Document LJQ7QwMj1Xn5nYOR5ggNVLJDg

J)n C, a) Jishcp - rferfsrL Industrial Hygiene Digest INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL SEPTEMBER, 1963 (VoL 27, No. 9) INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION mxuon msTrnm ram4400 avinui > Pittsburgh is. pa. 01 132 1868 | NDUSTRIAL Hygiene Features The attainment of optimum health is discussed in Abst. No. 812. Abst. No. 817 reports on solar retini tis. Laser photocoagulation of the eye is in vestigated in Abst. No. 818. Abst. No. 825 is concerned about ticks on birds migrating from Europe and Asia to Africa. Abst. No. 828 discusses the continued threat of small pox. See Abst. No. 833 for information on health hazards of selected rocket pro pellants. The acute oral toxicity of reduced iron is described in Abst. No. 838. Abst. No. 852 gives data on the pneu moconiosis study of western Pennsyl vania bituminous coal miners. An environmental dust study of anthra cite mines in eastern Pennsylvania is presented in Abst. No. 853. Consult Abst. No. 860 for aeromedical aspects of a commercial jet operation. See Abst. No. 865 for the ozone toxi city hazard in cabins of high altitude air craft. The responsibility of local health agen cies in the control of ionizing radiation is outlined in Abst. No. 87 3. Controlling air contaminants in new in dustrial processes is the topic of Abst. No. 877. Information concerning atmospheric contamination in the space cabin is given in Abst. No. 880. See Abst. No. 883 for a comparative study of executive health examinations. Data on launderette waste treatment are given in Abst. No. 892. F OUNDATION Facts THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES for 1963, adopted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists at their 25th Annual Meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio on May 6 & 7, 1963 appear in this issue of the Digest. A supplemental status report on TLV's for Electromagnetic Radiation prepared by Industrial Hygiene Foundation for the benefit of its member companies is also includ ed herein. Additional copies of ACGIH Threshold Limit Values and the IHF Supplement are avail able upon request. ENGINEERING SERIES BULLETIN NO. 5 -- INTERNATIONAL AUDIOMETRIC ZERO, is being mailed to all members of IHF with this issue of the Digest. The purpose of this Bulletin is to provide member companies with timely and accurate advice concerning a matter currently under deliberation in the American Standards Association Committee S3. The advantages and dis advantages of replacement of the present American.ahdiometric reference level by the Inter national level are set forth. A limited supply of this Bulletin is available, and additional copies will be sent to members free of charge as long as the supply holds out. A statement from the minutes of an AIHA Noise Committee meeting at Mellon Institute on September 6 pertaining to its position on this matter is considered of interest and is included in this issue of the Digest with the kind permission of the AIHA. ADDITIONS TO IHF TECHNICAL COMMITTEES: Medical Dr. D. C. Braun, U.S. Steel Corp. Dr. R. L. Gibson, Gulf Oil Corp. Dr. R. J. Halen, J ! L Steel Corp. Dr. George Roush, Ethyl Corp. Legal _ Mr. P. J. Winschel, Reed, Smith, Shaw fc McClay Chemical-Toxicological Dr. J. A. Zapp, Jr., E. I. du Pont de Nemours fc Co. Qj[ 132 1869 28th ANNUAL MEETING -- OCTOBER 23-24, 1963 Programs and registration cards have been mailed to all members. This is your meeting and an excellent program has been arranged. Plan now to be with us and let us have your preregistration card as soon as possible. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EDITORIAL--A Statement of .Policy from AIHA. . . . ... . . . . .i Dr. D. C. Braun AcceptaChairmanakip oflHF MedicalCommittee . . ii Dr. L. V. Cralley Accepts Chairmanship of IHFEngineering Comm.' . iii Tbreahold Limit Value* for. 1963--ACCIH . . . .. . . . . ..... . v Supplementary Statua Report on'TLV'a for Control of Hasard from '1 ' Certain Forma* of* Electromagnetic Radiation . . . . . . . . . xi New* Item* ... . . ... . . . 1 Occupational Diaeaae Statistic a . . . Coming Event* ... . .............................. .; . 2 3 Legal Development* . . Book*. Pamphlet* and Notice* ;. . . 3 4 Induatrial Medical Practice . . . . 6 Skin Diaeaaea , ** " a.nd Bunia . . -;'* . . . . Chemical iHaaarda. '. . . .... . . . 11 11 Induatrial Duat* . . . . . . . ` . . - * . , * Physical Aspects of-the environment > r. Radioactivity aad X-Radiation. . . . ;i;V e e. * 16 1? 21 Environmental Meaaurementa ... . . 23 Preventiva Engineering . ... . . Community Air Hygiene . - V; . . . . Management Aapecta. ... . .... '. 24 25 25 Accidence and Prevention Miecellaneoue *. . . . . 26 27 Index 29 01 132 1870 Industrial Hygiene Digest editorial A STATEMENT OF POLICY FROM AIHA The American Standards Association S3 Committee has prepared a draft of a new standard for audiometers and is currently polling membership of the Committee with final deadline for voting set for October Id, 1 --,3. The standard reference threshold levels recommended by the Internationa; Standards Organisation are included in this document. This matter was considered at a meeting of tne AIHA Noise Committee on September o and the following conclusions were reached. The proposed Standard assumes the following: 1. The ISO standard reference threshold levels represent a more technically sound reference than the ASA-1951 levels. . d. Refinement of the reference will permit improved clinical diagnosis. 3. A change in the reference will have to be made eventually. 4. All deliberating bodies agree almost unanimously that the ISO reference levels be adopted. 3. There are certain practical objections but these are not considered important, b. Now is the time for action before more complicating factors develop. At the September o meeting, it was noted that: 1. It is not apparent that the ISO standard reference threshold levels are more scientifically sound than the present reference levels: a. The criteria on which the levels were established are not clearly defined. b. Recent published and extensive unpublished data available to the committee were not considered in determining the ISO values. These data suggest that a revision of the ISO standard may be required. 1. It is doubtful that the adoption of the recommended levels will result in a significant improvement in clinical diagnosis. 3. There is some doubt that a new reference threshold is needed at this time. 4. Despite published references to the contrary, all interested professional and technical groups have not expressed an opinion. 5. The practical objections are considerable. * On the basis of the above considerations, the AIHA Noise Committee recommends that the AIHA member of the ASA S3 Committee cast a negative vote with an expression of willingness to eval uate new information as it becomes available. * Discussion of proposed changes in Standards for Hearing Testing Instruments, James H. Botsforc, American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal ^4, 334-344 (July-August 1963). 01 132 1871 l. Industrial Hygiene Digest September, jl~ z 3 DR. DANIEL C. BRAUN 'ACCEPTS CHAIRMANSHIP OF I-H-F MEDICAL COMMITTEE Industrial Hygiene Foundation is pleased to announce that Daniel C. Braun, M. D. . has accepted ' : \ ' '{' ' "V . './ '' ' I' the Chairmanship of its Medical Committee.^ He ! served as its] Secretary from 1950-57. j Dr Braun received his M.D. degree from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in 1937, in * terned at Mercy Hospital, Pittsburgh, and has com pleted a number of postgraduate courses in industrial medicine, hygiene and toxicology at the Uhiversitv of Pittsburgh, Long Island College of Medicine and Columbia University. ' -.'' ;* ' >V ' | . Dr. Braun was Medical'Director of IHF from 1950-57. Prior to that hej had been Medical Director for Pittsburgh Coal Co> . serving subsequently a* a consultant in . occupational medicine for Pittsburgh Coal, Westinghouse Electric Corp. , and other} in dustrial firms in ther.Pittsburgh area, ftftejr leaving the Foundation, he became Plant Medical Director, Homestead District Works of U. S. Steel Corp. , and is now Assistant Medical Director, divisions and associated subsidiaries of U. S. Steel. . .| Dr. Braun is> a former directoriof the Industrial Medical Association and Past-President of the IMA of the Pittsburgh-Cleveland Area. He-is certified in occupa tional medicine by the American Board of Preventive Medicine and is a Fellow of the Am. Coll, of Chest Physicians,, Am. Academy of Occ. Med. , Am. Public Health Assoc, and Pittsburgh Academy of Medicine. He is also a,lecturer in occupational health a the Graduate School of Public Health,- ;-Univers"i'ty:`:.bf Pittsburgh. . O 01 132 187 u rii | t .! industrial Hygiene Digest 5epterr.bc r , ' a DR. LESTER V. CRALLEY ACCEPTS CHAIRMANSHIP 4 OF I-H-F ENGINEERING COMMITTEE Industrial Hygiene Foundation is pleased to announce that Lester V. Cralley, Ph. D. has.accepted the Chairmanship of its Engineering Committee. He has served as a member of this Committee for a number of years. Dr. Cralley is Chief Industrial Hygienist for the Aluminum Company of America in Pittsburgh, a position he has held since 1945. Dr. Cralley received his B.S. degree in chemistry from McKendree College in 1933, and his Ph. D. degree in industrial hygiene and toxicology from Iowa State University in 1942. During the years 1941-45 he served in the Ur..ced States Public Health Service, Division of Industrial Hygiene with a rank of Captain. Dr. Cralley is a member of the American Industrial Hygiene Association, as well as past president and treasurer. He is also a member of the following organizations: American Foundrymen's Society Air Pollution Committee; American Chemical Society, American Public Health Association, American Society for Testing Materials - D22 Committee; Air Pollution Control Association; and Research Society of America. 01 132 1873 ill. Inc^jCfial Hvgicne Oi^gat THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES 19631/ 5-ot*r Adopted at the doth Annual Meeting of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio, May o-i, 1963 These vaLues should be used as guides m the control of health hazards and should r.ct be r-gdriea as tine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They represent conditions under .vhich : ,s believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect. .'He values listed refer to time-weighted average concentrations for a normal workday. The amount oy which these figures may be exceeded for short perioas without injury to health depends upon a num.Der of factors such as the nature of the contaminant, whether very high concentrations even for short periods produce acute poisoning, whether the effects are cumulative, the frequency with which high concentrations occur, and the duration of such periods. All must be taken into consideration in arriving at a decision as to whethe a hazardous situation exists. Because it has been recognized that the threshold limits of certain acutelyacting substances may not provide a safety factor comparable to that of chronically-acting substances for which a time-weighted average applies, a C designation or "ceiling'1 has been affixed to such values indi cating that the Threshold Limit Value should not be ex. eded. The bases for the C 1 listing is given m appendix C. Special consideration should be given to the application of these values in assessing the health hazards which may be associated with exposure to mixtures of two or more substances. A brief discussion of basic considerations involved in developing Threshold Limit Values tor mixtures, and methods for their development, amplified by specific examples are given in appendix B. Threshold limits are based on the best available information from industrial experience, from, experimental studies, and, when possible, from a combination of the two. These values are based on vari ous criteria of toxic effects or on marked discomfort; thus, they should not be used as a common denomina tor of toxicity, nor should they be considered as the sole criterion in proving or disproving diagnosis of sus pected occupational disease. These limits are intended for use in the field of industrial hygiene and should be mterpretca ar.z ana applied only by persons trained in this field. They are not intended for use, or for modification for _se (1) as a relative index of toxicity, by making a ratio of two limits, or (2) in the evaluation or control of community air pollution or air pollution nuisances, or (3) in estimating the toxic potential of continuous uninterrupted exposures. These values are reviewed annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for revisions, or adaitions, as further information becomes available. The Committee welcomes the suggestion of substance to be added to the list and also comments, references, or reports of experience with these materials. RECOMMENDED VALUES (In Alphabetical Order) Sutltanci Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile ' Acetylene tetrabromide T Acrolein Acrylonitrile -- Skin eem- 200 10 5 1.000 40 1 0.1 20 M|/M 360 25 20 2.400 70 14 0 25 45 SuhllMCS Alarm (1.2.3 4 10.10-heiachloro1.4.4a.5.8.8a-heiahydro-l.4.5 8dimethano-naphthalenei--Shm t Ally! alcohol--Shin Ally) chloride C Ally! glycidyl ether (AGE) Allyl propyl disulfide t Ammonia * _ 2 1 10 2 50 ***/* 025 3 35 .2 35 Note: The word "Skin" following a substance indicates that the substance can penetrate the skin to contri bute to the exposure and threshold limit value should be reduced accordingly. 1/ Reprinted with permiss- o from the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. -f- 1963 Revision. " Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of air by volume at 25*C and "60 mm. Hg pressure. ** Approximate milligrams of particulate per cubic meter of air. A Numbers, See Appendix A 01 132 ISM Substance ppm' "l/M ' Ammonium sulfamate AmmateJ -- - Amyi acetate Amyi aiconoi isoamyl alcohol) 100 100 Aricine--S^tn in* rcry 5 -- ANTj aipna 'aohthyl thiourea) -- Ar$#p ; --* Arsine 0ar.urn soluble compounds) 005 -- C Benz?TM oe"zoi --Sum 25 Benzidine -- Benzyl cnioride 1 Beryllium -- Boron oxide -- C Boron trifluoride 1 Bromine .............. 0.1 Butadiene ' 1.3-butadienei . 1.000 2-Butanone methyl ethyl ketone) 200 2-Sutoxy ethanol (Butyl Cellosoive) 50 Butyl acetate (nbutyl acetatei 200 Butyl alcohol ........................... 100 te't Butvi Aiconoi C Butriamme --Butyi givcidy) ether BGE But- "t'catian o-te-t Butyiroiuene Cacmium oxice fume Caic.j.m arsenate Carbon dioxide Carson d'suifide--Skm Carocn mononfle Career retrac""onde--Skm 100 5 50 10 10 -- -- 5.000 20 100 :o Cmordane 1.2 4 5.6.7 8.8oc:acnioro-3a 4.7 7a-tetrahydro-4 7 methanomdene) Chiormaree camonene 60o Chlorinated dipnenyi oxide Chiorme Cn'orme 2ioi<ae C Chiorme rrifluoride C Cniproacetaioenyde _ 1 01 0.1 1 Cniordbenzene monochlorobenzene' Chiorobromomethane ........ Chiorodiphenyl )42Chlorine!-- S*1 n 75 200 -- Cn'O'Cdiphenyi ;545- Chlorine)-- Skm C Chloroform trichloromethane) 1-Chloro-l-nitropropane Chloropicrin -- 50 20 0.1 Chloroprene '2<hloro-1.3butadienei Chromic acid and chromates las CrO ) Cobalt . 25 -- -- Crag 'R) herbicide 'sodium 2-12.4- dichlorophenoxy | ethanol hydrogen sulfate) ... Cresol 'all isomers)--Skin Cyanide (as CM)--Skin . Cyclohexane ....................... Cydohexanol ....................... Cyclohexanone ..... ............... _5 400 50 50 Cyclohexene ......._............ 2.4-0 2.4-dichlorophenoxy- 400 acetic acid) ................. .. DOT (2.2-bis (p-chlofophenyl]- 11. I trichloroettiane)--Shin ... -- Decaborane--Skin .................. 0.05 Oiacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy- 4-methyl-2-pentanone) 50 Oiborane ...................................... 0.1 1.2-0ibromoethane (Ethylene dibromtde)........ ..... 25 ) Di chlorobenzene u uicriiorooenzene Dicmorodiftuoromethane 1 ! Oicnioroethane 50 75 1.000 100 15 525 360 19 0.5 03 0.5 0.2 0.5 80 A' 5 0.002 15 3 0.7 2.200 590 240 950 300 300 15 270 35 60 01 \ 9 000 60 no 65 05 0.5 0.5 3 0.3 04 3 350 1.050 1 0.5 240 100 0.7 90 0.1 0.5 IS 22 5 1.400 200 200 1.350 10 1 0.3 240 0.1 190 300 450 4.950 400 Sukitanft 1.2-0ichioroethane ethylene dzchloride) 1 2-0ichioroethyiene I Oichioroethyl ether Oichioromonofluoromethane I 1 lOichinrol-mtroethane Oichiorotetrafluoroethane Oieidrin ,1.2.3.4.10.10-hexa- chioro-6. 7-epoxy-1. 4. 4a. 5 6 7 3. 8a-octahydio-l. 4. 5. 3 - dimethanonaphthaiene--Skin Oiethyiamme Oifluorodibromomethane Oiglycidyl ether OGE. Onsobutyl ketone Dimethyl acetamide--Skm Oimethyianiime N-dimetnyi- amlmei--Skin Oimethylformamide 1.1 -Oimethylhydrazme--Skin Oimethylsulfate--Skin Omitrobenzene--Skin . . . Oinitrctcluene--Skm . Oinitrc-o-cressl--Skm Dioxane (diethylene dioxide) Dipropylene glycol methyl ether EPN (O-ethyl O-p-mtrophenyl thionobenzenephosphonatel-- Skm ................................. Ethyl acetate ............................ Ethyl acrylate--Skin .............. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) . Ethylamme ............................... C Ethylbenzene ............................. Ethyl bromide ............................ Ethyl chloride ........................... Ethyl ether ........................... Ethyl formate ............................. t C Ethyl mercaptan ........................ Ethyl silicate ............................. Ethylene chlorohydnn--Skin .... Ethylenediamme ........................ Ethylene glycol dinitrate (Combined EGON + NG)-- Skin ................................... Ethylene (mine--Skin Ethylene oxide ................... 2 Etnoivetnanoi Cellosoive 2-Etnoxvetnyiacetate Cellosoive Acetate Feroam feme dimethyl dithiocarbamate Ferrovanadiu- CuSt Fiuonde as FFluorine Fiuprotrichioromethane Formaldehyde Furfural Furfuryl alcohol Gasoline Glycidol i2 3-Epoxy-l propanol) Heptane (n-heptanei Hexane n-nexanei Hexanone (metnyi butyl ketone1 sec-Hexyi acetate - Hexone .methyl isobutyl ketone' Hydrazine--Skm Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide--Skm Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen peroxide. 90o Hydrogen selenide : Hydrogen sulfide Hydroqumone ' Iodine Iron oxide fume Isophorone Isopropyiamme Isopropyl glycidyl ether ilGE) nm- 50 200 5 i .000 13 1.000 -- 25 iOO 0.5 50 10 5 20 0.5 1. -- -- -- 100 100 -- 400 25 1.000 25 200 200 1.000 400 100 20 100 5 10 0.2 5 50 200 : 000 5 5 50 500 50 500 500 100 50 1001 3 5 10 3 1 0 05 20 -- 01 -- 25 5 50 M| V 2C0 *4'C or 4 200 50 *.000 r; 75' 360 2i 290 35 25 50 1 l_l 0.. 360 500 O' 1.400 100 1.900 45 870 890 2.600 1.200 300 52 850 16 30 1. 9 90 540 2.5 02 5 600 6 20 20C 2 000 150 2 000 : 800 410 295 41C 1 101 11 2 1 0 30 2 ; 15 140 12 240 132 187^ 01vi. Substance ppm- Mf/ M * * Ketene lead lead arsenate L.noane hexachlorocyciohexane isomer1 hydride Magnesium oxide fume Maiam on n n-dimethyl 05 :9 --2 -- f !^ _ C5 -- C 325 -- 15 ii'i-opnosohate of diethyl mercaotosuccinate)--Skin Manganese Mercury--S*' n '.5 --5 -- 01 Mercury organic compounds!-- Skm Mesi'vi oxide Methoxychlor )2.2-di-p-methoxy- phenyl-1. 