Document Kz7XXXRZz03xLYKqeJN7JpRdx

FILE NAME: RT Vanderbilt (RTV) DATE: 1980 DOC#: RTV302 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: US Dept of Labor Report - Asbestiform and/or Fibrous Minerals in Mines, Mills, and Quarries Asbestiform and/or Fibrous Minerals in Mines, Mills, and Quarries U.S. E-partmsnt of Labor Ray Marshall, Secretary ' Mirra Safety and Health Administration Robert 8. Lagather, Assistant Secretary 1980 .. in1111 . . CRMC-HT-TALC-000173 CONTENTS 1 Page Aba ti&Ci. ...... *....... ..................... 1 Introduction. .... ................................. . * 1 Acknowledgments;.................................................. ..... 2 Review of medical aspects......... r.......... .................... ...... 2 Mineralogy and petrology,............................................... 3 Definitions.....;.... ...................., ............... . 3 Nomenclature inconsistencies............................ .......... 4 Sampling and evaluation of fibrous dusts............. ............. 6 Mineral fiber identification problems and some examples............ 6 Discussion of minerals which may occur in fibrous form...... ..... . 8 Discussion with predictions of ora desposits which may contain . fibrous minerals................................................. 8 Possible fibrpus mineral occurrences in different rock types....... 9 Basic igneous rocks.................. ........................ 9 Medium-basic igneous rocks............. ................... - 9 ' Sedimentary rocks.......................... ............. 9 Metamorphic rocks....... .................................. . 9 Summary and conclusions......... .....................................30 References.................... ........................... 12 Appendix I--Minerals that may occur in fibrous habits, their synonyms, and rock types generally expected to contain minerals of a fibrous . nature....... ................................................... ..... 13 Appendix Il.-Mining operations and/or localities, by commodities, where . ''fibrous" minerals may possibly be found. ..... ' 23 CRMC-HT-TALC-000174 ASBESTIFORM AND/OR FIBROUS MINERALS. IN MINES, MILLS, , AND QUARRIES by Walter Bank 1 . . ' ABSTRACT . i One theory o mineral-fiber-induced lung damage holds that the shape and , size of the responsible inorgaftic materials are significant factors. Asbes- tiform minerals, fibrous minerals, or elongated cleavage fragments, irrespec- i tive of the mineral name applied or definitions employed may, therefore, become 1 significant in a health evaluation of airborne dust. Many minerals in ore , deposits and quarries exist in variable habits, including the fibrous shape. Names of such minerals vary, depending on locality, availability of analytical equipment and personnel, traditional usage, and other factors. Because of these factors workers in the mining and associated industries unknowingly may be exposed to asbastlform or fibrous minerals. Appendix I lists many minerals that occur in' asbestiform or fibrous habits , or which tend to cleave into elongated fragments. Appendix IX lists some selected mines, arranged by commodities and scattered throughout the conter minous United States, where fibrous minerals may be' found. Actual mine vis- itatiotis have confirmed the presence of such fibrous minerals. INTRODUCTION . , | Experiments on animals and human pathology indicate that the size j: and shape factors of inorganic substances are significant in the etiology of asbestoais, other pneumoconioses, and various cancers. Many miners, miners processors and quarry workers may unknowingly be exposed to asbestiform and/or fibrous minerals which are hazardous to their health. Industrial minerals, sold directly in the form of consumer products, may also constitute health risks to the.consumer. This report discusses mineral 'assemblages found in ore deposits and j quarries, cites potential hazardous minerals, and predicts where fibrous min- . aral health hazards might exist. i 1Mlning engineer, Industrial HaaLth Branch, Technical Support, Denver, Cclo. CRMC-HT-TALC-000175 ackno w led gm en ts The author owes many thanks to Dr. Arthur M, Danger, mineralogist at the Environmental Science Laboratory of the Mount Sinai School Medicine, York.City, for his invaluable discussions and reviews of portions of this report. . REVIEWtOF' MEDICAL ASPECTS Mining.and milling Indus trial-type asbestos has produced both the pneumoconiosis called asbestosls and neoplasms specifically attributed to asbestos.; yet after more than 40 years of published research on biological aspects, many questions remain, particular/ the dose-disease re8P TM e T*}**1 ` ship with respect to cancers. At an international conference on the bioI eical effects of ingested asbestos held in Durham, North Carolina, in v m~ her 1973, Dr. Paul F. Holt of Reading University, England, alluded to^some of the uncertainties with the question, "Does asbestos matter, or doesn . it. (1) The term asbestos is ambiguous, because it includes many natural inorgSic S e r a i s , all with an asbestiform-habit, that differ from each o her in chemical composition, particle-size ranges, morphology, and probably b logical.effects, The definition of and discussion of the term asbestos will e reserved for the mineralogy and petrology section of this report. The pneumoconiosis called ashestosis is characterised by, among other things,the presence