Document KaJKyjN21m3L5yD46J8RGDXQ

N 1198 Key factor in rebirth of electric truck industry Paul C. Henshaw President, Homestake Mining Company; President and Chairman of the Board of Lead Industries Association, Inc. Members of the Lead Industries As sociation can look back on 1974 tured in test and demonstration pro grams in more than 25 major U.S. and i with the deep satisfaction of having been Canadian cities . . . from coast to coast responsible for a demonstration and edu GoLIAth has transported sewing ma cation program to help develop a dy chines, newspapers, mail and tools. The > namic new industry: short-haul electric truck also has transported men and ma trucks. chines for park maintenance, water and The Association's program has been highlighted by GoLIAth, the batterypowered electric truck that was intro duced in early January. GoLIAth played a dominant role in helping LIA inform both the general public and potential purchasers of electric trucks about spe cific advantages resulting from their use and the role lead batteries can play in providing power for this form of trans portation. electric meter readers, environmental < technicians and a wide variety of other personnel. The battery powered electric truck concept, through GoLIAth, has appeared in many of the nation's major magazine*and newspapers, and the vehicle has beta featured on both local and syndicated television programs. Literally millions oi people who learned about GoLIAth now know that lead battery-powered vehicles are one answer to the nation* Since January, GoLIAth has been fea transportation problems. 2 LIA26710 `4 4\ sT Workmen grout out concrete mold used to pour 10'ton lead keel tor COURAGEOUS. * ad st. iahe la nd tal er ck ed >es en ed of )W rk i's cation of lead keel is clearly visible in this view of COURAGEOUS being hauled out of water at Newport `^servicing prior to winning final race. Materials selection key factor in America's Cup yacht design meter class yachts that traditionally compete in the 123-year-old classic. Ac cording to Bob Carrick, spokesman for the COURAGEOUS builders' syndicate who put up the more than $1 million to build the yacht, the role lead played in the vessel's design and performance was, in part, determined by the fact that Yachts competing for the America's Cup, the foremost international aluminum was selected for the hull. Although aluminum potentially re vacht racing trophy are among the duces the overall weight of the yacht, world's most expensive vessels--as much it still weighed in at 12V2-tons. This as 86 million per yacht. America's Cup is about the same weight as previous vachts also have the distinction of being 12-meter yachts that have competed for the most painstakingly and scientifically- America's Cup. The major difference designed of any racing yachts. in the overall design of the yacht is the For example, various types of sails-- fact that because lightweight aluminum some of them costing as much as $5 was used for the hull, additional lead thousand each--have been developed for ballast could be added to her keel. The use on days when there is little wind and keel's weight and how it is distributed days when there is considerable wind. are key factors in determining how fast Hull materials also have played an im the yachts can sail and how quickly they portant role in the design of the yachts. respond to commands. W'ood was the primary material used for A heavy keel is important for several America's Cup yachts until 1970 when reasons. It contributes to an increased the use of aluminum was permitted. And ballast-to-displacement ratio and thus lead has, by tradition, always been used insures more stability under sail. For tor the keel of America's Cup yachts. example, the lead keel of the COURA In fact, it might be said that if the pres GEOUS weighs 20,000-lbs., while the tigious America's Cup trophy had a bot total displacement of the yacht is about tom lit doesn't), it would likely be made 25,000-lbs., thus providing the best de from lead because of the critically im sired ballast-to-displacement ratio. Addi portant role lead plays in designing tionally, lead's low density provides a yachts built to compete for the trophy. lower center of gravity within the yacht. A close look at COURAGEOUS, win- This factor gives more stability to the fer of this year's trophy race against yacht, allowing it to sail faster into the Australian challenger, SOUTHERN wind. A final advantage of using lead CROSS, gives an indication of the im ballast is the fact that it results in a portance lead plays in the sailing char heavily-weighted counterbalance to the acteristics and performance of the 12- tendency of the sails on windy days to COURAGEOUS during 1974 America's Cup race. capsize the yacht. COURAGEOUS was built at the Min- neford Yacht Yard on City Island, lo cated on Long Island Sound off New York City. The 10-ton lead keel for the yacht was cast in a concrete mold. The concrete was formed by pouring it in a wooden frame that held a keel-shaped plug. After it had set, workmen dug out the plug and then poured molten lead into the cavity left by the plug. The yacht was designed by Olin Ste phens of Sparkman and Stephens, an in ternationally-known yacht design firm headquartered in New York City. Ste phens has been involved in designing America's Cup winners as far back as 1937. He has designed or collaborated on such America's Cup winners as RANGER, COLUMBIA, CONSTELLA TION and INTREPID. In addition to being America's Cup winners, all the yachts shared one other thing in common --they all featured lead keels that helped them win the trophy. LIA26711 3 seen in foreground; or fluorescent lighting seen in background. * Interior view of supermarket Illuminated by emergency fluorescent lighting powered by batteries. Technician seen In left view checks centrally located console system used to power emergency fluorescent lighting in meet processing plant. Insert view shows close-up of battery, powered system. 