1 1-trichloroethane) Methyl acetate 25 __ 20G 0 0! 100 15 610 Metnyi acetylene 1.000 1.650 Methyl acrylate--Skin Methyial 'dimethoxymethanel Methyl alcohol methanol! Methyl promide--Skin 10 1.000 200 20 35 3.100 260 80 Methyl ceiiosolve ^-methoxyetnanor--Skin 25 80 Methyl ceiiosolve acetate e'hyiene glycol monomethyl ether acetate) Methyl chloride 25 120 100 210 Methyl chloroform ! 1. 1. 1- tr-cnloroethanei Methyicydonexane Methvicyciohexanol Methylcyclohexanone Methyl formate 350 1.900 500 2.000 100 470 100 460 100 250 Methyl <sobutyl carpinol imethyi amyl alcohol) 25 100 Methyl mercaptan ... . 20 40 j Methyl styrene 100 480 Methylene chloride 'dichloro- methane) . Monomethyl aniline--Skin 500 1.750 29 Molybdenum soluble compoundsl . nsoiubie compounds) _5 -- 15 Naphtha (coal tar) 200 800 Naohtha petroleum) .x-Naohthyiamine Nickel carbonyl 500 2.000 -- A2 0.001 0 007 Nicotine--Skin -- 0,5 Nitnc acid 10 25 p-Nitroanilme--Skin .......... 16 Nitrobenzene--Skin ... 15 Nitroethane ) Nitrogen dioxide ........... .................. 100 5 310 9 ) Nitroglycerin 'combined EGON + NG)--Skin ............ 0.2 2 Nitromethane . .... 100 250 1-Nitropropane ................ 25 90 2-Nitropropane ................ 25 90 N-N.trosodimethylamme (Oimethyl- mtrosaminel--Skin .. A> Nitrotoluene--Skin .. .. 5 30 Octane 500 2.350 Osmium tetroxide -- 0 002 Ozone .. 0.1 02 Parathion (0. 0, diethyl-O-p- mtrophenyl thiophosphate)-- Skin . 0.1 Pentaborane Pentachloronaphthalene--Skin Pentachlorophenol--Skin Pentanone 'methyl propyl ketonei Pentane . Perchloroethylene (tetrachloro- ethylenei Perchloromethyl mercaptan Perchloryl fluoride Phenol--Skm 0.005 -- -- 001 05 05 200 1.000 700 2 950 100 0.1 3 5 670 08 135 19 SuOttjftcc Phenyl giycidvi ether PG. Phenyihyarazme--Skm Phosdrm 2-carbomethoxyi methyl vinyl dimethyl phosphate Phosgene carbonyl chloride) * Phosphine Phosphoric ac d Phospnorus ye'IOW. Phospnorus oentacnioriOe p`cscror s oentasuifide hcsonc'uS ' -hionOe icr'C ac G--SW:n P'at'oum So'ubie Saits ' Prooyi acetate Propyl alcohol isopropvi alcohol P'opyi ether sooropyl ether n-Propyl nitrate Propylene dirhiorifle 1 Z oicf'iofoorooane p'00yiene mine--Skm P'QDvtene oxide Pyreinru^ Pyridine Qumone Rotenone [commercial Se'enium comoounos as Set Sodium fiuoroacetate 1080)-- Skm Sodium hydroxide Stibme Stoddard solvent Strychnine Styrene monomer 'phenylethylenei Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfuric acid Sulfur monochloride Sulfur pentafluonde Sulfuryl fluoride ........... 2.4.5T (2.4.5-Trichlorophenoxy- acetic acid! . TEDP (tetraethyl dithiono- pyrophosohatel--Skm Teflon (Rl decomposition products TEPP 'tetraethyl pyrophosphate) --Skm . Tellurium ......................... 1. 1, 2. 2-Tetrachloroethane-- Skin ......... Tetrahydrofuran ..... Tetramtromethane . Tetryl ;2. 4 6-trimtrophenyl- methylnitrammel--Skm Thallium (soluble compounds)-- Skin Thiram (tetramethyl thiuram disulfide) Titanium dioxide . . C Toluene (toluol) . o-Toluidme--Skin C Toiyiene-24-dusocyanate Trichloroethylene Trictiloronaphthalene--Skin 1 2.3.'Tricnioropropane 1 1 2-Trichloro 1 2, 2-tnfiuoroethane . Triethylamme ..' Tn fluoromonooromomethane Trinitrotoluene--Skin . Tnorthocresyi phosphate Triphenyl phosphate . Turpentine Uranium 'soluble compundsl (insoluble compounds) pom* 5C e >e/i' v.c. 22 -- 3. 03 -- _ -- -- C_5 _ -- 20C - 3^ ' j sj 1 3 002 34C 40C 980 500 25 2 IO Cn '5 25 :oc -- ; 0i _ -- -- _ 01 500 -- 25C 5 ;5 J 5 Aw '. 0 05 2 05 2 900 0 15 100 5 1 000 -- 420 13 6 000 \ 1 0.025 5 6 0.25 20 -- 10 -- 02 -- A4 _ 0.05 -- 0.1 5 35 200 590 18 -- 1.5 -- -- -- 200 5 0.02 100 -- 50 01 5 15 750 22 0 14 520 5 300 1.000 25 1 000 -- -- -- 100 7.600 100 6.100 15 01 3 560 -- 0 05 -- ' 0 25 V1L 01 132 187C \nz Hygiene Digest Subitanct opm* Vanadium C IV.O, dust) V O. fume)' C Vinyl chloride tehioroethyienel Vinyl touiene Aarfar n 3: n acetonylbeiuyi ] 4- nydroxycoumarmi .. Yttrium C Xylene xylol) Xyiidene--Skm Zinc oxide fume Zirconium compounds las Zr) -- -- 500 100 200 5 " 05 0.1 1.300 ' 480 0.1 5 870 25 e5 5 Radioactivity For oermuaioia concentrations ot radio-isotopes n >' see u S Oeoartment o< Commerce. National Bureau of Standards Handbooa 69. Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radionuc oes n Air and m water tor Occuoationaf Exposure " June S. [959 Also, see U S department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards. Handbooa 59. Permissible Dote irom External Sources of lomtmi Radiation. ' September 24. 1954 and addendum of April IS. 1958. MINERAL OUSTS Substance n.p.p.c.M SILICA Crystalline Quartz. Threshold Limit calculated 250 from the formula %Si0* * 5 Cnstobalite - Amorphous, including natural diatdmaceous earth . 20 SILICATES (less than 1% crystalline silica) Asbestos Mica ....................................... 5 20 Soapstone Taic ............................................. 20 20 Portland Cement ................................... 50 Mlscallanaaus (less than 1% crystalline silica) Cenversian faeters 50 mppcf x 35.3 = million particles per cubic meter = particles per c.c. i M ihons o1 gjrticits per cubic foot of sir. baud oa impinger ' samples counted by ligAt-field technics. : The percentage of crystalline silica m the formula is the amount determined from airborne samples, except in those "stances m wtucfi other methods have boon mown to be applicable TENTATIVE VALUES Substance C tert Bulyi chromate as CrOJ-Shm - T Calcium oxide Camphor ' T Copper Fume Ousts t Mists 00VP 0. 0-0imethyl-2.2-dichloro- vmyi ohosphate) T Oemeton (R) ISystoxI Endrm U.2.3 4.10.10.- hexacWoro-6. 7-epoxy-l.4.4a. 5 6 7 8.8a-octa hydra 1.4- endo-5 8-dimethano- naphthalene)--Skin Epicnlorhydrm Ethanolamme T Grapnite f Hatmum - 5 3 - Mt/M ' 01 5 2 01 10 1 01 01 19 6 15 mppcf 05 3 c p t c rr. o - p Subttagct Heotachior ii.4.5.6 7 8.8aheptacnioro-3a.4.7.7a-tetrahydro4.7-methanomdenei T Methylamine f Methyl Methacrylate T C Methylene bis phenyiisocyanate t Mineral Wool (fiberglasi y Naphthalene Oil (mineral) y 3-Propioiactone y Silver t Tantalum y 1.1.1 2.-Tetrachloro-2.2.-difluoroethane y 1.1.2.2-Tetrachloro-1.2difluoroethane f Tetraethyl lead f Tm (inorganic compounds) (organic compounds as Sm --Skm M*T M|/M:- 25 100 0 02 _10 -- _ __ 35 31 31 n 'c 2 2 50 5 A1 0 05 5 1000 8340 500 4170 _ 0 075 --2 _oi Appendix A A1 leazitiM. Because of high incidence of bladder tumors in man. any txposure, including skin, is extremely hazardous. A' 3-Naehthylaaiae. Because ol the eitremeiy hign incidence of bladder tumors in workers handling this compound, and the inability to control ex posures. /3-naphthylamme has been prohibited from manufacture, use and other activities that n. voive human contact by the State ot Pennsylvania A1 N-Nitrasediatlthylaenne. Because of extremely hign toxicity and presumed carcinogenic potential of this compound, contact by any route should not be permitted. A* Teflee * deceapesitien predicts At least one identi tied component at Teflon decomposition products is extremely toxic, but in the absence of more complete toxicity information and suitable analytic methods, a definite threshold limit value is not recommended at tnis time: but air concentrations should be minimal. A* /3-PrepielKttM. Because of high acute toxicity and demonstrated skin tumor production m animals contact by any route should be avoided 01 132 1877 viu. Appendix B THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES FOR MIXTURES When two ar more v.bs'arces are oresent theT compmed er"ect 'ather `"a"' *naf of e-th*' no - d j a i1 v s-Cu d 5 -.e" d' ~ 3-. _-s "era" c In the absence of information to the contrary tt" effects of the different hazards should oe considered os additive Thai s .t 'e sum o' me 'oi,owing "'actions exceeds -p*' >nen *-ne '''esn'-; ''t o' ** m.xture snouia be cc-s-cered as be-"g exceeded C .ndicates the Observed a'mcsohenc concentraton and T "he corresbonding th'esnold limit See Examoie !A.a ExcepVons "c "he above "jie -"ay be 'ade when the'e s good "aascn to bei ee '"at "he erne" effects of "he different harmful suDstartces are not n fact "we. but independent as when puretv local effects an : t-ent organs of the body are produced Pv the vanous com ponents of the mixture In such cases the threshold limit ordinarily is exceeded omy wnen at least one member of tne ser.es C or C- etc itself has a value TT exceeding unity. See Example !Ab, Antagonistic action or potentiation may occur with some combinations of atmospheric contaminants. Sucn cases at oresent must be determmeo individually Poten tiating or antagonistic agents are not necessarily harm ful by themse'.es Potentiating effects of exposure tc sucn agents Oy routes other "han mat ot inhalation is also oossiole e g imbibed aiconoi ana mhaied narcotic tricmorethviene Potentiation is characteristically ex nibited at nign concentrations less orooabiy at low When a given ooeradon or orocess characteristically emits a number of narmtui Ousts fumes vapors or gases t will froguently be only feasible o attempt to evaluate tne hazard oy measurement ot a smgie sub stance In sucn cases the threshold limit used for this substance should be reduced by a suitable factor the magnitude of wnich will deoenc on tne number 'oxicity and relative ouantitv d the other contaminants ordi mar.lv present Examples of processes wmen are typically associated A.m "ao or more harmful atmospheric contaminants are weiding automoo'ie 'eoair b'astmg painting, 'acquermg certain "oundrv operations diesei exhausts etc lExample n EXAMPLES I A- unno" V Case A"*'- . - ccn.en" a ADDITIVE EFFECTS c T ~" c A,- tonta -s 5 10 io 5C :: Threshold nm ' s `ceecf P INDEPENDENT EFFECTS Air contains 0 :: mg m *30 ~'.i . mg m of suifjrc acid ' . 0.15 I' -v o 20 : Threshold 'unit is no* exceeded IB Special case when source cf mixture and atmosone'e composition similar to that of : g^ai mater,ai sure of each camponed s m same at temperature . a ADDITIVE EFFECTS ico-o. -jt - ; A mixture or eo.a; oar's ; f chip fLV 100 a`C ' "'arc' 350 C C C. Sciu: on aopncao. TOO ' T50 ' t ;:;*y 4, a. c - c. - - c. -.jt" _C_ _ _ _ _ _ C_ 100 350 7C 2C 700 " TOO 2C 'T :c "f T.,, ^ 700 x y - 155 oprm IBb General Exact Solution 'or Mixtures o' ponents With Apflit've Effects and 0 f`Pressures By the Law of Partial Pressures. 13) C. - ap,. And by Raoult's Law. I*) p, - F, p, Combine i3l and 141 to obtain (5) C, -- af.p,` Combining <!:. .2 1,, and iSl. e ootarn F,b. _ c p ~ r ' r and jolvng 'or T 01 132 187S (6.1) T" f:P,J ~ F,P: f,P,' F.P,; or (6.2) r i--n 1 i-l i --n T >~1 F,P,= FiPi3 T" Fj ?j7 r - Threshold limit value .n ppm C - Vaooi concentration m ppm 0 Vapor pressure of component m solution p* Vapor pressure of Pure component F Mol fraction of component in solution a = A constant of proportionality Subscripts !.2 n relate tne above quantities to components 1.2, n respectively Subscript i refers to an aroitrary component from 1 to n Absence of subscript relates tne quantity to the mixture Solution to be applied vnen there is a reservoir of the solvent mixture whose composition does not change appreciably by evaporation Exact Arithmetic Solution of Specific Mixture Mol wt Density T p" at 25"C . Mol fraction m hatf-and half solu tion by volume_ Trichloro ethylene \1) 1314 1.46 g ml 100 73mm Hg 0.527 Methylchloroform (2) 133.42_l.33_r ml 350 125mm Hg 0.473 F,p,; -(0.527) (73) - 38.2 F,p, - (0.473) (125) - 59.2 T 38.2 + 59.2 --= (97.4) (350) -(97.4) (350) - 177 382-1- 59.2 133.8 + 592 193.0 100 350 T 177 ppm (Note difference in T.L.V. when account is taken of vapor pressure and mol fraction in comparison with above example where such account is not taken). Harry B. Ashe E. J. Baier A an L. Coleman Hervey B. Elkins Bernard Grabois Vvayiand J. Hayes Jr Keith Jacobson _ Harold N. MacFarland, Consultant 2. A misjure of one' part of ;1 paratmon T./ ; . and two parts of 2) EPN (Tlv. 0 5; _C,______ C^_ Cm- C. -2C 0.1 0.5 " Tm C,,, - 3C, C, 2C. 3C_ 0.1 0.5 " T,. 7C. 3C. 0.5 " Tni Tm -- - -- 0.21 mg mJ 1C INDEPENDENT EFFECTS 1 From naphtha (TLV, 500) containing 1C moie per cent benzene (TLV. 25i the narcotic effects can oe considered as approximately the same as that of benzene-free naphtha The blood effects can be considered as due to the benzene alone. For intenmttsot espesur*. a TLV of 500 ppm may be used as long as the average concentration does not exceed 25 x 100 - 250 ppm. the TLV 10 based on the benzene content. 2. Diesel engine exhaust contains several irritants, one of which is nitrogen dioxide. A limit of 2 ppm NO, has been found to correlate fairly well with the beginning of subjective (irritation) effects from such gases, although no subjective effects are experienced from NO, alone at 5 ppm. Apptndix C BASES FOR ASSIGNING LIMITING "C" VALUES* Permittee Flecteatlee T.LV. Fitter el SANSI T.LV. ter pa` or mf/mi S. 10 er SO min. tumalei 0 to 1 3 Boron trifluoride (1 ppmi at 3 ppm if repeatedly en countered tor periods of 5. 10. or 30 minutes, may lead to pneumonitis: a "C" listing recommended. ,1- to 10 10-- to 100 100- to 'TOO 2 15 Ethyl oenzene 200 ppm. at 250 ppm it 'epeatediy en countered for periods of 5 125 or 10 minutes may prove in tolerably irritating to the eyes, a "C" listing recommenced ' According to this limitation the presently listed Tiv or will not be candidates for a C -ceiling; listing ;93 TLVt not coming withm this limitation will Otar 4 C before tne substance name judgment >s based on *ne(*e' the eicursions in concentration under the time limits states may result n a) intolerable irritation b1 enrome or >rree'ibit tissue change, or c: narcosis o< sufficient degree 10 * create accident proneness or materially 'educe worn t*: ency William F. Remdoilar Russell G. Scovill Ralph G. Smith Mitchell R Zavo" Herbert E Stokmger. Chairman X. 01 132 1879 Industrial Hygiene Digest 5e ptem og r , ; - j A SUPPLEMENTARY STATUS REPORT ON THE THRESHOLD LLMIT VALUES FOR CONTROL OF HAZARD FROM CERTAIN FORMS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (EDITOR'S NOTE:) Prepared by Industrial Hygiene Foundation from the sources listed. Not re.atec to American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLV 5. Microwave: A field power density of 0.01 IV/'cm. has been widely used 3 as a TLV for micro wave exposure. It has been criticized in that there is no provision for auration of exposure and is thus interpreted to mean for any period of time '. Since most biological structures seem to require exposures of many seconds or minutes to produce measurable thermal ef fect it has been proposed that a new standard incorporating a time factor be set. ' American Standards Association C-95 Committee indicates that such a standard is in preparation ar.c will appear shortly. Infrared and Visible Light: A threshold limit of 0. 0 1'cal./cm. " at the retina for any period of time has been proposed, (^-8) based solely on thermal effect. Thresholds have not yet been e stablished for pulsed lasers having discharge times of le ss than one microsecond. ^^ Lasers have a potential capability of producing non-thermal effects (ionization in tissue and blast effects) when pulse times are reduced to nano second (1. e., 1 sec. x 10'^) levels. Ultraviolet: A threshold limit value has been set at 0. 5ii,/cm.^ for exposure (of eyes) for 7 hours or less or 0.1/uw./cm." for 24 hours. These limits were set for germicidal lamp instal lations in 1943. (9, 10) External Ionizing Radiation^ *' 1 The limits for external ionizing radiation indicated below are those specifically required by AEC(l^) and vary slightly but significantly from those set by the Federal Radiation Council(^ as noted on page 38 of the latter report. (These vaiies do not include natural background radiation or exposure from medical or dental x-ray pro cedures.) Threshold Limit Values are intended for the use of trained and experienced incus- trial hygienists. The differences between TLV's in this case illustrate the importance of obtaining competent technical consultation in the design of facilities and evaluation of expo sure problems. Max. 13wk. dose (rem )_________ Max. yearly dose ______ (rem )________ Max. accumulated dose __________ (rem) Controlled (restricted) areas Whole body, head and trunk, active blood forming organs, gonads, or lens of eye Skin of whole body (= R dose) Hands and forearms, feet and ankles 1 1/4T ' 1/2 la 3/4 5 30 75 Environs Any part of body -- 0.5 Not over 3 rem in any quarter of one year. Where n is age in years and is greater than 18. 01 132 1SSO Industrial Hygiene Digest Sept jcr. REFERENCES' 1. Boysen, J.E.: USAF Experience with Microwave Exposure; J. Occ. Med. 4:12t194, April 1962. . 1. Knaui, G.M.: Industrial Medical Problems in an Electronic Re search Center. Arch. Ind. Health 1 7:383- 386, May 1958. ' 3. Knauf, G. M.: Personal communication. 4. Ely, T.S.: Personal communication. 5. Johnstone, R. T. , and Miller, S. E.: Occupational Diseases and Industrial Medicine. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1960. : 6. Solon, L.R. : Occupational Safety with Laser (Optical Maser) Beams. Arch. Environmental . Health 6:414-417, March 1963. 7. Zaret, M.M., Ripps, H. , Siegel, I.M., and Breinin, G.M.: Laser Photocoagulation of the Eye. Arch. Ophthal. 69:97-104, Jan. 1963. . , 8. Zaret, M.M.: Personal communication. . , 9. Luckiesh, M. , and Taylor, A.H.: Production of Erythema and Tanning by Ultraviolet Energy. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 113:251 1, 1939. . 10. Report of the Council on Physical Therapy. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 122:503, 1943. 11. National Bureau of Standards Handbook 59, Permissible Dose from External Sources of Ionizing Radiation, 1954; and 1958. Addendum. 12. Report No. 1, Background Material for the Development of Radiation Protection Standards, May 13, I960. Staff Report of the Federal Radiation Council, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. 30-cents. , 13. Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, .Part 20, ''Protection Against Radiation" dated June 1, 1962 ( $20.101 and 2). . 13* 1881 ol xii. Si ptvm.bv r, I o 3 Vo;um< XXVII No. 9 Industrial Hv;:i r.i -MOO Fifth A.cr..i Pittsburgh, Pa. I4_;i INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Literature and News NEWS ITEMS 3 5 Association of Official Agricultural Chemists to Meet. The Association of Official Agricultural Chemists mil hold its 7 7th anneal m ctir.g, October 14 to II at the Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D.C. The scientists will cnc.jj ar.c ap prove anaivticai methods tor fooas, crugs, cosmetics, feeds, fertilizers, pesticides, ar.c other commodities studied by the Association. Dr. Paul Kirk, criminologist of the University of Ca.ifornia, '.till address the assembled meeting October 15, and Dr. E. L. Butz of Purdue ail! speak at the annual banquet on October M. A dav-long symposium on instrumentation has been pianned for October 17. There will be exhibits of lab equipment and supplies. Address inquiries to Luther G. Ensminger, AOAC, Box 540, Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington 44, D.C. --Chem. Eng. Ne*s 41, 102 (July 29, lo3) 7 9o Next c-xaminations in Aviation Medicine. The next examinations bv the American Board of Preventive Medicine for Certification in A viation Medic me hat e bee n - sunced by John C . Hume , M.D., Secretary- Treasurer. The examinations will be held at the .