Document KRQgeLkqwYDvnQwgG1gw9GJ2w

sr WORKER EXPOSURE''30 VINYL CHLORIDE IN VINYL CHLORIDE AND POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PRODUCTION AND FABRICATION James H. Jonas with contributions by W.L. Barnhart, C.R. Tonay, and J.B, Devlin The Bendix Corporation t Launch Support Division s Cocoa Beach* Florida IJIOSH Contract CDC-99-74-50 m U.S. Department erf* Health* Education and Welfare Public Health Service Canter for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies Cincinnati, Ohio January, 1978 j?l AP00008233 *r to VC exposure, Besides angiosarcoma el the liver, ixeatiu of lung cancer, brain cancer and lymphoma have booa found* la addition, Rannug at al22 have reported that VC shews mutagenic activity when matebolieally activated la a microbial.system. Chromosome abarraticca in worker* exposed to VC have boon reported by Funes-Crsviota at el** and Purchase at al." Infante52 has repotted aa increased prevalence of congenital malformations ia communities surrounding polyvinyl chloride polymerization plaata. REPORTED WORCTR EXPOSURE The first report in the literature of VC exposure levels for makers appears in the Russian literature. Filatova and Cronsberg5 la 1957 reported on VC levels in a Russian PVC polymerisation plant using the emulsion process to produce PVC. They found that levels In the reactor areas varied from' 15 to 16,000 ppm, but the most frequently found concentrations varied from 38 to 310 ppm. In the precipitator and centrifuge area levels were. 8 to 3050 ppm end in the drying even ares 4 to 15 ;pa. An evaluation of different types of driers used in the PVC Industry was reported in 1959 by Gavruseylto and Filatova.^5 VC con centrations up to 27 ppm vsre found in sreas near chamber-type driers. They also reported on PVC dust CQncentritloae varying from 100 to 248 mg/m5 during drying operations end fron 725 to 1200 mg/m5 during unloading. Levels of 257 to 417 mg/m5 were found while unloading vacuum-rabble driers. PVC dust levels encountered in screening operations varied from 72*170 mg/a5, in 1965, Filatova at al* reported that levels of VC ll STSTfaV -lo AP00008234 % . ** *. ,* 4 la a PVC latex polymerisation pleat as high u'>HS ppa vert found tad 751 of their measurements vere above the maxlimtrn allowable concentration (MAC) of 12 ppm. PVC duet concentredone varied from 1 to 6*5 mg/m except at the bagging station where levels at high as 78 mg/m ware found. Filatova Mad Antonyuzhenko nave reviewed the changes in worker VC exposure in the Russian PVC Industry from 1953 to 1969. From 1953 to 1958 the percentage of sample* exceeding the MAC reduced from 602 to 2X. Alto the concentration of VC was reduced by a factor of 900. Increasing production rates brought an increase in levels of VC until in 1969. 76% of ample* exceeded the MAC.' However, maximum VC concentrations were 8-40 times loves than in 1954. There have also been e few-report* from other countries. Suciu et reported in 1967 that VC levels in e Romanian plant ranged at high as .2/20 ppa. Anghalescu et el5 in 1969 reported that levels of VC et work atetlone in a Hungarian plant ranged from 43 to 213 ppm. Gitsios4* reported that peek levels as high at 10,000 ppm vere found in Greek plant. Drums containing waste polymer were found to have VC levels as high as 600 ppm. Syren and Bolaberg21 reported in 1974 that VC levels in Swedish plants averaged 18-20 ppa in reactor rooms and lass then 5 ppm in drying and pecking areas. m r^; 3Sx m !K m sii * m Us- Cook et zl25 reported that levels of VC pressnt during reactor cleaning were usually 50-100 ppm vith peaks of 600 to 1000 ppm dose to the AP00008235 worker* head during scraping. Zb* remainder tiif the published data on workspace air concentrations of VC art from oca plant. Barette at al1^ raportad extensive exposure data la 1969 shoving pack levels above 1000 ppm. Lavala of exposure for different jobs exceeded 50 ppm from 5 to 65Z of the time. Time weighted average (TWA) exposure* ranted from about 5 to over 200 ppm.