine Chlorine gas Is rported as only in limited use in manufacturing processes at this tine. Mo argument Is required to maintain that the l.-.h'laticn of this gas even in low concentrations is undesirable. Har experience taught the nedieel profession a great deal about the nature of chlorine iijujy. It is fairly well agreed thet chlorine chiefly attacks the respiratory tract, leading to inflammation in proportion tc the *wtnt of eoncentrstion of the gas. In very dilute*quantities, this gas msy lead to minor irritation of the eyes, nasal passages and _ spiritory tissues. Increased emounte may produce pulmonary edema with hemorrhage ar/ ulceration. Under ordinary circumstances, recovery is prempt and after recovery no chrcnie effects persist. However, repeated low-grade exposures aey lead to chrcnie bronchitis associated with emphy sema. Pome wp-kers so afflicted become so fatigued on minor exertion that no longer are they able to carry out sustained physical work.19 19. fvsflldea . t j **i `% ' In the manufacture of Prussian blues, and certain other products, c*'t-io constituents represent cyanides. Ordinarily, no difficulty is en- rruatn-ed in terms of health exposures, but under fortuitous circumstances cyer.ide esses may be produced. For example, spontaneous fires sometimes arise in connection with blue pigment manufacture, leading to the evolution of wch cyanide gae. Thla gas, like hydrogen sulfide, is toxie la most any concentration that may be detected. The following table indicates the order of toxlcltys Part* of Hydrogen Cyanide per Million Parte of air Slight symptoms after aaTaral hour* sxpoaura.... 20 to 40 Maximum amount that can be labaled for 1 hour without aerloua dlaturbaaea............... .................... 50 to 60 Dangeroua la SO alautaa to 1 hour....................... . 120 to 150 Rapidly fatal........................................... . 3.000 Cyaalda gaa laada to aaphyxlatloa of a type Juat oppoalte to that prodaead by earboa monoxide. In the latter, tha ooablnatloa between hemoglobin aad earboa monoxide deprives the blood of Ita mechanism for the transportation of oxygen to all portloaa of the body. In tha eaaa of eyaalde, the oxygen carrying vadium may be Intaet, but the receiving aad of the ayatw may be dlarupted aad thaae cellular tissues are unable to make uae of the oxygen delivered by the blood. The enaulng reeulta are kaowa aa Internal aaphyxlatloa, whleh action la eharaeterlatle of a number of ebealeala, Including cyanidee. 50. Skin Irrltanta In liquid, eolld and gaaeoua matarlala there may be found aeoree of agenta that readily produce akin dlaeaaee of dlvera aorta. It la poaalble that in thla plant a list of no leaa than 500 aubataaeea might be tade up which In the publlahed literature on lnduatrlal toxicology have been recorded aa true aoureea of akin dlaeaaea. Actually, in this plant, very few lnatancea of skin dlaeaaea are known he have arlaen over a period repreaented by the peat several yaara. In aplto of thla fact, It la neceaaary to rate akla expoaurea aa tha outataadlng hazard on a numerical baala In all portlona of thla plant. Thla situation has led to a epeelei aeetioa of thla report devoted to akin dlaeaaea. Ho leaa, thla minor cement la Introduced Into thla preaent aerlea of fifty noteworthy items aa an Introduction to more extensive discussions found elaewbere. 51. Barium Sulfide for good meaaure, barium eulflde la here Included because la any list of fifty practical ltema In thla plant thla chemical stands out aa exceedingly troublesome. Although berime la llthopeae starts and fin ishes tii sulfate, the lntermsdlate stage represents the sulfide probably together with acme barium oxide. This ehanga la produced In the blaek ash kiln, as la well known. The barytes as received may contain weh lead as an lnpurlty. However, this lead Is lost In the refining processes, being either evaporated due to kiln action or removed during the leaehlng pro cesses. The temporarily produced barium sulfide together with the possible barium oxide admixture la highly irritating to the akin, eyes, and mueons membranes. It readily leads to' dip HatIon. Theoretically, barlumpoaaeaaea soma radio aetlve properties which might lead to lung cancers. Also* the Irritant action of the sulfide e:-ncclyably might stand la relation tot the causation of serious lung diseases, chiefly of the lnflahnctory type.5 Slse- where In thla report further discussion la presented ebout barium sulfide end definite lecowendatlons have been made for bettering work conditions. In connection with the manufacture of barlom sulfide, there exist in addition to Its own exposure,exposure to hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, exeeselve heat, and, aa mentioned above, lead. o o is t ah ms b aposnass a t h is not sx BBxaaam Tin Can Lead fun*, lead oxide fro* tern* plate, aolee, cine ehlorida, hydrochloric acid flax report, minor skis irritant*. Pigment Products White lead dnat, red lead dnat, litharfe dnat, sine sulfate dust, metallic lead fume, carbon dioxide, hydrogen eulflde, cadmium vapor*, leaded fine dnat, acetic acid report and direct contact, soda ash dust and solution, hast, aulfuric acid, phth&lic anhydride, mineral spirits (naphtha), numerous akin irritants, barium sulfide. Coal Tar Asbestos, caustics, asphalt, bemol, various tars and pitches, naphtha, light oil, crasole, including tar acids. totalsal yar.9dBdti. Anllin, anhydro-formldehyde anllln ATI, methyl anllln, formaldehyde, chlorine (in fuchain ard product of chlartoluidlne aulphonie acid In Tobias Plant), diamines (chiefly paraphenylenedlaaine in Tobias Plant), nitranllines, beta naphthol, acid in alkalies, xylidinas (In Aso nasufecture), nitric acids (in Azo Plant), araanioratted hydrogen, meetsnllid, toluol and its derivatives, xylol, behtol and ita darlvatlvaa, such as nitrobeozol-->, sulphur dioxide, asaonia, inganes*, strontius, barium, beta oxy naphthoic acid, lead compounds, various chromate compounds, soda ash, sulfites, quebracho, triaodium phosphate, all chlorinated compounds, all nitro compounds, all phenolic compounds, noise, intangible exposures associated with crowding, poor arrangement, poor ventilation, makeshift structures, inadequate exhaust systems. Moat important of all are 'mixed exposures', potentially leading to mixed intoxications without clear-cut diagnostic features and generally troublesome. Cnr-SaHa: Lead (many varieties including sulfate, carbonate, chromate, acetate, nitrate, lead oxides, etc.), chromium compounds (including chromates, oxides), barium compound*, cadmium compounds, allies, asbestos, methanol, butanol, toluol, xylol, naphtha (several varieties), molybdates, tungstates, nltranilines, beta naphthol, tolnldines, acstanllid and its alkalies, xylidlacs, organic acids (rash aa oxalic), soda ash, all cyanide compounds, sodium phosphates, dry iea, all manganese compounds that give rise to dust, all cadmium compounds that give rise to dust, solvent naphtha, non-specific exposures related to over-crowding, poor arrangement, ancient structures, unnecessary hand work, poor illumination, etc. Mixed exposures, potentially leading to 'mixed* intoxication, no two of which are apt to be identical. % t' Above lists for Chemical Products and. Dry Color are but representa tive and are far from exhaustive. A mnch longer list might bo made up -presenting possible sources of skin injury. \ Ptiat apd Tamjgfa Silica, lead compounds, asbestos, talc, chromium compounds, manganese compounds, caustic*, arsenic compounds, oxalic acid, asphalt, pitches, tars, gllsooite, antimony compounds, cadadiaa compounds, fluorine compounds, synthetic resins, phthalic anhydride. Nl 6651.02 0007-SWP-000030465 I Iii formaldehyde, dry lea, all compounds containing fra* anil In, all ' nitro compounds, toluidlaes, turpentine, benzol, toluol, xylol, methyl acetone, ammonia, butanol, naphtha and all petroleum derived solvents, all phenolic oils and compounds, Including ereosota oil. Another list might be made 19 of vhat might be termed second class exposures and stlil further a very long list might be compiled indicating substances capable of inducing occupational dermatitis. At least half the substances used in this deoartment have on occasion produced derma titis. tss.usr Silica, asbestos, including asbestine and talc, all lead compounds, all ehromiiai compounds, all asphaltic bodies, pitch, tars, all antlaogy compounds, benzol, wood alcohol, synthetic resins, fish oil, all toluldines, manganese compounds, cadmium compounds, all ketones, acetones, all chlorinated compounds, uaod alcohol, tripoll, turpentine, naphtha, including all petroleum solvents, benzol, toluol, jylol, solvent naphtha, all mineral adds, all organic acids, formaldehyde, butanol,* tricresyl phosphate, ell synthetic resins, cellosolves. 007-S\ Vp. Specimen Formulae for f!nt.<ny Compounds. Thlnners. B>se. Etc.. together with * Discussion of the Tox- leitr Respiting froa Coupler Mlrturea Poremostly, the preceding discussion deal* with Individual chemical substances end fairly simple mixtures. Thus, comment haa been Bade upon aueh basic substances as benzol, toluol, ethanol, butanol, silica, naphtha, manganese, chromium, lead, cadmium, etc. In paint work, it is inevitable that such activity will center about the use of mixtures of various types of solvents, thinner*, bases, etc. On this account, there is now preeented a series of formulae showing the composition of a variety of compounds utilised in the making of still more complex produets. After the listing of these formulae, brief discussion is provided concerning the toxicity of these compounds. Representative Formulae 1. Lacquer Base #225 Beep Para Red 2!# 10109 Para Toner, Beep 12# (115) Raw Castor Oil 23# (1620) Bibutyl Phthalate 24# (1651) Ester Cum Solution 15# (1519) Bawar Gum Solution Of these five ingredients, three still represent compounded articles, namely (10109), (1651) and (1519). Thus (10109) Para Toner, Beep, is I made up of an organic color and calcium carbonate. The Ester Gum Solution consists of 650# of ester gum and SSCQC of (584) xylol and further Baaar Goa Solution consists of 474# of 1259, Bamar Gum, plus 185# of (584) xylol plus S41# of (550), which is 95% ethyl alcohol. Thus la comes about that under the somewhat innocuous term "Deep Para Red" there lurks the possibility that in the successive stages of manufacture there conceivably might be brought about distinct exposure to two substances definitely known to be toxic, namely toluol and xylol, together with e number of minor exposures. 2. Thinned 04516 (1628) 110 gals. (140) Benzol 50 gals. (2611) Isopropyl Acetate 10 gals. (1167) Butyl Alcohol 50 gals. (llTO) Butyl Acetate Under this tens "thinner", use is made of four solvent materials, all of which are known toxic agents and two of which are distinctly dangerous. However, it is noted that the very formula carried reference to "caution* . as required in connection with the use of benzol. Since this formula may not be taken as reprisentstive, the' formula for a second and more widely used thinner is here shown in .the following itemi ~5 5. B" Grade Thinner Acme 207.5 lbs. (1170) Butyl Acetate Use, (1616) 49 lbs. (2611) Isopropyl Acetate 81.5 * ' (1686) Special Kaphtha Driolene 109 (584) jylol 241 * (241) Toluol 27 (1167) Butyl Alchhol 0007-SWP-000030467 I 1 i Again it appears that in the more or less standard, thinner*, liquid substances capable of fairly ready evaporation widely are used. This comment stands distinctly in relation to the complaints being made by these investigators about the undesirable work conditions in the Lacquer Eepartment. 4. (1696) l/2 Sec. Base Lacquer (Cotton Solution) 415 lbs. 1226 106 11 (2611) 166 9 (1170) 28 9 (U67) 15 9 (550) 22S 9 (241) 45 9 (584) l/2 sec. Hitrocellulose Isopropyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Butyl Alcohol Grain Alcohol Toluol jylol. Again the comment made be made that 6uch a cotton solution potentially involves exposure to dangerous solvent material. 5. (2619) T-245 Cum Solution V-8S52 174 lbs. T-245 Sesyl Cum 95.5 (1170). Butyl Acetate 95.5 * (2611) Isopropyl Acetate 80 (241) Toluol 6. Lacquer Tint 607, Canary Tellow 142 lbs. L.E. 207 14 (1651) Ester Gum Solution 59 " (1519) Damar Cum Solution 615 * (1807) Cotton Solution 52 (1616) Solvent Base B Of the foregoing five ingredients, themselves representing com plex compounds, all require still further analysis in order to reach the individual constituents. In this case, further analysis is not here listed to save space, but the point remains obvious, that in all instances wide spread use is being made of substances, the toxicity of which is well es tablished. 7. synthetic Base 507, Beep Green .5 lb. 547 Aluminum Stearate 16? * 11024 Milori Green 19j 11025 Chrome Green (light) 6 1195 Bone Black 9.5 1558 Zinc Sulphide 47.5 * (2142) Synthetic Oil Mixed Varnish (2142) is (1257) high flash naphtha and (5085) para thinner. In turn, certain of these ingredients m^y further be broken down. Here again, under terminology that discloses no hint as to possible dangerous material, we are dealing with lead compounds, chromium- - compounds, high flash naphtha and other substances of potentially harmful properties. * The objective in mind in presenting this discussion of the make-up of compounds is to point out that with practically every rami fication of paint, varnish, lacquer and other coating manufacture, theoreti cal opportunities for exposure almost regularly exist. It is not argued that ctual and practical exposures prevail, but Instead it la maintained that these toxic compounds, being so widely spread, might, on occasion give rise to cases of occupational diseases at almost ary point in the plant._______________________________ 0007-SWP-000030468 The Toxicity of Mixtures of Harmful Substancei In the world of industrial toxicology, much is known about the dangerous properties of a great variety of individual substance*, including liquids, solids, dusts, vapors, gases, mists, etc. W^ys and means have been devised for measuring the concentration of these various agents under divers circumstances. Hhen, however, these substances are found as mixtures in the atmosphere and particularly as mixed gases or mixed vapors, ant enormous lack of information exists. It is well nigh impossible, with azy of the equipment and pro cedures now available, readily to measure on a percentage basis the presence of such vapors as those from benzol, toluol, ethyl alcohol, butyl alcohol. Isopropyl acetate, glycol, when these substances, or any similar grouping, co-exist. Fith reasonable certainty, the extent that various constituents of a vaporous mixture msy be estimated from a knowledge of the respective chemical and physical properties. However, in complex mixtures, this accuracy msy still provide for a thirty or fifty per cent error. Equal difficulty is encountered in delineating the effects of indi. ridual members of a group of mixed vapors or gases. To some extent, the action of one particular constituent may mask the manifestations of harmful action of some other constituent. In industrial hygiene work, this situation gives rise to a well recognized but little known field of mixed - intoxication. Such a situation exists in the Lacquer Department of this Plant. Here it Is known that a very high concentration of mixed vapors Is widely present, but it is not known that this vapor concentration la parsmountly made up of azy one vaporous material present, such as toluol, sylol, butanol, ethanol, naphtha, acetates, or others. Gy common consent, under such circumstances, much significance Is atteched to the most toxic body present in a mixture % and to assume that at least a portion of the vapors present arise from this outstanding agent. In the caae of the lacquer Department, such significance is to be attached to toluol and butanol. Because of the inability precisely`to measure quantitatively the presence of harmful vapors in mixtures of vepors, it becomes necessary to stress the importance of providing preventive appliances and practices such as will largely eliminate the entire lot of disturbing vapors or gases^ ort dusts. I-Ril EXAMISATIQNS Because silica, asbestos, asbestine, talc and tripoli, various sllieates^and other silicious materials are used in this plant under conditions conducive to dustiness and in fact under conditions or known dustiness, it was deemed desirable to make x-ray examinations of the chest of a snail number of men longest exposed. Accordingly, 19 men were sent to the Roseland Community Hospital and were examined by Dr. B. A. Petersen. The names of these aen now follow, together with minor history items reflecting the nature and extent of exposures* Bar.^-e Ho. Name Operation 12 44 119 219 1729 1345 1717 66 t''S0 642 1735 1739 2469 2490 2453 2498 2504 2520 REDACTED Mill Dressing, Paint and Varnish Lithopone bagging II Unloading zinc sulfate Asbestos filling; coal tar plant Barium Department It Tripoli filling, Lacquer n Silica filling, Lacquer t Pormer Mill Dresser . The x-rsy films were interpreted by Dr. Petersen, Dr. Hess and Dr. McCord. One typical report is here appended, indicative of the nature of the examination and findings. Similar reports are in Dr. Hess's possession on all of these examinees. The corresponding films are retained by the Roseland Hospital, but are available should the need arise. These films were made through the use of new, *veiy modern x-ray equipment, at six feet distance,OJ. second time, with an amperage up to 300 as required, and were made in stereo. Dr.. McCord's Comment on the Dustv Lira? Disease Situation? 1) From all these examinees for silicosis, not one suggestive finding has been made. It is possible to state that there is no proof 0007-SWP-000030470 that the silleioua materials used In this plant are bringing about ary known injury to any workman In terms of silicosis. If a case of silicosis should be detected among the workers of this plant, it nay be anticipated that this disease state was produced by exposures in other industries or possibly under other conditions that may have obtained In this plant In bygone years. 2) Among the examinations obtained from those workers ex posed to asbestosia (magnesium silicate), two men were found who bare ly suggest a possibility of asbestosia. It is possible that no warrant exists for taking ary notice of these theoretical conditions. Certainly these two workmen should not be told that they suffer from asbestosia, as undoubtedly they would be alarmed, when no alarm is In order. On this account, the names of these workmen are not even recorded, as it Is expectable that they nay live full lives without ajy disability and with out a:y knowledge of their possible trivial Impairment. No less, this observation prompts certain recommendations made with reference to addi tional protection against dustiness wherever asbestos is used in large quantities In this plant. S) The reason for the absence of silicosis among workers handling silica Is probably to be found In the Intennittency and Irregu larity of exposures. If dust counts were made and certain dust eounts were made, at the lmmedhte time of emptying bags of silica into mixers, grinding equipment, etc, high dust eounts would be and were found. However, it must be remembered that this work may be carried out only two or three times per week and only for an hour or two at a time. This is the saving factor in connection with the absence of sili cosis in the paint industry as observed by us in several plants. The work Is too irregular and the exposure is too limited to serve as sufficient cause to bring about sllicosie. 4) In spite of the genuine absence of ary disabling dusty lung disease, the management must recognise the possibility of certain legal compensation hazards. Almost ary one of the examinees above dis- j 007, SWp. 003047 1 I } I cussed, should he so desire, could present a claim'alleging a dusty lung disease and could in truth show on his x-ray film considerable -uantitles of sear or fibrous tissue. Such eases as these, if tried before juries, are almost invariably awarded money. Here In Illinois, where such claims would be presented before compensation boards operat ing under the Occupational Disease laws, it is unlikely that considera tion would be given to these meritless claims. Ho less, considerable expense might be Involved in defeating these spurious conditions. This leads up to the point that even though no silicosis is present and none is in prospect, it is desirable that an effort be made to eliminate all possible silieloiis dusts throughout this plenty when equally useful substitutes k.y be applied aaditoipahipulata.indispensable sllicious material with due precaution as to exhausts and the wearing of respirators. ! i r.~ i. Roseland Community KuSyltalT:? : ROENTGEN DEPARTMENT - . i '.V Boca. 0t , ` OtU Itf-lS-ST-";. i* .-V- ' REDACTED Sierwia Williams Co Ntme: CIc. #2498 Ago 22 years Eiuaincd for: focoupatlaa M' Silica filllag, Dacsuer Department' (Lunge - stereo--radiographic and flnoroscoplc Roentgen Undines: I* there X-Ray evidence oft > JtoCort Dar fc- a* Active tuberculosisf No Earlv, healed or quieeoent tuberoulosist Ho Pneunoooalosis in anv forat HO Extensive linear fibrosis t-- Ho Nodular fibrosist Ho More than normal amount of fibrosist Ho Marked aooentuatlom of tha brochit Ho Anv departure from normal respiration? Ho Anv lung disease, including non-tuberoulsr pathology? Ho Pleural adheeices,, eapveaa, eaphveeem, or EBeuaothseaxt Ho Give in detail tha oonditlqe of luags M shcere by X-ray*- This is s rather long cheat, reasonably symaetricsl. The heart and aortic arch are eltbin normal Unite. There is a alight upward angulation of the outer portion of the left aide of the diaphragm which resemblea that due to' a pleural adhesion. Otherwise the diaphragm is regular and both costophrenie sinuses are deer. The excursions of. the diaphragm are equal and-good." The root-shadows and lung markings are withih normal limits'.' In tha. tiluas there ere a far'calcified areas. Neither lung fisld containsany definite evidence of paevaoebniosis or active tuberculosis..*-. v- .. . N16651.04 ---- r 0001-SW?-000030473 I DOT COOTS In a plant of this character no Bead arises for tha iking of larga numbers of dost cowt*. Several reason* far this etateaent exist. The ore dangerons doita batter 17 be appraised through chemical analyieel In sons instance* duet clouds are ao dense that it is unnecessary to aka dust counts in order to prove tha presence of excessive dust concentrations) a number of dusts, particularly in the Chemical Products division, are water soluble and thus do not lend theaselvas to ordinary dnet count procedures. On the other hand, a Hatted tmaber of dust counts will be helpful in order to provide evidence of exceedingly high concentrations. Accordingly, saaples havs bean taken at a few work points where lithopone, silica, black ash and aabestos are used. The results obtained appear in tabular tarn at the end of this section. Also there is there preaented one V specimen duet count sheet indicative of the steps utilised. In general the aethod of dust collecting and sewpltng is that described in aany publications of the Onite^ States Public Health reporta. The collecting apparatus as shown in an aecoapaqrlng photograph, chiefly consists of a actor driven rotor type pf puap connected with various anoaeters which permit of calibration la nrder to record precisely measured quantities of air containing dusts, and lastly an laplager submerged in Water or other collecting aediua. Za practice, measured quantities of air containing dusts froa 10 to SO feet are draan through the apparatus at the approximate rate of 1 cubic foot per minute. At the end of the sample coilacting period, the fluid containing the dust is carefully diluted in standard proportions and eventually a eaall portion is placad in m microscopic cell under the microscope and the actual number-of dust partlclwirij^ar'aX&ute fraction-o3? tha sample ..jg counted. Counting may be carried out either by the light field or dark field aethod, each having certain advmntagea and disadvantages. Zn our own wort we invariably use the dark field aethod as this yUlds from 5 to 0 times the number of particles visible through the light field aethod. ^6651.05 0007-SWP-000030474 Equipment Used for Collecting of Dust Eaaples To Be Tailored by Dust Particle Enumeration Proa th# duet const* aide a. number of conclusions aay ba dram and sow appear* 1. the irregularity and inter*itteney of Bach. dust wrk about this plant deprives dost t a*'.-values of much practical significance is *oaa instances. for exaaple, a dust const nada ehlle a workman la dumping a doaan or Bora begs of tripoli into a hoppar Bay reveal an enoraou* but temporary dustiness. This u m operation may not be repeated.for a weak. 1though soaa fine dusta My reads suspended Is the ataosphere for assy hours, it My sot be that the dust const rereala or proves a practical dust exposure. 2. In truth, there are no standards for Barking, through dust const values, threshold dangers for any gives dust. Further, there is so fixed relationship betveen values obtained respectively through the dark and light field Mthods. S. Regardless of the nature of a dust, it is undesirable that wortasan be exposed to any extraordinarily high dust concentrations. In certain places in the plant, dusta of soaevhat haralessnature are present in excessively high concentrations. Ivan though those dusts b* rated as incapable of bringing about either poisonings or pulaonsx7 fibrosis, no arrant exists for the perpetuation of these high concentrations. Taa such locations are now Motioned by way of. examples, but these tvo examples are the chief offenders. NtMly, they are llthopons bagging and aso dye finishing and packing. 4. In connection with certain dusts, chiefly in the Chemical Products division, which do not lead themselves to ordinary dust counts, sa apparatus was preparod which pumped measured quantities of air through filter papers, the objective was to procure the deposition of colored dusts on tbess filter papers end thus serve as a aoasurs of the quantity of dust taken up by workers who do not wear respirators. ~Thls brief study was casual and the resulta are far froa complete or conclusive. At the end of this section the procedure end results, such as were obtained, are presented. 0007-SWP-000030476 Stone Dressing. This Operation Involves The Creation of Silica rust. The Makeshift Protective vq:ji_.):nent Here Shorn is Inade quate. Potential Sanger Associated with this Operation Depends Dpor. the Quantity of Sill:a Duct Produced and the Frequency rith Which This Operation is Carried Out. Deed Dust At Tines May be Created. .00003047^ ooorsw? 4 i BUST COCTT HS3ULT3 Bat* of Sanplingi 11-1-37 Sample # Ullllona of du*t partlelaa 1*m than 10 nicrona la alx* par cubl* foot of air 81 40.7 82 20.1 as 2,250 (or billion) 84 1B1 80 27 87 2,770 (or 2.7? billion) Stapling point Paint D*pt. "B*--wiring floor) filling aixara #12 A and #12 8 with #20 dry. Sailing pariod IS minute*. Coal tar plant; ducplng aabeatoa flbr* #1551 for production of far 200. Settling pariod 0 Blnutaa. Llthopona Dapt. --bagging #2979 dry; aaaple taken 0 feat from bag-fllllng chut*. Sampling pariod 4 alnutaa. Black Aah Plant; filling boat from hoppar at and of kiln* Ouat collected In alcohol (approx. 90 ethyl, 10JC methyl) Llthopon* Dapt. 2nd floor general atmoaphara 10 Blnutaa after filling hoppar for Raymond Bill; campling period 8 alnutaa; two mlnutaa later hoppar filling w*a raauaad llthopona Dapt. 2nd floor. One foot from hoppar abora Raymond mill while filling with #2979 dry* All duat particle* aa counted war* below 10 micron* In alz*. and uaually below S micron*. 0007-SWP-000030418 I 1 1 DUST COUNT SHEET Place Mixer 12 A k B.......................................... Date...... _________ Department or Site .... "B Department - Paint ......................................... Exact Operation or Condition.. ........................................ Current and Voltage . H........................................................ ....................- DUST SAMPLING Aneroid Reading.. 75B................................... Mercury Barometer _ Before Test........ Temperature ............... I?.0....?.?.... During Test.......... *.*.0... Orifice Pressure. Inches... .?..t.7. Duration of Run: Minutes... 15............. Time Start....... 1Qi59...........Time Finish...... UtlA...... Med ium........ HgO..................................................................... .......... ........... .--....... ......... ...... Number in series of tests made at this operation _l_ 2 3 4 Type of Dust .... .a8'...Sllipete...................................................................................................... Remarks on Dust Sampling Quit* dusty; paper bags.duae4;....opexat.or....*.*erin.g..ma3lt............. Initials of Sampler-.*--ft-........................... ..... DUST COUNTING lapsed Hours after Collection...10........................ ........ Dilution.....^?.*......... ....... Average No. of Particles in ana.. ms Average Number of Particles in Blank... Number of Particles to be Extended....... ......... ............ Number of Chambers Counted...... i,,, Estimate of Sire of Particles-...... .. ...............:............................... ........ .......................... Method of Counting: DF....... 5.?.*.*!*.A...$?P... ...................... LF........................................... Value of..........................P.. ...E. .....----- Theta...... 758 _ 875 ; i* Number of Cu. Ft. of Air in Sample..--__ ______ _*___ ais a x t i looo . Dust Particles per Cu. Ft. of Air of Sample... 14.? xTTTTT - 40,700,000 C 10 an. Average of any Several Counts at Same Time... Remarks on Dust Counting................................. Initials of Enumerator. W.N.f. f slated Information. Calibration of Whipple = 1010 an. 1.01 x 1.01 il 1.0S euble Mr rmaf pltt A convenient Method tor demonstrating the excasaivs dust created hr certain operationa ia the simple procedure of filtering the duet? air through atandard S inch diameter chemical filter paper aupported at the end of a 5 inch diameter glaaa funnel. The auction required to draw the air through the paper ia produced by the aaae apparatua aa ia used for the collection of duet sample# in water. The anouat of air filtered ia eaaaured by a dry gaa neter placed in the suction line. Several of theae filter platea have been Made, and the reaulta are diaeuaaed below. Plate 1 General atmosphere sample in the dry color packing foom. S.S cubic feet of air were filtered during a aaapllng period of 12 aihutea. Although during this period only chrome yellow pigment was being packed, a definitely visible deposit waa obtained on the teat filter paper. Plate 11 Dry color packing room. Sample taken near Bill # 1 while filling a barrel with # D-2268 dry, about 5 feet from barrel. S cubic feet of air were drawn through the filter paper during a period of 1? minute*j the deposit obtained on this plate ia not significantly greater than that found on Plate 1. If thla teat had been made on the platform directly over the magnetic separator, a inch denser deposit would have been found on the teat paper. \ Moat of the duat created by this nlll ia exhausted through the wall by a propeller fan, causing a general nuisance, and at times producing a high lead axposure for anyone walking along tha adjacent platform. (See leed sample # 78) Plate 111 Dxy color pecking room. This plate waa not made by the filtering technic described above, but ia included in thia serlea aa viaible evidence of high duat concentrations in the air of the packing room over a period of several hours. The duat settling on 50 aquara inches of the polished metal cover of the duat sampling apparatua during a period of 2} hours waa care fully removed, placed on a clean filter paper, and spread around as a thin deposit about S inches in diameter. The horizontal surface from which this duat was removed was about 15 feat from Kill # 1. The mill had been operating on a chrome green pigment for about one hour prior to the diacovwry of the duat deposit on the duat sampling apparatua. Plate IT Plate T Aao Dept. 2nd floor. The very heavy deposit on thia plate Occurred while filtering 2 cubic feet of air over a period of 7 minutes. This test demonstrates the excessive dustiness created by the operation of filling blendar # 5 with pigment # CP-579. The filter paper was mounted 5 feat from tho enclosure built over tho blendor opening, but judging from the heavy cloud of duat which eventually filled the entire room, substantially the beam deposit would have ,boon obtained 10 or 15 feet from the blender opening. ' Azo Dept. 2nd floor. General atmosphere 5 minutes after filling^blender # 5. The sampling period and amount of air filtered were the same aa for Plate IT. Only e very light deposit waa obtained on thia plate. Indicating that moat m . the dust had settled to the floor in a few minute* after being suspended in the air. OOO'I -pee .00001' 30*0 ATMOSPHERIC ASAIISES POR LEAD Wherever lead is known to be la use, the possibility exists that soae may eater the atoo sphere la the fora of dart or fvae or both, depending upon the nature of the operation involved. In this pleat, the predoaiaaat potential exposures to lead is dust. Under a great variety of circumstance*, lead is produced and ia the absence of protection It Is well known that sufficient lead is present to induce lead poisoning. These known lead work places are not so important in connection with this investigation as the borderline work places or the places unsuspected of harboring lead when ia fact lead is present. With this idea ia wind, carefully measured air staples hare been collected under appropriate circumstances, later briefly to be aentioned, and the content of these collected samples have been carefully analyzed for lead, using the new method of Harrold, Keek and Holden. A. printed copy of the original work on this method is enclosed herewith as a portion of this report. These reprints hare bean furnished by Dr. Harrold, who has been associated with Dr. McCord during the period that this new nethod was developed. Applied under proper circumstances, there ia no reason to believe that this method Is other than precisely accurate down to a small fraction of a milligram of lead. Prior to the analyses of these lead samples, the method used for collecting the leaded air was primarily that used for collecting air samples for making of dust counts. This method is described In nary publications, including 'Construction and Use of Impinger Dust Apparatus', United States Public Health Reports, Yol. 47, Ho. 12, March 18, 19S2. In brief, it **x be stated that this method primarily consists of a motor which operates a rotor type of pump which ptatp is associated with one or more manometers, which when properly calibrated indicate * the passage of abosn quantity of air per unit of time, such as 1 foot of air per minute. This apparatus appears in a photograph accomparylng an3thq.r section. This equipment has been transported from place to place and samples of leaded air have been collected ordinarily at the rate of one foot per minute. Whan the concentration of lead was known to be high, the number of cubic feet of air eolleeted for the sample to be | | i j j j ' i ! 0007-SWP-000030481 I j i 1 tested tu low. Conversely, when no knave lend existed, the valve | of the sample wes appreciably increased. Cling this nethod, M<rr seafd.ee have been eolleeted end utilized. These shortly ere shown in tabular ' fora. In considering the significance of these rsrolts. It is to be 1 .i "W 2V reaeabered thet 1.5 milligrams of lend per 10 eubie asters of air ie the threshold upon nhich it asy be -expected that aoae lead poisoning sight arise among exposed workmen. Thus In a sample yielding the result of 150 milligrams, it is to be recognised that 100 tiaas tha threshold of danger point exists. Tbe accumulated data are now shownt W Sample So. ttta-lflal SMPUPfc-MsS peg IQ 91, m^r 1.9 Tin Can Dept., soldering ears. 11.5 Tin Can Dapt., 0.8 5.0 0.2 Tin Can Dept., Tin Can Dept;, autoaatlc seam soldering Tin Can Dept., nottle sweating .55 Calcium Reclaiming Plant--2nd floor--in front of caleiv saelter. CiJU.m.-- 7 .25 Calciua Reclaiming Plant--2nd floor-- general atmosphere near calciua pre cipitating tubs. 8 1.5 Front of tan bark furnaces 9 2.7 Tan bark furnace room 10 15.8 Tan bark furnace rooie near hopper filling 11 2.2 Lead buckle casting machine 15 524 Within lead stack while drawing 14 13.7 Dumping corroded lead into hopper 15 6.1 Tan bark burner room; lead aab cooling 16 15.4 Litharge grinder--aeehaaieel feeder leak 17 1.4 White lead office 18 218 Filling drome with litharge 20 4.8 White lead grinding--not operating 21 2.5 White lead filter bag rooa 22 265 White lead grinding--operating--"very dusty*. 25 142 Loading quick process drw 24 264 Drawing lithrage from furnacej lower doors open 25 96 Same as #24j lower door closed 26 220 Between operators shoveling metallic lead into fumaee 28 21.6 Dry color peeking--#)2062 (orange) 29 202 Dry color packing--#11077 L (green). On platform above bait conveyor 30 470 Dry color packing--#12007 (yellow) 32 27.2 Paint dapt. *Bk--adding #20 dry to alxor #6 A 55 164 Paint dept. *B*--loading hopper for primer mill (using pigment containing 55* lead--#412D) 54 145 Paint dept. *8"--loading small batch Rx#CX 6595 (using #11077 gresn) 55 5.4 Paint dept. *B*--general atmosphere 57 55.8 Quick process--watsr sprinkling cylinders 58 It 59 58 98.5 Quick process--on runway over cylinder #47 during pounding process 0007-SWP-000030482 I Put eh Process TThite Lea.l Manufacture. Emptying of Containers of Phlte Lead froTM Tenbarl: Stacks. Lead Pust Inevi tably Present.- Possibility of Exten sive Quantities of Carbon Eioxide. T ii T 0007-SWP-000030483 Sample Wo. 59 45 44 45 47 49 49 SO 51 52 55 54 56 56 62 65 64 65 66 68 69 70 72 75 74 75 76 77 78 79 SO 69 90 Me. Lead Sampling Point per 10 cu. getart 25.5 2.1 2.2 5.1 24.5 28 280 26 6.5 9.5 5.1 2.7 17.7 4.6 1.4 1.4 2.3 a.7 2.8 4.0 5.8 4.8 2.6 2.0 .75 51.6 2.5 107 8.7 207 18.5 1.6 170 Mhlte lead leboratoi7--sifting litharge for *graa weight teet* Beta Haphthol dept.--near chipper As p rye--loading ne^r'lw'r blender with CP 594, lot 45 A*o I$re--filling drums--ssme aaterial aa In #44 t Quick proceae--general noming atnosphere-- cylinder* opened daring last minute of run White lead packing Bloving 'blue lead*, outside hopper roon packing red lead In druaa Bed lead furnace roon--general atmosphere during blue lead bloving In adjacent room Pigment products--outer office--vindov open to East White lead departmentstally desk--*pulpers* White lead department--vet screening-- pulpera Red lead filter bag room Tin Can Department--terne plate slitter Outdoor sample at east side of llthopone building, 15 feet from the vail Llthopone plant--1st floor--general at mosphere sample--25 feet from Raymond mill Llthopone plant--2nd floor--general atmos phere during filling of Raymond mill hopper. Sample taken 25 feet from hopper Llthopone plant--1st floor near bagging scale Llthopone plant--filling grinder hopper, northwest corner, 5rd floor Black ash plant--grindl.ig ore and coal Bag salvage, baling bags Lead departments locker roon adjoining vhite lead plant--4tl0 to 4sS0 P.M. Superintendent's office. White lead building. Outdoor sample, between buildings 220 (White Lead) and 265. Wind bloving from white lead stacks toward sampling point. Outdoor sample northeast of white lead building, 25 feet from wall of Stain House (H Department). Dry Color rectory, 2nd floor, filling Mo. 3 blender with Wo. 11024 dry Dry Color Factory, 2nd floor, filling HO. 7 blender with Ho. 11215 dry Dry Color Factory--filling blender Ho. 4 with Ho. 12074 dry Dry Color Factory-outdoor sample on platform 12 feet from wall fan exhausting mill Ho. 1 grinding Ho. 11024 dry Dry Color Factory--packing floor. Filling drm* with Ho. 11215 dry from blender #7. Exhaust not operating. Same as Ho. 79, exhaust operating Dry Color Factory--Srd floor (mixing) General atmosphere. Dry Color Factory--mixing floor. Loading mixing tub Ho. 4 with vhite lead (1100 Ibe.) 0007-SWP-000030484 I Mg. Lead ea. 40 100 Lithopone Department-bagging 41 29 Uthopone Department--loading grinder hopper Zlaglt.jp 12 19 SI 42 46 57 67 71 91 f p\"V on Water Oaad.-fm Teed Seanles Total ag. Fb In 2S0 Ml. g:0 Equivalent ag. Pb/10 ca. a. air -IS Minute eaapllne period . ..008 .19- 00 .23 :oi .25 .006 .14 .008 .19 Double distilled water stored in pyrei bottle (staples 4? to 56) .006 .14 Triple distilled water stored in soft glass bottle (staples 62 to 90) .006 .14 .006 .14 .01 .25 \ tI I j ii ( \ i 0007-SWP-000030;185 Csllln, for 7c.-'.:er Protection and Cleanliness of ?.-er.ises i 0007-SWP-000030486 Count on Up Analyses for Iea4 1) The saving grme* la tbit plant with respect to protoetloa against lead It the faithful waring of respirators. Kaiy plant e complain that it la well nigh impost >" * to enforce the waring of reepiratort. In thla plant, to the contrary, on no occatlon haw theae inwatlgatort observed aen regularly eaployed la known lead erpoaures working without respirators. If thit wre not to, It It bellerable that at. all tinea there would be large nuabera of lead poisoning catea under obaerwatlon aaong the total groip of worknen. In abort, this atat went aeeaa that very obviously lead In nary varletlea la preaeat la aary places throughout this plant In quantities constituting a practical threat to the unprotected workman. 2) Hot only Is lead present In the atmosphere In places where it la expectable, but as a result of years of tracking about, almost the entire plant nay be shown to contain aoae lead, for example, in the office of the Superintendent of the Pigment Products Department, It la possible to show that during the course of every day work, these officers of the cowpaiy perhaps breathe as much as milligrams of lead. As a result, It is known that one or sore of the managerial group In this department present some evidence of lead absorption. It la the intent of this connect to maintain that on a qualitative basis lead exposure is universal to this plant and that lead poiaoning conceivably might ariaa in any work place outside of such departments as offlcs, medical, etc. 3) In going owr the results show# tabulated, it may be observed thet certain of the results are amazingly high, in comparison with the thresh old of beginning danger. In addition to providing an Immediate local potential exposure, it la possible that this lead may be carried out in air streams into other departments making no uaa of lead end conceivably at leaat into different buildings. This section is written up at a time whan complete * returns from all analyses are not yet in, but even so there ia the suggestion thet air-borne lead may plqy some pert ia the results obtained in lead analyse*. 4) It is noteworthy that harmful quantities of lead in the for* of fuaa may be demonstrated in the Tin Can Plant, chiefly associated with automatic soldering operations. Tha difficulty that ariata leading to thia undesirable situation ia not enough air ia being pulled through tha exhaust system. Moreover, aa we have pointed out in special dis cussions, the hoods over the operations are in ma^y instances located too high to be truly effective. 5) Another section of this report is devoted to blood findings, constituting some evidence of lead absorption. A fair correlation exists between these air analyses for lead and the otherwise reported blood analyses. This correlation cannot be perfect or complete, owing to the fact that large numbers of workers wear respirators, thus upsetting the blood pictures that would arise in the absence of this laudable protection. S) The widespread and high quantities of lead give rise to the thought that more attention must be paid to the fitting and servicing of respirators in this plant. By and large, there are some 76-100 men in this plant who are near the threshold of lead poisoning. An aeute respiratory disease, alcoholic bout, a gastro-intestinal upset might readily precipitate disabling lead poisoning in azy one of these workmen. It is highly desirable that exposures be kept as low as possible through the use of not only respirators hut respirators that adequately fit end which are adequately cleaned end otherwise serviced at frequent intervals. Moreover, It aeems necessary to recommend the more extensive use of respirators than has existed heretofore. By this is meant that in every department where most of the workers are now faithfully wearing respirators, there are, in addition, probably three or four workman who feel themselves insuffidsntly sxposed to war-ant respirator wearing. Evidence seems to be to the contrary. 7) The Legal section of thie report found in Volume I diseusees our finding of e distribution of lsed in many non-lead using buildings through out tha plant, for example, it may be noted that the attendant In the wall building mennfaeturing carbon dioxide gee whleh ia Just outalde the Quick Pro cess building ia shewing soma trivial signs of lead absorption. If in fast be has lead absorption, this probably is due to leed la the general atmosphere evept in under his boilers but originating in the Qniek Process room or some otbar naaxby land aparatlaa* To avoid rapatltlaa, additional saaMBt cocnaot oa til* aubjaet la avoldad, but rafaraaoo la sada to tba Lagul aaetlon for a continuation of tbla aattafa. 8) In ganaral, It la tha l&taat of tbla dlaauaaloa to aa pbaalza that load In blgb auantlttaa la praaaat alaoat avarjakara la tba ataoaphara la aad out of buildlnga oonaaotad with tbla plant* Tba altuatloa la ao aarloua aa to warrant tba aoaoara both of tba loaal aad ganaral offloa nanaguoant. Rrpntud Iron Tic Jocmuv or t*rruk Btettat aw Toci*t Vot. il. So 10. Dmabcr. |M A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR THE RAPID DETERMINATION OF LEAD WHEN FOUND IN THE ATMOSPHERE* G. C. Hanaoto, S. F. Mm axo F. R. Ho l d en From At Iniuttritl Hyfitot Department, Chryetar Corporation, Detroit, MiMfon HE determination of lead in that too many of the methods require T mall amount* found in air equipment not available to the average has been carried out in the worker in industrial sanitation, we past by some modification of Fpariro-pose in this method to limit the halt's chromate method (1,2). These use of expensive or special equipment. modifications include those using the The details of the sampling ap S-diphenylcarbaride developed by Ca- paratus can be obtained from papers seneuve (3) as an indicator for hex- written by Greenburg el of. (18) and avalect chromium. Kehoe (4, 5) and Bloomfield (19). Ordinary items of others found this method inferior to a Fyrex laboratory glassware will be the spectroscopic determination (6, 7) only other items of equipment neces especially when used for biological sary. material. Electrolytic methods have Sampling procedure for lead.--Using also been proposed (8) as have various a modified Greenburg-Smith impinger colorimetric procedures (9, 10). Re* and air sampler, one collects ordinary cently a number of investigators (11, lead dust composed of lead oxides, 12, 13, 14, 15) have developed modifi etc., in 250 cc. of lead-free distilled cations of Fischer (16) and Leopoldi's water. For some lead compounds and (17) dithixone method for the quanti lead fumes where it is best to collect tative determination of lead for use in the sample in a dilute nitric acid solu various types of investigations. We tion, one uses 10 ce. of concentrated have for tome time used a modification nitric acid (C.P., Sp. G. 1.42-1.43) of this method for the determination in the 250 ec. of distilled water. Inas of lead in air. much as we, for the sake of conveni Inasmuch as we know of no other ence and accuracy, in evaporation, method whieh permits one to collect ordinarily use 500 cc. Fyrex wide- and analyse to many sample* of air mouth Erlenmeyer flasks with 250 cc. that may be lead-contaminated, we of distilled water, the quantities of describe here the sampling and analys acid and subsequent reagents are ing procedure in the hope of contribut based on that procedure. Should one ing to the development of rapid and use other collection bottles,containing accurate methods for the determina less distilled water (75-150 ec.) as in tion of toxic substances in the field of some types recently described (20), industrial hygiene. Since it is felt modified reagent amounts should be `Received for publication May 20,1238. used. 724 ^16651. 