4 l^ead batteries power emergency lighting for commercial and industrial buildings e(j lead batteries that are virtumaintenance-free are playing an * J aiingly important role in providing 1 led electrical energy required for a 'i'jf- arietv of industrial and commercial phev range all the wav from pro.linu temporary power for the entire jhtina =v5tenl industrial plants to nre, ';i,a4uin'ac pe ower for .s.m.all.-s.ize, wall- Ilinted emergency illumination svsj used to safely evacuate industrial J[1(l commercial areas during a power ta,,(c In some cases, the batteries sup ple direct current to power the lighting sterns while in other cases, the direct (Urrent 'del supplied by batteries is hanged to alternating current lac) for in powering fluorescent lights. Emergency lighting is so important that the majority of states and municpalities have enacted laws requiring ,Uch lighting. It is also set forth in the National Electric Code. Article 700. The National Fire Protection Association's Life and Safety Code, Section 5-10, also requires adherence to the emergencylighting requirements. Whether emergency lighting is in-talled because of laws or it is done loluntarily. lead battery-powered stand by illumination installations represent a low cost insurance protection against possible theft, injury or even loss of life resulting from panic following unex pected blackouts due to primary power failure. Emergency lighting is most frequently used in offices, industrial plants, stores, theaters, auditoriums and other loca tions where people work or gather. Emergency lighting is installed to pro vide sufficient illumination for people to -afely exit a building without injury panic if the primary power fails. In some cases, emergency lighting keeps a building or plant in limited operation. Exits, hallways, stairways, machinery areas, first-aid rooms, communications centers and hospital operating rooms are a few examples of areas requiring emefe gency lighting. Lead battery - powered emergency lighting has the primary advantage of providing instantaneous light, since there is no start-up time involved such as that required for engine-powered generators. However, emergency light ing is often supplemented by enginepowered generators, which take over during extended blackouts. Such genera tors are frequently started by a bank of lead acid batteries. Emergency battery- powered lighting can be installed using either of two basic approaches: various areas to be illuminated can be served by single units, each containing its own battery and charger connected to as many as eight lamps; or a building-wide system can connect many lamps to a central bat tery-charger console system. It is for these reasons that a wide variety of bat tery systems are available--all the way from 6-volt to 115-volt emergency light ing systems. For limited applications in relatively small areas, single 6-volt or 12-volt emergency lighting units are preferable. L sually mounted on walls or partitions, such units can control as many as eight lamps from a single unit. Remote 25watt lamps can be located up to 62-ft. away from 6-volt batteries and up to 225-ft. from 12-volt batteries when properly connected. By running wires through walls, a single lead battery unit can illuminate several rooms or areas simultaneously. The use of maintenance-free batteries, which are widely available, permits emergency lighting installation in al most any location. This is a definite ad vantage because prior to the wide use of maintenance-free battery power for emergency illumination, traditional bat teries providing such power had to be installed so they were easy to reach for watering on a regular cycle of mainte nance. For new construction, where ten to 100 lamps are involved, a 32-volt sys tem with a power source--the batterv, charger and console--can be located in a central area. This eliminates the need for individual battery units located throughout a building and it uses less space since only the lamps are located in areas to be protected. A tvpical 32volt console, which is about the size of an average bookcase, can be used to illuminate nearly a dozen locations. A smaller area consisting of, perhaps, four rooms could be illuminated by a com bination of 6-volt and 12-volt units. Some of the newest battery-powered emergency lighting systems feature in verters that convert the direct current from the batteries to alternating cur rent. Any standard, rapid-start fixture using 20, 30 or 40-watt, fluorescent lamps can be connected to the batterypowered converter system. Such systems use 12-volt lead acid batteries and they can be used to power single-lamp or multiple-lamp illumination. Some of the systems can be adapted to provide power for both fluorescent and incandescent il lumination. A typical large-capacity unit can be used to operate four fluores cent lamps (with a total of 120-watts), plus three 25-watt incandescent remote lampheads. A typical installation would be in a communications center where the fluorescent lights would be used to il luminate critical exit areas while the incandescent lights would illuminate fire hose locations and exit signs. LIA26713 1 JS New York harbor beauty gets 80,000 gallon cosmetic coating Foreign visitors entering New York City bv ship are greeted by the spec tacular Yerrazano Narrows Bridge, which dominates the entrance to the city's harbor. The world's largest sus pension bridge I 1.260-ft.) links the New York City boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn, and provides access to the