Document KLeya6voGKOLy4rVjgqz8OVX

^ MINER *' --T 19 Prepared under the direction of E. W. PEHRSON Chief, Economics and Statistics Division 1 ALLAN F. MATTHEWS, Editor * ( '/ N49773 1 Lead By RICHARD H. MOTH a n d EDITH E. d u n 1IARTOG General summary_.______________ Salient statistics...,7................. Domestic production...................... Mine production.................... Smelter and refinery produc tion.................. Active lead smelters and re fineries................. Refined lead................. FADE 702 Domestic production--Con. 703 Antimomal lead........................... 703 Secondary lead......................... 703 Lead pigments....... .............. Consumption and uses................. 708 Stocks.......... .............. Prices________________ 708 Foreign trade................................. 708 World review..... .................. PAGE 709 710 710 711 712 713 714 717 GENERAL SUMMARY ACCENTUATED by the threat of possiblo lend shortages yLX resulting from unpredictable work stoppages, an accelerated program of defense construction, and Government require ments for tile strategic stock pile, consumer demand for lead remained high throughout 1948. As a result, the market quotation for lead advanced three times during the year to establish new record highs, and a sellers' market continued to prevail within the industry. With elimination of a 30,000-ton potential gain in domestic mine production in 1948 through work stoppages in certain mining areas which in turn limited domestic refinery output, there was increasing demand for lead from secondary and foreign sources. Recovery from secondary sources remained above 500,000 tons and surpassed domestic mine output for tlic third successive year. Total imports of lead were 52 percent greater in 1948 than in 1947 owing in part to the desire for American dollars abroad and to the suspension of lead import duties beginning July 1, 1948. The total consumption of mimai-y, antimomal, and secondary lead in the United States in 1948 was 1,115,995 tons. Lead stocks (physical inventory) at primary smelters and refineries rose 113 percent during 1948, and consumers' inventories at the end of the year were 30 percent greater than on January 1. Government regulations requiring a license for the exportation of pig lead and lead semimanufactures remained operative throughout the year. This report Uoals primarily with tho smelling, refining, and consuming phases of iho industry details of mining operations, see various State chapters of this volume. 702 For LEAD Salient statistics of the lead industry in the United States, 1944-48, in short tons 1030-43 (averofio) 1944 1045 Production of refined primary load: From doinosllc ores and baso bullion. - 439,092 From foreign oros and base bullion-- 85,234 394, 443 70,320 350, 636 87,050 524,026 464, 763 443, 686 312,871 331,416 303,039 Imports: 200, 373 28,333 74,713 31,381 226,0r3 58 93. 670 15, 623 230,313 8 70. 006 1,784 Estimated consumption of primary and 031,000 1,118,643 1.051,002 Prlcos (cents per pound): New York: 5.80 6.07 (<) 466,470 World* smelter production of lead 1.............. 1, 840, 000 0.60 0. 60 4.46 416,801 1,424, 000 G. 60 6.60 4.00 300,831 1,233,000 i Data tncludo lead Imported for lmmodloto consumption plus matorial o undor bond. iIrfcludos less than 1 ton of foreign lead reexported in 1944, 377 tons la 1 \W, and none In 1918, according to records of the U. S. Department of Com Flguro not available. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Statistics on lead output may be prepared on a refinery basis. The mine-production data comp lead content in ore and concentrates and adju average losses in smelting are the most pertinen tion from year to year. The pig-lead output, as and refiners, presents a more precise figure of actu generally differs from the mine figure owing to t shipments and smelter consumption of ore and c inequities, however, tend to balance over a period MINE PRODUCTION Despite a continued high industrial demand time high-record market price, domestic mine o lead (including that made into pigments) in 194 2 percent over 1947. Work stoppages due to disputes curtailed lead outputs in certain areas a single factor to impede the obtaining of greater su mines in 1948. The work stoppage which shut Lead Co. mines, mills, and smelter in southeas weeks was estimated to have been responsible f tons of lead production. Work stoppages durin lead outputs in other areas, notably the Tri-Stat eastern Washington. 704 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1048 . Of the totnl lead produced at United States mines in 1948, 63 percent came from the output of 25 properties. Missouri continued to rank first among the States in the production of lead, and the Southeastern Missouri district continued to he the largest leadproducing area, supplying 20 percent of the total domestic output. The St. Joseph Lead Co., as in the past, produced the bulk of the out put from its Bonne .Terre, .Dcslogo, Federal, and Lead wood mino groups in St. Francois County and the Mine La Motte mine in Madison County. Each niine is equipped with a mill; the five have a combined daily capacity of about 24,000 tons. In the Tri-Stato district the production of lead concentrates, stimulated by the record high price, increased 11 percent over 1948 despite the loss of operating time caused by a labor strike in July, and August. The Tri-State area produced 7 percent of the total domestic output in 1948 compared with 6 percent in#1947. The combined'Western States contributed G5 percent of the total domestic production and recorded a 14-pcrcent gain over 1947. Idaho was again the largest producer of lead in the Western States and second only to Missouri in the United States. In 1948, 93 percent of the Stato total lead came from the. Coeur d'Alene region. Six properties in Idaho produced GO percent of the State total lead, and of the total more than 77 percent came from zino-lcad ore and old tailings. Lead production in Utah in 1948 responded strongly to the record high market price of lead, and the State output rose to the highest level sinco 1943. The United States & Lark properly of the United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. in the West Mountain (Bingham) district remained first among the Si,ate lead producers. Of the State total lead in 1948, 88 percent was recovered from zinc-lead ore. Uninterrupted operation of lead and zinc-lead mines in Arizona in 1948 resulted in an output of 29,899 short tons of recoverable lead, the largest in tho history of the State, and 5 percent greater than the previous record production in 1947. The Copper Queen mine of tho Phelps Dodge Corp. at Bisbee continued to be the largest Arizona lead producer in 1948; about 90 percent of the State total lead was recovered from zinc-lead ore. In Colorado the value of lead recovered from ores in 1948 was higher than in any previous year and exceeded that of gold for tho first time since 189.1. In quantity the mine pro duction of lead increased 34 percent over 1947 and was the largest since 1928. The leading producer in the State in 1948 was the American Smelting & Refining Co. Kokomo unit in Summit County. Zinc lead ore yielded ZZ, percent of the State total lead during the year. Lead production in Montana gained 14 percent over 1947 and was the largest yearly output since 1942. The four loading pro ducers, which contributed 84 percent of the State total in 1948, were the Butte Hill mine and dumps, the Emma, Mike Horse, and Jack Waite mines. Of the Montana total output of lead in 1948, 89 per cent was recovered from zinc-lead ore. LEAD Mine production of recoverable lead in the Unite 1944-48, by States, in sh Btato 1030-43 (average) 1044 Western States and Alaska: Utah ........................................ West Central States: Oklahoma.................................................... States east of the Mississippi River: Illinois .......................................... Wisconsin.................................................... Total......................................................... 509 13, G35 3 340 13.097 102,2)0 19,445 6,305 4. 842 27 27 162 70,022 4,010 1 44 10, 707 5, 682 17,098 83,530 13,105 6, 605 7, 266 4 34 52,510 5,825 237,737 209.018 ===== 14 If, 758 175, 740 23.304 210, 810 9.394 174,083 13, 044 IPS, 021 1,710 201 2, 250 310 2,020 751 7,017 456, 470 1,971 170 1,644 4,022 1,415 9. 822 416,861 Mine production of recoverable lead in the Uni duced 1,000 tons or more during any ye District State Soutbeastem Missouri region... Utah ....................................... Kansas, southwestern Mis- sourl, Oklahoma. Utah............................................ Utah............................................ Rush Valley & Smelter (Tooele CouQty). Plrao (Sierritos, Papago, Twin Kentucky-southern Illinois..... Kentuoky. southern Illinois. Iowa, northern Illinois, Wlscousin. 706 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, by districts that pro duced 1,000 tons or more during any year, 1944-48, in short tons--Continued District Stato 1944 1940 1940 11)47 1048 Rod Cfifl.......................................... Smelter (Lewis and Clark ........ do......................................... County). Resting Springs 1........................... Califoruia................................... 373 233 6 3, 333 1,644 J81 I, 444 40 20 32 1,128 1.3G4 0) 360 28 168 2,347 862 201 672 60 862 38 690 223 333 39 428 1, 049 1,073 407 090 300 270 130 400 463 0) <>) 1.468 608 1,010 1,879 1,490 794 024 030 130 1,103 303 60 (>> 1,788 1,426 1,304 1,304 1, 231 lj 142 1,120 1,107 1,001 770 000 306 ( ) > Not Ustod In order of output. * Bureau of Minos not at liberty to publish figures. Mine production of recoverable lead in the United States, 1947-48, by months, in short tons Month 1047 1948 Month 1047 1948 January.. February. March... April........ May........ Juno......... July......... 31,646 30,261 32.736 33,302 33,301 32, 820 29, 042 33. 240 32,617 36,699 35,200 33, 370 34. 643 23.422 August.......................................... September................................... October........................................ November.................................... December.................................... Total.................................. 31,281 31,124 33,682 31,660 32, G22 384, 221 23,086 27, 279 36,687 36,086 88,642 300,470 Fig u r e 1.--Mluo production of recoverable lead In the United States, 1941-48, by montbs. The 25 leading lead-producing mines in the United States in 1948, listed in the following table, yielded 63 percent of tho total domestic lead output; the 10 leading mines produced 45 percent, and the 4 leading mines 31 percent. Detailed information on the production of mines and districts in the United States may be found in the chapters of this volume dealing with the mine production of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the various States. Tw enty-five leading lead-producing mines in the U nited States in 1948, in order of output LEAD o O T3 "3 &0.-0. So 2So 3 8 $ 6 o 6 i <i3-di3Q0Q $3 $3 $3 HSC.QSMSSM.NS t-< '3 3.9 n Pn JO? Sa ,r-, o 5* o 3jiO a ,, ,g . 1 S o bo |A0>^s339 oeox-|q3k3x3.9|o53*"0S2. ,3d*grSl?5{ ^.a332Sdq >3av J9 3*i*3 a *; 9 cod<Go<lPMroco-scocoOOc0QZcoQ^M -l JjjJi|illW!s|l|il 1lag S-9 & 4 i `S^gaesssss fi| ifSlclaeio>f<mfWjICg3roa-a'A<l<aXiwlPfrogP<lS-< Oco |2wa Sagav--aHSl C*,c> m - .,, ,3|s ^.9 s isg-8 . osallelllllllillog OmCQfXtSajQ2SoOcoco^lQl?W <oor^ooo^222J22^228c5S 708 MINERALS Y EARHOOK, 1U4S SMELTER AND REFINERY PRODUCTION Pig lead in the United States is derived from three main sources-- domcstic-snino production, imports of foreign ore and base bullion, and secondary smelter output from scrap material--and is produced at primary plants that treat ore, base bullion, and small quantities of scrap and at secondary plants that process scrap exclusively. Of the eight primary smelters operating in the Western States, only two (Selby, Calif., and Bradley, Idaho) produce refined merchant lead. The other six plants produce only base bullion (containing approxi mately 98 percent lead plus gold, silver, and small quantities of impurities recovered from the ore smelted), which is shipped to re fineries in the Middle Western and Eastern States for recovery of the gold and silver and purification of the lead to meet commercial require ments. Both primary and secondary smelting plants may make refined lead or antimonial load. Because of the largo quantity of hard lead--such as battery scrap--melted at secondary smelters, the output from this type of operation is essentially antimonial lead alloys. Statistics on the production of refined lead and alloys at secondary plants are given in the Secondary Lead section of this chapter. The 14 primary smelters and refineries in operation in the United States in 1948 consumed 432,543 short tons (lead content) of ore and concentrates, 16 percent of which was of foreign origin, com pared with 448,703 tons in 1947, 14 percent of which was foreign. ACTIVE LEAD SMELTERS AND REFINERIES Primary lead smelters and refineries operating in the United States in 1948 were as follows: California: Selby--Selby plant., American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Colorado: Leadville--Arkansas Valley plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Idaho: Bradley--Bunker Hill Smelter, Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining & Con centrating Co. (smelter and refinery). Illinois: Alton--Federal plant, American Smelting <fc Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Indiana: East Chicago--U. S. S. Lead Refinery, Inc. (refinery). Kansas: Galena--Galena plant, Eagle-Picher Co. (smelter and refinery). Missouri: Herculaneum--Herculaneum plant, St. Joseph Lead Co. (smelter and refinery). Montana: East Helena--East Helena plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Nebraska: Omaha--Omaha plant, Amcr:--.n Smelting Refining Co. (refinery). New Jersey: Barber--Perth Amboy plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter and refinery). Texas: El Paso--El Paso plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Utah: . Midvale--Midvale, plant, United States Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. (smelter). Murray--Murray plant, American Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). Tooele--Tooele plant, International Smelting & Refining Co. (smelter). REFINED LEAD Primary refineries in the United States in 1948 produced 411,646 short tons of refined lead, a decline of 10 percent from the 1947 output of 456,672 tons. LEAD Of the 406,694 tons of primary lead p ores and base bullion supplied 83 percen ported baso bullion 17 porcont. In 1947 domestic and 14 percent foreign. The quan from foreign base bullion, which has been ne over one hundredfold in 1948. Tho followin of refined lead by sources and by country of the sources of lead from domestic ores duction section of this chapter. . Refined lead produced at primary refineries in 1944-48, in short to Sourco 1944 1045 From forolgn baso bullion.................... 