0007-SWP-000030490 Ii vol. It, no. 10\ DITHIZONE METHOD OF LEAD DETERMINATION 725 The sampling time for quantities of Ch e mic a l An al y s is lead which will approximate 1.5 or less Preparation of Solution*.--Prepare mg. per 10 cu. m. of air should be (1) a 5 per cent ammonium citrate from 30 to 40 minutes. In areas solution from citric acid by the addi where the amounts of lead are greater tion of ammonium hydroxide until just than 1.5 mg. per 10 eu. m. of air, the alkaline to litmus paper. time of sampling should be reduced (2) 10 per cent solution of potassium according to the concentration as the cyanide. amounts of lead analysed by this (3) Lead extradite solution.--Mix method are. in the neighborhood of 15 cc. of 10 per cent potassium cyanide thousandths of a milligram, and should solution and 20 cc. of ammonium not exceed 0.1 mg. citrate solution with S3 cc. of concen The sample is collected either with the 10 cc. of concentrated nitric acid added or in pure distilled water. If trated ammonium hydroxide (Sp. G. 0.9), and then add 450 cc. of water. (This solution is used to neutralise the collected in pure distilled water, add the same quantity (exactly 10 cc.) concentrated nitric acid after collec excess nitric . acid, and provide the proper pH of from 9.5-10.) (4) Dithiiene extradite solulion.--5 tion. The sample is boiled in the cc. potassium cyanide 10 per cent, original sampling Bask until the quan 15 cc. concentrated ammonium hy tity is slightly less than 90 cc. After droxide to 500 cc. of water. cooling, place in 100 cc. volumetric (5) Dithixone tolulion.--25 mg. ditbi- flasks. Wash the sampling flask with tone per liter of pure chloroform. two 5 cc. portions of distilled water Standard lead lolviian.--1.598 gr. and add this wash water to the volu metric flask. Then dilute to the mark with distilled water. Remove an aliquot portion of 5 cc. which quan tity will contain approximately 0.5 cc. of concentrated nitric acid. It is lead nitrate (recrystallised) in 1000 cc. of 0.1 per cent nitric acid solution. 1 cc. of this solution - .001 gr. lead - 1 mg. lead. 10 cc. of above is diluted to 1000 cc. Whence 1 ec. of the dilution solution important to add exactly 10 cc. of nitric acid and no more. Too little acid will cause destruction of the dithisone reagent. Too great an amount will lower the pH below 9.7 which is the alkalinity to which the lead extractive solution has been adjusted. This has been shown to be .01 mg. lead. All reagents should be of the highest purity obtainable. Detailed procedure.--15 ec. of the lead extractive solution is plsced in each of the Squibb separatory fun nels. Exsetly 5 ee. of the unknown sample contained in the 100 cc. volu the optimum pH by Clifford and metric flask is added. Then add the Wichmann (21). The reagents have dithisone solution from a burette in been adjusted to care for all commonly 0.3 cc. portions, shaking the separatory interfering metallic ions, but this wilt funnel after each addition until a not be true unless the described condi slight purple tinge is noticed in the tions are followed precisely. chloroform layer. The dithisone in 0007-SWP-00003049I 726 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY (Off.. IMS chloroform layer turns a bright cherry red when shaken with lead-containing solutions. After all the lead has been extracted, any excess dithizone changes the color from cherry red to purple. Then add pure chloroform from a burette in sufficient amount to that the total of dithizone solution and chloroform are equal to exactly 10 cc. Shake again for not over 10 seconds (14). Allow the layers to separate. Drain the chloroform layer into an other Squibb separatory funnel con taining 20 cc. of the dithizone extractive solution. The chloroform layer is shaken with the 20 ec. of dithizone extractive solution and treated with a second portion of 20 cc. of dithizone extractive solution if too great an excess of dithizone has been added. The color of the result ing chloroform solution is a bright, clear cherry red. It has been shown (14) that two extractions are usually sufficient. After the chloroform layer has set tled, place the stopper in the separa tory funnel. The drop at the top of the aqueous layer is brought to the bottom by repeating the tapping and shaking with a slight rocking motion, and one draws the chloroform layer into a test tube or comparator tube, first wiping the inside of the stem of the separatory funnel with a cotton swab or pipe cleaner to remove mois ture. These test tubes or comparator tubes are then stoppered and kept tightly closed. Three (3) standard solutions con taining 0.005 mg., 0.01 and 0.015 mg. of lead respectively are made at the same time that the unknowns are prepared for analysis. These stand ards are made as follows: For the 0.005 milligram tlandard.-- 5 cc. of the dilute lead nitrate standard is added to 40 cc. of water and 5 cc. of concentrated nitric acid added; then, after this solution has been thoroughly mixed, a 5 ec. portion is taken and treated exactly as described for the unknowns. Use proportionately larger amounts of the dilute lead nitrate standard for the other standards. To make up' standards containing 0.045 mg. or more of lead, use the concentrated lead standard containing 1.0 mg. lead per cc. Thus, for making an 0.07 mg. standard, add 0.7 cc. of the concentrated lead standard to 5 cc. of nitric acid and dilute to 56 cc. with distilled water. Take 5 cc. of this quantity for analysis. The re sultant pH is 9.5-10 under conditions as stated. These standards, after the lead extraction and the removal of excess dithizone, are placed in tubes similar to those used for the unknown samples. By placing the unknown sample between the two standards that are nearest the unknown in shade and holding up in front of a standard source of white light, one is able to determine the lead content within 0.001 mg. This does not hold when more than 0.1 mg. of lead is present in the sample taken for analysis. Best results are obtained when the portion taken for analysis contains less than 0.04 mg. of lead. Dis c u s s io n These lead standards, on which analyses are based, must be made fresh every day. We have found that there is a slight but measurable fading of color on exposure to light. How- rot. It, no. 10| DITHIZONE METHOD OF LEAD DETERMINATION 727 ever, this fading is negligible during the unknown is compared to a standard the course of a working day, especially sensibly inferior to it in strength if the standards are protected from as when the unknown is approximately light during the time not in actual use. equal to or less concentrated than the While we found tome samples which standard. did not fade, the only way to be It is obvious that, when one is certain of accurate result* is to prepare collecting samples that may have a the standard each day. We have lead content greater than those for further found that if pure reagent* which the foregoing has been designed, and Pyres glassware funnels and one may use a smaller portion of the comparing tubes are used no blank total sample, provided one adds suffi determination is necessary. It is, cient nitric acid to bring the solution however, advisable to test all solutions up to the proper acidity. It is, how and glassware for lead. Should any ever, recommended in the analysis of materials or solutions prove to have air that, when the operator collecting enough lead to give a pronounced red the sample has reason to suspect larger eolor when 1 cc. of the dithitone quantities of lead in the air, be should reagent is used, the entire quantity of reduce the sample from 30 or 40 cu. ft. this material should be treated to to IS cu. ft. or less. remove lead. All glassware should be rinsed with dilute nitric acid and tested with the dithitone reagent Mooincanow ro Iwstme Gs eat x x Ac c t j iu c t * before use. We have found that, due Clifford and Wicbmann (21) have to distinguishability of the shades developed a further refinement of the produced at these concentrations, ob general method of analysis of lead by servers are able to state the eoneen- dithitone reagent. This modification trations of the unknown solutions to is what they call a "mixed color" within 0.001 mg. Furthermore, we method. have found that solutions compared A slight change in the previously in this way when analysed by means discussed procedure based on their of the colorimeter agreed in all cases work will enable one to determine lead within 0.001 mg. amounts with increased accuracy, and Due to evaporation of chloroform under certain conditions more ex when in the open colorimeter cup, peditiously. we have found that this method is as The only change in reagent or ap accurate as that in which the color paratus is the making up of additional imeter is used unless special, time- solutions of dithitone. consuming and laborious precautions Gtntral.--Dissolve respectively 4 art taken. It is recommended that mg. and 10 mg. of dithitone in 1 liter the unknown being compared to a of chloroform (store in brown bottles). standard be referred to a standard All the former discussion is relevant which is stronger than itself. A great until one adds the dithisone when the number of tests checked with a following changes in procedure become colorimeter have shown that the necessary. comparisons are not as accurate when In place of adding dithisone to the 0007-SWP-000030493 .! 728 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY- \D'c., mt lead extractive solution containing the lead, until a alight purple tinge appears, one adds a known volume ol known concentration of the dithisone reagent. These concentrations are so adjusted as to give colors ranging from gTeen through blue-green to purple shades, and finally a cherry red. We have found it advantageous to use small known amounts of the weak est dithisone reagent for the unknown sample and the same solution for the standards nearest the unknown in lead concentration. Then by adding a definite-volume of the stronger solution, the unknowns having larger lead content may be determined. Other standards will then be made up containing larger known quantities of lead and the dithisone will be added in two portions, one, the known amount of weak dithisone as added to the weak stand ards, and the second portion of stronger dithisone as added to the unknown sample. By following this method of adding the dithisone reagent, an unknown containing up to 0.2 mg. of lead may be accurately determined. Most rou tine work demands no more than four to six standards. Detailed procedure.--Collect sample as previously mentioned. Add 5 cc. of the unknown sample contained in 100 ec. volumetric flasks to 15 cc. of lead extractive solution. Shake thor oughly and add 5 ec. of the dithisone solution containing! mg. per L. Shake vigorously. This amount and concen tration is very sensitive for from 0 to 0.005 mg. of lead. If the dithisone solution turns a cherry red indicating that the unknown contains larger amounts of lead, one then adds .5 ec. of the 10 mg. per L. dithisone reagent which will be sensitive with the dithisone already added, up to about 0.015 mg. of lead. Should the color still be cherry red, it is recommended that 5 cc. of the 25 mg. per L. solution be used. This will increase the lead which can be determined up to about 0.05 mg. If still larger quantities of lead are present, one may add the successive increments of the 25 mg. per L. dithisone up to about 25 cc. when the sensitive limit will be reached. This procedure will allow a top limit of about 0.25 mg. to be determined. It is recommended, how ever, that a smaller aliquot portion of the total lead sample be used, should one have over 0.15 mg. in the sample. Draw off the chloroform layer contain ing the lead dithisone complex into the comparator tubes and compare with the standards. "The greatest sensitivity is found when using the deeper purple shades. The standard lead solutions made as previously described are the same volume as the unknown sample. They must be treated exactly as the un known sample. It is cautioned that the analyst should never compare unknown samples which approach to near cherry-red color. It is further recommended that when greater accu racy is desired the number of stand ards be increased so that the range in lead content is never more than 0.002 mg. between any two standards. Discussion.---This procedure hss, in addition to a greater accuracy, the advantage that larger samples can be analysed with no sacrifice in accuracy. Using this modification with an aliquot of 1 cc. of the 100 cc. sample, it would be possible to analyse air accurately * * 0007-SWP-000030494 !. /*, M. 10] DITHIZONE METHOD OF LEAD DETERMINATION 729 containing up to 700 ag. of lead per 10 cu. m. of air. Using smaller aliquots, the limits could be raised much higher, though the need for such a procedure can not be foreseen at this time. Conversely it should be possible to analyse air containing even less than 0.001 mg. of lead in 10 cu. m. of air. excellent discussion of the various modifications of the dithisone analysis for lead. Su r v s t or Ad e q c a c t or t h e Me t h o d The following analytical data pic ture the accuracy of th* procedure under various conditions. The error involved in this method TABLE 1 im list ABBM 0 005 0.006 0 01 0 015 0 02 0 025 0.03 0 025 0 04 0 05 0 06 0.1 0 15 coioai uni 91 mi. 0 0053 0.0078 0.0104 0 0158 0.0202 0 0261 0 0314 0.0346 0 0411 0 0469 0 0783 0.1024 0 1528 1 mt. 0 0048 0.0062 0 0104 0 0148 0 0209 0 026 0.0306 0.0341 0 0406 00506 0 079 0.1031 0.1536 k a b v v m b mm au bc w t nm mi bo u t abibo v u tv MBTVVB VtVBX (TttU+BBBBVSBA) % 4-6.0 (SI) 4-2.5 +4.0 +5 3 +4.5 +44 4-4 7 -2.6 4-2 6 -- 2.2 -2.3 +2.4 4-2.4 mi. 0.005 0.006 0.011 0 015 0 021 0 026 o cot 0.033 0.04 0.046 0 061 0.101 0 153 ' mi. 0 005 0.007 0.009 0.014 0.02 0.026 0 030 0.035 0.041 0052 0.064 0.103 0 148 mi. 0.005 0.006 0 009 0.015 0 02 0.024 0.030 0 034 0 038 0 052 0.082 0 096 0 140 TABLE 2 kc* mu mi. 0 005 0 008 0 01 0025 0 04 0 05 0 08 01 anevTB vvv a u arnnaovB m tsrtAcn*-- rt r*n (t v v em>*tM) mi. 0.005 0 007 0 009 0 024 0 042 0 051 0.062 0.104 mi. 0.004 0.008 0.011 0.024 0.039 0.05 0.077 0.007 At. 0 0045 0 0075 0.01 0.024 0 0405 0 0505 0.0795 0.1005 tuein visa uovmc vrrvo c bbb-- num mt. 0.005 0.008 0.011 0.025 0.040 0 030 0.061 0 100 mi. 0.005 0 008 0.01 0:025 0.040 0.051 0.081 0.100 At. 0.005 0006 0.0105 0.025 0.040 0.0505 0.081 0.100 Should photometric apparatus be available, this procedure can be made more rapid than the details as outlined. Clifford and Wichmann (21) give a complete description of the technic to be used in this ease as well as ah compares very favorably with those results obtained with the colorimeter. Greater practice in distinguishing shades of color on the analyst's part leads to closer approximations to the actual lead concentration. 0007-SWP-000030495 730 j o u r n a l o f in d u s t r ia l h y g ie n e ::s i'o x ic o l o c y iDtc., im Results obuined using the modified method compered to results obuined by the method m-ben ell excess ditbiione is removed ere sboa-n is Uble 2. These figures indicete thet en enelyst femilier with tbe verietions in tints produced by Addition of excesses of dithisone cen obteis results aecurete to less then 3 per cent of tbe leed present. The error is of course greeter when very smell quantities are ahelyted. For this reason, tbe analyst should so choose his sample aliquot thet it contains between 0.005 and 0.15 mg. of leed. This is not difficult after a short familiarity with the method. The speed of tbe method is not appreciably effected inasmuch as the extractions with dithisone extrec* tive solution ere eliminated. iNTtXrZSENCE OT METAL IONS The only interference which occurs with diphenytthioesrbasone in tbe solutions used is thet due to sunnous tin, bismuth and thallium. We have neglected thallium because of the smell smounU of this material used in industry. Bismuth end tin do not interfere due to the txutt ammonium hydroxide and ammonium citrate which remove these metals while in combination with dithisone. It is not known how completely this pro cedure removes the interferences. It may be thet compensatory errors cause the removal to appear complete. However, it has been observed thet, in the analysis of air containing solder particles with a composition of approx imately 50 per cent tin and 50 per cent lead, no appreciable error is evident. The following experiment was made. Air samples containing the unknown material were divided into two equal parts after the addition of nitric acid. One portion was treated as suggested by Clifford and Wichmann (21) for removal of tin and the lead then determined by the "mixed color" method. The other portion was treated by the "one color" method described in this article. Ho appre ciable error was evident. The results are shown in table 3. TABLE S UU9 99999 tSA* ***** (UAt AH* ft*) (n* tnom) *. X 0.023 0.022 2 0.02 0.022 s 0.04 0.040 4 0.012 0.0H TABLES Lx Fo c k d ik PauxHcx or iNTxarxaixo Euxsxts h*a* ***** 0 02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0 02 0.04 * 0 01 0.01 0.0! 0.01 m*n Uil ft* A*S mmt * 0.01 0.01 0 01 0.01 0.021 0.019 0 041 0.04 0.02 0 041 It may prove advantageous if a problem involving bismuth and lead should arise to remove the bismuth by Willoughby's procedure (22), al though it appears that reasonable results for routine work can be ob tained without such preliminary re moval if quantities for analysis are above 0.01 mg. This stand is taken in view of the errors of air sampling but cannot be condoned should ex treme accuracy be desired. 0007-SWP-000030496 K>t. li, M. ;o| DITHIZONE METHOD OF LEAD DETERMINATION 731 These results shown in table 4 were standards that are used in the analysis obtained by using the method as given of the unknown sample. We have in the general procedure, using the used the method for other determina dithixone extractive solution to remove tions than air analysis and, in such excess dithixone. In actual practice, cases, it is of course necessary to where it is used with lead, the inter determine an accurate blank. This, ference is found to be negligible even however, we find in moat cases to be when the shortened routine method 0.001 mg. or less. This is not true is used. for various organic materials requiring Comparison ofthree methodt.--It wss digestions and other manipulations. found that, when using a modified In conclusion, it should be explained indirect chromate method, results that the value of this procedure is felt were invariably higher than they to lie in the rapid sampling and analy should have been. As used by us, the sis of lead in air to the end that control excess of standard hexavalent chro of industrial hazards may be accom mium was determined colorimetrically plished. Much difficulty in studying using diphenylearbaside as the indica complex industrial problems arises be- tor, aer lead chromate had been separated by filtration. Our results seem consistent with the spectroscopic results obtained by another laboratory, and about the same order of accuracy as other results TABLE S Acrcst. SiMrus wire Iwrzarxaiwo 8trs- s t s n c x s PaatzxT HtCtintaROUTHl.AIUMTMI1 MBmTttTVoBMtiS,uOIW*4> OAMiaifua previously presented. Ditaution of error in air analytis.-- The accuracy of this method when a *#. 0 025 0.035 0.017 0 024 f. 0.0152 0.0245 0.01 mg. sample or more is taken for analysis is certainly greater than 0.033 0.034 0.0IS 0.031 o.oiei 0.0227 needed when the errors of sampling \ technic are considered, Inasmuch as cause not enough determinations can I there is no point in having a method be made in the time allotted for such 1 much mare sensitive than the whole study. process of collection of sample and analysis, it is felt that, because of the Sc io c as t speed in analysis and the smaller We have presented a means of sampling time that is directly related collecting and analyzing lead in any to the smaller quantities of lead which form using a minimum of expensive can be accurately analysed, this equipment. No colorimeter need be method is much superior to the used if this procedure is followed, and methods previously used in lead analy the only special equipment needed is sis of air samples. the air sampler and impinger. It is It is further to be noted that no recognised that by making blank blank has been found necessary be determinations Fyrex separatory fun cause the same solutions and amounts nels and high purity chemicals am not of chemicals are used in making up the required. 0007-SWP-000030497 732 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY ID<t,, SIX BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Fatuau., L. T.: Lead itudiei. Eitimation of minute amount* of lead in biological material. Tilt Jonn., 4,4 (1023-33). 2. Fazuaii,L.T.:Leed*tudie*. Arapid method of analyting urine (or lead. J. Biol. Cheat., 60,463 (1034). 3. Caxuiovx, P.: Eur la dipbenylearbatide, raaetif trie eenaible de qualquaa compoaia metalliquea (cuivre, mer* cure, (er au maximum, aeidt ebromique). J. de pbarm. et de ehim., It, 150 (1900). 4. Ktioa, R. A., Taauaror, F,, am Caonaa, J.: On the normal abeorption and excretion of lead. Tna Joes., IS, 257 (1833). 5. Knot, R. A., Taauaxie, F., am Cnoux, J.: Normal abaorption and excretion of lead. J. A. M. A., 104, 90-92 (1935). t. Ciotax, J.: The quantiutive ipectrocraphic determination of lead in urine. J. Am. Chem. Soc., ST, 104 (1935). 7. CuoLax, J.: Quantiutive ipectrographic determination of lead in bio logical materiala. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 7,2S7 (1935). 9. Currou, P. A., am WieuuaNX, H. S.: Method! (er determination of lead in food*. V. Electrolytic method. J. Aaaoc. Official A|r. Chem., IT, 123 (1934). 9. Wicauauw, H. 8., am Vouxa, F. A., J*.: Method* for determination of lead in food*. VI. Colorimetric dithitone method. Ibid., J7,130 (1934). 10. Vouxa, F. A., J*., am Currou, P. A.: Method* (or determination of load in food*. IV. Colorimetric eulfid* method. Ibid., IT, 119 (1934). 11. Aurotr, N. L., am Saaiuuiu, G. H.: A new method for the deter mination of lead in organic material with tpecitl reference to dyeatufla. Aaalyat, ST, 440 (1932). 12. Rota, 1. R., am Local, C. C.: A new method for tha deurminntion of minute amount! of lead in urine. Canadian Med. Aun. J., 19, 649 (1933). 13. Wicntawx, H. S., Meaner, C. W,, Hanaie, M., Currou, P. A., Loren- x x t , J. H., arts Vouxa, F. A., J*.: Method* for determination of lead in food*. J. Aun. Official Agr. Chem., ST, lOt (1934). 14. Wncrta, 0. B., Roaixiow, H. M,, Lam, F. W., am Miuxa, E. J.: Deurmination of lead. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 7,365 (1935). 15. Wtuufft, E. S., J*., Wruooour, C. E,, Kaaauxa, E. O., am Sutra, F. L.: Datermination of minute amount* of lead in biological material. Ibid., 7, (1935). It. Fiacsxa, H.: Ober den Nachweit von Sehwermetallen mil Hilfe von "Dithi. ton" (Dipbenylthiocarbaion). Angew. Chem., U, 1025 (1929). Mikrochemie, >,319 (1930). 17. Fiacaxa, H,, am Ltorout, G.: Colorimetriache Beitimmung von Blei und Xupfer mil Dithitoo. Angew. Chem., 17,90 (1934). 18. Kan, 8. H.. Sutra. G. W,, Mrxaa, W. M., Taotrxn, L. J., Ixoxu, M., am Guzxaoas, L.: Comparative teete of inetrument* for determining atmoapheric dusti, etc. U. 8. ffiub. Health Bull. no. 144 (1925). 19. Bnoounau, J. J.: The aampling and analyaia of induttrial duita. Am. Pub. Health Aaan. Year Book, 19361936, p. 86. 30. Harca, T., Waaau, H., am DatKxxa, P.t Modified form of the Greenburg8mith impinger for field uae, erith a ttudy of it* operating charaeteriatica. Tata Joe*., >4,8 (1932). 21. Currou, P. A., am Wtcauaxx, H. S.: Dithitone method for the determina tion of lead. J. Aaaoc. Official Agr. Chem., It, 130 (1936). 22. WtuottaaaT, C. E., Wnuaua, E. 8., am Kaaxwu, E. 0.: Determination of lead. J. lad. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 7, 285 0935). * "f 0007-SWP-000030498 BLOOD EXAMINATIONS o f ifoaflsas p r e s d u a b ix e x p o s e d t o l e a d la the desire to protect corkers against the action of lead, it would be most valuable to have available some test which would serve as an Indication of the Intake of lead at a time prior to up clinical manifestations of lead poisoning or any discomfort or impairment on the part of the worker. Since lead poisoning is an accumulative disease, it is apparent that always there is a period during which lead is being taken into the body in the absence of any readily demonstrable ill effects. A test of this character does exist and apparently yields re sults of high fidelity. Fhile not utterly free from possibility of error, this test when applied to groups of wortean exposed to lead or who nay be exposed to lead will ordinarily yield findings marking those persons who are absorbing lead and who are being affected by lead, but are not in a zona attracting attention because of discomfort, disability, weakness or medical signs. This test is called the baaophille aggregation test, the full nature of which is set forth in an accompanying printed bulletin. In brief, this test is based upon the proved fact that whenever lead is being absorbed into the body, its action is to stimulate the appearance in the blood stream of large numbera of immature red blood cells. These immature red cells possess certain chemical constituenta that eeparate them from ordinary red blood cella found in all blood in large numbers. Among normal persons, these immature red cells are present only in trivial numbers, usually in such range as .if or .8f. A few normal persons may show per centages as high as 1.5 and any figure below S$ map not be .regarded with concern. When, on the other head, percentages exceed 2, in persons exposed to lead who are otherwise normal, the strong inference may be drawn that lead absorption is taking place. A fair number of other conditions and other materials may give rise to positive results from this test. Persons with any anemia, and partlcu- 0007-SWP-000030499 l Ler.-J Chroar.t * Onerutdor.. Ilie fxtsat of "nnssui's In Sons `leisure fepen.is Spsa t>. 'riniioj Up end Irr.skr.^s of Material AlloreJ to Aocunulats on Floors. laxly pernicious anemia are prone to hare high percentages of instore cells. It is believed that the results of benzol, toluol and similar cheaicals may occasion a poaitire test. It has been reported that in silicosis this test is poaitire, but this awaits real proof through additional work. All in all, this test, as described in the printed material, furnishes a fair index of those work areas in this plant where lead is being manipulated or at least where lead in some form or other is reach ing workmen. In this plant, 1057 tests hare been carried out. Large numbers of these tests were carried out in 'non*, lead using areas for control purposes. In certain instances, series of tests were carried out because of the suspicion that although lead was not manipulated therein, lead was being transported through air currents, trackage, or otherwise. The distribution of the total number is as follows* Mechanical 147, Lithopone 127, Chemical Products Beta 29, Chemical Products 71, Safety 28, D17 Color 96, Receiving and Stores 57, White Lead 41, "C" Department, 4, *D* Department 5, Lacquer 51, General Office (controls) 14, Power Department 2, Service Department 2, Azo lye 1, Employment Department (control) 1, Red Lead 18, Quick Process White Lead 27, White Lead Stacks SO, Chemical Products Laboratory 19, Tobias Department 15, "? Department 6, "H* Department 16, Varnish 16, Puchsina 20, Coal Tar 25, 104th St. Warehouse 15, "B* Department 22, Tin Can Plant 165, Allied Research 1, "A* Department 7, Aeetanilid 5. Prom the entire list of examinees, there are here presented a listing by departments of those persons whose B.A. tests are in excess of 2. Also for purposes of comparison, an unselected list of thirty-five controls are here shown to indicate the definitely lower range for those persons * unexposed to lead. Tin Can Department Same Badge Bo. Occupation B.A. REDACTED 5065 5081 5085 Packer 2.1 Tin slitter 2.4 Solderer 5.1 0007-SWP-000030501 '3* Department Sana Coal Tar Fuchsine Varnish REDACTED "H" Department "Fn Denartaent White Lead Stacks Cuiek Process White Lead ged iead Chemical Product s Beta Laeouer White Lead Dept. Badge No. Occupation 3.A. 42 Mixer 2.S 57 Mixer 5.0 642 Operator 2.7 676 Miliman 2.1. 1661 Manufacturer 3.0 338 7 2.4 384 Cooker 2.4 231 Mixing 2.2 861 Dryer 4.0 864 Setting 2.0 873 Setter 5.1 874 Scaleaan 2.1 894 Drawing 3.8 8S2 Drawer 3.5 768 772 . 779 786 793 799 684 7S8 Washing 2.9 Fireman 3.9 Fireman 2.1 Washer 2.4 Blowing lead 2.9 7 2.1 Pounder 3.0 Sprinkler 2.4 676 Millsan 2.1 694 Assistant Foreman 2.1 706 Fireman 2.9 709 Fireman 2.6 72S Assistant Foreman 2.1 722 Fireman 4.0 8SS Laborer 2.1 1338 1391 1407 Neutraliser 2.3 Filling 2.3 Pressman 2.4 2503 Millman 2.0 802 Pulper Operator 2.5 309 Laborer 2.7 822 Filing and shipping 2.0 Uo. Chemist 2.8 Mo. * Sup't 3.4 826 Laborer 2.3 856 Laborer 2.3 . Mo. Chemist 2.2 840 Millwright 2.2 -07'SXVP-00030 502 Receiving and Stores Dry (Jolor Name REDACTED Chemical Products Lithooone Mechanical Control* * * Padre Ho. Occuoatlon B.A. 2188 2198 2202 2151 Coalman Trucking 7 Trucking 2.4 2.0 2.6 2.1 2050 1999 2011 1962 1964 1981 1982 Pulper Pressman Press Supervisor Striker Labor Pressman 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.4 4.2 1455 1451 1460 1479 1491 149$ Striker Cooper Blending Janitor Janitor Acid Blower 2.5 2.1 2.5 4.2 2.1 2.3 1855 1811 1825 1710 1719 1728 1742 1758 177$ 1782 Laborer Laborer Laborer Foreman Oiler Packer Dryer Uillman Laborer Laborer 2.5 2.6 2.0 2.5 2.9 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.$ 2857 2891 Blacksmith 2.1 Electrician 2.3 Mo. 9 9 9 9 ft 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 "* fl ft ft It 254 2574 Monthly 1429 1416 1429 Stenographer 0.5 ft 0.8 Clerk 0.7 Stenographer 1.2 Secretary 0.6 1.0 Sales 0.8 Clerk Secretary 0.5 0.6 Buyer Sales 0.9 0.7 Stenographer 0.8 Sales Clerk Chemist 0.5 1.0 (Uth.) n 0.5 0.4 0.7 Clerk Chenist 0.9 (Lith.) It 0.5 0.5 Engineer 0.7 Firea&n 0.5 Clerk C P Is&h n 0.4 1.2 0.9 n 0.7 0007-SWP-000030S03 Control* (con't) Kama REDACTED Badge )To. Occupation B.A. 1455 1464 1430 1497 Mb . " C. p. tab * " * " " 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.5 From the aboTs listing dT poaltire tests, it map not ba maintained that tnese parsons are suffering from lead poisoning. It is maintained that the majority of these persons ere absorbing sons lead or soma other chemical prot o catire of this test and that in the event of the appearance of actual lead poisoning cases, such probably would arise in persona on this list, at least during the next few weeks or months. From this type of investigative procedure, it seems possible to draw a number of casual conclusions, as follows: 1) Those persons habitually exposed to lead and who habitually wear respirators appear to be less frequently involved than other classea of persona who only irregularly but frequently enter lead using areas. rhese persons apparently beliave that because they are exposed only for short periods, such as an hour or two per day, they are unlikely to acquire lead poisoning. It la noteworthy in this phase of the examination that chemists, foremen, office workers in lead using departments are by no naans free from the possibility of lead absorption. In fact, during the period of this investigation one chemist in a lead using department quit because of his own a-varaness that he as suffering from mild lead poison ing. 2) The results from this pnsse of the investigation, which inescapably is linked up with other procedures yielding the same findings. Indicate that lead is almost universal in its distribution in the stmoephere of this plant, for example, in the offleas connected with the Pinant Idanufscturing Department, at least .. as much lead is present in the atmosphere as Is necessary to produce lead poisoning and at least one person there shows so highly positive t B. 1. test as to make actual laud poisoning e reasonable expectancy. Other areas have yielded 000030504 0007-SWP- similar results f) Owing to the fact that some workers have been transferred for one reason or another, such as from the abandonment of the Insecticide Plant, some positive 8.A.'s have been found in areas where lead is not knot.n to be in use. At this time, it is not precisely known how long a person will retain a high percentage of B.A.'s after having once developed this deviation fron the normal blood picture. On this account, it is possible that a person whs may have worked in the Insecticide Plant, IS months ago, may harbor abnormal numbers of immature cells even at this very time. 4) Some few workers who faithfully wear respirators throughout their periods of exposure to lead no less present high B. A. findings. Naturally, the o.uestion arises as to how this msy come about. Several answers are adeo.uate and amply explain the observations made. By no means do all respirators well fit the face of the workmen and completely occlude the entry of lead dust or fume. Furthermore, no respirator, even though it well fits the face completely retards the passage of all lead dust. A 95$ degree of efficiency may be regarded as well nigh perfect, but the 5$ of ineffectiveness is often ample to provide exposures. Thus, in one point of the plant 500 milligrams of lead were found in an atmospheric sample. Thus if a 5$ inefficiency of the respirator existed in the course of a work day period, 25 mgms. of lead might have been taken into the workman's body. This is more than IS times as much lead as is required to bring about lead poisoning in some instances. In this plant there are many concentrations of lead where a 5$ respirator inefficiency would still permit of practical exposures to lead. 0007-SWP-000030505 Reprinted from Axwout Jo </u *a l or Pvuc Hia l t *. Vol. 21, No. 10. October, 1921 fublUhcd by the American Public Health AModatioa, SO Wt*i 50th Stmt, Now York, N. Y. Basophilic Aggregation Test in the Lead Poisoning Epidemic of 1934-1935* CAREY P. MeCORD, M.D., F.A.P.H.A, P. R. HOLDEN. PaD., an d JAN JOHNSTON KMIMTCO 0Y BUHCAU Of IHOU.THJAL HVOIfH* BCTKOIT OCMWrHCHT Of HEALTH THE automobile production year amount of air approximates the quan 1934-1933 mark, the out,tanding tity of air breathed by the avenge epidemic of lead poisoning in this workman during the usual work day. country for at least the past decade. However, the usual amount of lead in This epidemic appeared in the auto this quantity of air has ranged (com mobile industry, which industry has 10 to 40 mg. been substantially free from lead This type of lead exposure hss poisoning since the abandonment of brought about a high incidence of lead the dry-sanding of wooden bodies poisoning, together with the much punted with lead-containing paints. larger groups of workers in whom proof This preceding epidemic was described of lead absorption has been estab by Dean in 1924.' The present epi lished but who have not suffered sub demic has prevailed among the several jective injury and have not loet time thousand workers engaged in automo from employment. It is not possible bile body manufacture. to state the extent of lead poisoning Recent trends in body design have during the put 12 months in the entire led to one-piece, all-metal bodies with automobile industry. If the figures oa-air-resisting contours. The manu- obtained from studies in a limited num lacturing processes entailed call (or the ber of plants may be extended to the fining in of all welding depressions and industry u a whole, it is possible that other indentations with a lead-tin . u many u 4,000 workmen have been alloy. This leads to the use of molten injured to some extent during the 1934- lead pots and tocth work, which in 1935 automobile production season. At (urn are followed by various processes best this figure is an approximation, and for the smoothing down of the leaded further it is emphasized that by no utrfaces, including power grinding, means does this number represent only bud Sling, sanding, etc As a result actual clinical cases of lead poisoning. the atmosphere of these workrooms is During the put 10 years there have polluted by harmful quantities of lead been many affirmations that industrial dost and lead fume. Occasionally u lead poisoning is a waning disease. wed u 1,100 mg. of lead have been While in some measure this hu been encountered in 10 cu. m. of air, which true up until 1934, the outstanding (act is that it is the severity of the affec 'T. to if* tola. <to MwttW Into! faettoa tion that is waning, rather than the * to lUMtou rvbfic HwbA Amw imJm to tot totr-Htoto Attttl Halit, to HUtuStt. Wit, frequency. Very strikingly this hu Owtot t,j|. been home out by the present epidemic [101,1 N* 6651.09 r 0o,7-sr-0505"6 1090 Ame r ic a n Jo u r n a l or Pu b l ic He a l t h As far as is known among the Urge number of eases, there have been no proved deaths, little profound en cephalitis, very few instances of wrist drop or foot drop, etc. With certainty it may be believed that there have been milder degrees of neuromuscular in juries, encephalitis, etc. The outstand ing and almost uniform manifestations have centered about involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by excessive fatigability and blood changes. Already the work, conditions that produced this recent epidemic of lead poisoning have been modified in many plants to the extent that large numbers of additional cases of lead poisoning are unlikely. In some plants elaborate protective devices and procedures have been introduced. As yet no practical substitute has been found for the leadtin alloy, inasmuch as certain other alloys that otherwise might be used may not be used due to prohibitive costs, undue shrinkage, etc. All in all, it may be stated that at least in some automobile plants the lead hazards have been brought under control. This recent epidemic has provided us a long sought opportunity for the extended investigation of a diagnostic procedure first utilized by us in 1924.* Already a publication * has been made on this recent experience up to the time that 1,600 tests had beet carried out At this time the results of nearly 2,000 testa are available for the ap praisal of the method. This test is based upon the enumeration of the total number of basophilic containing cells in the blood, fat distinction to the widely used procedure of enumerating preformed stipple cells, the value of which method is now somewhat ques tioned. The method as carried out is similar to that lately used by Jones and his associates.* Since the basophilic formations as seen in the microscope do not exist as such in the blood stresm and are artifactually produced in the process of preparation and staining, we prefer to use the term " Basophilic Aggregations," which term uniformly appears in the subsequent discussion of this test and our experience with it, which now follow. | j x a s ic raatctzLis In normal adult human liie, the con tent of erythrocytes in the blood stream is maintained on a fairly uniform levd ; by the orderly entry of new cells from the bone marrow replacing those that have been destroyed. These new cells are essentially mature, only about 1 per cent ex hibiting any oi the several known characteristics of immaturity. In bone marrow, during the formative period oi > erythrocytes, an entirely different cytology takes place varying with the stage of development of the red ceils. Readily there may be demonstrated nuclei, protoplasm, and basophilic substance. In due time a change not known for any other cells ot the body occurs; a chemical (hemoglobin) re places the protoplasm and the nucleus is extruded. The erythrocyte is tbes ready for its chief function in the circulatory blood. These phenomena ire set forth admirably in Key's* fundamental paper on erythrocytic . cytology. The mechanism which liber ates ceils when mature and conversely retains undeveloped cells is not known. However, the functioning of such a . mechanism is well established. Under conditions in which toxic ; agents exert an action on bone marrow, j and under other conditions in which ! physiologic demands are made, is- j creased numbers of erythrocytes- enter j the blood stream. As examples of the I former may be cited . lead, bensol j toluol, xylol, possibly arsenic sad ; chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as , carboo tetrachloride; of the Utter the ' effects of high altitudes constitute as obvious instance. The chief chine- j 0007'SWp. 000Q30S7 ^ Ba s o p h il ic Ag g r e g at io n Te s t 1091 (eristic of these liberated immature cells is the presence of basophilic substance. Polychromasia (polycbromatophilia), punctate stippling, and reticulation are but different manifestations of one phenomenon--the presence of basophilic substance. The exact form of this basophilic substance existing in the un altered blood is little known. Probably the picture observed as polychromasia after staining is nearest to the natural state of this material. The impression furnished by all available evidence is that of thousands of ultramicrascopic particles in acid suspension, or possibly 1 in their innate form in acid solution. Reticulated cells probably are produced only as a result of laboratory manipu; lation and thus while not being true j artifacts are laboratory creations. With suitable laboratory facilities one is able to observe through the microscope the actual formation of reticular processes in cells not previously exhibiting such reticulation. Through variations in laboratory technic, the experimenter may produce at will in a single blood smear all the well known varieties of reticulation, as fragmented, anasto mosing, wreaths, mossy forms, etc If the artificiality of reticulatioo be ac cepted as fact, then such terms ss " reticulocytosis " conceivably may be regarded as anomalous, in so far ss these terms betoken the existence of reticular forms in the circulating blood. However, stippled cells sre believed to edit as such in the unaltered blood. Through unknown proctsaes, the ultramicroscopic particles observed as polydromasia or the basophilic materials m sdd solutions, sre caused to arrange themselves into masses characteristic of stippling. From the literature these concepts sre well borne out in sub stantia! publications, brief excerpts tram which sre now recorded. Key1 notes: j K u iadividual miniland exit be watched artfully duriag the preceee of turning, the net tea be keen to |[row under the ey* of the observer es tbouch it were beia| formed by predpiutioa of the substance from the surrounding medium. It is difficult to conceive that fixatives cause e definite network to break up into ultramicrascopic particles and bccoaa uni formly distributed through the ccB (U, polycbromatophilia). Fixatives tend to fix intracellular products in riia. It is conaoqucntly felt that the conduaioa is wsnutad that the reticular network at sees la tupravitally tuined ctytbracytct is formed only during the process of staining and that no such structure exists in the unaltered erythrocyte. My observations lead to the belief that the granules of punctate basophilia an formed of the same basophilic substance which in simple anemias gives pictures of polychromitophilia and that because of the pathologic process the substance Is aggre gated into small granules in tho ceS [punctate stippling!. With Wright's stain allowed to dry on a slida to which salt solutioa and blood la added, no polychramatophiUa is seen but a definite basophilic reticulation slowly tppean in the basophilic erythrocytes. Basophilic substance fix. as a term) la preferable to " reticular substance * since reticulations sre artifacts due to tho action of a stain on a substance distributed uniformly through the ceil. In Hawes's work no distinction was made between polycbromatophilia and stippling, but when total percentages of the two were added the results cor responded with fair constancy with the total percentage of reticulated ceils enumerated by other mans oo the same blood. Such differences as were encountered were attributed to dif ferences in the delicacy of the methods used and not to any true excess of reticulated cells. Jones* observes: "This (basophilic) substance is demonstrated either in the form of polycbromatophilia, punctate basophilia, or reticular designs, depend ing upon the staining method used." Basophilic substance long haa been regarded as the foremost blood finding in lead poisoning, but to an over whelming extent reliance has been 1 1092 Ame r ic a n Jo u r n a l o f Pu b l ic He a l t h placed upon the determination of chromalophilic cells and are more stippled cells. Recognition that poly- numerous than stippled cells. chromatophilia, punctate stippling and In our first work a thick, even blood reticulation are but different aspects of smear was entirely laked. The number the same material, should prompt the of basophilic aggregations in an average | placement of greater diagnostic de of many uniform microscopic fields was : pendence upon examinations for the interpreted in relation to our clinical ; totality of erythrocytes containing observations of the persons examined i basophilic nfaterial. Qf the three forms either as controls or as leaded patients. of basophilic substance, stippled cells This procedure justly has been criticised are the least common. The positive ss not readily transferable to others for diagnostic significance widely attached quantitative work, since the making ol to the qualitative finding of stippled uniformly thick smears by divers per cells in suspected lead poisoning is be sons is most unlikely. Under rigid coming more and more questionable; research conditions this earlier method conversely less uncertainty is believed will yield quantitative results but now to attend the quantitative determination is not the preferred procedure. Tbe of all basophilic erythrocytes. technic now employed is here pre sented: TECHNICAL PaOCXOL'SE The Sussmann-Weindel stain ad The blood of normal human adults vocated by Jones is quite satisfactory rarely contains more than 1 per cent when its several ingredients are pure. of basophilic erythrocytes. The aver The formula is as follows: age in our experience lies between 0.4 and O.S per cent. With workers ab sorbing lead without clinical manifesta Toluidine blue ................................O.S pa. Borax ..............................................0.0S pa. Methylene blue lelution (Locffler's) 5 ex. tions and in early lead poisoning, the Distilled water................................ 100 ex percentage commonly ranges from 1.5 to 4.0 per cent, with occasional findings up to 20.0 per cent. The zone between 1.0 and l.S per cent represents the threshold, findings within which being open to doubt. In the absence of other pathology, any finding in lead exposed workers of, or in excess of, 1. i per cent at once suggests the probability of lead absorption. Findings in excess of 2.0 or 2.0 per cent are to be associated with an increased imminence of clinical lead poisoning. Search for these basophilic forms is best made in laked celts. When taking Our experience with this suin has been that it is not uniform from one batch to the next. Most of the trouble may be traced to the toluidine blue. Of six samples of this dye recently pur chased by us from various supply houses, only one was found to be satis factory. A modified Minson's methylene blue yields more consistent results. The formuls is as follows: Borax .................................... . Methylene blue............................ Distilled water (boilioj)........... t .0 pa- 2.0 pa 100 ex takes place some of the basophilic sub The borax is dissolved in the boiling stance probably leaves the cell with distilled water and to this is tdded the the hemoglobin. The remainder, being methylene blue. After filtering, this insoluble in water, salines, and some stain is ready for use and provides e steins, collects in masses, strands, and stable, satisfactory, and uniform stais reticula, as laboratory artifacts. Such for at least 2 weeks. If used for loog farms are far more visible than poly- periods, a progressive formation of 0007-SWP-000030509 I Ba s o p h il ic Ac c k x c a t io n Te s t a1l!l1i| I. T' 1 Si ill . ooo c.oOoAoOoAoOooA Fic v m (. ScfaMMtic UTUfiWM ladtaU--f it. i> ud 4 (y. y) p--tia-- U Udt. (fetter mtk (Miui| pwudw -- w--far-- iW*. 1093 precipitate may appear. However, due io the low cost and ease with which '.his stain is prepared, we consider this s small handicap. This stain is less stable than the Sussmann-Weindel, but in our experience gives more trust" ort by results. Thin, even blood smears are made on lido and allowed to dry. Tbe proper drying of these smears becomes im portant. If permitted to become ex cessively dry. that is, longer than W hours, some of the basophilic contain ing cells will not lend themselves to segregation of their basophilic material On the other hand, insufficient drying facilitates removal of cells during the ruining period. Ordinarily the opti mum time lies between 1 and 3 hours. I'nder peculiar industrial conditions, involving, high temperatures and low rict'H III. Tylia] mksnnpk told two Sad pociioa ot MM did. u Id F<sun It. smnUdf uolikdd. lUinvd nd Wrad will, tidv t Wti^S. ntd KMd u suidd id coiMidg nsy fa* Mi. humidity, or coovetsely high humidity, special consideration for the drying period may be required. After drying, one-half of the slide is overlaid by a strip of filter paper, as set forth by Jones, and cautiously there is applied with a pipette or dropper tbe minimum amount of methyl alcohol C. P. (methanol, wood alcohol) re quired to moisten the filter paper until it clings to the slide. This is allowed rca< l|. r-mol mktmapk StM tnm nSktWUe |iwgtnMpoiMi .lid. prmouae mtmtmm U Fwi'Ut tV. Sctu-tcluMlk drtvtaf ti t b--ip*ulic Mgrtgi'ioa ift UU n 4 Mm* all. Ml---- Itii*. i* irifiMt 4n*ia: 11.000. 1094 Ame r ic a n Jo u r n a l or Pu b l ic He a l t h to dry until the filter piper becomes loose. The slide is now submersed in a Coplin staining jar, containing the Manson stain, lor approximately 10 minutes. The time is o( minor im portance since a readable stain may be bad in 2 minutes, and on the other extreme it is impossible to overstain. Alter staining, it is necessary to wash the slides through 3 or 4 rinses of dis tilled water. In some cities tap water may be safely used for this purpose. Air drying of the slides is recommended. The microscopic arrangements as used by us provide an oil immersion ob jective and a 10X ocular, which is fitted with a Whipple grid. The outer lines of this grid determine our microscopic field (Figure III). The average field in a good preparation contains approxi mately ISO red blood cells. Before counting, the slide should be examined for an area showing suitable distribu tion of the red cells. In the unfixed portion of the slide, customarily 10 consecutive fields in two parallel rows are counted, making a total of 20 fields, but in the more evenly distributed slide 20 consecutive fields. Then moving to the fixed portion of the slide, S ap propriately corresponding fields are counted (Figure I). The basophilic aggregations are then expressed as a percentage of the latter. Thus, if in the 20 fields counted in the unfixed portion of the slide there were found 76 B.A.S (Basophilic Ag gregations), and if in the 5 fields of the fixed portion 1,000 red blood cells (or 4,000 in 20 fields), the obvious percentage is 1.9. The physical features of the BAj are best presented in the accompanying photographs and photomicrographs (Figures II, IV). The color of the cells varies with the stain employed. A clear, brilliant blue is obtained with the Mansoa stain. A hand tally is used in the enumeration of the cells. 1ECENT XESULTS During 1934 and the first two-thirds of 1935, approximately 8,000 exami nations were made, using the technic just described. The examinees repre sent employees in 16 plants and 6 dif ferent industries. Included in the 8,000 tests made are several hundred controls usually obtained from office groups. The lead exposed workers were dis tributed over the following industries: lead pigment manufacture, paint and other coatings manufacture, soldering, lead casting, lead oxide manufacture and application, and lead smelting. In some plants, but not all, concurrent determinations were made as to the amount of lead in the atmosphere ex pressed in terms of mgs. of lead per 10 cu. m. of air. In the aggregate, 416 quantitative lead determinations were made. The results from the baso philic aggregation tests have been cor related with the findings of the quan tity of lead in the atmosphere breathed by exposed workers. During 1934, basophilic aggregation tests were carried out simultaneously with stipple cell determinations, and in some instances with hemoglobin mea surements and total red cell counts. Very early it was established that no consistent correlation was present. In many persons wholly unexposed to lead an occasional stipple cell was en countered and among lead workers ap proximately 90 per cent presented large numbers of stipple cells in the absence of clinical lead poisoning, and often after 3 months of no exposure to lead. The number of stipple cells in lead- using workers without clinical lead poisoning ordinarily was lower than 3,000 per million. The qualitative demonstration of stipple cells proved of no value in the diagnosis of clinical lead poisoning or in the making of decisions as to acceptability of men for continued work. Many workers regularly exhibiting stipple cells is 0007-SWP-000030511 Ba s o p h il ic Ag g r e g a t io n Te s t 1095 their blood smears passed through the t asu O entire automobile production season PttQtu * *i Tim*m without illness and without any lost ImUtaU At* CtJit Prmnit*4 time. In similar fashion it was found C. 5. that no significant diagnostic values V. 0. /. M. l 7,1 (4 yean if 1.7 S ytait t 1.4 4 ytact resided in the routine determination of hemoglobin percentages or in total red cell counts. Over and over high per* centages of basophilic aggregations T. It, J. K. c. r. A. S. D. T. G. t. J4 i.i 4 yttft 44 t.i 7 ytea 41 S.l 1 ytu it j .i 4 iwitka SS i.i 4 ftut J? 0.4 l )-MA were detected with no significant r*. t. changes either in the hemoglobin or in T. M, K. W. so l.t 10 0U si i.i 7 29 1.4 J /Ml the erythrocyte counts. For this t. C. S. Y. reason all blood work other than the V..T. iS O.f *) ynn SO i.o $ ynn si 1.4 4 mot* basophilic aggregation tests was A. C. F. S. abandoned as routine procedure in plant >. H. st J.l 1 MMl 4$ l.t t yun 11 1.4 1 >** surveys, although complete blood work was carried out in the management of clinical cases of lead poisoning. 1 Ci. J- c. c. c. F. t. $. IJ M * ytU9 51 O.S 2 yw% JT 1.4 S yUfl 40 7 4 4 ytv$ M 4 ymn % The trend of findings from S,000 1 K. C. K. *1 1.4 4 yi* w 1.1 71 ynr basophilic aggregation tests are now shown in three specimen tables. Table I comprises the results from IS representative controls. In estab lishing normal ranges of basophilic cells only such persons were utilised as were known to be essentially unexposed to lead and definitely unexposed in industrial pursuits. Almost srithout exception control examinees present less than 1 per cent of basophilic contain ing cells. Taste ( fn Table II may be found the re Initials R. T. E. T. Ptr Ctnt Basophilic Ctlls sults of 25 workers in an atmosphere 0.4 containing lead to the extent of 14 mgs. 0.7 per 10 cu. m. of air. In contrast to the J. J. te. H. C. 0. S. X. K. F. R H. H. D. M. C. C. C. 0. L. V. F. / 8. 0.4 control table just preceding, a fair 0.4 number of these examinees present O.J O.J 0.6 findings above 1.5 per cent. It is among workers having such findings aa O.J these that clinical cases of lead poison 0.4 ing may be expected to arise. Almost 0.4 uniformly it has been noted that tbe o.s 0.4 higher the lead content of the atmos O.J phere the higher the percentage of ex 0.7 posed workers showing positive baso F. W. H. K. VV, B. J. R. H. F. W. K. 0.4 philic aggregation findings. On the 0.6 other hand it has not been found that O.J O.J 0.7 the percentage of basophilic cells in creases with any uniformity in keep 0.5 ing with increases in the lead content of E.S. C. W. R. B. L K. C. V. O.J the atmosphere. An occasional worker 0.6 may yield as high a figure as 10 or 15 O.J 0.6 per cent of BAs but this is not the 0.4 rule and the majority of affected 0007-SWP-0000305I2 1096 Ame r ic a n Jo u r n a l o f Pu b l ic He a l t h workers regardless of the amount of the exposure will present positive findings in the range of from 2 to 6 per cent. With the procurement of better work conditions, as reflected by lowered quantities of lead in the atmosphere, (here occurs a corresponding diminu tion in the number of persons showing positive tests, although there is a lag of from 1 to 2 weeks before this drop may be demonstrated. This correla tion between lead in the atmosphere and positive blood smears is reflected in Table III. TABLE III ft**o*aa>c Ac 6*c a t mm Tu t ftnuirn n Ww i- h im Itcroix 4Nf> Arret rw lu* Concotn*' now W** Kcoccto mo m 7} me. ru 10 cv. w. or Ait m * me. ret to u. . or Ait. CiAftco Tim: ii Dv* Imtisli M. V. T. S- A. 1. J M. W. H. C H- J. T. cft.. c. 1 s. u. V. K. cM. c&. C. 1. J. E. D. 0. 0. T. r. w. \ K. 0. g. 1c.. J. p A. ft. rr.. tr.. Ftt C*e* t. y c*ui vw* i tu. m. $1 A* Oentmeei It ( l Utd 20 2.1 2.0 i.i 20 24 i.i 2.7 t 2.1 14 10 2.0 2.0 20 25 2.1 I.I it 30 2.0 21 2.0 .1.1 I.S f9 Ctml $. A. CtUt WUm 19 <e. m. / At Ctmfimtd 4 I 1 U*d 0.1 0.7 to 4.* 0.4 1.4 0.4 2.0 2.4 I.I O.S 04 0* 10 1.7 2.1 4.2 40 1.2 01 OS 1.1 0.1 2.4 5.1 This specimen material is charac teristic of the entire investigation, with one exception. In one plant, manu facturing a great variety of pigment materials, lead poisoning was known to be present but the basophilic aggre gation tests were not found to be in keeping with our general experience. The assumption is that because of the multiplicity of chemicals manipulated some biological antagonistic factor in terfered with the usual reaction of the embryonic red cell to lead. The chief application of this test has been in the routine examination of Urge groups of lead exposed workers. The results of such tests have been utilised as a guide for the transfer of workers to less hazardous departments, in the appraisal of the degree of ex posure in different departments, in de termining the effect of preventive measures, end in the differential diag nosis between lead poisoning and con ditions simulating this disease, but in routine work its greatest single value has been associated with the detection of malingerers. During this epidemic in some plants, as high as 90 per cent of all exposed workers have simuUted lead poisoning presumably in order to be eligible for insurance and sick bene fits during the nonproductive season in the automobile industry. In some in stances this basophilic aggregation test has been accepted as a sufficient cri terion for the weeding out of these malingerers. GENERAL COMMENT In persons exposed to lead, other wise free from disease, the detection of basophilic containing red cells in per centages in excess of 1.5, and par ticularly in excess of 2 per cent, sug gests lead absorption and the possi bility of approaching clinical lead poisoning. Inconclusive proof is avaiUble that this test may be positive after exposure to other substances such as benxol, toluol, xylol, arsenic, etc. Occasionally in infectious diseases numbers of baso philic aggregations above the usual may be found. Manifestly in anemias and other types of diseases involving the red blood cells, normal ranges may be exceeded. Tbe length of exposure to lead ap 0007-SWP-000030513 tI Ba s o p h il ic Ag g r e g a t io n Te s t 1097 pear* to have no significant bearing upon the basophilic aggregation find* ings. Two weeks' exposure it ample to bring about increased numbers of basophilic containing red cells. Mew workers employed alongside o( workers employed for a longer period are prone to show a greater frequency of response than the older workers. In prolonged chronic lead poisoning the test described appears to be of limited value. The recession in the number of basophilic aggregations may be definite in long existing lead poison ing even in the presence of frank manifestations. Under such conditions punctate stippling may persist. In many publications the minimum amount of lead that may lead to lead poisoning is specified as from 1 to 2 mg. as a daily intake. While this figure may represent a primary threshold at which an occasional case of lead poisoning may arise, it is our experience that many hundreds of workers continue at employment in concentrations much higher without demonstrable impairment. Without denying the possibility that a daily in take of 1.5 mg. of lead may produce lead poisoning, the belief is expressed that the practical threshold may be considerably higher and in the general range of from 4 to I mg. At least, years of exposure to such concentra tions have not led to a single recognized case of plumbism in several plants included in this investigation. One of the practical advantages served by this test as described lies in the (act that large numbers of persons may be examined daily. In our ex perience, a single worker has been able to collect as many as 300 specimens per day. taking, staining, and ceil counting, subsequently carried out, necessarity must be at a slower rate, but on a single day, as many as 70 counts have been made by one ex perienced technician. This rate of work stands in contrast to stipple cell enumeration, which if properly carried uut ordinarily yields not more than 20 determinations daily. SUXICA1Y In the 1934-1935 epidemic of lead poisoning in the automobile industry, 6,900 basophilic aggregation examina tions of the blood were made. In ad dition during this period 1,100 tests were made in other industries, thereby totalling 8,000 tests during the investi gation. This number includes approxi mately 500 control examination! made upon workers unexposed to lead. Positive basophilic aggregation tests, the method for which is described in detail, have served as an index for lead absorption prior to the appearance of clinical manifestations of lead poison ing. This test has proved to be of value in the diagnosis of early cases of lead poisoning. An approach to this test was described by us in 1924. Through technical improvements, made by others and by us, this procedure Is now suited to application by any physician or laboratory carrying out any blood examinations. The basic principle in the basophilic aggregation test is the enumeration of red blood cells containing basophilic substance, in contrast to the customary procedure of qualitative or quantitative examination for stipple or polychromatophilic cells. The native state of basophilic ma terial in unaltered red blood cells is not known, but in the process of taking and staining red cells this substance may be artificially aggregated into readily visible masses. In normal human adults, these aggregates rarely exceed I per cent of the total number of erythrocytes, but in lesd exposed individuals the percentages ordinarily lie above this normal maximum, when considerable lead is being absorbed or when clinical lead poisoning is im* 0007-SWP-000030514 i IMS Amz u c a n JOURNAL te Pu b l ic He a l t h minent. Findings of percentages above 1 to 1.5 per cent and especially above 2 per cent in persons exposed to lead at once suggest lead absorption and the possibility of approaching lead poison ing, or tbe actuality of early lead poisoning. In chronic lead poisoning this test usually is not, but may be, positive. As lead poisoning progresses to extended chrooidty, the reliability of tbe pro cedure diminishes. This test has been utilized In lead-using industries to de termine tbe number of .exposed workers absorbing lead, aa some proof of ex isting lead hazards, aa a guide for tbe transfer of lead absorbing workers to lead-free departments, ss a measure of the efficacy of preventive devices and practices, and as a means for tbe de tection of malingerers. There are varied types of diseases lesding to positive basophilic aggrega tion tests, but in groups of workers in lead industries, presumably normal ex cept for the possible effects of lead ex posures, tbe positive basophilic sggrega- tiort test stands in some relation to lead absorption and Its subsequent action. acmtsca I. D**a, A- A ZpHtm* f Lad Feuaa*^ Ctaied dr the S**d-P*p*ri*c ri Aataaahik M. i. SMaU. Sh .. Vt. 4:24$ (OcU. 1924. X. McCvi C. F.. MImu t . DoraUy L. im Khm. MtUiUt. Th latapailk AgrtfUioa Tot tIoU4l.ad Fw mmc . tUJtJl,. tiAllf (May 3D, y MfCwd. a f: Ro Um. r. *td lokmm. Jt. The Beaepuife AortfMiae Teat for Lad Ataarptke tad Lad hmiit, T Ytm Alt* ttt Flftt Vm. /adak. it*. 4, 4:1*0 {Apr.), I9JS. 4. Jam, A. A. TW fMJaaUa* *f AMaphflit CB* (fttkmtacyt) by Eta*iaatiaa ol Ordiaary Hoad fUa. Fa*. faatt* lUp* (Au. 11). 19M. i. Ctr. X- A. Stadfaa m ImAracyta, ** Sprckl fcafcrraa t* letioJea. FelythwaetephiUi aad Milecfciadrit, Artk. lam*. it** J|:JU (He*.). 1921. . Hew. J. t. A Stdy * the laikuktad M IM Carparil by Umm * VUel $ttiii| UM: It* KetMM FWyrlf--uphOie tad ^lrrJt*C 9mtm M. & S. K U1:U (Sap*. 40), 1909. 0007.,SWp oo3os: is / ry * Tone y as o bs la this plant, as is true for all paint manufacturing plants, one of the forencEt .'trouble makers in terms of toxic substances is to bs found in the vapors erlsln* from various solvents, thinners, etc. K la this plant, there are ssores of individual substances and an even i-rper number of mixtures of prinmy substances. These includes bsacol, toluol, eylol, solvent aphtha, naphtha, nine ml spirits, kerosene, ethanol, butanol, xcthnaol, a variety of acetates, ccllossl-os, v-.ruirb.ee, thiuue.s, paiut removers, eetor.'s, krtones, turpentines, ?!.. oils, chloric: ted compounds. These classes of fluids give off vspers, sons of ..hich are exceedingly toxic. At the to? of the list in t'-is particular plant, one.-.; substances in extensive use, are brn:ol, toluol, solvent naphtha, ..rthaaol, butaaol, among others. It is most difficult to ssasuro- the greato-r umber of these rubrtanees even ss cheai09l entities an.' vuctly tore difficult t.hen la '.ho fora of olxturec. It ir v--/ soldo.-. in this plant that any vapor exists in pure form. Thus in `he Lr.eyeer 'hsp'.rtnjr.t, T.h.er* vapors 're fre-uoatlr present in 'i-turbin; concentrations, no Iss? than -lx or .'.fht vol'.til* materials hove eoutrllulud to th vapor mixture. `r 'i.v^r, this mixture probably varies in constituency from hour to hour tr.d esrt'lnly from week to v.eek. Ca this account, detcmluatlous such as shortly are to be r.po-t.'d ere at best approximations. Various types of equipment ui.ht be utilised, ranging from interferometers to thermal-conductivity equipment. Ia this plant, there was empla eomoct ,,as ratio appara tus, designed especially for use in connection -ith gases or vapors '.h.:t ny explode, or .'.hioh at least are combustible. This Ciachir.e ..no taken to several portions of the pi:it v.here combustible vapors night be present. The results obtained are expressed in tarns of p*rc:r.ta;ss of the explosion point. The threshold of toxicity for these combustible vapors is naturally very much; lower than the explosion concentration. Thus, for .i example, bensol'vapors are explosive in the general concentrations rep- reseated by 2OOO0perts per million, while the threshold of toxicity - * :i is only 100 parts phr million. This limit of course does not ap^ly . to all members of the combustible group, but always the toxicity thresh.t old is lower than the explosion threshold. The results from naiy testa ere now shown* Points for measurements were selected wherever evolution of vsoors of combustible nature was suspected. Tor example, in the Lacquer * * V- Department, a good deal of such is found arising from the various solvents used. Attempt was made to reproduce Tiinter work conditions. but this is hot fully possible in mild weather. 1) Basement of thinner room in tankage yard* 71th ngitstor shut off Tith a0itator running ) last) doors closed r.) Main floor, thinner room, :'.oors open, "rlth pood treese while filling "rums with sylol, 4" from nozrle ICS 7) Building 546, Lacquer Storage, during pumping over of toluol, doors closed Jloor 6? Top of Tank 15$ *0 t>' .lJing 546, Lacquer Cleaning drum Tor!: Position At Portable Mixer, w.o, (Rx CU752) Centrifuge operating Stirring kettle 1C3$ (in drum) 26$ 14$ 6$ 24$ 5) Building 544 Emptying lacquer base(#2517) 20$ Over Mixing Tubs -1$ PlUir.g nitrocellulose 1$ Mixing tub during addition of thinner by pipe 8$ Pilling room after application of cleaner-remover mixture to floor 10$ s) Building S17, Drum Cleaning rork Positions 10$, 23$, i$, i% Csing the standard, clsaner-rcmovjr in use at this plant. It 13 claimed that volatile fumes are worse when #241 and #534 (gum solvents) a.-a used. 7) Building 515, dissolving nitrocellulose: .Aftar mixing acetone and nitrocellulose through manhole "'or!: Position 40$ Bensol is used here in some formulae at some times, "eatilatlon is poor. Filter Press Cleaning (if..) 10$ 0007-SWP-000030517 i The Outside Storage of Inflammable and Toxic liquids Is Often Desirable and. 73iere Practical 0007-SWP-000030518 l 8) Bull ling 570 Panel Cleaning, at rat 6$ In winter the worker slair.a it is "veiy dose" and the cold cones up through the floor so he cannot properly ventilate the roon which is vei7 snail. He claias no worker has stayed on this job because of unpleasant synptons arising. He states that he has "stomach trouble", anorexia, headache, vertigo, somnolence, etc. in winl^v^ hut in suaaer he is free because of the ventilation. He has been on the present Job for four years. 3) Varnish Thinning Room Naphtha being used, ^or>. position 2$, ZOf 10) Varnish rilling Naphtha used Benzine 4S$ Bf 11) Texits" filling (contains benzol) 4% 10) "Torlte" airing Tan:: "alh Cover open B% 10$ 11) Thita Shellac filtering 10$ 14) Etn-ol storage without fan with fan, 5 min. 10$ 5$ 15) "Ibonol" miring, at tank (Ctrl Tar Plant--open air process) 60$ It is necessary to conclude that in naiy portions of the plant, undesirable concentrations of vapors are pres:nt and that in -cry instances the type of vapors arc rush as to ache dangerous intoxica tion possible. These findings leed to recomre::iations for improvement in zoae instances, but these recommendations appear in other sections of this report, devoted to such purposes. ii I i i r I j 0007-SWP-000030519 CAKECH MOSOXIDE SSTIMATTOHS Estimations were made of carton xcr.or.ide at points where there was suspicion of Incomplete combustion with consequent carbon monoxide evolution. Search was made for instances such as evaporat ing linseed oil on floors. Tests were made under circumstances most likely to favor evolution of carton monoxide; for example, shortly after e flar.e in a furnace is lifted. Ho significant concentrations of csrtea monoxide were found at ary point, fevers! readings fell arm-ad .5 to 1 parts per wilHea, but it is to be emphasised that the instrument used (Mines Safety Appliance Company Carbon Monoxide Fetsetor) is quite unstable over the range of stout the first three tan titetfttitd units (parts per milllea). Care was exercised to get actual work points and approximately fair conditions, with outside influences such as breeze, eliminated or compensated for. Of course, estimations made in sinter, when doors and windows are closed for long periods, may give -".f'erant results, :ince it is difficult to reproduce these conditions in autumn. !h* readings now follow: a C'-n Plant "ody Maker, Hue fl S" outside hood c" inside hood ?od/ Maker, qine ft At work position .5 o.o.t.t. Coating Measles ''erk position M'xvdle Soldering Tor': pc siticn Mosale Machine, tine 7 Month Soldering Station, hand 'aohi.-.e Shop Muffle Furnace (1 ft. In front) at 5S09 F 3 at ICCO0? 3 Cvca Furnace, (1 ft. in front) . at 1%0F 0 at 1SC00? 0 Cptu rcrno.ce, (17 in. in frost) 0 Fctreen C large furneons, 5^' from floor . 3 N16651.ll \0007-SWP-000030520 Meltins Kettle vrorlc position Over sold rith Tire Black Ash Ovi..- t4iy ilia .vith suffocating fuses lithoooae Potarr Kilns At *is .auges At *as gouges 0 0 1.0 p.p.fc.t. 0 0 Tori poll1,Ion "o-h-n "lrrtde 0-ner.tln? ^Lant 2oiI.*.- rooa, firs door oorltion 'lull .ir.g doled up * -iln.) r f V , ... . **..g r .^4 0 0 Too "3. 5 Too "o. : -Oil- .?: c* *rt.* l.nt *Tr. i "lJ,lc -t ..or': position * + 4.1 i . 0 .At .*.rv position (breece) p.te pint 3 At Tire Position, *-ork point 3 It ir never por:!**!* to Cfcuipnte 307 pirat from the po?,olbllitls of on.'h:a .v>nor.iie gas .rporss. Conditions r.ey vary from nonth to nonth buc*-;r; of defects in .-.ulpa'-i.i ir.-* r.*y vsty Iron season to ce-sn because carbon -os--i-*o .as Is acre s-cpaeielly assootet d -rlth sold ' eftther. In tMs pi"it It is noted. that no substantial is sards exist, but In tiro pisses, namely at on* nol.it In the Tin Can factor;' ini another connected idth flic1' Ash cork, apprxlable o.uantltles of carbon nonoride have been intact-i. Around, the black ash" kiln room, complaints h-va arisen that 30s ir proront, but aore attention should be paid to hydrogen sulfide gas thsre prrrer.t then-the carbon monoxide, although both are important. 'ic.-.-'nations severing these gases app*ar la special sections devoted in th**e rsspeotlr* departments. 0007-SWP-000030521 CAMItJ* ETPOStJHES la the preparation of aloe for use la lithopone, it is neeessaiy and profitable to remove the cadmium cooteat. This is done at tbls plant rather *sr as one of the preliminary steps carried out at Coffeyrille. Also, at this plaat, a fair amount of cadmium finds application la con nection with dry color sad other pigment work. Because cadmium is k decidedly toxic substance, a fair amount of attention has been paid to its use here, since its toxic properties are much less known than is tme for such metals as lead. There shortly follows a series of excerpts, summarising the present day knowledge of cadmium poisoning. These items are derived from the publications prepared by Dr. McCord, which In turn are in part derived from other publications. A review of the literature on cadmium poisoning shows that up to the present time most of the work has had to do with the physiologic and pharmacologic action of the aetel. The pathologic changes reported, with the exception of the changes in the kidneys, are only suppositions with no confirmatory evidence. Many valuable data on feeding experiments aro given, but only one experiment on exposure through the respiratory system was found, and this was very incomplete. Prom the standpoint of indus trial hygiene, the experiments on the respiratory system are'of capital importance because of the greater possibilities of exposure through this system and the far more damaging consequences. Proa the published observations on experimental cadmium poisoning the following conclusions nay be drawnt 1. Cadmium in relatively small doses is lethal for different experimental animals (doge, eats, rabbits, frogs, etc.) 2. Cadmium has a direct paralysing action on the central nervous system and also on the vasomotor system. S. Cadmium induees vomiting when given orally and alao when introduced into the general circulation, and produces a general toxic affect. 4. When Introduced into the organism (whether orally or by injections) cadmium has a tendency to be stored up, mainly in the liver and the kidney*. 5. The elimination of cadmium from the organism is vexy alow and is effected through the kidneys and the gastro-inteatinal tract.. At autopsy, animals fed or injected with cadmium show a fatty condition of the liver and nephritis. 6. Cadmium taken through the respiratory system gives a generalised pneumonia and sometimes pleural effusion.7 7. The feeding experiments show a decrease in the hemoglobin content of the blood, and exposure through the respiratory system an increase. In both cases a relative increase in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes takee place. N16651.12 0007-SWP-000030522 8. Cadmiua has no practical importance as a therapeutic and bactericidal agent. The greatest health hazards for humans are found la the manufacture of cadmiua and in the handling of the compounds. The following list shows where the most hazardous exposures have been encountered! 1. Vapor or fume from the retorts or condensers of the blue powder furnaces, in making both cadmium and cadmium oxide. 2. Fume from and near the collecting bags in making cadmium oxide. The particles which constitute this fume are so small that a large percentage of them are not caught in the bags. * 5. Dust in handling cadmiua oxide, as such, especially in emptying the bags and packing. 4. Fumes from working up the blue powder furnace residues, at the furnace and in the bag room. 5. Shaking the bags in the bag room (blue powder) of the zinc smelting kiln. 6. Emptying the blue powder from the bags of the zinc smelting kiln, storing it, and transferring it to the blue powder furnace or for the wet treatment. 7. Korking up the blue powder by the wet method--that is, handling the blue powder and the solutions with high concentrations of cadmium. 8. Handling the metal residues stored for drying. 9. Manufacturing and handling llthopone and working up the residues from this process. 10. Manufacturing and handling cadmium sulphide. 11. Spraying calmium sulphide (as a paint). 12. Yielding alloys containing cadmium or dadmiimi- coated articles. IS. Melting metallic eadaiun or its compounds without adeo.uate ventilation. 14. Handling ary cadmium compounds which may be Inhaled or ingested. 15. Using cadmium coated or plated articles for any purpose where they come in contact with food or drink. It may be mentioned here that the oxide is sometimes used as a source of cadmium in cadmium llthopone manufacturing, in cadmium plating, and in the manufacture of cadmiua sulphide. It Is not yet known how great a health hazard there may be in the proceaa of cadmium plating after the cadmium is in solution. The only observation which has been made up to this time is that the solution coming in' contact with the skin causes it to turn black. M07-s^-o..M5a The presence of arsine in the manufacture of cadmium constitutes a further health hazard; and the fire hazard in connection with the blue powder and the cadmium sulphide should also be noted. Summary and Conclusionss A thorough review of the literature showed that the work done on cadmium was considerable varied, but unsatisfactory from the standpoint of the industrial hygienist. Although Industrial cadmium poisoning occurs practically entirely through the respiratory system, the least work ras done in this direction. Even in feeding experiments the pathologic changes were not precisely determined since they were not verified microscopic examination. Much has been achieved, therefore, in the present stuefer which presents valuable information for the industrial hygienist. Following are some of the general manifestations known to arise in human beings as a result of cadmium poisonings Various investigators have held that cadmium gives a definite inflammation of the mucous membranes of the gestro-intestlnal tract, emaciation and loss of weight and fatty degeneration of the heart and kidneys. A modification of the blood picture which Includes diminuatlon of the hemoglobin, of the number of red cells, of the polymorphonuclear and an Increase of the lymphocytes, irritation of the conjunctivitis and the mucous of the respiratory passages. Some investigators have also noted an irritation of the conjunctiva of the eye. In the various cases of cadmium poisoning reported in the litera ture, the following symptoms have been noticed* dryness of the throat, headache, rapid pulse, nausea, brown color of the urine, weakness, lack of appetite and shivering. Autopsy in some of these eases showed signs of congestion of the larynx, the trachea and bronchial tubes, acute inflammation of the stomach and intestines, fatty degeneration of the heart and liver, hemorrheg ic inflammation of the apleen and inflammation of the kidneys. Various investigators have reported that the symptoms of cadmium poisoning resemble those of lead poisoning, except that the characteristic colic in lead poisoning has not been noted. Cadmium taken through the respiratory astern has been reported as giving pneumonia and sometimes pleural effusion. Cadmium has a direct paralyzing action on the central 0007-SVVP-000030524 nervous system and also on the vasomotor system. Up to this tine it is almost impossible to state with certainty just what concentration of cadmium constitutes the threshold of danger for human beings. Various experimental studies have yielded results Indicating that a very fsv milligrams of cadmium or its compounds per kilo of body weight of test animals leads to demonstrable ill effects. It Is not Justifiable to apply.these same figures to human beings. But it is known that as littleas 55 milligrams (approximating one-half grain) will produce prompt vomiting in man. Manifestly, the threshold is well below this point, and is perhaps near ten milligrams. Cadmium is to be accepted' as of the same order of toxicity as lead, arsenic, end mercury when the portal of entry is by way of inhalation or subcutaneous or Intravenous injection. However, when the route of entry is the alimentary tract, the order of toxicity is lower and is more nearly comparable to zinc. The entire situation as to the toxicity of cadmium for human beings is considerably confused. Too much emphasis mty have been placed on the results of animal experiments and too few aetu&l cases of human intoxication have developed upon which to predicate definite appraisals. It is possible that the entire matter insofar as involving human beings is somewhat exaggerated. Cadmium Analyses Because of apprehension over the cadmium recovery work at this plant, three semples were collected in order to determine the content of cadmins in the air, such as might be breathed by workmen in the course of the day's work. Ho precisely accurate method for cadmium determination is well known or widely used. At this time, a method is being studied in our laboratories in Detroit and this method has been applied. The results obtained now followt Sample No. 'te. Cadmium ' per 10 cu. meters air Sampling Point 53 .91 Cadmium reclaiming--2nd floor, Building #209--10 feet from smelter, near pre cipitation tubs. Strong wind from west carried smoke and fumes toward sampling point. 0007-SWP.000030S25 gamble No. Mg. CaornlM per 10 cu. meters air 59 .a ? feet west of cadmium smelter 60 .10 Approximately 2 feet in front of workman during pouring of cadmium pigaj about 5 feet northwest of smelter, (.2 is threshold of danger) Tron the foregoing, it is established within the limits of accuracy of vhe method employed that an unusual amount of cadmium is throun into the atmosphere in the cadmium recovery plant, this quantity is well above the minimum believed to cause cadmium poisoning. The absence of poisoning is probably due only to the fact that this work is intermittent and somewhat irregular. No less, in connection with recommendations for the Lithopone Department, definite suggestions have been made seeking the amelioration of what is believed to be an undesirable set of work condi tions. One worker in this department complains of severe dryness of the throat which is usually associated with cadmium poisoning. Ooo7. SWp.{ 00030S2 6 ! HTDROGhN SDLFICE This gas is a very dangerous one, falling into the sane toxicity range as hydrocyanic acid gaa. Hydrogen sulfide was suspected in several places, chiefly because of the odors present. Tests were Bade in three of these locations with the Mines Safety Appliance Hydrogen Sulfide Detector. 1) Lithopone striker tubs, during addition of acid at manhole ..................................... below .001 (10 p.p.a.) (A strong draft up the stack exists here and while the odor of hydrogen sulfide was detected once over the manhole during the addition of this sold, the detector failed to reveal the pres ence of significant concentration at the work position.) Z) Before lithopone driers where strong hydrogen sulfide odor exists .......................................below .001 (10 p.p.a.) 3) ' Black Ash, atop rotary kiln in presence of suffocating odors, but not definite hydrogen sulfide odor. .............................. .. below .001 (10 p.p.m.) 4) Black Ash, general atmosphere, raining outside. ....................................... below .001 (10 p.p.m.) Although the quantities of gas detected are slight, and limited to a few places, it is believed that enough danger exists to warrant preventive measures. These are discussed in that section of this report devoted to conditions in these departments. In this connection see special section devoted to warehouses at 104th and 108th Streets. NI6651.J3 URINE SULFATE DETERMINATIONS' ON BENZOL WORKERS The use of benzol appears to be on the Increase In the paint industry at this time. For a number of years benzol was largely elimi nated, with the exception of its use in paint and Tarnish removers. In spite of many statements around this plant that benzol is practically unused, the total annual consumption indicates a comparatively high use. Further evidence, of increased use is found in the fact that a benzol producing plant is being built here during the period of this investi gation and this plant will have a daily output of approximately 1500 gallons of benzol. Any Increased use of benzol is regretted by the industrial hy gienists, but at no time should the attitude be taken that dangerous substances should not be used. Instead, ways aad means should be found to make the use of dangerous substances compatible with complete safety. If it be true that benzol use is on the upgrade, it may be observed that circumstances for protecting workers are now better than years ago, owing to the recent development of a peculiar te6t which apparently indicates whether a benzol worker is absorbing benzol. This test was devised by governmental officials, working in the Bureau of Mines in Pittsburgh, by using funds provided by private agencies, chief ly the Barrett Compaq. This test has been described in mazy publications, one of which is here citeds Urine Sulfate Determinations As A Measure of Beniene Exposure, by V. P. Taat, H.H. Schrenk, R.R. Sayers, A.A. Horvath and W.H. Reinhart, J. Indus. Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 13, No. 1, January, 1956, pg. 69. The following materials, dealing with the urine sulfate test, are excerpted from s publication of the Barrett Compaq, URINE SULFATE TEST AS A MEASURE OP BENZOL EXPOSURE Urine sulfate ratio is the amount of inorganic sulfates in the urine, divided by the amount of total sulfates. The urine sulfate ratio is a measure of the amount of benzol vapors Inhaled by the Individual tested. It gives a definite warning signal of danger to exposure before the health of the individual is in any way affected. 0007-SWP-000030528 I N16651.14 Paint and Varnish Senover Filling. Since Benzol is Used as a Constituent, Definite Exposures aay Exist in the Absence of Carefully Designed Protection ! 0007-SWP-000030529 Urine Sulfate Ratios Benzol Hazard Precautions Indicated Above 75$ No exposure Normal range of sulfates Below 50$ Unsafe Additional ventilation la necessary Eelow 25$ Dangerous Stop exposure until ventilation is improved The test has no diagnostic riue, that is, it tells nothing about the health of the individual at the time the test is made, hence the test can be made by the factory chemist. The urine specimen should be taken after the individual has been working three to four days. Dtf not make test on Monday if the employee is off on Sunday. Take the specimen at the end of the working shift--not at the be ginning of the working shift. METHOD OF ANALYSIS OF OPINE SPECIMENS Inorganic Sulfates---Twenty-five cc. of urine, 100 cc. of water and 10 cc. of dilute hydrochloric acid (1 part concentrated HC1 and 4 parts water by volume) are measured into a 200-250 cc. Frlenmeyer flask. If the urine.is dilute (a dilute specimen may be recognized by its weak color or by specific gravity test less than 1.00S) 100 cc. of urine is taken and 4 cc. of concen trated HC1 is added, 25 cc. of water may be added. Ten cc. cf a 5$ barium chloride solution is added slowly, drop by drop. The urine solution should not be shaken, stirred, or otherwise disturbed while the barium chloride is being added. The solution is allowed to stand an hour or longer, according to convenience, then shaken up and filtered through a Gooch crucible. (No. 42 Whatman filter paper may be substituted for Gooch crucible). The precipitate is washed with about 250 cc. of cold water, dried, ignited and weighed. Specimen for above test should be placed on ice immediately after voiding unless test is made at once. Barium chloride should be added within 24 hours. Total Sulfates. Twenty-five cc. of urine and 20 cc. of dilute hydrochloric acid (1 to 4), or 100 cc. of dilute urine and 3 oc. of concentrated HC1, are boiled gently in an Erlenmeyer flask (200-250 ec) for 0-50 minutes. The mouth of the flask should be covered with a small watch glass to retard loss of steam during the boiling. The .flask is cooled in running water for 2-5 minutes and the contents diluted to about 150 cc. with cold water. To this cold solution 10 ec. of 5 per cent barium chloride is added and the procedure continued as described under "Inorganic Sulfates." This test has been applied to 14 *-orke-.-s who are here exposed to benzol or to similar materials. The results are now shownt Check No. Name Occuoatlon $ Tnorgai 502 2451 2467 2464 2462 2470 2477 509 513 2516 2460 2487 Mo. 2452 REDACTED ............ H Dept., Texite, P & V remover Panel Cleaner Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Drum Cleaning Base Laccuer Base Lacquer Base Lacquer Lacquer Dept, Mixer 30 97 94 91 92 68 90 36 90 85 92 24 0007-SWP-000030530 It is noted that one person only falls Into the highly dangerous zone, this being a lacquer mixer. 3EC0?r.f!TNDATIOWS It is recommended that some division of the general chemical works in this plant be charged with the responsibility to carry out at least monthly tests on all workers considerably exposed to benzol. The rssponsibility for procuring these tests and appraising the rssults should be made the responsibility of the Medical Department. Whenever tests indicate a percentage lower than SO, the attitude should be taken that additional safeguards are in order. Also, such a finding should lead to the physical examination of workers and to the making of differ ential blood counts to determine the presence of a leukopenia. It is the opinion of these investigators that the benzol situa tion in this plant so far as worker protection is concerned is not good. Additional comment is made in various other sections 0007-SWP-000030531 ILLCWINATIOH In presenting extensive material on the lighting of this plant, it must be emphasised that the observations made and conclusions drawn are purely- suggestive. Certain readings were made on bright, sunshiny days, others on cloudy dqys, some few at night, etc. These variations in conditions under which tests were made open up many loopholes as to accuracy. As a result, only two categoric conclusions may be drawn as to the lighting here. The first is that a great deal of electricity is wasted and a great deal of poor lighting is produced because of the lack of servicing of electric fixtures. The second conclusion is that in many large areas of the plant the artificial lighting facilities furnished definitely are lower than is desirable in connection with the work performed. 