Document LJ14vybQ7vEQNnwpjgDjwKGYQ

I* f l ELS IN THE ENVIRONMENT JANUARY 1976 OFFICE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, DC 20460 HONS 053447 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction....................................................................................................... .... 1 2.0 PCB bevels In the Environment.......................................................................... 3 2.1 I in i ii f mm Nil l limit] Mimltorinit Programs............................................. 2..1.1 Will it............................................................................................ 2.1.2 Sediment....................................................................................... 2.1.3 Soils........................................................................................... 2.1.* Air................................................................................................. 2.1.5 Fish............................................................................................... 2.1.6 Birds........................................................................................... References................................................................................... 3 3 9 15 IB 19 28 30 2.2 Data from Localised Monitoring Efforts - Lakes ............................. 2.2.1 Lake Ontario................................................................................ 2.2.2 Lake Erie............................................................... 2.2.3 Laka Superior............................................................................ 2.2.* Lake Michigan............................................................................ 2.2.5 Lake Huron....................................................... 2.2.6 Cayuga Lake.................................................................. References................................................................................... 31 31 35 37 40 48 52 54 2.3 Data from Localised Monitoring Efforts - Rivera ......................... 2.3.) Iowa - Mississippi River....................................................... 2.3.2 New York - Hudson.................................................................. 2.3.3 Maryland - Cheater River ...................................................... 2.3.4 Connecticut............................................................................... References .............................................................. ..... 56 56 57 60 62 64 2.4 Data from Localised Monitoring Efforte - Marine Bivlronmant . 2.4.1 Atlantic Ocean........................................................................... 2.4.2 Bay of Fundy......................................................... 2.4.3 Gulf of Mexico - Caribbean Sea......................................... 2.4.4 California................................................................................... 2.4.5 Escambia Bay, Florida..................................... References ......... ............................................. 65 65 72 73 78 82 86 2.5 Data from Localised Monitoring Efforts - Industrial Plante Products, Sewage Treatment Facilities and Landfills ................. 2.5.1 Industrial Plants.................................................................. 2.5.1.1 Monsanto Co.,Saugat, Illinois ........................ 2.5.1.2 Yates Manufacturing Co., Chicago, Illinois 2.5.1.3 Valeast Corp., Troy, Michigan ...................... 2.5.1.4 General Electric,Hudson Falls - Ft. Edward, N.Y.................................................. 2.5.2 Sewage Treatment Facilities .............................................. 2.5.2.1 Illlnol....................................................................... 2.5.2.2 Michigan..................................... ............................. 2.5.2.3 Wisconsin............................................................... 2.5.2.4 Ohio........................................................................... 2.5.2.5 California ............................................................... References.............................................................. 88 88 88 92 94 98 101 101 105 108 112 113 117 MOMS 033448 2.6 Data from Localized Monitoring Efforte - Cltlaa ......................... 2.6.1 Jackaonvllle, Florida .......................................................... Referencaa..................................................................................... 1.0 Behavior of PCS'a in the Envlronaent..................................... 1.1 ComposltIon of Arorlor Product* .......................................................... 1.2 Wnler Solubility of PCB'h...................................................................... 1.1 hit c rue i Ion of POIt's wllli So Mu..................................... .... 1.4 livnporat Ion of PCB'a from Woter......................................................... 1.1 Environmental Sampling Guidelines ...................................................... References........................................................................................................ 4.0 Occurrence of PCB's In Food............................................................................... References....................................................................................... 5.0 Exposure and Biological Accumulation of PCB's In Man......................... 5.1 National Monitoring Programs.................................................................. 3.2 Localized Studies ....................................................................................... References.................................................................. 6.0 Environmental Trends ........................................................................................... US 118 121 122 122 122 121 124 124 129 130 133 134 134 134 136 137 HONS 053449 1.0 Introduction X Polychlorinated blphenyle (PCB's) ware first Bumufacturad comaercially In 1929. They are currantly manufactured In tha United States, Great Britain, Franca, Germany, USSK, Spain, Italy and Csechoslovakla. The sole producer of PCB's In the United States Is the Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company, where products are marketed under tha trade name "Aroclor". Various Aroclor products that have been marketed Include Aroclor 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248, 1234, 1260, 1262 and 1268. The latter two digits designate the percent chlorine In each formulation. Since their Introduction, PCB'a have been used In a variety of commercial nml IndUNirlal products such aw transformers, capacitors, paints. Inks, paper, plant lew, adhesives, sealants and hydraulic fluids. Through till* widening product useage and their resistance to degradation, PCB's liuve been Identified In the environment since 1966 with Increasing frequency. On September 1, 1971 an Interdepartmental task force was established in the United States to review the data linking PCB's with adverse health and environmental effects and "to coordinate a government wide Investigation Into PCB contamination of food and other producta". The task force concluded In Its report of May 1972 that PCB's were highly persistent, could bloaccumulate to relatively high levels In fish and could have serious adverse effects on human health. It recomsended the discontinuance of all PCB uses except In closed electrlcel systems. Since the 1972 Task Force Report, environmental sampling and laboratory studies have Indicated thet PCB's wsre a more serious and continuing environmental and health threat than had been originally realised. These concerns were highlighted this past November at the National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls held tn Chicago, 11 lino Is. This study reviews the current PCB data base to assess the PCB levels In tha environment on a national level; Che full spectrum of PCB levels reported in man and tha environment were of Interest. Data were obtained from a number of national monitoring programs, the literature and many unpublished reports. The data examined was Inclusive to December 1, 1975 and It Is anticipated that this review will be updated in October 1976. It should be stressed at the outset, that due to the complexity and difficulty of PCB identification and measurement, that levels reported are not really comparable between different Investigators. This aspect could not be compensated for or Identified In the data presented. In addition, some of the Aroclor identifications reported may only have been bast estimates of the pattern observed and may not have really Identified the true Aroclor discharged or the quanti tative level of the polychlorinated biphenyl found in the sample. However, the levels reported do give an Indication of tha contamination levels In different media for a given locality. MONS 053450 2 Recognizing the faults of containing different data bases, the sheer ness of data supports the conclusion that there Is widespread contamination of the environment by PCB's. There are regional variations, but effects are consistent across all aadla (e.g., water, sedlaent, fish, birds), generally showing greater concentrations of PCB's In highly developed areas and In areas of industrial activity. Over the years examined, the situation has shown no Improvement nationally. This report Is divided Into five aajor sections: PCB's In the environment Behavior In the environment Occurrence In food Bloaccumulatlon In man Environmental trends Wherever possible, the level of data reported has been greatly reduced over that originally reported, especially for the older studies, however every effort has been made to Indicate the locality and the level of contamination originally reportad. More recent studies are presented In greater detail. Trend assessments, cross media comparisons and conclusions are drawn where justified. HONS 053451  2.0 PCB bevels III the Knvlronment 2.1 Data from National. MonltorliiK Programs 2.1.1 Water Than la no national monitoring program for PCS'a In water. PCB monitoring la a limited activity of the overall National Pesticides Monitoring Program operated by the U.S. Geological Survey. Analysis of the PCB data In EPA'e STOUT watar quality file has provided little Information, although ecattered whole water meaeuremante have been taken by a number of atatee over the yeara. Thoee etates reporting nontaro readings are few In relation to the number of atatee showing zero concentrations. At the direction of various local, state and federal agencies, the (JSCS collects and analyzes water data, producing a data file of mi I form Integrity. Current data from this file* covering the partod Orlnlx'r I'172 to l'J/5 provides the boat available national data and l lie IkihIm lor the following analyeea. PCB luvcla, gathered by the USGS during the period January 1971 to June 1972 were reported by Crunp-Wlasner, Pelts and Yates1. While the data suffers from the lack of representative sampling within states end multiple samples from the some locations, they concluded that significant concentrations of PCBs were widespread In the watar resources of the nation. Their published summary of PCB residue data for surface and ground waters has been updated with the 1972-1975 data and Is presented in Table 2.1-1. The preponderance of zero readings In whola watar and tha low levels of scattered non-zero readings could be masking widespread PCB contamination In the netlon'a waters. Zero readings are due to the low solubility of PCBs and tha analytical procedure cosmonly used which Unite detection to 0.1 ppb. There Is a disparity between whole water and bottom deposit measurements. In almost all cases In which samples of both Whole water and bottom sediment ware taken simultaneously and the latter reading was non-zero, the whole watar concentration was measured at zero ppb This occurred even when the concentration In bottom sediment was as high as 4000 ppb*. More racent water studies3 to the ppt level have consistently shown maaeureabla PCB levels. MONS 053452 4 State Alaska Al/ilmmii Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware D.C. Florida Table 2.1-1 Scenery of PCB Residue Data for Surface and Ground Watera, January 1971-(partial) 1975 Year No. of Samples Occurences Concentration (PDb) Median Concentration (ppb) 71 3 71 0 -, -- 71 4 74 2 0 0 -- 71 8 72 8 73 38 74 14 75 4 71 32 72 8 73 28 74 22 75 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ___ -- ----- . -------- ----- _0_.2_ -- . ___ ___ ---- -- 71 161 72 27 73 110 74 99 75 42 2 0 0 2 0 0.1, 0.1 -- 0.1, 0.1 -- 71 32 72 3 73 6 74 9 0 0 0 0 ---------- _______ -- 71 13 72 16 73 45 6 6 1 0.1-0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 NO ACTIVITY NO ACTIVITY 72 16 73 106 74 60 75 22 0 4 0 0 0.1-1.0 -- -- ___ _0_.1_ HONS 053453 State (4anrftlfi Year 7t 74 llviwn 11 71 72 73 74 Idaho 72 73 74 Illlnola 74 75 Indiana 74 Iowa 71 72 73 74 K/irm/iH 71 72 73 74 Kentucky 71 Louisiana 71 73 74 75 Malna 71 72 73 74 Maryland 71 Maseachusatta 71 73 74 75 5 Table 2.1-1 (cone.) No. of Saaples 1 74 Occurences 0 0 50 10 10 10 10 10 60 10 10 10 24 0 10 27 1 20 10 0 40 24 1 30 70 90 195 0 147 0 22 2 20 10 60 10 61 51 51 61 51 Concentration (ppb) _____ Median Concentration (PDb) ___ ------------- ----- --------- _____ -- -- _____ _____ 0.1 0.2 -- -- _____ ----- ----- -- 0.1-0.2 _____ -------------- 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 -- -- _____ _____ -- -- _____ ________ -- -- ___, -- -- _____ -- -- HONS 053454 State Year HLclil Rjin 71 72 73 74 75 Minnesota 71 73 74 Mlaaieslppl 71 73 74 75 Missouri 71 72 73 Montana 71 72 73 74 Nebraska 71 72 73 74 75 Nevada 72 73 74 New Hanpahlre 73 74 Nav Jersey 71 72 73 74 Nsv Mexico 71 72 73 74 Table 2.1-1 (cent.) No. of Sanp lea 2 2 6 23 18 3 1 1 8 1 52 60 21 7 19 47 9 32 8 44 3 24 17 2 4 6 5 3 3 11 5 29 29 36 10 5 5 Occurences 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 i Median Concentration Concentration (ppb) (ppb) 0.1 _____ -- 0.1-0.3 _____ -- ___ _____ -- ___ ______ -- ___ ___ _____ .. , 0.1 <0.5 <0.1,<0.1 ____ _ _____ ___ -- _.. . -- -- 0.1 _____ __ , HONS 053455 State Yaar New York 71 73 7* North Carolina 72 73 74 North Dakota Ohio 71 72 73 74 72 73 74 Oklahoma 71 72 73 74 75 Oregon 71 72 73 74 75 Penneylvanle 71 73 74 75 Rhode Island 73 South Carolina 72 73 74 South Dakota 71 72 73 74 73 74 7 Table 2.1-1 (cont.) No. of Samples Occurences 325 52 32 1 16 0 30 10 10 40 0 30 40 30 14 2 10 30 19 0 50 77 2 37 5 11 2 13 0 20 90 90 10 20 10 25 0 20 0 30 20 20 12 0 18 0 10 50 10 10 20 Median Concentration Concentration <PPb) (ppbj 0.1-4.0 0.1 0.3 ____ -- ___ ------------- 0.1-E.2 -- -- -- ___ -- 0.1-2.9 0.1-0.2 2.0-3.0 ---- ------- 0.1 -- ----------- ---- ------- ________ -- -- __ -- ___ ---- -------- ___ ------------ ------------ ------------ MONS 0534*6 8 State Texas Year 71 72 73 74 Utah 72 73 74 Vermont 73 Virginia 71 72 73 74 W/mhington 71 72 73 74 Heat Virginia 71 74 Wisconsin 71 72 73 74 75 Wyoming 71 72 73 74 Puerto Rico 73 74 Tabic 2.1-1 (cone.) No. of Samples 660 82 385 297 1 B 16 1 4 12 5 1 25 1 6 6 4 1 3 1 12 30 2 18 1 6 3 34 63 Occurences 12 1 6 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Median Concentration Concentration (ppb) (ppb) 0.1-3.0 0.1 0.1-0.6 0.2-0.7 ----- 0.4 0.3 0.3 , .... -- 0.1 -__ ___ -- 0.1 -- __ ---------------------- -- ----- -------- ___ 0.8 E - estimated. SOURCE: This tabla la an extension of Tabic 2 In Crump-Vlaener, J.S., H.R. Reitz and M.h. Tatca, J. Rcacarch USCS, 1, 603-607) (1972) Incorporating the newer data of PCS Data BaaeT October 1972 to (partial) 1975, The U.S. Geological Survey, Quality of Hater Branch, Reaton, VA. HONS 053657 2.1.2 Sediment Nationwide sampling of bottom aedlnents have ahown PCB concentratlona to have wldeapraad occurrence. Data frcai Crump-Vlaanar, el. al.,' January 1971-June 1972 are summarized In Table 2.1-2. The October 1972 to 1975 USGS data are sunauirlzed in Table 2.1-3. Table 2.1-3 permits distinguishing between those Staten where the non-zero PCB readings were fro* one or a United number of atationa with Multiple readings and those states where the non-zero readings cone from a number of atationa within the state. The map In Figure 2.1-1 Indicates the distribution of PCB contamination from 1972-1974 based on the figures In the tables. States which monitored sediment concentrations to any appreciable extent detected the presence of PCB'a In concentrations often higher than 40 ppb. A greater proportion of states are reporting PCB'a In bottom sediment each year, as displayed In Table 2.1-4. Although the sediment data la meaningful, some caution la necessary In interpretation: measurements may be the result of past contamination, not present dlachergea; mean readings and ranges are somawhat Inadequate to summarize the data - geographic locations are essential since readings show patterns only In particular water baalne. HONS 053458 10 Tabla 2.1-2 Sumary of PCB Residua Data for Bottoa Sadlaents January 1971 - Juna 1972 State Alaska . . . .......................... Ho. of Saaplea 3 Occur rences 0 Madlan Concentration Concentration (ppb) (ppb) Arkansas .................................. 23 4 20-2,400 60 California .............................. 13 3 20-190 85 Connecticut ......................... 11 40 -- Hawaii ...................................... A0 -- -- Georgia .................................. 12 10 10-1,300 300 Maryland..................... .... . . Mississippi ......................... 11 8 5 10-1,200 2 30;170 30 -- New Jersey .............................. 12 10 8-250 Oregon ...................................... 4 2 15;140 20 -- Pennsylvania ......................... 16 11 10-50 20 South Carolina ..................... 11 8 30-200 50 Texas ...................................... 293 23 7.9-290 80 Virginia .................................. 10 8 5-80 Washington . . . ................. 10 0 -- 40 -- West Virginia ..................... 21 10 SOURCE! Crunp-Wlesner, J.S., H.R. Falts and M.L. Yates, J. Reaaarch USGS, 1, 603-607, (1972). NONS 053459 11 Table 2.1-3 Sunnary of PCB Residue Data for Bottom Sediments I Stations aeaeuring/IStatlons with at least one non sero reading Range of non-sero readings (mean). in pph STATE Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Dalaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Heine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montsns Nsbraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico 1972 1973 1974 ___ -- 1/0 2/0 1/0 -- 1/0 1/0 1/0 6/0 6/0 15/4 <2-29 (12.8) 1/0 15/0 18/2 <2-65 (33.5) 1/0 16/8 1/0 16/11 1/0 40/31 <5-1800 (127.5) <5-40 (14.1) <2-350 (71.5) NO ACTIVITY 27/7 64/34 68/16 <5-400 (93.6) <2-600 (35.8) <2-530 (43.3) -- 1/0 9/7 <1-51 (13.6) 1/0 1/0 1/0 -- 1/0 1/1 (20) 1/0 -- -- 4/2 <9-61 (35) 2/0 1/0 1/0 2/0 NO ACTIVITY 3/0 18/0 1/0 1/0 -- NO ACTIVITY NO ACTIVITY 1/1 (<2) 13/8 <4-60 (17.6) 1/0 1/0 -- 1/0 50/13 <3-56 (16.4) NO ACTIVITY 4/0 6/0 4/0 1/0 3/0 1/0 3/0 3/0 3/0 NO ACTIVITY 2/2 <5,<10 20/18 15/7 <3-4000 (230.2)<* <1-800 (172.2) 3/0 4/0 1/0 (partial) 1975 __ -- __ -- -- 20/2 <140-430 (285) -- __ -- 1/0 -- 4/1 (5) -- 15/4 <10-58 (29.5) -- ------------------- ___ __ HONS 053460 Table 2.1-3 (cont.) I.' STATE 1972 1973 1974 1975 New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Hlimit' 1 Hi ami Si mi 1 li Carol lim Soillll Dakota Tennusaue Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Heat Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Puerto Rico -- 17/5 17/1** <2-1300 (519)* <2-450 (93.8) -- 1/0 -- 2/0 2/0 -- -- 1/0 -- 1/0 3/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 2/0 9/7 5/3 23/16 <5-E100 (50.7) <5-20 (11.7) <6-700 (105.6) NO ACTIVITY 2/0 2/0 5/1 (6) 1/0 1/0 -- --. 1/0 1/0 41/3 5B/8 58/17 <4-120 (61 .7) -- <3-*5 (17.6) <1-153 (45.5) 3/0 1/0 NO ACTIVITY NO ACTIVITY 1/0 3/0 2/0 NO ACTIVITY -- 9/1 (10) 21/0 ------ 3/0 1/0 -- 6/0 16/5 <10-6*0 (2*2) ---- -- ---- -- -- 3/3 <42-240 (144) -- -- ------- -- -- -- 2/0 -- -- E - estimated *memi figure does not Include anoaalous values SIHIKCK: I'CH Dtilu base, October 1972 to (partial) 1973, U.S. ecological Survey, Quality of Hater Branch, Beaton, VA. HONS 093461 Table 2.1-4 States Reporting PCB's In Bottom Deposits 1971-72 1973 1974 1975 (partial) 29/15 (51.7221) 39/8 (20.51X) 32/14 (43.75*) 6/4 (66.67X) I states measuring PCB's in bottom sedimenta/l with at least one :.'n-rero reading SOURCE: PCB Data Base, October 1972 to (partial) 1975, U.S. Ceologlcal Survey, Quality of Water Branch, Reston, VA. HONS 053462 FIGURE 2.1*1 STATES MONITORING PCX's IS BOTTOMSEDIMENTS1S72-1974 DARKENED SYMBOL REPRESENTS AT LEAST ONE DETECTION HONS 053**3 fS 2.1.) Soils Two national solla monitoring programs are conducted by EPA aa part of Its Pesticides Monitoring Program covering both cropland and urban soils. In 1973, the only year In which PCB's ware analyzed In cropland soils, virtually no occurrences were detected1. The urban soils program Is a small one, consisting of 3 different urban locations each year. The sampling design recovers one analytical sample per square mile in the city proper and one per twenty square miles In the suburbs. The results of the program for the yaara 1971-1973 are summarized In Table 2.1-5 and Tlgure 2.1-21. Assuming that sites were randomly selected within the cities sampled, 602 (3 of 5) of the cities sampled each yaar had at laaat one positive PCB sample. Over the three years an average of 2.682 of the sites in these cities (roughly corresponding to 2.682 of tha total ores) showed PCB concentrations in ranges from 0.9-11.94 ppm. The anomnlous reading of 11.94 was found in a residential lawn In Uadsden, Alabama. Seventeen of the twenty two positive readings wmre below 1 ppm. HONS 0S3464 Table 2.1-5 national Urban Soil Monitoring Frograa PCB Detections 1971 - 1973 1971 Baltlaore, M>. Gadsden, AL. Hartford, CT. Macon, GA. Newport News, VA. 1972 Dee Moines, IA Lake Charles, LA. Fitchburg, MA Pittsburgh, PA. Reading, PA. 1973 Evansville, III. Greenville, SC Pittsfield, MA. Tacoaa, HA. Total No. of Sites 156 55 48 43 78 82 70 35 189 49 82 86 45 95 No. of Positive Detections . 6 1 HD HD i Percent Positive Detections 3.9 1.8 - 1.3 3 3.7 1 1.4 HD - i 0.5 HD ND - 3 3.5 HD - 6 6.3 Washington, D.C. 116 2 1.7 Range of Positive Arlthoetlc Detections (ppa) Mean (ppa) PCB Type(s) 0.09 - 0.74 11.94 0.02 0.21 1260 1-lawn, 5 waste Sot Identified, residential lawn 3.30 0.04 1254 lawn 0.34 - 0.94 1.31 1.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 Not identified, 2-lawn l-waste 1254 Not identified, lawn 0.13 - 1.59 0.18 - 0.63 0.32 - 0.80 0.02 0.03 <0.01 1254 3-lawn 1-1254, Others not identified, 2 lawn, 4 waste 1-1254, Others not identified, 1 lawn, 1 waste SOURCE: Carey, Ann, 1975, EFA National Soil Monitoring Frograa, unpublished HONS 053465 FIGURE 2.1-2 NATIONAL URBAN SOII MONITORING PROGRAM--PCS'* MONS 053*66 FIGURE 2-1-2 NATIONAL URBAN SOU. MONITORING PROGRAM-PCS'i FIGURE 2.1-2 NATIONAL URBAN SOIL MONITORING PROGRAM--PC8'i HONS 053468 2.1.4 Air I'ulyclilorliwili'il hlpluMiylH hiivi1 mil hm mnimiri-it In nlr mi mil lonwldi' IiukIh. 18 MONS 0934*9 2.1.5 Fish 19 Kish have long been a popular sampling medium (or PCB levels primarily duo to the minimal difficultlea of sampling And nnnlysln relative lo other media. DntA on residue levels In fish, however, present problems of Interpretation: the eating habits, lipid content , age, sex and size aN'ect PCB levels; residue levels in \ Ish, like those In sediment indicate past, not necessarily current, exposure; residue levels In fish are slow to reflect changes In levels <>i contamination of the water; distinguishing Aroclor 1254 from 1011* Is difficult. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior provides the best national overview with the National Fish and Wildlife Monitoring Program. One of the elements of this program is the annual sampling of freshwater fish at 100 stations (as of 1970). Beginning with the 1969 collections, whole fish samples were analyzed for PCB's. The most recent data from this program are the unpublished results of the 1973 collection. While many species of fish are sampled through out the country, a reasonable summary of the data Is provided In Table 2.1-6, which concentrates on the four most commonly sampled species of fish, largemouth Ijush, channel catfish, carp and yellow perch. The great number of stations reporting "no detection" for those four species in 1973 is significant. Generally lower levels were reported for other species in 1973 also. Furthermore, when sampling data is totalled, Ignoring both species and geographic location, as in Table 2.1-7, marked declines in both the proportion of composites with some PCB residues and the proportion with residues above the recommended maximum of 0.5 ppm are exhibited. While there is a downward trend in the number of stations reporting significant residue levels, those which have reported high concentrations In the past continue to do so. Walker9 notes that PCB residues have been found in forty to sixty percent of the samples in residue concentrations exceeding 0.5 ppm and that the geographic dispersion shows that the higher concentrations appear to be associated with certain river systems having Industrial activiLy: thirty-one of thirty-five stations in the Mississippi river system reported residues in excess of 0.5 ppm in the 1970-73 sampling program; all stations In the Great Lakes drainage area reported concentrations exceeding 0.5 ppm. Several factors related to interpretation of this data must be recognized: the PCB residues prior to 1973 are reported as "estimated", while those for 1973 are the result of the analysis for three Aroclors (1242, 1254 and 1260) totalled; a trend cannot be Inferred from the data of one year, regardless of how dramatic it is, although such data may signal a turning point; analytic protocols for sample analysis, especially determination of specific Aroclors, are suspect and the results of cross check analyses show that some laboratories used for the analysis typically expressed PCB levels of onLy 5 to 20 percent of those discovered by more sophisticated analytic protocols of the Fish Pesticide Research Laboratory9. MOMS 053470 Table* 2.1-6 PCB UoHhlgi'H In Selected SpecitiH ot I-'IhIi (averagrtt of composite Humpies, uxproHHtnl In ppm, wet weight, whole fifth) .'ll State AL AZ AK CA CO Waterway/ Station Location Species Alabama R. Chrysler Tombigbee R. McIntosh Largemouth bass Channel catfish Carp Largemouth bass Channel catfish Colorado R. Imperial Reservoir Colorado R. L. Iluvmiu Colorado R. L. Powell Cila R. San Carlos Res. Arkansas R. Pine Bluff Sacramento R. Sacramento San Joaquin R. Lon Banos Largemouth bass Carp Channel catfish Carp Largemouth bass Channel catfish Carp Largemouth bass Carp Largemouth bass Channel catfish Carp Channel catfish Carp LArgemouth bass Carp Channel catfish Klamath R. Hornbrook Yellow perch Largemouth bass Rio Grande Alamosa Arkansas R. John Martin Res. Carp Carp Channel catfish 1969a <0.10 0.40 0.25 0.64 1.69 0.10 <0.10 0.10 0.10 1970a 3.70 0.86 1. 30 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.17 0.14 0.21 0.09 0.09 0.04 0.08 1.25 2.62 0.73 3.74 1.72 0.14 0.24 0.09 0.26 0.09 0.15 1971 1.35 0.17 0.93 0.03 0.17 0.05 0.14 0.06 0.10 0.08 0.03 0.21 0.52 1.04 0.28 0.12 0.21 0.06 0.12 0.06 0.05 0.11 1972 6.5 1.3 AA AA 1973* N.D. n. n. N.D. N.D. 0.01 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. <0.10 0.16 ** A* AA AA N.D. 3.7 AA N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 2.51 N.D. N.D. <0.10 N.D. 0.05 N.D. N.D. MOWS 033471 Table 2.1-6 (cont.) 21 Sente CT . I;l, GA II) IL IN 1A Waterway/ Station Location Conned lent K. Windsor Locks St . John'm K. Wn l.tk.t St. Lucie Canal Indiantown Suwanee R. Old Town Apalachicola R. Jim Woodruff Dan Savannah R. Savannah Allnmulwi K. Dodortown Ih'.tr It. Preslon Salmon R. Riggins Snake R. Lewiston Ohio R. Metropolis Illinois R. Beardstown Wabash R. New Harmony Des Moines R. Keosauqua Mississippi R. Guttenberg Species Yellow perch Channel catfish Largemouth bass Channel catfish Largemouth bass Largemouth bass Channel catfish Largemouth baas Carp Largemouth bass Channel catfish Carp Largemouth bass Carp Yellow perch Carp Carp Carp Channel catfish Carp Carp Channel catfish Carp Channel catfish Largemouth bass Carp Largemouth bass 1969 3.40 0.14 0.31 1.25 0.56 0.69 <0.10 <0.10 1.18 0.58 11.3 0.54 1.41 1970 2.45 0. 