Document KRkv75o7MMVwkdLRNJvEVQOV0

TOWOLDMONOOQ4944 3 3 < ! $ GROWING IMPORTANCE OF SYNTHETIC RESINS IN COATINGS Pictures end inscriptions painted on Egyptian tombs and Chinese temples as tong ago as 2000 B.C. mark the earliest known use o{ paint-like materials. Paint technology has still not changed its predominant reliance on naturally occurring materials, symbolized by pails of white lead and linseed oil. True, modernization has seen the development o( new pigments, better vehicles, and more efficient manufacturing techniques, but the old stand-bys are still In use. - The development of synthetic resins, however, has freed industry from dependence on natural resins and has enabled the production of faster-drying and more-durable and more-resistant protective coatings than could be made from natural raw materials alone. The nitrocellulose- lacquer development in the early 1920's revolutionized automobile finishing. The discovery of alkyd resins in the late 1920's and the introduction of latex paints in the late 1940's further broadened the outlets for protective coatings snd increased the sales of these products. Now, annual sates of protective-coatings materials amount to more than 600-million gallons, valued at more than 1.5-billion dollars. '. ' ROLE OF PLASTICIZERS IN PROTECTIVE COATINGS Success of the new synthetic resins in protective coatings often depends largely on the modi fiers Used with them. Plasticizers--one of the most important types of modifiers--can im prove such vital characteristics as flow, levelling, brushability, impact resistance, drawability, gloss, and luster. As a basic producer of more than 80 different plasticizers, Monsanto Chemical Company is an Important partner with synthetic-resins manufacturers and protective-coatings producers in the selection and development of the particular plasticizer system that imparts the best all-around durability, performance, and economy for every coating application. This bulletin is presented to help protective-coatings manufacturers formulate better finishes. It should be remembered that each suggested Matting formulation should be carefully evaluated by the formulator In both laboratory and service tests before any final formulation is based on information contained In this bulletin. Of course, Monsanto's technical-service representatives are prepared to offer unbiased recommendations tor plasticizer systems to meet any perform ance requirement, without obligation. \ '- . 0221*** ,?V ***a*>w*"Gi TOWOLDMONOOQ4945 CONTENTS MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CELLULOSIC COATINGS............................. 1 Nitrocellulose......................................................................................... .......................... 1 Ethyl Cellulose .................................................................................................. 7 Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate..................................................................................----ll Cellulose Acetate...................................................... ............................................ .......IS MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN VINYL COATINGS.............................................17 Po!y(vlnyI Acetate) ....................................................................................................... 17 Poly(vinyl Chloride) ......................................... -...........................................-............73 MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN RUBBER COATINGS Chlorinated Rubber .............................................................. Chlorinated Polypropylene.................................................. . Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers ........................................... Synthetic Rubber .................................................................. .30 .30 .36 .37 .40 MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN OTHER RESIN COATINGS Epoxies ............... --......................................................... ............. Acrylics ............................................................................................. Polyamides.................................................. -.................................... Zein .................................................................................................... Varnishes and Alkyds..........................................-.......................... Silicones .................................................... -....................................... Phenolics .................................................... ...................................... Melamine........'..................-............... -........ .................................... Shellac .....................................................................................-......- .41 ..41 ..45 -46 ..46 ..49 OTHER MONSANTO PRODUCTS IN PROTECTIVE COATINGS..................... SI Resin Additives................................................................................. SI Coating Modifier.............................................................................................................. 51 Antioxidants...................... SI Catalyst / Clarifier.......................................................................................................... SI Odor-Masking Agents........................................................................................ a.......... 52 Preservatives ..................................................................................................................-.$2 Flatting and Thickening Agents.................................................................................. 52 MONSANTO TECHNICAL SERVICE............................................................... .,........... 52 SHIPPING ..............................................................................................................................52 TECHNICAL LITERATURE .................................. .......................................................54 IMIafMiIiMtoNMSNANm1l0ftHNAtoMNSeNMOiWtnAHRBtfAMNaTUiMS MASMTOWTMHftloTtMoHJIMUtSft*r(aRtoCtHhAicNMTtAieBtIvllttyti fOcTlMAdNT MOPUCTl MflAAiO TO. M gui'MlM tl4ulltliiiaHbeilittwy |iWrH>oalytsmlsiwtBntAit|llMimSWt i<p1o11n616.** **lt*k 0) TOWOLDMONOOQ4946 LJ ... MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CEILULOSIC COATINGS NITROCELLULOSE .. Nitrocellulose is the basic iilm former for lacquers. Both the R. S. (regular-soluble) anil the S.S. (spirit-soluble) grades are generally used in lacquers. Films applied by these lacquenj pos sess the following characteristics: . ' . .. '. Fast diying Clarity Color stability Hardness Flexibility Mar and scuff resistance These lacquers are used for. a wide variety of coatings, including the following typical abpli-. cations: ' Wood and furniture lacquers Plastics lacquers Paper coatings and impregnants Metal lacquers ' Automobile lacquers ' Textile coatings . Aerosol lacquers Bronzing lacquers Nitrocellulose films, however, are quite brittle without plasticization. A wide variety of plas ticizers is used to improve the gloss, flexibility, and adhesion of these films; and the use] of plasticizers increases the solids content of nitrocellulose films. The performance of varfi Monsanto plasticizers in nitrocellulose is shown in Table I. ' TABLE I--PERFORMANCE OF t MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN NITROCELLULOSE FILM PUifietter (80 PHR) Flexibility JSchepper fold Cycle*) Tensile Strength (pU Elongation <%> Control (none) Cibutyl Phthalate Santicjzer* 160 Triphenyl Phosphate Tricresyl Phosphate Banticizer i'H Santicizer 8 . 20 10 14 --24 10 18 8660 2*740 >610 4480 mo >110 2110 < 4 10 8 24 7 11 a) Relative to permeability of unplaaticitcd film aa 100%. * SAMtwitut Mmuimo Ct*kat Cowpmy Tiidriairl. Registered ta U.S. Ptunt Office. Motiture Permeability1 (%) too 65 10 56 28 41 61 0*4 *T i TOWOLDMONOOQ4947 The use of nitrocellulose lacquers on furniture has assumed large proportions. These lacquers give excellent protective coatings. Shown below are several examples of wood-finishing lac quers: Ingredients \ I* 25 Parts by Weight R.S. Nitrocellulose (*/4-ec.)4 R.S. Nitrocellulose (W**<-)4 R.S. Nitrocellulose (5-6 set.) Maleic Resin (53% in toluene) Non-Oxidising Alkyd (60% n.v.) SnNTOi^tTe* MHP SANTicften 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate SantiOSER 165 or Dioctyl Phthalate Zinc Stearate Paste Castor Oil ' Hi-Flash Naphtha Toluene Xylene Ethanol Isopropanol Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Cellosolve** Acetate Methyl Ethyl Ketone . . 60 50 510 ... 15 .. 120* 18 210 105 17 ,1.8 55 200 52, 5 --. 100 .. 70 60 _IS_ SO __ ns .. .. .. 55 . 60 1_2_0 190 a) Maleic resin-based wood sanding setter b) Cleir, high-gloss furniture lacquer with good polishing properties 0 Clear brushing lacquer . ' d) 75-per cent nonvolatile in ethanol *) Zinc Stearate Paste composition: * 100 ... 40 50 _5_0 .1.7. 15 155 .7.0 15 6_,,,,5| 150 Ingredients R.S. Nitrocellulose (5-6 aec.) Zinc Stearate Magnesium Carbonate Castor Oil Hi-Flash Naphtha Ethanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate * Santoutii Menunto OkbIcsI Coetpeny tisdcmtrfc. lUtUUied la U.8. Piuat Office. *' Tndwwk ef Uaiea Csrbidt Carp. Parts by Weight 25 50 1 8.5 90 18 45* 17 or*1248 TOWOLDMONOOQ4948 Another broad area of application for nitrocellulose lacquers is in automobile finishing. Shown below are suggested formulations for the three coats used in the build-up of an automobllle finish: -. I Ingredients 4 Nitrocellulose (*/*iec.)rf Nitrocellulose (Wec.) Non*Drying Coconut Alkyd Blown Soya Oil *- Sakwciscr 160 or Dibutyl Phthelate Dioctyl Phthelate Tricrcsyl Phosphate Magnesium Silicate Fibrous Magnesium Silicate Dispersing 6? Grinding Agent Zinc Chromate Red Iron Oxide Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Lacquer Diluent Toluene Xylene Ethanol Isopropano! Butanol . Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Butyl Cellosotve Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone * . ' IOO*J eor-t __ ... 9/ 9 2.9.. 10.9 ,,5S .. ' __ 25 10 - 15 ... 20 __ 5 ) Rust'inhibiting primer b) Tint bate that can- be pigmented to prepare a glossy finish c) Clear, exterior metal lacquer . d) 75'pcr cent nonvolatile in ethanol c) 25'per cent solution in solvent consisting of: sh Farts by Weight .... 100* 56f 4_5 . 1) ' --. ~_ 5 .... 55 es 195 ' __ _ 65 55 __ 110 __ 55 b --100 75 __ 24 . __ 160 15 55 95 60 Solvents .far Cant Toluene Ethanol Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Aeetate 50 10 5 20 15 /) Add indicated ingredients (60% of the non'drying allcyd) after other materials have been grot rid In a ball mill. . g) 65'per cent nonvolatile in xylene. I \ 02212 TOWOLDMONOOQ4949 Clarity and adhesion are especially important whenever dear or pigmented coatings arc applied to metal surfaces. Shown below are example formulations for several metal lacquers: Ingredients . R.S. Nitrocellulose (Vriee.)* V'* R.S. Nitrocellulose (bfetec.)" R.$. Nitrocellulose (20*sec.)* Non*t>rying Alkyd (609s NV) Santolite MHP ,, Shellac Solution (17% in methanol) Damar Solution (SOtt in xylene) Santee* 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate Tricreiyl Phosphate Toluene Xylene Butanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Butyl Lactate * h SO 20 20 25 . __ 11 175 56 55 115 -- $V 7* Parts by Weight 100 -- .... __ 7.7 '-- 12 _ HO 40 __ 45 45 __ __ 100 125 12 -- 45 -- 545 -- 25 85 200 -- __ 100 -- 42 -- 52 -- 150 -- 60 95 65 .-- a) General'purpose, clear, metal lacquer b) Lacquer with exceptional flexibility and adhesion for collapsible tubes, such as toothpaste tubes () Clear, silver lacquer d) Clear, brass lacquer e) 75*per cent nonvolatile in ethanol Various other metal and specialty lacquers are illustrated below: Ingredients It* R.S. Nitrocellulose (Vrice.)* R.S. Nitrocellulose O/t'sec.)* Coconut Oil Alkyd (Non Drying) Dibutyl Phthalate Diitqdecyl Phthalate SanTOlite MHP Aluminum Powder ~ Carbqn Black Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Dirpersing/Grinding Agent Processed Clay Toluene Xyiche ' Ethanol Butanol Ethyi Acetate Butyl Acetate Butyj) Cellosotve Methyl Isobutyl Ketone . Dichtorodifluoromethane 22 100 75 ___ II __ 5 170 16 45 ... 