Document LK9QQMnpoq9wkJwzLJ8N5w1db

:c- :rc : as :on .nd -k ra- on. ,nd nicry ,,*xncr. . ol *aran any and or her >si s. of ap>rnc .* up are cm* mcc ring tu- who onal :e of ex does lico;ince ?riod . demay .bro.* in> bc- ; ricnowculo- disue a olem. fectll 3Crk lo cy of >ctors e silkmcn e auid not iut f . then led to ;ht to tionnl c the orded ,ne nt best mp is ection pervi. their ble as noose, en. an ploycr ce by a hazosis or abnor* ational Vou 5, No. 2 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE age THE BULLETIN r-- --*>f~ "* The American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons THE object of this Association In riet-Frti.: Da. Samuil R. Bavtoicr, shall be to foster the study and discussion of the problems Alabama Power Company, Birmingham, Ala. peculiar to the practice of indus trial medicine and surgery; to 7*d Vitt-Prn.: Da. Donald Guthiir, Lehigh Valley Railway, Siyra, Pa. develop methods adapted to the conservation of health among Stt'f-Trtu.: Da. Votxar S. CHixrr, Armour and Company, Chicago, III. workers in the industries; to promote a more general under standing of the purposes and re sults of the medical car^ of employees, and to unite into one organization members of tKe medical profession specializing in industrial medicine and sur DIRECTORS 1915-I9J7 Da. Eowam C Holmblao, Railway Express Agency, Chicago, IIL gery for the mutual advance ment in the practice of their profession. Volnzy S. Chbniy, M.D. Secretary-Treasurer, Chicago Da. Cassius H. Watson, American Telephone ft Telegraph Co, New York, N.Y. Da. ALnts H. WkittaIcib, Insuranct Companies, Detroit Mich. Da. Mclvoa Wooer, PUBLICATION COMMITTEE Standard Oil Company, New York, N. Y. W. A. Sawyik, M.D. Rochester, New York L. A. Shoudy, M.D. Bethlehem, Pennaylvania Da. Aiioatw M. Hajwtt, Crane Company, Chicago, IIL Da. Daniil L- Lynch, New England Telephone le Tele graph Co, Boston, Msss. J. Rollin Frsnck, M.D. Los Angeles, California T. R. Crowd**, M.D. Chicago, Illinois 19I4-19M Da. Don B. Lours, B. P. Goodrich Company, Akron, Ohio E. C. Holmslad, M.D. Chicago, Illinois Da. A. Guau Cranck, National Carbon Comptny, Cleveland, Ohio Da. Rom R. Stnu. OFFICERS (7. S. Publie Health Service, Washington. D. G httiAmt: D*. Fum> E. SHAma, Bethlehem Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Mi Da. Loyal A Skoupt, Bethlehem Steel Company, Bethlehem. Pa. Prnitient'EUct: Da. Jtoiarr P. Kraft, Cheney Brothers, South Manchester, Conn. Da. William A. Sawyss, Eattman Kodak Company, Rochester, N. Y. placed. as tar as possible, in those oc> cupations most compatible with their ri-alth and weltare on the basis of the puysical examinations which they ..vc undergone. Men with normal hosts who are past the age of thirty, r those with uncomplicated occupa:.iuil Hbrosis may be employed at .ny occupation, while young men carter thirty should not be exposed to " "" operations which produce the "-t harmful dust and should be re- ...mined fairly frequently. Those cases of inactive tuberculosis, thrr with or without occupational Aarons, should be carefully evaluated I 'I every effort made to provide `''rising conditions such that their health will not be impaired or their iiihty tp cam a living wage lnteriered with. Men in this (roup should -n bo re-examined at freauent not be employed in a dangerous dust either lor their own salety or that of their fellow workmen, and should be encouraged to enter a sanatorium or to place themselves under the care of a competent physician. The occupational disease problem is now much the same as that presented by industrial accidents when the drat compensation act was passed. Dis abling conditions crested or aggra vated by exposure to harmful dust can be prevented or controlled but the final success of any plan designed to accomplish these purposes will de pend upon maintaining a broad edu cational program similar to that adopted to the "Salety Tint'* move ment. These policies are not. only humanitarian but they are practical, and have been placed to operation to many hazardous Industrie* emolov- Discuasion: PRESIDENT AVEY: In starling the discussion of these papers by Dr. McConnell and Mr. Cummings. I think the fact that we are meeting on Canadian soil is singularly for tunate. because we have available in Canada considerable experience which will be exceedingly valuable. I feel sure, to those founarymen from the states. I would like to ask Dr. McGhie. Deputy Minister of Health for the Province of Ontario, to lead the discussion. DR. McGHIE; On behalf of the Department of Health ot the Provincs of Ontario, I wish to ex press our appreciation at being in vited, as officers of that Department, to listen and take part in the delib erations of your Association. The Department of Health bf the Province of Ontario is charged not only with the provision of adequate treatment for those who are sick but. what to me seems a far more important task, the prevention of illness. As a result, one of the most important divisions of the Department of Health is the Division of Industrial Hygiene and closely associated with that is our Division of Tuberculosis Prevention. I am particularly interested myself in this Division of Industrial Hygiene because, to me. it seems to be one en tirely of research. Our experts m that Department, headed by the Di rector. Dr. Cunningham, do not claim to have the last word to give to you on the solvtojg of your problems, but they are anxious to sit in with you to And out what the problems are and to study them as they appear in the various plants. The officers in that work tell me that the readiness with which the managers and directors of the various industrial organizations place at their disposal the facilities for studying the problem in the plant, facilitates the solving of these prob lems to a very large extent. Our organization here, working as it does with the Compensation Board. I think comes dose to the ideal, and those members of the staff who are here are far better able to explain Its ramifications