* TWA axpoausaa to VC for on* job category shoved a daily and shift variation of 105 to 210 ppm. Kramer and Mutchler63 raportad on this eema plant in *1972. TWA VC exposures from 1950 through 1965 had been determined. TWA1* ranged from lass than 10 ppm to 300 ppm. The average TWA exposure In 1950 va* 155 ppm while the average in 1965 was 30 ppm. Ote at el provide yet another source of information on VC levels at this plant. TWA's during the period 1950-1959 range from 5 to 825 ppm, but only one job class vas above 385 ppn. Troia I960 to 1966 THA's ranged from 5 to 210 ppm with only two job categories shove 100 ppm. TWA1 a ware reduced further until st the time of the report in 1975 they were approximately 10 ppm. Description of the processes involved, the jobs associated with each process and the VC exposures found for each are described in the re mainder of this report. DESCRIPTION OF PRODUCTION PROCESS Vinyl Chloride Process At the present time, VC is manufactured in the United States in 15 plants using three basic processes: (1) Acetylene-hydrogen chloride process. Skrs. AP00008236 Table S Summary of Vinyl Chloride Sampling Data by Job In XU Monomer Plants Sampled _* X Job n (ppm) Operator 95 0.64 Loader 37 8.04 Maintenance Worker 16 0.26 Lab Technician 36 0.28 Foreman 7 0.10 Total of Personal Samples 191 1.89 Composite of All Area Samples 40 1.09 *g (ppm) 0.21 1.67 . 0.18 0.09 0.08 0.26 0.30 Range (ppm) 0.01-18.2 0.06-84.77 0.01-0.55 <0.01-4.36 0.03-6.21 <0.01-84.77 <0.01-7.06 * t - TWA :;hss: :mkv ; HEraw; m .vwv ikaksrc.; if -- .-.-.-.74 MvS S# AP00008237 W 22 -Sumnary of Vinyl Chloride Stapling Beta by Job All Polymerization Plants Sampled X Job n <ppm) Operator - RA*** 241 9.1 Selper - RA*** 113 14.3 Operator - DA*** 37 5.4 Helper - DA** ID 1.8 Bagger 35 1.9 Foreman 5 3.5 Maintenance Worker 8 4.2 Total of Personal 449 8.4 Samples Control Room Area - Samples 55 3.8 Other Area Samples 13 4.4 xs (ppa) 4.2 8.2 2.7. 1.4 1.3 1.0 2.6 3.8 1.5. 3.3 Range (ppm) HD-245.0 HD-160.5 HD-82.8 0.6-3.6 HD-9.6 0.1-22.0 HD-12.8 HD-245.0 HD-96.5 0.9-15.9 * x - TWA ** Dryer Area *** Reactor Area SSSj saw. sjws- :::rr Table 23 Summary of Polyvinyl Chloride Duet -Sampling Date Polymerization Plants Job Bagger " S.R. BaggerSt B. V Bagger - E.R. Fork Lift Operator Dryer Operator Total of Personal Samples n 9 2 9 1 1 22 X 0.94 1.01 8.88 0.82 0.73 4.18 S.R. * Suspension Resin St.R. - Solvent Resin E.R. - Emulsion Resin K--V- :;!!!!!* EivV m SS* m Ev.rt 64 AP00008239 Table 30 M Polyvinyl Chloride Ouse Sampling Data Plant L Location Near Blender n ii . ii n Near Mixer ti Near Calender it Dust Cancan|ratlon 12.5 7.22 6.67 A. 75 11.67 10.0 6.06 11.67 8.33 ! i 73 AP00008240 Iable 32 Polyvinyl Chloride Dust Seafling Date - Plant M Location Mixing Area Blender Area Mill Area Banbury Mixer Area Calender Area Plastisol Mixing Room Cast PiIn Line Dust Concentration ________ g/3 6.67 1.67 6.67 13.33 6.67 7.9 7.27 ?is bM iM Mi SS SSs. m Mi; Mi: i|H: s&'i: H hs AP0000824I Zable 33 Summary of Vinyl Chloride Sampling Date by Job --All Pabrication Plant* Sampled Job n Calender Personnel 28 Compounding Personnel 78 Extrusion Personnel 58 Lab Personnel 18 Maintenance Personnel 10 Molding Personnel 16 Plasclsol Dipping Personnel 40 Miscellaneous Personnel 20 Total of Personal Samples 268 Composite of All Area Samples 32 _* X (ppm) 0.57 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.01 . <0.01 0.01 <0.01 0.14 0.04 X (ppm) 0.24 0.05 0.04 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.03 0.05 ftsage (ppm) HD-2.44 HD-0,69 HD-0.76 HD-0.68 HD-0.02 HD-0.03 HD--0.06 HD-0.01 HD-2.44 HD-0.68 '* x - TWA m m Uzii |k iirv Was?r! y Esv. 76 tv?.- ks: AP00008242 Monomer Plants CONCLUSIONS.. . Monomer plants had generally low concentrations of VC exposure for personnel. The only Job category with a TWA higher than 1 ppm vas that of loader. The work practices for this job were being codified to lower exposures. One plant had already lowered exposures below 1 ppa and plants were using salf contained breethlng apparatus or supplied air respirators to limit exposure to VC for this job. So the levels found are indicative of the potential exposure hut not necessarily the actual exposure of these workers. These levels also suggest that this has been a high exposure job in the past* before respiratory protection vas used. Polymerisation Plants Jobs requiring the most time in the reactor areas