heavily populated and industrialized areas of adjacent New Jersey and Long Island. Now ten years old. the structure is currently being repainted; a year-long task requiring a 70-man crew and 80.000 gallons of paint. Like numerous others, the bridge is situated in a severely corrosive environ ment. It must withstand attacks of salt laden Atlantic Ocean fogs and surround ing waters, and other corrosives usually found in an urban/marine environment. To combat these factors, a paint system was specified that would provide the structure with maximum weatherability. corrosion resistance and an overall dec orative appearance. A key element in the coating system is a basic lead silico chromate anti-cor rosive. weather-resistant protective pig. ment. The high lead content of the pig ment helps to provide a compatible and durable paint system that offers superior protection against corrosive elements. longer than any other within the metro According to the Triboro Bridge and politan area, its painting does not pre Tunnel Authority, although the Verra- sent any unusual problems. zano Narrows Bridge is higher and The first step in painting the bridge is to install the rigging and scaffolding, which hang about 350 feet above the water. Surfaces are then prepared by sandblasting heavily rusted areas, and by hand cleaning and washing less cor roded areas. In the final step, a touch up and finish coat is applied. As a means of further protection, heavily rusted areas also receive an intermediate prime coat. Prior to its official opening in Novem ber, 1964, the entire steelwork of the bridge was painted with lead pigmented paints. Areas included the 70-story towers, structural steel for the twin decks, and all other steel surfaces. They were coated with three or more coats of Lead-based paint system provides maximum weatherability, corrosion-resistance and an overall decorative appearance. basic lead silico chromate paint. About 5,300 gallons of red lead con tained in a linseed oil paste was applied to the more than mile-long cables that support the bridge. The combination red lead and linseed oil paste was applied to the full 7,205-ft. of each cable just prior to a final wrapping. This was ac complished with galvanized wire, which forced the paste deeply into individual strands that comprise the cables. A final protective coat of basic lead silico chro mate paint was applied over the galvan ized wire to conform with the corrosion protection system developed for the bridge. Paint for the Yerrazano Narrows Bridge is being supplied by the Am sterdam Color Works, Bronx, N.Y. This project is part of a 81-562.000 contract that includes the Triboro, Henry Hud son, Cross Bay and Throgs Neck bridges, all operated and maintained by the city's Triboro Bridge and Tunnel Au thority. The organization has specified the basic lead silico chromate paint sys tem for all of these bridges. LIA26714 (jflUufilto visits Expo '74 during 25-city cross-country tour joilAth was exhibited at Expo '74 in Spokane. Washington. 'or a one-month period. - Service Department personnel from Omaha Public Power District familiarize themselves with GoLlAth's electric-powered controls during van's stop in Omaha. Engineer Irom Chicago's Department of Environmental Control takes noise level reading at City's Osteopathic Hospital. Shuttling personnel to various sites was one of many varied assignments GoLlAth undertook during six-week visit to the Windy City. GoLlAth, Lead Industries Associa tion s ILIA) battery-powered elec tric delivery van has proven to be a most worthy ambassador in promoting the concept of lead battery - powered elec tric work vehicles. Since June, the van has visited 25 cities, across the United States and Can ada as the integral part of LIA's pro motional campaign to demonstrate the capabilities and economics of lead bat teries to power multi-stop, short-range work vehicles. Most visits included a press confer ence, jointly sponsored by the local elec tric utility and LIA. Press events were followed by a one or two-dav demon stration period in which GoLlAth par ticipated in a number of work situations. These included bulk newspaper, pack age and parcel delivery; park depart ment maintenance work; use as a shuttle for electric utility maintenance and ad ministrative personnel; and use bv a municipal environmental agencv to transport noise control technicians to various construction sites. During these work situations, GoLlAth was viewed by the many officials from public utilities, industry, local and fed eral government and commerce who will determine the role electric deliverv vans can play in their transportation pro grams. Cities visited during this cross-coun try tour were: .New \ ork. Washington, D.C., Detroit, Slippery Rock, Pa.; Tor onto and Ottawa, Canada; Chicago, Omaha, Denver, Salt Lake City. Seattle, Eugene, San Francisco, Los Angeles'. Phoenix, Albuquerque, El Paso. Dallas/ Ft. Worth, Joplin/Springfield, St. Louis and Cincinnati. GoLlAth also was ex hibited at Expo '74, the International World's Fair in Spokane, for a onemonth period. An estimated quarter of a million people saw the van. In addition. GoLlAth was one of the highlights of the Pacific .National Exhibition in Van couver, B.C., Canada, where it spent two weeks as part of the '"Alternative Energy" exhibit. LIA26715 7 Compressor, fan and du Automotive plant required multiple noise solutions Walls of boiler control room are lined with sheet lead. Part of composite sound control panel system used to reduce noise in forced draft fans and ductwork. The Chrysler Corporation and the Jerome Underground Transmission noise that was unsafe and discomfort ing for employees. Equipment (UTE) Corp., recently faced To solve noise problems emanating a mutual problem: how to control noise from the 15.000-cubic-ft.