Document KqnGN9Rr1yOrMXZL27aL1ypw

FILE NAME: Uniroyal (UNIR) DATE: 1965 Dec DOC#: UNIR002 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Excerpt - Conference Proceedings Biological Effects of Asbestos THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES BOARD(FouOndFed Tin R18U17)STEES J. JOSEPH LYNCH, S. J., Chairman of the Board HILARY KOPROWSKI HARCDlaEwNnf/.F'1.62T-7A96Y5 LOR G. W. MERCK W. STUART THOMPSON EDM UC/NtucDt o fJ1.96B3-L19A66KE, JR. HUGH CULLMAN HENRY C. BRECK LCElOaimNo fS1H96I1M,-19K67IN LOWELL WADMOND GORDON Y. BILLARD FR EDClEaiRm IoCf 1K965A-1.96S6TAHL BORIS PREGEL JE.MJOESRESPOHN LDYANYC, HP,reSsiJd,,enPt aosftthPereAscidaednetmy EUCNHIACERLTEHSOWM.AMSUMSIHNEETRT,, EPxaesctutPivreesDidiernecttor SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL, 1965 JAE CMOEBR SFOENL DD, APYre,siPdreensti-dEelnetct J. J. BURNASR,NeVDciocRredE-iPSnrgeFsSEiedRcernRettAarRy I M INCRoOOrrRSeUSspFoTn.SdNUinITgGSSRUeEcIr,LetLVaiIrcye-President RHODES W. FAIRBRIDGE Elec1te9d63C-o1u9n6c5ilors L. WILLIAM MAX AN.LHBEERNTRYS. MGOOSRSDON 11996645--11996667 H. CWHARLITSETRINEE. TROELILLLEYS EUNICE THOMAS M IN ER, Executive Director GABRIEL G.SNEACHTIAOSN, COhFaiBrmIOanLOGICAL AND MHEEDRICMAALNSCCOIEHNECNE,SVice-Chairman JEROM E BRIGGS, ChairDmIaVnISIAONNNOEFMAANRTIEHRdOb PWOALAOLGMY ALEFIJT, Vice-Chairman CARL BERKLEY, ChDairImVaISnION OF INSTRUM ENET. AE.TSIOUNCKLING, Vice-Chairman EUGENE L. DULANEY, DCIhVaiIrSmIaOnN OFEMUGICERNOEBIRO.LLO. GGYAUGHRAN, Vice-Chairman JOSEPH F. KUBIS, ChairmDanIVISIONVOIFRGPSINYCIAHOSTLAOUGDYT SEXTON, Vice-Chairman IRVING J. SELIKDOIFVFIS, ICOhNairOmFanENVIRONEM. CEUNYTLAELRSCHIAEMNMCEOSND, Vice-Chairman EM IL J. MORICONI, SCEhaCirTmIOanN OF CHEMICAL SRCOIEBNECRETSROUSE, Vice-Chairman PAUL GREENGARD, ChDaiIrVmIaSnION OF BIOCHBEEMRTISNTR. LYA DU, JR., Vice-Chairman WILLIAM J. CODNISVIIDSIINOEN, OCFhaOirmRaGnANOMETALMLIICNOCRHUEMTSIUSTTRSUY I, Vice-Chairman FRANCIS M ICHELOTDTII,VCIShaIOirmNanOF POLYMERES.CHI.EINMCMEERGUT, Vice-Chairman LEWIS G. WEEKS, CShEaiCrmTaInON OF GEOLOGICABLRSUCCIEENCC. HESEEZEN, Vice-Chairman MORRIS H. SHAMOS,SCEhCaTirImOaNn OF PHYSICABLERSNCAIERNDCEKSRAMER, Vice-Chairman ROSALYN YALOW, ChairmDanIVISION OF BIOPHYSIIRCAS PULLMAN, Vice-Chairman I. B. LASKOWITZ, ChairmDanIVISION OF ENGINEJEURLINIAGN D. TEBO, Vice-Chairman AUBREY W. LANDERS, DCIhVaiIrSmIaOnN OF M ATCHHEAMRALTEISCLSEWIS, S.J., Vice-Chairman HAROLD L. STOLOVS, ECChaTiIrOmNanOF P LARNICEHTAARRDY SMC.ISECNHCOETSLAND, Vice-Chairman ySecTaierhn,ecOeSsc,et2octbiEeoranssttoaSniMxdtayyD-,tihviinirscdilouSnsstirvehee.otl,AdNllmemweeeYteintoignrksg,srNeageruewlahYrelylod,rkao1tn0et0h2eev1.ebnuiinldginegacohf mTohnethN,edwurYinogrkthAecaadcaemdeymoicf Conferences are also held at irregular intervals at times announced by special programs. ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 132, Art. 1 Pages 1-766 December 31, 1965 Editor Associate E d E. Whipple Paul E. van BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ASBESTOS* Conference Cochairmen CONTENTS Preface. By Eunice Thomas Miner............................................................................. 5 Opening Remarks. By Irving J. Selikoff............................................................... 7 Man and Asbestos. By J. C. Gilson.......................................................................... 9 Section I. Asbestos Materials in Modern Technology The Geology, Occurrences, and Major Uses of Asbestos. By N. W. Hendry. . 12 The Physical and Molecular Structure of Asbestos. By Richard Gaze............ 23 Chemical Studies of Asbestos. By J. S. Harington............................................... 