had, as would be expected, the highest exposure to VC. Reactor area helpers had the highest TWA and it vas these workers who did the job of cleaning raaetor vessels when necessary. Again these workers were using supplled-air respirators when inside vessels or performing other jobs, aueh as changing filters, that could have high exposures to VC, so the exposures may not be actual exposures. VC exposures in the past, though, were higher because vessels were not purged of VC nearly so well before workers entered. Reactor area operators also had high exposures. Baggers and dryer area helpers had the lowest TWAs, but were still not under 1 ppm. The workers involved with the solvent process had the lowest TWAs, then the.mess proeess workers, the emulsion process workers 77 m. jjEk i'Mv. Sc is- sit: 3* AP00008243 - and finally the suspension process workers hid the highest TWA. tee other variable which vu impossible to measure was management attitude towards keeping VC e^osures low. it was observed within pleats that housekeeping and work* practice procedures varied from area to area because of the attitude of foremen in the areas. Dust levels e* were relatively lew for all jobs except the emulsion resin bsggers. She high dust levels for this job ere probably due to the smell particle size of emuelsion resin. Better dust control measures need to be initiated for this job. Fabrication Plante 111 job categories in the fabrication plants had TWA exposures that were quite low. Only calender personnel had a TWA above the required action level of 0.5 under the new OSHA standard, working locations in almost every instance of exposure to VC were amenable to the application of standard control measures, such es local exhaust ventilation. Dust levels were uniformly high for the two plants where measurements were taken. However, the dust is probably not ell pvc, since fillers end other additives ere being used in the operations. Better dust controls should still be implemented in areas where dusty materials are handled. Overall, polymerization plants had the highest TWA of 8.4 ppm end also the highest individual job TWA of 14.3 ppm. Also workers in poly merization plants had the widest range of VC exposures, with peaks as high as 245 ppm. Monomer plant workers had the next highest overall m WliiXITZ! I5H: s&x: m AP00008244 CTA of 1.89 spa# a factor of 4 lower than polymerisation plant worker*, the WX for one job category was 8.04 ppm, almost the same as the polymerisation plant workers, while the remaining workers were con siderably lower. Fabrication plant workers had the lowest overall TWA of 0.14 ppo/ a factor of 60_ lower than polyaerisation plant workers end 13-1/2 lower than nonoaar plant workers. These results substantiate the initial esphasis of studies on polymerization plant workers as having the highest VC exposures. m SSH H 1 I sa H AP00008245 .t r-r` SZBLXOGRAPSI 1 Albright, L.P., "Manufacture pf Vinyl Chloride," Cham. Eng.. 74:219-226, April 10, 1967. 2. Albright, L.F., "Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride," Cbm. Eng.s 74:151-158, May 8, 1967. . 3. Albright, L.F., "Vinyl Chloride Polyuerixation by Emulsion, Bulk &d Solution Processes", Chea. Eng.. 74:85-92, July 3, 1967. A. Albright, L.F., "Vinyl Chlorldp Polymerization by Suapo&Pioa Processes Yields Polyvinyl Chloride Bovins", Chan. Ena., 74:145-152, Juno 5, 1967. 5. Angholosou, F., Otoiu, H.( Dobrinescu, S., Bagl-Feratchlv-Dossloa, L., Dobrinescu, C. and Ga&ea, V., "Cllnloo-Pathoganle Considerations or laynaud's Phenomenon Is tbs Employs** of tbs Polyvinyl Chlorlds Industry", Med. Interna. 21:473-482, 1969. 6. Anonymous, "Angiosarcoma of the liver In vinyl chlorlde/polyvlnyl chloride workers'', Occup. Med., 16(2) :809, 1974. 7. Anonymous, "Angiosarcoma of the liver in vinyl chloride/polyvinyl chloride workers", Occup. Med.. 17(5):333-334, 1975. 8. Antonyuahenko, V.A., "Occupational vinyl chloride poisoning," Gig. Tr. Prof.' Zabol. 12:50-52, 1968. ` 9. Antonyuzheako, V.A., Golovs, I.A. and Aliyeva, N.K., "The state of the analyser functions during chronic occupational intoxication with certain substances having narcotic affects, "Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol.. (9):19-22, 1972. 