-vmericana Hotel, Bal Harbour, Miami Beach, Florida, on May S, 9, and 10, 19o4. This is immediately preceding and in conjunction with the 35th Annual Meet ing of the Aerc-iict Medical Association, May 11, 12, 13, and 14. Final dates for fi.ir.g app.i- cations is Nov, - r 30, 19o3. Requests for information and all applications must be sent to The American Board of Preventive Medicine, Incorporated, Dr. John C. Hume, ol5 North Wolfe St., Baltimore 5, Maryland. -- Aerospace Med. 34, o4 (July l3c3) 7 3 7 Bio-Environmental Engineering -- New Career Field Specialty' . In the future, engineer personnel of the USAF Medical Service will be included in a broad career field specialty designated Bio-Environmental Engineering" rather than as Sani tary and industrial Hygiene Engineers". This new designation and broadened scope of professional practice and utilization within the Air Force takes into account the wide spectrum of bio-medical and environmental problems associated with U.S. Afr Force technology, and operational require ments. The need for engineers with training in fundamentals of physiology and the !i: -c.er.cr5 to w ork with their physician colleague s who have an understanding and capability in the p... sic a', sci ences is being reflected in increased training and special procurement programs, according to Major General R. L. Bohannon, Deputy Surgeon General, USAF, who said, We are not onlv con cerned with health protection, per se, but also with using the talents of our medical service . r.gineers m the area of medical electronics, hospital construction, and specialized design operation -- Aerospace Med. 34, 080 (July Mcil 7 98 Hygienic Guide Senes. The following additional Hygienic Guide Senes are now available: Manganese ana Its Inorganic Compounds, Acrolein (Acrylaldehyde, Propenal), Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether 12Ethoxyethanol), and Aluminum and Aluminum Oxide. They are given in the May-June AiHA Jo.rr.a (pp. 284-291) and can be obtained from the American Industrial Hygiene Association, 14 12^ Pr vost, Detroit 27, Michigan, at 25 cents each. -- Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 24, 284-291 (May-Jurii . -ii 01 132 1852 1. Industrial Hygiene Digest i September, 196 3 7 99 Booklet Available. . ! I A booklet, "Eyes in Industry: A Guide to Better Industrial Vision Testing", published by the National Society for the Prevention of Blindness, is available from the Society, 16 East 40th Strv :, New York, N. Y. 10016, at 50 cents a copy. 1 . Arch. Environmental Health 7, 120 (July 1963) j i OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE STATISTICS 800 Occupational Disease Statistics. (Cases reported to respective Health Departments). Conn. >. June Pa. July-Aug. Tenn. July Total Asphyxia, argon and nitrogen gases Brucellosis Carbon disulfide poisoning Chromic acid poisoning Dermatitis Emphysema Exposure to lead fumes Fumes (unidentified) Insecticide poisoning Lead poisoning Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis (suspected) Respiratory irritation Silicosis Silicosis (suspected) Silicotuberculosis Toluene diisocyanate poisoning Tuberculosis Totals 5 11 * 1 1 -- 18 1 '' 19 . 1. 1 .1 ;1 3 1 1 4 1 3 ___ l_ 37 1 l 1 2 1 -- 6 1 1 1 5 32 1 1 1 1 4 1 l 4 1 3 1 1 1 61 * Causes are listed as follows: j Connecticut: Occupational dermatitis due to plants, poison ivy, 1; occupational derma titis due to solvents, 1; occupational dermatitis due to drugs (including wound dressings and medi cations, 1; occupational dermatitis due. to other chemicals:, nickel and nickel compounds, 1; syn thetic resins or resin (plastic)compounds, 3: unspecified, 2; occupational dermatitis--other: ! friction, 1; infection, 1. ', . 01 132 1883 l. i i ; Industrial Hygiene Digest jepterr.c-. r, COMING EVENTS 801 Oct. 1-4 Oct. 1-4 Oct. 6-10 Oct. '-10 Oct. 8-10 Oct. 8-1 1 Oct. 8-12 Oct. 10-11 Oct. 14-16 Oct. 14-18 Oct. 15-17 Oct. 15-18 Oct. 16-18 Oct. 19-23 Oct. 20-23 Oct. 23-24 Oct. 25-27 Oct. 25-29 Oct. 27-29 Oct. 27-30 Oct. 28-30 Oct. 28-31 Oct. 28-Nov. 1 Oct. 29-31 Oct. 30-Nov. 1 Animal Care Panel, Los Angeles, Calif. American Council of Independent Laboratories, Annual Meeting, Lir.cjm, Neb. Water Pollution Control Federation, 3eth Annual Meeting, Seattle, Wa = n. 13th Annual Instrument Symposium and Research Equipment Exhibit, Nation^: Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. 7th Conference on Analytical Chemistry in Nuclear Technology, Gatlir.ourg, Ter.n. American Roentgen Ray Society, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Denver, Colo. National Plant Food Institute, Northeastern Fertilizer Conference, Potir.. Manor, Pennsylvania Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 77th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. ' Society for Applied Spectroscopy, San Diego, Calif. American Society of Lubrication Engineers, 10th Joint Lubrication Conference of ASLE and ASME, Rochester, N.Y. American Dietetic Association, 46th Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Pa. Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors of America, New York, N.Y. Chemical Institute of Canada, 13th Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Canadian Manufacturers of Chemical Specialties Association, oth Annual Meeting and Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Industrial Hygiene Foundation, 28th Annual Meeting, MeLlon Institute, Pittsburgh Association of Clinical Scientists, Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. American Heart Association, Los Angeles, Calif. California Fertilizer Association, 40th Annual Convention, San Francisco, Calif. National Agricultural Chemicals Association, 30th Annual Meeting, Hot Springs, Virginia American Society for Microbiology, 3rd Interscience Conference on Antimic rooial Agents and Chemotherapy, Washington, D.C. National Safety Congress and Exposition, Chicago, 111. American College of Surgeons, San Francisco, Calif. International Symposium on Plasma Phenomena and Measurements, Electrical and Electronics Engineers, San Diego, Calif. Parenteral Drug Association, Annual Convention, New York, N.Y. Institute of LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS 802 Safety Code Chart on Industrial Trucks. A chart shows in graphic form a comparison of the provisions of the applicable state laws and codes with the provisions of the American Standard Safety Code for Powered Industrial Trucks, ASA B56. 1-1959. The chart is one of a series which, when complete, will provide com parisons of the provisions of state laws and codes with comparable provisions of American Stand ard Safety Codes in major areas subject to occupational safety and occupational hygiene regula tions. Single copies are available, without charge, while the supply lasts, from the U.S. Depart ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, Washington 25, D.C. -- Safety Maint. 12b, 53 (Sept. 1 a<o3) 01 132 1851 Industrial Hygiene Digest- Septerr b'- r, t 603 Air Pollution Control Bill Approved. - . -, 1 An air pollution control bill has been approved-by the House by a vote of to H. R. 6518, known as the Clean Air;Act, gives the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare more power than the 1955 Air Pollution-Control Act which.it is designed to replace. Secretary if HEW would establish a national research program, of air pollution prevention'and c-jr.troi and w rr.akc grants to help state and local pollution control authorities. In addition, hr *oula have a.tho-j ritv to call conferences on air pollution problems; make recommendations for abating air pollution, and, when other remedies had tailed, file suit to force abatement of air pollution. Opponents n thi: bill, who feared that it gave the Federal Government too much enforcement power, tried to get the bill sent back to committee but were defeated by a vote of 41 to i_. " . .. j -- Chem. Eng. New s 4_^, 31 (A.g. 9, 1 ^ 3) - ' .. 804 Ohio Weighs Tax Exemptions for Air PollutiomControls. 'V' - " . ; ', " Lawmakers wrangled over whether industry should be granted broad tax cohsessior.s for air pollution control facilities. The Senate passed and returned to the House for concurrtr.ce a bill to grant real estate, personaf.prope rty, corporation franchise and sales tax exc: ,t:ons for air pollutionicontrol installations, on both existing and future equipment. ' As original, ipproved by the House, the bill provided only a sales tax'exemption. The measure touched off a lively dis- t pute, with supporters arguing it will help Ohio industry reduce pollution and yet remain competi- I tive. Opponents contend it rewards industrialists for doing what they are'required-by law to do in the first place, . Fate of the bill was uncertain, i ` ,; Air Eng. 5, 8 (Aug.- 19d3) 805 Florida Eyes Air Pollution Controls. . ' ? . . A new air pollution control law was favorably reported out by the Senate public health committee. The measure would make, it compulsory for an air pollution commission to file charges against any industry rejecting a request by the state .board of health to discontinue practices that j pollute the air. The bill would be enfbrced.by^an air pollution commission, executive director and | other staff personnel, .- . .. Air Eng. '5, 8 (Aug. 1 Jo3) j 80b Interior Wants More Money for Pesticide Research. .. ' Secretary of the Interior, Stc .ft L. (JdalT, .called on Congress recently to lift the pre sent 53.6 million ceiling on appropriations for.research on pesticides and their effects on fish and wild Life. A bill (H..R. 4487) now before the House Interior Committee would give Interior more authority to conduct pesticide research. Secretary. Udall bases his request for more money on the research report for 1961-1963 just released by the'-Fish and Wildlife Service. "The report calls | attention to the glaring inadequacies1 in-knowledge about wildlife pesticide relationships' , he says. , -- Chem. Eng. News 41-, 1 (Aug. 19, 1963) BOOKS, PAMPHLETS; AND NOTICES; 807 Occupational Disease in California, 1961. State of California, Department of Public Health, Bureau of Occupational Health. 30 pp. (Date no,t given). FOR SALE BY: State of California, Department of Public Health, Bureau of Occupational Health, ,315.1 Berkeley Way, Berkeley 4, California, PRICE: Not given, ;1 'j1 .- This review summarize* lb, 495 doctors' reports of;occupational disease from among over 5 million persons covered by the California-workm-n's compensation law in 1961, The l^ol data summarized here do not d::ier mirked!y-from previous years and are primarily for use of the local health departments and other official agencies in California concerned-with the health of 01 132 1885 4. Industrial Hygiene Digest workers. Among all industry groups, agriculture had the highest rate with *. r-u.r:= pational disease per 1,000 workers; followed by construction, 6.4; and rr. anutacturmc, 1. Within the manufacturing division, rates fluctuated from 13.,? reports per i.OQC rubber and miscellaneous plastic products to 0.8 reports per 1, 000 workers .r. pet r . .rr icts. Most occupational diseases fall into the traditional categories of skin conditions, r ju.r,.- tory conditions, effects of environmental conditions and systemic poisonings. The hucur-i; n. ,st frequently implicated in these diseases are poison oak, food products, agricult-ral .icr i chemicals generally used as sol cents. In California, 39,"49 men ana 15, "01 corr.cr. >ji -v - r - .r., age (L5-o4) died during 1960. Only a small proportion of these deaths are finally classic.ed a = to occupational disease. Every death Certificate filed during 1 o 1 w ith mention ot pp.e _-o . c j- . . - . , was re v tew eu and counted. Since this was a departure from the precious method of .u-intin. -cn deaths, the fatality table for I9el is not comparable to previous years. -- A-tnur s r,r. 808 Safety in Industry. Mechanical and Physical Hazards. No. 5, Bull. 3 5o. Static E.e^t nc ,f. . U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards. 30 pp. (191> 3 >. TOR SAe-E V: o-p.r:rtendent of Documents, L'.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 35, D.C, P RIC E: . - Today, static electricity is not considered a phenomenon which excites r.ur. = - ..-.--.t.. It is considered by most people to be a nuisance which causes shocks, unruly hair, ^..ngir.g _. othe a, or other annoyances. To people who are concerned with industrial safety, it is more than ir, anr.ovance, it is a hazard which, in many areas, can be dangerous. This bulletin ciacussea static e.ectrical phenomena not as an exhaustive treatise but as a short survey of possible causes and controls. The explanations used have been simplified and are included to develop a practical basis for under standing and discussion. The generation of static electricity cannot be prevented but its accumula tion can be controlled. The uncontrolled discharge of a static accumulation which results in a spark energetic enough to be a source of ignition is the primary hazard of static electricity. This may be an acute problem if there is the possibility of such an occurrence in a tlammable atmos phere. Operations, including paint spraying, tank cleaning, the transfer ot petroleum products, grain handling, printing, or other processes in which flammable vapors may be present, must in clude static controL as a factor. When and where static electrical hazards exist are not difficult ti determine. The evaluation of the extent of the hazard and the proper control methods require norspecialized knowledge and study. s09 Safety in Industry. Organization and Administration. No. 4, Bull. 355. Using injury Star, sti; . U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards. 18 pp. (lQb3). FOR SALE BY: rv.p- r:ntendent of Documents, U.S. Government 9 Tinting Office, Washington 35, D.C. PRIC E: i5 .its. The safety man should not unde r - e stimate the significance ot the statistical data ..n trv injury experience of the company. The Pastis Prologue" could well be the heading ..n verv -ijrt and table of injury statistics because past experience, properly applied, is the guioe to future safety activities. The dictionary defines statistics as the science which deals with the collection, classi fication, and use of numerics, facts or data bearing on a subject or matter. Injury statistics re :'> ct not only the results of the safety program, but also the effectiveness of the safety organization. This bulletin, one of the Safety in Industry series dealing with organization and administration, discusses the Latitude and limitations of injury statistics and suggest how such statistics can b>utilized as a means for establishing an injury prevention program. Some people infer from the word "statistics" a cold and impersonal array of useless figures as dull and ary a= Ju = t. ouch inference can be avoided by thinking cf them in terms of experience. Injury statistics ha.. a sig nificant role m accident prevention. ney are indispensable for the intellectual ana rr.tthocivu; conduct of business, and miss stat. -s are a useful tool because they represent the ooii ct;v < experience of many individuals. The records of such occurrences make possible a scientific ap proach to accident prevention. Because past experience, properly applied, is the guide to futursafetv activities, this bulletin points the way to the use of such data to accomplish th> desir. u re sults. . 01 132 1880 Industrial Hygiene. Digest September, ,'tri 810 Mental Disorders in Socially Defined Populations. -Isabel McCaffrey. E.a.neCamming and Claire Rudolph. Am.-'J. Public Health 3_3, j ,1025-1030''(July. l 6 3). ' . * ;: . , - The authors' hypothesis that groups,|of people,; applying for assistance from social s. r- vice agencies have a high degree of association with mental' disorders, is 'supported. This associa tion is, found not only with organic disorder and alcObbiism-among men but1 also with the functional disorders. The highest degree of association for the functional disorders is found among men . u.hose problems are associatedwith roie represented in this report because -of the failur type-sj ., . Roie failures m women probably agencies-studied.' Other-types of are inadequate agencies are iIv 1- suggested for further study. The'findings tend!to confirm the proposition that one visible social sign of mental illness is failure to,.meet role ^obligations ;andexpectations. It therefore seems reasonable to believe that wJe 'shill be: led closer to untreated as-.well as treated mental disorders as we develop more precise definitions of personal failure;and social disruption..*'. . - - . : '' Authors' summarv 81 1 Democracy and-Rehabilitation of the Mentally III. W. N.,Deane. Arch. Gen. Psychiat.` 9,', 1 (July 1 9b3); ^-t. - I Descriptive! evidence from a rehabilitation-project is'presented to support the thesis that rehabilitation of the'mentally ill, in hospital settingsiicari be democratic and avoid techniques and ! philosophies associated with'the - organization man''y .''Company unioniam '. lbrainwashing", and I ' militaristic:indoctrination:;., as well as,.misguided overindulgent humantarianism. Data on group j interview, rational classificatiohipf patients' for group purposes, -utilization of reward and punish ment m order to' stress privileges and responsibilities, high expectations for patients, based oh i the opportunity for gradually more'complex decision-making, and stressing of the individual need to the exclusion of efficiency; ..where nece ssary,. are presented in support of this thesis. ` .- i ! ", -I J. Am. Med. Assn. Referencesand Reviews 812 Attainment of Optimum Health. Ji M. Mather. : Can. Med. Assn. J. - 89, 175-181 (July 2 7. 1963). The history of the worker in public health is'reviewed,*his present activities are as sessed, `and predictions are made concerning.,his, future role. ' It is emphasized that the public . health specialist is but one member of the totaljhealth team in the community. His interdepen dence' with other disciplines must.be accepted if optimal health care is to be provided. Although * prepared specifically for pubiic.health workers, this article has direct relevance to the future of the medical profession as a whole. In' view of the presept'intense interest in thefuture pattern of health care in Canada, the viewpoint of a physician withadual background in public health and medical school administration:and teachihg.is considered to be particularly.,pertinent. , '? '' ^ :<' *. ' 1 -i *' V* ; Author's abst. 81 3 Ergonomics--The1 Study of Man at Work, with-Special-Reference to the Psychological Factors in the Practice of Industrial Hygiene!. R. A. McFarland. h. .. - " . Am,. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 24,'>>'209-221 (May-June; 19,63). ' - '1. ' ` ,. V ' I Many major'problems ^inequipment-and workspace design have resulted from the failureto give sufficient consideration to human capabilities andlimitations. The effectiveness of any man-machine system depends upon .the integrationipf the biological characteristics of. the operator with the mechanical design of, the equipment'and!working-areas'. The1 initial phase of a program in human engineering, or ergonomics, should always"'consist of airiUadvance analysis of the. equipment including a survey of the nature of the task, the,work surroundings;, the location of controls and instruments,'and the way the operator performs his duties. .The basic, data needed in human 01 132 1887 ' t*'- Industrial Hygiene Digest Sept- rr r , ; i - engineering include those which describe the range of human body size at rest and :n rr.otiur., o-.c- mechanical abilities including range, strength, speed and accuracy of motion, sensory aoi.ities and human reactions to the physical variables ot the environment. Only by the application j: :h s-.- kinds of data to the design of the workspace, controls, instruments and environment, can tr.. .i.r*- er be assured of maximum comfort, efficiency and safety in the performance of his task. In -in clusion, it is important to note that the industrial hygienist is in an unusually fat crab.. i-nt.-t assist in the development and application of human engineering m industry by virtue uf r.i- tre.n.n,, background, and special interests. -- Author s summarv 5 14 A Recanting r.rgometer. P. G. Petty. Lancet _1_, 97o (May 4, l9os). A new electromechanical recording ergcmeter is described. The patient s nanagnp is exerted against an adjustable spring via a pair oi handles. The movement of the handles is .onverted into an electrical signal which is applied to in ECG machine to provide a permanent r -ore. The instrument is simple and cheap to construct. - J. Am. Med. Assn. Refer .nc s arc R v , 815 Management of Fractures of the Hand. P. R. Lips-omb. Am. Surgeon 2_R, 277 (April lb3). ' The management of fractures of the small bones of the hand is reviewed. Often these fractures are treated as minor injuries resulting m severe disability. Perfect reduction with particular attention to correct alignment and rotation is necessary to restore normal function. When small dorsal fragments are present, a single Kirschner wire passed through the joint is the best means of immobilization. Bandaging must give even pressure, permit no motion at the site of injury, and be non-constricting and comfortable. For severe or multiple fractures of the hand, edema and thereby, stiffness may be prevented by the use of voluminous dressings applied with the hand and wrist in the position of function (grasp of a moderately firm ball of fluffed dressings) until the acute reaction of the injury subsides. This usually takes about 4 days. After that time, all joints that are not necessarily immobilized are kept moving freely. The patient must be seen at regular intervals by the physician. His progress must be evaluated and the restoration of function encouraged until recovery is complete. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Reviews 8 1 o Free Mwttressed Fascia Lata Patches in Repair of Large or Difficult Hernias: A Sixteen Year Expe nenc e. J. . Hamilton. Ann. Surg. 157, 925 (June 1983). Since 1946, free fascia lata patches were used to repair 24 of the largest and most oiffi- cult hernias. There were no recurrences or operative deaths. Three repairs were done within the previous 18 months; the remaining 21 are 3 to 15 years old. The integrity of the repair was unaffected in 5 cases developing minimal to moderate wound infection. The persistence oi sound fascia is attested to both by biopsy and by the fact that 3 patients were reoperated on through the fascial repair with subsequent sound healing. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Reviews 817 Solar Retinitis. S. Y. Shirley. Can. Med. Assn. J. ^9, 134- 135 (July 20, 19o3). Retinal burns can be produced by direct gazing at the sun. This lesion is caused by the thermal effects of the visible and near infrared rays focused on the pigment structure behind the retina. It is rarely seen, as the normal eye will tolerate omy fleeting glances at the sun, but is fairly common during a solar eclipse. In the present case a 21-year-old girl was sun bathing June 1, 1963. She stated that several times during the afternoon she forced herseif to look di rectly into the sun for a number of seconds. On the same evening she noticed that her vision was blurred and on attempting to read she noticed that parts of the words seemed to be missing. She was seen June 4, and her vision was 20/50 in the right eye and 20/60 in the left. Ophthalmoscopic examination showed that the media were clear, the optic discs were normal, and both macuiae were dematous with a cherry red depressed spot in their centers. The appearance of the retina was similar to that of a central serous retinopathy. Her visual fields showed a small central scotoma to 1/1000 white test-object each eye. A diagnosis of solar retinitis was made. The patient was admitted to a hospital and placed on dexamethasone 0.75 mg. 4 times daily, and bed rest. Over 1 132 18SS Industrial Hygiene Digest September, : -c } ` a period of 2 weeks the macuiar.e ema subsided but the red depressed areas remained, sugg- stir.; an early formation of macular, hoi- s. At present, her vision is 20^30, right eye, and -0/40, .-.ft! eye.; In viewing a solar eclipse ,a:\'o. 4 density filter (or shade No.` 10) is recommenced; as a ' rough test this filter will abolish he-readabiiity of print on a oO-watt incandescent frosted electric light bulb. * .1 | 818 , ; t Laser Photocoagulation of the E e. . M. M". Zaret, et al. Arch. Ophthalmol, o^, (19i3)V - ... ,1 '. i .' . The pulsed ruby : i as V (optical maser) was used to produce ocular lesions in rabbits. An energy density of 0. 1 joule/ Jq. cm. m a 0.8-msec, pulse at a wavelength of o94. 3 milli. ' V microns was attained. Immediite and delaycd^ffects were observed. At the site of the intense ; focal image, a small retinal bu .-n was immediately apparent. Gradually, it enlarged as the heat , was conducted to the surround ng tissue. The ultimate size of the coagulated area was dependent I on the intensity of the laser b' lm and the degree of retinal pigmentation. By using neutral density filters to attenuate the mcider . energyle sions varying tn diameter from 1 to 0.1 mm. were pre-- duced. Histologic examinatic of the lesions showed typical photocoagulation injury. j . , ." , ' , 1 -- J. Occ. Med. Absts. 819 * The Pet; on of Hyaluronic vcid in Pleural Fluids of Cases with Diffuse Pleural Mesotheliomas. ' J. S. Hw.'.r.gton, J. C.` <Vag er and, Marianne Smith., ' ^. ; Brit. J. Exptl. Pathol. 44, 81-83 (Feb. 1963). . , ' . 'J Hyaluronic acid - as isolated in concentrations .ranging from 0.012-0. 79r from the . ` ' pleural fluids of 6 histdchemically-proven cases of diffuse pleural mesothelioma. In four cases, the concentration increase : with the progress of the.disease, and in one of these it dropped rapidly before death. It was presumed that this was due to gel-formation by the polysaccharide. The de- - tection of hyaluronic acid in the pleural fluid is. a-useful aid to the diagnosis of diffuse pleural meso theliomas. , . ! . . .. . -- Bull. Hyg. | 820 Epidemiology of Nonbact' rial Pneumonia Among Naval Recruits. J. Am, Med. Assn. 185. 92-99 (July. 13, 1963). L. F. Miller, et al. . j . Studies of an pidemic of acute respiratory disease and pneumonia in September through November, ,1961',' indicated a high degree of association of Type 4 adenovirus with both diseases. Incidence of the* disease' was positively correlated with the number of Naval recruits entering ; training. Routine injection of non-respirator'y-disease vaccines accentuated the incidence, whereas p'enicillin prophylaxis d.d not.- The pneumonia rate was highest among recruits from the northern ` United States, but was hot related to previous urban or rural residence. Clinically and epidemio- ) logically, the pneumonia was similar to that reported.previously as having affected military re- , cruits in the U.S. and the United Kingdom. . ] . -- Authors' abst. ; 821 The Relationship of Reported Coronary Heart Disease Mortality to Physical Activity of Work. ' H. A. Kahn. - Am. J. Public Health 53, 1058- 1067 (July 1963). ! ; . Findings that relate physical activity of work to incidence of coronary heart disease ! (CHD) have been disputed. This study addresses itself to this problem by examining letter car- i riers and postal clerics. The'findings tend to support the relation between physical activity and : heart disease. The clerk/carner ratio was found.in this study to be about 1.4 to 1.9 times as * high a risk for clerks as compared to carriers. This appears to approximate fairly closely find- > ings for'early CHD mortality* in bus drivers (l.:5 age-adjusted) compared to the more active bus , conductors (0.8 age-adjusted). The present study suggests ' in addition that current physical acti- , ' Vity may be more c osely associated'with this differential than is the individual's life-time aver- ; age" for physical activity on the job. ; .i 01 132 1883 ) Industrial Hygiene Digest 5e-ptrr.O' r, . 1 822 Effect of Buffered Lobeline Sulfate on Cigarette Smoking. Practitioner LQ 0, old (19o3). J, Merry and G. Preston. 4 Tablets containing'lobeline sulfate l mg. magnesium carbonate 115 mg., sne trioas.. calcium phosphate IsO mg. were tested in a clinical trial with 90 volunteer subjects, ill ho spits, staff members. The subjects were interviewed weekly for 4 weeks. During week i, ail atterr.nt- u to stop smoking unamec; for week l, the subjects received a placebo. Those who had not stoppe : smoking after the s.cona week (o3 subjects) were divided into two matched groups, are continuing in the placebo (32 subjects) and the other receiving buffered lobeime sulfate tablets (31 su'o.ect s ). Th. subjects a- re told ail the tablets containea the experimental substance. The numoe-r of cig arettes smoked each dav was recordec by each subject. When the two groups were analysed, . paring the consumption of cigarettes at the end of l and of 4 weeks, the number of cigarettes ir.oici was 10. 0 and 3. 3 for the "lobeline group versus 10. 0 and 8.4 for the "placebo group . It was con ceded that while many subjects succeeded in reducing their consumption of cigarettes curing the study period, this result could not be attributed to the lobeline. -- Can. Med. A = sr.. J. .Absts. 823 Mycotic Infections of Animals Transmissible to Man. H. C. Rowsell. Am. J. Med. Sci. 24, 333- 344 (March 19o3). . The literature is reviewed on mycotic infections common to animals and man. Precise knowledge of the role of the animal in transmission of the mycos -s is not available except for the dermatophytes. " The patterns of transmission are difficult to analyze because of the ubiquity of most pathogenic fungi and the possibility of long incubation periods. "As bacterial and viral dis eases are conquered, the fungal diseases resistant to most chemotherapeutic agents will pose a greater problem. " An evaluation is made of the incidence of the specific mycoses in animals and the potential for transmission of each mycosis from animals to man. The mycoses are discussed under the headings of superficial mycotic infections (dermatophytes) and deep mycotic infections (systemic). The mycoses discussed as superficial infections are dermatomycosis, piedra, maduro- mycotic mycetomas, phycomycosis, and aspergillosis. The deep mycoses discussed are histo plasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidiodomycosis, cryptococcosis, and moniliasis. There are 133 references to the subject. * Public Health Eng. Absts. 824 Occupational Infectious Diseases with Special References to Zoonosis in Agricultural Work A. Brandt. 2. ges. Hyg. u. lhre Grenzgebiete 9, 23-35 (Jan. 1983). German. . This paper from the German Democratic Republic contains much analyzed statistical information on the incidence of infectious diseases caused by occupation. In the first part of this paper, there 13 a description and a detailed table of the number of infections suffered by persons engaged in the care of the sick in 1980 and 1961 which are grouped as: (l) medical, (2) nursing and allied occupations, and (3) technical and administrative. The three most frequent infections observed were in the order: infectious hepatitis, tuberculosis, and dysentery. Practicing phy sicians and nursing personnel were chiefly affected. The second part of the paper is demoted to a detailed analysis of notified zoonosis which occurred in people in a large number of different occupations concerned with the care or handling of animals. The number of these reported in fections showed a considerable increase in 1981, compared with 1960, except in the case of orni thosis, and in 1961 the actual figures were: trichophytosis (428 cases), ornithosis (290), bruc. .- losis (133), erysipeloid (122) and bovine tuberculosis (116). This increased reported incidence is stated to be the result of increasing efforts by country physicians to diagnose zoonoses and better care m the field of industrial hygiene. -- Bull. Hyg. 825 Ticks (Ixodidae) on Birds Migrating from Europe and Asia to Africa, 1959- 1961. H. Hoogstraai, et al. Bull. World Health Organization 2^, 235-262 (1963). The need for imaginative thinking and research in the epidemiology of diseases trans mitted by arthropods is made manifest by new views of the longevity and host ranges of arthropodborne viruses, as well as by other biological and medical phenomena. Among these is the inter continental transport of ticks by migrating birds. During the fail migration periods of 1953, PcO, and 1961, 32,086 birds (comprising 72 forms) were examined for ticks in Egypt while en ro-te from Asia and eastern Europe to tropical Africa. Of these, 40 forms, represented by 31,434 01 132 1890 9. Industrial Hygu rir Digest' -- 1 ' * ,, : ' ', '*3 p t r m b' r, birds, were tick-infusted.i The bird hosts,'numbering- 1,040 (3., 31 ? of the tick-infe ?tvnr : forms examined), bore l,7ol ticks, or l.o^ ticks per host. Comtfion tick specie s taker. :r irr the birds are enumerated. Ticks are known to be reserviors ana vectors of pathog-.-r. = ca-..5.r.s i ' number of human and animal diseases in Europe and Asia. Several of the bird hosts ha-, u.io been iricriminated as reservoirs in their summer ranges. Over 30 strains ofrpathogenic . irus-s wr*. isolated from these birds ana their ticks in Egypt in the 1-961 fall migration period. Th- most difficult problems m investigations.-such as this in many parts of.the world are taxonom- ones: the correct identification of birC hosts, of immature stages of ticks, and of viruses. , ' - '' ;, _ . - . Cond., from Public Health Ena. ^ost-1 I. . , 'i .. ' " ' -. . ' ado Survey of Brucellosis in-Alaska'. B, E. Huntley, R.' N.< Philip and J. E-. Mavr.ert. J.-Infectious Diseases 113, lOO-lOo (Jan.-Feb. 1963). '.... ' * . I j | ' A strain of Brucella pathogenic for man has been isolated from the c.triDu-u, Rang if- r ; . ~ tar andus,. Serological evidence inaicat-s that brucellosis is prevai-nt among the r.at:-- p^pu. ,i. : -! of Alaska that are dependent upon caribou for food. Although its pr-cis. taxor.prr..^ position : > not I yet established, the cultural and antigenic ^characteristics of the isolated organism suggest .------- r relationship to Brucella- me-lite-r.si.s than to either B. sms or B. .abortus, J . ' ' *. , -j ; ' ', . - -- Public Health Eng. Ab = is. ! s- .; 837 Incidence of Brucella Infection Among Slaughterhouse Workers, H. A. Valkenburg, et a.. . Ned- Tijdschr. Genee.sk; ~ 107, 439 (March 9, i96i), .... . .- j ! j.` . 1 .; "` . ` ' " The incidence of infection with Brucella species was investigated with the aid of the r > rapid agglutination test and the complement fixation test in 1,043 workers in 13 slaugh- -houses ; and in 333 adults who served as controls. The tests revealed a-significantly higher inc. .snee among the' slaughterhouse workers than among the controls. The highest incidence of Bruce 11a ! infections was'found among butchers and.workers engaged in the processing of offal (16.rc), the ; lowest among administrative .and'technical personnel, ibout 3Te). The incidence in this latter ; g roup'wasTabout the same asthat found in controls, une'reas among veterinarians, meat inspectors, and laboratory pe rsonnet the incidence of Brucella infection was IGT:. The se percentage s show that there is a corre 1 ation' between the incidence of Brucella infection and the extent of contact ' I with slaughtered animals. , ... , * -- J. Am; Med; Assn. References and Reviews j 838 The Continuing Threat'of Small Pox. Ai S.' Benenson. Arch. Environmental Health^* 96- 100 (July 1963). . ` . . , j Importation of small pox into small pox-free areas in this era of jet trace . is prev ent' : ; only by effective defense using jennerian vaccination. This is usually applied by individual phy- 1 * sicians who then certify to its effectiveness on internationally accepted documents. Because cl ! ' allergic sensitivity of previously vaccinated mdividuals'to vaccinal protein, most improperly v ac - i cinated individuals develop allergic reactions indistinguishable from those seen in the fully im- ' mune. Vaccination failures can largely be eliminated by4he use of potent, preferably treeze-arivc ! vaccine, followed by examination, ' to 9 days'later, when successful vaccination show s inflammu- ' tion surrounding the'central lesion'.. Immediate re vaccination of ail-those showing no actual mEurr.- * mation results in effective immunity of the maximal number of individuals. j ' . - -1 J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Review- j. 839 Diseases of Insect's of Medical Importance in Europe, J. Weiset. Bull. World Health Organization 38, .131-137 (1963). . ; . ' j - The biological control of insects carrying human diseases was first attempted rr.anv . years ago, but the results were disappointing-owing to the insufficiency of information on the ecology and pathology of such insects at the time. In recent years, however, increased knowUcge of insect pathology and ecology and the development of insecticide-resistance have lec to a r- v ' of intehest ih this method of.vector control. Most of th< ':-.-cent published work on this subject r- lates to findings in North'America; comparatively little ..nformation has hitherto been availabl. .n respeet to Europe. This paper, which is based oh a survey of the* literature ana on the author's \ ; ' j 1 10 01 132 1891 Industrial Hygiene- Digest ' " j own experience, presents the results of research on diseases of insects of meaica. irr.oortar.c. Europe. Infection with viruses, rickettsiae, bacteria, funga, protozoa ana nctr.dtuo- = ,ri. i... sed and suggested lines tor future European research on biological control are put unit-.. -- Public Health Er.g. Aohj. SKIN DISEASES AND BURNS 3 JO Regional Studies in Skin Cancer. First Report: North Western Queensland. H. Silverstone. Mea, J. Australia 312 (March 1, 1'163). Examinations and inquiries were made of 284 men and 210 women oier the ag' o; 2 0 years. There were 5 3. 