to you than I am. DR. J. G. CUNNINGHAM*: Dr. McConnell and Mr. Cummings have given addresses which, to me. are exceedingly interesting. They are full ot material which is very val uable and, really, I believe, leave very little to be discussed as far as the work of our Department is con cerned. We are interested, of course, as a section of the Department ot Health, primarily in the control of silicosis and other occupational diseases. In the foundry industry, there is silicosis. Molders, tor instance, as far as our experience is concerned, aver age for the development of silicosis nearly 30 years, which is a long ex posure and compares very favorably with 10, 11 or 12 years' exposure necessary to produce the disease in certain occupational groups, and even shorter times in certain other small groups with heavy exposures. I think this should be recognized. In certain other occupations in foundries, the occupational exposure Pr.yc S2 INDUSTRIAL -MEDICINE jruary, ljw >l;nn:r but ilill around 20 years. However. u:i ir.c other siac. certain clc.imr.s operations. particularly sand ula.ttind. without ucoquatc protection, result :n vi-.c very rapid development Of JlllCOill. V.'e -.Tcocr.irc these conditions and jnccrio.ee to acai with tr.crr, as they exist, it :s perfectly possible to ao tins ana without any sreni disrup tion in il-.c industry, cither from tnc expense necessary for the use of spe cial equipment or on account of legal complications arising out of claims. Tlio very tuot "ml It take* mnlrter* and grinders and some of the others a good many years to develop the disease suggests that even a moderate reduction m the amount of dust expuxuiv would cause the disease to de velop only after so many years that it would not be a practical problem. We. however, feel that dust producnon in foundries should be reduced wherever it is possible to do it. Ad mittedly. it is difficult to carry on foundry operations witn no dust pro duction. but if we can make a sub stantial reduction in the ordinary processes I am sure that this would have a real influence on the disease produced as a result of these longer exposures. The dangerous short, exposures. such ss occur in connection with sandblasting, demand a specific program for dealing with the dust. Now, a word with reference to tu berculosis. As has already been indi cated, tubcrculoaii is die main prob lem in relation to dust inhalation. It has been stated that silicosis on its own account, except in certain ex posures--and they are few--would not be a serious problem were it not for the development of tuberculo sis. It should be recognized first of all that tuberculosis occurs in foun dry workers the same as in every other section of the community, quite apart from dust exposure, and. in deed. that fact is recognized in work men's compensation legislation in Ontario. On the other hand, there is an im pression abroad that silicotics with tuberculosis do not spread the disease ir. the way that ordinary individuals without silicosis and with tuberculo sis spread it. Studies, even locally, do not support that Idea and. when we come to the control of tuberculosis, which has already been indicated as the mam problem, we must recognize the value of physical examination. It becomes so much more important when one realizes that individuals ex posed to silica are more susceptible to tuberculosis, so that one msn with tuberculosis in the plant, whether it arises partly as a result of dust inhalauon or not. is a menace to all the rest of those exposed to dust in that plant. Therefore, one of the mam functions of the physical examination to which reference has already been made, is to see that that individual is not allowed to continue under those conditions. Physical examination gives us in formation with which to start a man on employment: it assists us to control the tuberculosis problem as these men are examined from time to time: and finally it enables us to arrive at some sort of rational method of handling or dealing with the individ ual wno perhaps has silicosis but has is Mr. Cummings says, it docs uem to us very important tnnt a reason able disposition >nould be made of tr.osc individuals who are found to oc alicctec out wno are still uolc 10 co tneir wark. in an orderly way, throuqn proper organization processes to a.-s..,*. us in creating the best possible '.vo.-Kir.g cand.turns for the employees of Ir.c loundry div:>,on of American and C..r,;.Gir.n industry. In our plant we arc only at the be GW. CANNON-: I have listened ginning of a program of bcttermcr.fi witn xeen interest to tnese aole and wc have a long way to ao. v.'e papers anti the discussion, for as aarc undertaking the correction of fou.-.dryman. I am intensely interest tiic greatest evils first. Suitanle de ed m tne rapid engineering advance signs for our mold shakeouts arc being accomplished m the probiem core knockouts, one of our worst dust of dust control and disposal. 1 have and heat producing sources, are be l>on in the foundry industry all my ing considered and it will involve tr.e life ana in the years gone by we rebuilding of the molding unit* to never heard of any foundry workers gain the desired results; the cost will dying from the ellocts of dust. They doubtless be high but we will have did not seem to die from any cause, to stand the pressure. --they just dried up and blew a-.vay, Ir. the Cleaning Department, we --we were a pretty healthy bunch of are confronted with an equally seri mechanics as a class. ous probiem, that of taking the op The modern production methods erators out of the blasting rooms. now used in our industry have, how This will require the building of ever. changed the conditions under special fully automatic machines :o which our employees must labor. handle, not just one design of a cyl Speed in production has brought inder block or head, but a large var about a concentration of effort in such iety of sizes and shapes. In this par operations as pressure blasting, ticular department we have