0007., Styp 003, i i N16651.15 amiQKmcs sosm The advantages of ^ood iadistrial Ulumlnat Ion are Bear, the aoet Important of which are reduction of aeeideste and the conservation of e?aeight among workers* Because of the nature of this report, It Is Impossible to present a eoaplete discussion of the causes and effects of poor Illumine* tlon or the advantages of good Illumination. However, for the sake of clearness, seme of the more avion defects of illumination are very briefly discussed below in order that a better understanding may be hod of the reasons surrounding the reeaxmmdatlone which will fallow later In thla section. These cannon defects are: quantity, quality (color), distribution, steadiness, diffusion sad direction of light, (a) then a worker le exposed to Insufficient light, his working efficiency Is reduced aud hie ayes are subjected to unnecessary strain, which, If continued over long periods of time, nay result in permanent eye Injury, Conversely too such light may result in glare whleh also nay eause Injury to workers eye, (b) Ft cm the standpoint of quality (color), artificial Illumination should approach daylight. In many Industrial Installations the artificial light Is too yellow, whleh condition causes eyestrain. In many types of work, an adjustment of the color value of the light la desirable and In work places where color value judgements are to be made this beeomee essential. (e) Po s t distribution of light la the result of uneven Illumination throughout a werk room, then thin altuatlom arleee the workmen experience ocular fatigue *>ieh produces eyestrain and seta the stage for an accident. (d) The harmful effects cf unsteady Illumination are obvious. Unsteady ll&t produoes eye fatigue because of the Incessant demands upon the eye for readjustment. Other than frtsa defective current, this condition may alec be produced by sacks, dusts and mists from msnufeeturIng procssses. (e) Diffusion and distribution of light are related, although good diatrtbution can be attained without having good diffusion. Cood distribu tion of light Is the result of svealy spacsd outlsts carrying tbs sssie 0007-SWP-000030533 I tt*g* whleh eliminate* dark tmi from th# work room. Dim it i* MMIMTJ for th worker to look frcm a light** ut to dark u n Oarlog th* course ot work, * definite p*riod ot tlm* 1* r*quir*4 for *y* adjustment before h U sbl* to im. k condition such * thl* eats a atag* for an accident. (f) Diffused light doaa not cast sharp, daap shadows which ar* th* prolific eaaaa of tripping accident*. Diffused Illumination may V* accomplished by hawlag th* light at a given polat cem* tram. several aouree*. Baflaotlon* fro* calling, valla ud manufacturing equipment ar* hoaaflelal la obtalalng thia ecndltloa, (g) Tha dlraetloa of light become* Important aad sometimes daag*roaa undar two conditions: (1) Whan r*fl*tioa of light la dlraet*d lato th* *y* aad (E) vhaa th* eoae*atrat*d source ll*a la th* fl*ld of vision. Both of th*a* eoadltloaa pro dace glar* aad ar* objectionable because they interfere with-cleer vision aad laercaa* th* rlak of accident; eaua* discomfort aad eye fatigue; radue* efficiency; aad If continued over loag period* of tin*, Bay result la Impairment of Tleioa. la order to Improve any industrial lighting lastallatloa, tlm eosmoa defect* aaatloaad abows mat be girea careful consideration. It was with these d*f*eta la mind that the recommendations which follow later la this section for th* improvement of th* Illumination la thl* plant were mad*. Th* unit of qualtlty of Illumination la th* foot-candle aad It la la thia tzm that all measurement* and requirement* ar* apeelfied. The instrument used la collecting thl* data wa* tha Wattoa Toot-Candl* Mater. la general all foot-c*adl* aaasurmaanta war* mad* at th* l*vl of work aad with th* operator la poaltloa. Headings war* aot take a at all worklag place* la th* plant* but wherever possible they war* taken at various points to lndlcat* tha general condition la each workroom. Measuremsnt* were not only mad* *t manufacturing processes, hut elao la offlca*, tor* rooms, packing departmenta, etc. la addition to th* foot-candle measurement*, Information such * ewldeaee of glare, coadltloa of present light lag equipment, coler aad condltloa of walls and celllaga and types of Illumination equipment war* w,,,.s*f-5(l534 alto noted. This information m need along vith tho foot-candl# Maauraaatt la Baking tho reecrandatloa*. Ths foot-eandls measure ments wsrs compared with th* standards Mt ap by th* Illminatlng Engineering Society which appaar aa a booklet entitled "Coda of Light ing." Thee* standard* vara uaad aa a baala for tha recommendations, bat dua regard ms given to the particular problems encountered la tba plaat. Tha results of the surrey indicate that la certain parta of tha plant adequate illumination la being furnished. This la dua In part to tha more modem conatructloa of tha bulldlaga and aora raeaat iastsllatlon of llluaiaatloa equlpnact. On the other hand, many of tha depart ment* are found to have far fra* adequate lighting. Tha raaaoaa for thla lavolvea a great aany faatora and nay easily be referred back to tha coanon defects of llluaiaatloa which are Hated abort, la this connect ion It baa been found that la ecae places tha fixtures ware of antiquated type* aad have outlived their usefullaess. In other oasea very little attenpt has bean mads to aalntela tha lighting. Installation. In still other caaaa windows era dirty which prsvant to a large extent the light from entering aad walls, celling* aad equipment era a dark color which absorbs rather than reflects light. Good reflecting surfaces are vary laportaat la any light lag Installation aa e source dt reflected light xhich aids la providing good distribution and diffusion. In s o m Instances It has been found that electrical outlets arc plentiful but only a snail nunbar are equipped vith laapa or reflectors. Also in certain instance* leap* are being need without reflector* which la a mate of eaergy since the light la allomd to travel la all direction* and a large percentage la absorbed by equlpcunt and other dark surface*. This practice ha* been found nor* especially la tbs storage and stock departmats. laid* from the mate Involved, this practice of ualng bar* leaps results in glare, the harmful effects of which htvs been discussed above. ___ Tha proper and adequate maintenance of illumination equipment for both natural and artificial lighting Is essential. Systsau whleh were adequate when flrat Installed soon deteriorate ualeee properly nalatslaed. A definite ephedul* should be followed la cleaning all window*, Imp* sad 0007-SWP-000030535 i accessories tad keeping the laatallAtlona la proper adjustment tad repair, la ordtr that tha highest efficiency may ha obtained, wtllt tad oa ills** should ha rapalntad light eolora at regular latarrala. (bar* dirt la alio wad to colleot oa laapa and light is* fixtures, a eonaldarabla loaa la Illumination results. It baa been. proven repeatedly that inadequate aalataaaaea of lighting fixture# *111 radaaa tha efficiency 90 par eaat or more. Slaca thara It always tha possibility that thla plaat *111 oparata nights, and ilaoa a larga percent of tha day* art cloudy, which alda vary littla la affording natural light, tha lighting installation should ba adequate to give required amounts of Illumination at all times. At tha times whan Illumination Is sufficient without artificial light, tha y naad not ba operated. It van with this la mind that tha racementa tions ware made. It will ba found that la sata eaaes reeotnandatlona were made to Increase Illumination even though tha present light *lth tha aid of natural light was sufficient. Oils was dona la order to make tha artificial illumination adaquata without tha aid of natural light. Aside from tha specific recommendation* which ara included under tha "yield Data and Besults" section, certain general reeommdatloae now followi (1) Wash walla and callings or paint walla and celling* wherever faaaibla and repeat procaaa at parlodle latarrala thereafter. (2) Wash all lighting flxturas la all offices and wash one* eaeh math thereafter. (3) Wash all other lighting flxturas sad wash every three months there after. (4) Install approved reflectors or flxturas on all outlets which ara not so equipped at present. 15) Replace those lamps which hm had 1000 or more hours of seyrie* with new lamp* and replace every 1000 hours of service thereafter. (6) Wash all windows aad skylight# and wash periodically thereafter. 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I .I !t 48* to I SI I! s o o 86 22 8 A H J +4 o se- W> o o 8 S3 t3o2rt8 Asss a nO I 4 4 n 3 ctoUto I AA iA tsos a a <0 O O tort (00 to 40 4 a tOn Ito *3 a to 5 SI? y 38 1 A ato 3a .3 a! ttoo tt0oo *t4foa* CO to 3<* A A &s 5to -w3 * 13 t E-OCT H 21 ^3? ^ 2-s 312 C40* aJ A 4* Zj A .2 S 2 ill I tAo 0007-SWP-000030562 i r.ntflffCT V.tZ RECOMKEMDAIIOMS OH THE TIH CAM PLAST Various sections of this report include items of data based upon investigations of the Tin Can operations. Consideration of the sum total of information leads to the following and recommenda tions: 1) Soldering, both of-automatic and hand types, characterises much of the work of this department. This solder is believed to represent a mixture of lead and tin. By actual tests of the atmosphere, considerable quantities of lead have been found and definitely more than the minimum required 'to produce lead poisoning, provided exposure exists. This lead foremostly arises in the form of fume from soldering operations. To a slight extent, lead is contributed in the form of the black oxide off of terne plate. The exact quantities of lead present may be found in that other section of this report devoted to "lead analyses". It is recalled that the maximum in the Tin Can Plant is Just above 11 milli grams of lead per ten cubic meters of air. This represents about 7 times the minimum quantity accepted as the daily intake of lead sufficient to product lead poisoning in some sersons. Mot only is lead present in the air, but a few workers are show ing minimal signs of lead absorption. Even though no case of lead poison ing may have arisen over a period of years, it is no less within reason to believe that at ary time one or more cases might arise. It is there fore recommended that such steps be taken.as will maintain the lead content of the atmosphere at a maximum of 1.5 milligrams of lead per ten cubic meters of air. This may be accomplished by the following steps: a) It is noted that thermostats have been Installed on all auto matic machines. These thermostats should be set so as to maintain the lowest possible temperatures compatible with this requirements of the * operation. If the temperature may be held at about 550-575 degrees, very little lead fume will be produced. It is frequently true that operations of this character make use of temperatures from 100-200 degrees hiiher than necessary, and thus waste both fuel and lead. b) The hoods about most machines in this department are of poor design or rether are poorly located. Most hoods are so high nbove the operation involved that fume is not entrained and may be seen visibly 0007-SWP-000030564 N16651.16 Automatic "olderlngof Faint Containers. Note Extensive Hooding for Protection Above Molten Solder Container to pass out Into the roon instead of upward into the hood. e) Insufficient air is being pulled through the exhaust system for purposes of evacuating lead fume. Although this system makes use of mechanical devices for air movement, the system is either overloaded or at least is otherwise deficient. At least double the quantity of air now moved through this system should be provided. The exhaust system in the small room in which ear lugs are soldered depends for fume evacuation only on stack action. This portion of the operation should either be provided with a motorized exhaust system, or else should be made a portion of the main room system, but without overloading that system. d) Remarks made about the extensive height of hoods are especially directed to small automatic operations such as the isolated room where ear lugs are soldered, along with certain other soldering operations. e) On various trips made into this plant, it has been observed that hand soldering is carried out at different points not all of which are likely to be in operation at any one time. Certain of this hand work may be regarded as semi-outomatlc, in that certain machine devices facili tate hand work. Since at least one hand soldersr is showing minimal signs of lead absorption, it seems desirable to recommend that hoods be constructed and operated over major hand operations. It is probable that these hoods may be included in the one motorized system above specified as desirable. f) At some subsequent time, additional lead analyses should be made in order to make aure that the standarda set have been attained and are being maintained. g) It is possible, but not proved, at the time of the writing of this section, that some lead is being carried to the Tin Can Department on certain daye from nearby portions of the plant devoted to lead manu facture. This is being investigated and if found to be a fact, plans will W a, be made for remedying this in connection with these other departments. 2) In this department, the real hazard is not one of lead, but that of noise. Of all large scale operations in the plant, this depart ment stands out as a noise maker. Naturally, thi6 is a consequence of the handling of metal (sheet) and hollow shapes made out of sheet metal. 0007-SWP-000030566 However, some noise in this department is created by overhead drives, stamping and slitting machines, punch presses, etc. Few persons exposed to noise are fully conversant with the ill effects produced. 1* *.t be said that there is so much noise in this de partment that in the course of several years, a fair percentage of workers would become hard of hearing and all continually are victims of minor nervous disorders, excessive fatigue, irritability, resulting from the continuous din of noise. It is not necessaiy to make noise measurements and to record in decibels the excess noise over desirable states of quietude. However, it would be desirable to make use of audiometers or other hearing measuring devices in the belief that at the present time at least 20 of all persons employed will now show some degree of hearing deficiency. The remedy for this situation is not easy and if achieved at all will rep resent a large and perhaps unwarranted outlay of money. Consideration should be given to the following points: a) The most troublesome of the noises produced by machine operation is that from the double action ring dye stemping machines, three of which are present on this second floor. Of these the one located above the department office causes the most\ibration in the entire building. This machine is not in use at all times, which is fortunate. The fact that it is located just above the department office is significant in that office workers are subject to a disturbing variety of noise and vibration. Even though these office workers should maintain that they have become accustomed to this noise, the injury goes on no less. b) A fair amount of noise is produced by worn bearings and unnecessary play in moving parts. It will require no great amount of ingenuity, skill or money to rectify some of these mmerous petty noise makers. * c) The great bulk of the high pitched noise arises from the clash of metal on metal, such as the vertical dropping of units in the process of manufacture. It is recommended that an engineer be assigned the duty of modifying all possibly noisy processes through the introduction of rubber track wherever practical, the elimination of direct dropping of metal on metal through the introduction of rubber baffles, etc. T ---------------- ---- ! ! 0007-SWP-000030567 a) About one-third of the machines in this department are no* mounted on rubber. The remainder to good advantage might be so mounted. Some of the distinct sources of noise arise in machines not rubber -ted. Also it conceivably might be practical to build up noise deadening walls and ceilings. Again this is left to engineers. In short, without unfavorable criticism of any person or persons and without pretending that a full remedy has been found, it is here pointed out that much may be gained in this department through efforts to eliminate a great deal of the noise no* present. S) During the course of this investigation, frequent comment has been made that the workers in the Tin Can Department are unlike in their responses any other division of the work force. For example, among other items, it has been pointed out that these workers are con tinually complaining about the quality of food' and that they make unusual and extraordinary demands for special foods, without regarding this situation very highly, it may be related that this general state of irrita tion, irritability, proneness to complain and general dissatisfaction is the customary emotional state among workers continually exposed to noise. This comment is made in order to tie in the preceding section with the well known situation that the Tin Can workers comprise a jittery ana frequently upset portion of the work force. ""^w-onoesose COMMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LITHOPONE MANDFACTORE In dealing with lithopone, it is fortunately true that the major ingredients are'substantially non-toxic. For years lithopone has been, promoted as a non-toxie substitute for lead paint costings. However, the situation in ary plant and particularly in this.plant,_is not so freed of concern as might be desired. The zinc component of lithopone starts not with zinc sulphide, but with sine sulfate and in an impure state, calling for extensive treatment. Likewise the tift ore of the barium component is highly impure and calls for extensive chemical modi fications. Out of these requirements and in the further manufacture of lithopone, a number of situations here exist leading to recommendations. 1) The dust of zinc sulfate is distinctly irritating to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and will lead to septal perforation. One or more persons now employed present nasal perforation, presumably due to the action of zinc sulfate. This leads to the recommendation that all workers unloading and handling the zinc sulfate in the dry state continuously wear respirators whenever engaged on their job. One exception necessarily is made in that workman tending the hot water solution of zinc sulfate. Because of much wetness connected with his employment, the wearing of a respirator is impractical. It is here recognized that the respirators are worn at the present time most of the time} only on a few occasions have unloaders been observed neglecting themselves by discarding their respirators. 2) The boiling water tubs for zinc sulfate solution give rise to much steam. When we first arrived, the antiquated hood over these tubes was apparently not vented at all. During our stay, a new stack has been supplied which 6till is inadequate. Apparently more steam enters the room than is discharged through the stack. It is urged that this situation be %: bettered until substantially all steam be eliminated for the benefit of workers in this section. 3) One of the most objectionable of the lesser hazards connected with this plant is to be found in the cadmium recovery section. Here, after a series of chemical manipulations, the cadmium sludge, mixed with caustic, is smeltered and recovered as metallic cadmium to an extent 0007-SWP-000030569 I N16651.17 1 Llthopone Bagging. Llthopone Is Essentially Non-Toxic but Grossly Excessive Dust Exposures are Undesirable. The Operation Here Portrayed Calls for Improvement 0007-SWP-000030570 1 1 ii represented by the fact that each batch comprises about 500# of metallic cadmium. Cadmium is a highly toxic material and is perhaps not less toxic than lead. In the operation in question the fire box for adding heat to the smelter discharges its smoke through a makeshift pipe directly into the workroom. The smelter pot is not vented in any way. The accoopatylng see Vol. XI photograph portrays this undesirable state of affairs. This very operation has led to a number of poisons, including one death, in another plant. In this connection, a quotation is made from the League of Nations Encyclopedia on Occupation and Health, as follows: "In 1924, in a factory of chemical products, several workers engaged in handling the residue from llthopone manufacture and preparing cadmium were poisoned by the fumes. The inquiry revealed that the fumes in question were cadmium fumes rather than arseaiuretted hydrogen." Of ten poisoned, one died. The very definite recommendation is here proffered that this cadmium recovery work be carried out only under definitely better conditions and freed from the high presence of cadmium shown from the analyses of the samples of air collected during cadmium smelting. Another section of this report, "Cadmium Exposure" lists the results of the air analyses mentioned above. 4) The entire section in which cine sulfate is prepared for lithopone manufacture is a low order of operation involving uncertain exposures to arsenic, erseniuretted hydrogen, nenganese, lead, zinc sulfate, etc. The two definite exposures have above been described. A guarded expression 16 now made to the effect that this entire section would be helped by extensive modification. The humidity is excessive, water condensation drips from all ceilings and walls, wetness is everywhere present, etc. 5) It is understood that some changes are planned in the Black Ash Department. Remarks mad.e in this item should be modified in relation to these contemplated revisions, leaving the zinc component and taking up the barytes constituent, it may be pointed out that the barytes is fer from pure, that lead may be present as an impurity. Occasionally arsenic is likewise present and some silica. As a result of kiln firing, the sulfate is changed over to the sulfide and oxide. 1........................................................ ................ j ii, ft iI ! 0007-SWP-000030571 Later this black ash is treated with, water and possibly at tines sodiun sulfate, giving rise to barirn sulfate, which after further purification is ready for iithopone manufacture. In the preliminary steps connected with barium, much dust is evolved, particularly at the lower end of the kiln where the sulfide and-oxide are present. This dust is definitely caustic and acts as a skin irritant and depilatory. It is now recommended that un less the changes now contemplated take care of this dust situation, a dust entraining system be Installed at the lower end of the kiln. It is conceived that much might be gained by conveying the untreated black ash to the leaching vita automatically with a screw conveyor or otherwise. The present arrangement of hoisting it in an elevator, filling by hand into skips, moving the skips a few feet, hoisting by hand crane and dumping by hand is conducive to much dust formation and apparently is uaeeononic. If, however, it is necessaey to weigh the black ash before its placement in leeching vote, then th< *urrestIon may be less valuable. If some such arrangement as this is produced, the necessity for dust tT--t.*rs diminishes to seme extent. Arbitrarily the standard is suggested that not more duet be tolerated in this room than SO million particles per cubic foot of air idien counted by the dark field procedure. 6) At the upper end of the kiln, in connection with grinding and hoisting, excessive amounts of dust are produced. The dusts here created are probably lesa dangerous than those at the lower end, hut of this some uncertainty exists. At the present time must dust is induced by the vibration caused by the crushing. Apprxently large quantities of dusts have settled about rafters so that whenever ajy vibration takes place, visible clouds of dust are produced. Also, it is observed that the hoist equipment is defective and fair quantities of the mix are dumped about the heads of workers. This is controlled to some extent by a makeshift platform which catches some of this spillage. It is now recommended that this entire building be freed of rafter dust in an effort to control the total amount of dust created in this department. Further, it ir guardedly recommended that consideration be given to the necessity of a dust collecting system about the front end of the kiln. 0007-SWP-000030572 In order that proper inter:st Bey be stimulated in this enter prise, it is observed that baryta occasionally leads to dusty lung disease veiy similar to silicosis. These cases are uncommon; one was reported in 1926, in which definite lung changes were brought tout. Of greater importance is the possibility that the irritation from barium compounds, particularly the sulfide, may give rise to cancer of the lungs. Of remote Importance is the possibility that barium may possess sufficient radioactive properties to induce some injury. It has been learned that plans are undenray for- the rearrange ment of operations about the upper end of the black ash kiln. It is therefore inappropriate to make specific recommendation# for changes further than to point out that present conditions are distinctly undesirable. Whatever new arrangements are installed should Include adeo.uate facility for the entrainment of substantially all dusts and gaaes arising in this general area and including the platform above the kiln where at the present time hydrogen sulfide gas is present in appreciable quantities. 7) At tbe present time, the handling of the black ash sludge after the separation of the barium sulfate, is carried out under objectionable conditions. In passing, however, it is noted that to some extent the workers handling this sludge are also the workers exposed to dusts from the untreated black ash. These workers definitely complain of the objectionable qualities of their work from heat, from dusts, from skin irritation, from lumps of settled ash falling from the ceiling and from steam and from wetness. One workman at this time complains of a caustic burn of one foot due to a leaky boot. It is granted that this is a difficult operation to surround with worker protection. No less, it is maintained that it is practical to minimise the dust, to evacuate the excessive heat, to remove the settlings and encrustations from ceilings, beams, walls, etc. throughout this department. 8) One of the disturbing features connected with the black ash work is the creation of hydrogen sulfide. This gas should command the respect of all persons. In ary ouartlty they can be measured, it is dangerous. As noted elsewhere, measurable cuentities have been established around this department. It is believed that one of the beneficent purposes served by 0007-SWP-000030573 dust collectors.will be that of removal of hydrogen sulfide gas as well, kt this time no specific recommendations are made with reference to hydrogen sulfide control other than that at no time should the overhead openings in the building be closed. However, some hydrogen sulfide gas .. generated in connection with the purification of the black ash. This portion of the problem will not be appreciably aided by `he installation of dust collectors. For this reason, it is recommended that such steps be taken in the black ash washing room as will assure the absence of hydrogen sulfide in measurable quantities under all circumstances. 9) One of the chief complaints on the part of the black ash workers is from excess heat. Again it is noted that if dust collectors are installed these will probable move so much elr as to dissipate some of the excess heat now present. On this account, no specific recommendations are made with regard to heat mitigation. Nor, after discussing the health exposures connected with the preliminary preparation, comment is made upon lithopone manufacture itself and its further treatment: 10) In the course of routine examinations for lead in the atmos phere, as reported in another section, much lead was apparently found in the dust to which lithopone workers are exposed. This very disturbing observation at once has led to the question that some lead is present as a definite constituent of lithopone, which is unlikely or that considerable amounts of lead la being blown into the lithopone room from nearby lead manufacturing operations. Third, there is a suspicion that some agent in the lithopone interferes with the accuracy of the test procedure carried out. At the time of the writing of this section, full laboratory return are not in, but the suspicion is great that for one reason or another, sufficient leac is present in the atmosphere in the lithopone room to produce lead poisoning, even though only traces be present in the lithopone itself. Final technical observations will be appended to this section and it is hoped thet a full understanding of the situation will then be available. 11) Even though lithopone be non-toxie, and even though it be 0007-SWP-000030574 free from lead, there Is a limit to the dustiness to which workers should be subjected, even though the material leading to the dustiness be entirely Innocuous. It is believed that much more litho^^r.s lust is present in a few operations than should be tolerated. It is recommended for the bagging section either that this be changed over to automatic type of bagging of the dust free type, provided llthopone may be bagged automatically, and-if this is not practical, it is recommended that a dust collector be installed about the bagging operation and nearby operations so that within that area workers rill not be continuously -. subjected to an extraordinsrijrhigh intake of llthopone. Similarly, it is recommended that a dust collector be installed over the hopper on the floor above the bagging operations. 12) Great quantities of dust are produced about the llthopone building by the careless handling of materials, emptying of trays, and particularly by diy sweeping. Visible clouds of dust are nearly always present in various portions of this building. It is recommended that workers be cautioned to handle llthopone with an eye for no unnecessary spillage and further it is recommended that due consideration be given to the installation of vacuum cleaning system to supplant dry sweeping , which now takes place. It is assumed that there is no practicel method of doing ret sweeping and also that hosing down of floor and walls may not take place. If this assumption be in error, hosing down of many large portions of the llthopone plant as a substitute for sweeping would be highly commendable. 13) For the time being, many more workc-rs in the llthopone department who are exposed to llthopone dust should be wearing respirators than Is now true. One man is known consistently to wear respirator, but others are dilatory in this respect. Later on, when some of the Innovations here recommended may have been Installed, the wearing of respirators may be abandoned. At present, this would be unrise. 0007-SWP-000030575 Final appraisal of the lithopone situation is to the effect that llthopone itself is non-toxic and its handling gives rise to no major problem. No less, certain refinements are in order in its manufacture. Supplemental Motes ffhen all technical data were in hand, it was definitely established that the lead found In the Lithopone building was primarily due to air- , borne lead from nearby stacks and apparently chiefly from tha litharge and red lead stacks. Tha quantity varies from hour to hour end, of course, is .much more prevalent in the direction toward which tha wind la blowing. Lead hes been found In the atmosphere outside of buildings In tnia area,origina ting from this same source. At the time that the red lead and litharge furnaces are being charged and when dampers are shaken, the quantity of lead thrown Into the air la enormous. Freshly made lithopone itself has proved to contain no or only minute traces of lead, but rafter dust In these litho pone buildings does contain lead. Elsewhere, In various places, recommenda tions have been made that this general contamination of the sir with lead be curtailed In order that non-lead workers end residents about the plant be not exposed to lead. It la the Intent of this supplemental consent fully to exculpate lithopone aa having an Inherent content of lead. Referring nos to tc- 'e-dllng of zinc sulfate from box ears In a loose, dry state, It is reconnended that the steps suggested by the super intendent In charge be carried out to an even greater extent If practical. This Is that the content of the care ae received be sprayed with weter to a sufficient extent^through a sufficient number of times so that mine sulfate dust will not be created In the process of wheeling this material from tha cars to the solution tanks or storage bins. 0007-SWP-000030576 1 COaaST AND r e c o mme n d a t io n s t o r o l d d u t c h p r o c e s s l e a d KANUFACTUEI This large operation provides enormous potential exposures to lead dust and Is at the same tine one of the nost troublesome operations connected with lead use in this plant. Fru- .he point of view of the hygienist, the devout desire is that the whole Dutch Process night be abandoned in favor of some of the newer processes because these newer processes lend themselves more readily to protective devices. It is understood that white lead nade by other processes than the old Dutch Process is, after all, lead carbonate, and not different to that nade by the Dutch Process. If this be .true, and if the Quick Processes are financially economic, then the industrial hygienist would like to lend their earnest support to the abandonaent of the Dutch Proeees because of the difficulties attending worker protection. In this department, practically one-half of the workers are showing signs of lead absorption. The percentage here is as high or higher than ary other portion of this establishment. This is accounted for by the high quantities of lead found in the atmosphere, as shown in that other section entitled "lead analysis". Although these men wear their respirators with greater faithfulness than is true for almost axy other factory investigated by us, it is impossible that any respirator will pro vide 100? protection or sufficient protection to make mild lead poisoning improbable. It is also noted here that respirators are not worn consistently by all workers. It is likewise true that some workers above the laboring class who are in and out of the dusty areas numerous times during the day do not wear respirators at all or at best veiy little. Because of the distinctly bad situation connected with the stack work and particularly the drawing, which is very dusty, it is recommended that due consideration be given to the provision of facilities for positive pressure respirators of the non-helmet type for highly exposed workmen during periods of high exposure, shiefly drawing. This plan would call for the installation of air linea at low pressure (below 6#) down Into each stack. These pipes should be set up with outlet valves at various levels and possibly with removable swinging arms and multiple norzles, over one of which each workman night slip his hose line for his supply of fresh air. It is probable that the plant's air, pressure line will not provide -uitable source of air supply. Obviously the intake of air must be sufficiently remote as to provide lead free air. It will not be necessary to wear helmets as a snail face, covering the nose and mouth is sufficient. It is not anticipated that workmen rill find this equipment much heavier than the present respirator. Since this drawing work is strictly confined to snail spaces and for several years at a time, it is felt that here is an admirable situation for the wearing of hose respirators. However, since unforseen difficulties nay arise, it nay be preferable to install pipe lines only in the nature of a pilot arrangement, embracing perhaps not more than sin stacks. A faithful and Intelligent tryout of the system over a period of six months will provide adequate information as to the merits of this innovation. By actual tests, much lead has been found in the atmosphere about the molten lead pots associated with buckle casting. The chief source of dust here is from the sklmalngs removed at frequent intervals during the work period. Surrounding the entire lead pot area, much accumulated settled dust is present. The skimnings are merely dumped on the floor, requiring additional handling in connection with removal. The exhaust system now installed over this pot moves Very little air and fails to pick up dust artificially stirred up near the doorway. Ho thermostat is utilized in connection with this operation. Consequently, workers know only by rule of thumb the temperature that exists which temperature probably varies appreciably during the day. Since high temperatures produce more lead fume and more dross because of increased oxida tion, it is recommended that thermostatic control be provided for this lead pot * and that the temperature be kept as low as is consistent with the needs of the operation. Since it has been steted that the operators change the tempera ture from time to time during the day, in order to meet peculiar requirements, it may be desirable to install only that type of thermostat which will provide that maximum temperature actually required for operation purposee. 0007-SWP-000030578 In the handling of used tan bark, there are certain stages and operations wherein this bark be wetted down. This is desirable wherever practical, because such lead is mixed in with this tan bark and dusty atmos pheres are readily,produced. It should be the continuous endeavor of the manage ment to obtain from workmen full cooperation in wetting down every dusty operation where it is possible so to do. -- - --- 1 - " * r-' : 00Q7-SWP-000030579 1 Lead Recoveiy from Refuse of Dutch Process of TSiite Lead Manufacture. A rusty Operation Partly Cue to Defective Mechanism rhich Should Be Remedied "1------------; 007-SWP-000030580 i, CCCffllENT AND rXCOSOIEKMIIONiS CONNECT'D tITH LEAD RECOVER? FROM TAN BARE This small unit gives rise to a fair amount of lead'ln the atmos phere as shown by various tests made. The chief offender Is the lead stirred up from the handling of the dried out tan bark as it is thrown into the elevator boot. Also, enormous quantities of lead are temporarily produced in connection with the shoveling out of the completely turned bark ash. Eince the supply of this material to be recovered lies outside the building, it is inevitably wet some of the time. Consequently, the question arises as to wlqr this may not be wetted down at all times when freesing would not take place. Thus at once would be eliminated all prospects of dustiness. In connection with furnace loading, on our first arrival, this work was much more dusty than at present, c'ue'to the fact that many flues were clogged up to the point that all stack action was practically absent. Lately this has been remedied and this source of increased dustiness no longer exists. The operator complains that the fan installed for venting this room operates improperly and runs in reverse fashion. Even though this be true, it is unimportant as no good purpose is served by this overhead fan. The need exists for an exhaust system near the lower door of the furnace, and preferably on either aide of the furnace. These two lateral intakes in truth will not pick up ell the dust but will go far toward entraining the dust created, in connection with shoveling out of ash. It is possible that the fen now installed, but which serves no helpful purpose, may be introduced into a new system as just mentioned. The ash removed from the furnace and laid out in windrowa an the floor should be sorted with water (not hosed) during the t process of emptying out the furnace, immediately on removal from the furnace, shovel full by shovel'full--that is, one worker should shovel, the other should spray, lead from thia recovery stack is ons of the con tributing offenders to the general atmosphere contemination so often dis cussed in this report. It Is possible that this lead should be recovered. X16651 T m7-sw--mo3K8, COMMEHT AOT PECOIMENEATIONS FOR THE I.ITKAE3E AMD RED DEAD DEPARTMENTS If reference be made to tbose other sections dealing respectively with air analysis for lead content and with blood examinations for evidences of lead absorption, ready proof may be found that the manufacture of lead oxides is associated with definite exposures. Using the quantity of lead of 1.5 milligrams of lead per 10 cubic meters of air as a yardstick of safety, it m^y be observed that in this department there are some places presenting as much as 200 times the minimus quantity of lead regarded as dangerous. Of greater significance is the fact that approximately one-half the workers present suggestive signs of lead absorption. On these accounts, it is felt that here is a department which must be made the recipient of extensive modifications. A number of sug gestions and recommendations now follows 1) In another section of this report, a discussion is provided with reference to the washroom and locker room for workers in the general lead manufacturing area. The need for much more extensive accommodations was emphasized. It is urged that this matter be given consideration and that at a very early time better accommodations be provided for these mary workmen. Congestion is enormous and exposure to lead is provided directly in the wash and locker rooms. 2) From the stacks leading from the furnaces in this department, much lead is poured into the open atmosphere, to the point that workers in nearby departments probably are indirectly exposed to lead. In writing up the lithopone section, it was noted that apparently much lead was present in the lithopone dust. It is now felt that this leed represents a contamination of the lithopone with high quantities of lead escaping from the stacks associated with red lead manufacture. Of even greater significance is the possibility that this discharged lead is being carried several hundred feet and might affect residents and shop keepers along 115th Street and conceivably arkmen in the Kensington Steel Plcnt. This constitutes a prime legal threat, which matter is being discussed with Ur. MacEowell, the Corporation's chief counsel. Tfoen as much as 100 milligrams of lead are present in the atmosphere of the lithopone building, in each 10 cubic meters of air, and assuming that r.o technical error has been permitted to arise in the method of analysis. Nl66S]' 0007-SWP-000030582 of which the possibility/is being investigated at this writing and accepting the condition that no lead beyond a trace can be present in the lithopone, it becomes enormously important to give consideration to the large quantity of lead being poured out of the various stacks in the lead manufacturing departments. Title certain quantitative measurements have been made, indicative of contamination of the general atmosphere, the best evidence may be found in seeing actual clouds of red lead emerging from the furnace stacks. It seems probable that commercial losses are Considerable, which might Justify remedial measures, primarily contemplated for worker and citisen protection. At any rate, it is recommended that such steps be taV-en as will eliminate the apparent wide contamination of the general atmosphere by lead, discharged primarily through stacks from red lead and and lithrge^bark burning furnaces. 3) In this department, there are now in operation six different oust collecting or dust arresting systems. Insofar as protecting workers is concerned, it appears that no one of these systems is worth a great deal. The design is extraordinarily tad--certain systems are over-loaded, none are entirely suitable to the requirements of worker protection and of greater importance, some of the worst offenders as dust producers are not equipped with ejy dust collectors, good or bad. During the period of our investigation, an engineer connected with a manufacturing company has investigated this same problem, but quite apart from our investigation, and unknown to these investigators. This engineer xas not seen by ary person connected with our own group. Recog nising that this engineer has equipment to sell and pointing out that we have no interest whatever in his company or his wares, it has no less been deemed desirable to Include an engineer's appraisal of this same situation. This appraisal now follows, but the reeomaendatlpns made are not necessarily subscribed to by us. r f d t .f a i nnmcES Four C-as-fired Furnaces to Common Stack, Using Three Smoke Outlets from Each Furnace. Two of these at the top are now practically closed. The rear smoke cutlet with damper is controlled according to heat. It is through this opening at the rear that gas or fumes from lead and litharge escape. Much of it ceposits in the breeching at the back of the furnaces, and evidently considerable rises from the main stack to the atmosphere. The eaount of material passing out in the furnaces through the stack to the atmosphere, or deposited in the breeching in a unit of time is not easily determined. The loss of fumes in the Red Lead and Litharge, resulting from loading end unloading' the furnace pans through the front door was very roughly de termined as follows: A plate measuring 8" x 102" was covered with material during the time the front doors were open to the amount of 10.95 grams in a period of time of approximately one minute. This was red lead. Some material escapea continually through the front because of the leakages at both the lower and upper doors, but the amount of loss while actually load ing and unloading is much greater over a period of only fifteen to twenty minutes. It is recommended, first, that a hood, SO" wide x 18* deep, suitebly tapered upwardly, and connected to the dust pipe for each furnace, be connected to the dust collector on the level of the fourth floor above the mill room. Coal fire furnaces located on the other side of the mill room are producing practically the Sfffle amount of loss at the front doors when loading and unloading. The flue arrangement, however, differs considerably because of coal firing. The collector for this, arranged the same as the four first mentioned gas-fired furnaces should be the same, and would Join the same collector on the level of the fourth floor. These furnace fumes will enter a classifier or coal chamber ore entrance to the bag or tubular type of collector. Due to the comparatively lor temperature at which the furnaces ere operated, being an average of about 1020F. , it would be possible to cool this down to the point where all of this could be drawn into a tubu lar collector at a very high rate of velocity, the collector also equipped with Vclassifier and cooler so that no losses from furnaces could occur. This, however, would entail considerable expense, as these collectors would necessarily be of considerable size, and would suggest at this time that this be deferred until the recovery of the losses at the front of the furnaces had really been proved profitable. Corrections The present dust collecting equipment on the fourth floor of the mill room appears to be entirely overloaded. Thus, the velocity of the air throughout the blow-pipe qystem is too low to convey the dust effectively. Hary of the horizontal pipes, including some.of the smoke pipes, easily fill with material, and thus further reduce the effectiveness of the suction at the various outlets. Host pipe construction is incorrectly joined up where one pipe enters another. In no case should a pipe enter another pipe, even of larger diameter, at right angles to same. All branch pipes should lead into main trank lines at an angle of less than SO degrees, and preferably of 10 degrees where possible; otherwise, there is a choking up in the trunk line. Invariably, the connections to elevators are improperly placed, ^thus causing dust to congest the air rather than'remove the pressure. All take-offs for elevators should be at the top,..or head, far enough away from the discharge of the pockets So that it will not disturb material being carried. The method of shaking or cleaning the bags from the several bag collectors is ineffective. This is usually accomplished by rubbing the bags from top to bottom with a long pole, while the fans are in operation. The result is that the cloth impregnates to the extent that it builds up a back pressure in the system. Also, much of the material goes on through the fabric, and it is deposited on the floor. Overhead, immediately above the bag collectors, are roof ventilators. These also exhaust considerable material out to the open atmosphere ever;.* time an attempt is made to clean the bags. The capacity of the equipment concerning the bags themselves is still too 0007-SWP-000030584 snail, even if the method of cleaning them were more effective. How ever, effective cleaning would very materially increase the present capacity. It is observed that in some cases more than one blower is used in discharging dust to the bag collectors. The usual result is that the system becomes unbalanced, or one blower working against the other. In good practice, not more than one blower is served by a single collec tor. One large blower, with ample capacity to serve a number of pieces of equipment, such as mills, sifters, elevators, floor sweeps, etc., could be used to serve one large collector with the use of gates in the various lines to the equipment units, and thus balance the entire system and con trol it. This would be idea, and far more efficient than raajy blower units that are non used. It is assumed that the Compaq does not wish to make a radical change in present buildings, and that any new equipment going in is merely to meet the present situation to reduce the health hazard and recover losses so far as possible, and that later, when more radical changes are contem plated, any new dust collecting equipment that may now go in can again be used by simply adding sections or units. The dust tube collector is de signed along these lines. It is sectional in construction, and can be added to very easily at any time. Hot only can the capacity be increased to an unlimited extent, but the shaking of equipment for effectively clean ing fabric can also be extended. The means for unloading hoppers can be so designed that they can be extended and material fed to any desired place. Mew Dust Collectors in Mill Room It is observed that there are a number of floor feed openings for the feeding of elevators with material drawn from the furnaces, These should be connected to an independent new dust collector with high velocity so that all spillage now occurring in the floor may be eliminated. The floor feeds should be designed with grates, and over this is where the material should be handled. Tilth suitable suction connections under the grates, ttee would be no spillage. Possible Soace for the Hew Collector On the fourth floor of the mill room, north end, is a large bag collector, having 59 IE" bags, not operating, and one set of Raymond type bag collector, measuring 84" across, not operating, covering a space of 20' wide x 16* long and 12*4" deer from floor to ceiling. This space could be properly used for the installation of a new collector of modern type to serve the two sets of furnaces, new mill room dust connections, and consid erable additional equipment now not adequately served. V-'; 0007-SWP-000030585 Cltherge Hilling. Highly Dusty Operetlon. In the Absence of Consistent Peering of Respir'tors, Eistinct Exposures Hay Arise j i 0007-SWP-000030586 i la particular, the exhaust hoods connected with barrel filling with litharge and red lead are very bad. These are located approximately 4 feet above the lower level of filling and are offset about two feet. That ever dust is entrained is drawn by the workers breathing zone, as it passes from the point of origin or where the drum is being filled to the intake of the exhaust. In this instance, the intakes for dust exhaust * should be located very close to the open end of the drua and should not be further away than 6". It is the intent of this inculpating discussion to emphasize that substantially no features of the present dust collecting system are acceptable from a hygienic point of view. It will he necessary extensively to redesign the installation and to make increased provision because present facilities are over-taxed without accomplishing a great deal of good. Exhaust from these dust collector systems contribute to the totality of general atmospheric contamination, discussed in the preceding item. 4) Whatever may b* done with respect to dust collecting systems, it is recommended that hoods be installed over the top doors of all furnaces in operation. No attempt is made to specify the size, design or quantity of air moved by these hoods, nor is it the duty of these investigators to state which, if any, of the present system should be connected up with these new hoods. No less, the recommendation is madefor a prompt installation of protective devices of this character. 