105 65 . -- _` #) Howpray, exterior, metal lacquer b) Aluminum lacquer for a chrome finish t) Clear aerosol lacquer d) White aerosol lacquer 0 75-per cent nonvolatile in ethanol /) 60'per cent nonvolatile in xylene I2t> 15* Parts by Weight 50 50 125/ __ --22 50 __ --_ .... _555 55 40 115 155 ... .... -- 100 60 2_4 16 __ __. ___ __ 50 -- 52 426 709 144 100 55 16 12 __ 65 4 2 ^ __ IS 500 ' 590 4 or**2'0 TOWOLDMONOOQ4950 Paper has become an Important area for coatings and lacquers. Most protective-coated papers are used for cartons and labels. Lacquer films have also made washable wallpaper possible. Shown below are four example formulations of common paper lacquers. Nitrocellulose is the base for fingernail lacquers, of which formulation 19 is typical. Ingredients R.S. Nitrocellulose (l/j*sec.) 8.8. Nitrocellulose C/j'Sec.) " BUcer* H40S5 Diethylene glycol ester of terpene dibasic acid SanTICUER 160 or Dibutyl Fhtbalate Dicydohexyl Phthalate Damfcr Resin (Dewaxed) Paraffin Wax SantOute MHP Toluene Ethanol Butapol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate 16* 100 n _n_ . . ..--.... 300 40 40 . 40 80 !?6 *I|6 ' Paris by Weight 1.0.0 . 100 31 6 10 13 38 S3 16 .1.6 6 30 5 100 85 60 85 60 85 ' 60 130 120 1* 100 __ .. _s.,,o., 100 iso .s.o. 300 ISO a) Heat'K&iing coating for paper. Dioctyl, dibutyl, and dicydohexyl phthalatea, a* well tricretyl phosphate, can be interchanged at the pUticizer with little effect in performance. The S. S. nitrocellulose would give a slightly better hjeat'Seal test on glatsine. b) Moisture'ptoof, htavsealmg paper lacquer c) Fingernail lacquer * Trsflrmsrk *( Csrr Chemicals, Inc. for vinyl chloridr'Yinyl scctiic copolymers .* . . 022129] TOWOLDMONOOQ4951 One of the expanding applications for nitrocellulose lacquers is as coatings for plastics mater ials. Shown below are example formulations of various lacquers for plastics: Ingredients R.S. Nitrocellulose (Vi-sec.) \ R.S. Nitrocellulose (5>6-sec) Super Befoeite* #1001 Oihreiftive phenolic resin Non-oxiduing Alkyd Resin Dioctyl tfhthalate ` " Santicizsk 160 or Dibutyl Phtbalate DJhydrosbietyl phthalate . Partially Etterfied PentaerithritohMaleic Rosin Partially hydrogenated methyl ester o( wood, rosin Low'color blown castor oil Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) VM tt P Naphtha Toluene Xylene Ethanol Ethyl Acetate Butyl Acetate Amyl Acetate Butyl Cellosolve Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 10* 100 -- 1.0..0. * IS ,, IS 6_2_.5 515 _155 170 " -- aii . nr farts by Weight too too -- . 100 ... 50 50 100 too -- 410 __ 90 55 _ )70 1080 -- ... -- 770 n* __ . 100 -- 15 --115 -- ' --_-- 290 '_ 90 175 50 -- typical pigments and dyes can be incorporated by normal techniques. i) Lacquer with good adhesion to molded phenolic plastics b) Lacquer (or acrylic plastics (automobile ornaments) c) Coating for ethyl cellulose plastics including the "soft*' types d) Lacquer for Mylar'** and saran'COiCed cellophane, has excellent toughness, adhesion, and flexJ* bility. Dries in one minute at 100* C. to ) * TndtMik l RekfcfcoM Chcaicit Industries * TrsdtMirfc ofCliti hut dt Numihi V Cs. 0**1252 > TOWOLDMONOOQ4952 9 0 6THYL CELLULOSE Five basic properties make ethyl cellulose useful in many types of finishes and coatings: Color retention and stability - tow-temperature flexibility .. Selective solubility ' Alkali resistance 4*As a result of these properties ethyl cellulose Is used in a wide variety of coatings, indud the following: . Cable lacquers Aluminum-foil coatings Paper lacquers Gel lacquers Plastics lacquers Furniture finishes Sanding scalers Metallic finishes Decalcomania lacquers Floor-covering lacquers Bronzing lacquers Stop-off lacquers A wide variety of plasticizers is used with ethyl cellulose to develop Its best properties most satisfactorily meet the requirements of each particular application. Table II pre evaluations of various Monsanto plasticizers In ethyl cellulose with an ethoxy content of IIP 48 to 49.5 per cent: , ' TABLE 11--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN ETHYL CELLULOSE (48- TO 49.5-% ETHOXY) FILM Ptestieher (IS PHR) Yield Point (p**) Control (none) Dibutyl Phthalate Diphenyl Phthalate Tricresyl Phosphate SANTICIXER 140 Triphenyl Phoiphate Bakticizer E*15 Santicixer B-16 Santjcjxea KM7 Sakticizer t*H Sakticizer 8 Santicixer 9 Aroclor* 1242 Aroclor 1248 Aaocloa 1254 Aroclor 1262 Aroclor 4465 6755 5625 5405 4550 5405 4550 4265 5485 4125 5475 4620 4620 4905 5475 6185 7110 8555 ) sr excellent C = good P spoor ' Tonitto Strength (P>0 8960 5120 7680 7465 8585 6685 7785 4905 7965 7750 6900 7525 7595 7540 7825 8025 9020 Elongation (%) 50 58 58 48 58 50 40 56 58 52 54 40 56 . 50 28 22 22 Hardness (relative) 100 55 80 70 80 70 65 50 60 80 70 70 75 80 90 105 125 Alocloii Mmiimo Ckainl Cmnw T**4e*tl. Ialtti4 in U.S. Pum Oltiw. Volatility E* G E B B B O G G B G O P P G B G Flextbllm on UgHt Exposure E B G B B B B B E B B E G G G G P 7 TOWOLDMONOOQ4953 %> c * y\.Jh **1;, V / 7:r ' ^ { >f7 4A$\ J <V /*: :;; /// `* `' tl--y'f ' ' * > i l!$ l '.. LJiiL. j "v , 'r s*'*: V ........... /I Ethyl ipelluloso-bassd Uequars improve the gloss end protect the eppearenee of high-quality wallpapers. Shown below are several suggested starting formulations for ethyl cellulose-based lacquers: lagrtdiwli Ethyl Cellulose * AROCLOR 1254 Aroclor 5460 Diphenyl I^hthalate Tricreiyl Phosphate . Dioctyl Ptyfcalate Liquid pofy(inethylstyrene) ' Panially csterified pentaerythritohmaleic rosin Octylphenol Pcntaphen* 65 (p'tert*amylphenol) Santocel**FRC silica get Antioxidant v Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Epoxy stabiliser Toluene *' Xylene Ethanol Butanol ' Butyl Acetate Celioiolve Butyl Celioiolve 24* 28* 26* 274 Parts by Wolght tool 100s 64 ' ... 504 100 -- .. * 50 '~ --. -- 0.4 2000A --1120 . 280 mMm. -- 466 146 117 .5_.9. _ 1001 100* -- __ 72 -- .. J4 27 -- 7.2 1.8 16 -- --` 544 II _107 * 428 85 2,.9 _ 1_.0.7 -- 28* 100` -- -- -- 22 -- too -- 1_7_8 555 256 154 108 145 a) Alkali*reiistant white lacquer /) 47.5'49.0-% ethoxy. 10 cp b) Hard lacquer for rigid surface* g) 47.5*49.0'% ethoxy. 14 cp . c) Tough lacquer for many surfaces h) 47.5*49.0'% ethoxy. 22 cp d) Wallpaper lacquer . f) 45.5*46.8'% ethoxy, 200 cp t) Polyityrene lacquer (to minimise polystyrene crating, polystyrene solvent* are kept at a minimum) TnSeairt of PtMuft Ckaktli. Inc. awiMiM Mwiw Ckaiul Coaptay TnitaiA. R*|i*u4 to U.S, o 0')) TOWOLDMONOOQ4954 Ethyl cellulose is widely used as a resin in protective-metal finishes, such as the following suggested starting formulations: Ingredients Ethyl cellulose (45.5-56.8*% ethoxy) Sujper Bec^dctte #1001 Glycerine ester of hydrogenated wood rosin RiftlMiNE* 881 melamine*forma1dehydc resin Aroclor 1254 Aroclor $460 ,," Trfcrcsyi phosphate Trtphcnyl phosphate SaKtiozer B-16 BrNTONOX* antioxidant Ukraviolct-light Sereener Eppxy Stabilizer Xylene Isopropanol Bdtyl Acetate #) Chromium lacquer b) Aluminum-foil lacquer 10CK ... 50 mm _4_7 1 1 1 1072 200 68 10* 21* . Peris by Weight 1004 mm . mm )U IM - . `_ Jm mm ' mm 267 66.7 -- 1004 46.7 mm mm mm mm 10 10 _.__,_ 267 66.7 -- <) 14 cp d) 10 cp 82* 100* .8_0 -- -- 20 __ 220 80 -- So|id plasticizers such as dicyclohexyl phthalatc, triphenyl phosphate, and ^koclok 5460 ar4 used in flow-back lacquers to give the desired flow-back characteristics. The flow-back is us uftlly achieved by brief heating to about 350F. Formulations 33 and 34 illustrate the us of solid plasticizers in typical flow-back lacquers based upon ethyl cellulose: Ingredients Ethyl cellulose (47.5*49.0*% ethoxy, 10 cp) Partially-esterified pentaerythrjtol-maleic rosin Aroclor $460 or liquid poly(methylstyrene) Triphenyl Phosphate Dicydohexyl Phthalate Carnauba Wax '' Toluene Ethanol 23 _100 10 .16.7 . U 240 60 * Peris by Weight . 34 . 100 16.7 . _31.7 16.7 1.7 310 78 .* Suiuims and Santohox: Monaanto Chemical Company Trademark*,. lUtiaurcd in U.S. Patent Office. \ TOWOLDMONOOQ4955 The following suggested starting formulations illustrate the use of ethyl cellulose in two strip* pable coatings (Formulations 35 and 36) and in a hot-melt coaling (37): \ Ingredients 35* 36* >7* Farit by Watghl Ethyl cellulose (47.5-49.0-% ethoxy.-SO cp) ParapUx* RG-2 polyester resin Super Becfcerite # 2000 Non-oil-reactive phenolic resin Hydrogenated wood rosin Raw Castor Oil Hydrogenated Castor Od Paraffin Wax (m.p., 125*F) Dioctyl phthalate Axoclor 1254 Soy-bean ledthin Ocrylphenol Stearic Acid PeitreJjfren Non-leafing aluminum . Heptane Toluefte Ethxnol Isopropano! 100 13 , - __ 6,,1,, 22 --S.7 2.2 114 326 196 65 65 100 -- _ __ L 100 ^^ ' 2 2 ___ 306 184 61 61 ** 100 -- 100 133 1*3 167 33_ -- . _ _ a) Aluminum colored b) Solvent bftied . <) Low moisture permeability, good heat-sealing characteristics, and excellent low-temperature flexi bility The use of ethyl cellulose in size emulsions is shown in the following formulation, which Is made by dissolving the resins and plasticiser in the solvents and the emulsifying agent in the water. The lacquer phase is added to the water phase with agitation. The resulting crude emulsion Is homogenized by one pass through a Premier Eppenbach or Montar-Gaulin mill. The resultant finished emulsion is. filtered through a 30-mesh cloth. Ingredients Lacquer Phase Ethyl cellulose (47.5-59.0*% ethoxy, 100 cp) Durez** 550 Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Triphenyl phosphate Xylene . Hi-flash Naphtha Butanol . Water Phase Potassium Oleate Water . )g ' Parti by Walght 100 20 70 270 160 50 5 225 *Tis4*ttk al Robn V llui Co. ttf Hooker Ckrokil Corf. 10 56 TOWOLDMONOOQ4956 CELLULOSE ACETATE-BUTYRATE Cellulose acetate-butyrate resins display excellent low-viscosity properties, making attainable high-nonvolatile-content lacquers for spray, roll-coat, or brush application. On evaporation c f ' the solvent, these lacquers produce films with the following characteristics: . ` Adhesion Clarity . . Toughness ' ' Heat resistance Solvent resistance .. 0 Cellulose acetate-butyrate can be utilized in a broad range of air-curing coatings, including thi following: Clear and pigmented metal lacquers. Paper and textile coatings and itnpregnants Plastics lacquers Hot-melt coatings Wood lacquers Protective pcclable coatings Glass and rubber coatings - . Cellulose acetate-butyrate resins are available in 17-, 27-, 38-, and 50-weight-per cent butyrai content. Since the application of these surface coatings cover such a .wide spectrum, the selec tion of the best combination of cellulose acetate-butyrate resin and plasticizers for a specific use poses complex problems. The performance of various Monsanto plasticizers in the four com mon cellulose acetate-butyrate resins is shown in Table HI. I 0221257 TOWOLDMONOOQ4957 TABLE IU--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CBXULOSE ACETATE-BUTYRATE FILM 17-W*. 27-W*. %-SrfrrJ-W. _____________ * |J3'/l PH*) Dimethyl Phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate Dioctyl Phthalate Dicyclohexyl Phthalate Diphenyl Phthalate Saktiozsr 160 Dioctyl Adipate SANTictzex E-15 Santickxx B*16 Santkru M-17 Santioxsx 140 Sumaztt 141 Tricresyl Phosphate Triphenyl Phosphate Sakticiziji 1-H Suracax*. 1 Hsednees 52 50 56 58 48 54 . 26 24 24 26 56 28 40 52 32" Tensile Strength Bongetien Sward tp*U tr.) Hardness Tensile Strength Dongatiow Sward (ptfi (W Hardness 6600 3900 .4100 6000 .___ 3800 3600 3200 3200 3300 4000 3000 4000 4800 4000 3500 8 12 8 8 21 9 22 ' 23 18 21 18 15 15 21 17 58 . 8600 40 4600 44 3700 58 6500 36 7500 42 4500 ---- 48 5900 50 6000 28 4100 40 5000 48 4900 46 5900 40 4700 32 6900 32 1500 19 29 12 25 18 39 -- 30 26 15 20 21 21 28 16 15 46 38 44 30 42 42 28 34 40 52 42 44 54 40 46 34 Tensile Strength Bengstien *a_w_ar-e (pT i%i Hardness 4200 1800 2900 3900 3800 2700 2100 2000 1800 1800 2700 2300 3000 2500 3900 1800 14 54 12 38 19 26 31 v 24 it 40 13 30 12 14 14 t20 15 18 18 22 13 30 15 20 20 40 to 30 46 28 27 36 Tensile Strength ip) 4500 2300 v 1400 2500 2800 1600 1200 1400 1200 1500 1600 900 1700. 1700 2600 1500 Bengaties c%) 9 9 15 27 25 15 8 13 17 19 15 10 17 15 31 14 0221258 oa TOWOLDMONOOQ4958 Shown beiow are several example formulations for Important cellulose acetate-butyrate lacquer!! ' Ingredients W* 40^ 41* 42* Forts by Weight Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate (W*ec.) Ambeiol* $20 hard rosin-modified malcie resin Acrylic Ester Rtsin tDC S55B (50% n.v.) - .. Aroclor 1260 AROCLOR 1262 Aroclor 5460 ' Tricrcsyl Phosphate &ANTICIZER 409 !awtoute MHP Btlvriso*** 100 Toluene fithanol butanol Isobutyl Acetate 4 Acetone * Methyl Ethyl Ketone Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Dow Corning 200 Silicone Fluid (1000 cs) too ... Tr 7, 5 rara ., 240 60 , 25 ,, ,T -- 100 79 L _ __ .. 