- per-minute from powerful, high-speed compressors. (cfm ) compressors, Chrysler engineers In both cases, lead not only helped to relied on the sound attenuation experi solve the compressor noise problems, ence of the manufacturer, Ingersoll-Rand but lead also helped Chrysler Corp. (I-R). I-R has developed a highly-effec solve additional sound attenuation prob tive optional noise suppression system lems. for its line of compressors that consist of Chrysler's noise control problems a steel shroud laminated to a combina were of more immediate concern since tion lead/foam barrier. they involved one of the company's The lead/foam combination consists major manufacturing plants, the giant of a l-lb.-per-sq.-ft. (PSF) (.0156-in. Hamtramck Assembly facility in De thick) sheet lead sound barrier sand troit. The plant assembles Chrysler's line wiched in an inch-thick layer of foam. It of Dart, Valiant and other compact-size is applied over a previously sprayed-on cars. Important to the efficient operation undercoat layer and then the steel shroud of the plant is an on-site facility that is placed over the top of the enclosed sec supplies more than 8,000,000 lbs. of tion. The lead/foam combination and the steam daily. steel shroud have reduced the 100 dBA Two major installations, a four-unit compressor noise level. This noise level induced draft fan system and its associ can be compared to a blaring radio, and ated ductwork and two high -capacity it was reduced to 84 dBA, which com compressors are critical components in pares to sounds heard on a busy city street supplying steam and compressed air re corner. Overall, a noise reduction of quired for the plant. The four induced about 67 per cent was realized. draft fans provide the huge volume of air To solve noise problems involving the needed to insure efficient combustion in four forced draft fans and their asso the boilers that heat water to produce the ciated ductwork, Chrysler engineers steam. The compressors provide the re specified a composite sound control quired compressed air throughout the panel system developed by Transco Inc., plant. Chicago, 111. Called Noisecon-12, the sys While both the compressors and the tem was installed around the forced induced draft fan system were highly draft fans and ductwork leading to the efficient in performing the job they boiler room and its use reduced noise were designed to do, they each produced levels from more than 100 dBA to be- tween 82 to 85 dBA. The noise transmission loss capabili ties of the panel system are achieved through the use of both single and: double layers of 1/64-in. thick sheet lead, weighing 1 PSF. For maximum efficiency, the lead was sandwiched be tween layers of mineral wool. An interior face of wire mesh on the soundsource side of the panel acts as a re tainer, while the exterior face is alu minum. The system is available in box rib panels that are 40-in. wide, and in corrugated panels that are 32-in. wide More than 760 sq. ft. of the pand system was used to enclose the forced draft fans and their associated duct work. According to Transco, the pand system is also being supplied to Long Island Lighting Company to solve simi lar problems at the electric utility's Northport, L.I. generating plant. In addition to silencing the compres-1 sor and its associated forced draft fansand ductwork, Chrysler engineers also t used sheet lead to line the plantside i walls of the boiler control room. Approxi-1 mately 14 sheets of 2 psf sheet lead wets i used. According to Chrysler engineers, le*E was selected for the installation because of its excellent attenuating properties-The engineers report that because of. lead's sound deadening properties, Br other sound attenuating materials wefconsidered. b LIA267I& T problems solved by Lead I id d :t . m l1- ix n d tel a i's IS o le ie :d -e )f 10 re Underground utility specialists enclose source of compressor noise Jerome Underground Transmission Equipment I.UTE) Corp., is the nation's leading designer and manufacturer of underground equipment for utilities. In meeting the underground electric power transmission needs of large cities, Jerome developed a dielectric fluid cool ing system to control the temperature of an underground, high voltage, elec trical cable installation. The dielectric fluid, which is kept at a specifically reg ulated temperature, is maintained under high pressure in the pipe which contains and protects the high voltage electrical cables. At selected intervals, the dielec tric fluid is transferred through a refrig eration system utilizing large compres sors to cool it and high-capacity pumps to return the cooled dielectric fluid back into the system . Refrigeration stations designed for the new underground installation, rated at 250-350 tons, are powered by 200-250 hp compressors and 100-hp pumps. Dur ing the early stages of design, it was recognized that noise levels would have to comply with strict city codes. The decision was made to add a noise-sup pressing "liner" to the interior of the -tructures that house them. Jerome engineers selected a noise control panel system developed by the Soundcoat Co., New York City. It in- 'olved covering the inside of the 40-ft. tng, 13-ft. wide, 11-ft. high structures "'ith Soundcoat's LF (lead/foam) sys- ,em- It consists of a lead septum en- Interior walls of station contain lead septum enclosed in Vd-in. polyurethane foam sandwich. closed in a !4-in. polyurethane foam sandwich. Soundcoat's single LF sys tem was selected for the project, mean ing that a 1-lb. psf sheet lead septum was used to attenuate the sound. The system, comprised of 24 x 48-in. sheets, was installed in about eight hours. Jerome engineers report that noise levels inside the structure