0007-SWP-000030587 i t 5) During recent months, according to stories told these investigators, two or three inspectors from some governmental agency looked over the operations in this department and recommended that no clean-up work be done, that dust be allowed tw *;.jaulate and settle and should not be stirred up. It is to be hoped that these inspectors were aisunderstood. If not, their recommendations have certain elements of foolishness in them. No less, the workers in this.department have been considerably influenced by this governmental injunction and have not been as active in ordinary housekeeping aa is desirable. Of course it is inexpedient to do extensive clean-up work when large numbers of workmen are on the Job and particularly when some are not wearing respira tors. If this be the bone of contention, then such time should be found as when the smallest number of workers are likely to be exposed. These investigators are advised that there are certain areas where wet sweeping is quite permissible and even hosing down may take place in a smaller number of places. All this is highly recommended. Even the use of wet sawdust is better than diy sweeping. In fact, dry sweeping on a general basis is looked upon with disfavor. At this time, when so much dust is produced, very little will be gained by a wholesale clean-up of rafters and all project ing ledges, and such is not recommended, hut at a later time, when the dust collecting facilities, such as are recommended are installed, an elab orate housecleaning is in order for this department. 6) In that section dealing with protection in the lead stacks, recommendations have been made that certain workers who move very little in their operations be provided positive pressure hose masks. These would be recommended for workers in the Litharge and Red Lead Departments except for the fact that most workers move around far too much to permit this change. However, it is now said that if there be any workefs who consistently are kept at fixed points and do not move about over a radius greater than IS feet, in connection with filling operations, furnace operations, etc., consideration be given to the advantages of positive pressure respirators over filter respirators. Unfortunately, the prospects do not seem to be good for their use in this department. 7) In order that there may be no uncertainty about the needs 000 7-S WP-000030588 for this department, the general recommendation is made that all necessary steps be taken such as will lead to the reduction of lead in the general atmosphere to that quantity so that a workman will not receive into his bocy more than two milligrams dail; the present time, he is more likely to inhale 200 milligrams in the absence of respirator wearing. The respirators now worn are good--in fact excellent--but no respirator is apt to be more than 95% efficient and in this department the 5% of ineffic iency provides ample opportunity for practical lead exposures. i ! 0007-SWP-000030589 C3MMB1T ASP RCO:.CiD'PA.TION TOP. CPICS PROCESS OF SHITE- LF/D MAMJPACTPBE In connec.ioi-Awith discussion Tor exposures contaminating the Dutch Process of whit# lead manufacture, it was pointed out that it was most difficult to eliminate atmospheric contamination with lea?.' Also in that section a distinct preference was expressed for other methods of white lead manufacture as eppraised in terms of possible exoosures for workmen, '.'ow in discussing the Carter Process, or, as it is here termed, the "Quick Process," it is again to be noted that com plete protection is not easily obtained. Primarily these difficulties grow out of physical behevior of white lead as manufactured by the Quick Process which is not easily entrained, does not move through con duits with facility and altogether behaves in an onerous fashion, moreover, the situation is made troublesome through the fact that acetic acid leads to the destruction of many types of materials commonly used in the protective apparatus. F&lly recognising the difficulties of the situation, a number of suggestions are now made. A. Both from air analyses and from blood extinctions of workers is it established that considerable quantities of lead pervade the atmosphere in this department. Other sections of this report res pectively present these findings. The general atmosphere of each cylinder room of the Quick Process department contains very high quan tities of lead. All of the subsequent recommendations made are directed toward the eliminetion of high concentration of lead wherever found. B. The initial step connected with this process is the melting of lead preparatory to atomizing into steam in a large chamber near by. Although this melting pot is equipped with extensive devices for evacuating lead fume and dust, the pot is so neglected tfcet much lead dust has settled about the pot er.d much is stirred up at the time of dropping pig lead into the pot. The atmosphere in this area is sell laden with lead. Also the operator about this furnace is showing sijT.s of lead absorption. It is recommended that this smell ares be See section on lead pot temperatures. See section on air analyses for lead. See section on blood tests for lead. 0007-SWP-000030590 N16651.2 Bottom of Chamber In TThich Atomised Lead Is Prepared for Quick Process Jihite Leed Manufacture. Although Extensively Automatic, f'ork Connected with This Opera tion May Provide Exposures to Leed Dusts 0007-SWP-000030591 t given e general house cleaning, that all settled lead be collected and disposed of, thet dross be cleaned out of the pot area at fair intervals such as two or three times weekly,--a.ll to the end that subsequent analy ses of the atmosphere nay reveal no dangerous concentration of lead at any tine. C. It is noted in neny places thet large quantities of lead ere.being discharged into the general atmosphere at this plant, and this lead is sufficient to produce signs of lead absorption in workers ss far sway as two blocks. The operation under discussion is perhaps not the worst offender but no less is. a contributor to the situation. Later a general recommendation sill be made that ways and means be found to bring this general problem under control. Therefore, no specific item is made of thi3. one source of contamination. D. At the bottom of the blue lead 2-nufact'iring chamber there emerges at the north end a belt conveyor. Due to leeks, consid erable leed is thrown into the atmosphere it t' is point. Also, the operation itself, apart from leaks, contributes some lead through that machine. It is recommended thet these leaks be repaired immediately. Thereafter if too much lead is still present 33 determined by atmos phere analyses, it is recommended that tvis small ares be completely housed in in order to completely control this lesd exposure. E. In the blue lead cylinder too much leed dust is pro duced at the time o* the initial filling of'these cylinders. As the first step in eliminating this exposure it is recommended that some device be created whereby this lead is discharged into the cylinder with complete closure existing between the opening in the cylinder end the discharging point if the worm conveyor. Just how this n?y be accomplished readily ay be worked out by the engineering staff. *. F. At the present time the end of every cylinder opposite the gassing end is theoretically hooked up with a sanitary conduit of wooden construction which rises to the top of the building end there discharges. It is obvious to all that these appliances --re worn out, rotted, and never T 0007-SWP-000030592 were of any greet value. The chief difficulty connected with their operation is that considerable moist ecid vapors are produced during part of the operation while et other times dust is created. The moist acid wets the walls of any conduit leading to the deposition of the dust on these wells rather than passing to the outside as is desirable. Moreover it seems impractical to attempt to collect this lead either by bag system or cloth filter. This is in part because of the ection of the acetic acid and in part because of the wetness of the dust. To meet this situ ation it is desirable that the opinions of the engineering staff be sought. Ee, however, recommend that consideration be given to the prompt tearing out of the now useless, rotted sanitary conduits and that these be replaced with some more durable materiel such as terra cotta, parafin treated wood, transite, etc. This new system should embrace induced air motion and in addition should depend on wet washing of the air in the disposal of the collected lead material. It is recognised that these stetenents are somewhat vague, tut they are made so through desire. Shilled engineering guidance will be a requisite to the creation of the proposed system for the collection of lead in this department. G. it the time of the emptying of the- cylinders toth from the blue side and the white side, a fair amount of duct may arise, tut this is not inevitable depending upon the state of moisture of the product. It is noted thet one system of dust collection is already in operation and quite successfully, being connected with a housing about the worn conveyors. It is believed thet this same system say be extended to all other conveyor units and that this source of dust ary thereby be nroperly curtailed, ho attempt has teen made to measure the efficacy of the one system"in use, but cesutl opinion is to the effect that this is one of the -feB.-Successful ones about the plant. K. Even though these appliances be installedin full meesure it will probably be necessary for the workers to continue to wear res pirators for ar. indefinite time. At a later date additional tests will be 0007-SWP-000030593 made to determine the concentration of lead in the atmosphere. At that later time when the concentration approximatea 1-1/2 milligrams in 10 cubic meters of air, approval will be given to the non-rearing of res pirators. I. Various other sections of this report discuss matters connected with this department or the work thereof. For example, a strong recoaaendation is made for increased wash room facilities for lead workers. This discussion appears partly in connection with the section on wash rooms and partly in connection with recorniendctions Tor other lead using departments. 0007-SWP-000030594 COmm AND RECOMMENDATION FOR SHITE LEAD FINISHING DEPARTMENT At just what point the Dutch Process division ends and the 5hlte Lead Finishing division begins is a little uncertain. On this account it is recognized that in this discussion at least one series of operations probably belonging to the Dutch Process division is discussed in connection with the finishing work. On the east side of the lead oxide furnace hall is located a snail building of four floors where the Dutch white lead is separated from its remaining content of cosrse netallic lead. This aeries of operations leads to the collection of large quantities of "lead nickels" which are used in the manufacture of litharge, and a rather coarse state of the corroded lead, some of which is used in the manufacture of red lend. Tee three upper floors of this building house machine operetions that ere almost entirely enclosed. These three floors are especially free from gross quantities of lead, and with one exception the entire sanitation acceptable. The one exception is trivial. A number of /oil leaks are present in the pipe lines. Instead of repairing these leaks, piles of tan bark are provided on which oil may drip. This is not im portant, but, if at ell feasible, these leaks should be eliminated in order in turn to eliminate the necessity of the tan berk accumulation. The first floor of this building stands in marked contrast to the cleanliness of the floors above.- Here as such as one-half inch of lead is present on the floor. The berreling operation produces much spillage and dust. Further,' this r|feis unnecessarily littered by the presence of waste material. It is recommgiCJBd tbffEgtyjsj boom be extensively cleaned up, that the pre'sent dust collecting system be extended to the hopper above, that the barrel filling operation be extended to the filling operetioa itself, that the "lead nickels" be not piled up on the floor but handled 0007-SWP-000030595 N16651.21 I Tihite Lead Filter Presses. Exteat of Hazard is la Proportion to Quantity of Dust Permitted to Arise T\ m........ 1: ,,M7-SWT'-03l,5M that chemists exposed here should wear respirators, but this should not be e permanent arrangement because the improved laboratory regime should make this unnecessary. On the third floor the outstanding exposure to lead is situated at the take-off end of the drying oven. Here numerous trays of white lead ere dumped into a hopper leading to the grinding mill below. Two intakes for dust ere loceted ebout this chute, but much lead no less exeepes into the atmosphere. It is recommended that the exhaust system at this point be so redesigned that better protection is provided. On this entire floor, white lead is literally coated on ell surfaces, particularly floors. The o.uestlon.is raised as to the possibilities of flushing down walls end floors in certain portions of this area. On the second floor a fair amount of dry mixing takes place, such ps Is connection with the Zilo nixing, iiuch white lead is produced in connection with such operations and contaminates the atmosphere of this entire floor. This is reflected in the fact that in the department's offices located on this floor, enough lead is present to produce lead poisoning; in fact, certain persona located in these offices show signs of lead absorption. However, it is observed that those persons spend some time in the manufacturing srees in the plant so that their lead ab sorption may not be due to the lead present in the air of the offices. Perheps the greatest offender of *11 in the production of lead dust in this department is found on the first floor in connection with lead barreling. Although this operation is walled off and is exhausted, much too much lead dust is permitted to arise. During the barreling operation the make-shift door to this room is not closed so thet much lead passes out and endangers the workers manipulating pulp lead which in itself provides much less of an exposure. It is believed that at % least two tilings nay be necessary in further controlling this outstanding exposure. First, the exhaust system is inederuate. Greater quantities of dust should be picked up at the point of barreling. Also the exheust system should be extended so thet there is an intake of air off the .000030591 ooorsNve I in containers, end the.t unnecessary litter be cleared away. Lastly In this connection it Is observed that the basement section which is used 'or storage should be protected froa dust coning from the first floor above. The stairs leading from the first floor to the basement contain fourth inch of white lead all over. The rectification of conditions on the first floor will automatically take care of the needless contamination of the basement department below. Ho attempt is made to follow through the Quick Process lead or the Dutch Process lead in an orderly fashion through the finishing opera tions. The following disjointed comment no less is associated with the real danger points of this department. The fourth floor is almost entirely devoted to the water washing end sedimentation of white leads. Nearly all. portions of this entire area are whitened by lead but no greet amount of white lead is present in the atmosphere. It of course would be preferable if these lead incrustations were not present, but it is not known how to achieve this in practical steps. Therefore, no recommendations ere made seve one; namely, a few of tiie anti-splash extensions of the tanks are worn out, thus paving the way for'unnecessary spillage onto the floor. It is suggested that this simple matter be remedied. Wherever possible the area on this floor whould be hosed out from time to time in order to prevent the building drying out of accumulated lead. As long as the lead is wet, the dustiness will not arise. Also on this same floor is located the white lead laboratory. At least three persona in this laboratory present some evidences of lead absorption. Also, from lead analyses of the atmosphere, it ir known that dangerous quantities of lead are present. Uany hundreds of samples of lead are observable about this laboratory, and these ere handled with apparent carelessness. It is recommended that the entif'e regime of this technicel laboratory be eltered to the point that undue quantities of lead mey not be present in the atmosphere. Inevitably this will cell for better house keeping, may necessitate an exhaust system, may require that this labora tory be considerably enlarged. At the present tine it seems desirable T --"I-----lI i 0030S98 i general work space. Possibly this should be locctad near the door in order to prevent the passage of suspended dust through this opening. Further, it is believed desireble that the space provided for this isolated room be enlarged so that it nay not be necessary to -.< *inue to move barrels of lead docn this snail room during the process of barreling. These natters, of course, represent engineering problems so that the hygienist contents hinself with urging that the exposure be much diminished. In other sections of this report, a discussion is presented as to the washroom and eating facilities for all of the leed manufacture division. Also e request ha? been made that the three women working in this department be provided a toilet since now it is necessary to leave the building, cross over the railroad tracks and the street, pass up to the second floor of a paint manufacturing building in order to gain access to toilet facilities. jlany workers in this department engaged in duties substantially free from direct exposures are no less endangered by lead originating in nearby operations. Along the norm conveyor from the Quick Leed Process there are a number of leaks which contribute to the sum total of dust. It is probable that this complaint should have been aa.de egainst the C.uick Leed Process operation as the actual line of demarcation between the two departments is not entirely clear. In general, the housekeeping throughout this department is open to some unfavorable criticism. 0007.,SWp. 00030.>599 COMMENT ARC RICOU-MENCATION FOR COAL TAR PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE During the tour of Investigation of this plant there has been put into operation a benzol distillation This plant will properly produce from 1,000 to 1,500 gallons of benzol daily. At this time, it is too early to establish if this benzol operation will be associated with sny exposures. It appears that the systea is so entirely closed as to provide no opportunity for benzol evaporation. However, during the pro cess of construction, the workers have complained of 'unusual headaches because of leaks. This dangerous stage is now passed, and no real appre hension is entertained that benzol poisoning will arise. !!o less, it is recommended that from tine to time those workers employed in tlds operation ve subjected to the urine sulphate test for benzol. This test is described in another section. Results from this test will indicate whether sr.y of the operators are taking benzol into their bodies. Large o.ua.ntities of asbestos fiber are used in the asnufecture of certain eoel tar products. Considerable dustiness is produced by the asbestos. Up to recent weeks the operators manipulating asbestos have not worn respirators. For this reason, those longest exposed were subjected to x-ray examination of their chests. Two presented renotely suggestive evidences of asbestosis. Chile no great attention is pid to this finding and while these workers should not be concerned about their possibly trivial industrial lung disease, it must be recognized that this is a dangerous material, calling for precaution. Three protective steps are suggested et' this time. e.) Whenever aa.nipula.ting asbestos, workers should consistently wear respirators. b.) The leakage of dusty materials around hoppers which now contaminates to a slight extent the sir of the floor below should be stop ed by filling in crevaces, etc. c.) This irregular operation should be distributed among considerable numbers of workers so that no two or three workmen should I i -- ^6551 regularly csrry out this operation, If there be sufficient personnel no one worker should he exposed to asbestos handling aore then three months out of the year. Cleaning of the dr'as with eaustie out in the open air works a hsrdship on the men during the cold reether. It is known that during extremely cold weather this operation is abandoned, but during the 7.-enaer days of winter this operation is performed. Elsewhere in this report s discussion is -rovided with reference to the inste.llatioa of e central drum cleaning section. It appears that enother good reason for this recommendation is to be found in the undesirable type of drum cleaning work cerried out in the Coal Tar plant. At rny rate, it is pointed out that present practices are not commendable chiefly because of the punishment of workers during the colder months. The removal of the Insecticide division to mother stete ha3 freed this Co*l Tar pl'-nt from some of its acre dangerous operations, "orever, -ome disinfectants end. disinfesteats are still m*de, involving the extensive manipulation of hot phenolic cvanierls in open systems. It is recommended thet the one l*rre open vet :evoted to this purpose which is now equipped rith en exhaust depending only on strek action be ecuippe'' rith induced currents of sir in order to eliminate the possi bility of injury 'ror. phenolic veoors. Practically ell of the raw meterisIs and products of this plant sre wall known ts s^cin irritants, and ? few sight give rise to skin cancers. It is urged thrt a. high type of personal hygiene ve en- c ouraged scone these workers, further it is suggested thet all workers continually be under scrutiny for shin Jieeaoes mf thst my shin disease `c brought to the attention of the medical dep*rtaent shortly fter its first 'poearer.ee. * ""7'SSVP-00003, CCmr.IT X RECOJflffiTOATION FOR PAINT ATE VARNISH DFPAPT'.PNT (VARNISH SECTION TEEATFE SEPARATELY) Prior discussion brings out the fact that this department occupies e series of buildings, eabrecing IS, IS, 20, 1, 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc. Tith the exception of enamel work in building 2.3, the majority of paint operations ere conducted in buildings 18 end 1. It is quite understandable that this department should be located in some of the oldest buildings in the institution since undoubtedly peint manufacture long antedated such operations as lithopone, chemical products, lacquers, etc. Thiis very quality of venerebleness of the paint manufacture depart ment introduces trying problems connected with sanitation end. hygiene. At once it nay be said that operations in buildings IS end 21 ere carried out under physical circumstances that stake almost impossible the procurement of sightliness, orderliness, fr.d generel acceptability. hith the exception of definite lead exposures in building 13 -nS limited exposures elsewhere, it is not maintained tfcet in these buildings there are outstanding exposures or threats to the health of corkers. On the other hand, the entire situation as to accumulated in crustations, settled dust, worn out flooring, noisy machinery, ineffect ive lighting, filthy toilets is such as to give a very bed. impression. The stand is here taken that there is little Justification for the installation of expensive protective devices *t eny point in these tv.o buildings. The temptation is to urge that these buildings be replaced or extensively remodeled. This at once would solve a 11 or many of the1 hygienic difficulties. This recommendation as to tearing out these buildings is not made, but it .is recognized that economic situations .. v.ltkin a short time will ae.ke necessary that new types of machinery re place much of the obsolete equipment now extensively in use. Since one o' the outstanding problems of this plant is that of cork congestion rathe- than corker congestion, it is inevitable that in * short time some one or seme of the larger deo^rtments must be removed into nearby spc.ce Tm0,.s w p -m0601 1 N16651.23 in order to remove the work congestion in other departments, such ?s Dry Color, C'reaieel Products, etc. Thus, the prophecy is he.zarded that Paint Nsnufacturir.g Department when rebuilt sill be located epert froa its present situation. Ilueh would be rained froa the point of vie* of plant sanitation when the Paint Department occupies different buildings end makes use of different xechinery. "bile this is 'esirable, these investi gators refuse to sake eny issue of this problem on sanitary or hygienic grounds because the belief is that actual danger to workers is low. On the other hand, rhen econoaic conditions justify this progrem of rebuilding, the ir.dustriel hygienist rill lend full support to eny such step. A master of installations of a protective nature night be ne.de in the Paint iianufecturing Department but ere here onitted on the ground that every installetlon would be too expensive in proportion to the good th:t would be accomplished and in proportion to the value of the buildings in which these installations eight be made. On the other hand, a *i`ew odifications ere imperative. These are now mentioned. In building ?.l at least two of the toilets axe beyond the pale. These ere condemned vigorously >c being unworthy of this comprny. Tve one on the first floor st the east end is most deplorable and should be visited by anyone who is skeptical as to the justification of this strong language. The others are slightly better. In building 13 on the first floor there is one large toilet :r,d rcsb.roon rrea. which ostensibly hes been abandoned in favor of a good type of washroom on the floor above. This room is partly filled up rith raw materials end materials in process. Notwithstanding, this toilet room hrs not Veen abandoned. Extensive use of it is nrde by corkers on the first floor tut in the absence of adequate cleaning service. It is recommended that this unsightly room be in feet abandoned or else recon ditioned . <nd put into service. It cannot remain in this present condition. "ItVer close up or fix up. In building 13 atmospheric analyses have revealed high concen trations of lead chiefly connected rith dry mixing. It is recognised, of 0007-SWP-000030604 l co'.irse, thet ta this building lead is settled on every projecting object, Incrusted on ell floors, machinery, etc. There is no practical step There by this lead may be removed in its entirety. This has been discussed in the introduction to this section. Now, however, it is emphasized that so much additional lead is produced at the time of miring thet workers should veer respire.tors at least on the mixing floor t nd possibly on the grinding level es well. It is not sufficient merely to seer respirators while actual dumping of lead into mixers is taking place. The dust produced hangs in the atmosphere Indefinitely and involves not only the mixer him self tut is carried to all portions of the second floor. With considerable reluctance the recommendation is made thet more respirators he furnished and thst respirators be worn to a. greater extent. On this floor two sort ers are shotdng signs of lead absorption. Reference is made to thet other section of this report dealing with lead, a cel; ses "or evidence of the nresence of lead In the sir breathed by rorhers in this section. hote: At the rear of the first floor of building 18, a small emount of work is devoted to utensil cleaning in naptha. Because of considerable evep-rttion taking piece here, it is recommended thst this cleaning unit be fitted with a hood sr.d exhausted to the outside of the building and uprard but without induced air currents. The use of motor porering for- this small unit appears not to be necessary end is therefore not warranted. Kith reference to Tepertsent H located in a series of smell buildings., 10, 11, 11, etc., a cumber of suggestions are cade: a.) The seal-enclosed tank in shich paint a.r.d varnish remover is m.'.-e should be equipped with an exhaust duet connected with the present exheust system provided for paint end varnish remover filling. This inno vation mry be provided st e cost probably not exceeding f5.00 because of the proximity of the exhaust conduit. b.) In this department is manufactured a brass polish termed "Eress Erite," consisting of oleic ecld, finely powdered silica, sr.d 0007-SWP-000030605 aqueous emmonia, 2 percent. At the present tine only shout 200 gallons of this product are a*de weekly. Of the 6 percent ammonia, only about <"ive gallons enters the individual batch. Because of some discomfort to the workers, it is recommended that whoever handles the ammonia snd who ever does the filling of containers with this product be furnished with ammonia respirators end with goggles. Goggles are more needed by the handlers of the concentrated ammonia than for the container fillers. Ro less it nay be .,ell for both to wear these orotective appliances. Ammonia respirators xr.y be bought from most any manufacturer, but in this ease because the hazard is minimum, the lightest, smallest variety should be procured. c.) In connection with paint end varnish reaover filling, a good hood is present over the filling point rhich is corrected with the power exhaust system. The evidence ir. hand indicates that the present protection is adequate. notwithstanding, because of the highly dangerous nature of wood alcohol and benzol, it is recommended that consideration be given to the possibilities of additional protection. .About this plant there are several copies of the brorure prepered by the Barrett Company en titled, "Safety in the Use of lenzol." On the lest pare, figure four is er. illustration of a protective device designed for filling container equip ment. Attention is called to this but no recontendetion is made. A pre ference is expressed for ar. automatic filling system. Just off the Shellac henufacturing building, there is a room devoted to benzol storage. This room is fitted up with an exhaust system with inlets et the floor level as is desirable. However, this ekhaust sys tem operates only when the fan is turned on prior to entry of ary person into this room. It is recommended that in addition to the present arrange ment where workers are cautioned to turn on the fan before entering, that - current an additional device automatically cut dn the flee? when the door is open. The reason that this step clone is r.ot regarded as sufficient is that best results rill be derived if this fen is turned on snd allowed to operate for several minutes, such as five or ten, prior to entry into the room. 0007-SWP-000030606 The eutom.-tic safeguard on the door will merely provide some' protection for the workmen -.ho enter the room without a weit period. e.) In various other portions of this report, reference is ma.de to the testing of the urine of the workers handling benzol, known a.s the urine-sulphete test. It is now recommended tket workers engaged in the manu facture of peint end varnish remover, end perticulerly the fillers of this product, he subjected to this test from time to time for the purpose of .asking sure that they ere not absorbing benzol. Details of this test may be obtained from the lledicel Department. Also it is recommended that workers emptying tank cars of benzol or otherwise exposed to benzol in this depart ment h subjected to this seme test vilch is harmless end which is well nigh infallible in proving that benzol exposure does or does not tske place. In going beck to building IS, some comment is re.de about the process connected with enamel manufacture. This building is the best one devoted to paint manufacture, End while nearly 0 years old this building st*nds out in favorable contrast to the ancient buildings, 18 end 21. a.) In this building the single toilets on several floors represent mere cubicles without any roof, thus exposing workers in the vicinity of the toilet to the offensive aspects of toilet use. It is re garded ss much more desirable that these illegal (?) toilets be abandoned and that an adequate central toilet room with urinals, locker and wash ffcillties be created in this building. b.) On the top floor much dust is created almost eontinuo"sly due to the dumping of dry materials into mixers with openings at the floor level. These dzy materials include a variety of leeds, some silice, some silicates, end aossibly asbestos, .lore on account of lead than anything else it is recommended that workers >-e furnished with respirators for con- tinuous wearing, or, if not continuous, certainly when lead is being mani pulated. It . the penthouse of this building--the fifth floor--a battery of l*rge storage tanks is located. These are not equipped with carbon dioxide r 07-SWp -000030607 overblankets. Owing to the feet that these materials are heavier oils, such as Chinewood oil, etc., the likelihood of fire or explosion froa hensol,. toluyl, alcohols, etc., is not greet. !!o less, the question is re.ised ss to the desirability of carbon dioxide blankets. The chief hy gienic concern in this connection is the keeping of the tanks so clean that necessity of entering the tanks or of carrying on extensive cleanup work froa the outside is largely obvieted. As a general procedure throughout this plant and particularly in the Paint tapartment, the tendency is to make use of pulp material rather then dry material. At once this appreciably lessens the dust con tent in the atmosphere of these departments. Of course, it .cay be argued that any such step nerely removes the handling of dusty ea.teria.ls to other departments. This criticism is not valid owing to the fact that mixing and grinding departments carry out their operations on such a large scale that extensive protective equipment is practical. On the other hand, adequate protective equipment connected with 100 or 500 small mixing machines would, not be nraetica.l. Thus the use of pulp material is marked with definite approval froa the point of view of hygiene. 0007-SWP-000030608 i COX'JENT AND RECOJffliETCATIOK FOR VARNISH DEPARTMENT Owing to the feet thet a new varnish plant particularly de signed for the aanufacture of synthetic resins is in the course of corf l ... struetton, it is unnecessary to meke extensive comment upon a series of onerstions, a greet number of which shortly will be trensfered to this ner building. On this account, comment in this department is thoroughly curtailed. The chief operation not to be moved to the new building is that of blowing oils such as- fish oil, linseed oil, etc. Fhen this operation is serried out there is produced ?.t leest one end perhaps a series of highly irritant substances in the class of aldehyde; a chief irritant being a.erolein or acrylic aldehyde, Whenever fish oil is being blown, the irritant fume produced effects the majority of workers in the department, aony workers in other departments of this plant, rnd ,o;y spread over the entire community. It is not vnusutl thet fumes from this operation prove to be offensive to residents a mile or more sway from the point of origin. a.) The present system of entraining these vepors is not satis factory. The department management clrea-dy has plns to make use of the Mahon system of rater baffles for disposing of this nuisance. In view of the fact thet some public liability may exist, in view of the disturb ance 4b workers in this plant, and particularly in view of the item which follows this one, it is urged that rsther prompt ection be inaugurated seeking the abatement of this disturbence. b.) For some time it has been known or suspected that varnish workers present high incidence of pterygiim. This condition 'is sn eye ilset.se characterised 4$ the growth over tber^'ront of the eye of a scar-like ..-.eabrane. It occurs both in and out of industry, tut varnish workers appear to be unusually prone to this disease. At the Acme plant of this company, two cases were known to exist in the vernish depertnent tut the other corkers were not examined so that the total number ras not % 0007-SWP-000030609 Vernish Thinning. Thinning Materifls are Potentially Dangerous, Requiring that this Operation be Associated with Exheust Systems 0007.,Ht >h 0030, 1610 determined. At this plant. casual observation of about 50 ereent of the V (possibly only one) work group established/two cases which were very clear-cut. These were accepted as of occupational origin, but it is here observed that one of the sen examined is obviously suffering from some other eye affliction un related to pterygiua. The finding of even two eases of a serious eye affliction leads such support to the contention made in the preceding item. However, it is possible that this pterygium was not caused by acrolein originating in the blowing of fish oil, but instead sight possibly be at tributed to phthalic anhydride, or to the action of naphtha or some other solvent or thinner. c. ) The stack action in the varnish hall at this plant is especially poor. . however, on representation thet varnish cooking will be transferred within a few nonths to the new building, no stand is taken against this deficiency. d.) f fair amount of complaint is voiced against phthalic anhydride as utilized in varnish manufacture. This agent effects the workers of the department, other workers in the plant depending upon the wind direction, and conceivably residents and workers in other factories in this neighborhood. Here again no justification for condemning of present operation exists owing to the prospective removal of this entire operation to the new plant where sa entirely different system of handling this irritant will be inaugurated. e.) In the same tenner, various other objectionable features connected with the varnish work might be pointed out only to be followed with the statement that automatically these wrongs will be taken care of or that there is promise of their being taken care of in the new depart ment. On this account, no additional comment is ae.de. .00003061* 0001-S'V? Turpentine House Two small sections of work serving cany departments of this nltnt function under the Paint, Varnish and Lacquer fep'rtaent. These .-re, sanely, the Turpentine House, fie .'-etic Acid House. The turpentine that is here purified is e by-product derived from the southern states, end presumably Is o' the steam distilled vari eties obtained from pine. This turpentine is ch-rrcterlzed by t highly offensive odor around the plant. The operation which tahes piece Is de signed to remove this odor. This is accompanied by treetaent 'rith cal- of ol'us hypo chlorite. This material in turn is produced by treatment olth line ebv4i liquid chlorine in o-en vat. Minor odors of chlorine 're given off, hut no complaints have teen encountered, "olloaing thi3 treat ment, distillation tales plsce, *ni the purified turpentine is cached in various containers. The chief source or concern in this entire plant is that of explosion of chlorine. Very large cylinders of this u'terial'sre located on platforms in open arearrys vs freer. buildings. ` large number of 000 pound cylinders are present. At the present time these cylinders are so situated that they nay be flooded with cater during the hot weather. These cylinders axe equipped rith safety blow out plugs, but if one were to give way under increased pressure due to heet, s major disaster ra'ght arise. Primarily this natter is one of safety rather than that of in dustrial disease or one of hygiene. Jlso it is recognized that the pro ducer of chlorine la well instructed of the dangers in the storage of chlorine. It is therefore recommended that this company full;' assure it- dS self*to the safety of present methods of storing chlorine. If there be sny doubt as to the situation, 'chlorine should be placed underground and under cover or et least so situated, that no possibility rill exist of a wholessle massacre due to chlorine poisonings It i3 understood thet this is no new problem to the company, end thst plans have been drawn and rre possibly beyond thst stage thereby the dangers of this situation will be nullified by the p'.acing of these cylinders under cover. 007-SWP-000030612 ! Acetic Acid Section Thla eaall operation la chiefly derated to the diluting of ecetlo acid to Various strengths and the collecting of the acid In rarloua container* for shipment or other uses. In one step In this operation, wooden barrels are coated with molten paraffin. The paraffin girea off ona of the most offenslre of odors. It chiefly Is nauseating rather than Injurious. In this connection it Is recomnendsd that the paraffin pot be fitted with a suitable hood end exhaust duct. If at all practical, this hood should be so large as to constitute a canopy under which all of the barrel paraffining may be carried out. Further, it la reeosmended that a hood, possibly of paraffined wood, he Installed over the acetic acid diluting and filling operation. Phase rapore are the source of considerable complaint from other depart ments. The use of the hood end exhausting st the top of the building will go far In increasing the comfort of numerous workara whose duties are apart from handling acetic acid. 0007. SW'p., 0030i 613 1 COMMENT AND .RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE LACQUER DEPARTMENT In the asking of a variety of testa during the course of this investigation, for the purposes of establishing the degree of safety of work conditions, measurement of harmful substances in the Lacquer Department chiefly was limited to the concentration of.Inflammable vapors. Without exception, all buildings in which solvents and thinners were manipulated proved to present some areas whereat concentra tions were dangerously high. Reference is made to a special section devoted to vapor determinations. After due consideration, the follow ing recommendations or suggestions have been evolved with reference to this department. 1) In the filtering of lacquers along with associated opera tions, such as the cleaning of filter cloths and filtering machines, high concentrations of vapors are present under conditions that little lend themselves to remedy. It seems that this condition may be best controlled by providing filter press workers with positive pressure respirators. It will not be necessary to provide helmets or complete face pieces, merely those devices that cover the mouth and nose. In the selection of this equipment, due regard must be given to the like lihood that lacquers may dissolve the rubber respirators, hose lines, etc. and also the paint or enamel present on some varieties of respira tors. Purchase orders should carefully specify the peculiar require ments of this work. This type of protection will require piped com pressed air under slight pressure, free from contaminants and derived from sufficiently remote points to insure an initial supply of air free from toxic materials. 2) A fair amount of benzol is used in^the manufacture of lac quers, which benzol appears to be most troublesome in connection with nitrocellulose cutting. At the present time, benzol, as used, is re ceived in drums and is bandied in open systems. Now that benzol is manufactured on the premises, and in view of the fact that there are available empty tanks, it is recommended that benzol be used only in an enclosed eyatem, as is now done for certain other diluents and solvents. ________ _______ ___________ j ; j j N16651.2 0007-SWP-000030614 li 5) In that entire battery of snail rooms devoted to nitro cellulose cutting, filtering, etc. it is recommended that exhaust systems be installed with the inlets for vapors located at the floor level, these vapors are heavier than air. In this series of small rooms, certain are devoted chiefly to storage. If this be true, venting systems are not required.' However,"at least three and probably four of these rooms should be equipped with a venting system sufficient to keep the concentration of vapors below the point of threshold danger. In the ease of benzol this threshold is near 100 parts per million of air. At the present time, the concentrations may run as high as 10,000 parts per million for short periods. 4) In the absence of installation of an adequate exhaust system in this area, positive pressure respirators, such as mentioned above, in connection with press filtering, should be worn whenever benzol is used as a solvent or otherwise. 5) In Building 544, one of the chief sources of dangerous con centrations of vapors is the free use of thinner in cleaning of utensiltw In this building, there may be seen a group of four or five men, busily engaged in cleaning up maxgr buckets, tubs, small, tanks, etc. without ary protection, making use of free quantities of spent thinner as a cleaning agent. A little later in this discussion a lengthy recommendation is made with reference to cleaning work in general. Reference is made to that subsequent paragraph devoted to that purpose. 6) Throughout this entire department, e widespread source of vapors grows out of the use of thinner for cleaning purposes, not only of utensils, as mentioned above, but( for the cleaning of machinery, floors, etc... It seems necessary to admit that some of : this use of thinner is.necessasy for these purposes, but it' must be recognized that any such practice provides widespread evaporation surfaces so that high concentrations of dangerous vapors readily are produced. This means that the use of thinner for any cleaning purposa 0007-SWP-000030615 Panel Board Cleaning Using Recovered Thinner. The Location of This Type of Operation la Such Closely Confined Space Invites Disaster, Par ticularly During Winter Months. 0007-SWP.000030616 1I gjjould be avoided if possible and if unavoidable, should be United to the very minimum requisite to the need entailed. 7) Another source of unwarranted vapor concentration in this building is the terminal of the many piped in solvents and thinners. A fee leaVs are always present end workers in drawing off solvents carelessly cause considerable spillage and drippage. 8) The entire situation on this floor seems to Justify the recommendation that some general ventilation here be provided with inlets located near the floor level and that exhaustion take place through vent terminals at least five feet above the roof level. 9) The high concentration of vapors in this section in consid erable measure might be eliminated by greater care on the part of all workers in consistently avoiding spillage and leakage. However, even if this were perfectly controlled, the practice of washing containers in this room would still Jeopardize the well being of workers so that the need exists for the removal of this operation from the workroom or at least its isolation through the creation of an isolated workroom and the installation of an adequate exhaust system. . 