11.6 __ _ 475 105 264 __ rara 100 __ rr '-- ra_ .... 50 , 200 50 __ 50 5. 0 -- 100 _ 4. 2 25 25 rara __ 250 560 4__1_7 167 $2.5 > Low-cost, flame-resistant lacquer for paper coating and impregnation b) Paper lacquer with exceptional adhesion to inked surfaces 0 High-gloss paper lacquer . 4) Lacquer for cellophane, cellulose acetate-butyrate, and cellulose acetate > General-purpose metal and metal-foil lacquer (gold, silver, aluminum, and chromium) 41* ItfO ra 22 rara ra 22 -- 12 51 2$6 H 57 ._ 106 0.0? Hot-melt coatings constitute an important area of application for J^-sec. cellulose acetati butyrate lacquers. The use of dioctyl phthalate as the standard plasticizers for hot-melt coa^j togs Is shown in the following formulas: - *' Ingredients 44* 4$k 46* Farts by Waight Bellulose Acetate-Butyrate (t/j-sec.) UoCLOR 1260 Moctyl Phthalate titanium Dioxide (non-chalking rutile) Calcium Carbonate (precipitated) UntowhiteI Powder Refined Antioxidant Mor-masking Agent 100 67 52 122 0.2 0.02 100 6,, ,6.5 --0.17 100 $0 _20 --0.2 . a) Pigmented fiberboard knife-coating for exterior exposure . b) Clear melt coating for heavy, one-coat film; economical (no solvent loss) and low application hai c) Clear, low-cost, flame-retardant melt mating . . * Tn&mtl of Rota V Hmi Co. Tisfcaiil of Fune*. Csapbctl Darting. Inc. ' ... Tn4ra.il t Era Slurfit* Oil C.. \ tlMtnvmui Monunto Cbtaictl Ctostu Trafcaart. Ktiinmf In U.S. Pmcm Office. TOWOLDMONOOQ4959 Strlppable spray coalings are increasingly useful in various industries. Cellulose acetate-butyrate provides an excellcht base for coatings of this type. The following are two typical applications: Ingradiants \ 47- 48* * Parts by Weight Cellulose Acetate'Butyrate (Wsec.) Aroclor 1260 Aroclor $460 .^ Tricretyl Phosphate 8anticixer 409 Dioetyl Sodium Sulfosucdnate Sodium Dichromate Toluehe Ethanbl Isppropsnot Butyl Acetate Acetone Methyl! Ethyl Ketone . 100 60 90 1.6 i$i 65.5 __ 26.5 47.5 47.$ 100 27J ~ s 45 9 0.7 512 102 __ 97 a) Flame*rcsistant, bruihable coating b) Temporary* easily strippable coating for shipping tools and machine parts containing corrosion inhibitors The following formulation illustrates the use of cellulose acetate-butyrate base as a wood filler and prefinish: . Ingredients Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate (Wsec.) Aroclor $460 Magnesium Silicate Toluene * Butanol ' Butyl Acetate 49 Parts by Weight 100 214 642 85.7 71.5 514 To provide protective and decorative coatings for materials such as glass, rubber, and leather, various specialty coatings have been developed. The following formulations are characteristic cellulose acetate-butyrate lacquers: . Ingradients .* 60- St* Parts by Walght Cellulose Acetate-Butyrate (/i-sec.) PCD 5J5B (50% n.v.) Plosion* 511$ (60% n.v.) Urea-formaldehyde Resin SaNTIQIXBR 409 Dow Coming 200 Silicone Fluid (1000 a) Santowhitb Powder Refined Antioxidant Toluene Xylene Ethanol ' Butanol Butyl Acetate too 74.$ 74.$ 1.1 417 178 178 89 ' 100 ' 21.8 20.5 0.07 216 144 ' 57 57 117 ' , * ' i) High-luster lacquer with excellent adhesion to GRS rubber b) Clear glass lacquer with exceptional adhesion to all types of glass even after water immersion < Trsdmsik at Allied Cbiakel Co*. <D 14 0221260 TOWOLDMONOOQ4960 CELLULOSE ACETATE The following properties of cellulose acetate make it adaptable for many specialized lacquers: Toughness Clarity Durability Stability to heat, light, weak acids, and oils Good dielectric properties These properties make it useful for metal, wood, paper, textile, leather, and plastics coatmgs. Plasticisers improve the flexibility, suppleness, and other physical properties of celltfose acetate films. . In Table IV are presented performance data for several Monsanto plasticizers In cellt^j acetate molding compositions. . TABLE IV--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CELLULOSE ACETATE COMPOSITIONS FUsfteiter 151.6 PHR unless otherwise specified) Solution Temp. (cj Dimethyl phthalate 120 Diethyl phthalate 140 Santicizer M'17 148 Santicizer E*15 148 Santicizer 8 155 SANTICIZER 9 155 Triphenyl phosphate (42.5 PHR) 180 Hardness at 70*C Rockwell "M" Scale .52 * 15 65 50 ' 75 90 81 Flexural Strength . (Ib./iq. In.) 5840 5680 7110 69)0 6860 9160 9020 Water Absorb* j In 48 b, 1%) . 1.14 1.20 0.77 0.97 0.94 0.85 1.17 Shown below are two example formulations of cellulose acetate lacquers: Ingredients 52* Cellulose Acetate* Atkyd Resin Santicizer M'17 Zinc Oxide Phosphoric Add (aids adhesion to metal) Toluene Ethanol Butanol Methyl Acetate Witromethane l'Nitropropane 100 40 50.7 80 0.05 512 176 58.7 ui 176 ) White metal bequer lor interior use b) Ceneral'purpote spray lacquer c) 52.5*5).5-% combined acetic add, low viscosity Farts by Weight 5)5 100 50 57 **0.05 572 206 54.4 157.5 287 206 IS **1*6I TOWOLDMONOOQ4961 Paper and cloth coatings are important areas of application for cellulose acetate. Shown below are three suggested starting formulations: . Ingredients Cellulose Acetate Triphenyl Phosphate Santicizer M*17 Santicizer E*I 5 SANTtClZER t>H Water Ethanol Butaiiol Methyl Acetate Ethyl Aeetate Acetone ' \ *. 64* 100' 18.5 *16 .. .. 108 * __ . 660 6$6 Parts by Weight 100* __ __ 67 _ 67 too __ 550 -- 56* 100* 60 __ . 50 ` 100 40 650 __ ) Heat*resistant paper lacquer b) Greaseproof food*pacltaging lacquer 0 Flame*retardant, stain-resistant cloth coating J) 55*56'% combined acetic acid, low viscosity t) 54*55*% combined acetic acid, high viscosity Cellulose acetate lacquers impart the best adhesion, gloss, and durability on cellulose acetate plastics. The use of these lacquers minimizes plasticizer migration. Shown below arc some char acteristic formulations: . Ingredients S7 . Cellulose Aeetate Dures 500 Santicizer B*15 Santicizer M*t7 Santoutb MHP Water Toluene! Ethanol ' Ethyl Acetate Methyl Celloiotve Methyl Ccllosolve Aeetate Aeetone l*Nitropropane . 1004 100 ,IU ... 260 . H, ,,i ,, 740 . -- 4) PIasticiter*imgration*rfiistant lacquer b) Cellulose acetate plastics lacquer t) 0*1 dipping lacquer d) 55*56*% combined acetic acid, low viscosity 1) 5,2.5*55.5*% combined acetic acid, low viscosity /) Add toluene slowly 5t 696 Parts by Weight 100* ,. 20.5 mm 100' 60 ___ 40 , __ 156 226 41 68 t __ .... 116 195 275 455 116 195 60* 100* , __ 82 I5t 415 149 M102 t __ __ 0221264 TOWOLDMONOOQ4962 MONSANTO FLASTiCIZERS IN VINYL COATINGS J POLY{VINYL ACETATE) Surface coatings based on poly(vinyl acetate) fulfill a variety of requirements and are char acterized by: . Ease of application Fast diying Good adherance ' . High gloss -. Transparency Resistance to water, fats, and oils .. Poly (vinyl acetale)-based formulations are used extensively in the following applications: Cloth coating Paper coating and impregnation . Paint primers and sealers Interior and exterior paints Greaseproof, oil-resistant coatings Wall-patching compounds ' A wide selection of plasticisers for poiy(vinyl acetate) and its co-polymers is available. Gen erally these plasticisers increase flexibility and tack, increase water and grease resistance, and lower heat-sealing temperature. Performance evaluations of several Monsanto plastici^i in poly(viny) acetate)-emulsion adhesives are listed in Table V. . '\ )ZZ1263 TOWOLDMONOOQ4963 TABLE V--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN POLYfVtNYL ACETATE-EMULSION ADHESIVES PtestSdser* Y&mr (24 hoar* at IT* C$ Activated Carbon) (%) Uv'Tm^, RexibitHy (Modify Clash Berg Test) rej 01 Citreefien Weight Lass After 24 Hears at Room Temperature Kerosene (%) Peenet 03 Cottonseed 03 Aroclor 1221 3.2 --5.0 0.63 , Aroclor 1232 4.8 4.0 0.54 .. Aroclor 1242 4.4 5.3 0J7 Triphenyl Phosphate Tricrcsyl Phosphate 2.0 ' 5.7 * 0.02 0.75 3.6 ' 0.16 0.37 y 0.38 0.38 V 0.46 Dimethyl Phthslate . 5.6 * --1.6 * 0.92 0.75 0.93 Diethyl Phthalaee 4.8 . --5.0 0.85 0.63 . 0.82 Dibutyl Phthalate . 4.4 --6.1 * 0.59 0.51 0.S9 Diphenyl Phthalate 3.9 . 1.31 0.90 , 0.98 Santicxzer B*16 `* 2.2 , --3.9 . 0.08 0.46 0.36 SaNTICSZER M-17 3.6 1.5 0.19 0.50 0.48 Santiceser 1'H 1.5 __ 0.96 0.36 0.53 Saktsozer 8 3.6 6.4 0.43 0.60 0.64 Santiozer 9 ' 3.1 '-- 1.13 0.57 0.63 * SAHTICEtER 140 1.2 5.0 0.15 0.34 0.36 SANTICtZER 141 118 --3.3 0.17 0.42 0.31 ' Santicizea 160 - 2.1 1.9 0.20 0.39 0.34 . <) 11 parts la 100 parts Cdwt* $*55 poi)r(vio^ acetate) emulsion. Rims 0.040*mch Aide. * Gtf--t Tndmit ef fttwiiipa Rote Corp. Rtsfctyed te Ui. htuc Off**. o N M Oe TOWOLDMONOOQ4964 1 The following suggested starting formulations illustrate the toughness, durability, and grease resistance imparted to paper and cloth coa'tings by poly(vinyl acetate): Ingredients Poly(vinyl aertate) emulsion fclvanol* 7130 PoIy(viny1 alcohol) (10# Aq. Sol'n.) Methyl Eiter of patually hydrogenated wood rosin Santicjik* 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate Sakticiie*. 141 . Calcium carbonate (fine ground) ,, - Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) * Tamol** 731 Dispersing Agent (25# Aq. SoTn.) Water . Polypropylene Glycol (1200 molecular weight) 41* too* 8 ___1__7 9.4 423 arts by Weigh! 100< . >0 ' 8.2$ 119.25 13.25 2.10 34 1 43* ' 100* 10 __ 13.75 96.75 10.75 MO 34 1 Properties . Total Solids, per cent Viscosity (26*C), cp Pigment : Binder Ratio JPVAc Resin : PVA Resin Ratio rVAc Resin : Plasticiser Ratio . a) Artificial-leather coating for knife-coating of cloth or paper b) Pigmented greareproof coating for flat board c) Greaseproof coating for flexible board . ' d) Polyco*** 111H <) Gelva S-55 or Elvacct* 81-900 65 * 1600 2t1 18 : 1 6.6 : 1 ' - 6$ 2700 1.5 : 1 18 : 1 4t1 Preparation of 61 . . ' -' Blend plasticizer and wood-rosin methyl ester. Then add poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion. Preparation oj 62 and 6} 1. Prepare a stock solution of poly(viny) alcohol) by slurrying In water at room tenperature with good agitation. Heat for 30 to 40 minutes at 185 to 190F. Aid water for solids control as required. 2. Continue stirring, add the plasticizer, polyethylene glycol defoamer, and Tamol 7)1 pigment disperser. 3. Add the pigments, stirring until dispersion is complete. 4. Add the poly (vinyl acetate) emulsion and stir until a homogeneous mixture is obtain* ci. * Tn^nirli of E. I. dti Pont 4t KtMun V Co. * Tndrmirt of Robot V Ifati Co. 3* Tnftoiil of Tbe Botdrn Co. \ 19 0221265 TOWOLDMONOOQ4965 A paint thinner and a quick-drying primer sealer tor masonry and wailboard coatings are exemplified by the following suggested formulations; - \S Part I Gelv* (Kfly(viny) acetate) Emulafon T$ 22 $ANTldtEK 160 or dibutyl phthalite * fiHt by WttjM 100 100 8 1.8 Parc II Water Carboxymethyl Ccllulorc (High'Viicotity Type 70) Burtonftc* X 90 guar'ieed gum 58 1.25 0,75 40 Pan III Water Tamol N dtiperting agent Tctratodium pyrophotphtte Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Mica Tale 260 80 OJ 0.) 15 20 50 a) Paint thinner . b) Pigmented priraer*>ealer: quick drying, non'penetrating. and insoluble in mineral spirits Preparation 1. Prepare Part I by adding the plasticizer at a moderate rate to the emulsion with stirring. Continue agitation lor 20 to 30 minutes or until a smooth, uniform mixture is obtained. 2. To prepare Part II, stir the carboxymethyl cellulose into the water, continuing agitation until Complete solution occurs. For the thinner, add the guar-seed gum and stir until a completely homogeneous mixture is obtained (about 10 minutes). Use of water at 70 C (160F) accelerates solution of the thickeners. Stir the plasticized emulsion (Part I) into the thickener (Part II). y a) Add the remaining water to the thinner (formulation 64). %. . b) For the scaler (formulation 65), dissolve the dispersing and dcflocculating agents into the water. Stir In the pigments, and mix or grind the slurry. Add the sealer base (the mixture of Parts I and 11) and thoroughly mix with the pigment slurry. * Tndmuk d TW kmaiu Co*pur 20 02212M> TOWOLDMONOOQ4966 Poly(vinyl acetatc)-emu1sion paints for interior and exterior surfaces are suggested in til following formulations: ln|fidliiili . hrl I . Water Burtom'te X'90 gutweed gtim *' \' . Part ff Qt\v* Poly (vinyl acetate) emulsion TS 22 Santiciier 160 or Dibutyl PhthaUte . Part WI Water Tamol 75l {\% oln.) Dispersing Agent Carboxymcthyl Cellulose (Low*Viscosity Type 70) Chromium Oxide, opaque Titanium Dioxide (rutile, 50%: calcium sulfate, 70%) Titanium Dioxide (rutile) Mica ) Light-green, interior, emulsion paint ) White, exterior, emulsion paint 66* NrH by WIgS* 41.0 04 67* ' 194 0.66 100 12.2 100 6.2 110 6.5 1.2 6.5 66 12 14.6 .' . 