were reduced by 5 to 7 decibels to a level of 85 dBA by using the Soundcoat single LF sys tem. This reduction was attributed to the elimination of the reverberating effects of the compressors and pumps. Noise levels exterior to the unit were more dramatically reduced and are now in compliance with N.Y.C. codes. The company expects to complete installation of the first of the two regulating stations in the immediate future. Vibration Isolation Foam Layar Floating Saptum Sound Absorption Foam Layar Noise control panel system constats of lead septum enclosed In polyurethane foam. LIA26717 9 New Lead iris and shutter combination reduces X-ray exposure radiation from medical and dental diag nostic equipment. Simply stated, the lead iris stops radiation coming from any point other than where the X-ray is focused. The iris opens and closes simultaneously with the lead shutters. Recent Federal regulatiuns designed to eliminate unnecessary radiation According to Machlett, a subsidiary of the Raytheon Company, the unit op during medical and dental X-rays are erates either manually or by a pre expected to further the use of lead for programmed computer to direct the di X-ray shielding, a traditional applica agnostic mechanism only to the specific tion of the metal. area of the anatomy being X-rayed. The For example, Machlett Laboratories, unit adjusts automatically to the size Inc.. Stamford, Conn., has developed a of the X-ray film receptor in use, thus special camera-like X-ray shielding unit reducing over exposure. consisting of a lead iris and lead shut The shutter/iris assembly weighs ter. The assembly, an integral part of about 21/b-lbs. and measures 4 x 4-in. the new line of the company's X-ray It is produced from close tolerance collimators, helps to reduce extraneous casting, the components are finished to a polished surface before being joined Lead is one of the primary materials most often selected in the design of X-ray and nuclear shielding--such as protection required for technicians involved in nuclear medicine, nuclear re search and production, etc. The first consideration in preventing penetration of rays is density, and lead, the most dense of any commonly available ma terial. provides the greatest protection per unit of thickness. Because its sur face is smooth, lead does not readilv be come contaminated with dirt or other material which, in turn, may become ra dioactive. Additionally, the ease with which it can be cast, extruded, rolled, machined or otherwise formed, combine to make it one of the most efficient shield ing materials. 10 A267 is Technicians prepara to test "Side Scan Sonar" equipment. Lead shows the way under water Increased activity in undersea explora tion has created a need for materials that can operate successfully under the extremely high pressures and potential hazards found in the oceans' depths. One manufacturer of undersea search and survey equipment has found lead to be a suitable material for use in its equipment. Klein Associates, Inc.. Salem, New Hampshire, manufactures "Side Scan Sonar-' equipment used for a va riety of undersea tasks that include: mineral surveys, archeological searches for ancient ship wrecks, and pipeline tracking for oil companies. According to the company, lead plays an important role in its "towfish", a torpedo-like submersible that contains the sonar equipment used in underwater exploration. A towline carries electronic sonar signals from the submersible to the surface vessel that monitors the equipment. The transducers that send out sound beams ("`pings") to either side of the submersible, are an important part of the sonar package. Contained within the transducers are piezoelectric ceramics, known as lead zirconate titanate iPZT). These ceram ics possess a unique property known as piezoelectricity. This is a phenomenon wherein electrical impulses can be con verted directly into vibrations, or the reverse. The transducer PZT ceramics are mounted in an array which is then en capsulated in polyurethane. An elec tronic impulse is sent from the towing vessel, down the towline, to the trans ducers. The pulse vibrates the PZT ceramics, thus generating sound that "pings" through the polyurethane win dow and the water to strike against the ocean bottom. Conversely, the rebound ing echo vibrates the ceramic to create an electronic signal which is processed, recorded and amplified in the electronic data transmitted up the towline. A graphic recorder aboard the vessel then produces a continuous chart of the bot tom topology. Martin Klein, president of Klein As sociates, claims that the PZT ceramic was specified because of its stability and efficiency as a sound generating medium. He says it has the added advantage of being able to handle the power required for the sonar scanning. Klein notes that lead is also used within the transducer as a sound absorbing material in com bination with other acoustic materials. Extensive use of lead in the nose of the towfish provides ballast and acts as a stabilizer. Klein says limited space within the small submersible required a material that provides weight with the best ratio of weight to size. He adds that lead meets these specifications and also provides a certain amount of shock resistance for the submersible should it strike an object beneath the water. LIA26719 11 Quiet meeting rooms a feature at airport hotel Host International Hotel is one ot the highlights at Houston's*Intercontinental Airport. Noise from another room can be a distracting element during a busi or "plenum" between the actual con crete slab and the hung ceiling be ness presentation, after dinner speech low it. Unless an efficient noise bar- the sliding partition. Because of the irregular concrete slab, the sheet lead-i was tucked