31 Section II. Lung Tissue and Mineral Matter.- Problems of Pathogenesis The JD.eCtehcutirogn, aI.ndJ. LSoeclaiklizoaftfioannodf WM.inEe.raSlmFitibhe.r.s....i.n....T...i.s.s..u..e........B...y....C.......B..e..r...k..l..e...y., 48 SometoOsibs,seMrvaadteionDsuroifntgheWDorukstonCoCnotaelntMainndersCPomnepuomsioticoonniionsiLs.ungBsywGit.hNAasgbeels-- SCHMIDT........................................................................................................................ 64 AsbeSstkoisdmDousrteD...e..p...o..s.i.t..i.o..n....a..n..d....R...e..t.e..n...t.i.o..n....i.n....R...a..t..s........B...y...J......C......W....a...g..n..e...r...a...n..d...J......W.... 77 ExpePraimrteicnlteasl. ABsbyePst.osFi.s Hwoiltht, JF.oMurilTlsypaensd oDf . FKib. eYrso:unImg.p..o..r..t.a..n...c.e.....o..f....S..m...a..l.l 87 ElectDroanv-Mis.i.c..r..o..s.c..o..p...e...S...t.u..d...i.e.s....o..f...A...s..b..e..s..t.o...s.i.s....i.n.....M....a..n....a..n..d.....A..n...i.m...a..l.s......B...y....J......M........G... 98 RheuPmeartnoiisd, EF.acCt.orViginliaSenriuamndoIf. InJd.iSviedluiaklos ffE.x..p..o..s..e..d.....t.o.....A...s..b..e..s.t..o..s........B...y....B... 112 Discussion............................................................................................................................ 121 Section III. Human Exposure to Asbestos: Industrial Populations Asbestosis in Great Britain. By J. C. McVittie................................................... 128 The BOyccIu.rJr.enSceeliokfoAfsfb,eJs.toCsihsuArgmoanngd IEn.suCl.atHioanmWmoornkde..r.s...i..n...t..h..e....U...n..i.t.e..d....S...t.a..t.e..s... 139 MortEa.liEtynAtemrolnigneA..s.b...e.s..t.o..s....P..r..o..d..u...c..t.s...W....o..r..k..e..r..s...i.n....t.h...e...U...n..i..t.e..d....S..t..a..t.e..s........B...y...P...h..i..l..i.p 156 Secular Changes in Asbestosis in an Asbestos Factory. By W. J. Smither . . . . 166 Discussion........................................................................................................................... 182 Asb*eTshtoiss sheerlidesboyf TphapeeNrsewis YthoerkreAsuclatdoefmay coofnSfecrieenncceeseonntitOlecdtobBeiorlo1g9i,ca2l0,Efafnecdts21o,f o1f96H4eaanltdh,suBpepthoretsedda,inMpda.rt by grant No. OH-00192-01 from the National Institutes OccupaStieocntailoanndIVN. oHnuocmcaunpaEtixopnoasl uErxepotsourAessbtoesAtosbse:sCtoos.mmBuyniWty. CSt. uHduieesper 184 Asbestos and the Urban Dweller. By J. G. THOMSON...................... ...................... 196 Asbeesrtoastiiosnisn. SoBuythG.AKfr.icSai--.UCISe-rCtrairnmGekeo..g..r..a..p...h..i.c..a..l...a..n..d.....E..n...v..i.r..o..n...m...e..n..t..a..l...C...o..n..s..i.d.. 215 PleurNaol nPolcacquupeastioannadl AAssbbeessttooss:is.FuBrtyheRraOimboseKrviavtiilounos toon....E...n..d...e.m....i.c....a..n...d....O...t.h...e.r 235 ObseLrvaaatmioannseonn, LAeotmNosoprhoeraicndAVir. RPoaluluntiioon.....C...a..u..s..e..d....b...y.....A...s.b...e..s.t..o..s........B...y....A...r..v..o. 240 Discussion opened by G. W. H. Schepers................................................................... 246 TSheecItnihoanlaVti.oHn uomf FanibrEoxupsoDsuurstes.toBAysVb.esTtiomsb:rDeluls.t....C...o..n...t..r..o...l..s....a...n..d....S...t..a..n...d..a. rd2s55 A CoSmampaprliessoninofAIsmbepsintogserPalanndtsM. emBbyraHnoewFairltderET.eAchyneirq,ueJserfoermEiavhaluRa.tiLnygnAcihr and Julius H. Fanney................................................................................ 