Document KR6QEkJ5E5kobj1roEYv8JLV6
$ icalty. In Addition to RSVa, noniafectlous forms of mouse sarcomaleuktmia virus have beeo reported to have very tow level* of DNA polym erase (13). None of the infectious forms has been found deficient in this enzyme. H. Hanafusa
Public Health Research Institute of the City of New York, New York 10016
D. Baltimore, D. Smolbr Department of Biologyt Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
K. F. Watsoh, A. Yaniv S. Sfieoelman
Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Human Genetics and Development, Columbia University Coltege of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York 10032
MwtKN ad No4m
t. K. Ninihni and T. Hanafusa, Virology *4. *M (IMS).
1. T. Hanafuta. H. Hanafuta. T. Miyamoto, Prae. Net. Acad. Set. V.S.A. <7. 1797 (1)70).
I. K. Hanafuta and T. Hanafuta, Vlralotr 49, St.) (1*7)).
4. W. S. ReM*iM and H. L. Robinson, Ibid. 44, 49) (1911).
9. D. BthliMN and O. Smoltr, Pwc. Nti. Acad. Set. U.Su*. M, 1907 (1971).
S. S. Spltgelman, A. Buroy, M. R. Das, I. Keytar, l. Settlor*. M. Travalcek, R. Walton.
Nature US, 430 (1970). 7. Abbreviations: PotyfA),polyadesylale; poly(C),
polyeyiidylete; poly(dT), polydcoxyitiymidylate; poly(dO), polydeoxyguenytaie; dTMP,
dsoiytltymldlne monophosphate dtTP. daeiythyntidlne triphosphate; dATP, dcoxyadeno-
line triphosphate; dOTP, deoxyiuanosine Of. phoapbau; dCTP, deoayeyUdiae triphoiphate;
1*0, immunoglobulin O.
S. L. A. Ueb, i. Biol Chtm. 144. 1472 (1949). 9. X. P. Wataoa, X. C. Nowlnaki, A. Yanl*,
S. Spkgelmtn, J. Viral., h press. 10. R. C. NowJnsU, X. F. Watson, A. Yaniv.
S. Sp(e*etman, in preparation. It. D. L. Xaeian, X. F. Watson, A. iurny, S.
Spkgctaaa, Mlaehlm. Mlophyi. Acta 144. 349 (1971). 12. A. WeJwbarA, A. Bolden, R. Muller, M. Hanafuta, T. Hanafusa, S. Viral., l press. 13. P. T. Peebles, D. K. Haapala, A. F. Oaadar, Old. 9. 4IB (1972). 14. B. Spkieknan, A. Burny, M. R. Das. 3. Keydar, 3. Seblom, M. Travnicek, X. Watson. Nature 227, 343 (1970).
19. Wa thank Dr*. A. 3. Langloii aid D. and
1. W. Beard for supplying avian myeloblastosis
virus. Wa also thank Dr. R. NosHasU ter atsiatance In preparing antiserum against
purified AMV DNA polymerase, and Dr. T. Hanafusa (or various viruses. Supported by NCI grants CA-01747 and CA-02332 from
the contracu froat the Special Virus Cancer Program of NCI (including 70-2049 to the
Institute of Cancer Research).
$ July 1973; revised 12 August 1*72
a
Polychlorinated Biphenyl Residues: Accumulation in Cayuga Lake Trout with Age
qjc o . a' **'*
of their age, length, and weight. The correlation coefficient for PCB con centration as a function of age \ras 0.86 and was highly significant. The corre lation coefficients relating PCB concen tration with length and weight for fish 2 years and older were 0.8S and 0.80, respectively. The weights and lengths of the year-old trout were not recorded. The relation between the cone -nfrattoo of PCB's In the lake trout and their age is shown in Fig. 1; the cirve rep resents the best fit of the data and has the equation:
PCB = 1.031 (*-
where a is age. Figure 2 shows gas chromatograms of PCB's in a 12-yearold lake trout and of Aroclor 1254 Standard (a mixture of chlorinated bi phenyls containing 54 percent chlorioe) to illustrate the similar peak retention times. The relative peak heights of in dividual PCB isomers in the chromato gram did not vary with age of the fish. This would indicate that there is no selective metabolism or storage of spe cific PCB isomers as the fish mature. Combined gas chromatography-masi spectrometry was used to verify the presence of the various PCB isomers in a 12-year-old lake trout (PCB's. 26.2
Abstract. The concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls was shown to pro gressively Increase with maturity in a series of lake trout. The presence of these compounds was determined by column chromatographic isolation, specific de tector gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The relation between fish age and the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls was highly significant.
Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB'g) have been reported in fUh (/), and general environmental contamina tion by these compounds has been re viewed (2). The concentration of DDT residues in a series of lake trout from Cayuga Lake in Ithaca, New York, was found to be proportional to their age (j). Since PCB's are similarly stable, fat-soluble compounds, analysis for them was performed on the same series
offish. The fish were netted in October
1970. Their ages were accurately knowo, because the fish are annually stocked as yearlings and distinctly marked as to year class. Without evisceration, each fish wss mechanically chopped, ground, and thoroughly miked. Fish samples (S g) were dried and extracted with hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus for 3 hours. The hexane extracts were con centrated, and PCB's were separated
29 SEPTEMBER 1972
from DDT residues and other constitu ents by adaptations of the methods (4) involving sulfuric acid partitioning and column chromatography on silica gel. Final analysis was made by electron af finity gas chromatography with a col umn 30 cm long, consisting of 10 percent DC-200 on 100- to 120-mesh Gas-Chrom Q and operated at 185C. The concentration was estimated by the method of Risebrough (5), in which the response of each PCB isomer is taken as equal to that of the correspond ing weight of p.p'-dichlorodiphenytdichlorocthylene (p,p'-DDE). This meth od was sensitive to about 0.25 part per million (ppm) of PCB's in the fish. Analysis of PCB's b> five portions of the same fish were 6.4, 6.0, 5.6, 5.6, and 5.3 ppm. The standard deviation for these analyses is 0.427.
Table 1 lists the concentrations of PCB's in the lake trout as a function
HONS
Table t. Residues of PCB's in Cayuga Lake trout as a function of maturity; J, juvenile.
Age (yean)
1 1 1 1 2 2 2
3 3 3 4 4 4 S 6 6 f 7 7 7 t 8 8 9 11
12 12 12
Sex
J 3 J I J 3 3 1 s 1 3 3 3 M M M P M M
P M F F M M M F
Length (cm)
27.7 28.7 J3J 44.5 44.3 41.1 33.8 30.3 53.1 41.0 63.3 86.4 <8.3 43 5 68.9 59.7 75.2 71.6 69.0 71.2 80.3 71.6 75.3 70.6
Weight PCB (8) (ppm)
181 226 407
813 725 770
1)10 1160 1359
2030
2440 2850 2)10
2260 3300 1990
3390 2803 3)00
3390
4200
2535 3120 3440
0.6 1.6 05 1.2 2.0 1.3 25
2.2 2.4 1.2 3.5 4.1 5.1 5.7 3.4 9.7 16 4.0 5.5 10.3
17.5 13.4
45 30.4
124
13.4 26.2
7.4
065^9^
1191
fish may be due to greater differences among foraging, metabolic, and excre tory capabilities of these older fish.
Cam. A. Bache Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, Sew York 14850
James W. Serum Department of Chemistry, Cornell University
William D. Youngs Department of Natural Resources, Cornel! University
Donald J. Ltsk Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Cornell University
Rtftnam set Natts
1. t. H. Kocman, M. C. Ta No**r D* Srau*. X. H. DcVot, Stour* 111. 1124 (ISM); 1. /emeu, A. C. Johntli, M, OH on, G. Otttr* Usd. IMA 224, 24? (1969); V. Zkc, Bull Smvlrm*. Confam. Tuxlrul. 4, 444 (I9?|>.
2. D. S. PtakaU aa4 J. L. Uactr. BWStUnn aa, 9SI (1970); A. L. Hammond, Seitnrt ITS, |)J (1972).
9. W. D. Youngt, W. H. Guttnmuui, D. t. list, Emrlran. Stl. Ttchuol. 6. 431 (1972).
4. D. L. Oram, W. E. J. PhiUJpv D. C. VlUtntuvo, Bull. Environ. Comtom. Touleot. 4, 102 (1971); D. Saydtr and R. %> (non. ilA, p.