9<r. of the men, and 39""s of the women who w ere found to have xc ratosv s. The prevalence rates for skin cancer (basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma) were 11.3': for men and 9.5 Ti for women. Of the 242 patients with lesions of one kind or another only ic (35.' ' ) had ever received treatment for their skin lesions. In particular, of the 52 patients juag- a to ha.e skin cancer, 33 (63. 5 ^c) had never received treatment. Keratoses were nearly twice as common among persons who suffered from sunburn as among those whose skin tanned readily. The rela tive risks of skin cancer in the groups appeared to be of the order of 2:1. Men showed a sharpiy increasing tendency to keratoses according to the degree of exposure to sunlight received in their daily occupations. Skin cancer was found much more frequently among patients with keratoses than among those without keratoses. About one-third of the keratoses and nine-tenths of the skin cancers occurred on the face and neck; the remainder were on the hands and arms. -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Reviews CHEMICAL HAZARDS 33 1 Industrial Hygiene in Retrospect and Prospect -- Toxicological Aspects. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 4, 222-226 (May-June 1963). H. F. Smith, Jr. Much progress has been made in the protection of health and safety through the studv of toxicological properties of materials used in home and industry. It is time that the objectives and methods of these studies be re-examined in the light of broadened concepts for the future. Our techniques and goals must be more precise and better defined to meet the changes of progress and time. . -- Author's abst. 832 Experimental Cancer of the Lung. L. M. Shabad. Federation Proc. ^2, Part II, T33 1 (March-April 1963). (see IHD Abst. No. 128 Feb. 1 m3). Experimental attempts to induce cancer of the lungs in animals are reviewed and r - suits presented of successful attempts to induce lung cancer in rats. The technique involved in troducing 9, l 0-dimethyl-1.2 - benzanthracene once per month intratracheally, as a mixture :r. Ir.ciu ink powder (2 mg. carcinogen and 0.2 mg. India ink). Initial proliferations occurred 2 1/2 months at the site of deposition (as indicated by the India ink); by 5 months, definite squamous cvT. monary carcinoma was seen. Of '4 rats variously treated, adenomatous proliferations wer ,een in 9, pulmonary adenocarcinoma ,n 1, focal proliferations of metaplastic epithelium in 13, ma squamous cell cancer of the lung in 21. Metastases were seen in 3 of the squamous cell vane cases. Positive results have also been obtained with 3,4-benzpyrene. The India ink is b. .; ., c to function as an adsorption medium, retaining the carcinogen in contact with lung tissue Lr a period sufficient to permit a reaction to occur. -- J. Occ. Mea. Aost=. 01 132 1S92 1 1. Incustnal H-igi-rn Dige ,t S'-ot'-rr ot-r. s 3 i Health Hazaras of Selected Rocket Pro'pe-Uants. Ji; Ei Boy sen. . - Arch. Environmental Health 71-'75' (J'-iiy=* V'v<i 3)." > .1 Many of the pre sent-cav prope.l.ar.ts. and' uxiciz.' r-s pr-_ sent'unusuai problems be-caus- ji tht:tr high order of toxicity and the huge quantities lisec. The current concept of concur ret: c r* at' s additional problems- be cause de.sigr. and proc..aural decisions must be made- be for i th-. : . "iopm.ent of adecTate'toxieoiogicai and'c iinica'i data.'- The approach' of some of these pc o-| . ms is discussed. Brief re surr.e a of the follow ingfcorr.pounas are. included: chiorir.e tr.ifiuori de .1 r.\ :r :ir.. , ... - iim- the:hyd racine, hycrdgen-pe roxide n'-p'ropVi nitrite, alkyl borancs, n'ttrog j J loci- , ir.-i ? r _ h. . rv. tmo ride ., y"- J'"j. --> J.i'.Am..- .Med. Assn. -References and R.--.i ew l ! 3 34 A T-oxicupathoIogic Stucyi in Ani'ma.'s' Afte r Brief Single'Exposures to Hvbro'gen Fluoride.- i1 M. J. Rose-nhqltz, et ai. Arrl.l ind. i Hyg; A s'sn. Jf 24,-253-2oi (Mav-June 19ci). . it is like I v that hydrogen tiuoriac (HF-)"'. apor/wili be'one- of. the .product's found ir. th>- I e xhaust fum.es of some- of the advanced'missiles.' The..possibility that men might be xposed tp > high concentrations of ^his vapor for .short period-''of time has therefore increased.- Similar ex- j posure to HF vapor may also occur in industr.iesirnanufacturing, using, or storing this acid gas.. J These increased possibilities of. exposure have createdithe need for additional toxicological, irfor-1 m.ation to aid in evaluating the hazards and estimating safe,.concentrations of HF in single, short j exposures u> men. In this investigation the LC50 value's for single exposures to HF were-found to* be 4070, 2e<0, 2040, and 1310 ppm for rats exposed respectively for periods oi 5, 15, 30 anc oO j minutes. Rats, dogs, and-rabbits were exposed also to.concentrations of'bfc to 50r- of the LC50 values for rats. Signs of intoxication and pathology are described. Renal and hepatic lesions uere noted. Hum' an sens`ory level's rr.a'*yw"iAb'e-more se,, nj'Vsitive` than ani`mal studies in establishing^ tolerable levels for brief human.exposures. i-- - '* ' - ,. S35 The efficacy of Ozomzation of Water from the iNorth Donets-Donbass Canal for Drinking Purposes. B. L. Vakhier. Gigiena i Sanit. No. 3, 3-14 -(':',b3).' , j On the basis of facts and experimenta.: :!a,-; an attempt is made to demonstrate the ad- j isabiiity of using ozone for drinking water treatment and to determine the parameters of ozomzaj tion for the purpose of designing new ozomzationstations. In canal and other surface sources with water of low turbidity, ozomzation will apparently become the main, if not the only, means of a ate r tr-atment without the employment of ailarge number of generally used expensive and deticiejr.t reagents. As a result of oil -ization, the,"quality of drinking water, judging by its bacteriological!' and organoleptic indices, wT. not be inferior, to' that'of pure, natural water. The cost of water ozomzation as compared with the cost of commonly used reagents will.be 5 to lor-. cheaper. j' -- Public Health Eng. Absts. I .' - 1 /;v' J >?. ' '1 -' '. ; 33b Nitrogen Dioxide Poisoning. 1. Occupational-Significance.and Evaluation of Toxicologic Data and Experimental Methodology. , R. H. Kooiker, !L. M. Schuman andYick-Kwong Chan. Arch. Environmental Health 17;- T3-lb''.(July 19b3). New or recently recognized occupational hazards,, such as silo filler's disease, increas'e the number of situations in which consideration should.be given to nitrogen dioxide exposure. Adei- quate information on acute poisoning with nitrogen dioxide is important. Experimental data are : also of value .in relation to the unexplored concept of nitrogen dioxide as an etiologic factor in j chronic respiratory disease..1 The literature reveals inadequate data concerning the hazard of such poisoning. Experimental studies are numerous, but the data are conflicting, and comparison.of i results is difficult. Few reports include sufficient information to permit evaluation of the alidity|. of the reported findings. '' , >, ' . .. " Authors' summary 837 Nitrogen Dioxide Poisoning, 11. A New Approach to Experimental Exposure Studies: Methodology Using A Static System, with Statistical Evaluation of Factor Variability. R. H. Kooiker, L. M. Schurr.An and Yick-Kwong Chan. - Arch. .Environmental Health. _7. - lb-32 (July I9b3)l ' In a new approach to experimental exposure studies, a static type chamber of relati -.lv small size is used. The chamber has features for rapid and safe introduction and removal of 12. - ' '' . 01 132 1893 Incustridi Hv4i1.n1; Digest inimals, standardisation of animal activity, and accurate maintenance of t-.-st s-ostar.i . cr.c-. tration. This static exposure chamber is suitable and adaptable for toxicologic st.cies ;r. g.n- eral. A modified chemical method is used to determine the concentration of nitrogen dioxide .r. permanently trapped atmospheric samples. Infrared analysis could not be satisfactorily aoapt 1 for continuous monitoring of nitrogen dioxide. Flowing samples of the test atmosphere are . :r.- tinuously monitored tor carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations to study the poss.b.e ir.fi-vr.c_- of these gases on the toxicity of nitrogen dioxide. Data obtained from animai exposure experi ments performed a ith this methodology are subjectea to statistical analysis. A unique use of standard statistical methods tor evaluation of toxicologic data provides evidence for the cone .usi or that this experimental methodology permits replication of the required experimental conditions. The acc-racv and precision of this reproducibility is such that definitive investigations 01 nitrogen dioxide poisoning are possible. This is the first in a series of reports on mv e stigations nitro gen dioxide poisoning especiaLLy oriented toward increasing the knowledge concerning *.. aspects of silo tiller's disease. There are 77 references to the subject. -- Authors s-.rr.marv 838 The Acute Oral Toxicity of Reduced Iron. E. M. Boyd and M. N. Shanas. Can. Med. Assn. J. _89, 171-173 (July 37, 1963). Evidence obtained m this project suggests that Reduced Iron, N. F IX, a form of powd-. r ed elemental iron, could stand therapeutic reinvestigation as a drug with prooably very .ow toxicity. This evidence was obtained from a study of the acute toxicity of reduced iron given orally to al bino rats. The LD50 * S. E. estimated under these conditions was found to be 98.0 - 3c- 7 g. of iron per kg. body weight, or over a hundred-fold that of iron given as ferrous sulfate under the same conditions. Death from these huge doses of iron occurred at a mean _+ standard deviation of 63 1- 35 hours, and the interval to death was inversely related to dose. The immediate cause of death was respiratory failure. Clinical signs preceding death were anorexia, oligodipsia, oLigu- na, alkalosis, diarrhea, loss of body weight, hypothermia, and alternating irritability and depres sion. At autopsy there was loss of weight in most organs, accompanied by dehydration when death occurred early, and edema when death was delayed. Vascular congestion of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, spleen, adrenals and thymus gland was the dominant histopathologic sign. Toxic signs began to disappear in survivors toward the end of one week, and had completely disappeared at 3 to 4 weeks. The toxicity syndrome was somewhat similar to that seen in delayed deaths produced by much smaller toxic doses of ferrous sulfate. There are 13 re ferences in tie bibliography. -- Authors' summary 8 39 Mangamsm m Industry of Electric Batteries. Presse raed. 71, ool (March 16, 1963). F. Lutier. Mangamsm was detected in 9 men working in 3 factories of electric batteries. The rr.-mixed manganese and were exposed to the pulverulent dust for periods varying from o to 48 months. Clinically, the patients' toxic condition was similar to that usually observed in manganese miners, but was not as severe. However, the disease was not recognized at its early stage, and diagnosis was made when objective signs (disturbances in equilibrium, gait, speech, etc.) were alreadv pre sent. Six of the patients received edathamil calcium disodium, a chelating agent, in a dauv aosof 3 g. given in 3 intravenous infusions during a pefiod of 3 days. These treatment courses .v. r-_ repeated according to the patient's condition. The treatment resulted in the improvement or at least stabilization of the toxic symptoms, but none of the patients were able to resume steady vork. The toxic manifestations of mangamsm in the 3 untreated subjects deteriorated within 10 years ana lead to severe infirmity. The importance of early diagnosis of mangamsm and of measures to prevent inhaling such dust in industry is emphasized. ' -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Re . 1. vs 840 The Determination of Microgram Quantities of Tin in Foods. Mary H. Thompson and G. McClellan. J. Assn. Offic. Agr. Chemists 45^, 97Q-983 (Nov. l^fej). An accurate, sensitive colorimetric method for the determination of microgram quantities of tin has been adapted for usv with food products. The method consists essentially of a aovo, carbamate extraction and selective reduction to eliminate interfering metals, foiiow-c bv .-.or 01 132 1891 13, Industrial Hygiene Digest I September, I - 5 development with phcnylfluorone. An average recovery of lOOTy of tin was effectec. bandars deviation of the means of 1.4 micrograms and an average deviation of l .'2 micrograrrs per i!i- quot for color development containing approximately -0 micrograms of tin was obtained ;n l a samples ranging from l. 1 to :0. I- micrograms of tinrper grarri of sampie. ' ' ' \ * Public Health Eng. Absts. ' J 841 Renal Function Subsequent to Childhood Plumbism. L. B. Tapper. Arch. Environmental Health 7, ! 7o>5. (July 19o3). *.' " ` r ' ,' . . . . '. Evidence from Cueensland has suggested that delayed chronic and oftenfatal renal dis- j ease has developed in approximately one-third of persons with a history of childhood plumbism. I It was the purpose of the investigation described here to determine the extent to which renal se- 1 quelae follow childhood plumbism in Massachusetts. .An attempt was made to evaluate the current i renal status of 165 persons with a history of well-documented .lead intoxication in childhood more than JO years ago (1 924-1941). One hundred' thirty-nine cases (64%) were traced. Detailed renal screening tests were concluded m 42 persons. No convincing evidence of chronic renal disease subsequent to lead intoxication was established. [ Factors contributing to the. dissimilarity between j the Queensland and Massachusetts findings are discussed; ` -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Reviews j ^ v/ ' . .' '` i 84Z Effects of Single and Repeated E . isures of Humans and Rats to VinylChlonde. ,, " ' J D. Lester, L. A. Greenberg and W. R. Adams? , '. j Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 24, 265-275 (May-June 1963). . .j Rats exposed 8 hours daily to vinyl chloride at concentrations of 2% for 3 months and j 5 7<> for 19 days exhibited changes in liver and spl'een weight and in red.and white ceil counts. Ex- j cept in the case of liver, tissue'alterations did >not accompany these changes. The alterations in i liver morphology we re within the normal range and were not pathologic m character. Because of j other facets of the animals' response, such as rate of growth, serum transaminase and hemoglobin, j were unchanged, it:is suggested that the present threshold limit value of 0.05% need not be lowered.' i-i ! '- . < ' -- Authors' abst. } 843 The Action of Benzol in Inducing Leukemia. G.;Saita and . C. Vigliani. Med. lavoro F3, 581-586 (Oct. 19b2Italian, i . > . There were 4 cases of hemoc ytoblasticj leukemia among 3b patients with blood disorders caused by benzene who were investigated from 1942 to 1961 in the Clinica del Lavoro. The 4 cases are described: Z patient's died soon after diagnosis in 1942 and 1945; Z recently diagnosed and treated .with steroids and antimetabolites, e. g., prednisone and 6-mercaptopurme, had periods of remission, possibly due to the prevalence of microhemocytoblastic elements, grossly abnormal cells being rare. Myeloid.and lymphatic. I'-ukemia were not found. One of these recent patients was a man who had worked in the.same place as the patient who died in 1945. Several workers there had hypoplastic types of anemia, but this man was>not examined until 1949 when his blood was normal. In 1949, benzene was replaced by toluene, xylene, benzine and acetates. Hi's blood remained normal until 12 years after his! exposure to benzene ceased. (The. benzene concentration had been 10 times the MAC). In-February 1961 he developed leukemia and died 14 months Later. Findings in the other cases are mentioned:', Z patients had decreased red cells, 5 had decreased red and white cells, 4 had decreased red cells and platelets, 20had a decrease of all blood ele ments and 1 patient had a leukemoid reaction. Discussing features of the disease in these patients, the authors state that benzene-induced leukemias frequently begin.with a leucopenic phase, pre ceded by manifestations of hypoplasia'or aplasia. tBenzene probably acts as the initiating muta genic agent and successivei mutation^-give rise to the development of leukemia. - - Bull. Hyg. 844 How Insects Resist Insecticides. Jl N; Smith. ' New Scientist (London) _1_6, 144-147. (Oct. 1962). | . _ ..' : .. ' "All terrestrial animals have a set of detoxication mechanisms.which can act on a varicty of compounds foreign to the body. It is this inherited facility that enables insect populations to 1 u 01 132 1895 Industrial Hygiene- Dig., it 5c pte rr. oe r, deie-lop resistance to rr.asiiM; and repeated attack by an insecticide. They can che mo w:. v i.t_ r its molecule to an innocuous substance. Greater unde rstandyig of the process is likely, :n the long run, to serve man bette r than the search for fre sh insecticide s. " The gene rai the ory of re sistance to insecticides is developed, examples of various types of resistance are detailed, me techniques for resistance control are described. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 8q5 Principles in Assessment of Ins- cticiacs by Experimental Huts. A. Smith. Nature lqb, 171-175 (April 11, 19e5). The object of this article is to outline some general principles on insecticide assess ment which have emergen curing the course of the investigations; these arise from triads made in 20 experimental huts with different insecticides against Anopheles gambiae over the past J ,eirs. From these principles it has been possible to predict, within fairly wide limits, the overall mor tality achieved from comparatively easily obtained results--such as could be acquired from .deal houses fitted with window traps. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 846 The Antimetabolite, Imidazole as a Pesticide. J. Econ. Entomol. ^o, l-' (Feb. 10 to J >. R. J. Pence. Imidazole, an antimetabolite of histamine and nicotinic acid, has been found to be a safe and effective pesticide. The biological effects of imidazole have been evaluated on a meta bolic basis and as a contact insecticide. Reversal of imidazole with histamine, histamine deriva tives, and nicotinic acid has been demonstrated within a biological system. Imidazole, when synergized with boric acid, may be employed at low levels to proof fabrics satisfactorily against insect attack. When synergized with l-amino-pyridine and combined with base oil, imidazole quickly controlled a number of insect and related arthropod species. The effectiveness of imidazole was significantly increased by adding two surfactants to base oil. A hydrophillic surfactant has been found to increase the physiological activity of imidazole without improving the physical properties of the oil carrier, while perchloroethylene has been found to directly increase lipid solubility. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 847 Human Respiratory and Ocular Irritation Studies Utilizing o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrue Aerosols. Effect of Particle Size. E. J. Owens and C. L. Punte. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 24:, 262-264 (May-June 1963). Studies have been made with humans to determine the influence of one and sixty micron aerosols of o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile on respiratory and ocular irritating effects. Small particles rapidly produce respiratory and ocular irritation. Only 3 of 17 individuals could tolerate small particles for as long as 60 seconds. Large particles predominately produce ocular irritation. Of 18 subjects exposed, 15 were able to tolerate the cloud for at least 60 seconds. Large particles increase recovery time from ocular irritation. -- Authors' abst. 848 Toxicological Studies of DDVP for Disinsection o5 Aircraft. W. A. Rasmussen, ct al. Aerospace Med. 593-600 (July 1963). It has been proposed to use (O, O-dimethyl-2, 2-dichlorovinyl phosphate DDVP) for the disinsection of aircraft on international flights where there is a hazard of transporting and intro ducing insect vectors of human disease. The insecticide would be used as a vapor at a concen tration of 0.15 to 0. 25 microgram/l. tor a period of 0. 5 hour s during flight. The gruatest num ber of flights involving a need for disinsection on any airline schedule now in effect is 39 flights m 14 days. It is only by accident that any given member of a crew could be assigned to complete maximal schedule, and if he were, p rc sent flight regulations would then require that he be off-duty for the remainder of the month. When volunteers were exposed to DDVP at concentrations vary ing from 0. 14 to 0. 33 micrograms/l. in a duplication of the maximal schedule of exposure (3a doses in 14 days), no change related to exposure was detected in plasma cholinesterase or in mea surements of a number of physiological functions. It was evident that if any change were to De de tected, measurements would have to be made in connection with exposures to DDVP that were more frequent or more intense, or both. When the intensity of exposure was kept the same but the 15. 01 132 1896 Industrial Hygiene Digest Seat S' i J frequency increased to twicu'-thc m.ixirr.uro required .by any airline schedule, there wa a. 3v?:et:or. of plasma cholinesterase activity,'<but it was. so small.that it reached a low grade of statistical significance during only 3 of l l weeks''pf testing,. No other abnormality could be related to xposure to DDVP. The following functions or factor s, w e re investigated: complex reaction time airway resistance, near ana aistant visual acuity, visual accomrr.odat: - - steroscopic isior.. I phorias. prism, . ergenc. , fuck' r fusion, pup:. si.C 'i," peripheral ar.d cer. .. visior., cc.or . : = iof., and phvsical ana neurological status. -- Cond. trom authors' summary 3 49 Pentach.o r^ph. no. Intoxication. P . L ' E p t , . I a.. . 1 ' '. , : ' Arch, maladies profess 4,'- 310-113 (Jan;-March 19o3>. French. ... - , In l52, the senior author,and his colleagues reported the first French observations on poisoning by chlorophenols (Bull. Hyg. 3, j55o (1953)), This paper reports 3 more cases ;n for est workers concerned with steeping wood with sodium pentachlorophenate. Th> first case wasj typical and the patient recovered. The second patient died, but the features were not pathogno-j momc. The third patient suffered from an eczematiform dermatitis which clearea when he cealsed work, but which recurred when he worked again with the,pentachlorophenate, but was eventually cured. ., J . . . ' - - Bull. Hyg. j INDUSTRIAL DUSTS 850 On the Calibration of Cascade impactors. -T. T. Mercer. , .. 1. , . Ann. Occ. Hyg. (London) o, 1 (!9o3). ,. = . : I j Review of the theory of the impaction process along with the derivation of several ( equations for evaluation of impactors is presented and"applied to the results from several investi gations. Two methods of calibrating cascade impactors are compared. The "root inertial para!- meter" compares more closely with the theoretical values and is probably more meaningful than the mass medium diameter. Although nolmethod is entirely satisfactory, the use of the effective cut-off diameters in the interpretation.of data from unknown aerosols is preferable to the use of the mass median diameter. . 1- . -- J. Occ. Med. Absts. | 851 Measuring Dust Concentration in the Industrial Plants of Czechoslovakia. P. Pachner. Ann. Occ. Hyg. (London) b, 39 (1963). . .. -.... ! J Standardization was attempted of e valuation.of. pneumoconiosis-producing dust in indus trial plants in Czechoslovakia. Three .counting methods (circular konimeter, slit konimeter, and impinger) and two gravimetric methods (a tube with<gfass-wopl and a Soxhlet thimble) were com pared. Konimetnc methods are not suitable for the measurement of dust concentrations by plant personnel. Gravimetric methods should be used as standard method for measuring dust by super visory bodies-, because they are more reproducible and can be used to compare dust over a long; period of time. A standard method is needed. -- Cond. from J. Occ. Med. Absts. 852 Pneumoconiosis Study of Western Pennsylvania Bituminous-Coal Miners. W. W. McBride, E. Pendergrass and J. Lichen. J. Occ 1 Med. , j>, , 37,6-388 (Aug; 1963). [ , The results of radiographic examinations, vital capacity studies, and the collection of personal and employment histories of 9, 997 we stern Pennsylvania bituminous coal miner s are pre sented. The findings are compared with' those of a previous centr Pennsylvania study. Rocntv genographic findings-were positive, in life of; the working volunteer, vho presented themselves for examination in'western Pennsylvania. Twenty-five per cent of<the roentgenograms of working j miners were positive in the central Pennsylvania study. Several possible explanations for the . difference in findings'are presented. - -' ! - - Authors' summary j 01 132 1897 1 industrial Hygiene Digest scptcrr.be r, .j 85} Environmental. Dust Study of Anthracite Coal Mines of Eastern Pennsylvania. R. Diakun. J. Occ. Med. 5, 390-403 (Aug. 1963). -- * E. J. Baler ar.o The results of an environmental study of 24 anthracite mines in Pennsylvania art- pre sented. Dust levels m the breathing zone of miners for various operations and locations within the mines are tabulated. Size frequency of the dust agrees with previous studies and indicates that the dust is within respirable Limits. Weighted dust exposure is reported in addition to rancor, sampling as a means of classifying hazardous operations within an occupation. The extent to ih..r. control measures are employed and their effectiveness in allaying dustiness are included. Thcr\ are 23 references to the subject. -- Authors summarv 354 Infective Pneumoconiosis. Variable Coal with Constant Tuberculosis. E. J. King. b. Sr. aLingam ana W. Trevelia. Arch. Environmental Health 7, 33-4o (July l^cl). The pneumoconiosis of coal miners may be of simple or complex jort. Simple pneumo coniosis is not severely disabling and produces no climcaL symptoms other than shortness of breath. On the x-ray film, shadows of reticulation are seen, and large sections of the lungs of persons who died or were killed by accident show nothing more than a simple focal accumulation of dust in the lungs. When the amount of dust is small, focal accumulations are few, and no path ology is seen (Grade 1 of simple pneumoconiosis); when there is more dust, foci are more numer ous, and emphysema may be found (Grade 2); when the foci of dust are very numerous, the lung appears intensely black, and focal emphysema may be extensive (Grade 3). On a background of simple pneumoconiosis of Grade 2 or 3 (but not of Grade 1) a much more severe condition of pro gressive massive fibrosis superimposes itself in a proportion of coal workers. This has all the hallmarks of something in aadition to, and separate from, the simple pneumoconiosis on which it arises. Clinically, the disease is progressive and finally fatal. X-ray films show large, dense shadows, which may be iiusage- shaped, golfball-shaped, and even as big and round as a cricket ball. On autopsy, jet-black rubbery lesions are found in the lungs which correspond to the x-ray shadows. They may be necrotic at the core. Progressive massive fibrosis (PMF) in coal miners always occurs on a background of Grade 2 or Grade 3 simple pneumoconiosis and very seldom on a background of Grade 1. This implies that a high concentration of dust is necessary before PMF can occur. -- Cond. from authors' summary 855 A Year of Supplementary Examinations of Apprentice Miners in the Combined Coal Mines in Lim burg (The Netherlands). V. H. Rutgers. Ned. Tijdschr. Geneesk. 107, 387-397 (March 2, 1963). Dutch. In the mining industry a considerable percentage of the working days lost as a result of illness is due to respiratory disease. Since 1959, all apprentice miners have been examined for respiratory predisposition before they go down into the mine for the first time. A working hypothesis developed in Groningen by One and his associates was followed; asthmatic constitu tion or asthmatic disease is assumed if at least 2 or 3 characteristics out of a certain complex of symptoms are found to be present. Nine hundred apprentices were examined during the first year. Of these, 246 or 27. 3% probably had an increased predisposition. If the apprent: ? were classi fied into groups according to the number of positive fcharacteristics, it was found that the more positive characteristics a group had, the higher the percentage was of absentees as a result of respiratory disorders. There was a significant difference between the number of working days Lost by the "asthmatic constitution' group and by the group with no marked predisposition to res piratory disorder. In the latter group, the apprentices with only the personal history positive showed a same loss of working aays as the "asthmatic" group. This supplementary examination, which is followed up at regular intervals in cases of respiratory predisposition, will make it pos sible to transfer certain persons in time to a more suitable (dust-free) environment. In this way, it is hoped to prevent serious pulmonary disorder caused by harmful exposure during working hours. * -- Bull. Hyg. 17. 1 132 1S98 t Industrial Hygiene Dig'.-at Septetr- Q. r. : - i o36 Medical Aspects'^of the Esparto. Industry.' J. G. Dantin. ................. . Med. y seguridad trabajo _1_0, -13*21 'TOct.-'-Ofec. 1962): .Spanish. ' I. . , - :. t The area,concerned with the cultivation.of esparto.grass is Hi the southeast of 5pam; the people are very poor and conditions primitive. ' Harvesting takes place in February!March ana again in September. rAn extensive description is given of the various procedure's involved. The actual harvesting, retting and beating of the grass are'done.mostly by lomen, while the currbl mg, which entails pulling the. sheaves through a serte's. of, metal spikes placea on wooden poles and) involves considerable effort,, is done by men.* The grass-is made into, rope, .the rope-making wheel being worked manually, by quite young boys. , The medic'al aspects can be divided* into, tw c groups: :(T) The actual signs and symptoms; (2) pathogenesis." ;,As -regards the utter and mam- festations are very suggestive of and similar to thoscin farmer s lung . .The combers are es pecially exposed'to. the inhalation of vegetable dusts and, in them, chronic bronchitis, bemgr. pr.eu- | m.oconiosis, more or less intense cor pulmonale, andi tuberculosis may occur. Pneumoconiosis [ was found in 50T"; of the combers. It is of slow ^evolution, the final caraiac complications being [ cue to the extent of the disease.. The author ised spirometry: and apnea, time as tests'of respiratory function and states'that x-ray examinations have only ^'complementary value, the changes seen . ! being similar to thloseiin millers. Prepatellar'bursitis is-not uncommon.,m the pickers. Clinically! 2 patients had emphysema, 2 pulmonary tuberculosis, arid a number evidence of some cardiac j condition. 1 --. Cona., from Bull. Hygl , . 857 Air Treatment and Dust Control in Investment Foundries: Pi G. Rothery and R.yG. Ringer. Foundry Trade J. I 13. 15-25 .(July 5, 1962); 'ibid. 73-77 (July 19, 1962). * (Foundry Trade Journal, !7 John Adams Street, Adelphi; London'WC2; England?). . This paper, which was presented at the British Investment Casters' Technical Associa- i Jtion's fourth annual'meetihg,' describes the various methods available for dealing with air treat- ' ment in investment foundries. The first part of the paper shows the calculations involved in pro.- \ viding controlled heating, ventilation, cooling, and drying'and the. importance of dust extraction | and describes some of the calculations necessary. In the second part there is described the various types of equipment available to the industry for-handling air for heating, air conditioning, and dry-j ing, and air polluted with industrial dust and fume s. 1 Finally, it is shown how the various technical! processes described are applied to the actual working of an investment foundry. j * ' ' --Public Health Eng. Absts. , 658 Pleural Calcifications Following Dust Exposure.. C. Stephanopoulos. . *- , ActaTuberc. Pneumol. Scand. 42, 228-232 (1962). (Acta Tuberculosea et Pneumologica Scandinavica, Ejnar Mu'nksgaardi Noerregade 6; Copenhagen^, Denmark13). .. . | j Pleural calcification in two patiehts'is'described.* One was employed at'a brick kiln ] J .*, for 13 years and then for 17 years as a marble worker. I-The other had worked in a shell factory, breaking casts from shellsafter removal from the furnace.' Neither had a history of chest dis- . j ease before the discovery of th calcification, although the second developed tuberculosis 43 years ", after the exposure and 17 years after the discovery of thechanges. The absence of a past history 1 of che st disease suggests to the author the possibility of these calcifications having an .occupational | origin. The literature on the subject is. reviewed. Smith (Bull.''Hyg. 7, -1036 (1952)) is quoted as finding 3 cases in l, 278 brick-kiln workers! ''Calcifications are localized in the parietal pleura, and the hypotheses for. deposition of calcium which have been suggested by various authors are dis cussed. - ' ' s* .... . --'Bull. Hyg. ' . * Address not in current List of Periodicals, `. i i i I Industrial Higiene Digest PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT s3 Environment in Relation to Behavior of Spiders. P. N. Witt. Arch. Environmental Health 7, 4-Li (July 1963). The orb web ot certain species ot spiders is the record c: a rigid behavior pattern. Variations in the pattern can be observeo which are brought about by ihanges m the environment. The rhythmic 24-hour variation of light and temperature is found to ot the most faeoraoie condi tion for frequent web-building. Food deprivation over 2 and more wce<s affects body weight more than thread production and web-buiLdmg, indicating a probable transformation of body constituents into silk protein in emergency situations. Evidence for the importance of spiders' perception jf gravity, surface structure, and vibration in its web is presented. An effort is mace to aecuce from this the clues which the animal obtains from its environment. , -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References ana Re-, lews 360 Aeromedical Aspects of a Commer-.al Jet Operation. G. J. Kidera. Aerospace Med. _3j4, o0i-605 (J- 1963). Ozone monitoring by continuous sensors on 38 flights at various current jet aititudes indicates that no hazard exists. Radioactivity in present day jet operation does not exceed the AEC maximum permissible limit. Jet crew absenteeism is less than piston crew absenteeism. Because of the possibility of clear air turbulence, passengers are advised to keep the seat belts on whenever seated. There is no adverse effect on airborne electronic equipment by cardiac Pace makers. Certain equipment can, in close proximity, affect the output of the Pacemaker. However, the requirement of proximity cannot be met. Passengers utilizing Pacemakers can be flown ft N safely in present day commercial aircraft. -- Author's resum 861 Adrenal Cortical Response in Motion Sickness. E. V. Dahl, et al. Arch. Environmental Health 86-91 (July 1963). Healthy male volunteer s, who became motion sick on a rotating tilt chair or during maneuvers in aircraft exhibited a rapid rise in the concentration of free 1 7-hydroxvcorticosteroids in their serum. A similar rise took place in most individuals who did not vomit when they were subjected to the same motion. Half of these men admitted nausea. In a smaller number of men, who did not vomit, the serum 17-hydroxycorticosteroid content during and after the period o: motion did not rise above levels which existed before the onset of motion. Only one of 11 men m whom there was no hormonal elevation admitted slight nausea. - - J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Reviews 362 Ventilatory Dynamics Under Hyperbaric States. W. B. Wood and L. H. Leve. Arch. Environmental Health 1_, 47-39 (July 1963). _ Ventilatory dynamics maximum breathing capacity MBC), timed vital capacity (TVC), maximum expiratory flow (MEF) were performed on 9 United States Navy deep sea divers anc J submarine and diving medical officers. The performance utilizing first air, t n helium-oxvg- n (80%-20%), as the respiratory medium at various levels of hyperbaric pressu. up to 13 atmos pheres absolute (atm. abs. ) was compared with performance at 1 atm. abs. An additional obser vation was made on the same subjects utilizing a 95% helium-5% oxygen mixture at 13 atm. ab = . The over-all effect was that of a marked decrease in ail parameters measured and the dvwiopmunt of an obstructive pattern similar to that of the emphysematous patient. The probable mech anism of the observed alterations through increased work of breathing is discussed. The relation ship of these findings to previous observations on decreased respiratory minute voi-mv (RMV) ana hypercapnia in underwater swimmers is discussed. There are 19 references to the subject. -- Authors' summarv 19. 01 132 1900 InouatriA. Hygi-. n<- 3;., at del The Relations)-. j ot Ag,-.-, ana Rati-- of Acquisition of' Flying Time Versus the Summation of E..it- Hearing Loss . rr.ong5t Canacian Civilian Licensed Pilots. . J,.: A.^Sullivan, W. El. Hies-.- 3 ir.o W. A. Prowse Aerospace;Med. 34,".b3.$~oo.l: (July-1963)-.- . ;. She :iy 'r the' e stabii shm-Ynt or /he; Division.'of Civil Aviation Medicine as the D-.part- rr.-n.t of N'atio 1; H. ,.th and 'Veifar-.- 01 the Govtrnment,of Canada,' the*authors were request-.c to 2 .t an :n: rrr.atie,- brief jetting forth the requirements for. Ototaryngoiogical Examination for iii p*- rsunru . ie. nse-.d by the Department of Transport -to .-fly. in Canada. As auaiom-tric ir.v-sti- { fcdtioro .i r. r.r.i wr- r.