10) In this same building (546), much noise is present, but only a portion may be easily eradicated. Some noise is created by overhead drives or mixing machinery, agitators, etc. This cannot easily be brought under control, although some of this noise is due solely to neglected machinery, worn bearings, etc. However, on the floor below, the chief noise is produced by the metal top dating machine. Here the noise is chiefly produced by the dropping of metal on metal. Three-quarters of this noise may be eradicated merely by the use of a chute or other device which will eliminate the dropping of one tin container top on to another in endless -succession. * 11) Everywhere in this department there are aaqy storage tanks of varying sizes. Some are equipped with carbon dioxide blankets and others are not. The use of these blankets is chiefly against the occurrence of explosion and fire, but from the point of view of health conservation these blankets serve a most useful purpose in that 0007-SWP-000030617 I i they render almost entirely unnecessary the entering of tanks for cleaning purposes. On this account, it is recommended that wherever practical, carbon dioxide blankets be installed and uti lised. 12) Building 544 is a two-story building, used for the heavy production of lacquers. The second floor is chiefly given over to mixing, while on the first floor divers operations take place, including centrifuging, container filling, container clean ing, etc. It is felt that concentrations of vapors are sufficient ly high throughout this section to warrant the installation of general ventilation. It is believed that it was in this building that a recent case of acute intoxication occurred, such as is men- * tioned in a subsequent portion of this comment. At the time of the last inspection of this department by these investigators, the weather was rainy and a tendency existed for the holding within the building of vapors. The mere remaining in this building for a short period, such as one-half hour, constituted a disagreeable experience. This observation, plus the actual .findings of high concentrations of vapors, made by analytical methods, together with complaints casually voiced by workers, has led to the recommendation that extensive in duced ventilation be provided for both floor levels of this building. 15) It is noted that the nitrocellulose cutting, lacquer fil tering, etc. takes place in this building, but separate discussions are earlier provided covering exposures therein. 14) Buildings 512 and 515 are devoted to stock storage, packing, etc. It is not known that aiy exposures arise in these buildings. ^ 15) In Building 547,are.located the laboratories, together with certain stock and shipping activities. The only comment made in connection with this building is the suggestion that the toilets for ladies on the second floor be provided slightly more ventilation by merely installing the same sort of opening now furnished the men's toilet in this same section. Odors are present in these toilet rooms which will be increased when winter weather forces the closing of MO,-S^-003I8 1 windows. 16} Going now to Building 510, we find the old lacquer build ing, which is now unsightly, illy kept, offering moiy difficulties to the procurement of orderliness, good housekeeping, etc. It is here that bsll mills are in operation, using colored materials. Here too ore manipulated various stains, etc. Unfortunately, this building's interior has been painted black, ibicb contributes to the general dle- ogree&bleness of the situation. these investigators hare been advised that plans long have been under vsy for the remodeling of this building and on this account the operations have in some measure gotten out of hand. It is not known that any warrant exists for tearing down this building, at least these investigators do not profess to possess such building engineering skill as would permit a stand one way or the other. .However, the stand is taken that if this building is not to be reconstructed, much may be accomplished by getting rid of much of the obsolete tanks and machinery no longer in use or in prospective use, by pointing up the interior with some brighter color, by scaling off the accumulated encrustation on mills, machinery and floors and generally by a higher order of houseeleaning. 17) In this Building 510, wood alcohol is used with fair free dom. The pipe line transporting this material possesses a leak under which a bucket collects the leakage. Wood alcohol is so dangerous that to the full extent possible it should be handled only in closed systems. With the installation of new tanks now in process, it will be possible to inatall covers and hook up the methyl alcohol line, thus providing a substantially closed system. ^ ' 13) Below, on the first floor, the; substi^res mode by the i " % : - oi '* . ;;^|^ti'on':orr>62^atohol'' should be .aecoi^ed.great.care whenever the -i possibility of vapors being produced exists. This extends to the filling of containers with these materials rich in wood alcohol. 19) In various other plants where lacquer dough is made and nitrocellulose chips are rolled, much difficulty has arisen because of high concentrations of alcoholic vapors. In this 0007-SWP -000030619 f \ j i I, Protection, Introduce Possible Exposures to Fire and to Worker Injury 0007-SWP-000030620 I plant, we have not been able to prove that apy harmful condition exists so that at least for the present no condemnation is made nor are suggestions for betterment made. However, two considera tions are appropriate in connection with this operation, apart from ... alcohol. The first of these is with reference to vibration in the roll room. These machines are so mounted as to induce an enor mous amount of disturbing vibration which may not attract the notice of workmen. No less, this vibration contributes materially to the fatigue connected with this work. If these roll machines may be differently mounted with the result that vibration does not take place or is diminished, this should be done. Secondly, it is noted that at least one of the materials made into dough and later rolled contains antimony (tlmonox). In view of the fact that anti mony is exceedingly toxic, it is urged that workers be furnished respirators for wearing during manipulation of this particular compound, both at the mills, the mixers and in connection with clean-up operations on the machinery and utensils, floors, etc. after each batch is proeeased. 20) In Building 517, there is carried out a large amount of lacquer drum cleaning, using solvents of little known composi tion which may vary from week to week. Throughout this report, occasional references have been made to drum cleaning in connection with other departments, such for example as the Coal Tar Products Plant. Always in these earlier items the stand has been taken that in the discussion of this department's drum cleaning, recommenda tions would be made. It appeals to these investigators that this .i form of drum cleaning, under conditions prevailing in this building, [_ is pernicious. - The workers themselves are'; aware 4f a continuous minor affection and further are"aware"that certain lots of cleaning " material sent them are much more harmful than others. This work is being carried out in the open, without any semblance of protection, using such volumes of thinners and such large evaporating surfaces that it is almost inevitable that not all harm may be avoided. There fore, it Is recommended that the management modify or abolish the drum 0007-SWP-000030621 Eaequer Trua Cleaning, Usinr Recovered Lacquer Thinner Material and Other Distillates for Clean ing Purposes. High Concentration of Vapors Present In This Workroom. This Operation Is Regarded as Oneosraendable as Non Carried Out |0007-SWp.000030622 ') F cleaning processes in this plant. Either there should be created M ^equate caustic drum cleaning plant, which will act as a central station, including the drum cleaning for the Cc4 Tar Plant or else these lacquer drums should be sent out, as is now done for other I druas, or still else if the lacquer drum Cleaning is to continue 3s at present, an elaborate exhaust system aust be created which *111 tend to provide adequate protection for these workers. In this connection, it is noted that in various buildings of the tacouer Plant extensive cleaning of smaller utensils takes place with regularity. If all of this work may not be centralised under proper conditions, it will then becoae advisable to isolate cle&n- i lng work of saaller utensils in various workrooas into small rooms, each of which should be equipped with down draft exhaust facilities. It is realized thet this deficiency in the plant's work is well recognised and it has been argued that a saving of from $15-20,000 a year asj be effected by the cleaning of all drums on the premises using the- caustic method. In view of the thought earlier given to this situation, no preference is expressed for any one procedure, but the definite stand is taken that the present situation is bad, is conducive to injury and improvement is in order. 21) In Building 570, which is a minor lean-to in the rear of Building 510, a minor operation is carried out involving the cleaning of wood and metal panel boards. This operation should be removed to a more suitable place because of the very cloee quarters, which provide ample opportunity for exposures to dangerous vapors, is noted in the further discussion of the lacquer situation, one worker, in this department is thoroughly disgruntled and while he may be exag- J * geratlng to some extent, he has some valid reasons'for discontent. i :i j 22) In general, the housekeeping in this department is not of j high order. Here and there are accumulations of unnecessary rubbish, there is much spillage of lacquer and other coating materials, leaks in pipe lines are neglected, leading to unsightly encrustations. All til 1 0007-SWP-000030623 ( !< In all, it is believed that it will be to the advantage of the depart ment to engage in a higher order of ordinary housekeeping, orderli ness, Janitor work, etc. In the course of maiy trips to this department, a number of notes have been made, some of which directly refer to health condi tions in this department. Certain of these notes are now copied as pertinent. "Investigation of the mixing processes reveals that respira tors are not commonly worn and men dump large quantities of dusty materials, some of which have lmown toxic properties. Improvement has taken place in recent years, it is said, in methods of handling materials in general so as to render work in these locations much more pleasant and probably safer. One foreman was found to have worked for the past twelve years in this department and he relates how he was tempted to quit nary times in the earlier days of the plant because of the many unpleasant and dangerous features present, for example, smoking was not adequate ly controlled and fires were not uncommon. It Is noted, however, as a minor obsewation, that machinery in this department is not kept neatly. Large blotches of intermediate materials have accumulated on the surface of mixers, ball silla, etc. The salutary effect of a little paint in illumination and general appearance is demonstrated by the lacquer roll mill plant which has bean touched 19 with alumimc to great advantage. Odors of turpentine ere at times strong, arising from the tur pentine distillation unit about 200 feet away. These are very un pleasant at times. Odors of various lacquer solvents are in evidence * throughout the plant, at some places being very-strong and at others Just detectable. *' Some employees say that they become dizzy, have headaches, are weakened, grow prematurely tired, and loee their appetite* upon first 0007-SWP-000030624 1I exposure to these vapors. However, they claim that they "get used to it" after a short time and are no longer troubled. No complaints are elicited with the exception of the worker in the panel cleaning room who is quite disgruntled over his situation, claiming that it could be bettered easily, but that his complaints have been largely ignored. His establishment is merely a lean-to, open under the floor, being raised about four feet above ground level. His floor is of metal and the building small and very crowded. In the summer he has no complaint. In the winter his room is cold partly due to the open space underneath . . and partly to its metal construction. He must pad it with paper or some other material to a thick depth, and, of course, keep the room fairly closed up while working. He claims that his appetite is lost, that he gets prematurely tired, having to go to bpd early at night, not because of the arduousness of his duties, but because of the effect of the fumes. He claims that he is leak, gets headaches and dizziness, and generally feels bad in the winter. He claims that his situation has been reviewed by the management and by the medical department. His panel cleaning is done by hand with a brush in small open vats, over which he stands directly above. Nitrocellulose storage is in rectangular, elevated, corrugated metal buildings of about 25 feet by 40 feet. Just south of the main lacquer buildings. The material is stored in metal drums. Hand labelers in Building 546 are women who claim that they get dizzy and ehow other odd symptoms when first starting on their Job but become eccuetomed easily. One of these workers appears to have an abnormal pallor, but does not appear otherwise inadequate to her Job. A shellac is used which is thinned by what appears to be a lacquer sol- * vent. This is brushed over considerable areas at one time, and, of coume, the worker stands directly over the area. Heat for various `buildings is steam. Ventilation is artificially provided by an overhead exhaust system with branch vents at various ooor -000030625 points and a central fan unit of spark proof construction. There are other exhaust fans in use at special points, however. A fair current of air is produced by all these units. No exhaust hoods over Individual 'operatiors 'ire in use. It is said, that one nan about a month ago had a "jag", accompanied by laughing, fainting, etc., while working with a lacquer solvent. Uuch cleaning of machinery and of receptacles is done using a stand ard cleaner-remover, or thinner at many points. This is typically done with medium sized brushes, sloshing the solvent over the parts being cleaned. At one point, cleaning of machinery parts is done several times daily in a large vat of solvent whenever colors are changed. The usual cracking and chapping of the skin of the hands is noted especially in winter on those using the various solvents. How ever, effort is made to combat this tendency by the use of the "Protek" a DuPont product called the invisible glove which is said to be largely glycerin, soap and water and can be made cheaply. Also a Plaxsoap and thinner combination is used in the washrooms of the lac quer department for its lacquer solvent and detergent qualities. This is said to give no trouble to the skin and to serve very well for the purpose Intended. It evaporates readily from the skin on trial, leav ing a filmy deposit and a leathery feeling. At first there is an aro matic odor which disappears shortly in evaporating, leaving a soapy odor. A lather can be produced. The base lacquer cells along the east wall of Building 544 are of great interest because of the strong vapors arising from the solu tion process. Large quantities of solvent are dumped in from drums through a manhole into agitators below. At times the odors are ex- ; tremely strong. Some are pleasant and some are quite irritating and ,f unpleasant." t 0007-SNVP-000030626 I COMMENT AND RECOMMENDATION FOR DRI COLOR DEPARTMENT The period of this investigation is an unfortunate one for appraising dry color manufacturing conditions.as they exist at this im mediate tine. This situation is due to the fact that this plant is being extensively enlarged through the building of a large new structure, four stories in height, the aco.uisitlon of building 119 for Manufacturing pur poses, the moving of the Factory Offices to building 5J1, the extension of manufacturing process to a new building between 110 end 111, and the freeing of building 110 for general utility purposes of this department. Thus it is necessary to appraise this department not in terms of immediate conditions but ih terms of a very much improved state which will exist from about this time an- thereafter. This acquisition of new space at once tends to meet the prime complaint that might be mede by the industrial hygienist against this de partment, namely, the excessive congestion of work leading to needlessly high concentration of damaging materials being introduced into the air. Restated, this is meant to convey the concept that most intoxicants are al most inevitably in this department because of overlapping of exposures. Deconcentration of work operation is expecially desirable in order to es cape a multiplicity of exposures. Notwithstanding much Improvement, this discussion is not intended to entirely free this department from some charge of excessive work congestion. Now, boilding by building, concent is made upon those conditions recognized as exceptionally good and praiseworthy and conversely, those which call for improvement. At all times, stress is placed upon the ob jectionable conditions rather than upon those conditions that appear to be free from causes of damage. For building 115--the new Service building--nothing but praise l may be extended. Other sections of this report refer to feeding facilities for workers in all portions of the plant including this new building. Provision of an eating room where workers may consume brolighten lunches is ^ 0007-SWP-000030627 N16651.26 highly desirable. Workers bringing their lunches very definitely should be encouraged to wash thoroughly hands, arms, and feces before the consump tion of food. It, of course, would be preferable if they changed garments, but it is believed that this suggestion is not a practical one. It is ob- jrved that workers are given two uniforms daily, including underwear. tAweV Obviously, some workmen will change -underwear et odd times in case they become definitely soiled. However, it would be highly commendable for workmen to change uniforms and bathe just prior to the consumption of their lunches. While this may not be made an invariable rule, the possibility of this practice should be studied and, if possible, should be encouraged and enforced. The only unfavorable criticism is a minor one, and it has to do with the possibility of slipping on the floors of the shower room. This possibility has not been proved, but it may become necessary to put rubber mats or wooden grids or some other material about this floor to minimize the likelihood of falls. Building 119 apparently has long been used by the Diy Color -apartment chiefly for storage purposes. It is sow being transformed into e manufacturing section. It is most pleasing to see clean machinery operating in surroundings not grossly covered with accumulations of paint, pigment, etc. It is Inevitable that this building in time will become less attractive and pleasing. No less, it is emphasised that the way to keep the building and machinery clean is never to permit it to become thoroughly dirty. Day by day minimum cleaning' will go far to prevent general unsightliness such as marks buildings 19 and 21 of the Paint De partment. it this time there are no objectionable features from a sani tary point of view in building 119. On the fourth floor off of building 112, there are two rooms devoted to the manufacture of lead acetate. Pig lead is heated up in a retort using coke fuel. This molten lead is allowed to drip into stringy, spongy masses which later are treated with acetic acid, yielding lead acetate. This form of metallic lead apparently yields little or no dust although the dross from the lead pot may give rise to considerable lead oxide. No workers are regularly employed in this department. Notwith- 0007-SWP-000030628 '1 standing, it is recommended that a doorway close off this portion from the main portion of this level. At the present time it is believed that no door is provided. In an adjoining room, the acetic acid dripping in the lend gives rise to disturbing but not necessarily harmful scetic acid vapors. ?lo workers remain long in this room. ' These slender tanks extend down to the ground floor where lee.d acetete is removed and stored as a liquid. This area is definitely unsightly, wet, grumous, and calls for extensive house cleaning. It Is not known that any portion of the operation con nected with lead acetate manufacture calls for the wearing of respirators either for protection against-lead or acetic acid. On the third floor' of buildings 111 and 112, together with a semi-fourth floor to building 112, there are Inaugurated a series of operations which eventuated' the production of.both organic and inorganic pigment materials. It is here that the basic end intermediate products are handled in their most dangerous form, neaely, when dry, and usually in the form of dust bearing materials. Here may be found lead, chrom ates, (chiefly, however, in solution, bat a limited quantity of potassium chromate,) para nitranlline, ortho chlor para, para ehlor ortho nitraailine, aceto acetanilin, beta napthol, mete nitro toluidine, and others, Including alkali caustics. Here aleo, great quantities of mineral acids are manipulated, Skile many of these substances are highly dangerous on e potential basis, practical harm does not arise in actual experience. One reason for this good experience grows out of the fact that most of these operations are carried out under conditions of low temperature. Many of them are regularly iced in order to bring about temperatures well below 50 degrees. On this account, practically no vapors or gashes are evolved, end many otherwise harmless substances bring about no ill effects. A second reason for the good experience is the fact that the majority of those dry substances, such as para nitranlline, are in the form of com paratively large crystals so that actual dustiness is little produced. The third and moat important reason is that in the handling of these dry, 0007-SWP-000030629 i ' standing, it is reeomeadsd that a doorway close off this portion from the aain portion of this level. At the present time it is believed that no door is provided. In an adjoining room, the acetic acid dripping in the lead gives rise to disturbing but not necessarily harmful ecetie acid vapors. Vo workers remain long in this room. These slender tanks extend down to the ground floor where lead acetate is removed and stored as a liquid. This area is definitely unsightly, wet, grumous, and calls for extensive house cleaning. It is not known that any portion of the operation con nected with lead acetate manufacture calls for the wearing of respirators either for protection against lead or acetic acid. On the third floor'of buildings 111 end 112, together with a semi-fourth floor to building 112, there are Inaugurated a series of operations which eventustedMie production of both organic and inorganic pigment materials. It is here that the basic and intermediate products are handled in their cost dangerous fora, neaely, when dry, end usually in the form of dust bearing materials. Here may be found leadr^-ehmaaw' wjtes, (chiefly, however, iaMjLution, butj_Li*ited quantity of potassiu^ chromate,) par^hltryrfllnpf9rttp^d^i<para^sfr^lo^^tJBrt^anilfl.De, ecet^ejrteniliji^bptd'naptk6^-net* nitro ^toluidine, &&. others, 4ncludi^g''tLkali caustics. Here taf qmiiM.va rtf einwrwl aeidrf ire maalw&gted^ tills mazy of these substances are highly dangerous on a potential basis, practical harm does not erise in actual experience. One reason for this good experience grows put of the fact that most of these operations ere carried out under conditions of low temperature. Many of them ere regularly iced in order to bring about temperatures well below 50 degrees. On this account, practically no vapors or gashes are evolved, end many otherwise harmless substances bring about no ill^effacts. A second reason for the good experience is the feet that the majority of * those dry substances, such as para nitranilins, are in the form of comparatively large crystals so that actual dustiness is little produced. The third and moat important reason is that in the handling of these dry, 0007-SWP-000030630 Barrel lining with Dry C0ior Materiel. Highly Dusty Operation Leading to Extensive Potential Exposures 0007-SWP-000030631 1 toxic substances, respirators are fairly consistently nrt. Tbs general circmstar.ces on this floor warrant few reconnendationa. Tbs Boat im portant is that the method of handling mineral acids, and particularly nitric acid, be altered, At the present time, carboys of concentrated acid are entirely manipulated by band and particularly in connection with emptying into tubs or Tats, There are available many deTloss for hoisting, tilting, and emptying carboys which practically free the op eration from danger. It la conceivable that this acid might be dis charged through glass lined or other type of piping system. At the present time the situation is highly hazardous, partly because of the bad oondition. of the carboys and other containers, and partly intrin sically so. Under these conditions, accidents are not Improbable. In fact, during the past three months, three ecld accidents have taken place. Therefore, it is recommended that the management take early action with reference to this practical problem. In addition to the mechanical equipment above recotsaended, it ia now suggested that there be Installed a safety a bower in order that acid wetted workmen may be flushed with water which is the moat desirable of all first aid treatments. Throughout this section, more rather than leas furnishing and wearing of respirators should take plact. At the present time, it is observed that soma operators rather faithfully wear respirators while others do not. Also, it is observed that certain operators wear the *Comfo* respirator while others wear the single filter fflleon type of respirator. Preference is expreseed for the farmer beesuse of the greater breathing area provided and consequent greeter oomfort to the wearer. Another section of this report refers to the ser vicing and wearing of respirators. if T 0007-SWP-000030632 II ... On this level, projecting from the roof of nearby buildings ere two exhaust points for ventilating systems. T'.-.e first merely is a blower evacuating hot eir from around the drying ovens from the floor below. In view of the fact that no large luentity of dust is evacuated by this system, it is believed that the location of this asy not be con demned. However, it would be preferable that this outfit be elevated at least to the level of the nearby roof rather than evacuating the dustcontaining air immediately in the vicinity of another work air. The second exhaust point is on the roof of building 115 but on the level of the section under discussion. Here large volumes of lead chromate, or at least green pigment, are discharged into the atmosphere end contribute to the leed contamination so general for this plant. In another section, emphasis hes been placed upon the atmospheric contamination with lead and the possibility of leadihg workers whose employment does not entail exposure to lead. Although mention has been made of the possible liability to residents in this vicinity end workers in other plants, it is here emphasisized again. While this exhaust point under discussion is far from the worst offender, and while it alone might not be regarded with appre hension, it does contribute its pant to the sum total of general air con tamination originating in this plant in its entirety. On the second floor of these grouped buildings, a number of conditions exist which warrant consideration. 1. ) In the striking section the fact that operations are pre ponderantly wet obviates the probability of dust formation. Here, however, some danger from add injuries exists which leads to the recotmnendation in this section also that there be built a safety shower into which workers may dart after accidental contacts with caustic acid. 2. ) The drying ovens on this level are chiefly devoted to organic pigments. In the dumping of trays of dry organic pigment, a fair amount of dust is created. By and l*rge these dusts are non-injurious and even only exceptionally produce skin affections. Ho less, it is recommended that respirators be worn consistently during this operation. 0007-SWP-000030633 1 S.) The shore statement does not apply'to the workroom to the South of the dryer room. Here both organic end inorganic pigments ere aenlpulwted. Here sey be found e eerteln exheust system with hoods over the middle of the room sad. with intakes shore the filling point of the blending machines. Although much air is moved hr these exhaust sys tems, they ere of the poorest design, and the intakes of those in the middle of the room are located s.t just about the leest desirable point in order to be effective. In other words, the chief dumping points are on the four corners of the room and the dust collecting systems are lo cated near the center of the room. The hoods over the dumping points of the blenders ere a better type but still ineffective. It Is recommended that this entire dust entraining system in this room be re-designed with the objective of locating the intakes for dust at the point where dusts are created. 4. ) By all means, workers in this room should wear respirators chiefly because of the lead exposure provided. Reference is again made to that other section devoted to respirators and their servicing. 5. ) In this room and throughout the dry portion of this entire department, dry sweeping is cerrled out although there is a pretense of throwing out a little wet sawdust. It Is believed that there may be a few places where actual hoeing out of dry areas may take place in order to prevent actual dust formation. There are other places where light Miy sprinkling >ay take place in connection with sweeping, and still others where more and oilier sawdust may be used to advantage. Present practices constitute dry sweeping which is just one more source of toxic materials in the atmosphere. 6.) Adjoining the major buildings of this department on the east side, are a series of petty buildings apparently represented by numbers 128, 125, 594, and 594 extension. The outstanding operation in these buildings is the manufacture of flushing inks. It is stated that a fair amount of benzol is Introduced from drums into these inks which possibly should give rise to the use of safety lSe*in this section just OTf----------------------- 0007-SWP-000030634 p- as they ;-re used in certain other portions of this building. This is not made as e. recommendation but as an item of inquiry for the Safety Department. At the time of this investigation the flushing Ink Division eras continually unsightly due to the alteration going on in close proximity. Notwithstanding, it is not felt that this section affords any major prob lems. On the first floor of this series of chief buildings of this department, a diversity of operations take place, leading to the following recommendations connected with industrial hygiene. At the west end, numerous filter presses are in use leading to continuous wetness, high humidity, slipperiness. Unevenness of floors leads to puddles of water which, however, seem to be more important to the casual visitor than to the constant workman. Workers in this department wear boots or high galoshes and are not concerned with the water tinder foot, The question was raised as to the use of wooden grids, but opinion appears to be that these are even more slippery than the concrete floor. This existing wet ness and high humidity are undesirable, conducive to a variety of ailments such as arthritis, skin maceration, etc., but this condition is so in herently a part of the operation that no known'practical measures may be recommended for rectifying this situation. It is noted that workmen in filling barrels go about this opera tion with commendable care. The textile bags where filling is done are introduced well into the barrel, but the oncoming dry material is not permitted to drop into the barrel but into a pocket in the bag 0007-SWP-000030635 1 whence It Is eased into the barrel under conditions which raise little dust. In this same room barrels are filled with lead and chrome bearing pigments from blenders. Ibhaust intakes are located shout each hopper. These are of very poor design and "' e not uniform. The dust entraining points in these several cubicles should be re-located with close proximity to the dust source. The situation at the present time is very bad. In the northwest corner of this floor is located the magnetic separator. Here a wall fan removes considerable quantities of dust merely to the out side of the building and there contaminates the entire area as may be seen by green deposits. This arrangement Is quite useless and probebly more damaging than helpful. It is recommended that a real dust collector be installed about this magnetic separator, and that the exhaust point be other than at the present time. Near the west wall of the first floor of building 114, there are two large blenders without any exhaust system. Inasmuch as consider \\ able lead is introduced to the atmosphere in their operation, it is recommended that they be equipped with a suitable dust collecting appara tus. In order that some basis of understanding may be reached as to why extensive modifications are recommended in the dust collecting system in this department, reference is made to both of two sections dealing respectively with lead analyses which reveal the quantity of lead in the atmosphere of this department, and another entitled "Blood Exam ination" showing the number of persons apparently absorbing lead. It will appear that there is a greater likelihood of lead exposure in this any department than in the portion of the lead manufacturing department. Without any hesitancy, much unfavorable criticsm is made of lead exposures in this department. No respirators of ary type will provide 100 percent of protection. Further, no workman weara his respirator absolutely during his periods of exposure. Under some conditions in this department, five minutes of exposure daily over long periods of time is sufficient to make lead poisoning probable. 0007-SWP-000030636 In this department use is made of e lot of worn out minor equipment such as one-handled hand trucks, broken down ladders, improvised stair steps, and particularly worn out carboJe- containers. These things have more to do with the Safety Department than health exposures, but it is impossible to resist the temptation to point out that this claptrap, makeshift type of equipment sSwAd cause injuries. .'low that a fine new building has been created to meet some of the problems of this department, some ettention should be paid to the numerous needs for marked improvement in petty hand tools, trucks, carboys, etc., which, at the present time, are in a rEther deplorable state of obsolescence. Various other sections of this report furnish some materials on the operations and progress of problems in this department. 0007-SVVP-000030637 CHIEF OPERATION! OF THE CHEMICAL ??.OEOCTS EE?APIKENT This account of the activities in the Chemical Products tivisioti hcs been prepared by a physicien from the viewpoint of the pbysicisn. As gauged ty the highly shilled organic chemist, this presentation nay be open to unfavorable criticism. The guiding principle in acquiring the information leading to this record has been to uncover every used chemical in the form of raw, intermediate or finished material for.which any reason exists for believing that it possesses harmful properties. 1flth_ this type of information in hand, it has been possible to appraise in various sections of this report the extent of potential end practical dangers for workmen associated with this works General Koturc of Operations; Sulfonations, aminations, chlorinatior.s, nitrations, acetyla tions, fusions, reductions, pheiylatlons, oxidations, condensations, couplings. Feta *3aohthol Process After refining, crude naphthalene is treated by sulfonation with HgSOj. The sulfonic acid group is then fused off with molten caustic, the beta napbthol is isolated, vacuum distilled and chipped or ground for market. CoMs.-'d. (xrTarr C0"" Ce^-tu. SO2 and COg are evolved in the alkaline neutralisation above. Moat of these processes are wet end so no dust is produced. There is much irritation of nose, throat and eyes in this plant. A good deal of dust is, however, produced In the grinding and packing of beta. Sul fonation ia a cloaed proeeae. Caustic fusion ia done in large rats at SIS0 C, cloaed except for a dump hole. The only danger here ia eaid .SWP-000030638 0007 N16651.27 to be from splashing or explosion. Conceivably Co could be evolved \rj the burners at times in toxic concentrations. One steel st the neutraliser (acid) has no forced draft 'nd emits clouds of fumes. One man has worked here sixteen years without complaints. The naphthalene used irritates mucous membranes some, but there is no gross evidence of its having harmed anybody. In its puri fication, it is washed by water, which carries with It the impurities and is drained off. The washed naphthalene is then distilled, resub limed and stored in the crystals in a special room for use in process ing. Beta goes to the Aso lye Department for use in coupling of dye manufacture. Some goes to the Tobias Acid Plant for sulfonation and transformstior. into Tobias Acid. Some goes in ground, purified form to the trade. Tobias Acid Process Beta Naphthol is sulfonated under refrigeration, by addition of H2SO4 end ice. It is then salted out with sodium chloride, filtered through wooden presses and the residue put in barrels. This is then treated with ammonia and sodium bisulfite under pressure for forty hours in an autoclave. This results in beta naphthylamine end formic acid after acidification. CO"- (cold) plus H2S04 ( T llP^ HHs plw Ha SO, V/N/* (heat 40 hrs.) z 3 - air 2 naphthylamine 1 sulfonic acid .Some_S02 and NHj are^re.Tjeesed... Tobias is dried, ground and blended. It is shipped to the Aso Department where it is coupled with beta naphthol to make lithol reds. Some goes to the trade. ... Tobias is made every day, 48,000 pounds of Tobias Acid are made per month. About thirteen men work on the process. The process from start to finish is about a week long. Most employees have had long time 1 lotiar Acid Manufacture. Typical of a Laryo eerie: of Chemical Product Operations, All'of TSjich Are to be Retried be at Least Potential ly ami Often Practically ran<;erou3 0007-SWP-000030640 service here without gross signs of intoxication from Tobias. S02 used to cause "asthma", hut not since the installation of vent stacks. Th care was true of chlorine. Snuloyees claim great improvement in the srfcty end healthfulness of the plant in the last few years. y-cme: ere carried off by stack action, direct to the roof, under forced draft so that when a door is opened into a vessel fumes are net drawn back into the face of the operator. Usual care is used In the use of goggles, respirators, and gloves. The chief irritant to nose and throat is beta naphthol used in this process. Chlor-Tolulcln Sulfonic Acid Process Toluene is sulfonated in the p-posltlon, then chlorinated in the "a" position, filtered and dried. Then it la nitrated in the S position with nitric acid, salted out, filtered and reduced in the presence of iron and hydrochloric to o-chlor M toluidin,, p-sulfonic acid. This material is shipped in paste form to the Kzo Qre Department to be used in production of Lake P.ed C. The paste is white, as it goes plus H.>SO^ 0 (blown to chlorinator) USD, plus H,0 plus Ice plus Had plus NaClO* _Qj) (filtered and dried) jb plus H2SO4 plus HHO5 jy plus Fe(H) plus HC1_ HSOf o-chlor-m-toluidin ' p-sulfonic acid Some chlorine is formed during chlorination. Small amount of hydrogen chloride is formed during nitration. NgO may be formed during, nitration. The process is continuous every day and employs about six sen. 16,000 pounds are produced a month. The process is about five days long. Paranhenvlenedlamlne Process Parahitranillne is reduced in the presence of iron and hydrochloric acid to paraphepylenediamine. Sodium carbonate is added to form insoluble iron oxide, which is filtered off to leave parapherjienediamine in solution in the filtrate. This is evaporated and dried in a closed system. Then it is vacuum distilled, recrystallized and packed for shipment in cracked up form. The process is closed eicept ^ 0001 -svrt' .000i'03064* filtration and drying of the crude parsoherylenediamine. Diyinyis done In a kiln with forced circulation of air. It is sold to photographers and to fur dyers, Pur dyers use it with prroxide, brushed on furs, oxidizing the crude parapherylenedlamine to black. Dermatitis occurs in dyers and wearers at times. No trouble has been experienced in this plant. ............. to form insoluble ?e20; which is filtered off, leaving crude parapherylene- dlamine. Vacuum distillation is done at 170C under high vacuum; condensation is permitted et 140C and parapheqlenediamine is solid below that point. It is kept under vacuum until it is solid again. The paranitraniline that is put in at the start of the process of course is a dangerous exposure. Care is used in its handling in the powder fora, from drums directly into the reducer vat. About four men are engaged in the paraphezylenediamine production. The process is about two days long. One men in 19JS is said to have gotten asthma in the Parapheiylenediamine Department. Be Is now working in the acetanilid plant. About 12,000 lbs. of parapherylenedlamine are produced per month. It is made every day. Mono-Acid Process To 2,7 disulfonic acid, obtained from another department, is added NaOE and water in an autoclave- In the presence of heat, one sulfonic acid^is split off and gives beta naphthol 7 sulfonic acid. HC1 is added to remove the excess ^8- filtered, cooled. filtered ageiij, dried.il: _ahnd--ssoollfdi_to the DDry Color for use in making dark para toners. It also goes to the trade. plus NaOh plus HOH (heat) Beta Naphthol 7 sulfonic acid 0007-SWP-000030642 I Paraphenylenediaaine Manufacture. Both the 'e" Mat-'rials and the Finished Product of This lys Are Tell Knonn Intoxicants, defi nite tankers Attend This Type of Operation. oooi-sw-*00030643 I S02 is evolved. . 3-12,000 lbs. of mono-acid are made a year. Production is rpasaodie, reeuiiung about one day for completion. No men are detailed especially to the process. No trouble has been had from a hygienic standpoint. Weta-Nltro-Para-Tolul<ln (MNPI--Tolu!din Ml Acetoluld,`obtained from the Aeetnnilid Plant here, is nitrated in the cold to add the N0g at the "m position. Then it is saponified with HaOH and HOH to fora M.N.P.T., rtich is filtered, dried, ground, anid packed in biazrrels. plus HNOj mai<u>o nnil. Filtered to remove xs acid olus NaOH olus ROH ojKS -,luE cChH3wCOOHe olus HOH 45 Nitric Acid is used in nitration and sometimes there are fumes. There is a good deal of dust in grinding the material in dried form. In twenty years, manufacturing experience, no bad results have been noted. Acetanllld Process fend Acetoluld^ Anilin is treated with acetic acid (glacial) in a closed ecetylstor. Paratoluidine is aeetylated similarly to form acetoluld, which is used in the production of Toluidine-M here at the Azo Plant. CKa IJ N"rItrcfr.iCiCOoOortf', Acetoluld Great respect for the toxic properties of anilln is held in this plant. New workers are said to be instructed, carefully concerning proper protection, but some times are careless until further convinced. One nan reached into an anilln tank to recover a wrench, immersing his arm well up in the anilin oil. Luckily, he was intercepted before mary minutes, but before he ras through his shower he became feint. Re recovered in the hospital after about two weeks of a severe ease of cyanosis. Cyanosis is said to have been common prior to ten years ago, but rare since. Rubber gloves are used to handle tanks of anilin. It is unloaded through direct pipe lines from tank ears to tank storage in a separate tankage room and thenas pumped to its destination. It Is not ordinarily allowed to stand open, oooi .s\v?-00,'0030644 I but on recent visits a pan of It was found exposed under a drain line to catch the residue. Acetanilid dust is carefully guarded sgalnst by use of respirators at grinding and packing processes. Acetoluid is not considered dangerous snd is not guarded against. At tines there are acetanilid and acetoluic fumes, but these have never caused trouble as far as is known. So trouble with p-toluidln has been experienced since the cans have been emptied through the bottom directly into the hopper at one motion and the lid placed on the hopper immediately after removal of the empty drum. Tuchsln Process' Anilin is first converted to anhydrofcraeldehyde enilin, which Is isolated. This is converted to diamido-diphetyl methane, which is not isolated. Heated with nitro benzene with ferrous chloride as catalyst, there occurs a complex oxidation and condensation result ing in fuchsin and other by products, the exact structure of none of v.hich is definitely known. Being insoluble, they are thrown out. The resulting hydrochloride is converted to the base. Pararosanilin is treated in the presence of anilin and benzoic acid as a catalyst to form mono, di- or tri-phenyl para rosanilin, which is sulfonated to form corresponding sulfonic acid p_rosanilin (tri amino tri phetyl methane) plus xs of anilin oil, which is recovered and the product purified. Then it is treated further with anilin to form tri phetyl-p rosanilin, which is sulfonated and handled in peste fora. Some of the fuchsin is purified, dried and sold to the market as crystals. Some of the fuchsin base or "milt" is pherylated with anilin to produce spirit blue, which is sulfonated with H2S04 (95$) 0007-SWP -000030645 1 to 100S solubility In IS caustic, blown Into water, boiled, cooled to 1E0F and pressed, forming crude alkali blue. It Is then dissolved in IS caustic and precipitated with EO? HgSO^. Finished alkali blue is gound ar.d sol', as a -'ry or a wet product. "ictcrla blue dye is also produced by *v-station with sodium tungstate, -ried, sold as a "dry" or ground with lithol varnish to nske crude ink. .Methyl violet goes through the same process. Four chief processes are carried on in this department; 1. Starts with anilin oil and turns out alkali blue. C. AH:".It blue carried on to crude printers* ink. 3. Victoria blue dye is tungstated and either sold, as a dry or ground, into a printers* ink. 4. Methyl violet same as Victoria blue. The Inst two above are called dye "lakes". Cyanosis; Occasional, one case occurred in August, 1937, in a man cieening a methyl anilin tub. Asthma: A few cases occurred before the exhaust stacks were put up. Ceafness; It is noted that men of the fuchsin mill plant where inks are made have defective hearing, apparently from the continuous noise of this mill, which is fairly bad. Froo Hires large amounts of anilin oil, nitro benzene and formaldehyde are handled in this plant and so are a danger. It is odd that there have been no more cases of intoxication than have occurred. Diy grinding is done to some extent and some dust hazard may exist. Fumes ere a notable feature of the process. It Is necessary to handle the renteriels hot, in the liquid form, end so fumes are common. However, rest of the processes are closed and. tubs and kettles are well exhausted individually through the roof. One large area of hot liquid is exposed while cooling. This is the fuchsin "mjlt" which hardens in a long, shallow box inside the building. Crude fuchsin is run out hot into a vsiy large metal tank south of the building to crystallize. No known trouble has been experienced in the past with these processes, except -- sted shove. At present there is an experimentel process going on in the 0007-SNVP-000030646 plant There naphthol AS-Es 1b Vein- made. This requires the use of PCI*, Thioh, hclnr very uneteble, evolves much free chlorine 1? care- lrrly used i.; 'he process. This has hopp'se--' recently ar.d the plant T.sr. so filled with fumes that It -f s necessary for all -o-hers to leave it. This process Is to he put on a v.....