18 0.3 7 0.26 0.62 0.31 0.67 0.53 0.70 2.92 0. 79 0.89 1.29 0.14 0.29 2.01 3.78 0.82 3.10 1.07 0.22 0.40 0.30 1.79 1971" 17. 1 0.07 0.28 0.09 0.08 0.5 0.62 0.12 0.14 0.12 0.27 0.82 0.42 0.06 0.65 3.16 6.07 0.64 1.13 3.95 0.16 0.86 1.21 1.11 1972" 6. 6 N.D. N.D. N.D N.D. 0.35 2.5 N.D. 0.64 2.31' 1.20 1.9 1.0 0.11 7.1 5.7 2.1 1.6 3.3 1.33 1.60 N.D. 1.0 1.25 1973 S.(3 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 0.3 N.D. N.D. 0.3 3.2 N.D. o.a 2. yj N.D. 1.4 5.45 1.45 2.1 1.27 1.00 0.90 1.2 0.96 HONS 053472 Table 2.1-6 (cont.) -2 St nty KS * LA ME Ml) MA Ml MN MS MO Wnlorwny/ Stntlon Location KniiHOH K. Aonuer Springs Mississippi R. Lullng Red R. Alexandria Penobscot R. Old Town Kennebec R. HJnrklry SuH<|*n'li/jnn/i K. Couowingn Polommr K. Little Falla Merriaac R. Lowell L. Huron Bay Port Red R. (north) Noyea Yazoo R. Redwood Miisissippi R. Cape Girardeau Missouri R. Hermann Species Cnrp Channel catfish Carp Channel catfish Channel catfish Carp Yellow perch Yellow perch Carp Channel e/itl 1 hIi Yellow perch Carp Channel catfish Largeaouth baea Yallow parch Carp Channel catfish Yellow perch Channel catfish Carp Channal catflah Carp Largeaouth baea Carp Channal catflah 1969" 0.46 0.66 0.31 0.69 1.21 i. n 1.04 1.04 L27.P11 0. 55 0.B6 0.58 0.33 0.23 2.0 1.77 2.39 0.63 6.12 2.76 3.80 3.33 0.68 1.95 5.26 3.51 1.29 0.21 1971" 1.2H 0.77 0.28 1.95 0.30 0.15 0.69 0.94 0.95 0.81 21.2 5.50 1.53 2.83 2.29 0.68 1.63 1.89 3.20 7.6 1972" 1.30 4.5 6.6 N. D. 0.36 0.20 1.9 4.5 1.9 1.1 9.5 0.49 0.17 N.D. 2.42 2.8 2.00 1973 1 '* 0.80 0.3 N.D. 0.60 1.2 0.5 N.D. 12.0 4.30 6.6 4.25 N.0. N.D. N.D. 1.9 1.0 4.6 HONS 053473 Table 2.1-6 (cont.) 21 State MT NE NV N.J NM NY NC Waterway/ Station Location Big Horn R. Hardin Yellowstone R. Sidney Species Carp Channel catfish Channel catfish Carp Missouri R. Nebraska City North Platte R. L. McConaughy South Platte R. Brule Platte R. Louisville Carp Channel catfish Carp Channel catfish Carp Carp Channel catfish Colorado R. L. Mead Truckee R. Fernley Carp Largemouth bass Channel catfish Carp Largemouth baas Raritan R. Highland Park Largemouth base Carp Rio Grande Klephaut Butte Res Channel catflah Largemouth baas Hudson R. Poughkeepsie St. Lawrence R. Massena L. Ontario Port Ontario Largemouth bass Yellow perch Yellow perch Roanoke R. Roanoke Rapids Cape Fear R. Elizabethtown Largemouth base Carp Channel catfish Largemouth baas 1969" 0.54 <0.10 4.82 0.10 1970 0.42 0.55 0.14 1.38 0.24 0.21 0.08 0.71 0.62 0.13 0.09 0.51 0.73 0.35 0.65 9.37 1.45 2.48 0.89 3.33 1971 0.05 0.53 0.06 0.09 0.22 0.23 0.43 1.68 0.09 0.13 1.21 0.42 0.52 0.30 34.5 2.12 7.34 0.37 0.81 1972" J97? N.0. 0.10 N.0. N.0. 0.20 N.D. 0.67 0.50 N.D. N.D. 1.15 1.50 4.30 0.30 N.D. N.n. 0.50 0.33 1.70 N.D. 0.26 0.76 1.8 2.1 0.20 N.D. 0.20 0.83 1.00 4.9 2.1 0.92 1.54 N.D. N.D. 13.0 3.15 6.2 3.2 1.1 5.2 1.40 0.65 3.90 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. HONS 053676 Table 2.1-6 (cont.) 24 State ND OH ' OK OR PA SC Waterway/ Station Location Missouri R. Garrison Dsn Ohio R. Marietta Ohio K. Cincinnati Verdigris R. Oologah Canadian R. Eufaula White R. DeValls Bluff Red R. Lake Texoma Arkansas R. Keystone Res. Willamette R. Oregon City Columbia R. Bonneville Rogue R. Gold Ray Dam L. Erie Erie Allegheny R. Natrona Pee Dee R. Oongola Cooper R. Summerton Species Carp Carp Channel catfish Largeoouth bass Carp Channel catfish Carp Largemouth bass Carp Largeaouth baas Channel catfish Carp Channel catfish Carp Largemouth bass Carp Largemouth baas Channel catfish Carp Channel catfish Carp Carp Largemouth baas Yellow perch Carp Largemouth bass Carp Largemouth bass 1969 0.10 8.07 0.24 0.66 <0.10 1970 0.08 4.82 11.85 24.5 0.61 0.40 0.81 0.14 1.77 1.82 0.25 0.21 0.45 1.25 1.25 2.60 0.87 2.40 4.59 0.62 1.04 0.45 1971 1972* N.D. 5.20 14.5 22.65 25.8 27.3 0.8 0.09 0.31 0.36 0.73 2.32 0.26 0.13 0.29 1.28 2.5 9.73 19.0 30.0 a* ** 1.5 N.D. N.D. 0.5 0.19 0.44 <0.1 1.4 1.11 5.52 1.65 4.0 0.35 0.18 3.70 N.D. 3.20 HONS 053475 197? N.D. 11.0 24.0 25.0 21.5 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 5.4 0.75 1.75 0.5 1.5 3.3 State SD TN TX UT VT VA UA Table 2.1-6 (cont.) Waterway/ Station Location James R. 01lvet OumlM't (iiiiii l(. kuv 11 U' 'IVlUM'UHtM* U. Sav.imwili Mississippi R. Memphis Pecos R. Rad Bluff Lake Brazos R. Richmond Colorado R. Wharton Nm**vK R. M.-ti h 1 it Klo (irunik' lirownHvilli* Utah Lake Provo Green R. Vernal L. Champlain Burlington James R. Richmond Snake R. Ice Harbor Yakima R. Cranger Columbua R. Pasco Species Carp Channel c/itfish C.iirp l.nrm*nu>iil:!i Iwimh Carp Channel catfish Largemouth baas Carp Channel catfish Channel catfish Largemouth base Channel catfish Channel catfish Carp Clwinm* 1 rnrf JhIi Lnr gumotith biiHH Channel catfish Carp Carp Channel catfish Yellow perch Channel catfish Largemouth Channel catfish Carp Carp Largemouth base Carp 1969a 0.R9 3.15 0.29 0.83 25 1970 1971* 1972 b 1973 0.20 0.65 0.20 N.D. 1.20 N.D. -0.10 1. 67 2.92 1.4b 4.32 1.20 3.26 0. h> 1.19 0.33 3.18 0.63 1.22 lb. II s.o 4.65 11.0 10.0 5.4 4. 1 5. H 1.5 9.8 3.1 1.5 1.07 0.06 1.17 0.32 (1.03 0.05 0.40 0.19 0.38 3.62 0.60 0.5 1.1 N.l). 7.70 N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. 3.46 0.18 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.6 0.22 ** ** ** 0.26 N.D. N.D. 0.78 0.74 1.20 1.21 0.79 0.34 0.44 0.33 1.5 1.5 1.00 1.24 0.63 0.17 0.62 0.19 0.22 0.19 1.3 1.70 1.4 HONS 053476 0.5 N.n. N.D. N.D. HUitv WV W1 Table 2.1-6 (cone*) Waterway/ Station location Kanawha R. Winfield L. Michigan Sheboygan Wisconsin R. Woodman Species Carp Yellow perch Carp Channel catfish 1969 0.31 1970 1.25 7.42 1.15 0.17 1971 0.61 11.45 1.44 1.11 1972 12.0 9.3 197. 3.8 7.8! 3.61 ** - PCR-like compound present N.U. - Not Detectable u estimated PCB levels h. total of Aroclors 1242, 1254 and 1260 SOURCES: 1969 Data - Henderson, C., A. Inglls and W.L* Johnson, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 5., 1-11 (1971), 1970-1973 Data - National Fish and Wildlife Monitoring Program, Results of Freshwater Fish Monitoring 1970-1973, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, DC (unpublished). HONS 05SW7 27 Table 2.1-7 Summary of PCB Residues Detected In Fish from 1969-1973 National Pesticide Monitoring Program Yi-m 194)9 1970 1971 1972 1973 Till /i 1 147 393 587 401 400 Number pf Comport1tun With Ren Idui'H Willi HohIiIihh AIiovi* 3 [H>m Ni>.' " "* No. X 147 100 390 99 581 99 311 78 202 51 89 61 239 61 284 48 215 54 160 40 K.iuji* (lijwi) 0.10-14.8 0.03-74.8 0.02-41.0 <0.05-30.0 <0.01-25.0 SOURCES: 1969 - Henderson, C., A. Inglls and W.L. Johnson, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 5^ 1-H (1971). 1970-1973 Data - National FIhIi and Wildlife Monitoring Program, KohuHh of FreMiwnter KJnh Monitoring 1970-1973, U.S. KInIi and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of Interior, Washington, DC (unpublished). MONS 0534)78 2.1.6 BlrdH Two of the three elements of the National Fish end Wildlife Monitoring Program mentioned In the previous section are: mallards snd black ducks; starlings. PCB'b have been found In all of the starling samples taken In 1970, 1972 and 1974. The level of residues appears to be declining over this period with national arithmetic means of 0.65 ppm, 0.43 ppm and 0.12 ppm for the three years respectively*. Results of sampling of mallards in 1970 and 1972* are shown by flyway on Figure 2.1-3. Residues are highest In the Atlantic flyways, with average concentrations more than double that of any other flyway and more then 10 times greater In some cases. Ssmples of black ducks were also taken In the Atlantic flyways In 1969 and 1972 and the mean PCB concentration was constant at 1.36 ppm. In the 1969 mallard study* not only did mallards from the Atlantic flywny show the greatest average PCB concentration, but with the exception of Maryland all of the states In the Atlantic flyway had averages exceeding 0.5 ppm with the highest residues from Mew Hampshire southward through Delaware. In the Mississippi flyway, residue levels were highest In states bordering the Great Lakes, generally diminishing as sampling moved southward. MONS 053479 PACIFIC FLYWAY <aw 02 1372-0.1 CENTRAL FLYWAY 1969-02 1972-0.1 MISSISSIPPI FLYWAY 1969-044 1972--0.66 ATLANTIC FLYWAY 1969-1.24 1972-1.29 FIGURE 2.1-3 PCS'* IN MALLAROS (AVERAGES, WINGS, PPM, WET WEIGHT BASIS! MOMS 053460 30 REFERENCES. Section 2.1 1. Carey, Ann, 1975, EPA National Soil Monitoring Program, unpublished. 2. Crump-Wiesner, J.S., H.R. Feltz and M.L. Yates, J. Reaaarch USt'S, 1, 603-607 (1972). 3. Halle, C.I.., G.D. Velth, C.F. Lee and W.C. Boyle, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons In the Lake Ontario Ecosystem (IKYGL 1975), unpuh'lahcd KPA report, EPA-660/3-75-022. 6. Heath, R.G. and S.A. Hill, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 7, 153-163 (March 1974). ~ 5. Henderson, C., A. Inglis and W.L. Johnson, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 5^, 1-11 (1971). 6. Martin, W.E. and P.R. Nickerson, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 6, 33-40 (June 1972). 7. National Fish and Wildlife Monitoring Program, Results of Freshwatei Flah Monitoring 1970-1973, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC (unpublished). 8. PCB Data Base, October 1972 to (partial) 1975, U.S. Geological Survey, Quality of Water Branch, Reston, VA. 9. Walker, Charles R., The Occurence of PCB's in the National Fish and Wildlife Monitoring Program, presented at the National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Chicago, Illinois, November 19-21, 19/5. MONS OS3481 2.2 Data from Localized Monitoring Efforta - Lakea Figure 2.2-1 ia provided in order to diaplay the relationship of the different lakea in the Great Lakes region aa discussed In 2.2.1 - 2.2.5. 2.2.1 lake Ontario Lake Ontario la one of the lesser studied Great Lakea for PCB'a. A thorough study of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the Lake Ontario ecosysteai waa performed in 1972 by Haile, Veith, Lee and Boyle.' Samples of various media were taken from 19 different locations in Lake Ontario during the auaner of 1972, as indicated in Figure 2.2-2, and significant concentrations of PCBs were reported in all media. Findings for water, sediment and net plankton ara suonarlzed in Table 2.2-1. Other than the south shore areas off Oswego (77 ppt) and the north of the Niagara River (97 ppt), the PCB content of the Lake Ontario water appears relatively uniform In the range of 35 to 56 ppt, with an average of 45 ppt. PCB concentrations in sediments around the south shore areas off the mouths of the Wellsnd Canal and Niagara River and off Oswego averaged more than twice the concentrations found at the four other sites (means of 184 ppb vs. 72 ppb). ThlB led the authors to conclude that the Niagara and Oswego Rivers may be Important sources of PCB associated with settleable particulates. Plankton samples were not taken at tlu< south shore sites; lake wide levels averaged 7.2 ppm. Fish samples selected in the same study found mean PCB concentra tions on a whole fish basis in smelt (2.65 ppm) similar to those re ported in Lake Michigan smelt. Mean PCB levels in alewlves (2.35 ppm) ware lower than values reported for Lake Michigan alewlves (4.6 ppm). Bottom feeding slimy sculpln, which are less migratory than the latter two species, exhibited greater station to station variability in PCB levels, with a lake wide average of 4.63 ppm. Average concentrations in Cladophora were 515 ppb and for benthic fauna were 471 ppb. Samples were not taken consistently across media at stations and tha results suffer accordingly, but the authors do draw one of the few estimates of accumulation factors for chlorinated hydrocarbons. They estimate re lative concentrations as 1; 2500; 10,000; 150,000; and 300,000 for water, sediment, benthos, net plankton and fish, respectively. Kaiser10 shows PCB levels in two 1973 fish samples from northern Lake Ontario as 5.99 ppm (total PCB, fat, northern longnose gar) and 2.38 ppm (total postanal fins, northern pike), magnitudes considered comparable to those of other fishes from Lake Ontario. HONS 053462 LAKE SUPERIOR / _--' KEY ro RIVERS 1. AUSABLE 2. THUNOER SAY 3-CHEBOYGAM A MANISTEE $. MUSCEGON E.GRANO 7. KALAMAZOO t. BATTLE CHECK & PORTAGEcreek 1R ST. JOSEPH ' 11. RAISIN 12. HURON 13. ROUGE 14. DETROIT 15. CASS it. FLINT 17. SHIAWASSEE IS. SAGINAW 19. TITTABAWASSEE 2a BAY CITY 21. BOAROMAN 22. ELK s. X * /^v 1 LAKE HURON V> LAKE ONTARIO 1 / \ / A !rO> ^ INCIANA OHIO PENNSYLVANIA MOMS 053413 FIGURE 2.2*1 THE GREAT LAKES (ANO RIVERS IN MtOtlGANI PCI' Couc.rva iLab* Ontatio Ecosystem Summer 1972 Sample Location (to8\> ref<v< net' 1 8 10 n 13 10 lf> 45 A6 f>() n 90 91 96 w.v * .(W 49 35 97 44 45 *0 ;;; ?dim: r.t j.ppt dry)_ 2 .` 153 B0 43 71 84 158 Net f'&nkton -iBPJLtex). 3.4 10.6 7.6 3.6 11.H 6.0 SOURCE: Haile, C.L., G.U. Veitb, G.I\ Lee and W.C. Boyle, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Lake Ontario Ecosystem (1FYGL), EPA Report* EI'A 660/3-75-022 (1975). MOMS 053484 FIGURE 2.2-2 LAKE ONTARIO SAMPLING SITES FOR CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON ANALYSIS. NOTATIONS ARE: f-FISH. w-WATER, sSEDIMENT, p-f' :T PLANKTON, C-CLADOPHORA. b-BENTHOS. STATION NUM3ERS ARE IFYGL STATION IDENTIFIERS. HONS 05345 2.2.2 Lake Erie Several studies of PCB concentrations In fish samples from Lake Erie are summarized in Table 2.2-2. Levels are generally lower than those reported from Lake Michigan and Lake Superior, but are Inconclusive other lh/m der.ion.-:rrating the presence of FCB'p in the lake water. Water TneasurenieniP in tributaries to Lake Erie' Including the Rouge river, which is tributary to the Detroit River are In Table 2.2-3, the Raisin and Rouge Rivers show relatively high levela of concentration when contrasted to the concentration levels in fish in the precedIvy, ti'hlo. HONS 0534S6 Table 2.2-2 Mean PCB Levels in Fish, Lake Erie (ppm, whole fish; Species Carp Catfish Drum Yellow Perch Salmon WaJleyu While H.ihh Stnal 1 moil111 Rami 1970a 2.0 4.6 1.1 0.8 2.1 2.] 