10. Beretta, E.D., Stewart, R.D. and Mutehlar, J.E., "Monitoring exposures to vinyl chloride vapor: Breath analysis and continuous air sampling", Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J,., 30:537-544, 1969. 11. Barnhart, W.L., Toney, C.R. end Devlin, J.B., "Environmental/ladustrial hygiene surveys of vinyl ehleride monomer manufacturing operations and operation# where polyvinyl chloride and copolymers of polyvinyl chloride ere processed", Bendix Corporation Launch Support Division Contract Report to XIOSH, 1975. Contract CDC99-74-50. 12. Beealov, A.V.,-Vasin, A.N. and Kochetkov, A.C., "Pathogenesis of changes developing due to long-term exposure to vinyl chloride?*, . r.VKv* 3&. AP00008246 * r.. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol., 16(2)*24-27, 1972. 13 . Bauman, E.. Liebig* Arm.. 1(3*308, 1872. 14. Baxter, P.J. and Pox, l.J,, ''Angiosarcoma of the liver as the certified eeuae of death 1963-72", Lancet, pp. 27-28, July 3, 1975, 15. Bloek, J.B. i "Angiosarcoma'of the liver following vixorl chloride exposure", JAMA. 229*53-54, 1974. 16. Boytsov, A.N., "Problems of industrial hygiene la new pleats for the manufacture of synthetic resins and plastics", Gig. Sr. Prof. Zabol.. 11*20-27, 1963. 17. Brighton, C.A., Benton, J.L., Marks, G.C. and Dux, J?., "Vinyl chloride polymers", goer, of Polymer Science & Tech.. 14:305-483, 1971. : 16. Broussard, 6., "Pathology of polyvinyl resins", Pella Medina. 52(2):102-108, 1969. 19. Butler, G.J., "Health Bazerd Evaluation Report No. 74-149-180; Protecto Wrap Company, Denver, Col.", SHEW, FBS, CPC, NI0SH, 1975. 20. Butler, G.J. and Bodnar, A.H., "Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 74-29-161; Ethyl Vlsqueen Division, Ethyl Corp., Xerre Haute, 2nd.", DHEtf, PES, CDC, NIOSH, 1974. 21. Byren, D. end Belaberg, B., "Tv possible cases of angiosaxccna of the liver in a group of Swedish vinyl chloride-polyvlsyl chloride worker*", Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 246:249-250, 1975. 22. Caputo, A., Viola, P.L. and Sigetti, A., "Oncogenicity of vinyl chloride et lew concentrations in rats and rabbits", ZRCS Library compendium (International Research Communication System), 2:1582, 1974. 23. Carr, C.J., Burglion, R.M. Vltcha, J.F. and Ersatz, J.C., "Anesthesia EXXIV. Chemical constitution of hydrocarbons and cardiac autoaatlelty", J. Pharmacol. Exn. Thar., 97(1):1 , 1949. 24. Chatelain, A. and Motillen, P., "A syndrome of acroosteolysls of occupational origin of recant observation in Prance", Redlol.. Electrol.. 48(5)*277-280, 1967. 25. Cook, W.A., Glever, P.M., Dismen, B.D., and Magnuses. B.J., "Occupational acroosteolysls. XX. An industrial hygiene study". i :sk r/.r : j Si-- i I AP00008247 rT7 Arch. Environ. Smith> 22*74-82, 1971. ';'r; 26* Creech, J.l. and Johnson, M.H., "Angiosarcoma of llvar in the manufactors of polyvinyl chloride", J. Occup. Had., 19(3) <150-*151, 1974. " 27. Creech, J.L. and MakJc, L., "Liver disaasa among polyvinyl chloride production workers", Ann* K.Y. Acad. Scl., 246<68-94, 1975. 26. cylvttt, B., "Histological* and hlstoehemical changes observed In liver during aaqparlaantal polyvinyl Florida pneumoconiosis", Boer Akad Mad Biolymstokn, 17193-111, 1972. 29. Daaxinger, B. , "Accidental poisoning by vinyl chloride* Report of two cases", Can. Med. Assoe. J., 821828-630, I960. 30s Pinnae, B.O., Cook, W.A., Whitehouse, W.M., Magnuson, H.J. end Ditehieck, T., "Occupational aerooateolyais. Z* An epidemiological study", Arch. Environ. Health, 22*61-73, 1971. 31. Dodson, V.N., Pi man, B.D., Whitehouse, W.M., Natr, A.N. and Magnuson, H.J., "Occupational acroosteolysis. III. Clinical study". Arch. Environ. Health, 22*83-91, 1971. 32* Dublin, L.Z. and Vane, R.J., "Vinyl ehloride, occupation hazards and diagnostic signs", Div. of labor Standards, tJ.S. Dept. T^bor Bull. Ho. 41* (Item 126) 64-65, 1941. 33. D'yachuk, I.A., "A contribution to the hygienic evaluation of PVC floor tiles for apartments", Gig. Sanit., 35 (1-33*424-427, 1970. 34. Environmental Protection Aganey Task Foree, "Preliminary assessment of the environmental problems associated with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride* A report on the activities and findings of the vinyl ehloride task fores". Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 1-29, Sept. 1974. 35. Environmental Protection Agency, "Scientific and technical assessment report on vinyl ehloride and polyvinyl chloride", EPA Report Ho. EPA600-6-75-004, 1975. 36. Falk, S., Creechi J.L., Heath, C.W., Jr., Johnson, M.N. and Key, M.M., "Hepatic disease among workers et a vinyl chloride polymerization plant", JAMA, 230 (1) *59-63, 1974. 37. Filatova, v.s., "The Hygienic evaluation of now technological processes in the chealeal industry", tabor Kyc. and Occ. Diseases, 11*1-6, 1966. 'Sir S S3: SS: S: ;.rS\ iiin E=>7. E 1 82 AP00008248 1 38. Filatova, V.S. and Antonyuzhenko, V.A., "Changes in hygienic conditions of work and occupational disease-incidence among workers engaged in the production of polyvinyl chloride over a period of years*. Gig. Tr Prof. Zabol. , 15(4) <32-34, 1971. 39. Filatova, V.S. and Gronsberg, E.S.# "Sanitary-hygienic conditions of work in the production of polyvinyl resins and measures of improvement", Gi*. Sanit. 22(1}>38-42, 1957. 40. Filatova, V.S., Gronsberg, .8., Sairnova, H.X./ stulova# 2.A., and Qrashkevich, L.V., "Industrial hygiene end the state of health in workers engaged in the production of polyvinyl chloride latex". Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol., 9(8)>9-14, 1965. 41. Funes-Cravioto, F., Lambert, B., Lindstan, J., Ehrenherg, L. p Natarajan, A.T. and Osteraaa Golkar, "Chromosome aberration* in workers exposed to vinyl chloride", Lancet, p. 459, Feb. 22, 1975. -- 42. Gabor, S., Radu, H., Pxeda, H., Abrudesn, S., Ivanof, L., Anca, 2., and Valacxkay, C., "Biochemical changes in workers occupied in vinyl chloride synthesis and polymerisation", Iglena, 13(5)>409418, 1964. 43. Gavruseyko, O.M. and Filatova, V.5., "Hygienic evaluation of certain types of drying units used in the chemical industry". Gig. 5r. Prof. Zabol., 2>32-39, 1959. 44. Gedigk, F., Mueller, R. end Beehtelsheimser, H., "Morphology of liver damage among polyvinyl chloride production workers. X report on 51 eases", Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 246x278-285, 1975. 45. Gilles, D., "Health hazard evaluation Report No. 74-134-193, PHC Industries, Ine., Camden, DHEW, PHS, CDC, NXOSH, 1975. 46. Gitsios, C.T., "Aero-osteolysis in PVC workers", Med. Bull. (Standard Oil Co., NJ), 31 (1-3)-.49-56, 1971. * 47. Bardie, D.W.F., "Vinyi chloride", Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of Chemical technology, 2nded*, 5,171-177, 1964. 48. Karris, D.R. and Adams, -W.G.P., "Aero-esteolysis occurring in men engaged in the polymerization of vinyl chloride", Brit. Med. J., (3),712-714f 1967. 49. Heath, C.W. Jr., Felk, H. end Creech, J.lV, "Characteristics of eases of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride workers in the United States", Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 246:231-236, 1975. 83 iv:.v. 8K m ZZ::. Hri:; m ?. SJ!!!' (id :::r z:::: iiiS' 2 yV* = SH h AP00008249 .A 50 Helssnn, B., Lilis, R. and Hawkins, D.T., "A bibliography on tha terieolOgy of vinyl chloride end polyvinyl chloride"* Ann. K.T. Acad. Set., 246:322-337, 1973. . 51. Borl, M., Kobayashl, T. end Ota, T., ,fViayl chloride monomer odor concentration"f Pleat. Ind. Neve. 18(11):164-168, 1972. 4 52. Infente, P.F., "Oncogenic end mutagenic risks In eonmxnltlee with polyvinyl chloride production fcollides", Ann. N.Y. Aced. Sd.. 271:49-57, 1976. 53. Jepenese PVC Association, "Vinyl chloride monomer problem in Jepen", Jep. PVC Assoc. Report, July, 1974. 54. Jones, J.H., "Industrial Hygiene Survey of the B.F. Goodrich Chernlcal Company polyvinyl chloride opesedons, Avon Leke, Ohio" SEEN, PBS, GDC, N10SH, 1975. 55. Jones, J.H., "Industrie! hygiene survey of B.7. Goodrich Chemical Company polyvinyl chloride operations, Padrlektcvn, New Jersey", * DECT, PBS, CDC, NIOSH, 1975. 56. Jones, J.H., "Industrial hygiene survey of the Onion Carbide Corporation polyvinyl chloride operations South Charleston, Vest Virginia", USDHEW, PBS, CDC, NIOSH, 1975* 57. Juhe, S. and Lange, C.E., "Scleroderma-like skin alterations, Raynaud's syndroms, and acvoosteolyals in workers in the polyvinyl chloride industry", Pent. Med. Wochenechr. 