pro whether it be pneumatic propulsion or gressed to the stage of selecting the mechanical projection. Speed at the most desirable design. The disposal shakecut has also greatly increased equipment handling the disintegrated the generation of dust, heat and noise abrasive from grinders and the dust and it is in this hot, dust-laden at from our few remaining tumbling mosphere of these and other similar mills is also being revamped. We operations that it is necessary our feel keenly that our responsibility in workmen perform their labor: a con the betterment of working conditions dition which did not maintain in is by no means finished if we are foundry practice in the years preced successful in the elimination of the ing Hie introduction of conunuoui dinthe*lth monger We are con and high speed equipment. stantly engaged in battling with a The problem of dust control and problem that goes hand-in-hand with disposal is one in which we (I am it--the education of the men to take speaking as a member of a firm em care of their own health. ploying 2.000 men) feci is a tremen dous responsibility and one which cannot be thrust aside with indiffer ence. In fact and to the contrary, we Years ago the majority of our em ployees were foreigners. They dress ed well from a health standpoint at least, they fed well on cood food feci it must be met and conquered as from the old-fashioned dinner pail soon as possible and that, with the prepared by the old-fashioned wife aid of the best knowledge that can who took good care of them. Today be procured through scientific re the young men in the foundry are search carefully analyzed and engi high school boys. They are tender- neered by technical men skilled in this particular line of endeavor. It is my opinion, however, that the successful solution of the problem feet: not strong enough of body to withstand the abuses that the oldtimers were used to. In this cam paign. our director of Dersonnel is cannot be achieved by the individual posting a new placard each week, ad foundry and I suggest that within our own Association there be fostered an organization of men.trained in this highly technical subject who would be compensated properly for the time and attention that must be devoted to the effort necessary to bring about a dustless founds? plant: such a set up would pay big dividends. I ap preciate. as must all of us engaged in the foundry business, that satis factory results in conquering the ex isting dust conditions and associated evils which militate against healthful conditions in which to work will in volve large expenditures of time and money. It is not improbable that the larger foundry organizations can undertake this work independently with success, but the smaller foun dries also have the same conditions to correct. The large and small units vising them how to dress and what to eat as the seasons change and in general how to care for themselves. The work of the personnel super visor does not end with the posting of placards: he sees that the messages which they carry are read and ab sorbed. We have even gone so far as to provide woolen undershirts-- the good, old-fashioned, perspiration absorbing kind that many of us here present wore and found comfortable in the years gone by. Successful operation means that conditions must be bettered from every standpoint In order that we may give our employees better places in which to work. Better workine conditions will Induce a better and higher grade product--better pro ducts create greater profit. of the industry are. interlocked in competition and expensive equip ment installation has its reflection in competition. Successful correction measures in one plant will be of benefit in another so I would Urge that our Association get into action "PRESIDENT AVEY: That discusJr sion is very pertinent, and it is one of the purposes, of course, un derlying this general assembly, that we have here tonight. The whole problem is too large for the indiv idual. and it is a rather larze or.e fr: 1- .ri ,*i c ,n :c 1C kC id r.:l ay *.o .d`,at in `C5. of res iO- crc ble :: at om we .CCS ,:n" End :ust ;s un: n.it *.olc iw- 5. No. - INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE Fzgx iJ n.<idcrauon or.d ;ko best bi'ains of :..o ,oidcrj wc have in me in- c.siry. TAMES MURPHY: Wo ail know J cu^i i? the principle cause of ..hcoju ion? before 1 ever heard ..;c worn "silicojns." I took moas- _.-cs for '-he elimination of tr.e cx- . v-;c amount of cast that was in the .'..ur.cry me: I was operating a: that :..-r.c. Tl'.Jt was back in 1307. The workers themselves nave a rally 'of creating a lot of dust mat _r,,.c management couid avoid. In t".c cleaning of castings, it i, far cas- wr lor them to stick an air hose into ; c casting and blow the dust all over -.c place titan it is to dig it out by me o'.hcr means. To eliminate that ..usi. I ..hoptea a rr.etnod of clean- .r.a castings by means of a water Mast. Casting that had formerly ,.\n six or seven days for two men -... Mean, we cleaned in 33 minutes by water jet. This method can be used in a great many foundries for me elimination of dust, particularly un large castings. Certain parts of the foundry, such as the shakeout, of course, cannot be reached that way, uui they can be reached through dust arresters. I believe that the State of Wiscon sin has recently adopted some regu lations for the use of water sprays. Tl:c sprayer can be used to keep .iown dust in a very good way, being a much better method for spraying gangways and keeping them moist man by taking a pail and sprinkling water over them, which may make them too wet. The use of sprayers lor gangways is getting to be quite com mon. The principal thing is to keep ;he foundry damp. MEMBER: We were faced with ihc same dust problem. Our foundry is a brass foundry. We -.arted by washing the whole foun dry from the ceiling down to the door, taking ail the dust off the lirams. making a general clcan-up. We had had our cleaning room on one side of the foundry but