301, 443 70, 225 05 360, 6 86,0 1 From scrap............................................... 4W.763 11, 308 443,6 18,6 Avoraco sales prlco per pound................... 470,131 $0.004 462,1 (0.00 load 1............................................................... $50,490,000 $50,780,0 > Excludes value of rofluod lead produced from scrap at prim Refined primary lead produced in the United Stat in short tons Source Domestic ore and base bullion....................... Foreign ore: . Total........................................................... Foreign baso bullion: Total foreign............................................. 1944 394, 443 22,210 7,461 5, 250 13,434 21.870 70, 225 58 37 95 70, 320 404,703 194 356 22 11 3 25 24 80 87 443 ANTIMONIAL LE Antimonial lead output at primary re highest level in history as production adv Distribution of the lead according to sour table. The average antimony content o in 1948 remained unchanged from 1947 antimonial lead is an important byprod 70 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 bi'llion, the quantity derived from this source is only a small part of the annual domestic output. The major production is recovered from the smelting of antimomal lead scrap at secondary smelters. Produc ts m data from lead-smelting plants treating scrap materials oxclusi ely are summarized in the following section and discussed in detail in the Secondary Metals--Nonferrous chapter of this volume. A) 'imonial lead produced at primary lead refineries in the United States, 1944-48 Year Produc tion (short tons) 10-11 ................. 1045....................... 194/....................... 104-............ .. 67,002 60, 406 60,480 80,075 100,764 Antimony content Lead content by difference (short tons) Short tons Percent From do From for mestic ore eign oro From scrap Total 4,070 4,148 3, 285 4,033 6, 7GO 8.1 13,280 6,477 34,476 7.3 7, 280 2, 005 42, 300 0.6 11,1UG . 2,149 33,860 6.7 14,830 9,860 60, 466 6.7 29,661 15,918 40,525 53, 232 47j106 8l| 142 96,004 SECONDARY LEAD -omo scrap lead is treated at primary smelters and refineries, hut tli greater part is received at a largo number of plants that treat secondary materials exclusively. Secondary lead is recovered in the form of refined lead, antimonial lead, and other alloys. Recovery at pnmary and other plants in 1944-48 is shown in the following table. Sc ondary lead recovery in 1948 exceeded the total domestic refined primary lead production by 23 percent and surpassed the domestic mme output of recoverable lead for the third successive year. Further details appear in the Secondary Metals--Nonferrous chapter of this voiume. Secondary lead recovered in the United States, 1944-48, in short tons 1944 1945 1940 1947 1948 As p Ined metal: Total................................................... In m- imonial lead: Total......................................... In oliicr alloys......................................... Grand total; 11,308 43,078 55,040 34,475 140, 343 180, 813 18,525 42,608 61,123 42,3G6 151,713 101,070 107,837 8,013 06, 001 73,704 - . .... 4,052 120,051 131,003 .---------------- ==s==: 33,860 150, 834 103,084 126, 300 60 160 m, 470 49, 625 104,027 243, 652 124, GIG 331,416 3G3, 030 302, 787 ^11 0*0 600, 071 $42, 421. 248 $4G, 463, 902 $G5, 088,210 $1*10, 423,' 420 $170,025,418 LEAD PIGMENTS '1 no principal lead pigments are litharge, white lead, red lead, sub imed lead, leaded zinc oxide, and orange mineral. These prod uct are manufactured for the most part from metal, but some ore anu concentrates are converted directly to pigments. Details of the pro Suction of lead pigments are given in the Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts chapter of this volume. LEAD CONSUMPTION AND USES Domestic load consumption (including load rectly in tho manufacture of lead pigments and sa short tons in 1948. Of tho total consumed, 6 fined soft lead, 280,952 tons antimonial lead, 5 white scrap, 52,719 tons percentage'metals, 21,8 scrap, 24,485 tons drosses and residues, and 17 ores used directly in tho manufacture of load the year 77 percent of the total lead consumed w facture of metal products. Production of the consuming items--batteries, cable covering, an used nearly 53 percent of all the lead consumed took 31 percent of the total, cable covering 15 pe fluid 7 percent. Consumption of le&d in the United State Metal products: Ammunition................... Bearing motals............... Brass and bronze........... Cable covering................ Calking lead................... Casting metals................ Collapsible tubes........... Foil.................................... Pipes, traps, and bends. Sheet lead........................ Storage batteries (antimonial lead) Storage batteries (oxides)................. Terne metal......................................... Type metal.......................................... Total metal products. Pigments: White lead................... Red lead and litharge Pigment colors............ Other...................... Total pigments............. Ohotnlcols; Tetraethyl lead................ Miscellaneous chemicals. Total chemicals Miscellaneous uses: Annealing.................. Galvanizing............... Lead plating............. Weights and ballast. Total miscellaneous uses Other uses unclassified.............. Grand total i Includes lead contont of leaded zino oxide production. 712 MIN1SJIALS VJCAIlIiOOK, 104 8 Consumption of lead in the United States in 1948, by months Mo m Lli January.......................... February........................ March....................... AnrII................................ May................................ . JJuunlyo............................ .....' ...;; Short tons Mont): 97,451 92,451 102,601 95,094 80, 203 89,847 75,720 August.................... September.......... October............... Novombor___ 1 Dcccmbor................... j Total................ 1 Includes lead content of leaded zinc oxide production. Short tons 00,102 04,638 106,106 98, 036 08, 741 1,133,806 Lead consumption in the United States in 1948, by class of products and type of material, in short tons Soft and an timonial lead Scrap, per centage metal, drosses, etc. Metal products....................... Pigments.......... ........................................................... Chemicals ......................... Unclassified..- ............... Total............. ------------------------------------------ -- ' Excludes 17,000 tons of Icrnl contained In leaded zinc oxide. 