9. R. W. Riwbrou|h, ia Chtmicel Fitiloui, M, W. MIDti and O. O. Btrs. *d. " Springfteld, III.. 1949), 99. 5-2J
4. Wc thank C. A, MayUo tor allowing 1 (he man apectrometar.
SO June 1972
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Its Role in Maintaining Phytoplankton Standing Crops
Fig. I. The concentration of PCB's in Cayuga Like trout as a function of age.
ppm). The mass spectra obtained from both a Perkm-Elmer 270 and a Finnigan S0J5 quadripole gas chromato graph-mass spectrometer were essen tially identical with the mass spectra of the corresponding isomers of Aroclor 1254 standard.
There art many sources of PCB's in the environment, and it is not known what combination of these leads to con tamination of Cayuga lake trout. The increase in PCB concentration with trout age is the same trend noted for DDT residues in this series of fish. The larger variation in PCB concentrations among individual 11- or 12-year-old
yY/\A^ss
Fig. 2. Oas chromatograms of a 12-yearold Cayuga Lake trout (injected sample represents 0.12 mg of 6sh) and 1 ng of Aroclor 1254 standard.
1192
Abstract. The rate of invasion of carbon dioxide into an artificially eutrophlc Canadian Shield lake with insufficient internal sources of carbon was determined by two methods: measuring the carbon: nitrogen: phosphorus ratios of seston after weekly additions Of nitrogen and phosphorus, and measuring the loss of radon-222 tracer from the epilimnion. Both methods gave an invasion rate of about 0.2 gram of carbon per square meter per day. The results demonstrate that invasion of atmospheric carbon dioxide may be sufficient to permit eutrophi cation of any body of water receiving an adequate supply of phosphorus and ni trogen.
The atmosphere is frequently con sidered to be an insignificant source of COj for phytoplankton production (/). Yet, by adding phosphate and nitrate we have been able to increase by almost two orders of magnitude the standing crop of phytoplankton in a small Cana dian Shield lake which has extremely low concentrations of natural dissolved inorganic carbon (less than 0-6 mg/ liter in the epilimnion in midsummer). The lake appeals to have obtained the carbon necessary to produce the algal bloom from the atmosphere (2, 3). We report here measurements of the inva sion rate of atmospheric CO;, into the waters of this experimentally enriched lake. The results were obtained between 4 and 18 August 1970.
Lake 227, a small oligotrophic lake in the experimental lakes area of the Fisheries Research Board near Kenora, Ontario, was enriched with 0.34 g of phosphorus (as NaaHP04) and 5.0 g of nitrogen (as NaNOs) per square meter per year in 1969, and 0.48 g of phos phorus (as HPO<) and 7.2 g of nitro gen (as NaN03) per square meter per year in 1970. The chemical additions were made in 17 weekly increments in 1969 and 21 weekly increments in
1970. The midsummer phytoplankton standing crop, as measured by chloro phyll a concentrations, increased from 1 to 3 pg/liter in 1968 (before fertiliza tion) to 50 to 100 pg/liter after the additions. The uptake of C08 by this phytoplankton caused an increase in the pH of the euphotic zone from normal values of 6 to 7 to values ranging from 9.5 to 10.2 during summer, so that very little of the dissolved inorganic car bon was present as gaseous CO.> (2, 3). The concentration of dissolved inorgan ic carbon (SCO. = CO. + HCO,- + CO*2-), however, did not change great ly after fertilization. The midsummer concentrations of total COj in the epilimnion ranged from 20 to 50 /xmole/liter (0.24 to 0.60 mg/liter). As a result of the high pH and low con centration of CO., the partial pressure of CO* in epilimnctic waters (calculated from the pH. total COa concentration, and temperature) was far below that of the atmosphere (Fig. 1); this created a pronounced concentration gradient from the atmosphere into the lake.
It is impossible to calculate the magnitude of C02 exchange between the atmosphere and the water from the difference in partial pressures alone.
SCtr.NCT. VOL. 177
HONS 0B5493