not sep arated from it. We moved that and loscd it and separated it entirely from the foundry, with a partition, with swinging doors between, and the doors are always closed when the room is not in actual use. We do a little barrel sandblasting. To overcome a big dust trouble there, wc built a room outside of our foun dry so that the operator his to go Uirough two doors to get into the i.mdblast room. The valves that con trol the air are on the inside, so that at no time is anybody in the sand blast room while it is in operation. Resides the exhaust fan on the sand blast, we put an exhaust fan on the ro<.m. so that any dust that comes from the sandblast--and it does come from all of them, no matter how good they are--is pulled out of the mom. or at least a good portion of it Wc have cement floors and we >v eup our floors at least three times week and we sprinkle them all i.Avn before they are swept. The me problem that we do not think ivc have solved satisfactorily is our -..lkcout, because we do not have a nveyor and the shakeout it done v-vecn the mo'.ccrs. We are ser- Uniied Stales Bureau of Mines approves Willson No. 400L Bag Respirator for LEAD DUSTS V' Patented . . LJ The Bureau of Mines has approved No. 400L "for protection against the inhalation of mechanically generated dusts whose main harmful constituent is le-d, such as lead dusts generated in manufacturing storage batteries: enameling: pottery making; rubber compounding; sandpapering and chipping painted surfaces; paint making; preparing Uthotransfers; and mining, milling and processing lead ores; and for protection against the inhalation of pneumoconiosis-producing or nuisance dusts, as quartz, asbestos, iron ores, cement, limestone, gyp sum, coal, coke, charcoal, wood, cellulose. Sour and aluminum." The accumulated experience with bag respirators of our many good user friends plus the findings of our own Research Laboratories, have made the bag respirator for lead dusts possible. In back of everyone that leaves the plant Is proof of worth built up by countless tests of materials and trials in various dust conditions in plants and factones of dozens of trades. Saatoi Air Paaaga Thtre is a scaled air passafe between the Altar bac end rubber lace piece, maki&s it impossible lor even the fin est ousts to gain entrance. Low Srwtthiag Aaaiataaco Weighing onlr $V ounces and having 40 iquare inches filtering area, these resnirntors ar* comfortabla and very easy to breathe through. Low Sorrito Coot Filter disc replacement problem n solved by the Approved Long Life Fil ters which tn most eases last as long as the respirator. Pasitioa Aetiom !ataka Vabro Rebreathing of used etr is prevented by an intake valve which closes auto matically the moment exhalation starts. WILLSON PRODUCTS. Inc., Reading, Pa. veyor, not so much for protection, ment rate of $4.00 per hundred dol but from the fact that we believe we lars of payroll, in addition to the could bring our shakeout operations manual rate for industrial accidents. into one room and have two or three That request was made without any men only around that operation. contact with the foundries or with the foundry organization that was AB. ROOT. JR.*: It may be that known to exist there and had it not the members will be interested been for the fact that our Insurance in our experience in MassachusettCs.ommissioner was very well ac Reference has been made to the nec quainted with one of the foundry essity of keeping in contact with your executives, it might very easily have state legislature and I suggest that gone through. Fortunately, the In it might be perhaps equally as im surance Commissioner called one of portant to keep in touch with your us up and said, "D o you know any Commissioners of Insurance. thing about It and will you come A little over a year ago, the in over and see if you think this is a surance companies through their reasonable request on the part of the rating bureau requested the Commis companies?" As a result of the neg sioner of Insurance in Massachusetts otiations which started from that be to approve an occupational assess ginning. the rate, instead of being 34.00. was made $2.00. 1NDL'STHIAL MEDIC 1 .VE t cOrutiT'j, bin cau. mid. through them the ir. :::-:i:ve carriers. had no j-i.v.iilics tt.eir experience on waien to ........ . r.y request tor an increase :n the dust may contain a much hichor y.erecr.tacc of free siiica. Thorc- mrc. I i-hi mat wc v.ill j>houid dc;q:T.-.:::e me .-.mount of silica m tnc .'..-re soing i: simply to pre- .U ' n.r.c. 1 wish lo mention ' -. -..uklo- on vh.cir to tail --i .-mo :.o qeners! protective rr.eas- .. ' and rases of ;i..costs tj l laundries arc using. c.nu.T.- .-v::.v ic future. . :v.ii:i_ i. cm only in a general way. .'a -. .v.ul: of that, our Assoc. dome lounaiy mcr. ..re supxtituiing ..une:;... r. a committee to confer unlit leys burnt in!- substances for .-.armful :..c rattr.c bureau on v.T.at rmein be substances. A good example of that none. lii.-t to reduce that below tile is in porting compound. I was told r.'.OO rate and. if it could be none, on that foundry workers arc very tem u1:.at basis it might be done. We .sug peramental and at first it was said gested to tile rating Bureau a rating that it would be impossible to get of credit* by which tl-.e carry- them to ue a non-silica parting com ms out of certain dust prevention pound. f have had some four,dry- features would entitle the foundries men tell me that they had to disguise to crcaits on that SHOO. and the plan the non-silica parting compound to which thev submitted to us was the get the mon to use it and. when thev most icrrifTic thing you ever saw, did not know that it was different, such suggestions, for instance, as ven they found it very effective. tilating a portable sand cutter mov Another method is the isolation of ing up and down tile shop. They processes where it is possible to do were the most impracticable sugges so. One example cited here this eve tions. ! believe, that were ever put