716,183 IH, 081) 10,170 11,733 nm ii-ii 153,040 621 Total 8G8, 232 1 124.488 04, 080 JO, GDI 12,495 1 1,115,096 STOCKS Producers' Stocks.---Load stocks, as reported by the Amorican Bureau of Metal Statistics, are shown in the following table. Stocks of rehned and antimonial lead include metal held by all primary re finers and by some of the refiners of secondary material who produce soft lead According to monthly reports released by the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, stocks of refined lead and antimonial lead dechned in the first quarter of the year to a low of 14,837 tons at the end ol March. Inventories gained sharply to 19,453 tons during April and continued to advance through May and June. Stocks on Lead stocks at end of year at smelters and refineries in the United States, 1944-48, in short tons ' (American Bureau of Metal Statistics) Roflned pie load Antimonial load........................' Total.................................... Lead In base bullion-- At smolters and roflnorlos.. In transit to roflnorlos........ In procoss at roflnerlcs....... Total.................................... Load in ore and matte and'ln smelters...................................... . process at Qrand total 1044 16, G02 3,934 10.630 7. 333 3, 331 14,473 25,137 80, 401 125,134 1045 37,684 7,283 44,807 8, G18 4,880 15,007 28,004 89,462 162,933 1040 40,870 8,717 47, 687 8, 453 4,011 10, 042 20.406 111,836 188,829 1947 13,634 7, G04 21,328 7, G52 5, 447 16,328 20, 427 77,109 127,054 1048 29,050 0,694 38, 644 9,607 4,101 17, 939 31,737 76,373 146, 754 LEAD July 1 totaled 23,240 tons, declined slight dropped sharply in August to 18,971 tons tho remainder of tho year the inventories peak 1948 lovel of 38,044 tons--a net gain of The Bureau of Mines annual survey of refiners indicated stocks of 13,634 tons (lea at plants on January 1, 1948, and 29,048 to Primary antimonial lead stocks at these s 7,009 short tons (lead content) at tho be tons at the end of the year. In terms of at the 14 operating smelters and refineri from 46,313 tons to 44,038 tons during the tory of base bullion at rofinorics that rece material and at smelters that produce bas refineries totaled 4,912 tons at tho beginn tons at the end of December 1948. Stocks or work lead at five combination smelt included in reports to tho Bureau of Mino can be made between these data and the Bureau of Metal Statistics. Figures report represent physical inventory at the plants, and do not includo material in process or i Consumers' Stocks.--Consumers' stocks during 1948. Inventories of refined load creased 20 percent and 57 porcont, resp prevailing at the first of the yoar. Total 1, 1948, were 91,344 tons, dropped to 80,89 showed a general upward trend thereafter on December 31, the highest point of the y Reconstruction Finance Corporation Sto (mostly corroding grado) of 4,996 short t January 1, 1948, were transferred during Department, Bureau of Federal Supply. Consumers' stocks of lead at the end of 1947 and short tons Date Roflned soft load Antimonial load Unmcllcd white scrap Porccnta incUls Dec. 31,1047......... Dec. 31, 1048......... 51', 610 62,077 22,402 36,088 3,514 4,828 6, 2 7,03 PRICES Tho two major markets for lead in the York and St. Louis; much of the lead pro at prices normally based upon quotations suspension of trading on the London Meta 1939, the London market has had no dire . quotations, and the differential between prices has remained 0.2 cent a pound, an a freight charges between the two points. The market price for common lead, N 883326-60- 46 714 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 LEAD $0.15 per pound until April 5, when the price advanced to $0,175. Continued heavy demands for lead from consumers and sales of foreign metal at premiums reportedly as high as 5 cents a pound resulted in a further advance on July 28 to $0,195 per pound. An additional increase on November 1 raised the quotation to an all time record of $0,215 per pound at which level it romainod tho balance of the year. The official London maximum price of 90 per long ton, duty paid, for Empiro and foreign soft lead, fixed by the British Ministry of Supply March 31, 1947, was advanced to 112 on Octobor 1, 1948, but remained unchanged the remainder of the year. Quota tions of tho London Metal Exchange, discontinued at tho outbreak of tho war in September 1939, woro not resumed during 1948. the greater part of the lead imported was in 40 percent of which came from Mexico, 22 percent from Australia, 9 percent each fro percent from 20 other countries. Import increased almost fivefold in 1948 to reach th Nearly 90 percent of the bullion originated of lead in ore, concentrate, and matte-- Union of South Africa, Australia, Peru, New increased 26 percent. Total lead imported into thelUnited States in ore, and reclaimed, by countries, in shor tU. S. Department of Comme Average monthly and yearly quoted prices of lead at St. Louis, New York, and London, 1946-48, in cents per pound 1 Oro and matto: Country 1044 3,400 Month 1040 1047 1048 St. Louis Now York Lon don * St. Louis Now York Lon don ' St. Louis Now York Londou 1 27,130 1,093 9,009 4,247 3,003 32,273 f January..................................... February.................................. March........................................ .............. -.......................... July............................................ August................................... September......................... October.................................. November............................... December................................. 0. 36 6. 36 0. 36 6. 36 0. 36 8.03 0.10 8.10 8.10 8.10 10. 29 12.02 0. 60 6. 50 6.60 6.60 6.60 8.18 0. 25 8.25 8. 25 8. 25 10. 44 12.19 C. 28 7.01 7.01 7.84 8.09 8. 09 0. 88 0.88 9.88 0.88 0. 88 0. 88 12.76 13.01 14.77 14.82 14.82 14. 82 14.82 14.82 14.82 14.82 14.82 14.82 12.93 13.18 14. 06 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 12.68 12.68 12. 68 10.17 16.17 16. 17 16.17 10.17 16.17 16. 17 10.17 16.17 14.82 14.82 14.62 17.04 17.32 17.32 17.63 10. 32 10.32 19. 32 21.32 21.32 16.00 16.00 15.00 17. 21 17.60 17.50 17.81 10. 60 16. 50 19. 60 21. 50 21.50 10.17 16.17 16.17 16.17 16.17 16.17 16.17 16.17 16.17 20.12 20. 12 20.12 Other countries.............................................................. Total ore and matte.................................................. Basebulllon: 11,295 471 93, 670 11 47 Total base bullion...................................................... 58 ?: Averago.......................... 7.96 8.11 8. 03 14.60 14.67 16.27 17.87 18.04 17.10 Pigs and bars: 660 1 St. Loub: Metal Statistics, 10*10, p. 409. Now York; Metal Statistics, 1049, p. 403. London: E&MJ Metal and Mineral Markets. K 1. 1 Average price of foreign lead, converted to cents por pound with the pouud sterling at $4.02V4 Official maximum price raised on Juno 11,1946; Jan. 16, 1046; Apr. 8,1940; July 1, 1046; Jan. 1. 1947; Mar. 31 1047* and Ofitohar 1 1Q48. '' 8 FOREIGN TRADE3 167, 704 Tariff.--Tho import duty sot by tho Tariff Act of 1930 on load 54, 486 bearing ores, flue dust, and mattes (lead content) was l'A cents per Ot6er countries..... ,................................ -.................... pound, and on lead bullion, pigs, m.rs, scrap lead, antimonial lead, type metal, babbitt metal, solder, and alloys not specifically provided Total pigs and bars................................................... 222,768 for, 2% cents per pound. In accordance with the Mexican Trade Reclaimed, scrap, etc.: l. Agreement of January 30, 1943, these rates were reduced to % cent and iylt cents per pound, respectively. A provision of the agreement 2,738 488 permits the increase in the tariff on lead-bearing ores, flue dust, and mattes to 1}Lcents per pound (lead content) and lead bullion, pigs, 16 r: bars, scrap lead, etc., to 1%0 cents per pound 30 days after the war emergency is officially terminated. The import duty of 1J4B cents per pound on pig lead and % cent a pound on lead in ores and con centrates was suspended in June 1948 until June 30, 1949, by act of Congress. Othor countries.............................................................. 74 Imports.--Imports of lead increased sharply in 1948 but remained Total reclaimed, scrap, etc....... ....... ...................... 3,315 well below the peak level established in 1942. As in previous years, 319, 701 * *S9rc3 on imports nnd exports compiled by M. Tl. Prlco, of tho Bureau of Mines, from records of the u. B. Dopartmout of Cominorco. 1 Data Include load Imported for Immcdiato consumption plus m 1 Rovisod figure. 716 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 Lead imported for consumption in the United States, 1944-48, by classes 1 {U. S. Department of Commerce) - Year Ixsatl in oros, flue dust, and mattes, n.s. p.f. Lead In haso bullion Pigs and bars Short tons Value Short tons Value Short tons Value Sheets, pipe, and shot Short tons Value Not other wise speci fied (value) Total valuo 19-14.......... 100,840 $0,750,200 1945.......... 70,120 5,768,006 1940.......... 28.377 3,060, 111 1947.......... '44.419 >8,658,043 1918.......... 33, 932 8,350, 607 73 20 20 1,758 10.922 $7,015 2.242 2,302 >410,013 3, 239,135 223.379 $22,703. 430 227,311 25,280. OiW 100,820 14,205,002 158,706 38,008,443 244,998 81,001, 605 4ft $39, 572 17 2,778 24 10,251 07 42.434 181 100.510 $517 $29,895, 676 32,516 31,312, 708 21,517 17, 491,08G 10.453 >50,108,707 35. 654 101,009,740 In addition to <iunnllUes shown (value included in total values), "reclaimed, scrap, etc." imported as follows--1944: 3,3ifi tons, $298,712; 1945: 2,848 tons, $2:15,8-40; 1040: 2,481 tons, $104,913; 1047: Kevisod figures. 15,003 tons. $3,072,151; I1MH: 28,801 Ions, $8,282,520. Figures for 1IM4-48 include lead received by the Govern ment and hold in slock plica. * Uevisod figuro. Miscellaneous products, containing lead, imported for consumption in the United States, 1944-48 jU. 8. Department of Comniorcc) Year Babbitt metal, solder, white metal, and other combinations contain ing lead Type metal and antlinonial lead Gross weight (short tons) I^cnd content (short tons) Valuo (1ross weight (short tons) Lead content (short tons) Valuo 1944................................................ 1945................................................. 1046................................................. 1947............................ ................ 1048................................................. 50 143 157 240 257 43 $15,308 73 101.132 72 211.122 1G1 170,247 184 213,014 7,502 20,110 1,740 2,400 14,340 7,174 24, 730 1,494 2,219 12,707 $964,255 3,241,735 220,045 753,004 6,102,108 Exports.--Total exports of pig Jcad (excluding reexports of foreign refined lead) declined from 1,514 tons in 1947 to 399 tons in 1948. Export restrictions imposed under the Export Control Act of 1940 remained in force throughout 1948. Lead exported from the Lifted States, 1944-48 fU. S. Department of Commerce] Foreign Pigs and bars lead oxported in manufac Year . tures with henoflt of Short tons Value draw-back (short tons) Ycur Pigs and bars Short tons Value Foreign lead ex ported In manufac tures with benefit of draw-back (short tons) 1044 ........................... 15, 523 $2,073,145 1915........................... 1,407 202,754 1910........................... 507 100,467 20.237 o 1017............................ 1,61-1 $383, 132 159,421 0o) 1 Data uot available. LEAD Pig lead exported from the United States, by dest (U. S. Department of Comm Destination 1014 Countrlos: Chllo ........................................................ 450 6 23 1 34 18 Nothorlnnds Antlllos............................... .................. Panama, Ropubllc of.................................................... 8 0 642 Othor countries.............................................................. 14,314 7 17 77 15, 523 80 541 14,807 30 6 iIn addition loss than 1 ton of foroign load was roexported In tons In 1947, none in 1948. ' Less than 1 ton. WORLD REVIE Lead is produced in many countries, Mexico, Australia, and Canada;--have a quarters of the world output in recent yea accompanying table, which shows world 1942-48, insofar as statistics aro available World smelter production of lead, by countries w tons 1 {Compiled by B. B. Mitc Country 1942 1043 1944 20, 760 256,409 8, 787 16, 240 220,' 722 1,169 () 12,402 140,100 2,300 119 4,810 23.800 102,322 12,043 7,960 19,100 167,026 10,123 7,690 203,001 1,179 (*) 12,428 157, 200 1,160 114 6,370 i20,347 153 () 1,923 * 139,900 600 136 3,230 Italy.................................................. 28.906 Seo footnotes at cod of tabic. 17,716 2,229 718 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1048 World smelter production of lead, by countries where smelted, 194&-48, in metrio tons 1--Continued Country 1042 1043 1044 1645 1040 1047 1048 Japan................................................ to 20.616 Korea: Northern................................. } 11,000 Southern.................................. Mexico............................................. 162.080 Northern Rhodesia...................... 1,118 Peru................................................. Poland............................................. Rumania .................................... South-West A/rJca........................ Spain............................................... Sweden............................................ . .Tunisia............................................ U. 8 8 R..................................... United Kingdom *....................... United Statos (roflncd)*1........... 37,015 16,311 154 41,149 230 8.210 80,000 C, 487 467,608 10 32, 511 18,467 212,452 1,206 43,171 15,500 187 36,760 2,163 1,867 60,000 4,004 425,003 > 38,048 w 12,608 4, 006 21,200 178, 270 1,047 38,000 15,833 261 2,648 201,078 1,748 62 40,001 7,000 3,363 | *2,000 1 137,742 8,371 no 30,478 10,915 3,226 30,678 10,553. 6,336 45,000 3,660 421,638 31,622 12,501 7,023 40,000 2, 743 402,304 32,346 11,223 7.880 48,000 2, 640 300,717 8,747 10,600 2,000 260 } o 217,827 187,007 16,801 13,220 48 () 32,810 34,267 12,761 16,874 3,316 (4) 64 82 34,382 20,926 9,229 6,162 0, 840 17,960 63,000 75,000 2,852 2,312 400,018 363,062 Total (estimate) ............. 