of an abnormally high quantity of ferruginous bodies or "asbestos" bodies in the lungs. These are generally golden-Drowni ferro-coated formations, usually symmetries! and segmented with clubbed ends, 3 to 5 microns in cross section and 20 to 50 microns in length. The core consists of a which may or may not be asbestos (16). The ferruginous bodies, are in fact nonspecific^ The core fibers may b synthetic materials such as fibrous glass or other inorganic materials. . Recent animal experimental'work, as stated in the literature,. Jemon- seated that fibrous glass, palygorskite, nemalite (bruciite)* *ubiis as asbestos, caused fibrosis and/or abdominal tumors and mesotheliomas go^e Some experimenters stressed the importance of particle-size ranges and shapes, a were drawn to the conclusion that the pathologic reaction to aJbs^ glass and other fibrous materials seems primarily, related to the-shapesize S durability, rather than to other parameters such as sur ace proper es and chemical composition (34), (22), (9), (6), (25), (36), CD, (23), ( W . Some investigators believe that the longer fibers (longer than 5 micro meters) are more hazardous as demonstrated by the some cancers -ribed above which ar found in connection with asbestosis and som ' Lher investigators believe that the .here fibers *r* Jou, aith respect to mesotheliomas (17). The shorter fibers tend to reach the*saesotheUel Unlegs. *1.0,.!! fibers tend to migrate to other organ, once inhaled and/or ingested. *qfiidMiine^^ preceding the appsndisss. rfer to items in the UBt of references t . CRMC-HT-TALC-000176 3 Ish investigators believe that the fibrous zeolite, erionite, is responsible for an epidemic of mesothelioma observed in the Turkish village o Kariana. This belief was expressed at th meeting of the Society for ' .. Occupational and Environmental Health, held December 4-7, 1977, in Washington, D,,C, The work of Stanton (34) suggests that any durable fiber within a given range of length and diameter maybe carcinogenic. , . The discussion in the previous paragraphs Indicates that a quandry exists in medical knowledge concerning "asbestos" exposure and resulting disease. Tumors have been produced when various fibrous minerals and inor ganic fibers have been injected into the pleural cavities of experimental animals. These tumors occur when the.fibers are longer than eight micrometers and less, than 0.25 micrometer In diameter.- According to some authorities,, shorter fibers do not produessuch tumors; other authorities disagree. Shorter fibers would be important contributors to cancer induction if a biochemical mechanism for cancer were involved. Other animal experiments with fibrous dusts have also resulted in fibrotic lung reactions. When the fibers have been carefully prepared.and characterised, the longer fibers, are considered responsible for the fibrotic reactions, when the animals are exposed through inhalation or intra-tracheal instillation. : . ' . ' ' ' Because- method of transport of fibers inhaled'.by humans from the airways of the lung into the pleura is hoe known, these animal experiments are often discounted for Interpreting human data. However, mesotheliomas occur in humans who are associated with at least three of the commercial asbestos types, namely"chrysetil, amosite, and crocidolite. No cages of mesothelioma have been reported among Finnish miners who wars exposed only to anthophyllite asbestos, but an excess of lung cancer exists, . Aside from shape and sise factors, biochemical mechanisms for cancer induction merit serious consideration. A paper summarizing possible bio chemical mechanisms has been given by Langer'and Wolff (17). Because of the unknown mechanism for cancer induction, the properties of fibrous minerals that are important to disease production are not known. With the present state of our knowledge, it i* not possible to examine a particle either physically or chemically and b able to say whether it may or may not be biologically active. Indeed, the several different diseases resulting from asbestos exposure 'may result fro different particle properties. But mmn$ all the possibilities of health hasards causes, the Stanton and Wrench (34) work currently appears to be most acceptable as a consensus opinion. MINERALOGY'AMD PETROLOGY Da finitions Art stated earlier, the term "asbestos" is ambiguous. Asbestos is a generic ter for a xraris-cy of hyd'rcted silicate minerals which have one common CRMC-i T-TALC-000177 4 naJKly th. a b U L y S i r s . M i r . U vhic',. lit the. i r i r 8 l l y .pplUd ih. form minerals Q2) , '*ra ^ , -loRiats have been applying more. reUned commercial product. Recen j , abers and their associated terminology definitions to such terms as asbestos, tioers Q2>, 0 -- ' , , C o - r c U l production and asually to be the ^ / ^ v e L r W i i c a t i o n . The thesis of this ment, but this say be a misleading . ^ the lining and .associated Indus- ~ -- -- occur as gangue minerals. iaa a -i t minerals with some derse Cralley et al ( ) e r a m p l e s include, and rightly so, minerals other of fibrous structure, their p , b found in ore deposits, rock than hydrated silicates. *"sociated with commercial asbestos, and may quarries or soils not norma y conditions (32) or by conventional become airborne by natural atmospheric conditions (32) r y mining and milling operations. Nomenclature Inconsistencies. A einera!, by d.finiclon, i. . chemical