274 DeveIlnodpumsetrnyt.s inByDSu. sHt oSlammepsl.i.n..g.....a..n..d.....C...o..u..n...t.i.n..g.....T...e..c..h..n..i..q..u..e..s.....i.n....t..h..e.....A...s.b..e..s..t.o..s 288 DustAdMdeinasgulreeym..e.n...t....a..n..d......M....o..n..i.t..o..r..i.n..g.....i.n.....t.h...e.....A...s.b...e..s.t..o..s.....I.n...d..u..s..t..r.y.........B...y.....C........G... 298 MeasPuarreammeentterosf. ABiryboSr.nAe .ARsboeasctohs...D....u..s..t...b...y....I.n...s..t.r..u..m....e..n..t..s...M....e..a..s..u..r..i.n..g.....D...i.f.f.e..r..e..n.t 306 PreseBnyt ET.hLre.sShcolhdalLlim....i.t....V...a..l.u..e....i.n....t..h..e....U.....S.....A.......f.o..r....A...s..b..e..s..t.o...s...D....u..s..t.:....A.....C...r..i.t.i.q..u..e... 316 Economics of Dust Control. By D. W. Hills.......................................................... 322 Discussion............................................................................................................................. 335 RadiologicalSeCclatsisoinficVatIi.onCloifniPcuallmoSntaurdyieAssboepstPosuils.moBnyarHy. ABsobhelsitgo..s..i.s............. 338 The BOyccIurrvrienngceJ.ofSePlleikuroaflf.C...a..l.c..i.f.i.c..a..t.i..o..n....A...m....o..n..g....A...s..b..e..s..t.o..s....I..n..s..u..l..a..t.i.o..n.....W....o..r.k...e.r..s.. 351 Differential Diagnosis in the Pathology of Asbestosis. By J. Gough.................. 368 RadiSoolougtihcaAl fraincda aPnadththoelogUincaitledCKorirnegldatoimon.sI.inA APsrbopesotsoesdisRianditohloegiRcaelpuCblaliscsifoif cation of Asbestosis. By G. K. Sluis-Cremer and C. P. Theron............. 373 aIRIna.ddAiXog-PrRarapeyhlimsAopinfpaeAraysrbaSenstctueodss.y-ExoBpfyoOsAeb.dsCeWravpoelrrakenVr,asJr.aianCtdi.onGthielinsRotnehl,aeKtiCo. nlFa.sosWfifPi.caaHtthiiononsloogonyf, J. C. McVittie and J. C. Wagner....................................................................... 379 Discussion opened by P. Cartier.................................................................................. 387 PulmSotnuadryy. FBunycMtioonrtiinmeArsbEe.stBoasids:erS,eRriiaclhTaresdtsA.inBaadLeron, gA-lTveirnmS.PTroiespresctteivine and Irving J. Selikoff........................................................................................... 391 RoutFinaectoLruyn.g BFuynRctoiossn HStuundtie.s....o..n....8..3..0.....E...m...p..l..o..y..e..e..s...i.n.....a..n....A...s..b..e..s..t.o..s....P...r..o..c.e..s..s.i.n..g. 406 The TDhisocmrismoinn,aAntnnVea-luMeaorfiPeuPlmeloznearryanFdunWct.ioJn. STmeisttshienrA...s..b..e..s..t.o...s.i.s........B...y....M.......L... 421 Discussion opened by J. L. Whittenberger.............................................................. 437 Studies of CaSrecicntoigoenneVsiIsI.ofAAsbsebsetstooss aFnibderNs eaondplTahsieair: ENxaptuerraiml eOnitlsa. l By J. S. Harington and F. J. C. Roe................................................................................. 439 forCborpiyerfiqguhot,ta1t9io6n5s, bbyy rTehvieewNeerws, rYeoprrkodAuccatidoenmoyf othfisScpieunbcliecsa.tiAolnl irnighwthsorleeseorrviend.pEaxrtcebpyt any means whatever is strictly prohibited without written permission from the publisher. PrepaarnadtiWonilolfiaAmsbAe.stGoas nFtitb.e.r..s....f..o..r....E...x..p..e..r..i.m...e..n..t..a..l....U...s.e.........B...y....M........S.......B...a..d..o...l..l..e..t. 451 TestsEflosraCssaerrcinaongdenDic.itDy.oHf Ausbbeerstto.s.........B..y....W....m......E......S..m...i..t..h..,..L...l...o..n...a..s..M....i..l..l..e..r...,..R......E... 456 Teststofroyr TErfafecct.t oBf yALsbleosntoass oMnilBleenrzo,W[a]mP.yEre.nSemCitahrcainnodgSentiesviseninWth. eBeRrelspinirear 489 AsbeAstnods-rIeneduPceedacToucmk.o..r..s...i..n....W....h...i.t.e....L...e..g..h..o..r..n....F...o..w...l.s........B...y.....P......R.......P...e..a..c...o..c..k.....a..n..d. 501 Discussion............................................................................................................................ 