-jt'a r. quisite of the medical examination required to b.e conduct , a bi- i annaai.y r; D uartn-. nt of Transport of ail licensed pilots in order to b- permittee to fly, .t I as niCcjsd . to acqu. ail; such data through'cooperation of civilian licensee pilots voiur.teerir.g j to an e.xtina liudiorr...'friciexurninationy . The.furthering of the.accuracy of the gnphica.- r-.-pr-.- j sent at ion of he entities of pilot age,,, rate of acquisition of flying time, or, total f lying time, and i >ther pernr :<nt,-factors" t vet determines '.yith ,respect to the hearing acuity expressed as an s.ge '[ braic summation of the ..-aring loss present in each ear could soon'be realized by continuation of the present audiometric survey,, either, as-a research program or as, an actual requir nt 0: the medical ex -.mination of all pilots Licensed to fly- by the Department of Transport m Ca;.sua. > r. ' i ' ` ,1 ' ; 't - , do4 Some Effe cs on Human Subjects of L'1 tra-High Frequency Radiation., A. H. Frey. ' . Am. J. V. cicai Electronics 2', id-31/ (Jan.-March,, 19o3); (American Journal of Medical Electron! s, R. H. Donnelley Corporation,;4ob Lexington,Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10017"). Data y-e re pr, sente-c w hich indicate that, ultra-.high'frequency radiation can induce effects a-, average`power densities below the currently, accepted hazard limit of 10 mw./sq. cm. lt'was found that the perception of sound can bei induced in human subjects, and the possibility of an effect on the; heart was indicated. Limitations in. the data were pointed out, but there is no question as to the existence of the effects. , -** '/ Ji " , | ;y " . -'J' if Public Health Eng.'Absts. , . ' , , ' 865 Ozone Toxicity Hazard1 iri'Cabins of High Altitutie-Aircraft'-- A Review and Current Program. L. S. affe and H.,D'. Estes. Ae rospace Med'..; ,34, .633-6.43 (July 1963). . . j Ozone; is present in significant quantities in the'atmosphere starting above the tropo- I pause ind in' toxic concentrations in the stratosphe re-reaching a peak at .about TO, 000-90, 000 feet, i The a -.bient zone concentration varies ;with',geographic latitude,^season of the year and meteoro- * logic . factors.,-. The exact cabin cqncentrationsiof'jozbne in various types.of current jet aircraft at di: erent altitudes'are 'presently being istudied.by the Federal Aviation Agency and will be plotted ; in r itionship'to these factors to determine whether or not an environmental health problem actu ally 'xists particularly for'aircrews because of their frequency of exposure. If, as a result of thes and subsequent"stuaiesV it is determined that the cabin ozone content exceeds 0.3-0. 3 ppm for- ignificanVperiods-of.cime it will be recommended that some means of destroying or reducing ; the zone content below this-level be utilized.":High ambient ozone concentrations of 5-10 ppm are found at altitude s of 65^000-80, 000 feet.through-which the supersonic transport, will cruise. The ' air used for cabin pryssuryzation passes-'througn the compressors very, quickly,' too quickly to de-troy all the ozone present by-adiabatic heating. Unaccpptable coricentrations of ozone will be pr sent m the cabin-environment of the 'supe "r sonic air transport .(SST), unless the use of devices su h as a catalytic, filter or'some engineering,technique for delaying or increasing the dwell time e of the ambient air intake through the comjjre s soars' sufficiently long enough to take advantage ot aciabatic iheating'to destroy er "reduci- the ozone content below 0. 3-0. 3ppm is employed. It is ,r- commended that additionaT research-be.performed in the'are'a of time/tempt rature relationships o: air-compressors of turbo-jet; tufboi`ramjet and other proposed types of -SST to develop ade- o late techniques^of.ozone destruction, ;*There, are 63. references to the subject. . ' ' - v- y ,'ft -i. -- Authors' summary- 866 The Use of Laser Beams and Their,Potential* Occupational Hazard. L. Solon. ; Ind. -Hyg. Rev.'S, 19-3b (May 1963). V `"'u .. - ' ' - *' ' Beams of light from LASER'fLight Arhplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation) represent a new source of radiant energy in the'visible and in the.infrared region of the spectrur * Address not in current List of Periodicals, 30. I Of 1901 Industrial Hygiene Digest St; p te rr v r. This light is coherent (roughly, in phase) and is highly monochromatic. It is most rcaci.y pro duced at present by exciting the chromium atoms in an artificial ruby with one or more xenur. flash tubes, although other compounds have been used also. Because of the nature the ..cht, it is highly collimated and large energy densities can be obtained m narrow beams. Many us-s have been suggested tor these sources -- space communication, high temperature weiding, e.-o- tron accelerators, and biomedical and surgical tools. There are hazards in handling such of energy; e.g. , eye damage has been demonstrated in exposed experimental animals. Spec--ar reflective surfaces in the path of the beam create the possibility of inadvertent exposure of the -.-ye to the reflected beam. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. RADIOACTIVITY AND X-RADIATION j 867 Late Effects of Roentgen Therapy Given in Infancy. B. O'Malley, G. J. D'Angio and G. F. Vawter, Am. J. Roentgenol., Radium Therapy Nuclear Med. 8^, 1067t1074 (May I9n3). Late complications associated with roentgen therapy of children are discussed and an illustrative case is reported. The patient was irradiated as an infant and developed, over a period of 20 years, lesions exemplifying three of the major categories of late radiation effects. Growth disturbance was sustained by the vertebral spine, functional impairment by the kidnevs, and tumor induction by the skin. -- Nuclear Sci. Absts. 868 Radiation Exposure from Luminous Watch Dials. W. Seelentag and H. Schmier. Radiol. Health Data 4, 209-213 (April 1 963). (Radiological Health Data, U. S. Public Health Service, Washington 25, D.C. *). In the first (German) Regulations for Radiation Protection, paragraph 11, contains definitions of harmful or dangerous activity concentrations for radiation from luminous dials : r individuals. Recent measurements of wrist watches show a definite trend toward a reduction un such activity. In the case of German-made watches, most have radium amounting to less than 0.06 and usually only about 0.02 microgram. Radiation dose to wearers of such watches amo-r.ts to only a small percentage of the natural background radiation. The local dose to the skin of the forearm ranges around a few per cent of the maximum permissible occupational dose. Exceptions, however, are found among watches of non-German manufacture, especially so-called sport watches, which may give a whole body radiation exposure m the order of magnitude of natural background radiation, and local forearm dose up to the maximum permissible occupational dose or even higher. Such watches should not be worn all day, and should at least not be worn at night. Somatic mani festations, such as effects on the blood picture, or local erythema, or pigmentation of the fore arm, do not occur even in the latter cases; when they do occur, it is due to causes other than ioniz ing radiation. The average genetic dose from these time pieces to the population appears to be relatively insignificant, according to current estimations; it amounts to only about 1 of natural background radiation exposure. Nevertheless, it should be a basic rule that every artificial radia tion exposure is undesirable unless it is justified, as in the use of ionizing radiation m medicine. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 869 Retention and Excretion of Cesium-137 by Man. M. P. Taylor, J. Vennart and D. M. Tay.or. Phys. in Med. Biol. 7, 157 (Oct. 1962). Five men had accidental Cs-137 intakes of less than the I.G.R.P. maximum permissible amount as a result of leakage from radiographic sources. The half-period of body retention it this radionuclide varied between 80 and 130 days. The average daily urinary excretion was 0. o ' of the body burden. It is suggested that this excretion ratio may be of value if it is ever necessary to screen large numbers of people quickly after an accident involving Cs-137. -- J. Occ. Med. Absts. * Address not in current List of Periodicals. 21. 01 132 1902 Industrial Hygiene Digest 870 Gamma-Ray Spectrometric Determination of.Low Concentratijns'of Radioactive Ccsmrr. ,r. i.q Water by a*.Nickel Ferrocyamde Method.',. G. iJ. Mohanrao and XaR. Folsom.. . - Analyst. 3'8,' 105-lOs (Feb. 1963). _ ... ^ '! ' t.A simple, fairly rapid and reliable method is presented for determining radioactive cesium in sea water, basea on a known method^of concentration. , Radioactive cesium, together with microgram amounts of stable cesium naturally present in sea water, is co-precipitated with nickel ferrocyamde from a 50- to iOO-lite-r sample. After the precipitate has settled and the .. supernatant liquid has been syphoned off, the nickel ferrocyamde is transferred to a pint con tainer and counted m a gam'ma-ray spectrometer.equipped with.a 5-inch by 4-inch Nal(TT) crystal ana a 25o-ohanne. pulse - height-analyaersi Studies ,,w ith a cesium-* 134 tracer: helped to determine the most favorable .conditions ofipHr temperature,'andconcentrHtion of reagent. The procedure has been used aboard ship and iri.the laboratory since .I960 for oceanographic survey .of radioactiy cesium in sea water in cone e-ntrations; ranging betw eenl 0. 03 and 0. 4 pC per liter. " '- 1 1 -' -1.': ' ' . .--Public Health,Eng. Absts; - .K " :* ' v ' : '- 371 Radioactivity of Biological Materials.from Brasilian Areas Rich- in Thorium Compounds. E. Penna-Francauand O.-G. DeFreitas. Nature' 197, , 1062-1063 (March 16, 1963). . * . Radium-223 was measuredain yn^vironmentai'and biological' samples collected near the towns of Guar.apary, and Meaipe, and, an unpopulated area near Iron Hill. Vegetation samples in these locations contained radium-;228 arthe level of 02001 microcurie/g.: calcium and 0.01-0.06 microcurie/g. calcium respectively. .Radium-228 -concentrations ,in' some biological specimens and gamma count rates of a variety,of samples are: also reported. V;- Public Health Eng. Absts. 872 Survey of X-ray Facilities in,Los..Angeles. C. L., Scnny ct-al. 1" '' ' Radiol. Health Data 4, 213-220 ; (April 196 3). '(Radiological Health Datay U. S. Public Health Service, Washington 25, DiC. *). ... . . , ` '. . j . A survey of x-^ray facilities was undertaken; by the Los -Angeles City Health Department ! as a part of its responsibility to regulate and .control machines and'devices that generate ionizing j radiations that may adversely affect the health of exposed,pe rsons. : The survey covered mesical, 1 dental, and industrial facilities, and included,fluoroscopic and photofluoroscopic units. Approx:- : mately 2, 700 radiation facilitiesiwere inspected' to obtain information regarding exposure of patients and operators of the equipment.. .The factor's considered in evaluation of.the facilities.were: size of the, primary beam delivered to! the patient,-filtration, direction of the-primary- beam, operator protection (shielding or-separation from thejbeam and workload), occupancy of adjacent areas, j 1 and assessmentifof total exposure to individuals. 6r areas;. Charts anddata are presented indicating] the percentage^ facilities (that met or, exceeded;,establ;ished criteria for.safety and efficiency. j Recommendations leading,to correction of inadequacies and education of equipment operators are i presented. J V,. ., . . Public Health Eng. Absts. ; 87 3 The Responsibility of Local Health Agencies in the Control oflonizing Radiation. Anon. Report of f the Committee on Local Control of Iodizing Radiationof the Conference of Municipal Public Health ] Engineers. Am. J. Public Health ^, J13671(14,4 (;July - 196^);- ; '! Control of ionizing radiation is necessary for he-Ith. protection.- The principles of con- 1 trol are similar to other environmental health measures.an environmental concern, radiation i protection should be integrated with other environmental,programs of health.agencies. Future use ! of ionizing radiation will undoubtedly increase manyfold As. new applications are discovered. Thus local health agencies have s re sponsibiUty to prepare to cope with problems .in this fieldj as in any { other environmental condition that has a vital,influence on health. Health officers and environmental health administrator^ .will be negligent in their,duties if they fail to.recognize their responsibilities j -in this field. The U. S. Public Health Service has a: responsibility for leadership in the coordination: and support of research concerning-the health effects of exposure's,to .ionizing radiation. This ; agency*also has a responsibility to stimulate, andj conduct training for health workers in this field. * Address not in current'List of Periodicals. 01 132 1903 L Industrial Hygieni,- Digest 5c Along with state and local health agencies, 'her interested federal agencies (tor example, the AEC and the Federal Radiation Council), eu.,,ational and research institutions, ar.c the U.S. Public Health Service has a responsibility in setting standards for health protection. As state health departments develop an increasing program involvement in radiation protection, tn-. states should plan their activities to involve positively local health agencies. The states shju.c also stimulate and encourage local participation m this vital nem program area. - - Authors' Surr.n. :f. 87 4 Control of Tritium Health Hazards at the Savannah River Plant. W. C. Reinig ana Albenesius. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assn. J. 4, J76-<183 (May-June l9o3). L. The control of hazards resulting from tritium production at the Savannah Riser F-.ar.t are described. Controls in use include radiological engineering techniques followed bv training of operating personnel, use of protective clothing, control of surface and air contamination, oio- assay, and environmental monitoring. Details indicating the effectiveness of these control rr._a- sures are given. - * Authors lost. 875 Thyroid Carcinoma in Man after Exposure to Ionizing Radiation. A Summary of the Finding; ir. Hiroshima and Nagasaki. E. L. Socolow, New Engl. J. Med. 68, 40b-410 (Feb. 1 i, i-'-oil. The prevalence of thyroid carcinoma after exposure to radiation from atomic weapons was studied in matched groups of exposed and non-exposed patients participating in the long-term investigations of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Biop sies were obtained in approximately 50% of patients with thyroid nodules, without knowledge of the patient's radiation history. Thyroid carcinoma was demonstrated to be significantly more preva lent among patients who were heavily exposed to ionizing'radiation at the time of the atomic bomb ings in 1945. -- Bull. Hyg. ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS 876 Effects on Animals of Exposure to Auto Exhaust. S. D. Murphy, et al. Arch. Environmental Health _7, 60-70 (July 1963). Rats, mice, and guinea pigs were exposed for 4 to 6 hours to experimentally procuced, irradiated and non*irradiated exhaust atmospheres, in concentrations ranging from approximate community pollution levels to 8 to 10 times ambient concentrations. During exposure to irradiated exhaust guinea pigs had increased pulmonary flow resistance and decreased respiratory rates. The respiratory function returned to normal when the animals were returned to clean air. Vol untary running activity of mice was decreased during exhaust exposure. Non-irradiated exhaust was less effective than irradiated atmospheres which contained less photochemical reaction prod ucts. Mortality from severe pulmonary stress (alpha-naphthylthiourea (ANTU) edema) was higher for mice placed in exhaust atmospheres. Rats formed more carboxyhemoglobin (proportionate to CO concentration) when exposed to irradiated as compared to non-irradiated exhaust atmospheres. ' -- J. Am. Med. Assn. References and Reviews 01 132 1901 Industrial Hygiene Digest !.- PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING i'T Controlling Air Contaminants ih Nea Industrial'Processes. A. D. Branct. Inc. Hvg. Rev. 2* 27-37 (May l3c2). - .' ' ' New anc changed industrial p'roce ss.e s c reate airborne contaminants requiring ventila tion and other control measures. Although' rr.dre.toxic mate rials are usee-or create a ;r. nt. r Welding processes, the extent of hazard is governed by.many ,other factors and the hew -technique may not be appreciably more, hazardous than ordinary .welding ope rations. Fluorides from sub merged arc welding,' ozone, from. ine rt gas,-shielded'metal arc welding, flux core electrodes -and lead welding present.new problems, which can be controlled' by.'proper application of iocal ex haust and general ventilation and respirators.')' The plasma jet adds a noise problem.' Epoxy resins are increasing in use in a wide .varietyidf'applications,, creating problems of dermatitis and ventilation for spraying, operation's. . We Icing' and burning of plastic-coated metals require close control because of thermal decomposition products. Pressure (without compressed air) . spray painting doe's not eliminate the need for control ventilation m this operation. Radiant heat and high tempe rature s. are serious problems in many industries. ' "Cool but'booths where worke can recover between heat exposure have been 'effective,, and heat shields are' used to control radi ant heat. Abrasive blasting still presents problems. The substitution of metai grit for sand has introduced a lead problem from Ismail amounts ofthis'impurity.. In general, however, new c o- lems are amenable to solution by judicious application of we'll-known principles. ,,, 1 .' . V - - Public Health Eng. Absts. 8~8 The American Sanitary Engineering lnter.soclety Board (ASEIB). E. Boyce. Am. J. Public Health - 53, i lilT-11 d l (July 1963). t, . . .' , ' I The American Sanitary Engineering Intersociety Board has undertaken several studies in keeping with the broad objectives of the board as given in'the Articles of Incorporation. These [ objectives, briefly stated are: (l) To improve the practice/elevate the standards and advance the! cause of sanitary engineering. (2) To grant and issue to engineers duly licensed by law' to practice engineering, certificates of special knowledge pf sanitary engineering or in any field thereof, and to revoke certificates so granted or issued. (3) To receive and act upon applications for such certificates -- to determine by examination,, inve s tig ation or. otherwise, the fitness of applicants for, and the holders of such certificates. (4) To furnish to the public,' or to interested organiza tions, lists of engineers haying special knowledge in sanitary engineering, as evidenced by certi- i ficates. granted,by the corporation. (5) To keep and maintain a register of holders of certificates j granted by the corporation, such roster,to,be known as the American Academy of Sanitary Engineers. 879 Operator Protection in Wastewater Treatment Plants. G. E. Browning and J. J. Gannon. J. Water Pollution Control,Fed. .. 35, . 186.