1,006,000 1,402,000 l, 202,000 1,116,000 1,034,000- 1,283,000 1,288,000 Data derived In part from Monthly Dullotin of the United Nations, The Mineral Industry of the British Comroonweolth and Foreign Countries Statistical Summary, and tho Yoarbook o( the American Duronuof Metal Statistics. ' Includes scrap. * Included with Germany. 4 Exclusive of secondary material. Includes Upper 8ilosla and Sudotenland through 1644. 1 Anproximate production. 1 Data not yet available, ostlmato by author of chapter Included in total. 1 Bizonal area. 1 January to Juno, inclusive. * Data represent Trianon Hungary subsequent to October 1944. 10 Preliminary data. n Figuros cover lead roQnod from domestic and foreign ores; roflnod lead produced from foreign base bullion not Included. u Includes estimate for Yugoslavia by author. Argentina.--The chief lead-producing district in Argentina is the Aguilar, where the Compania Minera Aguilar, S, A., a subsidiary of the St. Joseph Lead Co., operates the Aguilar group of mines. Over 80 percent of the annual Argentine mine output of lead is produced at this property. Output in 1948 was at a rate approximately 40 percent under the installed mill capacity owing to extremely poor transportation facilities, which interrupted incoming shipments of ma chinery, Diesel oil, and mine timber, as well as shipments of concen trates to the smelter. The production of lead concentrates in 1948 totaled 24,068 metric tons compared with 25,834 tons in 1947. On December 31, 1948, 1,744 tons of L. d concentrates and 84,496 tons of zinc concentrates were stock-piled at the mine awaiting shipment. Australia.--Shortages of labor and material continued to hamper mining operations in Australia in 1948. Steel was in particularly short supply; as a result, deliveries of mining and milling machinery were being delayed 18 months to 2 years. Lead and zinc production was emphasized during the year at the Mount Isa mines in northwest Queensland, the copper section of the mine being idle until the new copper milling and smelting plant is completed. Production of lead-zinc ore totaled 571,706 tons; ore re serves in the lead-zinc lodes were estimated at 9,608,400 tons assay ing 6.4 ounces of silver per ton, 8.7 percent lead, and 7.3 percent zinc. During 1948 the Zinc Corp., Ltd., treated 454,717 tons of ore com pared with 408,648 tons in 1947. At the New Broken Hill Consoli dated property, adjoining the Zinc Corp. on the south and managed LEAD by that company, ore output was increased to 103,567 tons in 1948, the grade of ore b ton, lead 9 percent, and zinc 12.6 percent. Tho Lake George Mining Corp., Ltd., at C Wales, produced 12,644 tons of lead conce June 30, 1948. Ore reserves on that date w tons assaying 1.17 dwt. gold and 1.46 ounc percent lead, 11.85 percent zinc, and 0.65 p put of Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia in assaying 2.0 dwt. gold and 7.05 ounces of s zinc, 6.2 percent lead, and 0.48 percent cop A shortage of skilled miners and reduced w by North Broken Hill, Ltd., as the principal duction in 1948. The grade of ore mined years, but recoveries of lead, silver, and z obtained. At Broken Hill South, Ltd., prod June 30, 1948, totaled 236,950 tons of ore as per ton, 13 percent lead, and 12 percent zin of lead concentrates containing 74.8 percen Burma.--Rehabilitation of the Burma Co which was severely damaged by Japanese o continued in 1948. The mine was unwatere level--668 feet below the 6th level--and op an effort to gain access to the 12th level. A the electric pump on that level will be pu prewar method of controlling mine water w Additional electric power provided by thre installed in May 1948 enabled resumption operations. Production of refined lead beg continued until early September, when it w shortage of essential mining supplies caused over the Burma Railway due to insurgen production were resumed early in October. refined lead was produced before opera September. Chile.--Exceptionally high grade lead-z curring at the Compania Minera Aysen m Lago Buenos Aires in Aysen Territory of so exploration has developed enough ore reser mill with the financial aid of the Chilean Min lurgical tests conducted in the laboratories duced high-grade lead and zinc flotation c separation and recoveries. Until Chilean ciently to permit economical transportatio centrates will be shipped from Puerto Desc the Atlantic coast. French Morocco.--Mine output of lead in in 1948 and surpassed the prewar product ducing centers were Zellidja, Aouli, Touis . Cedra. The Soci6t6 Nord Africaine du Soci6t6 des Mines do Zellidja (51 percent), N percent), and St. Joseph Lead Co. (16 perce 720 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 conducted exploration of mineral lands formerly held by the Zellidja Co. in both Morocco and Algeria, adjacent to the main Zellidja property. , Greece.--Rehabilitation of the Laurium lead-zinc mine 35 miles south of Athens was in progress during the latter part of 1948 by the Mediterranean Mines, Ltd. The company plans to erect a 200-ton flotation mill to treat an indicated sulfide-ore reserve of 200,000 tons carrying 6 to 8 percent lead and an estimated 2,500,000 tons of tailings and slimes assaying 2.5 to 4.5 percent lead. Greenland.--In the summer of 1948 a Danish Government goo- logical survey party headed by Dr. Lange Koch discovered a lead deposit on the east coast of Greenland at Mesters Vig in the area around King Oscar Fjord and Davy Sound (73 15' N. Lat., 24 W. Long.). The deposit included 3 quartz veins 5 to 10 meters wide and 8 kilometers long extending from the coast to a mountain pass at an elevation of G00 meters. Ore samples taken from the outcrops assayed 80 percent lead and some samples contained as high as 300 grams of silver per ton. No zinc, bismuth, or other minerals were found which might complicate the recovery of the lead. On the basis of data obtained from exploration conducted in 1948 the area is thought to contain an estimated one million tons of lead. More detailed development and exploration are planned for the summer season of 1949. Peru.--Lead production from Peru comes from a large number of mines, the most productive being the Cerro de Pasco, Casapalca, Huaron, Volcan, Atacocha, Cercapuquio, and Colquijirca mines. Lead output in 1948 at Cerro do Pasco was greater than in the pre vious year, due partly to the fact that throughout 1948 the Paragsha mill at Cerro de Pasco was used exclusively for lead-zinc ores, maldng possible expansion of mining operations in the Cerro de Pasco lead- zinc ore body. Production was halted at the Casapalca mine on April 19, 1948, by a fire which began in the underground hoist room of the Aguas Cahentes shaft, killing 52 mine employees. During the year the Compania Minero Atacocha began erecting the first of three 330-ton units of a new 1,000-ton flotation mill. The new plant is expected to be operating by the middle of 1950. The Peruvian Government took action during 1948 to aid in expanding mineral production and early in the year made the first sub stantial reduction in tax load granted by any Latin American country by lowering the export tax. South-West Africa.