ning was that of removing the clean out. ing room to one end of the foundry I think there is where our danger and separating it by partitions and lies, through the insurance companies exnausting the room. Where the dust requesting increases in rales through concentration is high, it is always liie Commissions. possible to protect the men working I would like to ask a question as to in that particular locnuon. but you how the foundry' interests of the also protect a large number of men country can best coordinate their ef in the genera! foundry. forts for the protection of their own Another method is that of hydrau interest through Dreventing unusual lic cleaning. We have taken a num ly heavy increase in rates. The in ber of dust counts during thix hv- surance carriers arc organized. How rfraulic cleaning process 'and have can the foundries organize so as to found the counts to be extremely low. have some common basis on which ",herev*r ji i* possible to clean cas to protect their business interests ings with water. I believe it is an naainst unusuallv heavy or unneces excellent method of control. sarily high rates? Another method is. of course, that Another question T would like to of local exhaust ventilation. Where ask of our two guc*t speakers tonight it is possible and practicable, all pro relates to the question of analysis of cesses should be exhausted. these cases. I have understood that the method of analysis was to take a sample of the rafter dust, make the dust count from the air-fioated dust, and to make their analysis for the Some foundries are using a com bination of air and water for clean ing the foundry. I think the appar atus is called a ginny and it Is very cITectivc. silica content from the rafter dust. I have understood that there is i great oral of difference between the silica content of such rafter dust and the dust collected from air-floated jampics. Is there any basis or any agree ment that the chemical analysis of the silica content should be taken of that same air-floated dust from which the count is made? In some foundries, it ts found prac ticable to do the shakeout ooerationx at night. I think wherever it is pos sible and practicable to mount your castings on a moving platform to one section of the foundry that mav be isolated and protect the men doing that particular operation, it lx an ex cellent method: but where that is impracticable, r believe the shake out operation can in many instances DR. McCONNELL: The chief rea be done at night or at least at the son for using the rafter dust for end of the shift thereby exposing analysis is because of the difficulty omf any less men. collecting a sample in the imoinger Tt is also possible under' certain apparatus. One of the Westinghouse conditions to substitute steel shot for engineers has developed a method. I sand. Here again, however, a num think, of eleetrissl precipitation, which is capable of collecting a sam ple sufficiently large for a silica de termination. On the other hand, while we have been considering us- ber of foundrymen believe it is im practicable. On the other hand, we must remember that there are differ ent typej of sand. Some sands frac ture more easily than others and 1 ing this method. I still believe that we should have, at least in addition, an analysis of the rafter dust for the reason that the duit on the rafters has been accumulating for over a those sands are much more of a haz ard than those which do not fracture easily. So that, with your isolation, your substitution, your local exhaust -- and we must not forget general period of years and you get a fairly representative sample of dust that has been arising from the various processes over a long period of time. ventilation, but we must also be care ful that the general ventilation does not interfere with the local exhaust systems--your combination of water In collecting a sample at any one and air for cleaning purposes, and time, it is quite possible that the the removal of unnecessary equip silica content may be extremely low ment, or. in other word*, good order during that particular process or that in your foundries--vou have all these particular location, wheras on an very valuable methods in reducing other rtnv ur.rl - ---- '--'--r J UVCAf: : I believe we - c . .0.%;.lined at tnc folk Corpr.r-,- l.un some things that w::i prove iri le resting for they have proved c:7c:- nvc in removing or at least rr.ir..rr.:img the oust hn/.ard. The .-pray wruch was referred lo a while ago is a r.orr.c-made gadget. V.'c use a welding tip for the t.p of me .spray. Water is fed to mi., device by means of a little manifold oocy to which the welding up is attacned'. It is discharged through me small holes around me periphery of me tip. and air from the air line through the center hole. This atomises the water. Quite a spray can ho shot up into the air to help bring clown dusi. Also it can be used for .spray,ng cast ings that are in me process a: chip ping without getting uhem mo we:. In tnose cases where the chUlmg efloct of water on the casting would bo detrimental, one can still dampen them without chilling them seriously. Our silica wash problem. I feel, has been quite well met in that we have gotten away from the old idea of mixing the dry silica fiour with mol asses and water m order to proouce our silica wash. We buy a prepared compound which Is rather pasty in substance, put it into a mechanically operated agitator, add enough water to it to give it the proper consistency, and the men can draw it out of a tap at the bottom of the agitator as they need it. Perhaps the most outstanding thing that we have done is putting dust arresters and exnauxt equip ment on our sand mixers. We have tried two different types of housing on our sand mixers, and both have been quite efficient and effective. One of them goes up vertically from the top edge of the sand mill and terminates in a very flat conical top which has an air exhaust fitted to it. The other goes up in about a -ii' to 50' cone