97:1922-1923, 1972. '58. Kal'manovich, F.L., "Sanitary-chemical ebmreeterlecice of polyvinyl chloride floor coatings", Gig. Sanlt.. 33(1-3){274-280, 1966. 59. Replinger, M.L., Goode, J.V., Gordon, S.E., and Calsndra, J.C., "Interim results of exposure of rats, hamsters, end alee to 'vinyl chloride", Ann. H.Y. Aced. Sd.. 246:219-224, 1973. 60. Key, M.M., "NIOSH recommended standard for occupational exposure to vinyl chloride", HEW, PBS, CDC, NIOSH, 1974. 61. Ray, M.M., "Statement at OSBA vinyl chloride fact-finding hearing, June 24, 1974", HCT, PHS, CDC, NIOSB, 1974. 62. Rovac, A., Rurajica, L., Juric-Ruzic, D. and Parse, B., "Acropethia extremltatus In polyuerisatione vinylchloridi -- new occupational disease", LUecnickl Vlesnlk (Med. J.) 91(1):5-17, 1969. 63. Kramer, C.G. end Mutchler, J.E., "The correlation of clinical and environaantal measurements for workers exposed to vinyl chloride", Aaer. _Ind. Hyg. Assoc. _J., 33(1): 19--30, 1972. 84 S s m m 1 iasgs :sS:au: as HE S2 m .<r* *t 64, Kudryavtseva, O.F., "Characteristic# of electrocardiographic change# la patients with vinyl chloride poisoalngHf Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol.. 14(5)>54-56, 1970. 61, Lange, C.E., Juba, 5., Stain, G. and Veltaaa, G., "Further results la polyvinyl ehlorldt production workers", Ann. N.T. Acad. Sei. , 246*18-21, 1975. 66. Lange, C.E., Juba, Stain, G. and Veltaan, G, "The so-called vinyl chloride sickness - .an occupation-related systemie scleroslsf", Int. Arch. Arbeitsaed., 32:1-32, 1974. 67. Lange, C.E., Juha. and Veltman, G*, "Liver angiosarcoma In two workers la a FVC-produdng factory", Peut. Had. Wochenschr.. 99:1598-1599, 1974. * 68. Laa, 7.1. and Barry, D.S., "Anglosareona of the liver in a vinylchloride worker", .Laneet, 1(7870): 1316-1318, 1974. 69. Lester, D., Greenberg, L.A. and Adams, W.R., "Effects of single end repeated exposures of humans and rats to vinyl chloride", Amer. lad. Hyg. Assoc. J.* 24:265-275, 1963. 70. Lilis, R. Anderson, H., Nicholson, W.J., Daua, S., Fisehbein, A.S. and Selikoff, I.J., "Prevalence ef dlsaass asong vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chlorida workers", Ann. N.T. Acad. Sci.. 246:22-41, 1975. 71. Meltoni, C., "Occupational carcinogenesis", International Congress Series No. 322 (ISBN 90-219-0228-1) Csneer detection end prevention, Proceedings of th* 2nd International Symposium on Cancer Detection and Prevention, Bologna, Italy, April 9-12 (1973) 19-26, 1973. 72. Meltoni, C., Cillbertl, A., Gianni, L. sad Chieco, P., "Occurrence of angiosarcoma in rats following oral administration of vinyl chloride: Preliminary Report", Osnedal. di Bologna, pp. 65-66, 1975. 73. Maltoai, C. and Lafaaina, G., "Carcinogenicity bioaasaya of vinyl chloride: Current results", Ann. N.T. Acad. Sci. 246:195-218, 1975. 74. Maltoai, C. Lefemine, G., Carcinogenicity bioassays of vinyl chloride. I. Research plan and early results", Environ. Res. 7(3):387-405, 1974. 75. Manufacturing Chemists Association, "Supplementary epidemiological study of vinyl chloride workers I - Report", MCA, Wash. P.C., May 30, 1975. 76* Manufacturing Chemists Association, ''Vinyl chloride chronology" Press Release, pp. 1-12, 1974. 77. Markowitz, S.S., McDonald, C.J., Pethlere, y. and Kerzner, M.S., Occupational acroosteolysle". Arch. Dermatol.. 106:219-223, 1972. 85 aS. g rr'~ s nit M M. fH Kv. ?! AP00008251 t 78. -Marstaller, H.J. , lelbach, tf.K. * Mueller,!^ Juhe, S., Lange, C.E., Rohmer, B.6. and Veltmaa, C., "Chronic-toxicity liver damage la workers is polyvinyl chloride production", Pout. Med. Wochenachr. 98(46)*2311-2314, 1973. 79. Marateller, H.B., Lelbech, V.K. Mueller* R. end Gedigk, ,ttfnu*ual eplemomegalle liver disease u evidenced by peritoneoscopy end guided liver biopsy among polyvinyl chloride production workers", Ann. M.T. Aced. Sei., 246:95-134, 1975. 80. Hestronetteo, E., Fisher, A.M., Christie, S. and Danzinger, B., "Acute inhalation toxicity of vinyl chloride to laboratory animals", Aner. Ind. Bye. Assoc. J., 21:394-398, I960. 81. Miller, A., "Pulmonary function defects In nonsmoking vinyl chloride workers111 Environ. Health Parsoect.. 11:247-250, 1975. 