67 1.2 0.9 -- 15.4 29.6 ~ . Preparation ' Part I Add the guar-seed gum to the water with higb-shear mixing until a homogeneous solution i obtained (about 10 minutes). Part II While stirring the poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion with a high-shear mixer, slowly add the pla tlcirer. Stir for 20 to JO minutes after the plasticizer is added or until the mixture becomi uniform. Add the plasticized poiy(viny) acetate) emulsion (part II) to the guar-seed-gum soli lion (part I), and stir for 10 minutes or until homogeneous. Part III . With the colloid mill operating, sift the carboxymcthyl cellulose into the water and dispersinj agent solution in an aluminum or stainless-steel vessel. Mix until dissolved. Slowly sift in pl| ments in the order listed. Grind to desired fineness. Add paint base and stir for 10 minute. Filter through an 80-mesh screen. \ o TOWOLDMONOOQ4967 The following suggested formulation b for a poly (vinyl acetate)-based latex wall-patching . compound: ' Ingredients Poly(vinyl acetate) emulsion Hydroeycthyl Cettufoie (75% n.v.) Tricreiyl Phosphite Mrlro-Nite #6 * Water Ethylene Glycol - . M hrh by Wilgtl 100 50 5 771 <5 >5 Preparation ' Mix the poly (vinyl acetate) emulsion and the hydroxyethyl cellulose solution in a pony mixer until completely dispersed. Stir in the water and ethylene glycol. Mix for 5 minutes, and add the Mctro-Nite in 5 equal portions, allowing each portion to wet down thoroughly before adding the next portion. Add the tricresyl phosphate and continue to mix for 30 minutes. Propcrtiet Consistency Nonvolatiles, per cent . Figment : Binder Ratio, weight Density, lb./gal. Pasty - spreadable and workable 81 12.2 : 1 16.6 Vinyl acetate is often copolymerized, as for example, with vinyl pyrrolidone. The following common Monsanto plasticizers are compatible with vinyl acetate-vinyl pyrrolidone (70/30 to 30/70) copolymers: .' Dimethyl Phthalate. Dibutyl Phthalate Santicizer B-I6 Santicizer E-15 Santicizer HI ' Santicizer 213 . Santoute MHP ' , Dimethyl Phthalate and Santicizer E-15 are particularly effective in imparting flexibility to this copOlymer. The following starting formulation gives an anti-tamish coating that dries to a clear, smooth film without "orange peel" and that can be simply washed off with a syntheticdetergent solution: logriflnh - Vinyl Acetatc/Vinyl Pyrrolidone Copolymer (70/50) Santicizzh B-16 faopropanol Propellent It* ' Propellent 12* * For non-eeroiol applicetiont substitute methanol for propellent. *9 Mi by Weight 100 5 5 US MS MS 0221268 0 TOWOLDMONOOQ4968 POLYJVINYL CHLORIDE) Foly(v!nyl chloride) and Its copolymers are widely used in protective coatings. In generi coatings based on poly(vinyl chloride) display the following characteristics: ' . . . . . ' Hardness Flexibility Abrasion resistance - ..Chemical and water resistance - Greaseproofness t Electrical resistance Nontoxicity Odorlessness Tastelessness Flame retardance . Poly (vinyl chloride) coatings may be applied in any of the following forms: Solution. Solvent must be volatilised to develop strength. Latex (emulsion). Water must be volatilised. Short bake helps develop optimum propertii Ptaslisol. No volatile solvent. Curing temperature: 300-350F. Organosol. Some volatile solvent to control sprayability or coatability. Curing temper ture: 300-3S0oF. ' . Powder (fluidised bed). Product to be coated is heated to high temperature and suspend^ in fludised poly (vinyl chloride) powder. Since the applications for poly (vinyl chloride) are so broad, only solution and latex coatinis are described in this bulletin. Other Monsanto literature discusses plastisols and organosols In detail. Monanto offers more than 70 plasticisers to enable the po)y(vinyl chloride) formulator to develop the balance of characteristics required to meet his requirements successfully. The per formance of some of the plasticisers in poly (vinyl chloride) is indicated in Table VI. \ 13 TOWOLDMONOOQ4969 TABLE VI--PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN POLY[VINYL CHLORIDE) PUsticltar (67 PHJt) Vola+Sty (%!<*) Dsnodccyl phthalate Dntooccyl ptitlulatc Di*2-ethylhexyl phthalate Samtiozer 160 Santoozer 165 SANTtaiea 21) Saktiozer 214 Saktkxzrr 602 * SANTlCtZER 603 $ANT20ZEX 630 Santiozer 631 Tricresyl pWphttt Saktiozer i 40 ' Saktictzer 141 Di-2-cthylhexyl adipate Dusodecyl adipate Or^iMctrl, ndeqrt). adipate Saktiozer 409 (50 PHR) 2.2 4.3 4.5 11.3 10.3 18.1 10.0 3.5 12.8 18.8 16.2 1.0 3.6 7.4 13.9 . 3.4 8.1 0.8 U*>Tnp. FWnMfty (T,, *CJ Wafer Immersion Soluble Matter 1%) Wafer Absorbed (%) --35 - --17 --39 . --24 - --41 --21 --36 --36 . --36 --33 --35 --to --15 --39 --66 --65 --63 --8.7 0,02 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.56 0.22 0.03 0.05 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.07 0.08 ____ 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.28 0.80 1.8 0.25 0.27 0.33 0.31 0.26 0.30 0.36 0.66 0.36 0.53 ____ Kerosene Extraction Hardaem Shore "A* >70 42 46 5.2 27 6.3 > 70 63 45 35 40 2.4 2.1 7.3 > 70 > 70 > 70 1.2 . 78 . 74 66 72 77 75 73 77 ' 76 74 79 76 64 65 74 68 92 lifignfea linda S$ea Day. mI (%) (%) 7 1.51 2.93 4.76 1.17 2.11 4.73 1.08 2.13 3.98 1.27 2.56 4.15 0.93 3.56 5.23 1.2 2.7 4.8 1.06 3.27 5.84 1.05 2.58 4.22 0.96 3.14 5.82 0.89 2.32 4.22 0.97 2.57 4.60 0.4 0.8 1.6 0.63 1.63 2.70 1.55 4.6 9.0 7.5 13.5 21.0 9.0 17.7 27.4 7.8 22.8 35.9 0.25 0.49 0.69 TOWOLDMONOOQ4970 Solution Coating! Because of their excellent permanence end performance characteristics, poly (vinyl chloride Mslns are ideally suited for metal coatings. Like other coatings, however, they require a suit ble primer for satisfactory adhesion. The following formulations exemplify the versatility pjf Jlonsanto plasticizers in the manufacture of poly(vinyl chloride) solution prime coatings: Ingredient* Vlnylite* VMCH* Vfnylite VVHH4 gxon 470* Eaterified Copet Reiin Tricreayl Phoiphete BANTictzen 409 Dfoctyl Phthafate Red lead pigment ttue leed pigment Zjinc Oxide (colloidal) Titanium Dioxide Propylene Oxide Toluene Xylene Methyl leohutyl Ketone Ethyl Amyl Ketone PycJohexanone , * . . - . 70* * <2.5 27.5 _ IS .-- _ 75 216 __ 216 1\* I* Peri* by Weight ,, 100 __ too 16 4 __ 12 25 -- 140 214 -- _ ^e. 4 170 188 `__ . .... 170 100 s __ , ) Air'dry or low'bake primer (200* > 200*P for a abort rime) b) Genera1-purpo*e primer c) High'tcmperature'bake primer (250* * 275*F) 4) Vinyl chloride copolymer (mettl*adhe*ion type) 7)` 100 -- -- -- 26 -- 241 Me Me -- 162 40 162 40 Tn^cairt of Union Ctrbidc Com* * Tndtnuk of FiftnoM PUitia Co. . Vinyl solution primers and finish coatings impart attractive, durable protection to numerous mataj products. 0221*71 TOWOLDMONOOQ4971 A variety of solution formulations may be used In intermediate and final coats as illustrated below: .. (ngradienh Exon 4S0f Vinylite VAGH* Vtoy!< VYHMf Vtnylflt VMCW Uree*FormatdeHydf rain Kotin WW liquid epoxy rain Tricrciyt Phoaphite Santickcr 14| Dioctyl Phthalate Diiaodecyl Phthalate SANTICIltX 40j Blown Caitor Oil Titanium Dioxide Zinc Oxide Cuproua Oxide Aluminum pigment Antimony Oxide Propylene Oxide Stabittaer Toluene Xylene Methyl laobutyl Ketone Cyclohexanone 74* '-- \ 100 . - -- _ too ,_ -- 10 __ MM __ __ 45 m- 204 ,,r 204 -- -- 19 9 __ 1.25 42 55 17.5 .. _- 160 40 * 160 40 74V 77V 7rit by Weight -- 100 50 _ 50 . _ -- Ml M- 16 10 MM MM __ 67 MM 45 -- M .. __ MM 195 255 46 __ 195 255 46 -- n* MM 67.1 ., MM 16.7 MM 14.2 MM M. 7.5 MM __ 57 M. -- __ __ MM M. __ 140 64 56 a) Intermediate coating b) General-purport industrial coating , ) Metal finish d) Corroiion-reriltant coating e) Antbfouling coating (MIL P-15911) . f) Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer . -. 7* 60* 100 _M __ .. MM MM ` . M- ` 15.4 MM MM .M 6.7 __ 100 __ MMM 6.7 15 127 455 M. __ M. 100 MM M. 100 MM 56 MM M. M. M. M. .M 1000 MM MM MM MM MM 220 550 -- . When extreme corrosion resistance is required, the use of Aroclor plasticizers is suggested: for imparting resistivity to chemical attack, they are unsurpassed. Independent evaluations of the chemical resistance of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer paint, modified by eight types of materials; (alkyd resin, phenolic-chinawood oil varnish, ester gum-linseed oil. varnish, Aroclor 12S4, dioctyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, polymeric plasticizer, and acrylic polymer), showed that Aroclor 1254 has the "best all-around chemical resistance, failing badly only in the gas oline test." Paints were sprayed onto solvent-cleaned, unprimed, cold-rolled-steel panels, which were then Immersed it) seven types of solutions until failure. The data in Table VII, excerpted from the November 1955 issue of Ojjicial Digest of the Federation of Paint and Varnish Production Clubs, compare the chemical resistance imparted by Aroclor 1254 and by dioctyl phthalate. * J{ 20 0221272 I TOWOLDMONOOQ4972  TABLE VII--COMPARATIVE CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF PLASTICIZERS IN VINYL CHLORIDE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER PAINT fUtticiiT___ Tim* to Ftilur* In Cerreilvn M.dl. Dloclyt Phthalate (%) AROCLOR I2S4 (%) 10% 10% Sodium Hydrochlerie Hydreilde Acid (days) (hour*) Gasoline (days) 5% Sodium Hypochlorite (dy>) 10% Aeotie Acid (hour*) 10 -- 10 25 *- 25 40 __ -- 50 i) End of test 120* 120* <0 120* 60 120* 02 . 168* 24 120 . 24 96 0.4 5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 4 64 15 168* 4 ' 64 14.5 120 4 48 11 100 Untaed Oil Fatty Aeidi (day*) 60 90* 27 90* 22 60 I I In' other corrosion-resistance tests of polyfvinyl chloride) plastisols, containing 70 parts P'"ticlzer per 100 parts resin, a formulation that contained 1 part Aroclor 1254 to 3 parts di :tyl phthalate was much more resistant to 15 per cent nitric acid at either 23 or 50C fojr six months than a compound plasticized with dioctyl phthalate alone. The plastisol modified with both Aroclor 1254 and dioctyl phthalate was also more insist* ant to 25 per cent chromic oxide at 50C for four weeks and was equivalent at 25C fcpr six . months in comparison with the dioctyl phthalate-modified vinyl plastisol. Coatings are frequently based on combinations of vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymeij and nitrocellulose resins, as exemplified by the following suggested starting formulations: I Ingredients Bktir H-4055 R.S. Nitrocellulose (l/a aee.) Tricresyl Phosphate Dioctyl Phthalate Epoxy resin Titanium Dioxide (non-chalking rutile) Carbon black Toluene Xylene n*Butanol Ethyl acetate Butyl acetate Crllosotve Acetate Methyl Isobuty! Ketone Methyl Amyl Ketone 81* . 50.2 49.8 >9.2 * __ >8.8 >.> >57 >2.4 25.9 56.5 142.5 __ >2.4 12* Farts by Weight l> 40 60 ' M. 22 > . __ 200 100 50 50 '' ->5 __ 50 175 100 124 125 50 25 50 50 -- i) Gray automobile lacquer - b) Clear indoor lacquer c) White indoor lacquer; apply over auitable primer and bake */j hour at 150*P 27 02212*3 TOWOLDMONOOQ4973 The (allowing formulation illustrates a nontoxic paperboard coating for food packaging: luffidiinti Vinylite VYHH Vfnytae VMCH Vinyliie VAGH $ANTtasea 141 Acetone Methyl Itobutyl Ketone 4 firtt WiljM SO to 10 25 500 175 Strippable lacquers have become increasingly important as protective coatings for a variety of materials. Shown below are two formulations (85 and 86) that illustrate this type of coat ing and one (87) that exemplifies a sprayable coating with good webbing characteristics: Jftgradiank IP Exon 461 vinyl cMotide*vinyl acetate copolymer 27 Exon 470 vinyl chloride copolymer (metal-adheiion type) 5 Exon 46! vinyl chloride'vinyl acetate copoylmer 70 Vfnylite VVHH vinyl chloride'Vinyl acetate copolymer Santicize* 160 Santjcieer 409 Dioctyl Phthalate Dioetyt Adipate mm 51 16 14.7 Aaoclor 1254 Prime pigment* . 27 Titanium Dioxide Stabiliier Propylene Oxide Socony White Oil #516 Toluene '. Xylene . Methyl Ethyl Ketone *' 12 6 __ 7_0m 512 * s* f.rti by W.IgM -- 100 11 a. 5.5 -- 6.7 24254 a) Sprayable waterproof coating b) Lacqtlcr with good apray qualities and quicV'drying, hard, and opaque film ) Sprayable web coating * 7< -- 100 SO mi rn52 mm -- -- ___ 116 ... 