composition and with a given a _ its crystalline form and other- physical properties, homogeneous. S S . i . S 'S presumably, it is also as y, thl. definition of a 1 - t . l As more sophisticated analytica^equ-^en ^ ^ ^ ^ minerals; the old names minerals have turned out to be mixtures can be a single miners however, often .re " " or mixture of.several minerals, usage...as a mineral group name and f In on ,, . name (xpgntinite generally is oa**ticularly true when exact used as the rock-n-e). This 'difficult to obtain, mineral identification is economically unwarranted ox a . Some diversely named minerals f r o ^ to be variations of the same mineral, wit ^ identified , one name is line material may have two or ro0Te n^ 8`etained aiso -- particulary when given priority, but the other names ar _ example,-.wiUiamsite,.the gem localities or personalities re inv `antlgoric^ bowanite and picrolite serpentine material now U . i 2 " also turn out to be antigorite, a y literature. . . `- P 1* * 'ln ChC minral ... ll?; z?il* S r S i S t z r ^ lT X : s l . s . r CRMC-HT-TALC-000178 5 10 perant iron, according to one authority; whereas another authority . restricts the name ctinlite to members with the iron content between IQ and 90 mol percent, and applies the name ferro-actinolite to the iron-rich end of the aeries. Other authorities have their own ranges and nomenclature for mineral families. Also, the-variable nature of amphiboles, pyroxenes and chlorites (the common ''ferro-megnesians") makes it necessary to classify a particular sample a "most closely resembling" a specific'mineral.species or variety. And it must be noted that conclusive identification is very diffi cult, often requiring electron microscopy, X-ray and/or electron diffraction, and other ultra-sophisticated analytical methods. Adjectival prefixes may be used with mineral names, two examples being soda-asbestos and iron-rich tourmaline; or more specific names such as eekermanite or schorl may bn used interchangeably for those two minerals respectively. . . . Sometimes economic or technologic conditions determine the mineral's name; for example, if the minerals of the cuoeningtonite-grunerite series are of economic value as asbestos, the names amosite or montasite are used, depending on the mineral deposit's location or the mining company working the deposit, . Some mineral names are used both as a group name and as a specific mineral name; montmorillonite is such an example, and because of the confusion this engenders, attempts are made to apply the name smectite as the group name. Currently, mineral names of the montmorilIonite group are used without much agreement in nomenclature, . Rock names compound th confusion caused by mineral nomenclature. By dfinition, a rock consists of one or more minerals, and makes up a struc tural unit of the earth's crust. It generally has a sufficiently, definite minral composition and physical character so that it can be distinguished from its neighbors -- but not always; gradations in composition and alteration effects are pronounced on a local level. For example, pyroxene is a "family" name for numerous ferro-magnesium minerals ; pyroxenite is the name applied to the rock unit when it is composed.predominantly of pyroxene minerals and/or their alteration .products, that is, serpentine, chrysotils, etc, ' Amphibole likewise is a"family" name for numerous other, ferro-magnesium minerals; amphibolite is the name applied to the rock unit when it Is composed predominantly of'amphibole minerals, \ ' . For the most part, ore deposits are freaks of nature. They represent concentrations of mineral substances that can be mined at a profit. Such deposits may occur in igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rocks, which are the three major classifications of rock systems. Asbestiform or fibrous minerals also are found in the major types of rocks and ar associated with ore deposits. These asbestos minerals may be obvious to the eye and ay even be sained for their valus* or their presence may be r-cognised only by trained personnel or even be entirely overlooked. CKM C-H T-TA lC-000179 6 ' j i-n indur,-rlal hygiene sampling techniques At this point, a f ^ e5^ " r* % 0i asbegt08.hazard evaluation,Mine ' and* sample evaluation is n - ' . personnel employ the air sampling Safety and Health Adwioistra * ( Public Health Service (2). ^ ls . and counting method establ-Bhe 'n io e ester membrane (Millrpore) involves collecting airborne dust on a caUulose este sample, and m e e t at a fcnoun air 1 rate p r e p a r . ' t ap!>TOlmately counting fibers with phase , L L t h a 3 to 1 length-to-width 400-450 diameter .icromAtr. 1" la"8th are cunte<1; ratio or greater, and longe ,,n-houph they may be present in large shorter particles are not counted although^they^ mit,rometer can numbers. Presumably, ribers with aJ s 1 ars present which can be seen with be detected by this method, t rme ** bin,, technique, although standarised, the electron microscope. Thus, r^rmst also be noted that different is only an ind*x of the total exposure. health-hazard evaluation; the iovamiant agencies have ii!Efarenr sundard^for^h,salth but Food and Drug Administration sa Q )3 and Umlts their presence in a only six are of commercial W > orta*c ^ product to a specific percentage o *- oosit:ion; the Occupational enforce standards for as- safety and Health Administration <0s" >of d bestos based on ti*!