504 Section VIII. Asbestos and Neoplasia: Epidemiology Asbestosis and Primary Intrathoracic Neoplasms. By William D. Buchanan 507 NeoptloasIiantAram-aobndgoImnsinualaltiNoneoWploarskiae.rs iBnythEe.UCn.iteHdaSmtmatoensdw,itIh. SJp. eSceiallikRoeffefreanncde J. Churg...................................................................................................................... 519 CohoArtsbAesntaolsysFisacotforCy.hanBgyesJ.inF.InKcindoexnc, eR.ofS.BDroonlclhiaanl dCIa.rcDin.oHmiallin....a....T...e..x..t.i.l.e 526 PulmMon.aArynsNpaecophl.a..s..i.a....A...m...o..n...g....D...r..e..s.d...e..n....A...s..b..e..s..t.o..s....W....o..r..k..e..r.s.........B..y....G........J..a..c..o..b.....a..n..d. 536 RelatBioynPsh. iCp.BEeltwmeeesnaEndxpOos.uLr.eWtoaAdseb..e..s.t..o..s...a..n..d....P...l.e..u..r..a..l...M....a..l.i.g..n..a...n..c..y...i.n....B...e..l.f.a..s..t.. 549 AssocBiyatiEonnroicfoPuCl.mVoingalriyanTiu, mGoiarscowmitohMAosbtetsutrosaisainndPPieidetmroontMaanrdaLnozmanbaar. d..y.. 558 EpidSemtuidoileosgyinoSfoDutihffuAsefriMcaesaontdhetlhiaelUTnuimtedorsK:inEgvdidoemn.ce Bofy aJn. CA.ssWocaiagtnioenr.f.r..o..m.. 575 EpidhemouiosleogaynodfHMilesdoathTehliaolmTpusmono.r..s..i..n...t.h...e...L...o..n..d..o..n....A...r..e..a........B...y...M....u..r...i.e...l...L......N...e..w...- 579 Discussion opened by T. F. Mancuso.......................................................................... 589 Section IX. Asbestos and Neoplasia: Diffuse Mesothelial Tumors Criteria for Diagnosis of Diffuse Mesothelial Tumors. By W. T. E. McCaughey 603 HistoJl.ogCihcaulrgC,hSa.rHac.teRroisstiecns aonfdMS.esMotoheolliotmena...A...s..s..o..c..i.a..t.e..d.....w...i.t..h.....A...s.b...e.s..t.o..s........B...y 614 MesoPthatehlioolmogayt.ousByTIuamnorWs ebinstSeoru..t..h......A..f..r..i.c.a..:.....P...a..t.h...o..l.o..g..y......a..n..d......E..x...p..e..r.i.m....e..n..t.a..l 623 A BiSoopmsye SoefrtiehseoTfuMmeosrost.heBlioymDa.taO, 'aBn.dHAotutermihpatns et.o....I.d...e..n..t.i..f.y....A...s..b..e..s.t..o..s...W....i.t.h...i.n 647 Mesothelial Tumors and Exposure to Asbestos Dust. By W. Glyn Owen . . . . 674 Discussion opened by A. Purdy Stout........................................................................ 680 Section X. Problems and Perspectives Trends in the Health of the Asbestos Worker. By Kenneth W. Smith............ 685 The Sequelae of Exposure to Asbestos Dust. By J. C. Wagner......................... 691 ProbBleymJs. aCn.dGPilesrospne.c..t.i..v..e..s.:....T...h..e....C...h..a..n...g..i.n..g....H....a..z.a..r..d...s...o..f....E...x..p..o..s.u...r..e...t..o....A...s..b..e..s.t.o..s.. 696 AppeannddixC1a.nRceerp.o..r..t...a.n...d...R...e..c..o..m...m...e..n..d..a..t.i.o..n..s...o..f..t..h..e...W....o..r..k..i.n..g...G...r..o.u..p....o..n...A...s.b..e..s..t.o.s 706 Appendix 2. Dust Diseases and Workmen's Compensation................................. 722 Appendix 3. Statistical Tables--Asbestos.............................................................. 745 334 Annals New York Academy of Sciences The Future The asbestos textile industry in the U.K. is continuously striving to improve its dust control methods and this is being done both individually by the Companies concerned and also on an industry basis through the Engineering Committee of the Asbestosis Research Council. In T.B.A. Co. Ltd., a number of investigations are proceeding now including the total enclosure of a carding machine and the ventilation of beaming machines (a yarn preparatory stage before weaving) ; the results of this work will be made freely available to the Engineering Committee whose function is to examine and develop methods of dust control in asbestos textile proc esses and