294 o 28 o 022-z7V TOWOLDMONOOQ4974 Latex (Emulsion) Coatings Whenever the characteristics of poly (vinyl chloride) and its copolymers are desired, but [the hazard of flammable solvents cannot be tolerated, the use of a poly(vinyl chloride) l^tex (emulsion) is indicated. Shown below are three suggested starting formulas: Ingredients . Geon* 251 Cron 252 Cron 5*76 .* . * ' Dioctyl Phthalate (65% emulsion)* Dioctyl Adipate (65% emulsion)* 8akticizer 141 (65% emulsion)* Santicuer 409 (65% emulsion)* Arocl'or 1254 (45% emulsion) Goodrite* K'710 thickener (5% solution) Mobilccr** R microcrystalline wax (45% emulsion) JCrltex*** thickening agent (2% solution) Titanium Dioxide (50% dispersion) Calcium Carbonate (50% dispersion) Antimony Oxide (50% dispersion) Color Pigment (50% dispersion) Iron Oxide (50% dispersion) Dibasic Lead Phosphite (50% dispersion) 81* 100* __ 20 IS .. 15 -- 1 -- >0 15 ,, -- Peris by Weight -- .. too* ._ 10 . __ > . * .... 20 -- 90* 100* rn .. __ 25 7 -- -- 250 45 15 -- S loosely woven fabrics before subsequent a; read coating with an organosol or plastiso! Jute'felt floor covering or automobile'trunk liner c) Flameproof coating: complete immersion then squeeze rolls (patented) d) . Solids *. r) Typical Plasticiser Emulsion: ' Ingredients Plasticiser Water . Oleic Acid Ammonium Hydroxide (28%) . .. * TiUcmiW of B. P. OoodiiA Chemical Co. lor poly(vinyl chloride) mini ** Tndcmei! of Socony Mohil Oil Co. Tredcmait oi Kcleo Co. Peris by Weigh! CS |j.4 1.25 0.15 \ 29 0221275 TOWOLDMONOOQ4975 The use of vinyl chloridc-vinylidcne chloride copolymer latexes in fire-retardant, intumescent coatings for wallboard and acoustic tile is shown below. The us? of the solid plasticizer, diphenyl phthalate, improves the viscosity stability of formulation 91. h Ingredlenti* \ tl Monoammonium Phosphate - Dicy^ndiaraide Pentaerythritol Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) ' Diphenyl Phthalate *" Anlcjnic Wetting Agent, Add Stable Wat*r 11 Parti by Weight 12 . 56 10 22 12 5 1.25 47'M 56 10 22 12 46*61 til Dow Latex 744B (vinyl chloride'vinylidene chloride copolymer) 40 SanTicixe* Ml or Dioctyl Phthalate .. Suipention Agent, Acid Stable . Anionic Emuliificr, Acid Stable 42.$ 10 0.6 1.2 Preparation _ 1. Mix the intumescent agents, pigment (and plasticizer and wetting agent for formula tion 91), and water. Disperse with two passes through a high-speed stone mill. t. Add the latex (plasticized for formulation 92) with medium stirring. The applications of vinyl latex coatings are increased by the addition of intumescent 1)4 fire-retprdant agents. 30 0221276 TOWOLDMONOOQ4976 d f> MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN RUBBER COATINGS CHLORINATED RUBBER Chlorinated-rubber-bascd coalings are widely used because of their resistance to co rosive agents, moisture, fungus, mold, and other destructive agents. Consequently they are ted in such applications as the following, which require extreme resistance to the above deterit rating agents: . ' Masonry ' Flame-retardant finishes . .; Chemical plants ' Railroad equipment Marine equipment Swimming pools Food-processing buildings ' Highway paints Monsanto manufactures many plasticizers that are useful with chlorinated rubber. Partit ularly beneficial are the Aroclor compounds, which enhance the chemical resistance of the trnlor- inated-rubber-based finishes. Table VIII indicates the utility of various Monsanto plast cizers in chlorinated rubber: ' TABLE VIII--EVALUATION OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN CHLORINATED RUBBER FUtffchor Good odhotlon 4o RoitiUneo to Alum* Stcol tnum Cop* Trani' $*Ud Cotie* 10% 5% Sodium Woftr Sword] |CeW* por Ho Wood phono Hydro* Sodium Chlerido Hord< chloric Hydros* non Ktltl* Add Ido Itenee Akoclor 1254 Akoclor 1260 Akoclor 5460 Dibutyl Phtholote Santicizer B-16 Tricmyl Phosphate Triphenyl Phosphate Santoute MHP X - X---indicate* food odheiion or resistance 1 4 2 5 7 5 4 .2 Although chlorinated rubber is unaffected by acids, alkalies, salts, moisture, and fungus it is very hard and brittle. Consequently plasticisers and plasticizing resins must be added to make useful coatings. To make chemical* and corrosion*resistant coatings, the modifiers must like* wise be nonreactive with acids, alkalies, and salts. As little as five per cent of a sapon fiable material, such as linseed oil, alkyd resin, or ester plasticizer, seriously detracts from the i lkali resistance of the finished coating. Monsanto Akoclor compounds, such as Aroclor 546 )| and Akoclor 1254 or 1260, are the best available plasticizing resin and plasticizers, respee tvely, since they are unaffected by acids, alkalies, or salts. The following formulations illuslra t the use of Aroclor compounds in combination with chlorinated rubber to make chemical y re* sistant maintenance coatings: ` OZZI277 TOWOLDMONOOQ4977 Ingredient* ____ ftlmtfl tP 94* --T*a Canta 98 94 9?< Feds by Weight Perlen* (20*cp) chlorinated rubber Long-oil drying alkyd Asoclos 12S< AaocLoa |4S0 Dioctyl Sebacatc Titanium Dioxide Zinc Oxide Zinc Dull Silica Floor Carbon Black Red Lead 1(97%) Eipchlorohydrin Dibasic Lead Phosphite Bentone** 14 gelling agent Xylene Sok'tiso HO Solvesso ISO Turpentine Am<co***D 100 44 27 ._,._____ * sss 0.6 4 12 ... 1m0m4 21 280 ,,too 100 42 54.5 27 27 . __ 116 tots . 0.45 4 - _1_2 75 ' __ r,1.2 O.S 4 12 __ 79 25 21 200 200 100 __ 41.5 27 11 116 * mm, . ..1. .2 0.5 4 _12 79 21 200 100 55.5 22 89 11 ___ 1 , __ ,,12 217 26 __ *) Good adhesion to steel; resists ealt-fog test or water immersion it 100*F b) Outstanding resistance to *alt*fog test or water immersion at 100*P c) Meets alkali-resistance requirements of Federal Specification TT-P-91 d) For basement floors w* too 44.5 5mm5.5 mm 89 11 16.S I 12 229 __ : The high-alkali content of fresh concrete or masonry requires the use of saponification-resistant modifying resins and plasticizers in chlorinated-rubber coatings. In highway paints, the need for corrosive-resistant plasticizers Is further intensified by the spreading of salt and other chemi cals during winter. The abrasive action of sand, cinders, etc. on highway markings requires the use of nonoxidizing materials that do not harden and cause embrittlement and loss of abra sion resistance of the paint. The alkali- and chemical-resistant and nonoxidizing Aroclor compounds meet the stringent requirements for highway-paint plasticizers. . Swimming-pool paints modified only with Akoclok plasticizers are much more resistant to blistering than chlorinated-rubber paints modified with alkyd resins. High pigment-volume con centration is recommended for concrete swimming pools to let the moisture in the concrete above the water line escape without buildup of blister-causing hydrostatic pressure. Low pig ment-volume concentration is suggested for steel swimming pools, however, to help form a water-impervious film to reduce blistering. The following suggested swimming-pool-paint for mulations have given excellent performance: Cl |nSut rf Htrclti Pwltr Cc*, * Tu4irk m NaltoAii Uid Company ,M Tiwinuk m Anirtfia Mineral Spirit* Company 12 02212TM TOWOLDMONOOQ4978 Ingredients Lacquer Phase for Concrete 99 I00 fort* by Weight 1013 Parian (20-cp) chlorinated rubber Dur.pIfK* C-49 <100%)> A.OCLOK 1254 Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Magnesium Silicate Phthalocytninc Green Bentone 34 gelling agent Tween** 60 surfactant Epichlorohydrin Xylene " Solvesso 100 Water Phase ' too 50 SO . 112 115 2.9 13 - 1 450 90 . 100 50 50 112 116 3 12 3.5 210 50.7 100 50 50 50.5 50.7 1.3 5 0.6 235 23 Methyl Cellulose (4000 cp) Sodium Oleate Diitillcd Water Properties ` 7.6 15.7 5204 -- Solids, wt. per cent Pigment volume-concentration, % Viscosity, Krebs units Viscosity, Brookfield, cp. No. 4 spindle, 30 rpm No. 4 spindle, 12 rpm 45.1 64.1 25 554 74 6,000 12,000 50.0 20 75 f) Emulsion, prepared by slow addition of water phase to lacquer phase with nixing until smooth emulsion is formed b) Meets gloss requirements of Federal Specification TT-P'95 c) Compatabilited by the presence of Aroclor 1254 ,* d) In lacquer phase The use of Aroclor plasticizers in chlorinated-rubber coatings for railroad equipment help Im prove the necessary resistance to high humidity, extreme weathering, and various chem ii^als and fumes. The following suggested formulations for a primer-and-topcoat system pr< vi ide , maximum chemical resistance, especially for use on tank, hopper, and cattle cars and on rUbit- ol-way equipment in industrialized or coastal areas: Ingredients . 102 frlmer 103 Topcoat forts by Weight Parlon (20-cp.) chlorinated rubber AreMaa 1365 Be^etite CK.U-5962 phenolic resin dispersion Maleic Acid Aroclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide Lampblack Zinc Chromate Magnesium Silicate Aluminum Stcrate (10% gel in xylene) Cobalt Naphthenatc (6% cobalt) Epichlorohydrin Epoxy Stabiliser : Antitkinning Agent , Xylene Hi-Flaih Naphtha Turpentine 62 38 2 105 19 1.5 2 270 100 49 26 157 0.9 o.o 0.5 > >90 155 19 Tn&Mtt *1 Rob* tf Him Co. TnhMii ef AiIm rW4er Ce. e*Te4in*rfc ef Arcbfi`T)inklfM>4lirtd Cm 33 TnRairl if Union Carbide Cere* TOWOLDMONOOQ4979 Chlorinated rubber makes effective wood coatings for long service life, as illustrated by the following formulations: ' Ingredients Ptfrton chlorinated rubber Long'oil drying-atkyd Durable* CMS Linseed oil Aroclor 1354 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide Xylene Hi-Flaih Naphtha Selvesio 100 Turpentine Mineral Spirit* \ 104* 9? (20 cp) 2) _M * 2) mm 96.5 S9.5 99 ,,,, lose forts by Wolght 100 (20 cp) __ so * , 50 __ __ 40 __ 220 40 lOV 100 (10 cf) US 14 59 __ __ 286 __ 286 l) Marine finish with good resistance to salt water and to algae and other marine growth h) Eatremely abrasion resistant c) Rapid-drying finish. Partial replacement of linseed oil with AROCLOn 5460 speeds the dry time and improves the alkali and chemical resistance. The Aroclor plasticises the oxidised linseed oil to pNvent brittleness. A thrcc-coat, high-build, maintenance-paint system has been developed, based on an all-chlor inated vehicle: chlorinated rubber and Aroclor plasticizers. Conventional brush or spray coats are usually only about 1 mil thick, so at least five coats are needed to attain the minimum S-mil thickness recommended for maximum chemical resistance. The required thickness is easily built up with the chlorinated coatings by either brushing or spraying: primer, 2 mils; mid coat, J mils; and top coat, 1 mil. This new system has been compared with ail classes of commercial. maintenance coatings in both laboratory and exposure tests. Coated panels were subjected to spot tests and immersion tests in salt fog and hot water with various chemical reagents. Color slides of the test panels are available for examination from Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington, Delaware. Ingredients frimor Mid Coal Top Coat ftrls by Weight \| Parlon Chlorinated Rubber Aroclor 12{$4 |> Aroclor 5440 3 Dioctyl Scbactte ' I Red Lead (99% grade) [ Zinc Yellow Mica Indian Red * Talc Bcntone 28 gelling agent Magnesium Silicate Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) . Lampblack Stabiliser A*S Epichlorohydrin , Toluene j 1 Xylene * 100 (20 cp.) 55 26.5 _ 182 SO SO 5 68.5 IS __ s 0.5 490 --' 100 (20 cp.) 49.5 24.8 __ S2 .. . s.s 99 20 1.6 S 0.5 518 -- . 