82. Killer, A., Teiratein, A.S., Chuang, M., Sellkeff, I.J. and Warsbsv, R., "Changes in 'pulmonary function in workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride", Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sei., 246:42-52, 1975. 83. Miagald, V., Stolpmaan, B.J. and Sehulta, 8., "Poiaonlng by means of polyvinyl chloride or its constituents", 2. Baut-Ceschlechtsler.. 48 (U) :425-436, 1973. 84. Konsoa, R.R., Peters, J.M. and Johnson, M.N., "Proportional mortality among vinyl chloride workers". Environ. Health Parsnect.. 11:75-77, 1975. 85. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "Organic Solvents in Air" end "Vinyl Chloride Supplement", HEW, PBS, CDC, NXOSB, P&CAH 127, 1974; 86. National Institute for Occupational Safety end Health, "NIOSH recommended precautionary monitoring end control procedures for polymerization processes involving vinyl chloride", NIOSH, CDC,' FES, PHEW, February 1974. 87. National Institute for Occupational Safety end Health, "Vinyl . chloride In Air", HEW, FES, CDC, NIOSH, F&CAM No. 176, 1974. ivivliiv m 68. Nicholson, W.J., Hammond, E.C., Seldaan, H. and Sallkoff, I.J., "Mortality experience of a cohort of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride worker*", Arm. N.Y. Aced. Sci., 246.225-230, 1975* AP00008252 TfSf.- 91 . Okti, M.T., "Health H&sard Evaluation Report Ho. 75-1-194; Stora Products'Coapeny, Pale Alto, Co.", HEW, PBS, CDC, RIOSH, 1975. 92. Oster, R.E., Carr, C.J., Kraatz, J.C. and Seuerwmld, M.J., "Anesthesia ST71I* Marcoals vltb vinyl chloride", Anesthesiology. 8:359-361, 1947. 93. Ott, M.G., Langner, R.R. and Bolder, B.B., "Vinyl chloride exposure la. a coatrollad industrial environment", Arch. Bnv. Health, 30:333-339,1975. 94. Patty, F.A., Yaat, V.?., and Vaita, C.P., "Acuta response of guinea pigs to vapors of seme nav commercial organic compounds. 7. Vinyl chloride", Public Health Rap., 45(2):1963-1971, 1930. 95. Peoples, A.S. sed Leake, C.D., "The anesthetic action of vinyl chloride", J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.. 48:284, 1933. 96. Copper, B. and Thomas, L.3., "Alterations of liver and spleen among workers exposed to vinyl chloride", Ann. N.T. Acad. Sci., 246:172-194. 97. Frodan, L., Suciu, I., Flslaru, V., Ilea, ,, and Fascu, L., "Experimental acute toxicity of vinyl chloride (ponochloroethana)", Ann. K.Y. Acad. Sci.. 246:154-158, 1975. 98. Frodan, L., Sueiu, I., Flslaru, V., Ilea, E. and Fascu, L., "Experimental chronic poisoning with vinyl chloride (aonoehloroethene)", Ann. N.T, Acad. Sci., 246:159-163, 1975. 99. Purchase, X.F.H., Richardson, C.R. and Anderson, D.t "Chromosomal and dooinane lethal effects of vinyl chloride". Lancet, pp. 410-411, Aug. 30, 1975. 100. Pushin, G.A., "Lesions in the liver and bile ducts in workers producing some kinds of plastics", Sov, Med.. 28(2):132-135, 1965. 101. Rannug, 0., Johansson, A., Raael, C. and Wachtaaistsr, C.A., "The mutagenicity of vinyl chloride after metabolic activation", Amblo, 3(5):194-197, 1974. 102. Ravler, E., Dicer, J.H. and Plalat, J., "A case of liver englosarcoma in a worker exposed to monomeric vinyl chloride". Archives des maladies profeseionnelles, de medeclne du travail et de Securite Soclale. 36(3):171-177, 1975. 103. Regneult, V., "The synthesis of chlorinated hydrocarbons", Justus Liebig1 Acnalen. der Chemie. 14:22-28, 1835. 104. Rosa, V.E., "Statement for OSEA Tact Finding Bearing on Vinyl Chloride, February 15, 1975", HEW, PBS, CDC, BI0SB, 1974, 'm s lasi* m. ass so- m iiiilll ip m ssi m Sjsj: ****: 7&\ 87 AP00008253 105 Rumyantseva, E.P. and Goryacheva, Li., "Glucocorticoid function of the adrenals in patients suffering from chronic poisoning with seas unsaturated and chlorinated hydrocarbons", Cl*. Tr. Prof, Eabol. 12(12)116-19, 1968. 106. Sakaba, H., "Bone lesions among polyvinyl ehlorlde production workers la Japan*', Ann. M.T. Acad. Sci.. 246*78-79, 1975*. 107. gchaumasn, 0., "Effeet on tha haaxt of sona inhalation anesthetics", Kedsln. Chamia. 2*132-140, 1934. 108. (tender, J., "Emergency temporary standard for exposure to vinyl chloride". Fed. Register. 39(67):12342-12344, 1974. 109. Stender, J., "Proposed standard for vinyl chloride". Fed. Register. ' 39(92)*16896-16900, 1974. 110. Stcnder, J., "Standard for axposura to vinyl chloride", Fad. Register. 