to make recommendations for improvements. Visits are made by the engineers of each company to the plants of the others so that this is a real and live collaboration. The aim of all this work is to eliminate as far as is humanly possible the dust hazard in the asbestos textile factories in the U.K. and, at least as far as they are concerned, to make the subject of this monograph, "Biological Effects of Asbestos," a matter of pure academic interest. References 1. Medrueswt eotnhtehre, Elu.nRgs. Aan. d&dCu.stWs.upPprriecses.io1n93i0n. Rtheepoarstbeosntoesffiencdtsusotfrya.sbHe.stMos. 2. ReSptoarttioonnerCyoOnfffeicree. nLcoensdBone,twEneegnlanEdm. ployers and Inspectors Concerning MH.eMth. oSdtastifoonrerSyuOppffricees.sLinongdoDnu,sEtnignlanAds.bestos Textile Factories. 1931. 3. BaOmcbculpin.,HWyg..P2.: 5149.59. Dust control in the asbestos textile industry. Ann. 4. Gaze, R. Private communication. DISCUSSION J. C. Gilson (Pneumoconiosis Research Unit, Glamorgan, Wales) : I have a slight uneasy feeling about this meeting and it is a feeling I always have when attending this type of meeting, because I feel that it is really a form of the chicken and the egg. Everybody is unwilling to start using a particular method of counting or a particular instrument because they say we do not know whether it is the one that is the best. You never know unless you start using one consistently for a period of time, and observing the people whose environment you are measuring with a particular instru ment. And it seems to me quite hopeless to go on expecting that some curious process which is quite undefined -- perhaps the expectation that some animal experiments will somehow provide the philosopher's stone -- will enable you to decide which instrument you should use. Surely, the way to start is to choose a method at some time. I do not really think that any major change has been made in the last 30 years. If a decision had been made to make systematic measurements 30 years ago, with almost any instrument, you would by now, in fact, have got quite a long way to getting a dose-response relationship in this industry. I think Dr. Roach's suggestion that you should use, therefore, a gravimetric sampler of respirable dust has enormous merits because it does enable you to use it in many places where you cannot use any other kind of instrument. We have heard earlier today that obviously the risks, taking the whole industry at the present time, lie very largely in the insulation workers. I cannot see how you would expect to be able to use a Royco instrument. I am not certain that Dr. Roach suggested you should, but, clearly, we need some instrument that has a very wide applicability throughout the whole industry. C. G. Addingley (British Belting and Asbestos Ltd., Cleckheaton, Eng land) : I would just like to make one point. Dr. Roach said that in Britain mention is made of a safe limit of four fibers per milliliter, and that this is lower than the American limit. I would like to say that this is the first time that any limit has been specifically stated as far as the United Kingdom industry is concerned. We do not believe there is any safe limit. We have our ideas as to how low we can get and we are always striving to get right down to zero. We also have our ideas about the American limit of 5 million particles per cu. ft. as a safe limit. We know that there is no scientific basis for that limit whatever, and I think that if Dr. T. Hatch had been here he would have agreed with that, because it has been taken up with him in the past. Therefore, I would like it to be clearly understood that we do not accept four fibers per cc. as a safe maximum