\trcirl basis -1th ue- e-uipaent soon, it is said, and the nuisances eliminated. Tr. this r-ne process, in another tulle ins, tub conteins m-nitrar.ili' rithout ndeouete exhaust. The chemist ir. chrrje cf the process states V~ ;t hes suffered vo-r+ijo at tims ever this tut. This stove process consist? of a condensation tetreen B-oxy naphthoic acid end m-nitranilir. in the presence of ?Cl3 and. an excess cf rylol. ?C1? EOH HC1 plus HBO,. The H?0 is pr-Vatly the irritant to the mucous mentrar.es. T^lol fumes are gi--:n off in large Quantity into the open air. CCC/1" &! ?cl! (Naphthol AS-BS) - C plus HC1 plus HPOj Vlrtsrl? Blue Production Bn* Materials 1. Victoria blue dye (dry cornier ) 2. HC1 ?. EAc (glacial) 4.. Sodium tungstate 5. Sodium molybdate 6. Dlsodiun phosphate 4,5 and 6 produce phospho-molybdo-tung st lc acid. HAc dissolves the "basic* dye which is then precipiated by the complex molecule above. faGN-Cif, OO-'O ' Essentially a carbinol ring substituted with a ruinoid struc ture. The color is produced by the pulnoid. Same as above, except naphthalene above is substituted by producing symmetry. 0007-SWP-000030647 yal&cV.f Gr^a (5". All raw x->teri'ls are cry salts except "ri'.r. A71 -rater soluble. 7?o-. rusty except raw dye. Go to printers' inks here. Tenrs^f Bar V.r.t crisis 1. Nu violet dye (pdr) 2. Quebracho solution (35? tannic acid) 3. UaOUrTleiee 4. HaP04 5. Tartar emetic (K An tartrste) (a) 'et'-yl violet Jl:solved in HOH (t) Tannin plus NaO plus 7?aP04 plus r An tartrate a plus b rater insol. ppt. of */e. T--nrtt dyes go to printers' inks here. 5;-r irr tungstates are sold as such, 'tost go to inks. ?esinates--?esir. is saponified with NaOH and used in modifying shades. Production l!a:7e every deyr He-v. tennatts, alkali blue, fuchsia. P.s/e part tines Victorie blue, 3 days a week, methyl violet, 1 day a reek, Vslsohi4,e green, rarely. Sicthyl violet is made into tannstes and tungststes. Victoria blue and 'Uif.chite green are made into tungstates only. Tuohsin is an intermediate for alkali blue (chiefly). Arc tVe reoartment Types of couplings: 1. Tobies acid is ''lacotised with nitrous acid and coupled rlth beta naphthol. 2. p-toluidine m-sulfonic acid diasotised and coupled with b-oxy naphthoic acid. 3. 'i'lidines dlazotiied and coupled with F.-salt (3,6 dlsulfonic B naphthol). Colors ere produced or converted by sodium, barium, calcium, t 0007-SWP-000030648 strontium, magnesium or manganese salts, then dried, ground and blended. Tte color, is modified by substituting other of above salts for sodium--e.g. calcium produces a deeper sediment. The final product goes to t** printing ink trade and much of it is used here in making graphic red inks. A small amount is used in Paint and Varnish for blending. Exposures: 1. Grinding, blending, packing, drying. A great deal of dust is produced ar.d this theoretically is a danger. However, one man on grinding has done this work for sixteen years and says he is in perfect health. 2. Nitron^ Oxide is occasionally evolved from the diazotizing process when carelessly done, but this is not common. This is done in an ice bath end so the amount of fumes is not great. Exhausts are provi-'ed for those tubs where fumes and vapors are troublesome. P-falt CO* Beta Naphthol ^,400^4 plus H2S04 (x s ) Beta Naphthol 5,6 dlsulfonic acid The whole is run into Ca(0H)2 below v.here the xs-ef CaSO^ ir removed. The S-sr.lt it salted nut rith NaCI and shipped as a paste. Coupled with xylidines here. No intermediate is formed and no dig.' material is handled except the beta naphthol as it comes chipped from the bote plant here. No known exposures. 0007-SWP-000030649 I i T.ske '>tg-C T chipr 5 'diaso toluene 4 sulfonic 'it'5 if formed as an t.., ininn to ceu'lir.~ --it!: vtt* r.aphthol to form the dyestuff. <V " *''i.fit-d- - t i Stae intrfrsediste if above. Coupled eith b o;<y naphthoic acid. T.ltkoi r-'H.r.s Intermediate p t clui-'ir.e oi sulfonic acid before coupling rith ? ;:y no/htvotc acid. fa-.rlet ?P. m-aylidir.e intemediste before coupling rrith R-salt. Pi-rent E Green pitroso E csphthol formed ?r i.-.tem*dle.t* fcsfore converting to ircr. salt. Gon-rrl pem*rV:g on kzo lylicines are handled. These are knom to be toxic. Lead acctfte is used in small amounts., TaCl if uced in considerable eaounts. P cxy naphthoic s.cid used here if toxic to some degree. Nitrous oxide as mentioned above if evolved at times, but has given no trouble. Beta r.ephthol, supposed to be a skin irritant, ha? caused no trouble. It if troublesome as a nose end thro-t irritant, tut workers "get used to it". Remedies for the tad.curt situation ere underlay. Requisitions for net: ventilation equipment ere under consideration, according to vrorkaen. Eor.T.en state that improvener.t in the recent part has been continuous end steey. RC1 lr Aco dye is sor handled in rubber pipes from storage Instead of being hauled in carboys. Goggles and gloves are used share danger is haem. Is* is non broker, up by poster, Exhaust stacks are in use There needed. Employees are mostly z* long tenure anJ have been trained Into certain.Jobs so they are really expert in these functions, thus being able to control chenicel reactions "or. their om" End so avoid side rectioni of dangerous or unpleasant character. Handling of much ran nr.ti ril le ctill by hand., honever, ?n^ it strikes o.'.e entering *.? a- --kssrver that .cuch of th mork should and 0007-SWP-000030650 could be mechanised to advantage from a health as well as an efficiency standpoint'. One sees carboys of acid being dumped b> hand and barrels o' caustic fleers being shoveled' by hand. Crowding, as in other departments, is severe, and _ the greet amount of her.'' trucking and roving of rr-terieis through narrow * passegeweys must contribute manifestly to fatigue end irritability in ..orkers, and to danger. Croat vats of materials, such as S-salt are lifted by hand in places, thus predisposing to hernia, etc. in workers. Potentially the metal salts of strontium, barium, calcium, sodium-magnesium and manganese, used to produce colors in Azo dyes are hazards. Two eases of dermatitis have occurred in the last eight years, it is said. COMMENT AND RECOMHIKDATION FOR CHEMICAL PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE By all odds, this division of this plant's operation provides a greater number of outstanding complex hygienic problems than any other. However, the majority of these problems are so definite that hygienic ap praisal is comparatively simple although the finding of a remedy to eliminate the difficulties detected is ty no means simple. From the point of view of hygienic protection, it is the general thesis of this discussion that in this portion of the plant the work is so highly concentrated and overdeveloped in relation to the space available that no perfect remedy may be found. Above all things requisite to health conservation in this department, dilution of work operation stands out as most essential. The further addition of protective equipment such as dust arrestors, safety showers, vacuum cleaning system, all of which would be useful, would but further add to the concentration of work congestion. It is not within the purview of this study to recommend the building of new buildings or the allotment of other buildings in this area to this department's activities. Instead, it is the prime function of this inquiry to detect and portray objectionable situations wherever they exist and leave to the management decisions as to accepting the portrayals and the finding of remedies. It is necessary to regard almost every operation as providing potential if not practical exposure to some one or more injurious sub stances. Recognising that certain operations in themselves provide no outstanding exposure, these almost invariably are so located as to be placed in proximity to other operations o^,more dangerous potentialities. Still further,- a fair amount of opportunity exists for the injury of Workers In adjoining departments or divisions within the same department through the'"'1air transportation of effete materials discharged through exhaust sys tems or otherwise. At least to a theoretical extent, persons not con nected with this entire plant bat living close to this department or working in'nearly establishments might be injured or alleged Injury night arise from discharged materials originating in this department. NJ6651.28 Bete Nephthol Container Filling. Bete Nephthol Is Definitely Irritating to Fyes end to Soiae Extent to the Respiretory Trect end Skin. Offen sive end tiscoaforting Type of "ork Bather Then Highly Cejigerous tt 0007-SWP-000030653 t Lest there he some unfavorable criticism of this definite language, one example of each is at this time Sited.in substantiation of the two points last nade.% First, with reference to injury to workers in another section of this plant's work, attention is called to the fact that the acetenilid exhaust stack terminates above the low roofed acetanilid house but on a level with open windows of another and higher building with only about 20 feet of space intervening. Suite readily, acetanilid dust may be carried across this short distance and into this other department. Secondly, with reference to injury to non-employes, it is noted that a fair amount of stacks, chiefly connected with fcoblaa acid manufacture, ere Installed for the entraining and discharging of sulphur dioxide. Lerge volumes of this injurious gas ere discharged into the general atmosphere. Only ten parts per million of this gas are necessary to produce minor resplretory tract Irritations. Even lower concentration may bring about minor property damage. It would not be unusual for persons residing in that district north of 115 Street to make objection to the presence,of this gas in their homes and around their premises. Fortunately, this plant is so isolated as not to be in close proximity to any residence or other work pieces. If this report were limited solely to consideration of the hygienic problems of this department, it might be practical to present a detailed discussion of the nature and circumstances of the toxic action of scores of the raw materials, intermediates, and finished products pro duced in this department. While a great deal of such material is avail able, it is no less recognized that there are many substances manufactured in this department chiefly as intermediates about which little or nothing is known, and about which statements as to toxicity may he made only through knowledge of similar chemical compounds. However, all in all, it is deemed undesirable here to present lengthy toxloe'ogic ' discussions. Running through this report, a few such items appear, but by no means are these furnished as adequately cover ing the situation. Reference is now made to ttfe series of publications M07-SWP-0000306S4 I V dealing with toxicity of chemical product* related to the dye and pig ment Industry, but In turn these may be regarded only as introductory, Xncyelopedia of Occupational Health, International Labour Office, Genera. Occupational Affections of tne Skin, K. Prosser White, H. X. Lewis k Co., Ltd. London, 1934. Legal kadicine and Toxicology, Peterson, Hslnes and Webster, W. B. Savvcders Co.; Philadelphia, 1926. Industrial Poisons in the United States, Alice Hamilton, Macmillan Coopany, 'taw fork, 1929. Industrial Toiloology, Alio* Hamilton, Harper * Brothers, New fork, 1934. Skin Hazards In American Industry, Louis Schwarts, Public Health bulletin, No. 229, September 1936, United States Treasury Department. Noxious Gasses, Henderson and Haggard, Chemical Catalog Co., 419 fourth Avenue, *`ew York, 1927. Toxicology, William 0. McNally, Industrial Medicine, 340 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 1937. Causative Agents end Protective lisasurea in the Anilia Tumor of the Bladder, X. X. Svans, Journal of Urology, Vol. SS, No. 2, August, 1937. In general, reference is made to the Journal of Industrial Eyglene and Toxicology, which, through Its original paper* and its abstracts, fur- nishea the beat compilation of all industrial toxieologlcal papers pub* llahed through the past 19 years throughout the world. Now, after this general conaant, consideration is given to the individual sections and always with emphasis upon dubious work con ditions and suggestions as to remedies thereof. Prior to departmental discussion, it is deemed desirable here to include sow excerpts from one of Ur. Hamilton's reports. These excerpts now follow. w r 0007-SWP-000030655 So little Is known about the toric properties of the maiy c o h ?1"s derivatives of coal tar end particularly those used as inter- ::cUir.ts 1". the "anufaeture of coal tar dyes that it Is desirable to r.ahe use of all available information. This attitude leeds to the inclusion of various sections ;f rr. Hanllton's report on Coal tar derivatives. These excerpts now follow: The derivatives of the beniene ring are numerous, they are industrially imoortmt and they are extremely complex. Sew ones are introduced continually, too raoidly to allow the toxicologists to keep pace with the chemists ho produce them, and the result is a field more obscure and difficult for the industrial physician than any other. It is some times possible to predict from the chemical composition of the simpler members of the eoei-tar group what the physiological action will prob ably be, although even here the problem of the isomers enters, for of three products with the same formula the one in the para posi tion may differ physically end torlcologieally from the one in the ortho position and both from the one in the acta position. Resorcin is meta-dihydroxytensene; hydroquinone Is the para compound. The French high explosive, melinite, is a mixture of picric acid, which is tri.-.itrophenol, and dinitrophenol, the latter having the two NO2 groups and the HO group attached to the ring in the 1-2-4 position. This isomer proved during the war to be highly toxic, with a character istic action which was not shared hy any of the other isomers. Mary other illustrations could be adduced, but these are suf ficient to Indicate some of the complexities of the subject, flhen one leaves the simpler intermediate's and goes on to the bodies built up from them that are used In industry, one encounters such complica ted structures as paraphenylenedlamin, para-amldo-para-nltranilin, para-amidodiphe:ylamin, all fur and felt dyes; para-nitrosodlmethylanilin, hexamethylentetramln, anhydroformaldebyde-para-toluidln, which are among the numerous rubber accelerators. Some of these compounds have been studied by the Germans, and their action has been well known for some time. Even now the Germans are reporting from time to time the results of their tests of newer compounds, the U.S. Public Health Service has tested a few compounds and reports of cases are published in the annual report of the medical inspector of factorlea in Great Britain. In the United States, it is a regrettable fact that the great dye, drug, and chemical industries have added very little to our knowledge in this field. Only a brief survey of the most outstanding features can be made here. The relation between chemical constitution and toxicological action la, according to Praenkel, as follows: Hydroxy compounds--The phenols and eresols are hydroxy deriva tives and the entrance of the HO nucleus renders the naphthols, alpha and beta, more toxic than is naphthalene. Industrially, however, phenol is not nearly so dangerous a poison as bensene, for it is so much less volatile. Severe bums may be caused by phenol or cresol, although even this is not common, but systemic poisoning`is almost unknown in industry. McCord reports a case of a woman in a shoe factory who spilled two or three spoonfuls of marker Ink over her skin in opening a new bottle and shortly thereafter developed typical systemic phenol poisoning from akin absorption. During the war extensive bums of the skin were not uncommon and there was an occasional case of absorp tion, with collapse and death. . 0007-SWP-l I * Chlor compounds__The entrance of chlorine into an eromatle compound does not increase the toxicity as it does in a fatty compound. In fact chlorbenzene is less toxic than benzene. The nitroso group (HO) and the nitro group (HOg) always increase toxicity, tut there is no rule as to increasing toxicity with an increasing number of nitro groups, for the 1-2-4 isomer of dinitrophenol is much more poisonous than is trinitrophenol (picric acid), and nonomitrobeKtene is more poisonous to the central nervous system than dinitrobenzene, but the latter has a more destructive action on the blood. ' Bitro and amido compounds.--When a nitro compound is reduced to an aaido, as when nitrobenzene is reduced to anilin, nitrotoluene to a toluidin, the toxic characteristics remain much the seme, but the in tensity of the action is lessened (Curachaean). The same thing is true with regard to most of the diamihs, the nitranillns, chloranilina, etc. The following description applies to the members of these groups which contain nitrogen, although there are, of course, some exception. In a light case of poisoning with a nitro or amido compound, the symptoms are at first those of anoxemia because, so it is generally believed, the formation of methemoglobin brings about a condition of internal asphyxia. The symptoms are typical of the latter--a flushed face, pressure in the head, which increases to a violent throbbing headache, with dlsziness, weakness in the knees, and more or less dyspnea. In severer cases the face la deeply cyanosed, the lips, tongue and ears are purple; there is nausea, sometimes vomiting, a complaint of cramps in the abdomen, a staggering gait, and extreme weakness, in attack seldom occurs during work, hut some time later, and the symptoms Increase in intensity. If consciousness is lost it is usually not until some hours after. In the early days of the from 1914 till after the war, severe and fatal eases were seen which were characterized by extreme prostration, the akin cold, the blood pressure low, the pulse very rapid, small, and Irregular, the respiration shallow and rapid, then growing slower as death approached, and just before the end, con vulsions. In some cases an acute attack has been precipitated apparently by alcoholic drink, not necessarily excessive in amount. Renshaw and Ashcroft deacribed#four cases of poisoning by nitrochlorbenzane and one by aeetanilid share there was a destructive action on the blood, increasing gradually, as shown by the fact that the men collapsed some hours after leaving work, the action being appar ently hastened by alcoholic drink. The symptoms progressed slowly, first cyanosis and collapse, then, as the destruction of red cells in- cfeased, dyspnea became marked and disappeared only as the blood re turned to normal. The blood findings consisted in anemia with a high color index, no jaundice, no nucleated red eelle, end little change in the morphology of the red cells. lor wee there e pronounced anemia ex cept In one case which bad e rwd-cell count of 5,100,000 with 66 per cent hemoglobin. Practically the seme condition was found in a case reported by Arneth and Albaeht, where the red cell count was 5,925,000, and the hemoglobin 65 per cent, bat there was no change in the white cells. On the other hand, Panton and Minot both found a narked lymphocytosis and also an increase in the large mononuclears and in the plasma cells. Minot found lymphocytwaeein trinitrotoluene poisoning of mild degree,. leueopenie in severe cases. Aeetanilid is less toxic then anilla and, being solid, is less easily absorbed through the skin. It is used in making celluloid, where it can take the place of camphor, and la also an intermediate for coal-tar dyes. 0007-SWP-000030657 The livid color persists for several days and in chronic poisoning it is plainly evident} indeed, the name given ly workmen to anilin or nitrobenzene poisoning is 'cyanosis.* Usually an acute attack passes over faitly rapidly, especially if it is from an amido compound. Flgnall says that if a case of anilin poisoning Ungers on he suspects arsenic end tests the urine for it. On the other hand, the nitro com pounds give rise to more serious symptoms wi'-h `'.over recovery, although the cyenosis may be less striking. Curschmann, Lehmann, and kohr say that metheaoglobin is formed early in the course of intoxication and probably the destruction of red blood cells is coincident with it. The red-blood-cell count and the hemoglobin fall, the blood becomes chocolate-colored and thicker, and the spectroscope shows the lines of methemoglobih. However, the letter finding is disputed by some (see Price-Jones and Boycott) end even Cur6chmenn says that methemoglobin disappears very rapidly and usually by the time cyanosis is fully developed it can no longer be demonstrated. The destruction of the red blood cells is followed in a few days ty evidence of regmneratioa, in the form of immature cells, many of which may be stippled and nucleated. According to Eudaon, there is at first a polynucleosis followed later ly a lymphocytoses. The urine in anilin poisoning may contain unchanged anilin (Keubauer, Bollerstrom,) but this is very rare. Buck more common is hematoporphyrin or bile pigments, and some observers speak of a substance, as yet uniden tified, which reduces Fehllng's solution. A reducU.on compound appears* in the urine, even in milder cases of poisoning, such as para-emldophenol from anilin, the nitrobenzenes and the nitranilina; amido-2-nitro-4-phenol from dinitrophenol; dlnltro-hydroxyleminotoluene from trinitrotoluene. This is probably the explenation for the bladder symptoms which are characteristic of cases of poisoning from these derivatives of the benzene ring. Unusual effects.--Although this description covers the majority of nitro and amido derivatives, there are some conspicuous exceptions and probably if other compounds ware as extensively used and stalled other exceptions would come to light. These are some instances of compounds which have an action deviating from the typical! dinitrobenzene, which in chronic cases produces profound cachexia, mental deterioration, paralyses and Impairment of sight, smell, taste, and hearing (Floret, Cords; trinitrotoluene, which causes in some esses acute yellow atrophy of the liver, toxic jaundice, in others aplastic anemia; toltqrlendianin, a powerful hemolytic agent; dinitrophenol 1-2-4, which causes an acute intoxication with burning thirst, abundant sweat, panting, terrified excitement, fever up to 109.4 F., convulsions and death ((296), (470)); and finally a fairly large group of amido compotnda ahlch have an irritating, action on the bladder, leading not only to cystitis, but to papillary growths and even carcinoma. Bladder tumors.--Cystitis may follow exposure to such compounds as alpha and beta aaphthol, but bladder tumors are apparently .caused only ty an amido compound. The occurrence of these timers,, benign and nallg nant, among workers engaged in the production of dye and drug Intermediates, has been known to German physicians for more than thirty years, and in 1904 the physicians attached to the large plants began to collect and re port their cases so that there is now a large body of data available on this subject. In 1920, when Curschmann published the collected statistics, there ware recorde of 177 casee. Since than I have soon no summary of the cases, but each year the factory-inspection-report adds a lumber to the Hat, and during the three years, 1927-29, there were *19 new case* of malignant turner. Tha English also are now beginning to find this evidence of chronic poisoning among workers in their industry, which is of much more recent development than tha German (ligmall). Moi-sv.f-o511658 A ride variety of compounds may give rise to bladder tumor, but it is the consensus of opinion so far that the compound responsible is always an amido, not a nitro compound, although in other respects the latter is the more toxic group. An interesting case is to be found in the German factory inspection report for 1929. A man who had worked six years with trlnitrotuluene died of cancer of the bladder, and compensa tion was at first refused on the ground that nitro compounds have never been known to produce such cancers, t'other consideration of the case, however, resulted in a reversal of the verdict on the ground that trini trotoluene is excreted in the urine not as such but as an amido derivative. Para-phenylendiamin--sometimes called diamino benzene. Cases of poisoning from paraphenylendiamin are comparatively msserous and are reported even in the non-lndustriel Journals because they occur in per sons wearing fur dyed with this compound. It is a much-used dye for fur end felt, the trade name being ursol, end is also an accelerator for rubber vulcanization. It has a very characteristic action, causing severe dermatitis, and in some cases attacks of bronchial asthma which, according to Hanzlik, is to be explained by an acute edema of the bron chial tubes (R. L. layer), layer and'Foerster examined 181 persons em ployed in the fur trade where ursol was used as a dye and found that 111 had suffered from dermatitis or asthma. They advise using the akin test on new men, to week out suseeptihles. Diphenylamine and para-emidodlphenyl are used in Industry. They have the action characteristic of amido compounds, end like the rest, they are absorbed chiefly through the skin. Toluldln.--The toluidins are important intermediates and are responsible for cases reported ty both English and German factory in spectors. In both countries cases have arisen in connection with chlor-ortho-toluidln, which is said to cause symptoms of acute nephritis; according to the Germans, however, it is not the men uaing it but those producing it who are poisoned, suggesting that the casue is some inter mediate. Eight German girls applying dope consisting of resin and oil dissolved in chlor-toluldin showed striking pallor, with cyanosis of lips and finger tips, and complained of dizziness, headache, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, and an imperative desire to urinate and burning pain on micturi tion. The urine was reddish end in four eases blood was found, showing a hemorrhagic cystitis. The blood showed polynuclear leueopenla, and eosinophilia, and in two cases there was methemoglobin. Anilin black.--Anil In black is made by the oxidation of an anilin salt by means of chlorate or bichromate of soda in the presence of a metallic catalyst. The chemical action is complicated and the dyeing takes place with the aid of steam and requires aging or ripening. Anilin vapors are given off during the process, and if the fiscs escape, poisoning occurs. Cases from this source, quite typical in character, are reported each year from Germany and from England. The complaint is greater In warm weather or on foggy days in winter. An examination of the blood of 59 workmen showed in a few some evidence of destruction of red cells and a lymphocytosis, bit in healthy men with only moderate exposure the blood count was sometimes over 5,000,000. The following compounds were responsible for 95 cases re ported by the British factory inspectors in the years 1927-28 and 1929* 41 from the intermediates dinitrobenzene, dinltrotoluene and trini trotoluene; 18 from anilin; 7 from dyeing with anilin black; 15 from production and use of other "<n colors; 9 from psra-nitranilin; 8 from paratolnidin; and 7 from all others. The list of compounds which gave rise to poisoning In these years in the Swiss chemical and dye industries is as follows: dinitrobenzene, dinitrochlorbenzene, anilin, pare-nitraallln, para-chloranilin, parm-xoluidln, nitroeodinethylanllln, beta-naphthylanin, mono-nitrobenzene, dimethyl sulphate, anthracene. Raphthelene fanes nay cause headache, nausea, and vomiting, and, if hot and concentrated, not only injury to the corneal epithelium but e double optic neuritis (Koelsch). Perna, perchlornaphthalene, is used in Germany as a substitute for gums and resins in impregnating tex tiles, in which work it hes been the cause of skin eruptions and general malaise, a feeling of weakness end uncertain gait. Tetralin, tetrahydronaphthalene, is used in this country as well as in Germany as a degreaser and es a substitute for turpentine, expecislly in floor finishes. The vapors are irritating to the mucous membranes and conjunctiva and also cause nausea, headache, and stupor. A dark, olive-green coloration of the urine is characteristic of this form of poisoning and it is attributed to the hydrolysis of tetralin to tetralol, which is excreted as conjugated glycuronic acid (Koelsch). All of these poisons, derived from the benzene ring, are absorbed through the skin primarily. Zt is true that the inhalation of fiats la a possible mode of poisoning but experience in all the warring countries proved beyond the possibility of a doubt that the elds is by far the most important portal of entry. This means that bodily cleanliness is the first requirement in the prevention of poisoning. There must be scrupu lous cleanliness of benches, machinery, apparatus, and there must be provision for bathing with warm water as well as for washing hands and face. In well-equipped plants tub baths are provided and acetic acid ia added to the water to aid In the removal of these oily compounds. It is the rule in plants under experienced direction that a man who complains of feeling ill be directed to take a full bath at once and put on clean clothing, underwear as well as outer clothing, even if he feels sure that he has not spilled anything on his person. The escape of fumes must not be neglected, for volatilized compounds solidity as they cool and fall in the form of fine powder over the skin. Hot weather always increases the number of cases of poisoning in these industries because the sweat helps to dissolve the dust on the skin and flushing of the surface vessels helps in its absorption. Dirty overalls and, still more, dirty underwear, are a distinct menace, rnd a careful employer will provide clean washable working-clothes for his men, as he is required to do ia fiiglsnd and in Germany. j i 07-SW.OTMMmo THE TOXICITY OF BFTA-NAPTKOL Because of the Tarled end extensive operations connected with heta-nepthoi and because of many casual complaints about its irritant properties, these investigators have thought to bring together all that is known about the toxic properties of beta-naptbol. This eoapiled material now followss Beta-napthol may be classed as a phenol and is a hydroxy (OH) deriviative of napthalene. The compound resembles phenol in its toxic action but is not nearly as irritating. Since an increase in hydroxy (OB) groups increases toxicity, beta-napthol is more toxic than naptha lene. In spite of its decldely dangerous nature, very little re search work in the form of animal experiments have been done. Although beta-napthol has a great many uses in a large variety of industries, it has given rise to very little trouble in the past. From a chemical standpoint this is partly due to its relatively high melting and boiling points. Under manufacturing conditions the compound is seldom if ever heated to near its boiling point, thus reducing the possibility of ex pelling its vapors into the workroom air. Actually there is little con tact on the part of workmen unless in the case of an accident. Aside from the many industrial uses of beta-napthol it hai bean used to a considerable extent in the pest in medicine and many cases of poisoning have occurred from its uaa. The compound was originally used in China and later in the United States for the treatment of hook worm. It has also been used in ointment (5-10 beta-napthol) for the treatment of various forms of skin diseases. Its use as an intestinal disinfectant has bean discontinued to a large extent because of its relatively low efficiency and its severe toxic action upon the human body. Although many eaaas of poisoning have occurred from the use of beta-napthol in the treatment of akin diseases, its use is still con tinued. 0007-SWP-000030661 ! N16651.29 Ab stated above, research work on the physiological action of beta-napthol has not been extensive; however, there are a large number of cases reported of the poisoning from its industrial and therepeutlc . A summary of these cases indicates that its toxic manifestations vary considerably in different individuals. As a matter of illustration, two cases of poisoning ere here discussed. The first case is that of a man who had been treated with nearly 15 grams of beta-napthol for a skin disease. The only apparent toxic effect was acute nephritis after 14 days. The second case was that of a pregnant woman who had been treated with 5-5/4 grams of a similar ointment. In this case, the women died 24 hours after the application and.experienced such symptoms as vomiting, somolenee, unconsciousness, and later small hemorrhages from the skin. Beta-napthol is Irritating to the mucous membranes when it comes in contact with them in solution, vapor or mist. Because of this fact, it causes sneezing end coughing when it comes in contact with the respiratory passages and in the course of excretion, produces pain in the bladder and urethra with strangury and swelling of the mucous membranes. In large doaea, beta-napthol causes symptoms similar to phenol poisoning, except that in animals, no convulsions have been observed. When injected sub cutaneously, elbomine and hemoglobin in the urine have been noted. Thera peutic injection of beta-napthol has produced severe anemia due to Its action on the red blood cells and Icterus resulted. In excessive quantities, beta-napthol produces epigastric and diffuse abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting diarrhea, muscle spasm, de pression of the respiratory center, and at times hemolysis, convulsions, respiratory and cardiac paralysis, and coma. There is frequently a scarcity of urine with painful micturation. The urine is usually dark brown from the presence of the napthol which is excreted in combination with glycuronic and sulphuric acids. In less severe cases of the poisoning the symptoms may be any one or all tt the above mentioned symptoms with variation only in degree. The pathologic changes resulting from exposure to or injection with beta-napthol have not all been definitely determined. It has been n 0007-SWP-000030662 learned that after exposure to the compound, damage to the respiratory mechanism, spleen, liver end kidneys have resulted. Occasionally beta- napthol has given rise to imperfect sight and partial retinal degenera tion in man. Changes In the eye have been observed repeatedly in ex periments on animals absorbing beta-napthol. In animal experiments It Is noted that the retina Is dotted with bright points or to contain 1---a --How plaeques. Further observation has shown that, atrophy of the nerTe may follow, or subretinal effusion and cataract. In this latter respect beta-napthol resembles napthalene, which is not surprising, since the two compounds are similar in their chemical makeup. While the ocular effects in man have not been intense, certain Investigators have observed some defects of vision in workers with beta-napthol. If only for this reason alone, caution should be exercised against prolonged contact with the compound. References: (1) Hoeve, Arch. F. Ophthalmol., Vol. 65, F. 74. 1901 (2) SailHe. Jour. Am. Mad. Assoc., 74, 1505, 1920 (5) Faust, E.C. The Use of Anthelmintics, J.A.Ii.A. 106, 5, Jan. 50, 1957, P. 586 (4) Hamilton, A. Industrial Poisons in the United States liackaillan, 1956, P. 91-2 (5) Hunt, Reid and Gettler. -In Legal Medicine and Toxicology Feteraon, Halne and Webster, Phila., 1925, Vol. 2, P. 701 (6) White, Prosser, Occupational Affections of the Skin Lewis, London, 1954, P. 517 Bata Kephtbol Section Throughout published literature oa toxicology, there is soee dispute as to the toxicity of both naphthalene and of the napbthola. In the International Labour Office Encyclopedia of Occupation and Health, there appear extenaiTe portions of Material with regard to both of these substances, iiuch of the material presented is open to doubt, and the ease Bade out against either of these substances is a rather weak one. Clalas are aade of serious illness and even death. It is the present investiga tor's opinion that at the present tlae naphthalene, as such, is a minor Irritant to the skin, conjunctiva, and respiratory tract, and that chiefly naphthalene la a source of physical discoafort rather than serious occu pational illness. In the case of beta naphthol, it is perhaps nsoessary to go a little farther in recognizing somewhat more dangerous possibili ties. At the end of this section is presented a alnor consolation be (r^ literature which Is not necessarily accepted by us as representing facts, but vhloh tends to show the type of technical naterial that would be used against this company In claims alleging damage. Because of this lsgal situation togatbar with the discomfort situation, a few reeomoeniatlona are now made. 1. ) In connection with naphthalene purlfleatlon, the processes ere primarily enclosed although not entirely so. The various pbsnolia and pyridine bodlsa^ueodTprovlde no known praetieal injury. Howsvsr, the stack from this operation gives rise to an almost sontinaoua discharge or minor snowfall of naphthalan# flakes. This, howsvsr, constitutes a so much core minor air contamination than omny others that it is desmsd expedient to Ignore this situation st this time. 2. ) Throughout this entire section there are many unnecess ary leaks giving rlat to accumulation of naphtbalena crystals In un necessary and unwanted places, for enample, about the tulpdonation pro cess there are many miner leaks which give rise to visible clouds of nephthalsns la the air and to ssttlsd naphthalene oa all horizontal pro jections, piping, eta. It is recommended that greater effort ha made to 0007-SWP-000030664 eliminate naphthalene leakage connected with various processes and to maintain these operations without undue leakage. 5.) it is believed to be desirable thet all workers exposed to naphthalene in the atmosphere as a continuous situation should wear light respirators of the general type provided in this plent for protec tion against lead dust. However, it is possible a lighter filter msy be used for protection against naphthelene and beta naphthol than is nec essary for protection against leed. This, however, is not important. As an example, the worker who manipulates the product sublimed naphtha lene as it appears in the collecting chambers in the sulphonatlon area would do well to wear a respirator at all times. It has been observed that he does not wear a respirator. This same statement applies to sll other operetions in this section.dealing with dry products, and parti cularly it applies to the workers about the milling and barreling process. 4. ) It has been stated to be a general desire in this section to make use of safety lamps with regard to explosion. It has been ob served that on that floor on which the sulphonatlon process is located several electric lamps are not of the safety variety. 5.) Because of the very extensive use of mineral acids and of caustic alkalies in this section, one safety shower should be provided in the event of an accident Involving either of these types of substances. Ho such safety shower waa observed although the possibility exists that such may be present. Ho fixed location is.specifled for this installation, this being left to the ingenuity of the Engineering Department, the re quirement being to locate this shower in the position most accessible to workers at several points, aufof whoa might be Involved In an add or alkali accident. 6. ) Throughout this whole section and, in fact, throughout the whole department, there is no adequate drinking water supply. Many inverted bottle types of fountains ere observed, most of which are-empty and several of which are dirty. It is recommended that for this entire section, department, and plant some consideration be given to the furnish- 0007-SWP-000030665 Ing of palatable drinking water. It la recognized that thia recommenda tion should not appear here, and it will be repeated in the general recom.r.endatlons to be ne.de. Nevertheless, this department seems to be -H..- . in great need of^ physiologic service. 7. ) In view of the fact the materials as handled on the fusion tank belcony ere substantially dust free, the wearing of respirators is not known to be necessary, but the desirability of eye protection through the wearing of goggles is obvious. It has been observed that some workers do not wear goggles, at least not at all tines. Caustic burns of the eye are always serious, and multiple possibilities here are provided for such burns from minor chips, caustic splashing, hand contamination, etc. 8. ) After the chipping operation, the beta naphthol is milled, and because of high temperature it is located on the floor to cool it. This entire milling operation is a dusty one, end apparently the process is uneconomical. It is known that the management proposes to aerate at this stege of the process in order to avoid 4<r coollug. This is highly recommended ty the hygienist who further recommends that this material be mechanically conveyed to the final milling and packing opera tion where a great deal of dust is known to produced at the preaeut time, and where the bag dust collectors sre shabby, makeshift affairs for a dust collecting system. 9.) This item is largely a repetition of the last ^*a|e*ant above. It is reiterated that unnecessary quantities of dust are produced at this operation, and a better type of handling beta naphthol is desir able as well as a better type of dust arrestor. 10. ) In general, this section is appraised as discomforting rather than dangerous, but many casual complaints have come to the atten tion of these investigators from workers in this section. Without making any claims that workers in large numbers will be disastrously affected, it is no less urged that working conditions in this section be considera bly improved, chiefly on a comfort basis. I i i i 0007-SWP-000030666 I f TM rve Section This entire section is most distressing because of the large ouentities of dust produced and the worthlessness of the dust arresting ecuipment now in operation which does little more than contribute to the dustiness of the workroom end because the matter of dust control has gotten well out of hand. Fortunately, the finished dye dusts are com paratively harmless, which fact in this instance is all that saves this section, rith these statements as the key to this section, certain de tails ere now presented, not all of which are connected with dust and dustiness. 1. ) On the loading platform of building 505 in connection with the filling operation, some litharge is used without any regard whatever for its injurious properties. Fortunately, not much lead is utilised. Containers of dry litharge have been observed to be emptied into vats with the production of clouds of lead dust. These investi gators hsve been somewhat nonplussed by the appearance of effects of lead absorption in the Chemical Products section. This type of minor use of lead apparently is responsible for the observation made. In view of the fact that this lead duet will hang in the atmosphere for indefi nite periods, it is recommended that if this lead process takes place as frequently es two or three tines weekly, the particular operator manipu lating this lead be fumiehed e respirator. Other reasons for the wear ing of respirators in this work ere related to the we of other organic ingredients, such as barium, strontium, etc. 2. ) At this particular portion of the section, a fair amount of mineral adds, including nitric acids, are used. Such acids are handled without any mechanical device# and often under dubious conditions. Elsewhere comment has been made upon the unsafe nature of carboy con tainers for acid, much wood being rotten. It is nos reeonended that mechanical devices be provided for the hoisting and dumping of adds on this floor level. It is recognized that much add is used throughout m7-S'v P-OOMM6S7 I this entire section, in various rooas, end possibly on more than one floor. Therefore, it asy be difficult to handle ell acids through mechan ically driven emptying end hoisting devices, hut at least at this one point of concentrated acid work mechanical devices should be provided. /.Iso, workers here end elsewhere hendling ecids should wear for protection against ecid burns. S.) Zs mentioned in many other places, safety showers are needed wherever mineral ecids are handled. It is recommended that a safety shower be Installed on this floor and in as close proximity to the point of acid manipulation as possible. While this is primarily a safety measure end not related to the hygienist, the need is so great that no hesitancy is felt in making the suggestion. 4. ) On this floor level in this section, much visible water vspor is almost continuously present. Undoubtedly, this is much worse during the winter months. Cue consideration should be given to the practicability of evacuating this room through window fans. This item is not regarded as outstandingly important compared with certain others in this section. 5. ) On **e same level of building 504 (third floor) enormous quantities of dust are present, and in some places settled dust is literally present as deep es one inch. In part this dust is created in connection with the filling of milling machines on the floor below. But very particularly dust is produced and perpetuated in this general section by the begging of the dust arrestor. This dust arrestor is lo cated immediately in the open work room and is so heavily overloaded that it is necessary to beat it down at frequent intervals. In turn, the dust arrestor gives off prodigious quantities of dust, making travesty of the preten*e of dust collection. The same class of caustic remarks are to be made with refer ence to blenders, milling machines, barreling operations, end every other portion where dry materials ere handled in this section. On one of the cubicle blenders, the suction is so low ps not to register on the 0007-SWP-000030668 Pitot type of eir motion meter. Even if there were adequate air motion through this hood, it would accomplish nothing because tee bag system for collecting dust is located in the same room only a few feet cray, and it in itself is major dust producer. It is the general intent of this discussion to condemn most vigorously all of the dust cleaning systems in this section and to em phasize the necessity of dust collecting equipment because of the quan tities of dust Inhaled even though this be a comparatively harmless dust. It is Tenown that plans have been drawn for rehabilitation of this Azo Fye Section. There is every reason to urge upon the management that the'se plans or some plans for modification be accepted and that alterations be made in short order. 