-wisbd averages of b iiber8 gteatet than five ` Environmental Protection micrometers in length per .t.nd.rd, including the ^ r r L r s p : f m e r " s t L ! Ui l p u b U ; hed in Title 30, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 55.5-1(b), Airborne dust does n o t i b r o u s ^ r a c t i o n may cLprise a percentages as the parent rock. T h e aren rock. In addition, greater proportion of the airborne d * ,1 counts or fibrous minerals the nature of fibrous minerals Is such when the material ay not be detected by conventions a"* ^ amounts of fibers or elongated is* crushed and become. cleavage fragments are observed on th .ample, Spell <> ggrpentine considered ^ i n j b e r (32) cite and aphic'SLaination; yet this to be of nonflorous composition based on petr g P fibers under the W e u w grade", translucent serpentine yielded 0 per electron microscope. Fiber Id.ntlflc.tim^ g b i t e ^ s a J g a a j a f f l 8 ^ Fibrous minerals collected on fiiters are identical X-ray For eSmple, chry.ottU and its f ^ p o t h e r by optical diffraction patterns but can be dis 8 *he elecCron microscope, some microscopy or electron microsc py. * granular" or ..iva .rpantln. probab^ turn out to be fibrous in part, turn^ m in the Spell end Leineweber (32) example ci.ea . ^rd^iTSTTiS^te, ^ IjpZtZl ?*: S - ' w conssIrSdnii.na tL" D i a ^ A^bestos <*" suiMbl" for ,trlp ' * CRMC-HT-TALC-000180 7 m e energy dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDXRA).-and the selected, area electron diffraction (SAED) methods used in conjunction with the' transmission and . scanning electron, microscope are useful tools for identifying une fiber , but have liteirations such as not being readily available. ' Visually insignificant amounts of fibrous material ate found with vermiculites from the Carolinas, yet reportedly significant amounts of fibrous material are found in airborne dust samples. The important vermiculite ore deposit at Libby, Montana contains easily recognizable fibrous tremolite in hand specimens and airborne dust samples under the phase contrast microscope show numerous fibers which are inferred to be tremolite, but electron tnicroacope pictures prepared by Mt. Sinai Hospital personnel demonstrate tnat chrysotile fibers also are definitely present (personal communication). Recently a published paper describes-vermiculite altering to chrysotile (J). Chrysotile is one of the few fibers which usually can be identified under the transmission electron microscope when finely divided. It is important to specifiy the method of analysis when stating analy tical results. KtCrone and Stewart (18) cite a talc analysis as follows: *1 . x-ray diffraction shows no chrysotile or amphiboles. 2. A phase-contrast method (similar to the NIOSH procedure to determine the number of fibers per milliliter of air) shows 1,500 fibers greater than S^m/m of sample. 3, - The scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray analyser shows about 1C345 fibers/liter suspected of being amphibole asbestos. 4, Dispersion staining shows 150 anthophyllite fibers/gram of sample. 5. Transmission electron microscopy shows 5 x 10s anthophyllite fibers/ liter of sample." Fibrous minerals generally are present in talc deposits, but until recently have not been suspected as a public health problem in the genera . population. Now the importance of these fibers has been recognized for talc of cosmetic grade, and analytical X-ray and electron diffraction methods have been developed to determine the quantity of fibers down to a quarter or a halt of a percent (33), (30). Reportedly, this applies to tremolite and other asbestiform minerals. , Many minerals adopt different habits'or shapes in nature, they .may bt oUtv in one deposit, equant crystals in another deposit, or acicuiar (needle-like) or threadlike in yet another. In short, most aabestiform minerals..have their different shaped counterparts with the same chemical composition. ' . Finally s indicated earlier, a mineral substance may.be assigned any ons of several a-mes, depending on the degree of completeness o analysis and upon the analyst's definition of terms, CRMC-HT-TALC-000181 8 tygnas ion of ln f r r . n r ^ . ^ - g j s ^ 2 yr ` Z 3^ k S J 3T 2 r ^ in che R e n dir)!" a T S cS ^ t l a t e " ^uf soma " S ~ hS " ^ t f i : \ h : r L : d S L i y imply the pre.ence of fibrous mineral. is tabulated in appendix I. minerals will be. fprmed. Aitaration ef^ets xy i d ^ _ omk1 ,, ^ ,, may rCk! M u S S w ^ cS S S U ^ - reeegnlaable only under the high magnification of the electron microscope. . n-iscussion tilth PraJi-1-."" of Ore Deposits Which Hey Contain Fibrous_ . As mentioned earlier, the thjee types of roche (Igneous and metamorphic) all carry ore deposits, tock j g,. characteristics have certain characteristics in ht have the asbesti- include the formation and P * "" "* ,,^.^,, . o e i a t i o n . that may form or fibrous habit, knowing g * DOSsible to infer the presence of occur in these ore-containing roc , fibrous habit in the sice range certain minerals that may or may not occur in tibrous ^ ^ ^. of hygienic interest. .But particular deposit can be dete analysis; only occasionally can the For example most tale deposits c n minerals which cleave into e engate ^^L y fibrous ^ c t observation or careful , definitely predicted, ais or but gCraie deposits are relativeigneous rocks alter easily, and a serpentiniees will be found that carry some fibrous minerals. To demonstrate the thesis that nywbrter. in the , be onposed to or mining areas was prepar . . _ appendix XXP was selected arg y * recently published book entitled, (26). This publication was L bB S U U J selected because of its timeliness Referenced for localities of mines d . bndP p e c m c pages arc here minarais are noted . ^ . t a b i t T These examples which cosnonly ocey * ^ f he B m e th-wide geographic range in which . mete ..leered ^ ^ " " 0TM miner.