1972b 0.25 i .o:1 0.71 1973c 9.3 0.9 Trace 0.5 2.5 SOURCES: 11 Carr, R.L., C.E. FLnaturwalder and M.J. Sdtibl, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 6, 23-26 (1972). ^ Kelso, J.R.M and R. Frank, Transac i: ^ns American Fisheries Society, lUli, i .S^l (1974), c 1973 Great Lakey Environmental Contaminant Survey - Data Summary and Analysis, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Michigan (1973). Table 2.2-3 PCB Concentrations in Michigan Tributaries to Lake Erie in 1971-72 and June 1971 in ppb as Aroclor 1254 River Raisin Huron Rouge Detroit Mean PCB Concentration 0.210 0.012 0.470 0.020 * Aroclor 1242 Range (1971-72) < 0.068-0.500 < 0.010-0.039 0.058-1.600 < 0.010-0.053 1973 < 0.010 <0.010 0.460* <0.010 SOURCE: Hesse, J.L., Status Report on Polychlorobiphenyls in Michigan Waters, Michigan Water Resources Commission, June 1973. MONS 053**7 37 2.2.3 Lake Superior The results of several available IIhIi hi miles are piusenied In TnhIe 2.2-4 for different sperles of Huh. Lake trout are In tin* h f rJ m -' 11 liophli- love I wlllilu l Ik* lain- mid h l o h.^, I <i I a > hiiim I at I on hImmiI.I mill 11 In IIiIh speIom possessing some ol i Iio highest . <mout ral Iona n| I'Cli'n. The study by Velth and Glass19, summarized In the table, drev samples from three areas in the western portion of the lake. There was variability in the levels of PCB's in fish caught in different areas, but no conclusions are drawn in i he study. Samples from the Apostle Island region (Wisconsin) had higher mean concentrations for all species than those from the other two regions (Minnesota). Parejko and John ston1*4 note that the biphenyls containing lower percent concentrations of chlorine predominated in the sample. The latter study involved tests for correlation between factors of age, sex, geographical location and concentration level; surprieijicjy, no significant correlations were discovered. The geographic disliibut ion of lake trout samples from the 1972 1974 Great Lakes Environment.!! Contaminant SurveyIs detailed in Table 2.2-1. Ah regards recent screening of fih against the FDA guideline, Klelnerl1' roportH that of f>A I lull samples eollerled hi I ho nearshore walem during 19/4, none oy.i oodod I lit * ' ppm guideline and only I wo exceeded a level of l ppm. NONS 053488 Table 2.2-4 Mean l'CB Levels In Fish, Lake Superior (ppm, whole fish) Species 1971c 1972a 1973 Burbot Chubs Herring Luke Trout Itong-Nouc Sucker Smelt Whitof1sh 7.08 0.7 0.9 2.0 0.8 0. 3 1974 SOURCES: a Veith, G.P. and (..E. Class, PCBs and DDT in Fish from Western Lake Superior, U.S. EPA National Water Quality Lab., DuluLn, Minnesota (1974). ^ 1973 Great Lakes Environmental Contaminant Survey - Data Summary and Analysis, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Michigan (1973). ' c Pnrejko, R. and R. Johnston, Uptake oI Toxic WaLer Pollutants, (PCB) hy Lake Trout. Project Completion Report, U.S. Dept, of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, Contract 14-01-000]-3522 (1973). ^ Wllltord, W.A., Contaminants In Upper Great Lakes Fishes, Presented at Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Upper Great Lakes Committee Meetings, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, March 1975. e Hesse, J.L., PCB Situation in Great Lake Fish, Report to Michigan Water Resources Commission, April 17, 1975. MONS 053419 Table 2.2-5 Mean VCR Levels in Lake Tronl from Lake Superior (ppm) 1 >iwin VnrU'ly MS 1** 1972 1973 1974 MS 2 1972 1973 1974 MS 3 MS 4 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 MS 5 1972 1973 1974 MS f> 1972 1973 1974 '17" 17-20" -- 2.4 (4)* -- __ 0.5 (3) -- ___ 2.9 vl) -- __ 1.8 (3) -- ___ 1.6 (12) 0.6 (3) ___ 1.9 (7) 0.1 (2) ___ -- 0.5 (2) ___ 1.0 (6) 0.5 (2) -- -- -- -- 0.9 (3) 2.2 (8) -- 1.2 (3) 1*8 (2) ___ 1.0 (3) 0.4 (2) __ 5.6 (3) -- _ 3.4 (3) 1.2 (3) 2.2 (6) 4.5 (8) 0.4 (9) 4 6 (3) 2.0 (6) 0.7 (4) 3.3 (6) 1.2 (3) 1.4 (4) 1.4 (3) 1.5 (3) 2.8 (7) _ 4.H (4) -- _ 5.2 (2) 5.2 (1) 2.7 (3) 4.8 (ID 2.0 (12) 5.7 (a) 4.7 (9) 1.4 (3) 2.1 (3) 1.9 (3) 1.5 (6) _ 1.3 (3) 2.6 (5) Fat or Slscowet Variety MS 1 MS 2 MS 3 MS 4 1974 1974 1974 1974 0.5 (3) 2.5 (5) 4.4 (6) 12.7 (2) 3.6 (2) 6.2 (10) 12.6 (2) 5.4 (8) 1.9 (4) 11.3 (6) 7.4 (7) ---- 3.8 (3) 3.3 (2) 6.8 (7) 6.1 (6) ^Concentrations In parts per million (ppm) In fillet; wet weight. Number of samples In parentheses ( ). **Refers to geographic area In Figure 2.2-1. SOURCE: Hesse, J.L., Contaminants In Great Lakes Fish, Staff Report, Michigan Water Resources Commission, Department of Natural Resources, (1975). MOMS 053490 2.2.A Lake Michigan Lake Michigan la Che moat heavily studied of the (iroat l.ukt'H, It has been eatabliahed that the lake contains the hlgheat concentrutIouh of agricultural pesticides due, In part, to the large uncage In the watershed relative to the Flushing period for the lake ami to the relatively low biomass density. There wore seizures ol hake Michigan fish by the FDA during 1975. Samples from a shipment ol l.akc Michigan Chinook and Coho Salmon In May 1975 were found to exceed the 5 pp, guideline.2 PCB levels In these fish ranged from 7.6-10.9 ppm. Huss7 reports a February 1975 seizure of large, surplus salmon exceeding the FDA guideline. In May 19752 a seizure of chubs resulted in analysis which showed Chat concentrations did not exceed the guideline. Such activities, however, have dramatized the hazards to both the lake and Its fishing Industry. In June, 1975, the Secretary of the State of Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, based on evidence indicating that most large trout and salmon contain PCB'3 at levels exceeding the 5 ppm tolerance level, concluded that most fish over 24 Inches in length appear to have excessive levels. To provide a broad historical perspective, data from several studies of Lake Michigan fish are assembled In Table 2.2-6. The question of trend in the levels of fioh contamination hat* been addressed by both Hesse* and Willford21, referring specifically to the data of Table 2.2-7. Both conclude that the situation has generally remained static since 1972. Statistical analyses show no significant differences In the levels of the three species over the three year period 1972-1974. Data from the Great Lakes Environmental Contaminant Survey for this period for lake trout is detailed, by sampling area, in Table 2.2-8. The sample sizes are generally small and, while not allowing for rigorous statistical analysis, document the presence of a widespread PCB problem in lake trout of larger sizes and an intensification of the problem in southern Lake Michigan. The general conclusions that larger fish such as brown, lake and rainbow trout and chlnook and coho salmon contain PCB residues at levels exceeding the FDA guideline, that concentrations increase with the percentage of fat and the size of the fish, and that levels found in'the southern portion of the lake exceed those in the northern portion are supported by various studies2. The results of some earlier (1971-72) fish sampling undertaken by the Illinois EPA* found PCB levels in the odlble portion of five species (yellow perch, chub, carp, coho salmon and alewife) generally below the 5 ppm tolerance limit. This Is in apparent contradiction to the later studies discussed In the preceding paragraph - especially since the Illinois samples came from the southern portion of the lake. Data from this study Is included in Table 2.2-6. There are, of course, many variables which impact on the Interpretation of data from fish sampling lipid content, fish size and age, season of capture, location, etc* Thus, mean readings may not be truly representative although this statistic is commonly used to provide broad summarization of an abundance of data. HONS 053*91 Measurements taken on Lake Michigan open waters and sediment tend to show results which are consistent with reported sediment datu from other sections of the country (see section 2.1.3), and somewhat higher readings for concentrations In whole water. The Illinois EPA has found tributary sediments with higher concentrations than those from open wsters (1971): averages of 23.06 ppb as Aroclor 1242 and 14.66 ppb Aroclor 1254 for the former contrasted with 95.77 ppb Aroclor 1242 and 32.27 ppb Aroclor 1254 for the latter". Whole water concentrations In tributaries analyzed as Aroclor 1242 or 1254 ranged from 0.1 to 4.0 ppb during the period 1971-19742. PCB concentrations measured by the Illinois State Board of Health In tributaries to Lake Michigan during 1973-1974 ranged from 0.01 to 0.09 ppb. The Milwaukee River, a Wisconsin tributary to Lake Michigan was sampled In August 1969 for PCB's20; concentrations of Aroclors 1260 and 1242 were In the ranges trace to 0.26 ppb and trace to 2.07 ppb, respectively. The high Aroclor 1242 reading was validated by a repeat measurement (of 2.80 ppb In February 1970) and attributed to combined sewer outfalls and contaminated Industrial cooling waters. Estimates of I'CH concentrations in sewage treatment plant cffluents In March, 1970, ranged from 0.04 ppb to 0.25 ppb, but the effluent from a chemical plant had a concentration of 2.50 ppb. This led the authors to conclude that PCB's were discharged to natural waters through municipal and Industrial wastes and that PCB's In such large ecosystems as Lake Michigan have resulted in part, through water transport from metro politan areas. This certainly Is true; unfortunately no follow-up studies were performed to estimate the effect of both controls and Increased attention to the PCB problem. With the exception of a contamination problem In the Kalamazoo River, most PCB measurements In Lake Michigan tributaries within the state of Michigan are at levels In whole water of less than 0.1 ppb. Data showing levels Identified in 1971-1972 are In Table 2.2-9. The Kalamazoo River was the subject of studies In both 1971 and 1972*. Concentration levels were higher downstream from Battle Creek, and some sources of contamination were Identified. Fifty four fish samples were collected from 15 stream sections on the Kalamazoo River In July 1971". Measurable concentrations were found in nearly all fish samples tested with concentrations ranging from less than 0.01 to 109.9 ppm In edible portions of fish on a wet weight basis. Those fish from the north and south branches and the main stream of the river down to Battle Creek had low concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.33 ppm. Downstream from the Battle Creek wastewater treatment plant the levels in fish increased ranging from 0.B2 to 18.75 ppm and remained high downstream with levels below Kalamazoo ranging from 1.35 to 109.9 ppm". Settleable solids were only sampled at eight stations In 1971 with levels Identified ranging from 0.01 to 0.422 ppm". The levels In the mainstream were 10 to 20 times higher than those in the north and south branches and gradually Increased downstream. The sample from the Battle Creek River had the highest concentration In the watershed Indicating that the tributary contributes significantly MONS 053492 to the total problems In the mainstream. Shire the Kalamozoo Klvur 1m I lie moat polluted Input to laike Michigan further aampltiiK tn Identify poaalblu HourroH ol I'CB Iiihh In Hu* env I ruiiment wiih conducted In the vletulty of I lie (Illy ul Kn I iimii/.iin In I ) 7 2' PCIf concent rul I hum from the d 1 Nclm rm` ul Meverul InduHtrlen and a wuHtcwalur treatment plant were below the limit of detectability. . However, Portage Creek, which receives effluents from several industries Including two paper mills, had 0.47 ppb of Aroclor 1242. Settleable solids that were collected showed concen trations ranging from 0.23 to 2.63 ppm at eight of the ten stations. The two stations that did not have significant concentrations were upstream from tha paper mill ponds. Sediment core samples taken from the Bryant paper mill ponds had concentrations up to 368.7 ppm as deep as six to eight Inches.5 Further data collected in the spring of 1973 on settleabla solids are presented in Table 2.2-10 demonatratlng considerable aeneltlvlty of measurements to sampling intervals. The levels detected in 1975 were also generally hlghar for the Kalsmazoo River than were detected in 1971. HONS 053493 Table 2.2-6 Mean PCB Levels In Lake Michigan Fish (ppm, whole fish) 4) Species Alevlf e Brown Trout Carp Chub Chinook Salnon Coho Salnon Lake Trout Perch Rainbow Trout Red Sucker Snelt White Sucker Whlteflsh Menonlnee Suckers Steelhead Bloater Chubs Yellow Perch 1971*" 1972d 1973f 2.84", 4.6 7.3 2.04, 4.2 2.85, 6.0 11.4 1.68, 11.5 13.53c, 15.5 5.8 9.3 3.0 2.7 3.9 3.0 0.22 2.4 3.9 7.0, 2.83" 12.4 11.2, 10.93 7.4, 12.86 0.4 0.7 1.1 1.0 6.0 5.66* 0.3 4.48 6.4 4.9, 12.17 18.93e 1.6 0.9 1.0 0.45 5.24* 0.4 1974e 10.45 22.91 5.57 SOURCES: U.S. EPA, Pesticide Monitoring Programs: Lake Michigan and Tributaries In Illinois, EPA 600/3-74-002. Welth, G.D., Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Fish from Lake Michigan, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, unpublished report on EPA Project 16020 PEE, (1973). CU.S. EPA, An Evaluation of DDT and Dleldrln In Lake Michigan, EPAR3-72-003, (1972). dHassa, J.L., Statue Report on Polychloroblphenyls In Michigan Waters, Mlchlgsn Water Resourcee ConniesIon, (June 1973). *Braaer, K.E., State of Concerns of the Lake Michigan Toxic Substances Connlttee Related to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (draft) U.S.EPA, (1975). *1973 Great Lakes Environmental Contanlnant Survey-Data Suanary and Analysis, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Michigan, (1973). M0NS 053494 Table 2.2-7 Concentrations of PCBa in fall collections of Lake Michigan Bloaters and Laka Trout off Saugatuck, Michigan, and Coho Salmon from between Ludlngton and Frankfort, Michigan S|>crloH and Year H(outers 1972 1973 1974 Number^ of Klnh 120 160c 110c Average Length (nra} Til til 255 5.66 (0.95) 250 5.24 (0.37) 257 5.57 (0.31) Coho salmon 1972 1973 1974 10 29 30 693 10.93 (2.12) 620 12.17 (0.77) 665 10.45 (0.92) Lake Lrout 1972 1973 1974 9 30 30 64fl 12.86 (4.75) 602 18.93 (2.08) 616 22.91 (3.73) 44 `Analysis performed by Great Lakes Fishery Laboratory. ) ^Concentrations in whole flah, wet weight with 95X confidence Interval in parentheses. cComposlte samples, 10 fish per sample. ' SOURCE: Bremer, K.E., State of Concerns of the Lake Michigan Toxic * Substances Committee Related to Polychlorinated Biphenyls ! (draft) U.S. BPA, (1975). MONS 053495 Table 2.2-8 Mean PCS Levels In Lake Trout from Lake Michigan (ppm) MM 1** MM 2 MM 3 MM 4 MM 5 MM 6 MM 7 MM 8 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 1972 1973 1974 <17" 2.2 (1)* 0.7 (1) -- ---- -- _____ _ 2.6 (3) -------- --- ___ ___ 2.6 (2) 1.0 (3) ___ ___ -- -- 2.4 (1) ---- 1.1 (9) 2.7 (2) -- 2.4 (9) _______ 5.1 (6) -- 17-20" 3.6 (2) 1.6 (2) '----------- -- ---- 2.4 (3) -- _______ 1.8 (1) 3.1 (3) _______ -- -- _______ 6.4 (1) 2.5 (16) _____ -- -- 5.8 (2) 8.2 (3) ---- 20-25" ------------ -- ---- -- __ -- -- _______ -- -- _____ _ 5.8 (1) 7.5 (6) _____ _ 7.1 (2) 5.6 (11) 6.8 (1) -- 8.9 (8) 6.4 (1) 10.1 (4) -- >25" -- -- -- -- -- 11.1 (3) 10.6 (3) -- 6.5 (3) 8.5 (3) -- _______ 7.3 (2) 9.6 (6) 4.1 (1) 11.0 (3) 9.6 (18) 7.3 (3) 11.2 (3) 11.9 (2) 12.4 (3) 12.6 (4) -- .Concentrations In parti per million (ppm) In fillet; wet walght. Number of eamplee In parenthaaea ( ). ..Refer to geographic area In Figure 2.2-1. SOURCE: Haase, J.L., Contaminant! in Great Lakee Fish, Staff Report, Michigan Water Raaourcea CogniseIon, Dept, of Natural Resources (1975). HONS 053496 Table 2.2-9 Mean PCB Concentrations In Michigan Tributaries to tha Lake Michigan Basin, 1971-72 and 1973 (ppb aa Aroelor 1254) River 1972-72 Average Range 1973 St. Joseph 0.013 <0.010-0.039 <0.010 Kalamazoo 0.065 0.019-0.097 o.o<.n Crane] 0.041 0.011-0.080 0.033 Muskegon 0.010 <0.010-0.037 <0.010 Manistee 0.014 <0.010-0.039 0.037 Boardaan 0.017 <0.010-0.044 0.018 Elk 0.012 <0.010-0.039 <0.010 46 SOURCE! Hesse, J.L., Status Report on Polychloroblphenyla in Michigan Waters, Michigan Water Resources Commission, (June 1973). HONS 053*97 ! Table 2.2-10 Concentrations of PCB's (polychlorinated biphenyls) In the settleable solids collected from the nouths of the Grand, rslsniini and St. Joseph livers; Spring 1973, for comparison of variable sampling periods. Concentrations in ppn on an oven-dry basis. lver >t. Joseph Saaple Typ* Sanple Dates 3/21 3/23 3/30 4/2 4/4 4/6 4/9 4/11 4/13 4/20 4/27 4/30 5/2 5/4 5/11 Means 3X 3.24 1.6* 0.95 1.0 <0.1 0.93 1.58 0.83 3.5 0.53 1.43 Weekly 1.25 0.94 1.1 1.0 0.55 0.74 0.80 0.77 0.89 Biweekly 0.85 0.73 0.50 0.60 0.67 Monthly 1.41 0.50 0.96 Mean - 0.99 3X Weekly Biweekly Monthly 6.7 27.5 6.83 3.0 3.77 2.08 <0.1 2.52 1.33 3.20 <0.1 3.54 3.77 2.54 2.11 3.09 2.98 2.64 3.11 3.50 3.75 4.72 2.88 4.87 3.87 2.50 2.86 3.14 2.63 Mean - 3.52 3X Weekly Biweekly Monthly 2.13 0.68 0.85 0.95 0.75 0.67 0.63 0.82 0.73 0.83 1.21 1.16 0.95 1.24 0.83 0.75 Mean - 0.97 >3X * Saaple collected Mon, Wed. and Friday Concentration based upon a 1:1 ratio of Aroclor 1242 and 1251. All other concentrations calculated as Aroclor 1242. ;0U1CE: Monitoring for Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Aquatic Environment, Michigan Hater Resources Commission, (May 19 MOMS 0S3498 2.2.5 Lake Huron LevolH of PCB'h In fish sanplt-R from Uiki' lliirmi me ilclnlli-il In Tnbli' 2.2-11 from uronH no tndli'.nliid In KImir. I. Tin- .'iup,li>uw Huy iiren, dcNlKnnted oh Mil--4 on tin' wip. Inis boon lln1 ol 1 *< t ol dot'll 11 ml aniilyniN, nnd h I nil I r I c.un l rniironl t Ml l (HIM have boon do( I'll I'll. Water meumircaenta In tributaries to l.uk<! Huron, inc I ml Inn the Saginaw Bay ares, ore in Table 2.2-12. Concentrations in fish taken fron the Saginaw River in 1971 ware as high as 165 ppa as shown in Tabla 2.2-13. The waste water treatment plant on tha Saginaw klvar is the Bay City facility. During 1971, this plant had an average affluent concentration of 120 ppb with a high of 340 ppb. Aftar control aaasures ware inltlatad by soae industrial sourcaa in October 1972, there was a sharp drop in PCB levels at tha south of the rlvar. Levels measured in 1972 ranged fro* <0.020 to 0.640 ppb and in 1973 froa <0.100 to 0.200 ppb. This is one of the noteworthy examples of controls effecting a marked change in PCB contamination'. 48 M0NS 053499 Tabla 2.2-11 Mi?an PCS tava la, Whol Plnh In take Huron (ppm) Speclun Broun Trout Catflah Menominee Yellow Perch Salmon Walleye Smelt Whltefleh 1973 3.6 (KH-2)* 4.9 (MH-4) 0.4 (MH-1) 0.2 (MH-1) 8.4 (MB-1.3) 1.1 (MH-1) 0.6 (MH-3) 0.5 (MH-1) Refer to geographic area In Figure 2.2-1 SOURCE; 1973 Great Lakaa Bavlronmental Contaminant Survey - Data Siinwery and Analyele, Bureau of Coneuaer Protection, Michigan (1973). MOMS 053500 Table 2.2-12 Mean PCS Concentration* In Michigan Tributarlaa to Lake Huron in 1971-72 and 1973 (ppb aa Aroclor 1234) River 8aglnv Caa* Flint ShlnruNi1 Au Sabi* Thunder Bay Cheboygan Average 1.100 0.014 0.078 0.029 0.140 <0.010 0.023 0.032 1971-72 Range 0.450-2.900 <0.010-0.048 0.010-0.150 <0.010-0.073 <0.022-0.230 <0.010-0.010 <0.010-0.037 <0.010-0.053 *Tributariea to Saginaw River bAroclor 1242 1973 0. 2101 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 <0.010 0.013 <0.010 <0.010 SOURCE: Heaaa, J.L., Statue Report on Poljrchloroblphenyle in Michigan Hater*. Michigan Hater Raaourcaa Conalaalon, (June 1973). MONS 053501 51 Table 2.2-13 Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (FCB's) In Fish from Saginaw River, Oacesiber 7, 1971 (ppa; wet weight) Species Location Perch Carp Catfih Catfish Earn Weadock Discharge Channel (1 It It It If M tt tt MM tl tl Carp Carp Carp Carp Carp Pike Pike Glzsard Shad Gizzard Shad* Gizzard Shad* Gizzard Shad* U.S. Coest Guard Station tl tt tt " tl It tl tt tt It tl tt tt tt tl tt It It tt tt M It tt tt It tt tt If tt tt tt Gizzard Shad* Zllwaukee Bridge Gizzard Shad* tt 1 Gizzard Shad* tl tt length 9.0 21.0 8.0 7.5 23.0 24.0 20.0 24.0 21.0 27.0 23.0 14.0 6.0 4.5 5.0 4.5 5.0 5.0 Percent fat __ PCB'a baaed upon 1242 standard 1.3 16.3 0.9 8.8 7.0 37.1 4.9 47.9 ... 10.5 6.5 5.9 4.6 1.6 1.1 17.5 15.3 15.0 17.0 48.0 20.4 15.5 45.8 30.2 16.6 6.9 165.3 32.5 161.9 77.0 15.7 9.6 8.7 24.1 52.0 10.4 Concentration based upon analysis of whole fish. All others based upon edible portion only. . SOURCE: Hesse, J.L., Status Report on Polychloroblphenyls In Michigan Haters, Mlchlgsn Hatsr Resources Cosalsslon, (June 1973). HONS 053502 52 2.2.6 Cayuga Lake In October 1970 lake trout ware collected free Cayuga Laka In Ithaca, New York. Since these flah are narked each year when they are stocked In tha lake their ages ware accurately known. Table 2.2-14 shows the residues of PCB's Identified along with tha ago, length, weight and sax of each fish. The paak heights of individual PCB lsonors did not vary with tha age of the fish Indicating that there Is no selective netabollsa or storage of specific PCB lsoners as the fish natures. However, the concentration of total PCI's does Increase progressively with aaturlty. The variation In PCB concen trations anong Individual 11 or 12 year old fish nay be due to differences anong foraging, natabollc and axcretary capabilities of the older fish.1 HONS 053303 i I s Table 2.2-14 Residua* of PCS'a In Cayuga Laka Trout as a function of aaturlty; j, Juvenile. .Ag Sex Length (c) Weight (R) PCB (ppm) rJ 0.6 1J 1.6 1J 0.5 1J 1.2 2 J 27.7 181 2.0 2 J 28.7 226 1.3 2 J 33.5 407 2.5 3 J 44.5 815 2.2 3 J 44.5 725 2.4 3 J 41.1 770 1.2 4 J 53.8 1310 3.5 4 J 50.3 1160 4.1 4 J 55.1 1359 5.1 5 N 61.0 2030 5.7 6 M 63.5 2440 3.4 6 M 66.4 2850 9.7 6 F 68.3 2310 8.6 7 M 63.5 2260 4.0 7 M 68.9 3300 5.5 7 59.7 1990 10.5 8 F 75.2 3390 17.5 8 M 71.6 2805 13.4 8 F 69.0 3300 4.5 9 F 71.2 3390 30.4 11 M 80.3 4200 12.4 12 M 71.6 2535 13.4 12 N 75.5 3120 26.2 12 F 70.6 3440 7.4 51 SOURCE: Bachs, C.A., F.W. Sarun, W.D. Youngs and D.J. Link, Science. 177. 1191-1192, (1972). MONS 053504 s REFERENCES, Section 2.2 1. Bache, C.A., F.H. Sanaa, U.D. Younga and D. J. Link, Science, 177, 1191-1192, (1972). 2. Breaer, K.E., State of Concema of the Lake Michigan Toxic Subatancae Comalttee Related to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (draft) O.S. EPA, (1975). 3. Carr, R.L., C.E. Finatervaldar and M.J. Schlbl, Peaticidea Monitoring Journal, 6, 23-26, (1972). 4. Evaluation of tha Aquatic Environment of the Kalamazoo River Watershed, Part A, Biological Survey, June-August 1971, Michigan Water Resources Coaailsaion, (May 1972). 5. 1973 Great Lakes Envlroraaental Contaminant Survey - Data Summary and Analysis, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Michigan, (1973). A. Ilnllc, C.I.., G.D. Valth, G.F. Lee and W.C. Boyle, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons In the Lake Ontario Ecosystem (IFYGL), EPA Report EPA 660/3-75-022, (1975). 7. Haase, J.L., Contaminants in Great Lakes Fish, Staff Report, Michigan Water Resources Coamisslon, Dept, of Natural Resources, (1975). 8. Hesse, J.L., Status Report on Polychloroblphenyla in Michigan Waters, Michigan Water Resources commission, (June 1973). 9. Hesse, J.L., PCB Situation in Great Lake Fish, Report to Michigan Water Resources Commission, April 17, 1975. 10. Kaiser, K.L.E., Science. 185. 523-525, (1974). 11. Kelao, J.R.M. and R. Frank, Transactions American Fisheries Society, 103, 577-581, (1974). 12. Klelnert, S.J., Environmental Status of PCBs in Wisconsin, Wisconsin Dept, of Natural Resources, unpublished, (1975). 13. Monitoring for Polychlorinated Biphenyls in tha Aquatic Environment, Michigan Water Resources (Onmlaalon, (May 1973). 14. Parejko, R. and R. Johnston, Uptake of Toxic Water Pollutants (PCB) by Lake Trout. Project Completion Report; U.S. Dept, of the Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, Contract 14-01-0001-3522, (1973). 15. Polychlorinated Biphenyl Survey of the Kalamazoo River and Portage Creak in tha Vicinity of the City of Kalamazoo, 1972, Michigan Water Resources Coamlaslon, (January 1973). MONS 053505 16. U.S. EPA, An Evaluation of DDT and Dfaldrin in Lake Michisan EPA-R3-72-003, (1972). *' 17. U.S. KPA, Pesticide Monitoring Programs: Lake Michigan and Trlbutarlaa in Illinois, EPA 600/3-74-002. 18. Velth, G.D., Chlorinated Hydrocarbons In Flah frun Lake Michigan. University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin, unpublished report on EPA Project 16020 PBS, (1973). 19. Velth, C.D. and G.E. Glass, PCBs and DDT In Fish from Western Lake Superior, U.S. EPA Netlonal Water Quality Lab., Duluth, Minnesota, (1974). 20. Velth, G.D. and G.F. Lea, Water Research, 5, 1107-1115, (1971). 21. Wlllford, W.A., Contaminants In Upper Greet Lakes Pishes, Prssented at Graac Lakes Fishery Commission, Upper Greet lakes Committee Hastings, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, (March 1975). 55 MOMS 063506 36 2.3 Date from Localised Monitoring Effort* - Rivera 2.3.1 low* - Mississippi River Monitoring Iowa rlvsra for psstlcldss concsntratlons ovsr a period of ycnrH Indicated that chlorinated hydrocarbon lnaectlcldas used In row crop agriculture were being carried Into the rlvsra by aoll erosion. Since fish ara excellent biological composltora, measurement of trace elements In their tissues can give a picture of the relative pollution of a river. Therefore a study of the pesticide level* in the eggs of soae flah from locations In Iowa was undertaken In the spring of 1971.2 Two of the altea had measurable amount* of polychlorinated biphenyls. Tha PCB's detected match Arodor 1234. The concentratlona identified In tha roe removed from the fish from these sites on tha Mississippi ware as follows: Site Sped** Data Length of PCB Concentration In Collected Pish15 grama of roe (ppm) Near Northern border Channel Catfish Largemouth baaa Walleye 06-04-71 05-20-71 04-16-71 23.4 16.4 27.5 1.5 3.2 4.2 Near Southern border Channel Catflah Largemouth bass Hallaya 04-16-71 04-15-71 04-13-71 24.0 17.5 24.3 0.9 2.9 5.3 The levels of PCB's found In the same spades from tha two lo cations are approximately tha same Indicating that the major source of these Industrial chemicals la upstream from both of thasa sites. HONS 053507 57 2.3.2 Haw York - Hudson Rlvar The Hudson Rlvar In New York State provides an Interesting ecosysten In which to study PCB's, primarily because It la the receiving water for effluents from two plants of the General Electric Co., at Hudson Falls and Fort Edward. These plants use PCB's In the production of tranafoners and capacitors. Siwarlaa of extensive samp ling during 197S of thr Hudson Elver are presented in Flguree 2.3-1 and 2.3-2. The (!E plants appear to be the major contributors to the PCB residue levels In the river. Although trace levels of PCB's are evident above the HE plant outfall location, levels In water and sediment at Station 1 located at the outfall of the Fort Edward plant were as high as sny levels measured In the country. In the Immediate area downstream from this outfall, PCB concentrations In water exceed the equilibrium solubility level by more than a factor of 10. Major affects on the levels la sediment are noted more than 35 miles downstream from the outfalls. The data Indicate elevated concentrations In aquatic life far from the outfalls! fish samples approximately 40 and 66 miles downstream from the outfalls showed PCB levels In excess of 5 ppm while the same species showed only traces of PCB'a directly upstream from the outfalls. Since sediment samples above the plants also show some concentration there does appear to be some PCB source upstream of the plants. MONS 053508 HONS 0 5 3 S 0 9 C HOWVAUK M A CMC MM vAutaam warm avcmmi kumi * rm memas hum tmb atvimm tmb m wn - MiywmiMntt NWItU I lIMfNVMMMVa, vw.1 SMftCCfc MAauu.uiwm,mnm>iin)>wofmvottomum wmhyu iNf mmm mtm, mi m mbm m ffTMtMWMMTA: MW VWlSTiHiMgMIWW IWMHMWMTAl COIWVATIW. mvwm* nmaMwtLmjn.miMmymvK**rmnsm TIKtMTH SATA: MW VHMffATf MMinHHT 9f fMW--MTA1 CWMVATlQM. ------------------- ------------------------------------1 MTiif tma wosm **. octmcmto nmai wn mi uvtu HONS 0 5 3 * 1 0 FIGURE 2.3-2 DETAILED IMF OF A PORTION OF THE HUDSON RIVER 60 2.3.3 Maryland - Chaatar