under tightly to prevent! or other private function. This was an rfiSfmaterial is installed, sound will pass noise from leaking through. As a fur-s important consideration when William through this plenum from one room to ther precaution, the sheet lead waa B. Tabler Architects designed the Host another. lapped 1-in. at the seams and sealed International Hotel, an integral part of the architectural concept developed for Houston's Intercontinental Airport. The Hotel's Tower Suite is located in the center of the airport's terminal com plex and it contains 16 private dining rooms. Adjacent to one another, any of The architectural firm specified sheet lead, which is recognized as one of the most efficient Mnind barriers, to solve these noise problems. Aside from its sound barrier qualities, sheet lead is simple to install and its easy formability makes it ideal for irregular surfaces. with lead vinyl tape. The tape was alw used to seal the sheet lead around pipes! conduits and other members where noisn might filter through. Overall, a total oi 1,800 sq. ft. of sheet lead was installed The 350 room hotel, operated by Hod International, Inc., opened in 1972 and is one of the highlights of the Houston the rooms may be in use at the same Each dining room in the Tower Suite Airport complex. Its tiered, round shap* time and it was for this reason that is separated by sliding partition doors reflects the nearby terminal pods of tin noise control was an important design hung from the slab- The 1-lb. per airport. The circular form, plate gla* I consideration. Like many of today's sq. ft. (.0156-in. thick) sheet lead and specially insulated curtain wafl modern rooms, partitions between rooms was installed vertically between the slab have been combined with the sheet le* in the Tower Suite stop at the level of concrete ceiling and the hung ceiling on plenum barriers to control aircrafl a hung ceiling, leaving an open space each side of the steel track that holds noise. 12 LIA26720 Revival of an giicient art: leaded stained glass Nei, York's famed Greenwich Vil]a2e. is rapidly becoming a mecca iCOres of people who, like thousands `. )((,ers throughout the country, are ,' ning the ancient art f producing a jrietv of useful, artistic products made ' m leaded stained glass. Adding to the "jnks of leaded stained glass artisans jrP jraduates of some of the nation's ;0remost design schools that now teach the artphe Greenwich Village shop, called t'ystom Leaded Glass, is like many ith*rs across the country that specialize producing custom-designed leaded rained glass windows, art objects, lamps and other accessories. In addition, Custom Leaded Glass also teaches the jrt of designing and producing leaded rlass. According to Barry Cunningham, 3n owner of the shop and head of a jroup of instructors who teach students die art of leaded stained glass on an around-the-clock basis, young people are among the most enthusiastic students. The shop is handy for scores of students ho work a wide variety of shifts-- jome are free for instruction in the eve ning, others at midnight, others in early morning hours. 'The renewed interest in leaded stained glass is primarily the result of a desire to make something with one's own hands, and to create a work of art that is both beautiful and functional," says Cunningham. "We are beginning to see more abstract and modern art forms as opposed to religious-tvpe works of art." he says. "Art deco designs are also verv popular. Tiffany style lamp shades are among the most popular cur rent designs." He adds that many stu dents are interested in learning to repair the wide variety of stained glass designs that are being reclaimed from wrecked homes, churches and other structures. Cunningham says the actual steps in producing leaded stained glass are rela tively simple as are the tools used to produce the designs. "Like all forms of art, practice makes perfect," says Cun ningham, referring to the extensive practice required to execute a profes sional design. The first step in producing a design is to develop a pattern. Sometimes first produced on a small scale sketch, the pattern is eventually developed to de sired size. The sketch is sometimes colored to approximate the "stained" or colored glass to he used. The final pattern is produced on paper similar to heavy duty wrapping paper. Careful at tention is devoted to insuring that there is sufficient room for heart lines, the center lines that divide the glass sections through the use of lead strips. Glass is then scored (cut) according to the pattern (it's always wise to prac tice on scrap glass from a junkyard and to wear gloves until the technique is de veloped--the small wheel of a general purpose ball-end-type glass cutter pur chased at hardware stores for about $1, is all that's needed). After the score is tapped, it is broken and cleaned. This is followed by cutting the lead to size, seat ing the glass in the lead and then assem bling the other pieces. The next step is soldering and sealing. According to Cunningham, two basic types of glass are used. Hand blown or "antique" European glass has the most intense color, unusual patterns and tex tures. It is expensive (S3.75 to S6 or more per sq. it.) as opposed to machine rolled glass, which is less expensive tS1.50 to $2.65 psf), has a more even thickness and is easier to work. Cunningham reports that the lead used to join the stained glass normally is available in 6-ft. strips and in widths that range from Vg to 2-in. Lamps use Vi to %-in. lead, while panels require 3/16 to Vt-in. wide lead. The lead, which is available with single and double chan nels, is kept wrapped in its original packaging to prevent oxidation. The lead is stretched and straightened be fore cutting and, after