from the rim of the mixer and also is connected with an exhaust fan. The dry ingredients are fed to the mixer through batching hoppers which have double compartments or. rather, double traps to them. The first trap opens from the bins to a eompart~'nt which contains or can contain just so much of the ingredient: and then a trap opens from that compart ment into the mixer. The housings ire equipped with sliding doors that can be closed once the batching has been completed and mixing proceeds. But we have found, in testing them, that oven with the doors open, there is a sufficient draft to keep all dust from getting out into the foundry. We have gone through the usual cleaning up and painting up process. We have used a lot of white oaint and aluminum paint, largely with the idea that dust will show up more readily on light colors, and in that way we know just where to con centrate our efforts in order to keep down the hazard. Our big problem is still shakeout control. MR. CUMMINGS: I would like once more to re-emphasize the importance of physical examinations in preventing the occurrence of occu pational diieaxei. A young man who enters a dusty industry, with a small lesion of tuberculosis, mav develop a larger lesion in a relatively s.-.o.-t ns ri ve ns .vc VC. .r.l r.d to `.3 crs n:`. ,:-.a .-.re Sul :'.3l IS 3 .om -uni CSS. 3;ni l he .ore :o n:eep Jem like the .ions ecuwhn mall rP Vcl. NO. - INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE .'ci.vc 85 -..r.-.c. lie m.i.v nuvcloiJ disability or ...i die ir. :,!i prcusbiliiy it will _e r.ccc-surv io iipsumc that the ,:>e m disease has been un- ,, ji'.,ii'.y '.r.'.'.uer.ccd by _r.ii occupa- C:'. die outer i-.anii. one may find --,,.-v men past jo years of aye \eno ...e worked :r. high concentration ol ...I louncncji or other industries :... ouer.ou: i.icir lifetime and who arc capaoic workmen in spite o tnc '.-pe .-.mounts oi dust which they .....c mhaied. because they were :..;,crly qualified for ihcir tasks yam tiic onset of exposure to dust. 7!te significant tiling (or you to ..r.nsidcr is the fact that you must rice: your employees in order not y. oiler mem an unusual risk. No mailer how saic your foundry ap- j.v.irs. it may still have enough dust in it to injure the man whose chest ,,.-.s already been damaged by an in* I tiion. If you will carry that one .:a.u-ht away with you tonight, you nave carried more valuable in- mutation than all o( the cncinccr- ,::e suggestions ti-.at could possibly . (_ oilcrcd lor the control o( occupa- ..r.r.ai disease. ruMls d under eeiierviiion of the v.v.ii and Means Cammittse of ths NV'.r I'-.rK .-mu nue.i-iv of Irdurirl.iJ ;.:--ci:cine. Editorial ottic. F. rJ. Eedir.or.u. 3tana = :n-r EJuor. 4C5 P.ont pu.ldinr. 3ufTalo. N. Y. Articles ai.pearine herein -to no; r.ccers.xril-.' rch.i'ct the oainion or pnucy of tms joucr.at nor of the New York State Society or Industrial Med.cine. Editarial Board It. J. Siaifs. M.D. tViixn C. TtMOLin, M.D. M. W. Stofea, M.D. E. T. WexTwoani, M.D. Chaj. P. IIutchixi. M.D. D. C. O'Coxnor. M.D. M. S. Bloom, M.D. A. M. Dicxixsox, M.D. F. .V. C. Jerauld, M.D. F. nw. S. McDowri.l. M.D. Chai. D. Squires, M.D. F.. MacD. SrAXrox, M.D. P. K. Mts'iiu, M.D. Richakn S. Farr, M.D. F. A. VaxoesVesb. M.D, A R. Grant, M.D. C. W. Woodall, M.D. E. S. McSweexy, M.D. Rayhovo C. Almy. M.D. Fkancii J. Ryan, M.D. \V. D. Waso. M.D. Paul B. Jenkins, M.D. Faa.uk E. Rismoxo, Manmfinf Editor The New York State Society of Industrial Medicine Ciiaales tv. Woodall, M.D. OFFICERS E. A. VAxnERfetA. M. D. Pretidmt 2nd P'ict-Prttidtnt tViu.il C. Tfmpufa, M.D. Raymoxo C Almy, M.D. 1 tt. Vict-Prnidcnt Trtaturer Faaxik E. RtOMONa, Eittutivt Stcrtttry HS. WASHBURN": On this ques- Directors . non o: examination bclorc em- D*. Mav\mno C. ,\i'kY. Auburn ;..oymcnt, which. o( course, I believe1>. A. H. K*ir C. Utica we" ail think is necessary, how fre- :it G iir c Sf. .;urnt ic-examinations should be muie of employees in order to be effwt.ve? Mr. Cummings speaks o fU. r.nvc, ,*. NtcOrwi.u Plarnburff Mraiar 1`nlp Cnntpanv n. E. S. MrSwrfvir, Nnv York `wit Yrk Cn. m.vmg a later examination. I)s. R K. MKvzjrj, ivraco^ <u MrdiraJ Ant Cldc. \TR. CUMMINGS: That is a diffi'i cult question to answer. Tuber Da Chav D. Sot'itu. iiinchamton Conklin Avc. Dt W'iu u C. TitMn.it. Coming culosis is a disease which may bo O.rnin* Gla Work* . ur.tractcd at any time. A man may D. BtvKitT L VojjaLacu, Schmtciarr r.rnrral Elreiric Co, examined today and contract tu-, Wjliiam D. Waco* Rochctttr i.t-rrulosis tomorrow and he may ,...rk in your employment during the :o Omv^ IMac, D. C. W. IV-'o-lc. Schmcciady 146 kurrnt Si. i.mc iic is contracting it. There is an Da. C. P. 11 t'TCtilef, Srracuts Apmii Ufr !.n.ur4AC( Comping D&. Fiancii I. Rvav. Siracuic .Vciv IVuli Starr Kailmp D,. II. I SuAra,. Rnchr-rrr f.lMmar, kodak Company Da. A. M. Drcmetov. Alhaop Nf" Vnrk Crrural R. R. ha. r.n.v T. tftxTwy.a7ll. Roehrytrr Lit. M. tv. STnFsa, Norwich Norwich 1`harmacal Company Da. Nf. S. Bi.oow. Biochamion Dum k McCarthy Da. E -cD. SravTor. Srhtnrctady An .can Lecomortvr Cempany Da. F N. C JciAute. Niaeara Falla Da. Duvat C. OXovxoa, Budalo Imrfhatiooal Railwava Amrnran Radiator Co. ha. Ricuaae S. Feat. Srraannt Cnnuiitna Orthopraiir . pinion that tuberculosis is usually .nr.irr.cied in the early age groups. : no not wish to Imply that the dis .,-c manifests itself at early ages iily. One may become ill with tu- icu.iwis at SO or 60 or any other c period, but present information .rue:.ics that if one does become ill ..: .Vi nr CO. the disease was probably ....'.'lit ..t 20 or 25. I believe that .' .u..' men are more likely to con. ..ci tuberculosis than others and, : r that reason, they should be ex- uned rather frequently. Men in your employ who have tu uvulcnis which may be arrested or .inch may not be active enough to their being removed from the uriustry should also be examined wither frequently. The general conclusion is that i here men of all age groups are em: li yrrl and are working full time, t y should be examined at least ani.ii lly. and that specific cases may -`cl examination more frequently, in any event, men should be exam<l r.t least once every two years to r.vn neainit those possible cases of I '-rculojls which may have de h-i'.