*, ay occur To amplify S S " ` " S i . publication, other peciflc reference, aleo are cited in-sppndix XX . CRMC-HT-TALC-000182 9 ' IM, , ..rrlir*n, u niffereftt RqcJl M Pnlble Fibrous Mi,neralCccur**gS ^ . ^ ^ Basic Igneous Rocks . . m ., ^ , w , s S S * " '. silica: usually * Ih P-cess, many vith the minerals changing to other fe Serpentines or serpen- of the minerals formed may be 0i ^ ith their usual complement of fibrous 2 S S . r * . r S u " S ^ t and their associated minerals often arc found in basic rocks , . . . Mdi'iim-Basic.igneous'Rocks . . : 'fsrno-maznesium minerals in the Medium-basic igneous rocks "Iso carry ^ altered, as occurs . form of amphiboles or for example, as in the M-called I -- ierro-magnesium minerals may alter to minerals with a fibrous habit. Sedimentary Rocks Among sedimentary rocks *,, ^ n ^ u b r M s f so'under fibrous palygorskite of n0nd _ of the Northwest U.S.A., cesr^ Washington, have been gsuch"7s the Hetaline Falls country, " \ ld lead ores; fibrous palygorskite a clay mineral is a common gangue ^ u t t u, > * dr ribed Currie, HSHA) as a component of these .oc s. c<,"muni,:a,:iot'' J n Reportedly, the Abril. Zinc JgdiS a r y t l T T pyroclastic considerable amounts of zeolite minera (20)p (21). Mataaorphic Rocks When igneous orse<d^ en^ e* f c h a r L t e n a n ?develp! Basic igneous significantly, minerals of a xibt mJerllte8 or altered pyroxenites,.grading rocks become decomposed dunite to "greenstonesor even to over into serpentinites o minerals; in turn these often vermicuUW-hiotite-tremoUtp aaablagigo contain other fibrous muerais. develop into mineral assemblages - uacite8" or ferro-magnesian Haas tones and dolomites ar ith uter alteration to minerals of .dblage. under certain *letely to .erpentinites U h fibrous habits ; or they m a y a Har^i^p J m q Atlz0na (35). ^ s t o n e s fibrous assemblages " ^ h mlc deposlt8 in which occur platy and/ or dolomites .may 9 aieereu t . fibrous amphlbolct plus, sometimes, chry.otUc ' CRMC-HT-TALC-000183 10 . "marbleV or verd antique, an ornamental stone used Soma of the so-called maraxe m ^rnencine-ealciEir complex* as facing material, is actua^ ya^ S^ n t i of fibrous minerals. Other quarries Such rocks may contain signific in rocks such as limestones, dolomites, . developed for constructron^tcrrals ^ 'ibrous.or ei ,, w b U minerals, serpentlnites, trap roec, m, r , .and-associates.- One as- s'uch as trsmolite, ehtfygot-*e* or serpentinite waste rock for-road- bestos Open-pit mine in Ca * or equivalent, are filled with serpen- bed material; and some parking I s.. mines in-the Pbnnsylvania-Maryiand area, tiftite waste rock from the old chrmr ^ Sc^ gi"ting lately of cuimning- Honestake, a gold mine with * k locally to fill in low spots or tonite-grunesite, uses some * been used as road-bed and drive in narking areas. Quanried serpentinite has been us . way gravel in the Washington, D.C., area (29). . . Shales and silts i t ! L " L & X "^ " s i n " " fibrous'minerals are derived, generallyfrom shales. - = ks concainin8 . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Bis pneumoconiosis called'^G8^ bg ^ nd^ ?ittHbuted to asbestos as a gastro-intestinal cancer, n " ^ insult is not known. Hence it causal agent, but the ^ e c t mechanism of the insu ^ ^ chenlcally and ba ibulo^^^rT^ *. Among the various theories it holds that-the shape end sire and durability of ino.ga important factors. ' *** . ' Bierefore, fibrous minerals o r 'ej!"*C^ dg'ther physicafcharlcteristics , fragments, irrespective of the in airborne dust. Many minerals in tnay possess significant potenti in varied habits, including the fibrous shape, ore deposits and quarrie^ . ,, e ngines Qf SUch minerals may vary, u X i S J S S requirements, the availability of analytical equipment end personnel, and local terminology <n ^definite If we think more in terms of "asbesti- The term asbestos is nde^ * ts then many minerals become suspect, form" or fibrous or elongated fragm - carrying fibrous minerals is r S s t of potential fibrous and ** unnoticed to the average appended. Many of these minerals, if fibrous, may g . observer. ` ~ . . u. mar,v nr- deposits contain gangue A literature search revealed T l A list of mines or raining areas, minerals which may occur > n *J ^ f t o S w i s s i the wide, geographical range arranged by comodity and selected to expres^^^ ^ documenC chegc occurren- o deposits, is appended fc^ f U g t represents selected mine examples only, ees of suspect minerals. ^ rnmoriPh6n8ive. Also one must recognize and is by no -can to bo lTrl that the minerals cited may or m y not be t 8 many cases, only CRM C-HT-TALC-000184 n -analysis by an electron awsflope w*11 coniitm hacher asbesciform.or fibrous mism'alg .nr presine ia the ilsrbotn .us, 'Many uneettatnties ;sslst sonsirning h# mintal td^winOiOgy and many medical differences of opinion st sspr@ss.id in the -1 W oi asbestos or mineral, fiber pathology. KSKA and'eh Ustionai Institute tot Occupations^ Sast*.