-190 (Feb. 1.963).. . , ' ' . . . A .survey wasymade m 200 wastewater systems in northern California to determine the health and safety conditions affecting'operators. Observations were made of features relating j to physical safety, prevention of operator, sickness and body:infection, prevention of burns, ex- , plosions,- asphyxiation, and poisoning, arid the handling of chlorine. -- Puhlic Health Eng. Absts. i 01 132 1905 24. i Industrial Hygiene Digest COMMUNITY AIR HYGIENE * aepterr. r, . - $ 830 Atmospheric Contamination in the Space Cabin. R. A. Saunders. Rept. NRL Prog. '-11 (Jan. 1963). (Naval Research Laboratory, Office of Techmca. 5er-. ;:-s, Department of Commerce, Washington Jo, D.C. ~). Organic contaminants dispersed in the atmospheres of Mercury spacecraft are accorded by activated charcoaL in the environmental control system. The contaminants are :ater r-.'Cai-r- d from the charcoal in the form of a complex mixture by a process of vacuum, desorption. The sm.a.. volume of the space cabin and the low concentration of the various contaminants result ir. the re covery of very small quantities of contaminant mixture. The identification of the components in this mixture and the determination of their concentration in the original atmosphere require the use of microtechniques. The contaminant mixture is separated into its components by means of an analytical gas chromatograph. The individual components are recovered from the effluent stream of the chromatograph with a novel fraction collecting system and their identity is estao- lished by- means of infrared and mass spectral techniques. A summary is given of 37 organic con taminants recovered from several spacecraft atmospheres. -- Aerospace Med. 881 Laminar Air Flow for Contamination Control. R. C. Marsh. J. Am. Assn. Contamination Control 1 1. 7-11 (May 1963). (Journal of the American Association for Contamination Control, West Coast Publishing Inc., 1605 N. Cahuenga Blvd. , Los Angeles 38, Calif.*). The author's conclusions, based on work that has been done at the Sandia Corporation over the past 3 years are: with laminar air flow, control over airborne contamination can be achieved both simply and economically to a point where airborne contamination is insignificant. Operational contamination levels of at least two orders of magnitude lower than that obtainable m conventional clean rooms can be maintained by the laminar flow design. This control can be achieved independently of the activity within given areas. The overall cost of achieving and maintaining air borne contamination control by laminar air flow means will be substantially cheaper than the cost of conventional means. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 883 Power Plant Using High Sulfur Coal Takes Steps to Reduce Air Pollution. Ind. Water and Wastes &, 9-11 (Jan.-Feb. 1963). D. T. McPhee. The Montrose steam electric station of the Kansas City Power and Light Company is located in the center of a high sulfur coal deposit easily accessible by strip mining. Dust col lectors and a 350 foot chimney eliminated much of the problem of fly ash removal and sulfur di oxide dispersion, however, for 340 hours each year objectionable pollution of the atmosphere was evident. In keeping with company policy of being a good neighbor, the company is installing two 3 30 ton 95% electrostatic precipitators and a 450 foot stack in spite of the plant location in a re mote rural area. . ' -- Public Health Eng. Absts. MANAGEMENT ASPECTS 883 Comparative Study of Executive Health Examinations. H. A. Vonachen and W. J. Roche, Jr. J. Occ. Med. 5, 389- 395 (Aug. 1963). There are as yet too few data available on executive health examinations to permit the development of broad generalizations. Many more intragroup and intergroup studies will have to * Address not in current List of Periodicals. 35. 01 132 190C Industrie: Hvgiur.i Digest 5eoterr.b> r, be madei ana furth- r consideration must be given to age-group diffe rences ar.c occup*t;r.a. in ferences, as well. as the effect of health education on executive hea^h maintenance program s. Aside from the pure statistical analysis of data'gathered from health examinations such as be s-' cribed in this paper, much remains to be done to develop among business executives a some orientation toward health maintenance. T;oo often-' bu siriess ana industrial executives, who pay iarj' sums in taxes to defray the cost uf many public health'services, and donate millions of collars to health causes, nvgl'-ct th' ir own-w-eiij-being.' The medical director and his staff must strive to make the executive realise his responsibility to attain and maintain good health patterns ana habits, and that the more successful anSienteVprising the executive.'is, Jthe greater gap.his cisabilitv or math will leave. In the years`,,of his" dealing with the health problems of business \ec-tiv s, :h- ir.uustriai physician has obse.rve'dVcertain'-factors. which constitute particular dangers to this group -- . g. , unaefir.ee working.1 hours; irregular work flow ; and the fact that such work is not measured in time served, but in'goals achieved. The tension associated with executives' jobs extenas through much'*of their working day. In this era'of qualify control of manufactured goods, as well as mate rials -and re sources, similar' guide s` to health control must . be established and maintained by executives. ' ` , ' -- Con'd, from Authors' comment 864 The Challenge of Comprehensive Health Care.. W. P. Deanng. Am. J. Public Health 52, 2071 (Dec., 19o2). ` Comprehensive health care is a goal for the. American people. It is not a precise en tity, but varies accoramg to available .resources. The author uses the term m the sense of the maximum possible preventive, aiagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative services provided by qualified personnel unaer competent medical direction appropriate to the needs of the individual. This country faces the spectacle of great.advances in medical knowledge and techniques and a demand on the part of the public for the benefits bf'expafiding-knowledge, but wholly inadequate action to provide highrquality comprehensive health care m an efficient manner. Comprehensive health care carries a special challenge for the consumers to become knowledgeable and discrimi nating, for labor to extend services through group practice, and for management to work with labor, the health profession, and the insurers to improve efficiency and quality of medical care. Every segment of our society has a stake in all aspects of comprehensive health care. U is fortu nate to be able to afford high-quality care. ^Everything;possible should be.done to aid rather than impede progress toward the goal of comprehensive' health care. / - - J. Occ. Med. Absts. ACCIDENTS,AND PREVENTION 885 Health und Safety m the Handling of the Newer Plastics and Resins. Part I. E. D. Palmes. Ind. Hyg. Rev. 5, 39-42 (May 1962). . . With most plastics the toxicity varies inversely with the chain length; the monomers and prepolymers are highly reactive while most finished plastics are comparatively inert. Most health problems arise from the unreacted original materials or from chemicai breakdown. Teflon, epoxies, and the polyurethanes are examples. Besides the polyrr , themselves, plastics con tain plasticizers, fillers, stabilizers, dyes, and;pigments. The usibility of such materials leaching out from the pLastic must be considered, especially when the finished plastic comes into contact with food. .. ' -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 886 Health and Safety in the Handling of the Newer Plastics and Resins. Part II; , L. Orris. Ind. Hyg. Rev. 5, 43-48 (May 1962). ` , ''/ . Dermatitis has been produced under certain conditions when each new plastic has been introduced. The epoxy resins, the'newest of the ,re sins, have produced high rates of dermatitis that are especially serious because the desirablei properties of these resins have brought them into very wide use. The original epoxy.resin itself is usually a severe irritant and a strong 01 132 19 Industrial Hygiene Digest 9c pte rr. r. sensitizer. The amines added as hardeners are themselves potent irritants and sensitize r s. The operations used in producing and processing plastics, u^iich are described, give amole im portunity for exposure, and careful control measures are required. Examples of aerrr.atitis among consumers exposed to these materials in garments, stockings, hearing aics, and hats sr-. given. Measures for the control of hazards among plastic producers should include education, ventilation, personal protective equipment, and plant cleanliness. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 387 Investigating Air Accidents. P. C. Tweedie. New Scientist (London) _1_T, 83-85 (Jan. 10, 1963). The qualifications and organization of air-accident investigating personnel are described. Investigative procedures include steps taken from the beginning of an accident to the formation of an opinion of a likely cause. The modern aircraft is now a very large and complicated but easily disintegrated structure, propelled at extremely high speeds at great altitude and controlled by ad vanced hydraulic and electrical systems. Communication between it and the ground is at a mini mum. Consequently, many of the methods devised and used by investigators over the years to facilitate determining accident causation can no longer be applied. Effective accident investiga tion must depend increasingly upon an analysis of flight information obtained from automatic re corders carried on the aircraft itself. Such recorders, protected against fire and the forces of impact, are designed to be recovered with the recordings intact. -- Aerospace Mea. MISCELLANEOUS 888 Thermal Pollution of Surface Supplies. G. E. Arnold. J. Am. Water Works Assn. >4, 1332-1346 (Nov. 1962). Approximately 80fo of all water withdrawn by industry from lakes and streams in Penns.' vama is used for cooling. This results in discharge of large quantities of heat to streams ana iikc. Because of meager information on thermal pollution, a committee was appointed to study the prob lem. Municipal governments, recreational organizations, public health agencies, and industry were represented. Regulations to control the discharge of heated wastewater to streams were pre pared. It was proposed that discharge to a stream shall be limited to an amount that could not raise the entire streamflow above 93*F, assuming complete mixing at the point of discharge. De tails of the proposed regulations are given, together with recommendations for their administration. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 889 Investigation of a Small Watercourse Accidentally Polluted by Phenol Compounds. H. Krombach and J. Barthel. Intern. J. Air and Water Poll. 2> 39-46 (Jan. 1963). This study of the evolution of a mass discharge of industrial waste waters, rich in phenol compounds and in sulfates, into a small watercourse has shown that the biochemical disintegration of phenols under natural conditions is accomplished very quickly following substantially the same laws of disintegration as organic matter carried by domestic waste waters. In this instance, the toxicity of phenol compounds to the aquatic flora and fauna, at concentrations usually assumed to be Lethal, was intensified by a marked lack of oxygen. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 890 Treatment of Trade Wastes Containing Formaldehyde. Anon. Effluent Water Treat. J. 3, 88-89 (Feb. 1963), (Effluent & Water Treatment Journal, Thunderbird Enterprises Ltd., 140 Cromwell Road, London SW7, England*). A waste treatment plant is described for a factory that produces urea and melamineformaldehyde resins with wastes that contain formaldehyde and methanol. Industrial waste water is pumped to a million gallon storage lagoon. The treatment schedule is pre-aeration, settling, 1 132 190# Industrial Hygiene Digest 5cote m b*.- r, . - - i dilution with cooling water, activated sludge (including domestic sewage), trickling filter, set: chlorination, treated effluent pond, and final dilution with condenser*cooling water. Waste s,--ge is lagooned. A flow diagram is furnished. Oxygen absorption value of diluted waste before acti vated sludge treatment is 300-400 mg./l. The diluted effluent from the system is not toxic to fish and is capable of biological purification. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 391 ABS and Its Effect on Public Water Supplies. T. E. Dalton, J. D. O'Leary and S. J. Ciuba. Water Works Eng, lib, 107, 131 (Feb. 1963). (Water Works Engineering, R. H. Donnei.cy Corporation, 4oc Lexington Ave. , New York, N.Y. 10017*). . A survey of major surface waters in New Jersey, extending from August 30 to Septem ber 12, 1962, and involving the collection of 53 samples at random sites, indicated that more than half of the samples had alkylbenaene suLfonate (ABS) concentrations of 0. 1 ppm or .ess. Oniv c of the samples had concentrations of 0. 5 ppm or greater. One river in the southern part ot tne = i itshowed an ABS content of 1.0 ppm, the highe;- - ported concentration. -- Public Health Eng. Aosts. S92 Launderette Waste Treatment System. J. M. Flynn. Water & Sewage Works 110, 83-84 (Feb. 1963). Ground waters in Suffolk County, New York, receive annual waste flows of over 130 million gallons containing 500,000 pounas of detergents from 120 launderettes. The county health department now requires treatment to reduce concentration of detergents and other substances in these flows. A number of treatment units have been tried. These include: pH reduction and air flotation with removal of floating sludge; passing of flow thru a blanket of alum floe and activated carbon with bleeding off of sludge; and pretreatment with activated carbon followed by application to a vacuum diatomite filter. The latter procedure when preceded by a clarifier has given promis ing results. Problems of operation by reluctant owners are difficult to resolve. -- Public Health Eng. Absts. * Address not in current List of Periodicals. 01 132 1909 M4 % -v / Industrial Hygiene Digest Septerr oe r, INDEX Accident(s) true stigating airc raft using injury statistics 387 309 Agricultural workers micctious occupational diseases 324 Aire rat't, use o: ODVP for disinsection Air pollutants, in a space cabin 34S 380 Air pollution control b. Laminar air now in nc'A *r.du3t ric-3 m steam electric station 881 3 77 382 American Samtarv Engineering Intersocietv Board, objectives 878 A viation aeromedical aspects of jet operation ozone toxicity hazard BbO So5 Benzene, action in inducing leukemia 343 Book( s) occupational disease in California, static electricity using injury statistics I9bl 807 308 809 Brick-kiln workers pleural calcifications in 858 Brucellosis among slaughterhouse workers survey m Alaska California, occupational disease in 1961 827 82b 807 Cancer lung, experimental in animals skin, regional studies 832 830 Cascade impactor, calibration of 850 Ce sium- l 37 retention and excretion by man 8b9 Cesium, radioactive determination in sea water . 870 o-Chlorobenzylidene malonomtrile respiratory irritation studies 847 Coal miners infective pneumoconiosis medical examination of apprentices pneumoconiosis in Pennsylvania 854 855 852 Coal mines, dust study in Pennsylvania Dote rgents effect on water supplies waste disposal 853 891 892 Diving, ventilatory dynamic s ^t- Dust control, suppression in investment foundries "7 Dust counting, determination Pennsylvania anthracite mines Dust sampling, samplers - cascade impactor3 m Czechoslovakia 3 30 33 1 Environment and behavior of spiders Ercometer, recording Ergonomics, the study of man at work 314 3i 3 Esparto grass pneumoconiosis in workers Executive(s) health study of examinations 883 Exhaust gases, automotive engines effects on animals S7o Eye laser photocoagulation solar retinitis 818 317 Formaldehyde treatment of wastes containing 8Q0 Fungus infections of animais transmissible to man 323 Health American Sanitary Engineering Intersociety Board attainment of optimum challenge of comprehensive care executive, study of health examinations 812 334 383 Hearing loss among Canadian pilots Heart disease and physical activity 3b 3 321 Hernias, repair of large and difficult 0l0 Hiroshima, thyroid carcinoma after bombing 375 Human engineering ~ the study of man at work 813 Hyaluronic acid in pleural mesotheliomas . 819 Hydrogen fluoride toxicopathologic study 334 Imidazole as pesticide 01 132 1910 1-tO Industrial Hymcni. Digest Scptem. o.- r, Insecticides assessment of DD VP (o, o-dimethyl-Z, Z - die hloro vinyl phosphate) use in aircrait :rr. iaazo 1c r. ,i3tunce of insects to 345 348 346 3 44 Insects, aiscases ot medical importance 3.29 Iron, oral toxicity ot reduced . 333 Laser occupational hazard photocoagulation of eye 300 3 13 ' Lead poisoning renal function subsequent to childhood V" plumbism 341 Manganes- poisoning in battery industry 639 Mesotheliomas, pleural hyaluronic acid in 819 Motion sickness adrenal cortical response sol Radium-22 3 in Brazilian biological materials - -! Re habilitation of the mentally ill Resins, safety :r. handling . Rocket propellants, health hazards Safety in industry static electricity . using injury statistics Silo filler's disease = %; ; .^ 33? 3 3 5 3c, | 3 i 5` i 1 3 3' 30^! 1 33 .Small pox, continuing threat of 3-3( Smoking, effect of iobeime sulfate 3--' Scar retinitis '. 'Space flight, atmospheric contamination in a space cabin 317] 330 Spiders . behavior in relation to environment 33^ Static electricity 808 Nitrogen dioxide poisoning Ticks on migrating birds experimental exposure studies 337 as vectors of pathogens occupational significance 336 ' .: ' -- Tin, determination in foods Occupational disease m California, 1961 807 Toxicology Ozone industrial hygiene m retrospect in treating drinking water 835 toxicity hazard in high altitude aircraft 865 Trauma . management of fractures of the hand Pentachlorophenol intoxication 849 Tritium Phenols, water pollution 889 ' control of hazards in production 325 340 331 315 374 Plastics, safety in handling 886, 886 Pneum oconiosis in esparto grass workers examination of apprentice coal miners infective in coal miners in Pennsylvania coal miners pleural calcifications 856 855 854 852 858 Pneumonia epidemiology of non-bacterial 820 Psychiatry, mental disorders in socially defined populat. . 810 Psychology, rehabilitation of mentally ill 811 Radiation (ionizing, nuclear, x-rays, etc.) health, responsibility of local agencies 873 thyroid carcinoma in Hiroshima 875 Radium exposure from luminous watch dials 868 Ultrasonic(s) effects on human subjects 304 Ventilation in new industries ; '. ' ' Vinyl chloride effects of e-.-osure on humans and rats 3TM~ 342 Waste disposal 7 alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) formaldehyde containing from launderettes - operator protection phenol compounds thermal pollution of water supplies 301 390 302 370 380 388 X-ray(s) late effects of therapy : survey of facilities in Los Angeles 30 T 3"- Zoonosis in agricultural workers 3-4 30. 01 VjjL Aii