--The Tsumeb mine is the only important source of lead in South-West Africa. During 1948 shipments of lead-copper ores and concentrates totaled 74,837 short tons, contain ing 29,428 tons of lead and 7,483 tons of copper. Development included unwatering the mine to the twentieth level (1,900 feet below the surface), where mine workings of the former German owners were found to be in good condition. Diamond drilling below the twentieth level disclosed new and substantial ore tonnages. To provide addi tional productive capacity from the lower levels of the mine and to permit handling 1,800 to 2,000 tons of ore per day, the company plans to sink a new shaft at an estimated cost of $2,000,000. The now 1,200-Lon-per-day selective flotation mill began producing in March 1948. LEAD Tanganyika.--There were many conflictin to the importance of the lead deposit at indicated proved ore reserves of 25 million cent lead, in addition to copper, silver, go cobalt. Other more conservative reports proved tonnage averaging 6.5 percent lead. plant construction at the property proceede of Uruwira Minerals, Ltd., with technical Corp., Ltd. Late in tho year the Union Cor pation in the development for tho stated disclosed did not indicate an ore body of eno the expensive development that would be nec could be exploited. Turkey.--Metallurgical tosts on ore fro owned by the Turkish Government agenc during 1948. The property in the Taurus M of Nigde, 257 kilometers from tho Mediterra has a known ore reserve of 250,000 tons co 5 percent zinc, and some gold and silver. A flotation plant, power plant, and repa during 1948 at the Keban mine in the Prov meters from Iskenderon. The concentrator i tons of ore annually. Proved ore reserves to ing 10 percent lead. It is planned to build to treat concentrates from both the Keban LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND Salient statistics of the lead and zinc pigments i 19454-48 1043 1944 1045 Lead and Zinc Pigments and Zinc Salts By HELENA M. MEYER and ALETHEA W. MITCHELL GENERAL SUMMARY MALLER quantities of all of the lead and zinc pigments S covered by this report were shipped in 1948 than in 1947, declines ranging from a low of 6 percent for zinc oxide to a high of 33 percent for white lead (dry and in oil). Again, as in several im mediately preceding years, the quantities shipped were not a true measure of demand. Largo pigment users, such as the automobile, construction, storage battery, and rubber industries, operated at or abovo the high levms of 1947, so that requirements for pigments were unabated in 1948. The manufacture of passenger automobiles and trucks, for example, rose 9 percent following the sharp advance in 1947; new private and public construction was 26 percent larger in value, and the value of paint, varnish, and lacquer materials rose slightly over the previous all-time peak in 1947. Gains in unit values, of course, played an important part in raising total values for con struction and paint. Consumption of natural rubber increased 11 percent, whereas that of the synthetic type dropped 20 percent, causing an over-all decrease. Natural rubber, however, requires considerably more zinc oxide than the synthetic type. Shortages of crude materials used for pigment manufacture, notably pij* lead, continued to be a limiting factor in the pigments picture. The inadequate supplies of pig lead in recent years and the inflationary trend of prices in general caused the price of pig lead to reach new peaks in 1947 and again in 1948. Lead-pigment prices responded by establishing new tops of their own in both years. These high prices played a part, no doubt, in reducing demand for some of the pigments covered by this report. The price for slab zinc gained markedly but did not exceed records set in World War I. Zincpigment prices in 1947 and 1948 were the highest in many years and in some instances may have reached new all-time heights. Shipments of white lead (dry) dropped 32 percent and were the smallest since 1934. Those of the "in oil" variety fell 34 percent and were smaller even than the 1945 total, itself below all previous totals since considerably beforo the beginning of tho present century. Red-lead shipments declined 15 percent and woro tho lowest sinco 1938. Tho total for litharge was 7 percent below the record per formance in 1947 but second only to shipments in that year. 722 Production (sales)1 of princi pal pigments: white lead (dry and in Lithopone............... _do____ 70,107 113, 001 63,378 143,402 43,828 136,723 86,720 138, 203 63.972 140,076 04,395 142,005 61,17 138, 79 47.38 127,05 62,60 136,10 Value of products: $41,897,000 $46,601,000 $39,046,00 All sine pigments................ 36,260,000 39,288,000 36,644,00 Total................................... 78,167,000 86,889,000 76,689,00 V aluo per ton received by pro ducers: White lead (dry)................. 103 163 15 162 146 14 171 104 16 137 139 13 132 132 13 Lllhopono............................. 70 78 7 Forolgn trade: Load pigments: Value of imports.......... Zinc pigments: valuo of exports........... Value of imports.......... 1,439,000 3,000 2,737,000 6,000 1,387,000 0,000 2,017,000 1,600 1, 427,00 8,00 2,279,00 w Export balanco......... 4,108,000 3,300, 600 3,608,00 1 Roported as shipments, 1946-48. , i Data tor basic lead sulfate In 1040 Included under wblto lead; PExcludes value of basic load sulfate; Bureau of Mines not at lib * Less than (500. , Zinc oxide shipments were 0 percent unde than in only five other preceding years, inclusive. Shipments of leaded zinc oxide were smaller only than the previous peaks in relatively the same as the 1946 tonnag dropped 15 percent and were the smallest s Zinc chloride evidently established a no though there are a few gaps in tho statisti zinc sulfate approximated those for 1947 a peak for 1946. Titanium pigments were shipped in gr before in 1948, continuing tho establishm fifth successive year. Even greater heights in recent years had production capacity expanded (jgain in 1948 to close to 10 p record high tonnages made available, howe demand, and further plant extensions were High lights in the distribution of pigment report are outlined in the following discuss to make noteworthy gains as a consumer o largest outlet for litharge, ceramics took m ever before, rising 9 percent over previous 724 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 Zinc oxide was shipped for ceramic manufacture in new high record quantities for the third successive year, ami redhead was shipped at a record high rate., except for 11)4 1. The. use of white lead by ceramic makers, on the other hand, has been gaining for several years but dropped, at least temporarily, in 1948. All pigments were shipped in smaller quantities for paint manufacture than in 1947; shipments of white lead for this purpose doubtless were the smallest since many years before the present century began. Shipments of rod lead for paint manufacture, however, were 0 percent above the prewar (1935-39) average rate. Those of zinc oxide were relatively un changed from that average, of leaded zinc oxide were 72 percent higher, and of lithopone were 11 percent lower than the prewar period. White-lead shipments for paint fell to considerably below half of the prewar average rate. Storage-battery manufacture took less litharge