cutting, it is han dled carefully to avoid crimping or twisting. Most lead for stained glass is joined with a 40 or 80-watt iron with a chisel tip and a 50/50 half tin, half lead solid core solder. Usually a mild rosin Dux is all that is required for join ing, but a corrosive flux could be used if the lead channels (cames) are heavily oxidized. This corrosive or acid flux must be removed after soldering, how ever. Improved Lead sheathed cable system permits Detroit Edison has developed an im proved lead sheathed, oil filled, the "straight through" pull technique permitted bv the improved system, al underground cable system that was in lows for smaller manholes than those stalled in record lengths, or "pulls". The required for other systems. Finally, the pulls played a significant role in help sheathing hermetically seals each cable, ing the utility to overcome a major and provides a final corrosion-resistant problem: how to quickly and economi cally install 4.5 miles of underground cable in a congested area of downtown Detroit while causing as little traffic dis ruption as possible. The installation is made up of 20 sec tions of lead sheathed cable and it has some of the longest pulls ever made by- Detroit Edison. In fact, the installation contains possibly the longest single length of underground lead sheathed cable ever installed in North America. The self-contained, lead sheathed. low pressure, oil filled (LPOF) cable the utility has adapted for the new instal lation is similar to the system that has been in use for many years by the elec tric industry. Modern welding tech niques were used to join the cables when they were spliced and a specially- designed duct system developed to carry the LPOF cable. Among the primary economical ad vantages that result from using the im proved LPOF system is the fact that it permits the use of longer pulls. Conse quently, several expensive joints nor mally required in an underground sys tem were eliminated. The longer lengths between joints also decreased the num ber of manholes required. In addition, barrier to protect the cables should tenor components of the svstem bet damaged. Selection of the LPOF system bv Detroit Edison is a notable departure from the utility's traditional 120KV un derground system. It primarily consists of high pressure, gas filled, pipe-tvne (HPGF) cables. Economic studies developed for the new underground cable circuits deter, mined that an HPGF distribution svs. tem, utilizing 2 pipes on 5-ft. separation installed along the proposed route, would be time consuming and expensive as compared to 2 rircuits in ducts. To overcome this objection, the utility reviewed the 40-year performance for some of the lead sheathed, high voltage cables of the oil-filled tvpe. Because of the lead sheathed system's high performance, economic feasibility and equal mainte nance, the decision was made to adapt the LPOF system for the new installa tion. Heart of the utility's improved LPOF system is the lead sheathing. The sheath ing--a standard 0.155-in. thickness of lead--is covered by neoprene-fiberglass tape. The tape is covered with hot-ex. truded 0.125-in. thick coating of poly ethylene, thus forming an intimate bond between the lead sheathing and the jacket. The combined system of lead, neoprene-fiberglass tape and polyethyl ene have been tested to withstand in of 150-lbf/in.2 core pressure Un-colored area indicates lead sheathing. 14 LIA26722 1 Me economical high voltage undergroundings i'\. Til*. Ur. Ml l-U t,T - \ -. I'm Ihp m.I * '.(> '< if 111,. M.I til.' i.l tr -mui.usly. Nominal operating presi* approximately -10-lbf/in.2 r.iallation of the new system also ._uied the development of a special .T .peed metallic inert gas I MIG] ..dim technique that was used for on- able joining. After this operation 1. ...mpleted, traditional wiping tech:;.->uere used to join the lead sheath i In the process, a two-part copper ."ir "as slipped over the ends to be .ini and, after the cable insulation reapplied, the sleeve halves were -trred over the joint. Lead solder Close up of lead sheathed cables after Installation of vlse-llke wooden blocks used to support cables In manhole. was progressively "puddled" onto the area and wiped to the rounded con figuration of the cable. The result is a continuous hermetic seal that extends the entire length of the cable. The lead sheathed cable was installed in 20 sections. One section--comprising three cables--was 2,000-ft. in length. While it was desirable that longer lengths be installed throughout, the physical route of the installation as well as location of the terminals and street intersections, the grades and other sub surface conditions encountered in the project limited the remaining sections to shorter lengths. Regardless of these limitations, six sections exceed 1600-ft. in length. Detroit Edison Company officials and the technicians who installed the lead sheathed system believe that, based on experiences gained through the design and installation of the new system, a modern 138KV self-contained, oil filled cable can be installed in urban centers in a manner that is both practical and economical. One factor that will help decrease costs of future high-voltage, underground installations is that utility studies indicate that lead sheathed LPOF cable systems can be installed with man hole lengths reduced from 16-ft. to 13-ft. This will provide additional savings in construction material and labor costs and will add to the system's expanded use since it will be more competitive with traditional systems. NEW LISTINGS Lift Profits Electrically Sheet Lead Plenum Barriers Primary Lead Production Area, "Lead Abstracts" and "Yearly Indices' Bi-monthly abstract of all current world Provides performance data on electric battery powered vehicles for industrial use. Cost calculators are designed to help Detailed description of acoustical plenum barriers and how to install them. Mate rials and installation procedures described in the U.S. * literature on lead and its products and published research. A general index is published annually. Must be requested on company letterhead. M*2 buyer estimate depreciation, operating and maintenance costs. Sixteen pages. 