100(10cp.) 40 24 \ to ,iri -- --- ,n mt __ 115 I.S 1 0.5 186 189 . C. K. WilliMi Co.. Div. of Cku, Hint V Co.. Inc. Union CaibxJr fUwtica Co. - 34 0 2Z^80 C O' TOWOLDMONOOQ4980 A recently-developed continuous-painting process for finishing metal offers savings on capital Investment, plant space, and operating costs. The technique utilizes the physical propertied of trichloroethylene, the only solvent in the paint. Metal parts enter the unit covered with gn and leave the other end completely painted and dry to the touch. Detailed information abbjut the process can be obtained from Du Pont, Wilmington, Delaware. The following formula^ has given good characteristics in this continuous-painting system: , . ViMcl* 107 Inoradtant* * * Parti by Weight Hgmant DUpanlon* Parfon chlorinated rubber (JO-cp) Long-oil drying relin Aroclor 1254 Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Bcntone 56 gelling agent Epoxy stabiliser Trichloroethylene 67 0 55.5 2.0 145 29 100 1.5* . a) Add pigment dispersion to the vehicle after 24 hours in pebble mill ' b) Add gelling agent to pigment dispersion during last two hours of grind Mastic compositions are used to deposit thick films with a minimum number of coats. Mast os modified with Aroclor compounds can effectively seal cracks in concrete, smooth rou ;n Concrete surfaces for subsequent glossy coatings, give excellent corrosion resistance under i etre conditions, and retard fire. A typical starting formulation is the following: Ingredients Parlon chlorinated rubber (20-rp) Aroclor 1254 * . Aroclor 5460 Asbestos Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Toluene 101 Parh by Weight ' 100 20 49 160 25 200 Although this mastic formulation adheres well to either wood or masonry, a primer is suggested before application to steel. To further increase fire retardance, replacement of 33 parts of tqe asbestos by 47 parts of antimony oxide is suggested as a starting formulation. A combination of chlorinated rubber and a rosin-derived alkyd resin, plasticized with Aroci)or 1254, forms the basis of a high-gloss paper coating that is nonblocking and heat sealable, gives a gloss of 79, is nonblocking either face-to-face or face-to-back for 40 hours at 130*] and 2 psi, and is heat sealed in % second at 275 F and 120 psi. IngradlonU Parlon Chlorinated Rubber (10 cp.) Tieolyn* 25 Rosin-Derived Alkyd Reain Aroclor 1254 Toluene . fapar Coating part* by might 47.4 52.6 5.2 105 * Tmdeuth of Hercules Mu Co. * 0221281 TOWOLDMONOOQ4981 CHLORINATED POLYPROPYLENE . Chlorinated polypropylene produces clear, colorless dims, appears equal to chlorinated natural rubber in Chemical resistance, and is noticeably more heat and light'stable. Aaoctoa plastici sers are very compatible with the resin and are recommended in the following starting formu lations: \ . Ingredients Chlorinated Polypropylene Ahocloh $460 Anocion li$4 Dioctyl Sebacate Epoxy Stsbiluer Toluene -. 109 * Ports by Weight 100 (10 cp) 29 44 9.0 let 260 no 100 (20 cp) 29 44 9.2 2.1 260 )00*P Ht Stability 1 hour 2 hour* 2 hour* $ hour* 16 hour* Sunlight Swbility* 24 hours 42 hours 96 hours 144 hours ' Film Properties* v. si. yellow v. sf. yellow I. yellow mod. yellow block v. si. yellow si. yellow mod. yellow __ -- si. yellow sL yellow mod. yellow mod. yellow v. si. yellow si. yellow si. yellow brown IW'Uwfc Chemicot fteslrtnnce Wster 10% hydrochloric add 1% sodiutji hydroxide .' excellent excellent excellent . excellent excellent excellent e) Lacquer* were iprtyed on "bondetised" itee] pinch. Films were 2.5- to 2.0'mQi thick ifter 72* hours air drying. 'Determined in the Atlas Efectn'c Devices Co. Fade-Omcter .. 02 212^4 TOWOLDMONOOQ4982 STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMERS Styrene-buladiene-copoiymcr resins are widely used in the following suface-coatings appllda- lions: Enamels Maintenance finishes Exterior masonry finishes Aluminum finishes Wall scalers . Paper coatings Printing inks These resins form films by evaporation of solvent. Paint formulations based on styrene-bi|l diene resins have demonstrated the following advantages: Good resistance to alkalies and acids Excellent water resistance Satisfactory rate of moisture-vapor transmission Tough, durable films Excellent adhesion to masonry and allied surfaces Resistance to mildew Resistance to staining and discoloration Seif-cleaning through controlled pigment chalking Ease of application Rapid drying -' Excellent can stability . The most common plasticisers for styrene-butadiene resins are the Aroclor compounds, ibut S*NTicrzEK B-16, Santicizer 160, dibutyl phtbalate, dioctyl pbthalate, and trkresyl pi lOSphate are also useful. 17 0221243 TOWOLDMONOOQ4983 Shown below ate several example formulations based on these copolymer resins: Ingredients Pliolite* S') PlioliK 8*5 Pliolite S*5A Pitohw VT Ahociok t)54 Anocio* 5460 Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Phthalocyanine Green Toner Lampblack Zinc Oxide Magnesium Silicate Diatomaceous Silica Mica Calciym Carbonate Soya Lecithin Thixein** Thixotropic Agent Aluminum Stearate (dtacid) Hi'Plaih Naphtha Mineral Spirit* Solvewo 100 Toluene VM #'P Naphtha \ - ' lit* 2 07 __ 48 ' 48 2424 ,, __ <0 278 103.5 -- -- " __ 308 3----08 112) ID* Peril by Weight __ _. __ 100 100 , 50 50 140 11.6 1.2 _ 87 0) 320 o 2)4 2)4 48 52 1_6_0 80 __ 144 6.4 *6.4 mm -- 127 190 ) White, non*chalking stucco paint b) Green maionry and swimming'pool paint <) White traffic paint d) For chalking paint: ubititutc titanium dioxide (anatase) 1144 _J ,, ' ... 100 40 5) 164 _ 82 147 6.< ~6. m.. ._..,,. 309 0 Formula 1 IS illustrates a wall primer-sealer: Ingredients Flielite S*5A ())'/*% in petroleum naphtha) Aroclox 5460 (50% in mineral spirit*) Aroclo*1254 Uthopone Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Magnesium Silicate Soya Lecithin Aluminum Stearate Mineral Spirit* #10 A/rer grinding in pebble mill, edd the following: Ptioliu SSA ())!/>% in petroleum naphtha) Mineral Spirit* # 10 . i) Solid* contents * TniiMil of Coodmr Tire Rubber Ge. lor etrKM'buudkM miti -- TnitM\ of Refer Cuter Oil Co. 18 i f } } III Peris by Weight 48 22.5* II 02 16 20 1.6 1.6 27.5 52a 11.5 0221264 <> TOWOLDMONOOQ4984 The following formulations represent metal lacquers for three applications: Ingradiants 118* 117* - Paris by W*1ght III* Marbon* **9200" LLV Marbon **9200** LV Marbon **9200** MV . AROCtOR 1254 AROCIOR 5460 Aluminum Paste Pale Gold finlliant**. #127 " Mica (water-ground to 225 mesh) SC*** 100 hydrogenated naphtha Mineral Spirits Xylene Ethanol Ethyl Acetate ' 100 . 25 * II -- _ .. ,_ 12.5 112.5 100 81 181 116 108.5 L_ 455 202 -- n 100 26 42 157 111 162 -- Dry Time (Dust Free), min. Viscosity #4 Ford Cup, sec. 20 10 211 14 *) Clear, rapid-drying hard lacquer b) Low-cosi, general-purpose, interior, aluminum enamel c) Gold-bronae, decorative finish ' .. A variety of styrene-butadiene-based paints are illustrated by the following starting formijla- tngradlants Marbon 9545 chips Marbon 9548 chips Markon 9551 chips . Marbon 9566 chips Markon 10829 chips Markon "9200** MV Raw Tung Oil Akoclor 1254 Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide (Anatase) Zinc Oxide Extra-Pine Tale Diatomaceous Silica Chrome Green A 4464 China Clay Lecithin Aluminum Stearate Cobalt Naphthenate (6% cobalt) Zinc Naphthenate (8% tine) APAt X2280 7 Acntone #24 gelling agent Mineral Spirits (Low Odor) fti-Flash Naphtha Petroleum naphtha 7 40 * 42.5 ~9.5 *5.5 19 15.5 M _ ^ __ __ __ __ .. 0.05 0.09 o.l2 .. __ __ ])) . a) Tile-red, high-gloss, concrete-floor paint b) White, exterior, masonry paint e) Flat, white, interior, wall paint d) Dark-green, gloss, trim enamel tf TfsdewiA f BirWamr Carp, for itrrtM-buUdicrw rtiin * Tndtmiii w CiK*ni Bkru Pw^tr v. * Titdtmii I Grntril Sotvcnu V Cbrauuli Co. I Tisdcnstt I Imp*!I Paper V Color Corp. 120* 121* Paris by Weight 100 49.2 49.4 129 57 Ug _ ^ __ __ __ __ -- L __ ti_ jjj 22.6 72.8 2.6 1.2 10.5 9.9 0,59 0.9 0.125 0.027 50 52 \ 1224 100 12 28 22 88 25 2 127.5 142 022f? TOWOLDMONOOQ4985 The following formulations are suggested for a highway paint and an exterior masonry paint based on styrene-butadiene: IngradltMt 12)* 124* \ Parti by Wolght PtfceflfX* 120 (flaked) (lolida) 100* ' i<xM Sannciii* 160 or Dibutyl Phthalate 24 M. Aroclor 1260 ,, 21 Ti'Purc** Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) 11) (R-J10) 122 (R'610) Zinc Oxide 57 41 barium Sulfate 61 Talc . 270 Diatomaeeoua atlica Mica ' Calcium carbonate (dry ground) Aluminum Stearate Lecithin T_ ._ 5.2 S.7 57 20 1_.60., Methyl etter of partially hydrogenated wood rain 5.5 Troy\yd*** ABC drier VM and P Naphtha lit ..2. Hi'flaeh Naphtha Toluene 176 2.6.9. a) TraffiC'lane paint: fast drying, nonbleeding on asphalt, no embrittlement with age b) Exterior masonry paint c) 60'% cold-cut solution with toluene d) 50'% cold'cut solution with hi'flash naphtha Procedure * Crind pigments in styrene-butadiene solution and plasticizers. Add 'remainder of solvent (and stir diatomaceous silica into Formulation 123). SYNTHETIC RUBBER Many Monsanto plasticizers are usable In rubber-based surface coatings, although dibutyl phthalate* dioctyl phthalate, Santicizer 160, and tricresyl phosphate are most commonly used. Plasticizefs improve gloss and flexibility In most cases. In crepe-rubber-paint formulations the use of Aroclor 1262 (from 5- to 50-per cent of`The weight of the rubber) increases the gloss, alkali resistance, and adhesivity to steel. * Tndtmil d PtfuuylvinU lidMiriil CUahil Corp. lor MrnM'kuudiiM eopotrsw Tnduwt of E. t. Cm Font 6a Ktotwi V Co. Tradtsark of Tiot Ctuektl Co. 40 0221286 TOWOLDMONOOQ4986 The unmodified epoxy resin specimen burnt vigorously; the epoxy resin test strip containing Aroelor end antimony oxide Is "non-burning" in an identical Bunion* burner flame. . > MONSANTO EPOXIES . Epoxy resins generally possess the highly desirable properties of: Chemical resistance Flexibility Toughness Adhesion Available in solid, liquid, and solution forms, they are useful In several types of surface cit ings, including the following: Chemical-resistant coatings Interior and exterior maintenance coatings Baking finishes Laminates Plasticisers arc not ordinarily used in epoxy resins when maximum performance is desired. Be cause of their high cost, however, epoxy resins are frequently highly filled. Here the us mall amounts of plasticiser aids flow and levelling and helps eliminate ''drag". Monsanto has evaluated many plasticisers in epoxy resins, as compiled in Table IX. 41 0221287 TOWOLDMONOOQ4987 riMfcbw* None (control) Dibutyl PhduJate Di'(2-cthylhexyl) phthilitc Diisodecyl phthalate Diisodecyl adipate Santiozer E-15 Santiozer M*17 Santiozer B-16 Tricresyl phosphate Santiozer 140 Santiozer 141 HB*40* Aroclor 1248 Aroclor 1221 ' Moo^Erox* TABLE DC--COMPATIBILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN BOXY RESINS CofflpaKMSy^ UqeH CwSi R*tbi Ritim Room I00*C Temp. Vi t CCc CCc c a/ps sia c a/ps sia c aw Ccc Ccc Ccc Ccc Ccc Ccc C Sid sia Ccc cc c ccc ViiwaV Before Physical Properties AfterCore (% hr IQ0*CJ Coring ` Curing Agent Agent ' hod Impact Clerifyj light Share D Hardness (cpl Up) Resistance Reflected {%} (10 sec) 12.800* 1550 2650 2250 1200 2050 2150 2200 2750 2850 1500 2900 7700 1650 1650 7900 1200 2700 2450 1100 2100 2450 2000 2000 2200 1400 2200 4200 1200. 1250 0.2 0.54.9 0.54.8 0.54.8 0.54.6 0.6 0.84.9 2.0 )5 8.0 7.0 94.0 2.5 2.0 4.5 2.5 2.5 4.0 44 2.0 2.0 4.0 78 . 10 21 48 56 v 10 6 7 15 22 S 27 40 8 84 Physical Prepartiai* After Haat Aging Shore D Hardness (10 MC) Weight Chang. (%) 86 --4.012 78 --4.724 82 --0.268 82 --0.168 82 --4.181 80 0.119 85 --4.121 85 --4.012 86 --0.222 79 -4.284 82 --0.425 84 --4.648 88 --4.682 81 --2.118 88 0.124 Formulation Ingredients. Epoxy Resin Plasticiser Tetracthyienepentami&e Peris too 25 8 h) C ss Compatible c) StCI = Slightly Cloudy . a = Cloudy ) PS s Phase Separation Wsc White ' Brookfield LVF #4 spindle: 60 rpm unless otherwise specified 24 hour* 98CC in activated carbon 20 rpm 022128B ' .. O TOWOLDMONOOQ4988 The following suggested formulation for a 'nitrocellulose-epoxy lacquer can be sprayed e Nher cold or hot (with solvent modifications). It leaves a brilliant appearance. Ingredients Vy*tc. Nitrocellulose Solid Epoxy Resin Dibutyl Phthalate Toluene ,, .. Isopropanol Methyl Itobutyl Carbsnol Methyl Ethyl Ketone . Methyl lsobutyl Ketone 125 Peril by Weigh! w 25 25 Peris by Volume 50 10 5 10 2$ AROCLOR Compounds Of all the nonreactive plasticizers evaluated, the Aroclor compounds are the most compath >le. Like.epoxy resins, they impart excellent chemical and oxidation resistance and improve aihesfon. Aroclor compounds should not be used when solvent resistance is required, since |ley are true plasticizers and are not chemically bonded to the epoxy resin. Two major disadvantages of epoxy resins--cost and flammability--are diminished through! the use of Aroclor compounds. Aroclor compounds, about one-fourth the cost of epoxy relips, permit significant reductions of raw-material costs. Furthermore, non-burning composin' may be made by the use of an Aroclor compound (15 phr) with antimony oxide (5 phrj For solventless coatings the fluid Aroclor compounds, such as Aroclor U48 and Aro< |R 1254, are most commonly used. For solvent-containing coatings the resinous Aroclor cpm* pounds (Aroclor 1262 and Aroclor 5460) are used alone or in combination with the HdW, ild Aroclor materials. - The value of Aroclor plasticizers (1242 and 1260) In reducing the flammability of "if Cured epoxy resins and improving flexural strength and compressive-yield strength, while slightly affecting compressive strength and heat-distortion temperature, is illustrated by following suggested starting formulations: Ingredients* liquid Epoxy Resin (EV-200) IDiethylenetriamine Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1260 Antimony Oxide Properties Flammability Beat-Distortion Temp., *C ardness, Rockwell *`M" Flexural Strength, psi Tensile Strength, psi Compressive-Yield Strength, psi Compressive Strength, psi Control 100 1) , --' "" 0.82 in/ min. 117.5 104 20,100 11,400 15,700 42,000 126 100 12 __ 20 --, 127 Ferts by Weight too 12 15 5 128 too 12 20 S.E> iw 87 102 22,800 12,000 17,250 22,900 N.B.