'Jet? nltro nera toluldine Section 6.) In this section which is predominantly one of red dye production, there is produced meta nitro para toluidine. The constituents of this dye and intermediates ere traditionally known as dangerous. The finished dye apparently is little toxic but is objected to by the workers because the skin is dyed yellow and is removed only with difficulty, the urine is dyed yellow, etc. Workmen involved dislike to wear respirators because the respirator tends to increase the grinding in of the dye into the skin of the face. On this account, it is desirable that a better type of exhaust system tie introduced in order, if possible, to eliminate the necessity of respirator wearing bygone man tnpaged in milling operation. At the present time great quantities of dust enter the small workroom, and tee desirability of respirator wearing is obvious under present conditions. It is quite probable that there may be found certain protective non-greasy pastes which may be applied to the face and hands of workmen v.hlch will break the contact between the dye and the skin. At the present time the only iatajta agent of this sort is the DuPont "Protek", but it is advised that there are a wide variety of these pastes designed for parti cular operations, a greater number of which are manufactured by the Milbaurea Company of Eetroit. This particular problem should be placed in 0007-SWP-000030669 1 tbs bands of tba >.llbum Company who probably will base are liable soma material practically applicable in thla department. The remarks here written are with particular reference to mate nltro para toluldine but apply with equal significance to certain tbe red dyee which also are objectionable. 7. ) It seems neeesaary to reeoamend that all workman continue to wear respirators in tbls section because of tbs high concentration of dusts even though so respirator will provide 100 percent of protection and even though a oertaln amount of grinding in of tbe dye is produced by tbe respirator. After all, there is no such thing as s wholly harmless dust, and large volumes of most innocent of dyes sea-be taken Into the lungs aad serve no banafleent purpose. Another section of this report deals with respirators and their aare. It is believed that thin Azo Dye Section should be made tbe recipient of special consideration with reference to types of respirators and tbelr servicing. It will probably eventuate that workers lh thla section be provided with two respirators In order that alternately they may be serviced in order to escape all possible irrita tion. It is observed that many workars in highly duet areas do not wear respirator*. It la furthar obsarveA that soma of those vbo do are remark ably stained under tb# respirator and that soma evidence of faeial skin Irritation to both the arsaa covered by respirators and also on tbe neck, below th* ears, ate., is present. 8. ) In tba filter praaa section of this department, a great deal of water vapor or etaaa la erected, and vstnssn la everywhere present. These matters are highly characteristic of this sort of work. Of eonrsa, it may ba reeomaended that ttaam be withdrawn from tha room by azhanat fans in tba wall, but incoming, replacing cold air would maraly lnereaee tha quantity of water vapor. Thus, it is somewhat impractical to make any recommencetion although in sumaartime mush might be gained by evacuating steam end tb* highly humidified air. 9. ) In addition to various mills, blenders, barreling opera tions already mentioned, there is another enormous dnat maksr la the air separator located on tb* first floor of building 503. Th* same sort of 0007-SWP-000030670 ! * dusts are here produced, and the same enormous quantiti.es which character ize the entire dry section of the layout. This specific machine is men tioned only in culpating the entire section which truly is in need of ex tensive modification at the earliest possible time. Acetanilld and Acetoluld Itanufecture In this small area which is not overly crowded, considerable tankege and storage of toxic material takes place under the supervision of the seme foreman responsible for the manufacture of acetanllid and acetoluid. It is well known that considerable health risks ere involved in the piping and transfering of materials like nitro benzol and acetanilld from tank cars to tanks. These dangers seem to be well known to this foreman who describes earlier periods characterized by accidents, while at the present time he feels that all have been eliminated through care in connection with leaks, vents to the roof, etc. At any rate, no evidence is at hand warranting condemnation of operations connected with these storage pro cedures. However, in the manufacture of acetanilld, all is not as se cure as this foreman would have us believe. He himself pointed out that in the charging of the acetenilid still it is impractical to operate the condenser so that some aniline vapors and certainly acetic acid vapors may be discharged into the workroom. This foreman himself recommends that an extension be made of the long pipe to the nearly exhaust system for the acetanilld dust. This, however, la impractical inasmuch as these vaj*>rous materials will not lend themselves to joint evacuation with dust. Instead of this procedure, it may be well to provide a separate evacuation duct for these vapors. Provision of such will require very little expenditure of money. It must be recognized that acetanilld la a dangerous substance and that its dust has brought about many industrial poisoning cases in plants where it is manufactured or manipulated. The arrangement and opera tion of a chipper machin for acetanilld gives rise to a lot of dust and spillage. The dust collecting system is entirely inadequate, numerous right angle# of conduits, Ion Telocity of air movement, poor design of hood at the point of entreinnent, and faulty location of the di#eharge point are all factor# in salting the system Ineffective. It la reeosr-ended that this entire area be cleaned up and freed of spilled aeetanllid that may be ground under foot or otherwise eventu ally become dust. It is reeosmended that the dust collecting system be re-designed and Improved, that the outside stack either be elevated in its present position or moved over to the nearby wall and elevated at least five feet above the roof of the Beta Naphthol building. This en tire operation is regarded with more apprehension than Is recorded by persons In charge of It. Tobias icld, Parap haDylans i>laalne. Mono Acid, lake Red C Amine Best known to the medical profession of all injurious dyes is parephenylene diamine which has caused many hundreds of cases of asthma, eczema of the face, chronic skin disease, and other affections, both as occupational diseases and otherwise. In the fur trade this substance is a notorious trouble maker where It is still used as a dye. Vomen wear ing cheap furs dyed with this materiel have presented many cases of locsl Infection and asthma. It is sold as a hair dya and is a well known cause of poiaoning. In lta manufacture, lta jA~'ingredlent is para nltranlllne, which in itself may ba a source both of systemic and local disease. As long as the operations involved are wet, opportunity for damage appears to be practically nil, but dusty processes are regarded with high appre hension, and long contact with this material may lead to discoloration of the akin. In tne course of the manufacture of paraphenylena diamine, the chief point of concern is in tbs handling of the crude dry and dusty materiel preceding distillation. The collecting chamber below the dryer is enclosed but not vented. The foreman claims that venting la not naeesaary because no workmen is near this area except for a few minutes at the time of the removal of the partly filled drums. This idea ia not at all subscribed to by the present investigatora, and it la believed m 0007-SWP-000030672 i that this entire dry operation should be Tented, ilao at the immediate tine of reaovel of the filled barrels and the abating down of the hoppera, XU it la bellowed that^one worker concerned should wear a respirator whleb elao ahould be worn in connection with any other handling of parephenylene diamine, particularly under dusty conditions. It this plant, without any effort to detect sane, there came to our attention at least fire cases of chronic asthma end rumors of a larger number. No effort has been made to examine these patients as It has not been the policy under the guidance of the management to undertake physical examination of workers. On this account, it la not known that JF these patients contribute their asthma to any substances appearing in thla entire plant, or contrariwise, what particular substance or sub stances might be responsible. On a by and large basis, it la believed that no one substance would be responsible for all cases, nor that all cases are of occupational origin. No less, there is some suspicion that parephenylene diamine may in at least a minor measure be responsible for certain of the asthmatic conditions encountered. In connection with parephenylene diamine distillation for purification processes, it is observed that the crude, fine, dusty material la dumped onto the tiii near the still and is shoveled by hand into the still. This is unnecessary and highly conducive to dust formation and thus undesirable. Weys and means should be found to right this practice through the direct emptying of containers into the still by workers wear ing respirators. During the recant years end up to the present time, sulphur di oxide created by many operations in this department has been seat trouble some. Vooden conduits are now Installed over the vats chiefly responsible for this gas. This gas, along with other offensive vapors, is evacuated through the roof of the building. This, while bringing much improvement, has not rid the plant entirely of exposure to the gas. Many days sulphur dioxide is swept down into many bulldlnga, possibly including homes end other factories unrelated to this company, it the present, no raeoanenda- 007-Styp. 00030 673 1 1 tion is made to additional steps in the disposal of sulphur dioxide, but is is probably only a question of tine until outside complaints, in cluding perhaps legel complaints, will require additional safeguarding activities. In connection with tobies ecid manufacture and possibly other chemicals, a fair amount of ammonia is utilized but under conditions of almost entirely enclosed systems. No less, recommendation is made that at least one ammonia respirator be available lmmedlatoly in the area making use of ammonia and that this be serviced and inspected by the Safety Department. In the Lake Bed C Amine Section there take piece various sul- phonation, chlorination, nitration and reduction processes. All these operations are vented to the outside bpt in one instance, believed to be the sulphonation and nitration of Lake Red C Amine, the preceding inter mediate is dropped into a retort through what emounts to the actual stack for venting purposes. Since there is no induced current in this stack, the operation may become, and, in fact, is at times very dusty. This particular method of handling this step appears to be undesirable. It is noted that throughout this section acids are piped to the point of use, thus obviating the necessity of carboys. Inquiry was made as to the length of life of piping and the statement was made that in one case nine years already had elapsed since the installation was made. To the extent that this is practical, it is *.. , o.esirable that other portions of the plant using the carboys manually handled should make use of this procedure. In this general area represented by the sulphonation process, at least one filter press gives off large quantities of visible water vapor (steam), end thus contributes to the general discomfort of this workroom. With as many stacks as there are in this general vicinity, the question is raised as to the possibilities of hooding these hot filter presses in order to discharge the steam vapors to the outside, thus in some measure protecting the workmen against this additional minor item of discomfort. Due to long years of action of chemicals, probably chiefly 0007-SWP-000030674 I r '1 sulphur dioxide and acids, large portions of this entire section are most unsightly--corroded, encrusted, worn, soggy, dilapidated. It is granted that these conditions do not directly represent health hazards, and it is equally granted that in large nessure this is the result of normal operations connected a.lth this sort of mechanicel manufacture. It is, no less, urged to the extent possible that this sort of work condition be avoided and eliminated. Fuchslne and Printing Ink Section The basic raw materials of this division of work are well known intoxicants and chiefly are aniline, nitro benzol, formaldehyde, end mlnerel acids. In connection with the first handling of nitro benzol and aniline, the possibility erises that some vapors may escape because of incompletely enclosed systems. This is particularly tme in proportion to the amount of heat introduced into the operation. It is recommended that these semi-closed systems he made as completely closed as is compatible with work rea.uirements. In connection with the recovery of aniline and nitro benzol, opportunities exist for leaks in the piping. Again it is observed that any such opportunities for contact with these substances should be elim inated. In connection with the production of para rose aniline, much opportunity exists for contact with nitro benzol and aniline, Although the bulk of these materials are recovered in the distillation process, much free aniline and nitrobenzol inevitably must be carried over into the melt. Throughout all of the earlier purification stages of the fuchsine, some free aniline is likely to be present, thus introducing the liability of exposure, however, the nature of these operations is such that precise protection may not be afforded. In view of the apparent long experience in this department without evidence of any type of poisoning, It is felt that little justification exists for the making of elaborate recommendations. In this section, the same congestion takes place which is characteristic of the whole department. Also, protection through 0007. S^P'000030675 work dilution i a primary requisite. It is toomi that plans are "IreP'.'y underway to extensively remodel this section. The industrial hygienists desire to lend their support to this movement rather then to urge installation of various, protective devices under present conditions. 1. )Somewhat assiduously these investigators have steered clear of experimental processes on the grounds that they are in charge of highly skilled chemists and further because these experimental activities may never reach production status. However, in the case of nephthol ASBS is found a process which makes use of xylol which is blown out ?"the open air inconsiderable quantities^ta oxy . naphthoic, meta nitrenl- ' line, phosphorus trichloride."^fn manipulation of these several chemicals more than the usual number of dangerous materials mey be Involved. There have been several fortuitous episodes of distressing nature chiefly from chlorine, which has pervaded the entire building. At the present time, the condensation product is overlaid with vapors of some light body so that the chemist in charge is himself complaining of ill effects. Tie propriety of carrying out large scale c*''-v'tloi<'_-i the 4 midst of routine operations already congested Is distinctly doubted. This ell goes back to the basic problem of over-crowding in the absence of space where experimental problems may be set up. This leads to the general recommendation that throughout the entire plant and particularly with res pect to Chemical Products and Dry Color operation, no large scale experi mental operation be carried out In the midst of productive operation where workers may be exposed. And likewise the converse is made in the suggestion that suitable quarters in the present or oilier buildings be provided where necessary experimental work of a dangerous nature may be carried out without injury to the well-being of any workers at all' and certainly those not engaged in the particular operation Involved be en tailed in experimental procedure. 2.) In the Printing Ink House the raw materials are handled in a wet condition, and strange to say, the chief hazard is not chemical but noise. Here again work congestion is high; all portions of the workroom ere literally coated with ink materials. It is scarcely possible to 0007-SWP-000030676 w. walk through the room without contamination, but after all, more attention perhaps should be paid to the Ink rolls which, because of the density of materials, generally ere more massive than ordinary. These mills perhaps can never be made as noiseless as the usual smell paint rnV. mill, but at the present time much of the noise is not Inherent but S the result of worn bearings and other parts. Ten years of continuous exposure in this building to the quantity of noise now present will eventuate in partial deafness. Again it is to be recognized that part of this suggestion is the old complaint of too many work operations crowded into space intended for perhaps one-fourth the present extent. Over and over various depart ments in this plant have outgrown themselves, but instead of enlarging space, the operations have been crowded into cramped quarters. Of the entire Chemical Products Department, this oft repeated complaint is the foremost one that is being made and thet should be made. 5.) In the Fuchsine House where large quantities of aniline and nitro benzol are used, the method of transportation is open to question. It appears to be true that drums of these substances are obtained by filling from the major tanks near the acetanilid house, and these are conveyed chiefly by hand to the receiving tanks in the Fuchsine House. If this in fact be true as a routine process, would it not be more economic as well as safer to have pipe lines delivering these materials immediately to the point of use. 4.) In this entire section there is no single known toilet or washroom. It is necessary for any workman to come as far aa baildlng 511 which is roughly two blocks away. Throughout this whole department there is a general inadequacy of toilets although the centralized space in building 551 may be sufficient. Although the moving out of the Dry Color workers from building 551 will perhaps provide more space for the Chemical Products workers, this still will not remedy the obvious wrong in requiring workers in such remote places as the Fuchsine House to trav erse two or more blocks in order to gain access to a toilet. It is very understandable that some workers who deem it expedient use almost any ^ ; j ^ j i i ' j | , j If 0007. $\Vp 0030 'l677 apace for urination purposes or 4ick into nearer toilet facilities in other departments. The workers in the Puchslne area are mildly up in arms OTer this shortcoming, and at the time other sections of this de partment are mildly dissatisfied with facilities provided. It is there fore recommended that such comfort facilities as represented by toilets, urinals, etc., be provided at not more than one half the distance which now exists between the Tuchains House and the toilets available. These new toilets and urinals should not be limited to the use of Tuchslne end Ink workers but should be available to other workers in this department who find this new location better suited to their convenience. It is known that the new Dry Color toilet rooms are almost across the pasaegeway'fram these Tuchsine workers. It is understood that there is definite objection to multiple department use of the fadlltlen provided for any one department. However, at thia immediate tine, something may be gained by permitting the Chemical Producta workera to use the comfort facilities of the Dry Color Department in this area, thia on a temporary baals only* 0007. 0030, 67S TANK CLEANING Unfortunate experience, in which these investigators have been involved, leads to the attachment of special concern to the matter of workmen entering any type of tank for cleaning out or repair work, provided these tanks have contained aiy sort of vola tile or oil or otte liquid material used in connection with coating manufacture. It unfortunately happens, on occasion, in spite of the best of Intentions and what earlier appeared to be adequate precautions, that workers without suitable protective devices in various sorts of tanks quickly are overcome and sometimes die. Moreover, rescuers, heroic in intent, but poor in judgment, enter tanks for rescue purposes and also die. All of this is un necessary and every large paint plant, or any plant maintaining large sized tanks should have a well thought out procedure provid ing safety for every type of operation involving interior tank work. The type of asphyxiation or acute intoxication that may arise varies from substance to substance. In the ease of bensol, benzol vapors themselves are responsible. Sufficient benzol vapors to produce death may be present in a tank that has been treated over a period of days by live steam, hot water, and air blowing. In ths case of linseed oil, the damaging agent may be carbon dioxide, possibly with a trace of carbon monoxide,, or there may be an oxygen deficiency. In the caae of vmrniehes, vapors from the various volatiles, through their combined action, may lead to asphyxiation. Ths following statmments may be pertinent to the situation! 1. No workmen should enter tanks unless absolutely neces sary. 2. No workman should enter a tank unless previously it has been freed, as far as possible, of its contents. S. No workman should enter a tank unless closely guarded by another workman making observation from the manhole or equivalent opening. N16651.3 Varnish Storage. The Entry of Torkaen Into Storage Tanks is Always Tangerous, Calling Far Special Precautions. Insofar as Possible, all Tanks Should be Equipped with Carbon Tioxide Blankets in Order to Avoid the Neces sity of Frequent Clean Out Operations 4. No workman should enter a tank unless fitted with safety rope with which he nay be withdrawn If asphyxiated. 5. No worknan should enter a tank unless wearing a positive pressure respirator of proved suit ..I** type. The all service eannister type is not regarded as suitable. Breathing through a hose in the absence of positive pressure is regarded as objectionable and insufficient. 6. No worknan should carry ordinary electric light into a tank and no type of light other than those approved by fire and explosion regulations. 7. In case two sen enter a tank, each should be guarded by a separate individual on the outside and each should wear a separate safety line. 8. Under no circumstances should workers remain for prolonged periods in tanks. One half-hour is the maxlaus without emerging for a short period. 9. In most instances, a positive pressure respirator device should be of such type as to also provide eye protection. 10. Due consideration should be given to the possibility of static electricity sparking or other sources of ignition in connec tion with work in tanka. 0007-SWP-000030681 TOILETS AND WASHROOMS A casual survey was aade with reference to toilets, washrooms and lockers, with chief regard for the sanitary considerations. Emphasis ,r*5 placed upon facilities available, equipment; cleanliness, servicing, the use of washrooms for eating purposes, the issuance of work clothes in connection with washrooas and finally to crowding. As a result, the following consent is made* All grades of efficiency in nanagenent and equipment are found in these units, all the way from the old, cramped quarters in the White Lead Department to the modern unit in Building 115, which is not yet occupied. In some instances, the exposures connected with work are obviously carried over into some washrooas. In the White Lead area, this is par ticularly noticeable. Here considerable quantities of shite and red lead are tracked in on the feet of workers and on clothing. This becomes spread over the floor and contaminates the air. Since workers do not wear t'-air respirators, under these circumstances it is believable that this condition may be a factor in the fairly high numbers of workers believed to be suffering from lead absorption. In this area, the lunchroom adjacent to the locker room is badly crowded; due to inadequate facilities, a number of men are required to eat their lunches in the locker room, some on the floor or spread out on newspapers. Thus the very purpose of getting away from work exposures during lunch hours is defeated, due to the perpetuation of exposure* in the places provided for eating purposes. Offsetting thie unfavorable criticism, it is noted that in this ares directions are given for washing of hands before eating, changing of clothing and general hygiene. These promulgated rulee are not obeyed in their entirety, but the men in general seem to realize the danger of lead and exercise a fair amount of precautions. This general sort of objectionable condition is also presant in the Dry Color Group, in that lunches are eaten by most workers in the locker rooms of Building 551, in the absence of tables or adequate provisions insuring freedom from lead. In this department it ia noted that clean uni- 0007-SWP-000030682 I N16651.31 fonts are provided each workman, including underwear. It is believed that the new provisions now being made in Building 115 for workers may obviate much of the difficulties here complained about. Servicing Each unit is se. .iced by soae employee who is responsible for its maintenance. In soae units, as in the lead unit, the caretaker also issues overalls. In Building 551, this is done by a special storekeeper. Caretakers are charged with reporting men who fail to comply with regula tions governing lead workers. In the lead unit, lead dust 'tracks in" in great quantity and offers quite a problem to the caretaker, requiring his continuous aopping. "Phenoline", a disinfectant Bade by the Compaqy, is used widely for disinfecting closets, floors, urinals, etc. Liquid and powdered soap dispensers are in wide use. In the paint units a bar soap is in use. Women's Toilets Adequate provision is made in B06t instances for women workers, but the three women employed in the White Lead Building, two in the office and one in the factory must cross the railroad east of the Building and go to the women's rooms in the General Office Building. On this route, they must pass through the General Offlees themselves or climb over the shipping platform on the west side of the buildings. Facilities in the tin Can Plant are especially praiseworthy. Here a comfortable rest room is provided for women, adjoining the cafe teria. Labal steaming is done in the women's room of the Stock and Dis tribution Department. Apparently this is simply a matter of convenience, part of the time being done outside and part Inside this room. Women's facilities are particularly inadequate in the factory Office Unit. Each lunchroom has its own women's room for its amplcyees, except tha fin Can Plant, whose workers use the common women's rest room. Race Segregation Colored and white have separate facilities in the Lithopone Plant only. In the lead unit, they mix freely, and this holds for other units also. 0007-SWP-000030683 Lockers Generally, one locker is used by one nan only, but in some units lockers are shared by two aen. Locks are out of order or missing on large numbers of louvers. Combination locks would avoid loss of keys, breakage and insure usability of lockers at all times. Showers and Laboratories Siowers in the older units are not well maintained in all cases some being out of repair. Crowding in shower rooas is acute, particularly in the lead unit, where only one doorway serves for both entrance and exit. Bad congestion at shower time occurs, aggravated by the use of too few showers. This need is met better in the Bull ding 115 unit, where the shower rooms have two doorways. The shower in the Varnish Department unit is situated in the open in the common washroom where drafts are uncomfortable Emergency showers, not for routine use, are provided in the Tobias Plant and in Acetanllid. Ho toilet, washroom or shower facilities are provided in the Fuchsia Plant, their facilities being in Bull ding 551, about a block away. Ho toilets are found also in the Tobias Plant. Bradley sinks of circular design with centrlfugally arranged water spray are installed in Building 115 units, which should Increase efficiency greatly over the old type individual sink. Vnimtatna Kaqy fountains are simply ^turned pipes. lee is the cooling medium in summer. Salt Dlsoeneere Salt dispensers are in widespread use in the Plant, but in the hot weather were seen to be little uaed and some poorly maintained. Overall WaaKiw Overalls are washed by the men in the Lithopone Plant hung up to dry in a warm cabinet with mechanical exhaust. Other overalls and garments are laundered apart from the plant premiees. r r.mcfry? ASP RECOMiEHPAIIOHS 1) Ibe lead manufacturing departments are in need of increased I service facilities of the character discussed in this section. f Ho recommendation is made that a new building be erected or that any particular space or area be chosen for this purpose. Ho less, the recommendation ia made that increased facilities as to washrooms, eating space and locker rooms be provided. 2) In the same area, only three women are employed, but it is apparently true that no toilet is available nearer than the Tin Can Department or such facilities in the Main Office area. This situation is probably illegal, but regardless of legality is not commendable and should be remedied. 5) Many toilets, washrooms, etc. are maintained on a higher plane than others. This of course merely reflects difference in standards, supervision and in the interest and ability of persons immediately responsible for clean-up work. It is observed that every department or plant functions as a unit in this respect. In a later section, the general recommendation has been made that greater centralisation be provided for the supervision of maiy types of services, including certain aspects of janitor work. 4} In the warehouse area, presumably rented from the Pullman Compaiy, hot water is not available and particularly complaints are certain to arise in the 106th Street Warehouse where the toilet and washroom is of low order. Here, however, only one man is employed so that recommenda tions are not in order. However, in the 104th Street group, sixteen men are employed and there hot water should be available for clean-up purposes. The toilet at 106th Street is said to he out of order from time to time. 5) Label steaming is daily carried out by women workers in their washroom in the Shipping and Storage Department. About half of this work is carried out in the washroom and half in the general work area. This seems to be undesirable and should be discontinued. 6) At the present time, much eating of broughten lunches takes place in objectionable wmahrooma. Klsewhere discussion ia provided aa to altered eating facilities for workers who bring their lunche6. These changes 0007.SWp.0030, 68S should be brought about with celerity and as soon as possible no eating should be permitted in washrooms where dangerous materials such as lead are present. Conversely, every effort should be made to maintain eating places free from the contamination that now characterizes washrooms. 7) The management should be commended on the type of equip ment and facilities provided in the new dry color service building. These new facilities tend to emphasize the weaknesses and shortcomings In other areas. X good type of servicing for this new building should be planned in order to keep the washrooms and toilets, etc. free from accwulations of lead and othr detrimental substances. 8) One of the needs of this plant is for greater effort toward the education of workers in personal hygiene. This is discussed under a special section devoted to "Future Program". 0007-SWP-000030686 I MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS In addition to the prime manufacturing depertmenta, tbara azlat a variety of ancillary divisions aucb aa Receiving, Varebouae and Shipping) Engineering, Mechanical, Power Houae, General Office*, eta., none of wblcb preaant any hygienic problem of the flrat magni tude* Those Items are mentioned here merely to give completaneaa to this report and to give evidence that their respective work activities have been considered, viewed end appraised. a 0007-SWP-000030687 N16651.32 RESPIRATORS Affl> RESPIRATOR SERVICING At the present time, the very heart of protection of workers against toxic raterlaIs in this plant is found in the wearing of respira tors. In their absence and in the absence of faithful wearing of them, this plant in a few weeks' tine would be confronted with scores of serious occupational diseases of several varieties. In any plant, the continuous wearing of respirators is sore or less an admission of defeat, because In any plant the protection objective should be to so bring exposures under control that the continuous wearing of respirators will not be necessary. However, in this plant, there are certain operations, chiefly connected with lead, which will never lend themselves to so aruch improvement that the necessity for wearing respirators will not exist. Also, at this very tine there are numerous places where extensive nechanical improvement ray be rade, but for the tine being it will continue to be necessary to wear respirators and in fact it is roughly estimated that the wearing of respirators should be increased under present conditions by at least 25%. As improvements are made, in keeping with the general pro gram outlined in this repfcrt, the number of men expected to wear respira tors should appreciably diminish. In short, the numerical curve should extent sharply upward at the present time and then after a few weeks or months a gradual downward trend should be brought about. It is believed that so much lead dust is present in a few places that no filter type of respirator may be regarded as entirely satisfactory. One such place is within the stacks at the time of drawing work. Here, is another portion of this report, the recommendation has been made that positive pressure respirators of very light type be introduced. If this proves to be successful, and there is no reason why it should not prove to be successful, it is possible that other points may profit by this innovation. However, at all timea marked limitations exist since the radius around which a worker may wear a positive pressure respirator is obviously circumscribed. 0007-SWP-000030688 j N16651.33 The type of filter respirator almost universally worn in this plant is highly regarded. It is not known that any change should be wade, although the Wilson type (#400 and 401 ?) is perhaps just as efficient and possibly a little more so. the choice of the light positive pressure respirator which should do no more than cover the nose and south should be between those aanufactured by the Mines Safety Appliance Cosp&ny and the Wilson Products Corporation. No preference is expressed. There is still in use in this plant a few old single disc respira tors of a somewhat antiquated type. These should be collected and re placed by superior varieties. Of course, the filter type of respiratory so valuable in the lessening of duet exposures, are of no worth against gas*&nd vapors. There are a few places in the plant, such as in the Dry Color Department where intermittently workers nay be exposed at times to dust and at other times to gases or vapors. It is almost impossible to expect to control this situation through the wearing of breathing appliances, such as are under discussion. Here more attention must be paid to the entrainment of these toxic materials in exhaust systems. In the Chemical Products Division, in connection with the handling of dry materials, such as Azo Dyes, some workers present on their faces, under the respirators, almost as such akin coloring as outside the respira tors. This of course means that the respirators are either inefficient or are not worn at all times, or both. Is this particular section, the dust exposure is so great that means of protection other than the wearing of respirators are is order and elsewhere are presented. In certain department*, such as Dry Color and Chemical Products, the dusty materials against which protection is sought are themselves the source of skin diseases. This is particularly true of Azo Dyes. The wearing of respirators increases the prospect of skin diseases at the point of contact between the rubber face piece and the skin. Furthermore, the action of the rubber face piece tends to grind In the dyea until they are removed through washing processes only with difficulty. Naturally, workers 0007-SWP-000030689 object to going about their affairs apart from work with a ring of color around their faces. It is recognised that any oily materials applied to the face designed as a barrier against deposits of colored materials will tend to rot rubber of respirators and shorten their period of service without leakage. It is believed that non-greasy chemi cal materials that are non-injurious to rubber are available. This problem should be presented to the hilburn Company, located in Detroit, and they should be asked to devise and provide suitable protective chemicals of this character. If for any reason this company will not undertake this responsibility, other sources of such materials will be furnished. However, all of this comment tends but to emphasize the definite need for other forms of protection than from respirators. In one section of the Paint Division, ammonia is used in small quantities in the manufacture of metal polishes. Here a light type of ammonia respirator should be furnished. This statement applies to any other departments consistently using ammonia. In general, there appears to be a need for the furnishing of a greater number of suitable chemical respirators of varying designs for emergency purposes in other portions of the plant. It is known that various emergency devices are available in the Safety Department and that a few are located at strategic points in the plant. Ho leas, the impression is that more equipment of this character should be available and that such should be worn to a greater extent than is now true. It ia Impractical to specify precise points where such additional equipment should be located. Without having determined whether a respirator of this character is located about the chlorine work connected with turpentine purification, it is stated that if a respirator is not already here provided, this constitutes a good example of the location where such special equip ment might be made available. Another example may be cited in the new benzol still house. It is of course recognized that no one type of respira tor may be serviceable for all of these special requirements. 0007-SWP.000030690 i tunning through ell this comment, the underlying thought in the mind of the writer is that elsewhere the specific recommendation is made that the company utilise the services of its own full time industrial hygienist or hygienists. Influenced hy the thought thp + v-<a great need actually will be filled, many statements with reference to respirators of various sorts are here curtailed because of the feeling that this is the very sort of work that may be carried out to advantage by the prospective industrial hygienist, therefore, if this section appear to be inadequate, let it be in mind that the details of this problem at an early time should be placed in the domain of this new service addition, intended for all plants of the company. Since the searing of respirators is so important to the workers in this plant, much needs to be said about the testing, servicing and supervising of respirators and respirator wearing. This matter at the present time is being given extensive consideration by the Safety Depart ment. An instruction sheet, prepared by the Safety Department, is in the course of distribution at the very time of the writing of this report. On this account, no attempt is here made to delineate the details of wash ing, disinfecting, inspection and servicing of respirators. In due time it is hoped that with the advent of an industrial hygienist, cooperating both with the Safety and Medical Departments, even more attention may he paid to this necessary matter of obtaining the best possible results in the protection of workers through the supervision of respirators and respira tor use. COMMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT In another section of this report, the definite recommendation has been made that the time has come when this company should procure the services of its own industrial hygienist for coping wli*. Le problems of Industrial hygiene and occupational diseases in all of the company's plants. If this is done, this fact very definitely alters the type of recommendations that may be made in connection with the medical work in this plant. Conversely, if this recommendation is not accepted, the type of program to be carried out by the Medical Department at this plant is definitely a different one. This being true, a number of items are now specified as innovations for this plant that should be carried out by some department and preferably as part of the work of the prospective industrial hygienist. If no hygienist is employed, then many of these items will fall to the lot of the Medical Department. a) At fairly regular intervals, such as three months, routine blood tests should be carried out, seeking evidence of lead absorption among all workers exposed to lead in this plant. Since lead is almost universally distributed at the present time, this means examinations for almost the entire employee group. However, on the assumption that many improvements will be made in keeping with the recommendations of this report, the number of such blood examinations should decrease every quarter until ultimately they nay be abandoned almost entirely. b) Routinely, at such an approximate interval as three months, determinations should be made of the content of lead in the atmosphere at a large number of work points, such as are suggested by the test points made in the present stufy. These analyses will require special equipment and the actual tests if not made by an industrial hygienist should be made by qualified chemists in the Chemical Division rather than by the Medical Department. No less, under these circumstances, the Medical Department should be responsible for the procurement and evaluation of these tests. As conditions Improve, in conformity with the recommendations of this report, the total number of tests should lessen until ultimately only occasional tests may be required. 0007. 000030692 N16651.34 i c) In view of the feet that the nee of benzol is on the increase in this company, and in view of the fact that there is some evidence of benzol absorption, the need exists for the determination of the urine sulfate of workers exposed to benzol vapors. This test, if not made by the industrial hygienist, may require the services of chemists, since the Medical Department as now constituted will be unable to carry out this technical procedure. d) In keeping with the belief that a greater number of occupational diseases exists at the present time and presumably at all times than is recognized, it is strongly believed that more time should be spent In the plant among its workers, for the purposes of appraising health exposures connected with the plant's operation. This is funda mentally the work of the industrial hygienist, but if no hygienist is employed, then the Medical Department workers to a much greater extent should make contact with plant operations. e) It will be asserted and with some Justification by Dr. Eess that already his time is fully utilized in the routine care of patients, both in the Company's first aid station and in connection with home and hospital visits. Granting this to be true, another reason exists for the enlargement of the health conservation staff through the develop ment of an industrial hygiene division. f) A definite need prevails in this plant for the better education of superintendents, foremen and Ultimate workers with respect to the exposures of their particular departments. For example, some workers believe that lead is absorbed through the skin and are rather concerned to procure akin protection; to the extent that this belief pre vails, this apprehension merely represents waste of energy. It should be the duty of the prospective industrial hygienist or the Medical, or Safety Department to develop some educational program for the better acquainting of large numbers of persons in this plant with the danger points connected with their work and with practical ways and means for meeting these prob lems. In addition to these general enterprises, which may or may not t <f>7-swp.0<m30693 I fall to the lot of the Medical Depart cent, a brief aerie a of It erne are now set forth which directly are connected with medical work. 1) Since thia plant engages in maqr operations leading to the possibility of asphyxiation, it is recommended that an H and H inhalator be purchased and installed in the Medical Department. This should supplant the makeshift oxygen supplying apparatus now available which has never been used. Even though this apparatus has not been used, the time is likely to come when the dire need will arise for the use of such equipment as the R and H (Henderson and Haggard) Inhalator. This apparatus may be procured through ary standard equipment house or through the Mines Safety Appliance Compaiy of Pittsburgh. 2) It is believed that in every department one or more persons should be trained and qualified to cany out the prone pressure method of artificial respiration. This is especially desirable in such departments as chemical products, dry color, lacquer and varnish manufac ture. The need for this experience may arise only once in five years, but when that time doea arise, the carrying out of artificial reapiration ty laymen may represent the difference between life and daath. The time lost in seeking out the plant physician may he just that loss of time leading to the death of some worker. It is the duty of the plant physician to make sure that there is a group of workers qualified in thia simple step scattered throughout the plant. S) In the selection of new workers, obviously there are a number of causes for rejection, but in addition consideration should be given to the undesirability of employing workers with ary manifest skin disease or of those types regarded as susceptible to akin diseases. This plant makes use of many hundreds of skin irritants. It is always amazing that so few cases of skin diseases do arise. To maintain this successful experience, a preference should he exercised in connection with new employees for those less likely to develop such diseases. Without any prejudice in favor of negroes or against white employees. It is nctcd that negroes are remarkably little susceptible to .occupational skin affections. 4) the Medical Personnel, irrespective of the employment of an Industrial hygienist, should become outstandingly faalliar with the details of every operation in the plant, Portunately, Dr. Hess is widely faalliar with these operations, but even ao an increased body of Information of this character is desirable in order that every case of unobvious disease appearing in the First Aid Station mey be considered in terms of possible exposures to damaging agents connected with work. 5) It is recommended that the Medical Department procure and make use of a greater quantity of published material related to occupational diseases and industrial hygiene. 6) It is observed that the First Aid Station area is used as an eating place for workers not employed in the Medical Department work. Also, watchmen and others use this department as the place for cooking beverages and for eating at night during Saturdays, Sundays and Holidays. At all times it is difficult enough to maintain a hospital or dispensary in hlgfrly sanitary conditions, such as is desirable in the prevention of Infection. It la therefore suggested that this practice, while not grossly undesirable, be terminated. M7-swP.MM30695