1-14 and illustrated. Eight pages. J-10 Controlling Sound with Lead Reprint cites three installations where Lead--a Modern Design Material ARCHITECTURAL Lead In 8uilding A four-part data sheet containing informa tion on waterproofing, sound barriers, roofing and flashing and anti-vibration ap plications. A-13 Lead Roofing and Flashing Detailed instructions on the simplest and Electrics Get Key Post Office Tests Reprint of a feature from Electrical World describing tests on the suitability and economy of electric battery-powered de livery trucks for the Postal Service. L*18 Electric Work Vehicles A 12-page folder describing batterypowered short-haul delivery vehicles and comparing their economics to internal combustion delivery trucks. L*19 lead is being used as a noise and vibra tion barrier: John Hancock Building; Baldwin-Waliace College; and New Eng land Medical Center, Boston. Four pages. J-12 Practical Application of Sheet Lead for Noise Barriers Discusses how the use of various thick nesses of lead bonded to or used in con junction with other construction mate rials determines the Sound Transmission Summary of properties forms of lead for ra<ji ation V,,i sound/vibration control. sources, soldering and pages. M-1S 9c1.esrcatnmciac|t Use of Lead in the Automobile Reprint of article from cussing in detail the variouj Jo- tions of lead pages. M-17 in the automobile, p most usual methods for forming or join* ing lead for roofing and flashing appli Class (STC) rating of walls and partitions. J-15 Lead--The "Clydesdale" Workhorse cations. Complete specifications. Dia* grammatic drawings. Sixteen pages. A-5 CERAMICS Lead Proves a Heavy Favorite as Sound Control Material in Space Reprint from Space World detailin applications of lead m space a*oiiL PAINTS Follow the Safety Line with Facts about Lead Glazes for Art Patters and Hobbyists Detailed information on the proper formu A reprint of a feature from Product Engi neering illustrating lead's usefulness in sound attenuation to help meet OSHA noise requirements in factories and also Illustrated. Four cages. M-19. P0^ Facts about Lead and Pediatrics Chrome Yellow Formulations and suggested applications for chrome yellow safety paints. Illus trated. Eight pages. F*5 lation. firing techniques, handling, etc. of lead fluxed glazes used by art potters and hobby ceramists. Illustrated. Sixteen pages. B-U on planes and trains. J-17 SOLDERING AND WELDING Presents data on prevention and am of lead absorption by both aouits children. Particular emphasis 13 piaJ preventing lead intoxication m 3 from such sources as old leaded > I Organolead Antifoulants Lead Welding usually found in poor housing within erty areas. M*20 1 An 8-page reprint describing how organo lead coatings have proven successful in preventing marine fouling. Tests were conducted in Connecticut and Maryland. CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION & CORROSION PROTECTION Corrosion Resistance of Lead in Chemical Applications A chart presentation of the corrosion resistance of lead and' its alloys against 188 chemicals from 0* to 3000F. Six pages. H-3 BATTERIES SOUND BARRIERS Directory of Acoustic Specialties Summary of available materials for sound insulation by barrier, damping and absorption methods. Sixteen page list of . materials by brand name and manufac turer. Eighteen pages. J*4 Lead a Major Factor in New Machinery Noise Suppression Systems Description of techniques used to lower machinery noise levels with lead and lead composites. Lists machines that normally exceed noise level allowed by Walsh* Healey Public Contracts Act. Two pages. J-9 Reprint from Amarlcan Wilding Soclity Handbook, covers methods of welding lead, joint design, torch manipulation and welding speeds. Other sections cover safety promotions end common applica tions. Bibliography. Fourteen pages. 1*1 Soldering Preforms Circuits Manufacturing reprint discusses how the use of lead solder preforms save time and simplify task of joining metals for automated production. 1*3 GENERAL Publications and Films Twelve-page catalogue listing the publics* tions and films available from The Lead Industries Association, inc. M*13 Ecology in the New Lead Belt Reprint describes cooperation of and environmentalists in oev< southern Missouri lead mines, pages. M-23 Childhood Lead Poisoning Highlights on Midwest and Eastani 1 ferences where childhood lead [ were discussed. Prepared in coopeia with the American Academy of PsT^TM M-27 FILMS Lead Matrix A Primer on the Lead-Acid Battery A condensed story of the principles of the lead-acid battery and its chemistry, in cluding some of the fundamentals and definitions of direet-eurrsnt electrie an* ergy. Two pages. L-6 Lead Keeps Classrooms Quiet Reprint illustrates how sheet lead wee in stalled as plenum barriers between rooms in a Greeniawn, N.Y. school. Lead-shielded audiometric room will provide accurate hearing tests. J-13 Tha U.S. Lead Industry An annuel review of activity within the in dustry that contains a general summary for the year and a series of charts and tables giving current statistics on fsad production and consumption. M-14 A 26-min.. 16mm color film, strates that lead is one of the ments in the matrix that binds our zation together. To order, specify show date and one alternate di charge to borrow; viewer pays turn postage. N*1