Klvar Thla study was eonductad in tha Uppar Chaaapaaka Bay in 1971-1972;1 tha study arsa la shown In Figure 2.3-3 . Tha Bay and Its trlbutarlaa racelva chlorlnatad hydrocarbons as a raault of Industrial, agricultural and waate disposal actlvltlaa occurring along tha shorallnaa of thasa waterways and within tha total watarahad. Sadlnant aanplaa wars collected approximately quarterly except for tha last sat which was taken early In ordar to collect data shortly after tropical atom "Agnes". The PCB'a Identified wars almost exclusively Arodor 1242. The first readings, taken In Hovcaber 1971 ranged froa 0-21 ppb with an average of 83 ppb. By April 1972 tha average had cllabad to 110 ppb with a range from 0-300 ppb. By June the raadinga taken ranged from 0-150 ppb with tha average reduced to 53 ppb. After "Agnes" In July tha average had again Increased to 96 ppb with readings ranging from 0-180 ppb. Tha explanation given for tha variations la that during the early spring, massive amounts of suspended sediment from tha Susquehanna River entered tha Chaster Rlvar and wars carried upstream In tha flow of water along the rlvar bottom. Tha peak sadlnant loads from tha Suaquahanna generally come at tha and of February, decreasing abruptly after tha and of March due to a reduced flow rate of tha rlvar. An equilibrium net transport develops in tha Cheater River In April. In May, fine sediments ware transported slowly Into tha Bay. However, over tha year there la a movement of eedlmant along the river bottom Into tha rlvar from the Bay. Thus, tha upper Chaaapaaka Bay, l.a., tha Susquehanna Rlvar la tha major source of suspended sediments In tha lower tidal portion of tha Cheater River. Tha average values and ranges Identified In biota of tha Chestor River taking Into account variability due to seasonal fluctuations, distributional differences resulting from aaapla location, and apeclas as wall aa Individual uptake differences wars as follows; Oysters Soft shelled clams Fish Crabs Average (ppb) 55 58 18.5 20 Benge (ppb) 16-250 13-180 2-570 0.4-51 Based on data collected June 6, 1972 from the nine etatlons along tha main river couraa It waa determined that concentrations of PCB'a decreased aa a function of distance up rlvar from its mouth at Love Point In Its upstream direction at the rata of 4.20 ppb/Mautlcal mile. HONS 053511 MOMS 053512 FIGURE 2.31 CHART OF CHESAPEAKE BAY SHOWING MAJOR TRIBUTARIES AND LOCATION OF THE CHESTER RIVER. 62 2.3.4 Connecticut In October 1974 the Slnto oI Connecticut JnloiiHlvoly sampled hoi tom eedlment In rivers end lakes thoughout the atnte. The reeultn nri* shown In Figure 2.3-4, based on a computer mapping provided by the Connecticut District Office of the U.S. Geological Survey.* The deco Show PCS contamination to be both widespread and at high levels through out the state, particularly around the highly developed areas cf Hart ford, New Haven, Stanford-Greenwlch and all along the Houaatonlc River flowing from Hassachusetta. The state had aamplad mostly whola watar for PCB's prior to 1974, with no appraclabla residue levels dlacovarad, but now has switched to a yearly bed material determination. Tha readings for the baseline period of October 1974 are to be updated yearly. HONS 0S3513 b4 REFERENCES SECTION 2.3 1. Clark*, W.D. Ed., Cheatar Rlvar study, A Joint Investigation by tha Stat* of Maryland Department of Natural Ratourcaa and Waetinghouaa Elactrlc Corporation, Vol. I-IIX, Novenbar 1972. 2. Johnaon, L.G., Morris, I.L., Bullatln of Bnvlronnantal Contaalnatlon and Toxicology, II, 303-310, (1974). 3. Nadaau, R.J. and R.P. Davla, Investigation of Folychlorlnatad Biphanyla in the Hudson Rlvar, 1974, O.S.B.P.A., Washington, D.C., 21 pp. 4. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Fish and Wildlife, 1973, Analyses of PCB'e In Fish Flash, unpublished report. 3. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Pure Watera, PCB Monitoring In tha Upper Hudson River Basin, October 1973, unpublished report. 6. Thomas, Chester E., Assistant District Chief, Connecticut District, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Raaourcsa Division, personal coenainlcstlon, July, 1975. MONS 053514 2.4 Data fron Localicad Monitoring Eflorta - Marina Environment 2.4.1 Atlantic Ocean In addition to tha many PCS atudlaa that have baen conducted within the United Statai, a few atudlaa have been carried out lnveatlgeting the air, water and fish off Che eaat coaat of the United Staten. Theae etudlea, conducted between 1971 and 1974 covering Providence, Rhode Inland; Grand Banka; Vineyard Sound; Georgea Bonk ;ind Berauda ahow PCS'* to be extensively dietributed over tha Atlantic Ocean. The general eanpllng area la shown In Figure 2.4-1. One of the few air studies that has been published was carried out by Harvey and Stelnhauer11 In 1973. Table 2.4-1 ahows the eanpllng locations and Arodor 1254 concentrations Identified. The highest concentrations were In Vineyard Sound which la approximately 100-150 nllaa fron tha Boston, Hartford, Haw York, Hew Jersey complex. Over 1000 nllaa away at Grand Banks the concentrations were 100 times lass than In Vineyard Sound. Figure 2.4-2 showa the relationship of atmospheric PCB levels with distance fron these Industrial areas. Tha seaward dacreasa appears to be exponential. Later studies on PCB's In surface and subsurface waters were dona by Harvey1'. Although the concentration range across tha northern North Atlantic is broad, fron 1-150 ppt, tha average was about 35 ppt In surface waters and 10 ppt at 200 asters depth. Looking at the lower latltudee It appears that the surface waters of tha Sargsaso Sea have slightly lower concentrations than other parts of the North Atlantic, averaging 27 ppt. The widespread PCB distribution lapllcates tha atmosphere as a predonlnant nods of transport In the Atlantic with variations due to tha aeasllcka, localised rainfall or discharges fron ships. During tha period of February-June 1973, PCB concentrations In tha narlna atmosphere of the Bermuda - Sargasso Saa and Providence, Rhode Island area were neasured by Bldlanan and Olnay1. It la interesting to nota that Boat of the PCB was trapped on tha polyurethane loan collection surface suggesting that PCB's are In the atmosphere nalnly as vapors rather than adsorbed onto particulate matter, or that they volatilise from tha trapped particles collected on the glass fiber pre filter. Table 2.4-1 glvaa tha locations and levels Identified aa Aroclor 1242 or 1248. Sargasso Saa surface water was also measured by Bldlanan and Olnay1 In 1973. From Table 2.4-2 It can be seen that tha concentra tions wars higher In the surface layer than In the subsurface samples. Follow-up by Harvey1J, at. al., Indicated that PCB concentrations In North Atlantic surface waters declined forty fold from 1972 to 1974 presumably following tha cassation of certain Industrial uses of those compounds. However, Longhurst and Radford dispute the dacreasa stating that either the analytical methods ware Inaccurate or Harvey's original estimate of tha total amount of dissolved PCB's in tha upper 200 m was incorrect. Harvey and Stelnhauar have agreed17 HONS 053515 Unit their extrapolation My well have been lnpropcr and plannod more aaiapllng for 1975. In 1971 a aeofood Monitoring prograa" waa i-uudui-led on tin- Kimt Coast of the United Statee. It la difficult to Make interapeclcx conparlaona but ae can be eeen In Table 2.4-3 the hlglieet Aroclor 1240 level waa In flounder fron Jacksonville, Florida. HONS 053S16 Table 2.4-1 PCB Concentrations Over the Western North Atlantic Station 3 Smlt voIum (i ) Bermuda 560 480 820 500 1070 1320 918 1950 1740 732 1300 860 33*20'N, 65*14'W 34'39'N, 66*15'W 38`48'N, 69'14'W 40*32'N, 70'20'W 300 267 222 196 Georges Bank (41*40'N, 67*30'W) 105 675 660 655 640 650 Vineyard Sound (41`20'N, 70`50'W) 105 224 Grand Banks (45*16'N, 52`08'W) 780 960 840 940 540 Providence, R.I. 392 1071 744 76 Calculated as Arodor 12S4 "Calculated as Arodor 1242 or 1248 nt/m3 0.5'0.4~ 0.160.15* 0.59" 0.30" 0.65" 0.62" 0.55" 0.52" 0.61" 0.21" 1.6" 0.79" 0.72" 0.83" 1.4" 0.82* 0.58 0.61* 0.80* 1.60* 3.9" 5.3" 0.05* 0.07* 0.10" 0.16" 0.05* 4.0" 2.1" 5.8" 9.4" SOURCE: Harvey, R.G. and W.C. Stelnhauer, Atmospheric Environment, Nature, 252, 387-388 (November 29, 1974). 67 HONS 053517 Table 2.4-2 PCB'e Measured In Sargasso Sea Area, 1973 Location 29*56'N. 64*40'W 30*45'H, 66*55'W 30*34'H, 66*59'W 28*53'M, 65'07'M 29*56'N, 63*00'W 30*00'N, 64*30'W 31*34'N, 63*49'W 31`38'N, 63*57'W Saanla* SM SS SM 88 SM SS SM SS SM SS SM SS SM SS SM 8S - DDt** 11.2 1.6 4.4 <0.9 8.3 1.0 42.6 , 19.3 <0.9 , <0.9 3.8 <0.9 5.6 1.6 5.0 1.8 B.4 0.9 ASM - aaapls la surface alcrolayar SS - aaapla la subsurface water **PCB calculated aa Aroclor 1260 SOURCE: Bldleaan, T.F., and C.E. Olney, Science, 184. 516-S18 (fab. 8, 1974) MONS 053518 FIGURE 2.4-1 ATLANTIC OCEAN SAMPLING SITES  km FROM SOURCE SOURCEiHARVEY, G.R. AND W.G. STEINHAUER, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT 777-782. (18741. iFIGURE 2A-2 RELATIONSHIP OF ATMOSPHERIC PCS LEVELS WITH DISTANCE FROM INDUSTRIAL AREAS HONS 0S3520 71 Tabla 2.A-3 PCB Raslduaa In Saafood Spaclas Blua craba Shrlap Floundar Waak (lah Drua Saapla Quantity JACKSONVILLE, FLA. IS 1 k 3 5 5 Arodor 1260 (pm) 0.08 0.60 0.65 0.AA 0.17 Blua craba Shrlap Pilot ahrlap Oyatera Haaorbsck clans Squid Flounder SAVANNAH, CA. 16 O.S kg 0.5 kg 15 28 5 A ___ -___ ____ -- .... __ .... Blua craba Shrlap Oyatars Squid Croakar CHARLESTON, S.C. 10 1 kg >15 >15 1 .... 0.02 -- -- Blue crabs Shrlap Oyatara Claaa Scallops Floundar Spanlah aackerel Waak flnh Blua flah Plah aaal MOREHEAD CITY, N.C. 15 * kg 2A 20 12 3 1 2 2 0.5 kg __( ____ 0.02 .... * ' ____ V ' ____ ; ___ , 0.11 Blua craba Waak fish Strlpad aaa bass Spot Harrlng CHESAPEAKE BAY 25 3 3 5 10 0.02 0.A9 0.02 0.10 Blua craba Flounder Waak fish Strlpad bass Mullat Croakar DELAWARE BAY 15 2 5 2 5 1 0.13 0.07 0.23 0.07 0.21 0-50 SOURCE: Markin, C.P., J.C. Hawthorne, J.U Collin* and J.H. Ford MOWS 093321 2.4.2 Bay of Fundy A* aarly aa 1969, FCB raalduaa wara ldantlflad In harbour porpolsaa from the Bay of Fundy. located In the northaaat auction of Naina'. Zltko. at. al.'*, Identified Aroclor 1254 In a number of different fish ranting from 0.07 ppm In the muecle of banking ahnrk and 0.21 ppm In the miiNCle of sea raven to 3.55 ppm In Herring Oil nnd 218 ppm In the liver of white ehark. The epedea studied and the It-vcla meanurud aru Muted in Table 2.4-4. Table 2.4-4 PCB and Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Peatiddee In Aquatic Animals from the Bay of Fundy - Gulf of Maine Area. Species Tissue Aroclor 1254, ppm Herring Mackerel Plaice White hake Ocean parch Cod Sea ravan Banking ehark White shark Bluefln tuna Herring oil Fishmeal Double-created cormorant Herring gull whole fish muscle muscle muscle muscle muscle muscle vlscars muscle liver muscle liver muscle BBS muscle liver subcutaneous fat abdominal fat SB* muscle liver subcutaneous fat 0.34 0.35 0.38 0.44 0.32 0.55 0.21 0.73 0.07 1.07 0.77 218 1.54 3.55 0.54 43.5 17.2 3.38 2.13 38 52 12.6 5.54 5.06 6.50 75 SOURCE: Zltko. V., 0. Hutzlngar and P.M.K. Choi, Environmental Health Perspectives, 47-50, (April 1972). M0NS 053522 2.4.3 Gulf of Mexico - Caribbean 3m Bunoff fro* approximately two-third* of eh* United State* and ooe-helf of Mexico entara th* Gulf of Mexico and le awept generally waetward to be trapped In the Weatern Gulf for aa such aa 100 yeare. Therefor* a buildup of aan-aada toxic chaalcale la poaelble In the Haatarn Gulf aapaclally alnca there la a heavy concentration of chaalcal aanufacturere In Loulalan* and Taxaa.7 Th* aarlleat aaaplaa collected In thla area were brown Pelican* collected in 1969 fro* the Atlantic and Gulf Coaat of Florida and in 1970 from Florida Bay. The hlghaat lavela, 1.0-7.5 ppa caaa froa the Atlantic Coaat while thoaa froa tha Gulf Coaat ranged up to 4.2 ppa and thoaa froa the Kaya in the Bay only had roncantratlima up in 2.5 ppa. Tha btrde repreeanted wide range of ngae and both aaxae, but tha laawtura and adult blrda alwaya had higher raetduea than tha young.2 In 1971 a aeafood nonltorlng prograa1' for the lneactlelda alrax waa aat up. Three of tha atationa ware located la tha Gulf of Maxlco and Identified Arodor 1260 aa Indicated In Table 2.4-5. Due to tha different klada of apaclaa Involved a coaparlaon of levela la difficult to prepare. However, It la dear that tha levela In aanplaa froa Mobile Bay, Alabaaa ranging froa 0.01 to 0.40 ppa ware higher than thoaa froa the Miaelaaippl Sound where tha hlghaat level waa only 0.20 ppa. Flah and othar aarlne organiaaa wera collected In the Gulf of Mexico and tha Caribbean Saa In May and October 1971 aa ahown in Figure 2.4-3. While PCB'a ware detected In nearly all the aaaplaa analytad tha level* war* generally low. Tha aaaplaa froa coaatal watera generally had higher levela than aaaplaa froa open water*. Thla aane obaervatlon hold* true for aaa plankton. Of th* alx aaaplaa containing PCB'a above 100 ppb wat weight four of thaa war* near Countul area*.' Grouper* war* alao collected' alnca they tend to apand their poat larval Ilf* in on* locality and ahould therefore yield data aore repraaantatlv* of a particular area. Figure 2.4-3 ahowa tha aaapllng location*. Th* level* are generally low although th* hlghaat level* do earn fro* th* weatern Gulf. Not* alao that at Anton Llxardo th* levela In tha grouper* IncrMaa with lacrMalag alx* aa can be expected alnca th* fat content of th* flah lncraaaaa with lncnaalng alx* and aga of th* apaclMn. Table 2.4-6 praaanta aon* of th* level* Identified In 1971. Gian at. el.' again took uMaureaant* fro* atationa In th* Gulf of Maxlco In 1973-1974 a* Indicated la Figure 2.4-3 and Table 2.4-7. Tha concentration* In biota ar* lower than they wera la tha 1971 aurvay with an average according to Gian of about 20 ppb reduced froa 60 ppb. It auet b* noted, however, that theae atationa war* all doa* to tha southern coeat of tha U.S. with no aaaplaa collected In th* Haatarn Gulf. 73 HONS 053523 I Table 2.4-6 lota and Plankton frou tha Gulf of Mexico - 1971 Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 27 28 29 30 31 32 Biota Flouodr* flounder Weight (lba.) Flounder Flounder <a Planktont Crustacean* Crustacean* Shrlapw Rock Shrlap* Squid * King Mackerel auecle* Planktont Tuna niacleo Tuna auscle* Planktont Plankton+ Planktont Planktonf Planktont Planktont Planktont GrouperR 3.1 2.9 1.9 1.9 GrouperR 0.7 4.9 4.8 2.8 GrouperR 10.0 3.7 CrouperR 2.9 6.0 4.8 1.6 3.0 2.4 GrouperR GrouperR 3.3 18.0 Stndtrd Length () 398 378 306 287 222 414 416 338 514 403 354 495 459 315 385 339 352 681 PCB's (PPb) 32 36 59 34 678 151 22 167 6 40 34 <3 58 36 100 30 <3 1055 44 42 191 110 32 14 14 12 33 12 10 7 7 6 5 3 3 14 6 81 220 Gian, C. S., A.R. Hanks , R.L. Richardson, W.M. Sackatt and M.K. Wong, Featlddee Monitoring Journal, 6, 139-143, (Sec. 1972). tGiaa, C. S., M.K. Wong, A.R. Hanks, W.M. Sackatt and R.L. Richardson, Bulletin of Rnvlronaantal Contanlnatlon and Toxicology, 9, 376-382, (1973). " RGlan, C.S., R.L. Richardson, D. Taylor and M.K. Wong, Builatin of Environmental Contanlnatlon and Toxicology, 11, 189-192, (1974). MOMS 053524 74 Table 2.4-5 PCS Residues In Seafood Species Sample Quantity Crabs Shrimp Squid Ploundar Spacklad saa trout Spanlah aackaral Waak flah Atlantic whiting Plah oil Flah aaal Ground fish (unprocasaad) MISSISSIPPI SOUND 15 1 kg 1 ki 3 3 3 5 5 1 liter 1 kg 1 kg Arnclor 1240 (ppm) 0.07 -- 0.03 0.03 0.20 0.06 0.12 0.10 0.02 0.02 0.04 Blue craba Shrlap Oyatara Squid Flounder Spacklad aaa trout Spanlah aackaral Waak flah Atlantic whiting Croakar Rad anappar Mullet Anchovy Shad MOBILE BAY, ALA, 15 1.3 kg 20+ 10 3 1 2 5 5 3 2 5 >20 >10 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.40 0.18 0.37 0.11 0.33 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.09 Crabs Waak fish Mullst TAMPA BAY, PLA. 10 5 5 0.03 0.83 0.31 SOURCE: Markin, G.P., J.C. Hawthorns, J.L. Collins, and J.H. Ford, Paatlcldas Monitoring Journal, 139-143, (March 1974). HONS 0S3S2S  BIOTA 1971 OROUPBRB 1971 A BIOTA, WATSft, SBDIMBNT, 1079-1074 PLANKTON 1971 FIGURE 2.4*3 GULF OF MEXICO SAMPLING SITES ) i HONS 053526 Station 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Table 2.4-7 ConcentratIona of PCBa in Selected Samplae fro* the Gulf of Mexico, 1973-74 Biota (PPb) 20 Water (PPt> 4.1 11 2.1 22 1.7 23 -- 37 1.7 14 2.1 6 2.4 11 1.3 94 0.8 68 2.7 Sediment (ppb) <0.2 35.0 33.0 <0.2 <0.2 -- -- <0.2 ___ SOURCE: Glam, C.S., J.S. Chen, J.P. Kakaraka and G.S. Neff, Trace Analyeea of Phthalatee and Chlorinated Hydrocarbone In Gulf . of Mexico Sanplea, HONS 053527 2.4.4 California According to Hon and Aleebrough1* PCBe have bacoaa a elgnlfleant conponent of the urine food vaba of aoutham California. They have been aaaoclated with a high Incidence of prautura blrthe anong aaa Ilona and eggahall thinning with conaaquant reproductive failure in f !nli-at InH hlrda. One ittudy collected dllfarent lavela of eadlunt froai the Santa Barbara Baaln.1H The dated and analyead eadlnenta Indicated that cha depoaltlon of PCS'a began about 1945 probably aa a raault of the rapid lncraaaa in PCS uae aa electrical lneulatlng flulda and paint addltlvwa during World War II. Through 1967 there waa no Indication of a leveling off In the rate of PCS depoaltlon. Levela In the 1940-1945 layer were 31 ppb lncreaalng to 49 ppb In the 1947-1952 layer. 66 ppb In the 1955-1960 layer and 103 ppb In the 1962-1967 layer.1* Rlaebrough1* haa auggeated that the obaarvatlon of PCS'a In the aaa Indicate that they are dleperaad by wind curranta. Table 2.4-8 ebowa the dlatrlbution of PCB realduee in aavaral collectIona of urine fiah collected frou the Coaatal watera of aoutham California In late 1965 and early 1966 and In urine blrda collected In late 1966. Note that the lavala In the blrda 0.08-109 ppn ware higher than thoae In flah, N.D.-1.2 ppn. Petrela and ehearwatara breed on route lalonda apendlng their entire llvaa at aaa. They do not dive for flah but fud prlnarlly upon organiau obtained at or near the aurface where aerial fallout rim Id lx- expected to retain taaporally the water-lnaolubla chlorinated hyilrociirbona coaponanta. Two Peregrine Palcona allowed PCB levela runglng fron 1.5 ppn, nat weight, In the brain of an lauture bird to 1,980 ppn lipid weight In the carcaaa of an adult bird. Analyaea of Weetem gull egga22 ahow that egga fron Sen Francleco Bay, with levela fron 24-950 ppn contained ura PCB'e than egga fron the Farallon lalande 27 allee weat of the Golden Gate Bridge with levela fron 12-1010 ppn. Theaa were both higher than egga fron Baja California whara the levela were 1.2-471 ppn. Concern over reproductive failure of the Double Created Coturant led to a etudy In 1969 of Corurant egga fron thru locatlona In aoutham California. The levela Identified ranged fron 12-1,100 ppn In the yolk llpida.10 A alnllar concern alao led to a etudy of Brown Pelicana on Anacapa Ialand In May 1969. Pat eanplee fron ala adult blrda and one lauture bird ranged fron 77 to 366 ag/ga.1 s Early data collected by Muneon1* in 1970 fron San Diego and Orange Countlea ehoved levela In aquatic biota ranging fron <2.0 to 8.8 ppn lipid weight (N.D. - 1.0 wet might) In San Diego end 0.62 - 38 ppn lipid weight (0.008 to 1.4 wet might) fron Orange County. However, the difference in realdue levela uy ba due to a different type of uptake uchanian alnce the aanplea fron Orange County were lnvartabratee while thoae fron San Diego mre flah. M0NS 053528 79 In addition to tha atudlaa of Doubla Craatad Cornoranta and Brown Pallcana, Faber at. <1/ atudled Coaaon Bgreta and Great Blue Herona. The PCB lavela ranged up to IS ppa In the brain and 93 ppn In tha llvara of adult egrets Iron the Audubon Canyon Ranch. Flab Which tha blrda night feed on froa Bollnaa Lagoon ahowed level* froa 0.072-0.079 ppa. In order to aaaeae the potential contaalnatlon froa chlorinated hydrocarbona the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a atudy in February 1972 of the San Frandaco Bay. Bottoa aatarlal waa collected froa 26 atreaaa that dlacharge Into San Frandaco Bay. The raaulta of tha analyaea are given In Figure 2.6-6 llluatratlng the wldaapread dlatrlbutlon of PCB'a In the San Frandaco Bay area. The raadlnga froa Steven Creek of 180 ppb and froa Alaaltoa Creak, of 610 ppb were higher than anticipated elnce neither area had any apparent lnduatrlal or cocnerclal davelopaant. Deepita tha axtraaa range up to 1600 ppb there waa no algnlflcant difference between tha average realdue of atreaaa dlacharglng Into the Bay aouth of San Frandaco and thoae dlecherglag into the Bay north of San Frandaco.18 Studlae of Waete Water Treataant Plante In tha Southern California area will be preaented In Section 2.5.3.6. oSBSi9 HOMS so Table 2.4-8 Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCS) Residues In Marina Flah and Marina Birds, 1965-1966 Species Locality. Northern Anchovy Teralnal Island Shlnar. Parch San Francisco Bay English Sole San Francisco Bay Monterey Jack Mackerel Channel Islands Hake Puget Sound Channel Islands . Bluefln Tune Body nuecla Liver Ysllowfln Tuna Liver Skipjack Tuna Liver Caasin's Auklat Ancient Murrelet Fulaar Fulmar Had Phalarope Rhinoceros Auklet Slander-billed Shearwater Sooty Shearwater Sooty Shearwater Peregrine Falcon Breast auscle, second year Feaale, algrant from Artie Breast auscle. laaature California Breast auscle, adult feaale, California ' PCB 1.0 0.4-1.2 0.05-0.11 0.04 0.02 0.16 0.12 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.1 0.16 0.15 0.08 0.34 0.10 0.36 2.1 1.2 0.9 22 10.5 109 SOURCE: Rlsebroush, R.W., Chlorinated Hydrocarbons In Marine Ecosystems. MONS 093930 NONS 053531 [ riftiise ? j pon'C IN c&M HlNCISHI BAY AREA STREAM BEDS i 82 2.4.5 Bscaabla Bay, Florida The first detection of Arodor 1254 reelduee In Escambia lay waa In oyatera In April 1969.' Later aaapllng alao ahowed realduaa In water, sediment, fish, blue crabs and ahrlap na Indicated In Table 2.4-9. (hie source wnn apparently nn Industrial out I all which liad liail no l.lmtnI leakage of a heat exchange fluid. Fish, ahrlap and crahe contnlnad higher concentrations than oyatera but are alao aore aoblle and therefore nut aa uaeful as aonltora for a particular area. Figure 2.4-5 idantiflaa the aaapllng locations (stations 1-7). Lass than 0.1 ppb occurred In the water at station 2 but It waa not detected In lower bay water. Leaching froa sedlaenta la prcsuaably the cauae of the continued presence of Arodor 1254 In the river water. Sedlaent saaples taken naar the outfall reached 486 ppa In August 1969.1 Pink ahrlap collected at the sane tlaa froa the bay wars found to contain whole body realduaa of Arodor 1254 as high as 14 ppa.1' Residues in savan composite aaaplss of at least five ahrlap ranged froa 0.6 to 120.0 ppa. Fiddler crabs collected in April 1970 froa tha lowar Bscaabla River and Upper Bscaabla Bay had Individual whole body reelduee of 0.45 to 1.5 ppa. The largant accuaulatlona were found In the sadlaants with the suixlmua residue of 61 ppa observed in the River at tha outfall froa rlie Industry. Tha aaxlnua In tha Bay of 30 ppa was found near the aouth of the river. Although Aroclor was not detected In sadlaants collected above the plant, soil saaples froa the bank naar tha aouth of the river downstraaa froa the source 6.5 ka had 1.4 to 1.7 ppa. Subsequent asaplings froa three stations In tha bay showed little change In the ehaalcal even after nine months. Table 2.4-9 shows the levels Identified for these sediment collections as stations 8-20.** Tha aaount of PCB In sedlaaot Saaples appeared to decrease after tha Initial February 1970 survey.,l . The decrease la especially noticeable In Dacanber 1970 and October 1971. In general, the realduaa Identified In 1971 wars about one-tenth tha 1970 values. Coras taken In a 1972 survey generally Indicated lass PCB than In 1971. Table 2.4-9 Identifies tha readings taken for these three years as stations 21-23. Later surveys of biota froa the aatuary showed levels to remain relatively high. Table 2.4-10 conparas realduaa In tha seas spaclas or those occupying slallar trophic levels captured on the same day in Bscaabla and East Bays; the Eaat Bay site being about 35 kilometers from tha original source of tha aaterlal. Although sand seatroue and Atlantic cutlassflsh could ba axpaetad to have the highest residues since thay are predators tha hlghaat levels ware actually found In sllversldea whose diet consists mainly of plankton. Hoes alao that the concentrations In spaclas from Bscaabla Bay were 5 to 10 times greater then those found in Bast Bay but that Aroclor 1254 waa found avan In spaclas captured distant froa tha original source of PCB.11 HONS 053S32 84 Table 2.4-9 Residuaa of Aroclor 1254 In Senplea fro* Eacnabla Bay and River location Simple Raalduea of_Aroclor ..1.254 _^pjn) 1969 JJ70 1971 I')72 3 Speckled trout 20.0 3 Flounder llvar 184.0 4 Menhaden 5.7 4 Menhaden 11.0 4 Menhaden 12.0 4 Flounder liver 76.0 4 Flounder nuede 4.5 4 Flounder gllla 19.0 4 Croaker 12.0 4 Plnfleh 10.0 3 Shrlnp 2.5 3 Blue crab 7.0 3 Blue crab 6.3 4 Shrlnp 1.5 4 Blue crab 1.0 1 Sedlnent 486 2 Sedincnt <.03 6 Sedlnent 1.7 8 Sedlnent N.D. 9 Sedlnent 61.0 10 Sedlnent 5.7 11 SedInant 4.1 12 Sedlnent 1.9 13 Sedlnent 1.8 14 sedlnent 30.0 15 Sedlnent 4.2 16 Sedlnent 3.3 17 Sedlnent 4.9 18 Sedlnent 0.6 19 Sedlnent 2.5 20 Sedlnent 1.4 21 Sedlnent 0-2 In. 78.0 8.1 0.97 Sedlawnt 2-4 in. 30.0 0.12 5.8 Sedlnent 4-6 in. 6.1 N.D. Sedlnent 6-8 In. 0.4 N.D. 22 Sedlnent 0-2 In. 10.0 0.91 0.14 Sedlnent 2-4 In. 11.0 N.D. N.D. Sedlnent 4-6 in. 15.0 N.D. N.D. Sedlnent 6-8 In. 20.0 N.D. -------- -- Sedlnent 8-10 In. 18.0 N.D. -- Sedlnent 10-12 in. 1.2 N.D. _______ 23 Sedlnent 0-2 in. 0.19 0.19 -------- -- Sedlnent 2-4 In. 0.08 N.D. -- Sedlnent 4-6 in. 0.02 N.D. -- Sedlnent 6-8 In. N.D. N.D. -- SOURCE: Nlnaxi, D.R., D.J. Hanaan, J.A. Couch, N.R. Cooloy, P.R. Parrlah and J.I. Lowe, Toxicity of Aroclor 1254 and lta Phyalologlcel Activity In Savaral Eatuarlna Organlane, (unpubllahad). HONS 053534 Table 2.4-10 Comparison of Concentrations of Aroclor 1254 Found in Spaciaa Collected in Escoabia end East leys Species Spartlna Zostara - Olive Merits Rangla I'enaeld Shrimp Blue Craba Bay Anchovy Catfish Tidewater Sllvarsldes Silver Perch Sand Seatrout Spotted Seatrout Spot Atlantic Croaker Hogchoker Atlantic Cutlasafish Escambia Bay (ppm) N.D. N.D. 0.49 N.D. 0.98 6.90 3.00 3.80 10.00 4.50 -1-.5--0 1.80 1.60 1.30 2.90 East Bay (PPm) N.D. N.D. N.D. N.D. Trace 0.46 0.68 0.58 0.95 0--.4-8- 0.12 Trace Trace N.D. 0.72 SOURCE: Moan, D.R., D.J. Hansen, J.A. Couch, N.R. Cooley, P.R. Parrlah and J.I. Low*, Toxicity of Aroclor 1254 and lta Phyalologlcal Activity In Savaral Batuarlna Organlana, (unpubllahad). HONS 053S35 86 REFERENCES, Section 2.4 1. Bldlemon, R.K. and C.E. Olnay, Science, 184, 616-518, (Foh. 8, ll)74). 2. Blue, L.J., A.A. Belisla and R.M. Prouty, Pentlcldea Monitor Inn Journal, 7^, 181-194, (March 1974). 3. Duke, R.W., J.J. Lose and A.J. Wilson Jr., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, S., 171-180, (1970). 4. Fabar, R.A., R.W. Rlsebrough and H.M. Pratt, Environmental Pollution, 3, 111-122, (1972). . 5. Gaskin, D.E., Nature, 233, 499-SOO, (Oct. 13, 1971). 6. Clan, C.S., J.S. Chan, J.P. Kakaraka and G.S. Naff, Traca Analyses of Phthalates and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons In Gulf of Maxlco Samples. 7. Glam, C.S., A.R. Hanks, R.L. Richardson, W.M. Sackatt and M.K. Wong, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 6, 139-143, (Dec. 1972). 8. Clam, C.S., R.L. Rlchardeon, D. Taylor and M.K. Wong, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 11, 189-192, (1974). 9. Clam, C.S., M.K. Wong, A.R. Hanks, W.M. Sackett and R.L. Richardson, Bulletin of Environmental Contaalnatlon and Toxicology, 2, 376-382, (1973). 10. Grass, F., R.W. Rlsebrough, D.W. Anderson, L.F. Klff and F.R. Jehl Jr., The Wilson Bulletin, 85, 197-208, (June 1973). 11. Harvey, G.R., and W.G. Stelnhauar, Atmospheric Environment, 2, 777-782, (1974). 12. Harvey, G.R., Stelnhauar, W.G. and J.P. Mlkloa, Nature, 252. 387-388, (Nov. 29, 1974). 13. Harvey, G.R., W.G. Stelnhauer and J.M. Teal, Science, 180. 643-644, (May 11, 1973). 