* 92 106 22,100 9,800 16,950 28.150 S.B. 2/r 79.5 108 21,800 10,700 17,900 22,500 129 100 ' 12 15 -- 5 N.B. 81 107 22,200 12,800 16,700 22,400 b) S.E. sx Self extinguishing <) N.B. ss Nonburning 43 02*1 89 TOWOLDMONOOQ4989 Mod-Epox Reactive diluents are added to reduce the viscosity of epoxy resins to improve handling char acteristics and to permit the use of higher filler contents. Since they react with curing agents and are higher priced than the epoxy resins, however, they generally tend to result in highercost formulations. Mod-Epox, on the other hand, is a* unique epoxy modifier, which not only reduces the vis cosity of liquid epoxy resins by as much as 75 per cent but also speeds cure, maintains hard ness and Other chemical and physical properties, and reduces curing-agent requirements by about one-third. Thus, since it costs much less than any epoxy resin and any other reactive modifier, and since it reduces the curing-agent requirement, its incorporation generally re sults in much lower formulation cost. Furthermore, Mod-Epox is not a skin irritant like other reactive diluents. The following formulations illustrate blush- and impact-resistant coatings; number 151 has the longer working life: Ingredients ERL* 2774 Epoxy Resin Mod-Epox Magnesium Oxide (fluffy)** Titanium Dioxide Bintone )8 gelling agent ZZL*-080) ZZL-0814 ZZLA*-0822 Toluene .* Xylene Butanol Methyl Ethyl Ketone Working Life, minutes . ' . DO too 11 * 0.2 22 M , 1) 1) __2 Peris by Weight ' 2. ` 30 Dl 100 11 0.2 22 1-4 19 .14, 2 2 -- 45 Epoxy troweling compounds are suggested for use fn patching, repairing, and coating, where maximum film thickness and chemical resistance are desired. Such coatings are used to line brick, concrete, and metal tanks, such as plating and storage tanks, where application of con* ventional Coatings is impractical. A formulation for a black, polyamine-cured, epoxy-resin troweling compound is as follows: * Ingredients Liquid Epoxy Resin Dibutyl Phthalate Mod-Epox Diatomeccous Earth Santocel FRC Ailicn gel Lampblack Magnesium Oxide (fluffy) Diethylcnetriaminc 1)2 Peris by Weight 100 4 40 12 12 1 1.9 ' * Tnitaifli at Union Caifeitk Com. feck m Morion Ocaicsl Co. vtit CN>M 44 0 o TOWOLDMONOOQ4990 Procedure Add the silica gel to a blend of the epoxy resin and dibutyl phthaiate while mixing with i high-torque mixer. Slowly add the remaining pigments, with continued agitation. Disperse Ut! pigments with one loose pass on a .5-roll mill. Add the diethylenctriamine to the pigmented epoxy-resin component and mix thoroughly. Ap ply the mixture to the surface with a trowel-. (Lubricate the trowel for improved smoothness. These materials set#in 2 to- 8 hours depending upon the thickness of the coating. ACRYLICS All-acrylic lacquers and acrylic-modified lacquer systems have stimulated a great deal of in terest because of their exceptional properties. The presence of acrylic resins in both air-dry am I baked finishes generally imparts: Exceptional durability Lightfastness ' ' Hardness High gloss upon polishing As would be expected, finishes with such properties were pioneered by automobile manufao tubers. Acrylic resins have also been utilized in aircraft paints. The addition of acrylic resim to nitrocellulose lacquers produces high-quality, better-performing industrial finishes. Proper formulation of acrylic lacquers with suitable plasticizers (such as Santicizer 160, ant especially Santicizer 261 and 262, which are less volatile at baking temperatures) imparts ex ceptional adhesion and Improves durability. Shown below are three suggested all-acrylic automobile lacquers: Ingredients RoRerMill Crind: turtle* 6011 or 6012 (40% aolida) Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Lampblack Bentone 34 Cctlosolve Acetate Retfuce With: turtle 6011 or 6012 Santimaa 160 Cellulose Acetate Butyrate, ^*eee. Toluene Celloiolfe Acetate Methyl Ethyl Ketone Solida at Spray Viscosity, % * Tndtuirk ef Ih* Dm IVm Cm. m 4.0) 6.17 0.07 -- 2.53 17.66 2.76 22.8S 17.88 22.85 18.75 134 Parts by Weight 1.98 6.08 0.07 0.70 2.49 17.61 2.70. -- 23.87 17.63 23.87 - 18.48 I24e 4.03 6.17 0.07 -- 2.53 11.60 3.76 10.03 21.97 17.87 21.97 18.46 WJ1291 TOWOLDMONOOQ4991 The following starting formulations are examples of acrylic-modified nitrocellulose and chlorin ated-rubber coatings: Ingradlsnts Acryloid* B'7l Acryloid B-82 Poly(methyl Methacrylate) R. S. Nitrocellulose (Vt sec.) Chlorinated Rubber (20 ep) $ANTICItfe* 160 Dioctyl Phthalate , Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Phthalocyanine Green Chrome Green Toluene Ethanol Celloiolve Acetate Methyl Isobutyl Ketone ' IIS* 81 19 .. * I_S_ 40 1 >1$ 76 76 11$ IS6t 137c Paris by Weight 62.5 ----69 _.I.t.. >7.5 25 25 67.5 40 _1 __ ... 147 ` 88 88 115 76 76 247 215 128* '-- 62.5 -- -- 17.5 25 ... 40 I saIIS 76 76 >15 Viscosity, # 4 Ford Cup, sec. 11 -- 11 11 a) Acrylic-modified nitrocellulose automobile lacquer b) Acrylic-modified nitrocellulose aircraft finish, resistant to aircraft lubricants. Use M1L-P-7962 (Aer) primer. c) Acrylic-modified chlorinated-rubber lacquer . POLYAMIDES Polyamides are used increasingly in surface coatings applied to such materials as paper, waxed glasslne, waterproof cellophane, and plastics. Polyamide films adhere exceptionally well to these substrates and have good flexibility. Polyamide compositions are also used in printing Inks, overprint varnishes, paint vehicles, and hot-melt coatings and adhesives. For most applications the polyamides need no plasticizers since they are somewhat internally plasticised. For use in hot-melt coatings and adhesives, however, external plasticizers are necessary. Performance of various Monsanto plasticizers in polyamide resins is evaluated in Table X. ZEIN . Zein, a proteinaceous material derived from com gluten, has diverse applications, particu larly in surface coatings. Both solvent-based and water-based solutions of zein form tough, high-gloss, grease-resistant, quick-drying films. Zein coatings have superior solution stability and, in contrast to most other protein compounds, are resistant to microbial attack. . The plasticization of zein is analogous to that of other synthetic and non-synthetic high poly mers. Both primary and secondary plasticizers are commonly employed. Examples of Mon santo primary plasticizers arc as follows: Santicizer 3,8, and 9 Santolite MHP and MS-S0% '. Secondary plasticizers that enhance compatibility are the following: Triphcnyl Phosphate Tricrcsyl Phosphate Dibutyl Phthalate Dioctyl Phthalate * Ttidmuk of Kola V Hm Co. for ocrli< n*i nates Santicizer 160 Aroclor compounds Santicizer B-16 . 44 . OZ2l2,Z TOWOLDMONOOQ4992 ' PlMftciwr - Dimethyl Pbthalate Diethyl Phlhalate Dibutyl Phthalate Santjcizer 160 Dioetyl Phthalate Santkszer 140 Tricresyl Phosphate ' Santicizer B>16 Santioter E-15 Samticizea 8 Axoclor 1260 TABLE X--EVALUATION OF MONSANTO PLASTICIZERS IN POLYAMIDE RESINS Ffowbflrty 10 IS 25 PHR PHR PHR Brittlonoa 10 IS 25 PHR PHR PHR Frlobifify 10 IS 25 PHR PHR PHR Kor^neu i Ponefrafion 1 10 IS 25 PHR PHR PHR Viscosity 1 OdKdwr-HoM) 1 15 PHR Swoct 10 15 25 PHR PHR PHR Tek 10 15 25 PHR PHR PHR N NN BBB sSV 8 11 15 VVV NNN P FF FFN FFF NNN NNN sS$ N .V V NNV ssS 10 12 9 13 16 11 _ s VV > N sV 5s NNN NNN N NN F FF VVV N NN NNN NN S N N N 6 10 12 5 7 14 Al-A Al-A NNN N.N N NNN N NN F FF FFF NNN FFF F FF NNN NNN B. B B s NN s sS NNN SSV S NN NNN NNN 677 8 13 _8 10 9 13 20 6 7 11 At-A '-- _ A1 A1A2 NNN sss VVV NNN .N N N BNN NNN NNN sT V NNN B -- Brittle F -- Flexible T^-TlAy ' Rafh) Symbols N -- None or ncgatioe S -- Siyl* ............ .....-------------------- = V--Very 0221293 TOWOLDMONOOQ4993 ! 1 r '. i i l f 1 S ; i [ 'i !y ' jj. v ' j. {; j* 1; f }. | . Shown below are three starting formulations for eeln-based coatings: ' Ingredients Zcfn Hydrogenated Wood Rosin WW Rotin Oleic AcM SanticizBR 8 .. Santoute MHP ' Santicizbr B-16 Dioctyl PHthaUte . Pigments {optional) Water Aq. Ammonia (28%) 91% laopropanol or 95% Ethanol ' ' 139* 1_00_ 100 f. 15 2__0 __, 190 1405 farts by Weight 100 SO _.40_ 40 (50) 230 Ml* . 100 SO 15 S50 20 a) Spirit varnish for glossy, decorative, protective label coatings b) Grease-proof, fairly water-resistant coating (cither clear or pigmented) c) Overprint coating for paper stock and colored paper, characterised by exceptional clou and resist' ance to water and dilute alcohol . , Decorative metallic-coating formulations that impart high gloss, flexibility, greaseproofness, and water resistance can be prepared cither in organic solvents, as illustrated by tbe following suggested starting formulations, or in water: - ( Ingredients M2* M3* farts by Weight 144* I Zein 100 too 100 J Santicizer 3 . 60 SO I SaWTICUBR 8 70 j SsmtoutS MHP . SO* IS 60 __ T--.f 85% Phosphoric Acid ` 2.3 -T| Aluminum Powder (optional) ' (100) (100) i Bronte Powder (optional) (100) (100) 1 * Alcohol-Soluble Color } Toluene _ as needed 20 91% Isopropanol or 95% Ethanol 340 300 230 | a) Lacquer with strong adhesion to glassine and cellophane f . b) Brilliant, glossy coating for coloring metal foils ( The following Zein-based coatings represent a paper-coating formulation (Kb. 145) and a tex- f tile-sizing formulation (Ko. 146): i | Ingredients Zein Hydrogenated Wood Rosin WW Gum Kotin HMP Ester Gum Santiciih 1 Dioctyl Phthalate : Acetanilide , Zinc Stearate Wutt Aq. Ammopia (28%) MS* 1_0_0 140 _60 13 7 --mm farts by Weight I4ft5 too 30 20 _2. _5_ , 500 20 . ' ' a) High'glou, flexible, low-tack, hot-melt paper coating b) Textile siting1 to impart ttifiness and body 1 4> l' 022X294 & TOWOLDMONOOQ4994 VARNISHES AND ALKYDS The resinous Aroclor compounds are frequently used in varnishes and alkyd-resln paints to Impart durability, quick dry-time, and water and alkali resistance. The Aroclor compounds do not oxidise, and flame-retardant formulations are produced by combinations of ARoqijoR compounds and antimony oxide. Aroclor 4465 and Aroclor 5460 are most commonly used, although Aroclor 1260 is for flexible short-oil varnishes. A suggested starting formula is one part oil, one part Anodl compound, and one part of another resin. Aroclor 5460 is also useful in making varnish formulations based, on phenolic or ester-gum resins. Shown below are three suggested starling formulations for flame-retardant paints: litgndiiMi Long'oil Alkyd Resin (60% solution) Alktli*refincd linseed oil Keute'bodicd linseed oil AROCLOR 1254 . Aroclor 5460 Titanium Dioxide )5ft> Leaded Zinc Oxide 'Magnesium Silicate ^Calcium Carbonate Antimony Oxide Barium Sulfate Red Iron Oxide Japan Drier Aluminum Stearate Cobalt Naphthenate (6% cobalt) Lead Naphthenate (24ft lead) Manganese Naphthenate (6% manganese) Turpentine Mineral Spirits 147 SembGlois Inferior 1__0__0 40 69 _5_6 . >1 1__1_4 0.6) 2.7 _0_.11 51 146 Exterior Peril by Weight 100 _)0 . 76 42. 180 57 76 4_2 '_ . . _9.6 * ___ _42 . 149 Shingle Stein __, _ 27 1.,0.0 _6_2 77 77 108 , ).i ,, 178 SILICONES Heat-resistant aluminum coatings based on silicone resins contain Aroclor compounds as Im portant ingredients. Suggested starting formulations for a. heat-resistant coating, enamel, and paint arc given below. The coating (Formulation 150) can withstand continuous servic: at 400 F and a maximum temperature of 800 F. The enamel (N'o. 151) resists tcmpcraturi s of 9000 to 1000 F in such applications as jet-engine components, exhaust manifolds, andj in cinerators. The paint (No. 152), which meets Federal Specification TT-F-0028, has excellent resistance to a programmed heat test (including 8 hours at 1200 F) and to a salt-waterspray test (after programmed heating to 500, 600, and 900 F). 