limit in the asbestos industry. John Wells (U.S. Rubber Co., Neuman, Ga.) : I would like to briefly 335 336 Annals New York Academy of Sciences m review the work that we have undertaken. The asbestos textile mill in r Hogansville has been producing textile products since 1941. In 1941, using the Midget Impinger, dust counts were begun at many stations, many times a week and have continued to be obtained for some 23 years. During this time two people have done all the dust counting. The person who is now doing it was trained by the person who used to do it. I should say we do 'eft not know what we are counting. We are counting everything we get in the chamber, but we are counting in the same manner. m When this program started we hoped to get some meaningful results. In order to do that, we averaged out the number of counts that were ob tained at each station during the year in terms of million of particles per cubic foot and multiplied them by the years. In so doing we arrived at a figure which we called million particles per cu. ft. years, and we did this with each worker, many of whom we have been able to follow. We constructed a scattergram in which we placed on the ordinate the years of exposure, and on the abscissa the million particles per cu ft. years. Using this as a baseline (for whatever meaningfullness it had), when we got to a period of some 50 to 60 million particles per cu ft. years, we began to find people with pulmonary asbestosis. As the million particle per cu. ft. years mounted, we began getting more patients with pulmonary asbestosis. In terms of what has been considered a safe dust count in the area, we started out with a theory -- because everybody said it was so -- that 5 million particles per cubic foot was a safe figure. Our own conclusion, as we began seeing what was happening in our own process, was that the only safe amount of asbestos dust exposure was zero and that the efforts in terms of achieving that lay basically in engineering, and, secondly, in edu cation. But as far as a safe level of asbestos dust is concerned, our own conclusion in Hogansville, Ga., is that there is no safe level. The safe level is nil and anything above the safe level represents certain risk. S. A. Roach ( University of London, London, England) : I should like to say that the standards which we mentioned, four fibers per milliliter or 5 million particles per cu. ft., are simply standards, although I hope I did not use the word "safe." These are standards which are actually used, al though they are not ever expressed as being safe standards. A further standard has been mentioned of 50 to 60 million particles per cu ft. years. I suppose this is the equivalent of some 2 million particles per cu ft. con centration. This would be another standard which might be used but it is not necessarily a perfectly safe level of dust. L. Silverman (Harvard U., Boston, Mass.) : I have had some experience in specific uses of asbestos; in particular the asbestos tile industry which is a major consumer of asbestos fiber. With just a few simple applications of control such as switching from jute bags which were shaken out by the worker to be shipped back to the plant to paper bags which retain the Discussion 337 moisture in the fiber, and then from that to full gondola cars with vacuum conveying systems, the total dust exposure of the bag-opening operation has been eliminated. The dust counts that were present when the jute bags were used and shaken were reducd by a factor of something like 10 by going to the paper bags, and then, when automated conveying operation was installed, it was eliminated. Incidentally, so was the worker.