-d since the last examination. ". ..e nliv.cical examination is Intended ib-rover tuberculosis rather than i.i i.-i*. and experience In each plant . industry will soon dictate how fre- 'inly examinations must be made. x..mmations are made annually .'..' new cases of tuberculosis are - - . dee.iion may be reached to i'll--.-'-.er veer but in the end. examinations should be made continue at their work. We do every often enough to pick up cases that thing we can to improve the condi may be developed particularly among tions under which they are working, the younger men who enter your em obviously. ployment Men who have tuberculosis are dealt with ns individuals through MEMEER: In examination of the medical division in the industry. these employees, on our first Each of those men is judged on his examination we find three or four merits. If he has active tuberculosis, cases of silicosis. What do we do we would simply suggest that he with them? Should an x-ray exam must be immediately removed, and ination be mads? there is generally no question about that, because it is realized that he is MR. CUMMINGS: Dr. McConnell endangering his own health and that can probably answer that ques of his fellow workmen. tion better than I can. but we have A man who has inactive tubercul both had experience with examining osis, which may be a small lesion thousands of men. At the present or it may be rather an extensive one. time we are conducting a general is dealt with on the basis of his survey of a rather large Industry hy.sical condition. If he is rather employing somewhere between five adly affected, we suggest a job such and six thousand men. all of whom as a night watchman or some such have boon examined, many of whom thing as that. If his lesior. is small are silicotic, some of whom are tu and not regarded as active, he is bercular. We try to do what l out given 1 place of selected employment. lined in my paper. We separate these There is not enough tuberculosis in men into three main classes: those any dusty industry that I have en who have normal chests, those who countered to make it impossible to have evidence of occupational fib place a number of men who are rosis, and those men who have some found in that industry at selected evidence of tuberculosis. The men job*. It is rather surprising to find who are young and who have normal that with slight improvement in the chests, we try to Initiate into the in conditions under which these men dustry by placing them in the less work, their subsequent examination dusty positions where we still have inevitably, or almost inevitably, re them somewhat under observation. veals improvement in their condition The men who have silioosis, obvious rather than retrogression. ly have it already, arc good workmen. We do not discriminate against . ouruar?/. .-'Jfi -:ia wo .o'a ;"r.-. ..-.stances unemployed. That is lot: for industry -uen rr.cr. o regard proper, wiiich. a: its hig.-.cst peak, in .., ,-omo car.'.pl.oaiod ts ousiest line, never employee (in Vo "like '..".o r.-.cij: c.,:v.nl x-ray round numbers I more i.r.r. ft. 200.000 cx. nniiituior. we arc permuted to persons--the highest industrial em do. '.Vo use the boat cn'Jtpm.cm. We ployment ir. our history. i.nnk ;!:ai i c-scntial. V.c.jsk lor These figures :or ine.ui.s;:-;-- arc giv ccmpc'.cr.t ...'.erpre:r.;:ona. Too riia?- en in Tabic No. 737 o. tr.c Stans:.cal t-o.-us c: sil.cosis or tuberculosis :s ;n :.io realm o; the medical export and I think :: 11 hare to remain there lor some time. Tltc ordinary prac titioner. capable is he may be. is generally unfamiliar cr.oueh with this particular fide to qualify, orig inally it least, for that work. Aastt... of tne united Slates pub lished m 103-i under authority of fhe Secretary of Commerce. In this re port industry is comprised under the iu mam branches of production wnich supply the nation's banc commodity requirements, ranging .Tom food and wood and textile prod MEMBER: Arc there any authen tic published negative repro ductions that would guide, not amateur ir. x-ray but a physician wno has pursued it beyond the ex perimental stacc. in differentiating between silicosis and tuberculosis? ucts to the iron, steei and transpor tation equipment industries, includ thitenimge the automobile. Having at r.o employed as many as nine mil lion persons, tnese 16 brancncs are asked to employ immediately an ad ditional 11 million persons, "or else." Two things are clear: first, that any MR. CUMMINGS: Yes. I think iliere are. The question of dif ferential diagnosis of silicosis is one thnt is difficult and though one might get reproductions of cases which were typical for any given industry, would be quite possible to bring group which normally employs less than nine million persons, of whom probably seven million are now at work, cannot possibly be said to have 11 million of its people out of work. It never had that many people. And second, any group whose highest forth films which simulated the ap peak of business was never sufficient pearance of the films that were used to employ more than nine million 'or demonstration which might con persons cannot, even at government sist of quite another pathological pro command, arbitrarily itrcrcase that cess. and hence I would still suggest number to 20 million. There never that this particular field be left in has been that much purely industrial the realm of experts, much as Ontar work to be done. io has delegated its authority to peo This misconception of the com- ple who have made a special study .jmrativc place of industry in the na of it. tional fabric has lasted a long time-- like the' mischievous statement that What is Industry? T.VDUSTRY docs not support people: 1 people support industry." Many read