39(194)*35890-15898, 1974. 111. Straub, W.Z., "Health Hazard'Evaluation Report Ho. 74-85-185; M.H. Ball Company, Lancaster, Pa.", HEW, PHS, CDC, NIOSH, 1975. 112. Straub, W.E., "Health Hazard Evaluation Report Ho. 74-89-189; Hew York Telephone 6 Telegraph Company, New York, H.Y.** HEW, PBS, CDC, NIOSH, 1975. 113. Stulova, E.A., "Characteristics of tbs state of thermoregulation In chronic vinyl chloride poisoning". Gig. Tv, Prof. Zabol., 17(3):53-55, 1973. 114. Suciu, X., Prodaa, L., Ilea, E., Psduraru, A. and Pascn, L, "Clinical manifestations in vinyl chloride poisoning11, Ann. N.T. Acad. Sci.. 246:53-69, 1975. 115. Suclu, X., Drejman, X. and Valasfcai, M., "Study of illnesses due to vinyl chloride", Med. Lavoro. 58(4):261-271, 1967. 116. Szsnda, B., Lapis, E., Hemes, A. and Pinter, A., "Pneumoconiosis caused by the inhalation of polyvinylchloride dust", Ked. Lav., 61(8-9):433-436, 1970. 117. Tabershew, I.R. and Gaffay, V.R., "Mortality study of workers in the manufacture of vinyl ehlorlde and its polymers", J. Occur. Med., 16(8):509-518, 1974. ~ US. Thieas, A.M. and Fiantzal-Beyme, R., "Retrospective survey of the alleged diseases associated vith vinyl-chloride in the Federal Republic of Germany", J. Occup. Ked.. 17(7):430-432, 1975. 119. Thomas, L.B., Popper H., Berk, P.D., Selikoff, X.J. and Falk, H., "Vinyl-ehloride-lndueed liver disease", H. Enel. J,. Med. 292(1)* 17-22, 1975. 88 AP00008254 120. Torkeleon, T.R,, Oyan, T. and Rowe, V,K., "The texieity of vinyl chloride as determined by repeated exposure of laboratory animals*, Ameg. Ind. five. Assoc. ,J., 22(5)*354-361, 1961. 121. Trlbukh, S.L., Tikhomirova, H.P., Levina, S.V. and Koxlov, L.A., "Working conditions end measure# for their improvement in production and use of vinyl chloride plastics". Gig. Sanlt. No. 10:38-44, 1949. 122. Vena, A.N. end Plokhove, E.I., "Changes is adrenaline-like substances in rabbit blood following chronic exposure to vinyl chloride fuses". Gig. Tr. Prof. Zebol.. 13(6):46-47, 1969. 123. Vatin, A.N. end Plokhove, E.I., "Changes in the rate of inculcation of conditioned reflexes In rats on prolonged exposure to vinyl chloride vapor in concentrations approaching the marlnnnn permissible concentration". Gig. Sanlt.. 35(4/6):434-435 1970* 124. Vatin, A.N. .end Plokhove, E.I., "Changes of cardiac activity in rets chronically exposed to vinyl chloride vapors", Fsrmakol* Toksikol.. 32(2):220-222, 1969. 125. Vasin, A.N. and Plokhove, E.I., "Obtaining an experimental model of the toxic angloneurosis arising under the chronic affect of vinyl chloride vapor on the organism", Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol.. 12:47-49 196S. 126. Vatin, A.N. and Plokhove, E.I., "Pathogenic effect of chronic vinyl chloride exposure to rabbits", Farmakol. Toksikol.. 31(3)i369-372, 1968. 127. Velt&an, G., Lange, C.E., Juhe, S.v Stein, G. and Bachaer, tT., "Clinical manifestations and course of vinyl chloride disease", Ann. N.T. Acad. Sei., 246;6-17, 1975. 128. Vertkic, Yu.I. and Maxaontor, Yu.R., "On the state of the broncho pulmonary system In workers engaged in the manufacture of articles made of polyvinyl chloride", Gig. Tr. Prof. Zebol., 14(10):29-32, 1970. 129. Viola, P.L., "Cancerogenle effect of vinyl chloride". Abstracts* Tenth Int. Cancer.Conf., Houston, Texas, Session 56: 742 Abstract No. 29, 1970. 130. Viola, P.L., "Oncogenic action of vinyl chloride and vl&ylidene chloride", presented at XI I&t. Cancer Cong., Florence, Italy, October 1974. 131. Viola, P.L., "Pathology of vinyl chloride", Had. Lavoro, 61(37:174-180, 1970. H Sir t 89 AP00008255 132 'Viola, P.L., Blgottl, A. and Caputo, A., "Oncogenic response of rot skim, lxmgs, and bones co vinyl chloride", Canen Rea., 31:516-322, 1971. 133. Warren, E. and Buff* J.E., "Health affects of vinyl chloride noaooeri An annotated literature collection", Env. Health Per., lit251-252, 134. Warweiler, R.J., Stringer, V., Wagoner, J.K., Jones, J., Falk, E. and Carter, C, "Heoplastle risk among vorkars exposed to vinyl chloride", kaa. K.T. Acad. Sei., 271:40-48, 1976* 135. Wilson, &&., McCormick, W.E., Tatus, C.F. and Creech, J.L., "Occupational acroosteolysls*1, JAMA. 201(8):577-581, 1967. AP00008256