- and Ksalth (KZCSM) h a w cooperatively undertaken svral studies to further define the hazards Q& fibrous mineral exposures. Although not . . complete, ehv studies involve talc,.ollastonlte *nd " wll q @ the nining of recognised asbestos tainarals. NXOSH also, is attempting tt . W i l y HiJ-comt evaluation (U). It la important that paraona *...<< to fibrous minerals understand the potential fer disease, and therefore e Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) is providing this^nformat^o'n t eh. mining industry. tiSHS lnapaotor. are aotlv.i, .ttvti^ to ldantlfy all probable exposures to fibrous minerals and have collected airborne dust samples, following the NIOSH standardised procedures (2), to evaluate -he hazard end suggest remedial action. ' Min operators should fee alert to the possibility of illness that may be ssocited-wlth-eny. fibrous mineral, those operators whose employees ^ as opposed to recognized asbestos mineralsshould conduct air sasnpl-ng progr and take suitable action to assure that the employees are not closed asbestos dust exceeding applicable standards. .When employes are exposed to ethr fibrous minerals, the operators should also take air samples to evalu ate exposures using .the bsub techniques as for asbestos. Employees should else be fully informed regarding their exposures and the potential cor disease'as well as the necessary controls and actions they may tsks to prevent unnecessary exposure. CRMC-HT-TALC-000185 la REFERENCES ' ,' A*rlcan l - X , * " "S ^ u l r T x S ^ " ' Chemical and Engineering News, Dec. 10, ' -nA R n ' Zumwalde. NOSH Document TR-84, ' 2- * . x * * r * " 1 3* ^ o b i r g % s U c t ^ i n c M i n e U r ^ tatt 2 ^ U t i . s . BuMinec C 8751, 1977, 56 PP. . . '' ` ' end A. Fr Shride. Asbestos in the United States. USGS 4" ^Minesal'hvestiitions Resources Map MR-17, 1962. s. c rMt ilnwh,arit.- is.o*ui;c'*^and of . P Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, . U, pp. 129-135. .. ' 96 Y. . 6; .vu. J. . O. f . nbrogouic BHeots the Pleural Cavities o Mice. Br. J. pp. 190-201. 7, Dumont, John M. Envirorentol AP==ts of Fibrous O U w ^ t i and .Utilization. Environmental Research, v. 9, pp. 295-312. ' V V M Kanh D Zumwalde, and Kenneth Ma Wallingford. 8- ^ . S * '. k 14, p. 3 * W * . . . m " t s a s w r s a '. pp. 345-348. ' s w a a rrs ' . . '- . . ' 11. Eng. and Min. J. v 179, January 1978, pp 133* ' ,, ,,au9t ceojge T., and Joseph J. Fahey. The Serpentine-Group Minerals. ' S'USGS Professional Paper 384-A, 1962, 92 pp. ,,'/'A PR 27076 40 FR 11865, 41 FR 16932) 13. Federsl ResiStr ^ f o r a s b e s t s filters and talcs. Also found in related to the use of asbestos n x 21 CFR Parts 121, 128,end 133. 14. GiUam, Dean, John M. ^G ^ ^ k0GhgXejtrLSMortalityPpatterns Among Hard Victor E. to an'Asbestos Mineral. Annals New York Rock Gold Miners Exposed to an Asnest Academv of Sciences, 1976, pp. 336-344, CRMC-HT-TALC-000186 13 15o Grim, Ralph E. Clay Hiera logy. McGraw Hill Book Co. , Inc, , New York. 2d ed,,, .1966, 596 pp, ' , . , 16. ; . Cross, Paul, Robert T, P. ds Trevllle, Lewis J. Gralley., and J. M. G. . Davis, Pulmonary Ferruginous Boles. Arhievea of Pathology, v. 65, . Hay 1968, pp. 539-546, 17. Larger, Arthur M., and Mary S. Wolff. Asbestos Carcinogenesis, Chapter 3 in the volume entitled Inorganic and Nutritional Aspects of Cancer, 1978, ad. by G, N. Schrauzer. Plenun Publishing Corp., New York, pp. 29-55 . 18. MeCrone, Walter C., and I. M. Stewart. Asbestos. American Laboratory, v. 6, So. 4, April 1974, pp. 13-18. ' ' . 19. Mi fond, Amparo, Vincent F o n e s , and Jose A. Rausell-Colom. Natural . Alteration of'Vemiculite tb Chrysotile. American Mineralogist, v. 62, Nos. 11-12, 197?, pp. 1225-1231. . 20. Mumpton, Frederick A. First Reported Occurrence of Zeolites in Sedimen tary Rocks of Mevicc. American Mineralogist, v, 58, Nos. 3-4, 19.73, pp. 287-290. 21. Mumpton, Frederick-A. (ed), Mineralogy and Geology of Natural Zeolites. Mineralgica! Society of America, v. 4, November 1977, XI + 233 pp. 22. Occupational Health and Safety Letter. New Study Demonstrates Mechanism of Asbestos Effects, January:8, 1973, pp. .5-6, 23. Occupational Health and Safety Letter. Non-asbestos Fibrous Dust Can Induce Tumors, as it has been Proven for Asbestos. V. 4, No, 13, July 8, 1974, pc.L 24. Pennington, Jams W. Mercury-- A Materials Survey. BuMines IC 7941, 1959,92pp. ; 25. Pott;, F., F. Huth, and K. H. Friedrichs. Tumorlgenic Effects of Fibrous Dusts in Experimental Animals. Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 9, 1974, pp. 313-315. . ' . 26. Ridgs, John D. (ed). Ore Deposits of the United States, 1933-1967. AIME, 2 v., New York, 1968, 1880 pp. 27. Roberts, Willard Lincoln, George Robert Rapp, Jr., and Julius Weber, Encyclopedia of Minerals, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co,,1974, 693 pp. 28. Rohl, A. K., and A. M. Danger. Internal Memorandum to Dr. I. J. Selikoff, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, entitled, Mineral Analysis of Core Samples from the Green Springs Area, Virginia Venaiculite Deposit, dated July 1, 1977, CRMC-HT-TALC-000187 . ` M i j. selikoff. Environmental 29' Hl9*1322 ^ " lad Serpentlne R0k' ' * ' , v, 196/ June 17, 1977, pp= .1319.-1322*- ' ' 30. Rohl. A. ' ' t t 'Mikoff A. Torditii, H. Klintidi3* . A. M. U n g e r I- ^ ^ ; t T a l o n TM and Powders; Mineral L V e T i S 2 i L t l ^ . 