that motto in the rotunda of the Ford exnibit at ir.o Century of Prog ress. Today it has a new significance, because government officials are de manding that industry employ at once the 11 million person* who Washington says are unemployed, or take the consequences. If this de mand is based on truth, certainly the motto is not; both cannot be correct. The general impression i* that thia nation earns its living in industry. The facts make quite a different pic ture. Of all the people who work for pay in this country, 10 million are at tached to agriculture. Another 10 million are employed in public and personal service--teachers, lawyers, doctors, nurses, public officials, en tertainers. cooks. waiters, hired housekeepers, and so forth. Whole sale and retail trade engages between eight and 10 million more -- among them two million Sales clerks and four million in other clerical posi tions. Four million people earn their living in transportation and commun ication. and another lour million in construction of buildings, streets and highways. A million and a half en gage in forestry, fishing and high ways. These lines of business are not classified by the government as in dustry, although with other smaller groups they account for about -JO million of our normal 48. million jobs. And no official has suggested that these employ the alleged 11 million the rich 26k of the people own be tween 80 and 95 % of fhe wealth, when as a matter of fact 72% of the wealth and 88% of the income are owned by people who have less than $5,000 a year. It is true that Industry is important and that it affects all other lines of work, just as all other lines of work affect it. but four-fifths of American workers always have been employed at something else. The nation could hardly exist other wise. Industry earns its living by making the tools and urensils which the rest of the people use in earning their liv ing--shovels for diggers; plows and trucks and cream separators for farmers; ovens for bakers; hammers and saws and nails and lumber tor carpenters; leather for shoemakers; motor car* and electric cars and rail way car* and locomotives for trans portation: machines for all sorts of mechanical work: cloth and sewing machines for clothiers: paper and ink and presses for printers, and so on. Industry has never supported all the worker* and never can--it can only equip workers with the things they use to support themselves in the infinitely diversified forms of daily work. Industry alone has led in efforts to start the wheels of employment turning. In one year it has spent above its income more than the enor mous emergency expenditures of the government Itself. Its efforts hsve succeeded to s remerksble degree. This morning's newspapers (Decem ber 15) carry a Washington com plaint that employment is not in f. Cnan'.', Tnrd Mucor Company, U.Utt'\. ('j;:uer. l y ] 4- creasing os fast as production. Here ts the same old error urair.--meas uring the entire employment situa tion against one-sixth of tr.c nation's work. Industrial employment r.as kept pace with production. If industry could give work to those 11 million unemployed (if there are that rr.anyj it would have done so long ago in its own interest without bcinq ask ed. But these are m a very small port the workers of industry. They oolong mostly to the other groups that perform five-sixth of the nation's work. And all of these groups de pend on full employment for their existence. The matter is too serious to per mit misleading statements to pass, and we submit these facts in the in terest of straight thinking and com mon sense. Eradication of Hernia by Injection THE treatment of indirect and di rect inguinal hernia herein de scribed* is quite different in procedure from the first paper I wrote in 1914 on the treatment of femoral hernu. In reviewing the literature it was discovered that Valpeau', in 1835. in jected hernias with iodine. This method acquired very little popular ity until 1927. when Mestra* of France and Mayer* of Detroit report ed their many years of experience with the injection treatment of her nia. As a result of experimental work done in thia field by Hall in 1929. he concluded that, following the injec tion of a sclerosing solution, there was a "vigorous proliferation of en dothelial and connective tissue cells" loiming a foreign body granuloma. He also mentioned that after three or tour injections, sufficient plastic tis sue was produced to obstruct the orifice of the hernial sac. In the past thirty years Mayer claims 98% cures in more than 2.000 esses of hernia treated, and in this senes he included umbilical, femoral and inguinal hernias. Wolfe' af Brookyln, New York, reported 867, satisfactory results on a small series of 64 cases treated with the Injection method, and reported 62 cures. Wolfe also reported that the Injec tion of a sclerosing solution directly into the cord of experimental animals did not produce obliteration of the vas deferens. Rice,1 instructor in the Surgical Department of University of Minne sota Medical School, reports that Bratrud' and McKinney have used knr C McD.MIL, M. D., Porlljftd. Or,.: i rid before the Sixtv.flm Annual Mcrtins of Oregon State Medical Society, Gearhart. Ore.. S<pt. 9j$: pubJUfcrd to .YorrAur/r M/M- a*/, January, if)4. *. Wlprau. M.: Tie Anatomy and Surpical Treatment ot Hernia, p. *71. D. Appleton k Co-, rati. a. Mmra, P.: Spaniel Edition fata.) J.A.M..V. il. >54. tfir. j- Mayer, I.: Hernia Treated h* SuhojtancHit Injection*; Report of )* Yean1 Experience trub tj liiujeritivt Gate Report*; M. J. k Rcc.. iji: ho.fi. Jan. 15, ipjo: Corrective Treatment or Hernia; Ob**rv*rion from 10 Year* of Experience 10 injection Method. M. f. 4c R<c, 1151x75-tyi, March *. iji. Wolfe, R.: Injection Treatment of Hernia. M. J. l Krc. March 4. i*j. y Rice. C. O.: Injection Treatment o( Hernia. Minnraou Med.. *7:141.451. Mav, nj*. 4. Bratrud, A. F.: Ambulant Treatment t Hernia. fournaJ.Lancfr. ij. 47j.fr*. Dec. i<. hjj. AmWanr Treatment or Hernia 'orrj