14. Horn, W., R.W. Rlsebrough, A. Soutar and D.R. Young, Science, 184, 1197-1199, (June 14, 1974). 15. Keith, J.0., L.A. Woods Jr., and E.G. Hunt, Transactions of tha North American Wildlife Confarenea, 35, 56-63, (1970). 16. L.M., Law, and D.F. Goarlltx, Pesticides Monitoring Journal, 8, 33-36, (June 1974). 17. Longhurat, A.R., and P.J. Radford, Nature, 256, 239-240, (July 17, 1975). MOMS 053536 87 18. Markin, G.P., J.C. Hawthorn*, J.L. Colllna, and J.H. Ford, Featlcldaa Monitoring Journal, ]_, 139-183, (March 1978). 19. Munaon, T.O., Bullatln of gnvlronaantal Contamination and Toxicology, l, 223-228 (1972). 20. Nino, D.k., P.D. Wllaon, It.It. Blackman and A. J. Wllaon Jr., Natura, 231, 50-52, (May 7, 1971). 21. Nino, D.R., D.J. Hanaan, J.A. Couch, 1.1. Coolay, P.R. Parrlah and J.I. Low*, Toxicity of Aroclor 12S8 and lea Phyalologleal Activity In Several Batuarlna Organlana, (unpubllahad). 22. Rlaabrough, R.H., Chlorinated Hydrocarbon* In Marin* Ecoayatn*. 23. Rlaabrough, R.H. and V. Brodina, Envlronmant, 12, 16-27, (January-February 1970). 28. Zltko, V., 0. Hutxlngar and P.M.K. Choi, Hnvironnantal Health Perapectivea, 87-30, (April 1972). 23. Zltko, V., and P.M.K., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 7, 63-68, (1972). MONS 0S39B7 88 2.S Data from Locallead Monitoring Efforta - Induatrlal Plant*. Producta, Sawaga Treatment Facllltlaa and Landfllla 2.5.1 Induatrlal Plant* 2.5.1.1 Monsanto. Co.. .Snuaer. Illinois Tito only P(!H production facility In thi Unltod Stilton In Mto Muiiniim.. pi not at Snuget, Illinois which Imn produced PC8 aixltiran ranging Iron 20 to 68 parcent chlorine. Polychlorinated terphenyln have been produced at this facility, but production was suspended In 1971. Soil contaalnatlon studies7 ware Initiated In February 1976. The sampling locations around the Monsanto facility are Identified In Figure 2.5-1. The levels of Aroelor 1262, Aroelor 1260 and daeaehloroblphanyl found at these sampling sites are listed In Table 2.5-1. The distri bution of all PCBs analyzed appears to be higher near tha plant site and generally decreasing with distance from tha alts. Thera la seme evidence that higher concentrations are present In the soils located to the southeast which corresponds with tha predominant wind direction In this area. A typical chromatogram of a eoll sample obtained near tha plant la shown In Figure 2.5-2 along with the reference chroswtograma of Aroelor 1242 and 1260 run under tha same Instrument conditions. Using those reference spectra, this sample contains 11 ppm Aroelor 1242, 9.3 ppm Aroelor 1260 and 1.0 ppm decachloroblphenyl. M0NS 083538 ( Table 2.5-1 PCB Level* In Solis, ppa, Monsanto Saaple Station Aroclor 1260 1 0.05 2 0.12 3 1.4 4 0.31 5 0.20 6 1.3 7 2.9 8 9.6 9 0.65 10 0.28 11 0.10 12 0.26 13 9.6 14 0.03 15 0.39 Aroclor 1242 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.68 <0.01 0.82 3.0 6.1 <0.01 0.45 <0.01 <0.01 10.0 <0.01 0.46 Pecaehloroblphenyl Total PCB 0.097 0.61 0.90 0.38 0.27 1.6 1.3 2.4 0.12 0.081 0.049 0.081 1.1 0.40 0.12 0.147 0.73 2.3 1.37 0.47 3.72 7.2 18.1 7.7 0.811 0.145 0.341 20.7 0.43 0.97 SOURCE: Unpublished Report, Contract 68-01-2978, USEPA, Office of Toxic Substances; July 1975 MONS 053839 HONS 053541 FIGURE 2.5-2 TYPICAL CHROMATOGRAMS OF STANDARD AROCLORS. DECACHL0R08IPHENYL AND A SOIL SAMPLE TAKEN IN THE VICINITY OF MONSANTO CO.. SAUGET. ILLINOIS 2.S.1.2 Yates Manufacturing Co., Chicago, Illlnola The Yatea Manufacturing Co. la an Investment caatlng was menufacturer. Prior to 1972, Aroclors 5460, 6090 and 5442, mixtures that contain both PCBs and polychlorinated terphenyls, ware used. Subsequent to 1972, this company has been purchasing decachloroblphenyl from foreign sources. Soil contamination studies7 ware Initiated In February 1976. The sampling locations around the Yates facility used to study soli con tamination are Identified in Figure 2.5-3. The concentration levels of Aroclor 1242, Arodor 1260 and decachloroblphenyl found at these sampling sites are Hated In Table 2.5-2. Table 2.5-2 PCB Levels In Soils, ppm, Yates Manufacturing Sample Location Aroclor 1260 Decachloroblphenyl Total PCB 1 0.22 <0.001 0.22 2 0.24 0.053 0.293 3 0.81 0.033 0.113 4 0.34 0.19 0.53 5 0.51 0.58 1.09 6 0.40 1.2 1.6 7 0.26 0.51 0.77 8 1.5 0.75 2.25 9 0.57 0.040 0.61 10 0.67 0.020 0.69 11 1.6 3.6 5.2 12 0.29 0.001 0.291 n 0.56 0.034 0.594 14 1.8 <0.001 1.8 S0UXCE: Unpublished Report, Contract 68-01-2978, USEPA, Office of Toxic Substances; July 1975 M0NS 053542 14 2.5.1.3 Valeast Corp., Troy, Michigan Valcast Corp. la an lnvsstaant casting facility locatad In a snail Industrial park In suburban Detroit, Michigan. PCBs ara a constituent of the wax mold compound used to fashion intricate ahapaa which are to be cast. Soil contamination studies7 wars initiated In February 197S. The sampling locations around the Valcast facility ara identified in Figure 2.5-4. The concentration levels of Aroclor 1260 and 1242 found at these sampling sites are listed in Table 2.5-3. Figure 2.5-5 la a typical chromatogram of a soil sample extract taken from this location. Aroclor 1260 was present in many of tha aoll samples taken from the Valcast area, but decachloroblphenyl was absent. The one observed concentration of 18 ppm of Aroclor 1242 appears to be anomalously high, however, replicate analysis yielded values of 16 ppm and 1.9 ppm, respectively. Aroclor 1242 waa not detected in any other soil samples frsn this ares. A small drainage dltcli that passes adjacent tn the north boundary of the Valcast facility was sampled. This ditch serves to remove storm water runoff In the vicinity and receives discharged cooling water from Valcast and other local small lndustlas. Analysis of the Valcast cooling water at tha point of discharge and of water In the drainage ditch failed to detect PCS levels greater then the detection limit of 0.1 ppb Two bottom sediment samples taken from this drainage ditch, however, had concentrations as follows: Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1260 Decachloroblphenyl 2.3 ppm 6.7 ppm 0.09 ppm 9.4 ppm 8.9 ppm 0.11 ppm. M0NS 053544 Table 2.5-3 PCB Levels In Soils, ppa, Vslcast Ssaple Station Aroclor 1260 1 <0.01 2 <0.01 3 0.04 4 0.06 5 0.05 6 0.04 7 0.14 8 0.07 9 <0.01 10 0.12 11 * 0.01 12 0.12 13 0.03 14 <0.01 15 0.03 16 0.02 Aroclor 1242 18.0 SOURCE: Unpublished Report, Contrsct 68-01-2978, USEPA, Office of Toxic Substances; July 1975 HONS 053545 RONS 0 5 3 5 4 7 FIGURE 2.5S TYPICAL CHROMATOGRAMS OF SOIL SAMPLES TAKEN IN THE VICINITY OF VALCAST CORP.. TROY, MICHIGAN - (al 0.01 ppm, (b) 0.014 ppm AROCLOR 1260 2.5.1.4 General Electric, Hudson Falls - Ft. Edward, N.Y. The General Electric Plants at Hudson Falls and Ft. Edward use large quantities of PCB's for filling capacitors and traneforaars. Both plants have chsalcal waste treatment facilities, but, significant PCS and oll/graasa levels are discharged by the waste streaa. The NPDES Permit Application lists: Outfall Location Daily Average Concentration ,PP_______ 011/GreaasPCB Average Dally Loadlna (lbs.) 011/Grease PCB Maximum Dally Loadlna (lbs.) 011/Grease PCB Hudson Falla Hudson Falla Ft. Edvard 13.7 2.1 A.9 .5 --- 5.0 239.8 10.0 *.9 ------ 38.27 20.0 250.9 17.6 5.25 ------ At.5 30.0 In the summer of 197A, EPA Region 11 Initiated a sampling program in the general vicinity of the General Electric plants.2 The five sampling stations established for this program are shown In Figure 2.5-6. Station 0 Is upstream from the plants and serves as the control station; station 1 Is located at the Junction of the outfall stream from the Ft. Edward facility and the Hudson River, station 2 Is located about 0.25 miles downstream from the outfall junction, station 3 is about 0.5 miles downstream from station 1, and station A is located about 0.75 miles downstream from station 1. Samples collected Included sediment, water, fish and snails; Ar dors Identified included 1016, 125A, 12A8 and 12A2. The levels found st each sampling location are listed in Table 2.5-A. PCB's Identified as Aroclor 1016 were conclusively Identified In the water samples at detectable concentrations at all sampling locations except Station 0 (control) and station A, the furthest downstream. At nil atatlons the sediments contained higher concentrations of Aroclor 1016 than the water column resulting from adsorption of PCB's on suspended or already settled materials. The biological series collected at station 0 contained PCB's characteristic of Aroclor 125A and Aroclor 12A8. Distinctly different from the samples at station 0 ware the samples collected In the vicinity of or below the General Electric discharge. Fish date from these areas suggests that Aroclor 12A2, Aroclor 1016, or a mixture of these two formulations are present In the Hudson. There are no distinguishing features which can rallably determine whether the mixture Is Aroclor 1016 or 12A2 at this time. M0NS 053348 Table 2.5-4 Environmental PCB Levels from the General Electric, Hudson Falla - Ft. Edward N.Y. Area Media Aroclor Station 0 1 2 3 4 Water (ppb) 1016 <1.0 2800 2.2 3.0 <1.0 Sediment (ppm)___________ 1016 1254 6.9 6700 540 2980 6.6 4.0 Fish (ppm) 1248 13.0 1242_ 45* 350b 78c 27* aSnalls (composite) bRock Bans cShlner Minnows SOURCE: Nadeau R.J., and R.P. Davis, Investigation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls In The Hudson River, USEPA Region II. MOMS 053S4*9 100 FIGURE 2M MAP OF HU080N FALLS-FT. EDWARD. NEW VORK. NOTE LOCATION OF SAMPLING STATIONS RELATIVE TO GENERAL ELECTRIC FACILITIES. RONS 0S3SS0 2.5.2 Sevage Treatment Facilities 2.5.2.1 Illinois An atrly study' of discharges Into Lake Michigan was conductad by tha state of Illinois In 1970-1972 from locations as shown In Figure 2.5-7. Only two counties In Illinois border on tha lake and all savage treatment plant effluents and tributary streaa sources enter the lake from Lake County. In most cases, savage treatment plant effluanta had higher concentrations of FCB's than the tributary strasas. PCB's ware not measured In 1970; however. In 1971, 37 sedlaant samples were collected from tributary streams and ravines In Lake County nnd at stations offshore from lake end Cook counties end analyzed for I'CB's. The lake samples were collected 40 to 80 yards offshore from seven North Shore Sanitary District sewage treatment plants and at stations approximately one to three alias offshore. Aroclor 1242 In tributary sediments ranged up to 553 ppb In an unnamed channel In Waukegan and Aroclor 1254 ranged from 1.54 to 232.00 ppb In Pettlbone Creak in North Chicsgo. Samples from open water sediments had Aroclor 1242 concentrations ranging up to 106.07 ppb. The highest level was found 40-80 yards offshore from the North Shore Sanitary District sewage treatment plant at North Chicago. Aroclor 1254 concentrations ranged from 2.48 to 46.92 ppb. Selected valuea are given In Table 2.5-5. Water samples were collected In both 1971 and 1972 at the tributary streams and aawage treatment plants. Aroclor 1242 and 1254 ranged from 14.00-1810.0 ppt and 192.0-388.0 ppt In 1971 respectively and up to 653.0 ppt for Aroclor 1242 and 61.0 to 841.0 ppt for Aroclor 1254 In 1972 In tributary atreaaw. However, In samples from sewage treatment plants Aroclor 1242 concentrations ranged from 268.0-4020.0 ppt In 1971 and up to 21.0 ppt In 1972. Aroclor 1254 concentratlona ranged from 139.0-568.0 ppt In 1971 and from 97.0 to 178.0 ppt In 1972. Tha highest readings were from the North Shore Sanitary District at Waukegan In 1971. Table 2.5-6 presents tha levels identified In water aamplee from Illinois Streams and Sewage Plants Tributary to Lake Michigan. HONS 0S3691 102 FIGURE 2.5 7 LOCATIONS OF WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLING STATIONS HONS 053552 j i j . Table 2.5-5 Polychlorinated Blphanyla In Sediments froa Lake Michigan and Tributary atraaaa In llllnola 1971 (ppb) dry weight baala l/tivil Inn ______________ Aroclor 1.2*2 ' ... ................ 1234 <1 to 3 miles offshores Cook County 1 2 3 Lake County 4 5 Highland Park STP Lake Forest STP Lake Bluff STP North Chicago STP Waukegan STP 10-50 yards upstream fron Lake Lake County 6 7 8 N.D.-18.55 17.23-83.35 3.58-13.65 7.43-19.25 4.98-46.11 11.11 10.51 44.36 106.07 17.32 N.D.-4.32 1.31-173.40 1.77-553.00 2.48-17.25 9.38-46.92 3.15-12.42 5.26-17.45 8.36-34.52 12.42 7.02 14.45 26.54 11.97 1.54-17.90 2.54-232.00 2.56-131.00 103 SOURCE: USKPA, Pesticide Monitoring Programs: Lake Michigan and Tributaries In llllnola, EPA 600/3-74-002 HONS 0535S3 Table 2.5-6 Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Water Samples from Illlnola Straaaa and Savage Planta Tributary to Lake Michigan 1971 - 1972, (ppt) 'L'o' c1 ntIo"n" . 1971 Waukegan River Pattlbone Creek Waukegan STP North Chicago STP 1972 Waukegan hiver Pattlbone Creek Waukegan STP North Chicago STP 1242 Arocior '* 1254 1810.0 140.0-187.0 601.0-4020.0 268.0-1070.0 388.0 192.0-194.0 139.0-568.0 153.0-260.0 57.0-120.0 N.D.-653.0 N.D.-17.0 N.D.-21.0 61.0-136.0 107.0-841.0 97.0-139.0 100.0-178.0 SOURCE: USEPA, PeeticIda Monitoring Prograna: Lake Michigan and Trlbutarlaa in Illlnola, EPA 600/3-74-002 HONS 063584 2.5.2.2 Michigan Samples collected In 1971 and 1972 from municipal waste water treatment plant effluenta throughout Michigan11 indicated theae planca aa u major source of PCB'a with an average concentration of 2.55 pph for 60 effluents anmpled. Only seven of the effluents exceeded t pph hut one, the Roy City treatment plant on the Hnglnnw Klver, had un average effluent conrentratlon of 120 pph with a high of MO pph. Samples collected from 58 waste water treatment plants In 1973 averaged 0.52 pph. The Bay City PCB discharge had been greatly reduced aa a result of control measures In Industries.served by the waste water treatment plant. Sewage Sludge from 57 of tha 58 plants tasted in 1973 showed Bay City to have the highest concentration of PCB'a in the sludge being removed by the treatment process averaging 352 ppm compared to a state wide average of 15.6 ppm. Tha range of values for all waste water treatment plants sampled In 1971-1973 are given In Table 2.5-7. HONS 053S55