3 TM * of Toxicology and E n v i ^ e n t a l Health, V. 2, 1976, pp. 255-284. 31. Singer, Arieh, and Australian American Mineralogist, v. 69, * * 32. Spell, S., and d. P. Environmental Research, v. 2, ho. 3, April wos, ^ 33. StanU,, Harold D., and '> 34 Stanton, Maori Tj, and Conetnnne Brench. 35. Scmart, L. A. Chrysotile-Aabestos Deposits of Arizona. BuMlne ' January 1955, 124 pp ' . 36V ^Sooiution\rtthVAeSatoidaid ^ ^ `t e r ^ l f 1973, pp. 173-185o V 28, " 57- Mi " u ^ S r : i n S i i t r r i A . 38. Wright, G. and K. . 1 " ^ ^ LI n S l ^ P a ^ and W b M t o a iPlb.r. o n . ^ "" L * , TM , Pt..., Oxford and Hew York, deles XV, ed.fey-W. H, 1977, pp. 455-473. right. Uuran A. California Yale. Mining Engineering, v. 181 January ,950, pp. 122-128. CRMC-HT-TALC-000188 mpeitom 1. Chrysotils 2'a Amosite . ' 3i Crocidolite *e iremolite asbestos 5. Actinolite asbestos 6a Anthophyllite asbestos 7. Cutomingbnite 8. Hontasita 9. Grnerite 10. Kiebechite 11. Kagnes ior iebeckite 12. Amphibole 13. Glacphans 14. Rhodesits _ 15. Richteriee 16 Hexagonite 17,, Tirodite 18. S?sphrifce jade 15 expected specified as an f r ^ M58A> Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. ' , _ omber of the'cunaningtonite- An end aber Indu8trlal fotins of grunerite *rl ` this mineral are ca**- ^osite or (8) montasite. See (2) and 0.) above- See (7) cussaingtoniEe* ihe fibrous, commercial material is called (3) crocidolite. . l n e l a t e d cleev.se ,,seente ^ " <' ' (10) U . i. o ijfw i. b. (17), on. A fibrous variety cf glaucophene. A manganoah creolite. . elite or actinolite, fine-grained ive and felted in hand specimens h yields jede-like material. CRMC-HT-TALC-000189 16 . . . 19. . Byssolite . ' ,Ah olive-green variety of fibrous amphiboles. 20. ' Soda asbestos ' 21. Eckermanite , ' ' 22. Pyroxene ' . ' Also soda asbestos (20). Used as family name, for a goup of silicate minerals (which includes fibrous jadeite). .Often alters to amphiboles or to serpentine minerals. 23. Uralite An alteration product of .pyroxene . minerals a generally a fibrous-amphi bole of undetermined composition. 24. WoIlastonite 25. Bustamlte 26. Pectolite A common rock-forming pyroxenoid . mineral, pyroxenoid mineral. s A pyroxenoid mineral often found with zeolites. 27. Zeolites and associated minerals (see 26) including; (21). 2,8. Mordenite (see Amar. Min., v. 58 (1973), pp. 287-290) (20). 29. Clinoptilollte A zeolite. 30. Hatrolite ' Do, 31. Mesoiite Do. ` 32. Scoleclt D 3. . 33 Thompson!te Do. ' 34. Gonnardite Do, . 35. Edingtonite Do. 36. Stilbite 37. Epistilbite 38. Okenite 39. Ferrierite . 40. Rhodeite Do. Do. A zeolite associate. - A zeolite. A geolita relative CRMC-HT-TALC-000190 41,,, GfficUnite 42. Lauzontite 43, 'Erionits . . k ? .olite. . A zeolite , ; . ... . A zeolite suspected of being the causa . . "of an epidemic of messthe il<m& ift a Turkish village. ' 44. Serpentine A catch-all name for the serpentina minerals; see (1) chrysotile; (45) clino-chrysotile; (46) para-chrysotile; (47) ortho-chrysotile; (48) antigorite; (49) lizardite. 45.. Clino-chrysotile 46. Fara-chrysotile 47, Ortho-chrysotile 48; Antigorite 49. Lizardite 50. PicTolite ' ' See (44). ' . . Do. Do. Do. . . ' Do. ' A fibrous ''serpentine probably fibrous antigorite (48). 51. Deueylite Often determined to be any one of various serpentine minerals. 52. Gymnite 53 UiUiamaite A form of daweylite (51) . A massive,, translucent semi-precious variety, of serpentine. 54. Bastite 55 Baltimorite ' ' Probably mainly lizardite (see 49). Probably mainly antigorite (48) and ehrysotile (I). 56 Metaxite 57. Bowsntte 58. Palygorskits ; .' 59. Attapulgite 60. Spiolits Antigorite (48). A fibrous clay mineral (see Grim, rliiv Mineralogy, 2nd edition, p. 182) . <i2> * . . . . A fibrous clay mineral (see .Grim, P. 181) (15). Se Grim (15). CRMC-HT-TALC-000191 is 61. Meerschaum ; 62. Hectorite ' 63. Endelllte 64. Halloysite 65 Xllite 66a Veiiaiculite 67. Sericite 68. H n i t e 69. Gumbelita 70. Talc. . 71. Pyrophyllite ' 72. Minnesota!te 73. Stilpnomelane 74. Brucite 75. Nemalite 76. Magnesite 77. Hydroiungnesite 78. Gypsum 79. Anhydrite . 80. Aragonite 81. Calcite 82. Apatite 83. Phosphorite 84, Vlvianite 85, Silliaanite 86. Buohholzite gee Qrim (IS)- Do. . Do. . Do. A micalike clay mineral. Do. . . Belongs to the mica group. . Do. A fibrous mica. . A fibrous iron-talc. . A magnesium hydoxideThs fibrous for o (74) brucite. A fibrous variety of (85) sillimanite CRMC-HT-T ALC-000192 87.. Fibrolite ' .88, Tourmaline 89, Zoisite. 90, Epidoto . 91, Linonit 92, Mountain leather l 93, Mountain cork 94, Amianthus ' 95, Ferro"magnesium minerals 96. Basic rocks 97, Serpentinite 98, Amphibolite 99, Pyroxnite 100. Paridotite A fibrous variety of (85) sHmanite A catch-all name for hydrous iron oxides and iron hydroxides. A tough variety of asbestos occurring in thin, flexible sheets made of inter laced fibers; also fibrous minerals such as (60) sapidit or (58) palygorskite. . A white or grey variety of asbestos consisting of thick, interlaced fibers and resembling cork in texture and lightness. A synonym for asbestos. A terra referring, to iron- and magnesium- containing silicates; usually the amphiboles, the pyro xenes, the olivines, biotite micas, and chlorites. Igneous rocks, often altered in part, consisting essentially of iron-s magnesium-, and/or calcium rich minerals, and relatively low in silica. ' -, . A rock composed largely of serpentine minerals, A rock composed predominantly of amphibole minerals. . A rock composed predominantly of pyroxene minerals and/or their altera tion products, i.e., serpentine, chrysotile, etc. A basic, igneous rock composed largely of olivine, a mineral which alters easily to the serpentine minerals. CRMC-HT-TALC-000193 20 101. Talc schist 102. pyrophyllite schist 103. Steatite 104. Soapstone 105. A g a l m a t o l i t e Am Impure talc rock. A Missive, fibrous talc rock. A soft, waxy miner 1 largely of (68) plnlte. c:" ',0Sed . 