49 om*'5 TOWOLDMONOOQ4995 Ingredients Dow Corning 80S Silicone Resin (50% NV) GE Silicone Resin SR82 (60% in xylene) ' GE Silicone Resin SR1I2 (50% in xylene) ^ Styrcnt'Butadiene (50% in xylene) AkOCLOk 1254 AkOCLOk 4465 (90% nonvolatile) 60% AkOCLOk Solution* AkOCLOk 5460 (60% in xylene) Aluminum Paste (74% nonvolatile) Cobalt Octoate (6% cobalt) Xylene Mineral Spirits ) Composition of AkOCLOk Solution ISO Coeting 100 -- -- -- -- 151 .-- -- 175 -- 52 -- ISI Enamel 1 Parts by Weight -- 26 64 -- -- -- 89.5 -- 51 0.9 --' -- Ingredient AkOCLOk 1262 AkOCLOk 4465 iSolvesso 100 Xylene Weight Per Cent 24* 56 24 16 182 Paint -- 15.7 -- 84 19.5 -- 28 97.5 57 46 PHENOLICS . Plasticizers are frequently used to Improve the cold-punching characteristics of phenolic-resin laminates. Santicizer 160, tricrcsyl phosphate, dibutyl phthalate, HB-40, and the Aroclor compounds are frequently used. The Aroclor compounds and tricrcsyl phosphate also impart flame resistance. Diphenyl phthalate is also useful in phenolic compounds. MELAMINE - In melamine Coating and laminating resins, Sakticizer 9 promotes solution stability and compatibility, improves flow-out during baking or curing, and reduces pigment discoloration. The final coating has improved impact resistance, abrasion resistance, and buffability. SHELLAC . . Santicizer 8 is an excellent plasticizer for sneiir* At a concentration of 10 per cent of the weight of shellac, it has a pronounced softening effect but does not affect adhesion. SantiCizer 9 and B-16 are also useful plasticizers, but less effective than Santicizer 8. 02*1296 c> 0 TOWOLDMONOOQ4996 RESIN ADDITIVES Santolite MHP and Santolite MS-80% aie widely used to modify synthetic resins tojgive films with improved water resistance, brilliance, and adhesion to many surfaces. They compatible with a great variety of resins. Usually they are compounded with liquid pjasti citers, such as Santicizer 160 or dibutyl phthaiate, but in special cases they are used with out liquid plasticizers. The resinous Aroclor compounds, widely used as svntheile.rxin erienders, impart improved adhesion, chemical and oxidation resistance, and flame retardance and usually lower the formu lation cost. Aroclor 4465, 5442, and 5460 are compatible in most synthetic resins antf i soluble in the common low-cost solvents. . COATIN MODIFIER A variety of significant benefits is imparted to many surface coatings systems by the addition of a small quantity (usually between 0.1 and 2.0 per cent of the resin solids) of Modafuow*', Monsanto's new, novel coating modifier. A complex polymeric material, Modaflow function ally modifies surface tension and viscosity. Among its many benefits are improvement of (flow, levelling, adhesion to substrates, recoatability, and drying uniformity and reduction of `(fish- eyes", brushmarks, "cratering", and poor flow-out. . . ANTIOXIDANTS Extremely small concentrations of Santonox, Santonox R, and Santowhite Powder Rejlned antioxidants have proved to be very effective for many synthetic resins used in protective coatings. CATALYST/CLARIFIER In the production of alkyd and polyester resins and bodied oils, the presence of triphUiyl phosphite shortens the processing time and results in lighter, clearer products. The processing time for a maleic anhydride-ethylene glycol polyester resin was reduced from 95 to 80 minutes, and the color was lightened from 20-25 to 15-20 APHA by the addition of 0.5-per cent |t|ri- phenyl phosphite. A soya oil-pentaerythritol alkyd resin was doudly (APHA 6.7) when fto- duced without triphenyl phosphite but clear (APHA 5) in the presence of 0.5-per cent of jthe clarifier. Similarly, the addition of 0.5-per cent tripbenyi phosphite soon after alcohol lysis and the addition of maleic anhydride or fumaric acid to soya, linseed, or tali oils gives boefi,ied oils with improved color. . * Mmmiovi Moaum* CHcatel Cowpanj Truksufc. tefiatmJ to U.S. PtUAi Offkt. 0221297 TOWOLDMONOOQ4997 ODOR-MASKING AGENTS Santomask* II overcomes (he disagreeable odors imparted to many protective coatings by the solvent. Highly effective even in small concentrations, the product masks the foul odor with a pleasant scent. Methyl salicylate, coumarin, and vanillin are other odor-masking agents produced by Monsanto to sweeten the odor of protective-coatings formulations. PRESERVATIVES , Monsanto's complete line of industrial preservatives includes Santobrite*, Penta (pentachiorophenol), and technical sodium benzoate, which prevent fungus attack on coatings that contain natural materials susceptible to fungus. FLATTING AND THICKENING AGENTS Santocei 62 imparts dull, semi-dull, flat, and eggshell surfaces when used in lacquers and solvent-based finishes. Santocel Z is a thickening and thixotropic agent in polyvinyl chloride plastisols. 0 ._ .. ,, MONSANTO'TECHNICAL SERVICE"' .. ................. ........................M New plasticizer materials and new plasticizing applications are under constant development and evaluation by Monsanto, producer of the greatest volume and variety of plasticizers in the world. Supplementing this laboratory research and development work is a staff of technical specialists in plasticizer technology. This technical-consultation service is available to help protective-coatings manufacturers select the best plasticizing systems for their synthetic resins. Many coatings-formulation problems are solved through the cooperative efforts of Monsanto's plasticizer technologists working with the resins and coatings technologists of the-protectivecoatings producer. Ci Most Monsanto plasticizers arc shipped in bulk in either tank cars or tank trucks from six wide-spread manufacturing centers and in tank trucks within established delivery zones from six more strategically located bulk-storage stations. As producer of more kinds of plasticizers than anyone else in the world (more than SOI) Monsanto offers added savings through mixed shipments of different plasticizers (compartmcntcd tank cars and tank trucks or mixed truck- lots of drums) for all of your plasticizer needs. ' * Iahtihaii wtd &AMTRftirii Mmium* Qmilctl Cwplflf TitdiMwb. RtgUurtd in 11.8. PUftt Offiu. St 02212'*8 0 TOWOLDMONOOQ4998 No shipping limitations apply to any Monsanto plasticiser. Shipping classifications and tipi 0 contents of standard containers for the products mentioned in this bulletin arc tabulated belo^: troduri Classification Dimethyl phthalate Dibutyl phthalate Dioctyl phthalate biisodecyl phthalate bicyclohetyl phthalate biphenyl phthalate Dimethyl phthalate Dibutyl phthalate Dioctyl phthalate Resin plasticizer * Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Santicizer 160 SANTICIZER 165 StNTiClZL 213 Butyl benzyl phthalate (Resin plasticizer) Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Dioctyl adipate Diisodecyt adipate Santicizer 409 Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Triphenyl phosphate Tvicretyl phosphate Santicizer 140 Santicizer 141 Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Santicizer XM7 Santicizer E*15 Santicizer B*16 Santicizer I H Santicizer 2 Santicizer S Santicizer 9 Santomte MHP Saktolite MS'80% Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Resin plasticizer Synthetic resin Synthetic resin Santomasr 11 Santonox Santowhite Power Refined Chemical, N01BN Chemical, NOIBN Chemical, N01BN Afcociok 1221 Aroclor 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262 Aroclor 4465 ApCocloh 14&6 (llaked) Synthetic resin . Synthetic resins Synthetic resin ----------- --"Syhthebe resin HB-40 Mod-Epox Triphenyl Phosphite Resin plasticizer Chemical. NOIBN Resin plasticizer a) Fiber drum b) 7'gallon can c) 22<gat!on drum t) Bit ' Standard Container* (nat weight, lb.) S*gat. cam 85*gal. drums 40 520 40 475 40 445 __ 440 250 -- 400 40 40 40 40 40 4$ , 45 50 45 50 45 40 ___ __ 4.5. 60h 45 45 -- . 50 50 50 -- 40 45 45 500 445 450 420 415 450 225520 545 495 550 555 500 280400 520 250mmm 540 250150* 150- 520 600 500 I00< 450 510 500 \ (9 ozzizw TOWOLDMONOOQ4999 TECI1KICAL LITERATURE KO'JT MOKSASTO riASnCHEi The fallowing technical bulletins and brochures give technical Information about the properties and explications of the Monsanto plasticizers and other products, that are mentioned in this bulletin. Monsanto technical literature is continuously revised to contain the most recent and reliable information possible. Your request for any literature will be promptly and cheerfully filled--without obligation, of course. - TlfU Phthalate Plasticizer* Diethyl Phthalate and Dimethyl Phthalate Di(uty1 Phthalate ' Di*(2*ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DOP) Dtitodecyl Phthalate Dinyctohexyl Phthalate * Diphenyl Phthalate Sakticizer 165 Sa|Nticiser 160 (butyl benty! phthalate) Santicizer 21) Adipate Plasticizers Ditktyl Adipate Djisodecyl Adipate ` Polymeric Plasticizer Santicize* 409 Phthalyl Clycollate Plasticizers SaNticuer M*17 (Methyl phthalate ethyl flycollate) Santicizer E*15 (Ethyl phthalate ethyl glycollate) Santicizer B*t6 (Butyl phthalyl butyl glycollate) Phosphate Plasticizers Santicizer 140 SANTICIZER 141 Triphenyl Phosphate Tricresyl Phosphate * ' But/enfmfde Plasticisers Santicizer I*H Santicizer ) SANTICIZER 8 SANTICIZER 9 Aroclor Plasticisers - Aroclor Plasticizers Oth<rPlastieiten HB*40 (partially hydrogenated terphenyl) Mod-Epox (epoxy*retin modifier) Jtcsin Addtthet Santoute MHP and Santoute MS*80% (Monsanto industrial resins) Coating Modifier Modafiov/ Catalylt/Clarifier Triphenyl Phosphite , ' Preservatives and Stabilizers Santorrite and Pcnta for the preservation of paints Santonox and Santonox R, antioxidants for polyethylene SANTOwmrt Powder Refined (pdium Benzoate, Techniul ' Odorjbfoshing Agents Santomasc If, Odor-Control Agent ^Coumarin Monsanto** **Methyl Salicylate Monsanto** **Vnillin Monsanto" Technical hiltslls Ho, PL*)0) PD502 PL*)18 PL*)00 PL*)I2 PL*)19 PL*165 PL-160 PL*2l) PL*504 PL-508 PL*409 PL*17 PL*15 PL*16 PL*140 PH41 PL*)01 PL*505 PL*1*H PL*) PL*8 Pl/9 PL*)06 FL*40 PL*)1) . PL*)20 CS*I6 PL-517, PL*)22 . 8C*1 PL)14 Technical Data Sheet Technical Data Sheet Pl**)25 folder folder folder t-mr-om-* uno in u.t.i. 0221300 0 o TOWOLDMON0005000 (due) (date) Gentlemen: Gentlemen: Pleat* Use That* Haply l \ V \ For further detailed information about the use of your plasticizers in protective cuatings, 1 would appreciate copies of the following technical hullo : tins: : pt* PL- PI- a PI* PI* PI- For further detailed informa Ion about tbe use your plasticizers in protect! t coatings, I wo appreciate copies of the folli wing technical bu tins: ' PI- PI- .... Pi- PI- PI- .... PI- Cards J f!nmman!K 1 It t To Request f Further f , Technical a Information f Title_________ Title Company- Address___ City--:-- -Zone- City Stale- ' (date) Gentlemen: For further detailed information about the use of your plasticizers in protective coatings, I would appreciate copies of the following technical bulle tins: PU. PL-- Pl-_ PI-_ PL-- PL-_ Comments- Gentlemen: (date) For further detailed informs ion about the us your plasticizers in protect! e coatings, I w appreciate copies of the foil wing technical b tins: PI- PI- pi- PI* PT* PI- NameTitleCompanyAddress___ CityState- TlfU * OR21i< L TOWOLDMONOOQ5001 BUSINESS REPLY CARD HO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSAET IF MAILS) M THE UNITED STATES POSTA6E WILL BE PAID BY-- MHAQMN?dAAKImTAv witMtvAa fc /w*AwlAmOrJALkNtVT PLASTICIZER COUNCIL, Dept. PU327-A Organic Chemicals Division 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 66, Missouri FIRST CLASS Ponrit No. 3014 ST. LOUIS. MO. BUSINESS REPLY CARD NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY- MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY PLASTICIZER COUNCIL, Dept. PL-327-A Organic Chemicals Division 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard . St. Louis 66, Missouri FIRST CLASS Permit No. 3014 ST. LOUIS. MO. BUSINESS REPLY CARD NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY-- iNUnOAnsv wCHmEfMiivICwAhL wCOimMPAANnYt PLASTICIZER COUNCIL, Dept. PL327-A Organic Chemicals Division 800 No*+h Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 66, Missouri RUST CLASS Permit Ne. 3014 ST. LOUIS. MO. o #4 Al fM O BUSINESS REPLY CARD NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY- MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY PLASTICIZER COUNCIL. Dept. PL-327-A Organic Chemicals Division 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard St. Louis 66, Missouri FIRST CLASS Permit No. 3014 ST. LOUIS. MO. 9O TOWOLDMONOOQ5002