106. Marble, when iPure 107o Vara antique . 108. Thermophyllite 109. Ophite 110. Ophicaleite 111. Ophhiioolnivt-e . in a volume SiSnS!noted elled (106) warble in the trade, but ,aU serpentine or a ictually an impure serp jerpentina-caldite roc . . . ..-Hnf that exfoliates when A synonym for a mottled serpentlnlte. A serpentine marble . Do i . in fibrous form: devoted to' ^ ' 112. Aegerine 113. Agardite 114. Artinite 115. Aurichaicite 116. Barland!te 117. Bismuthinite 118. Bouiangerite 1X9. Brannockite 120., Brochantite 121. Cacoxenite CRMC-HT-TALC-000194 122. Carpholite m . Cormel l i c e 124. Gyanotrichite 125. Curite 126. Erythrite 127. Goethite 128. Guillmite 129. Honessite . 130. Ianthinite 131. Jamesonite 132. Johannsenite 133. Kermesite 134. Legrandite 135. Liebethan!te 136. Linarite 137. Malachite 138. . Millerite 139. Mimetite 140. Mixit 141. Olivenitte 142. Pharmacolite 143. Pyrite 144. Rockbridgeite 145. Schoepite 146. Scholzite CRMC-HT-TALC-000195 22 ' . " , , i 147. Sstnseyice i - 148. Stibnice . 149. Strunzite 150. Tytolice 151. Uranophane 152. Wakabayashilite 1 CRMC-HT-TALC-000196 23 APPENDIX XI._-MINING OPERATIONS AND/OR LOCALITIES, BY COMMODITIES., * WHERE "FIBROUS" MINERALS MAY POSSIBLY BE FOUND. . Unless, otherwise specified, the pages listed refer to one or more of the following: Chrysotlle, amosite, croeldolite, anthophyliite, trenolite, and actinolite. Page numbers refer to reference (26). See text, page-- . Iron (26). ! Cornwall Mine, PA, . pp. 81-85 (M) : 2. Grace Mine, PA, -pp. 110, 117-118 , (26) 3. Mesabi Iron Range, MI, pp. 525 and 528 . Refers also to zeolites, serpentine, and byssolite. Refers also to serpentine and talc. ' \ . Refers also to stilpnotnelane, mi'nnesotaite, cummi'hgtonite, and amphiboles, . (26) .4' Iron Mountain, MO, p. 299 Refers also'to amphiboles. (26) 5. Eagle Mountain Deposit, CA, Refers also to serpentines. pp. 1604-1605 Copper (26) 6. Ducktown District, TN, pp. 162-163, 222 (26)' (26) 7. Copper King Mine, CO, p. 574 . 8. Christmas Mine, Banner District, A2', p. 1204 (26) 9. Mountain City Copper Mine, NV, p. 1080 * Lead -Eine (26) 10. Bslmat-Edwards District, NY, pp. 13, 39, 41 (26) 11. Van Stone Area, Stevens Co., WA, pp. 1515-1517 Refera also to amphiboles, talc, and Asbestos. . Refers also to euanoingtonite. Refers also to serpentine. Refers also to uralitized gabbro, Refers also to calc.and serpentine. Refers also to brucitic fiber, palygorskite, and talc. . CRMC-HT-TA L C -0 0 0 197 0ouer-d'Alene Disti let, (26) / ID, p * 1429 . ' -' (26) . 13. Hpep.w I1d6r2i8a-1G6r3o0u,p,16C4A6.-1647 (24) 14. New Almadn Mine, Santa Clara County, CA Chromite . (26) IS. Mistake Mine-, CA, pp, 1648~1649 (12) 16. Low's Pit (State Line Pits), PA . 17, Woods Chrome Mine (12) . Lancaster County, PA Rglats-co grunerite needles, Refers also to serpentine and asbestos* Refers to serpentine. Refers-also .to asbestos and serpentine- ' Refers to williamsite- Refers to clino-chrysotile, and deweylite (stevensite). Gold . ` . (26) -- 18, Homestake Mine, SD, ,p, 1437 See also Denver Technical Support Center memo dated 12/4/72. Refers to cummingtonite schist. Bishop Tungsten District CA, p. 1549 Refers also to talc, wollastonite and pectolite. gara Earths (26) 20 Mountain Pass, CA, p. 1528 Asbestos (26) (26) 21. Clear Creek (New Idria) C, PP- 1628-1630, 16471648 22. Franklin-Somerset Area, MA, p. 137 : . : ; (4) 23. Webster and Spruce Pine, NC, (vicinity) < Refers also to serpentine and asbestos. . Refers also to serpentine and asbestos . (35) (24) 24. Arizona, near Globe^ (12) (4 )25, Bars Hill area, MD Refers to serpentine . CRMC-HT-TALC-000198 25 (II) 26. Staten Island, NY . Refers to serpentine. Magnesite . (26) 27. Magnesite-brucite deposit Refers also to talc, brucite and . > Gabbs, MV, pp. 1617-1618. .serpentine. ' . (37) (10> ' 28. Gouverneur, NY vicinity Refers also to talc and serpentine. (37) (39) . - 29, Barstow, CA vicinity Refers also to talc and steatite. Vermiculite . . .. 30, Libby MT vicinity 31. North & South Carolina deposits, '. (28) 32, Green Springs, Charlottes- Refers also to amphibolites, ville, VA, deposit Crushed Stone . (29) 33. Rockville Quarry, Rockville, MD Refers also to serpentine, talc, and deweylite. ( )' .See References NOTE:. Since thia report was begun, mineral fibers were confirmed to exist at (1) the Eastern Mesabi Iron Range couhty; (he Reserve Mining Company tailings disposal problem); (2) the Homes take Mine where a health hazard exists (14) (8); and (3) at the Mountain;Pass, rare-earth deposit. In addition, questions have arisen re: (4) the wollastonite deposits, of New York; (5) the attspulgite deposits of Georgia; (6) the Rockville Quarry (serpentine) near Washington, D. C.; and (7) Green Springs vermiculite deposits, VA. irU.S. OVSRNSENT PRiMTtW GPFtC; t9SO3*02O IM T . . 0 U . O F M I M E S . P O M . . P . i Z 7 4' 4 ZZ CRMC-HT-TALC-000199