and red lead in 1948 as compared with 1947 but used more litharge than in any other year, or almost three times the prewar average quantity; red lead amounted to 27 percent less than the prewar average. The insecticidal use of litharge has been hardest hit of this pigment's uses, falling 17 percent from 1947, amounting to only 23 percent of the all-time high record in 1944, and falling GO percent below the prewar average. Consumption of zinc sulfate for agricul tural purposes likewise made a poor showing in 1948, falling 31 per cent (dry basis) from 1947 and amounting to only about half of its peak tonnage in 1940. The manufacture of rubber took greater quantities of the pigments covered by this report in 194S than in 1947 and also showed to advantage in relation to earlier years. Zinc oxide, was used for rubber at a record rale except for 1941 and 1940, lithopone was the highest since 1937, and litharge the largest since 1944, being 53 percent above the prewar level. A new high record was estab lished in 1948 by shipments of zinc sulfate for rayon manufacture. This use has climbed continuously since 1942. Batteries.--There has been publicity 1 recently in connection with the nickel-cadmium battery, new to the United States but long-luiown in Europe. Arguments both in favor of and against the battery were contained in the literature. Paints.--A lead-free exterior house paint, with a titanium base, was introduced 2 in 1948. Lato in 1))47 a new basic silicato white-lead pig ment, which was said to contain 45 percent lead by weight as compared to 80 percent in basic carbonate white lead, was announced.3 The characteristic of basic silicate white lead, it was said, results from pigment particlos having a central core of silica so that whereas the pigment has the characteristics of lead compounds, less lead is required. Prospects for file development of improved finishes (paints, varnish, etc.) were outlined 4 briefly. 1 WUIIhngnn?., Eugene, In There a Lifetime Bulli'ry: Pros. At convention of Association of American Dattory Manufacturers, I no., Chicago, 111., Nov. Il-i:i, MMfl. Tho Nick! Cadmium Battery, u progress report: Consuniors Reports, vol. 14, No. G. May 1049, pn. 220-222 and 233-234. Manchostor, Unrlnnd, Nickel-Cadmium Battery Toasts os Long ns lUo Oar: Popular Science, vol. 1G3, No. 2, August 1948, pp. 113-118. * Oil, Paint it Drug Reporter, vol. 154, No. 7, Aug. 10, 19-18. p. 82. 1 Oil, Paint & Drug Reporter, vol. 152, No. 20, Nov. 17, 1047, p. 82. 'Chemical Engineering, Improved Finishes, vol 64, No. 10, October 1947, p. 242. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AN PRODUCTION The value of lead and zinc, pigments in basic lead sulfate, which cannot bo show increase of 2 percent despito the 13-percont total tonnage of the lead and zinc pigments values in 1948, of courso, mado the for Lead pigments and zinc pigments comp respectively, of the total value in 1948, c percent, respectively, in 1947. For many years, figures on sales were us as a better guide to activity in the pigments Beginning with 1945, the base was changed with data compiled on Bureau of Mines Available information for 1945 (the year there was little difference between sales an In reporting tonnages of pigments, an atte duplication. One of the chiof problems frequently are blended to make another pr and zinc oxide, for oxamplo, are blended to m in this instanco tho pigment weights app last-named class only. Pigments consume to make products beyond those covored by t storage batteries, and other articles--arc con LEAD PIGMENTS Lead pigments shipments dropped 15 porc to higher average values, rose 1 percent in with 1947. (Shipments of basic lead sulf Mines is not at liberty to publish, are exclude All lead pigments covered by the totals pla 1948 tonnage--white lead, dry, falling 32 pe 34 percent; red lead, 15 percent; and litharg Quoted lead pigment prices were highe average values reportod by producers likew values for red lead and litharge woro 1 and higher than in 1947 despite quantity losses a Lead pigments 1 shipped by manufacturers in 1047 Pigment** Short tons Valuo (at plant, ex clusive of container) Total Average Red lead....................................... Lithargo........................................ Whilo load: Dry........................................ In oil1.................................... 30,004 $12,022,686 . 107,050 52.345,041 30,075 12,030, 654 29,712 13,794,387 $33 31 30 40 1 Bureau of Mines not at liborty to publish figures for basic lead s * Woight of white load ODly but value of paste. 726 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 Lead pigments shipped by manufacturers in the United States, 1944-48, in short tons Year White load Dry In oil Tlnslo lead sulfate or sublhnod load White Blue Itcd lead Orange mineral Litharge 1944 (sales)............ 1946......................... 1946......................... 1947......................... 1948......................... 46,406 27,382 ' 41,802 30, 076 26, 661 39, 200 23,788 24,600 20,712 10,619 6,263 2,235 ft <>) 1,080 1,660 1 63,972 47,381 32,620 36,064 30,787 284 230 123 138,203 138,708 133,799 107, 060 164,778 i Boslo lead sulfate Included with white lead (dry); Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish flguro. ' Bureau of Mines not at liborty to publish figure. ZINC PIGMENTS AND SALTS Zinc-pigment shipments declined 12 percent in total quantity in 1948 from the record established in 1947, but increased 3 percent in total value to a new high peak. Higher average values for the three pigments covered accounted for the contrasting movements. Ship ments of zinc oxide (lead-free) fell 6 percent from tho high performance in 1947 but were smaller only than in 5 earlier years--1946, 1927-29, and 1925. Although shipments of the leaded variety decreased 17 percent, they failed to exceed only the previous peaks for 1947 and 1941, being relatively the same as tho 1946 tonnage. Lithopone shipments dropped 15 percent and were the smallest since 1945. Zinc chloride shipments, so far as can bo ascertained, established a record in 1948, although the statistical picture for this product is somewhat incomplete. Zinc sulfate shipments wero relatively un changed from 1947 and second only to those for 1946. Zinc pigments end salts shipped by manufacturers in the United States, 1947-48 1947 1948 Figment or salt Value (at plant, exclu- Value (at plant, exclu slve of container) sive of container) Short tons 8hort tons Total Avcrago Total Avcrago Zlno oxide .................................. Leadod zlno oxide *.................... Lithopone.................................... Zinc chloride, 60 B................... Zlno sulfate.................................. 160,771 81,450 165,024 65,521 21, 647 $29,873,882 16.034.616 17,382, 692 4,279,737 2,236,683 , $180 204 105 65 104 150,058 07,441 140,033 68,701 21,513 $32,862,3G8 16, 648,036 16,135,076 4,717,963 2,443,869 $218 246 115 69 114 Zinc oxide containing s percent or more lead Is classed as leadod zinc oxido. In this table data for Icodod zinc oxide include a small quantity containing loss than 5 percent load. Zinc pigments and salts shipped by manufacturers in the United States, 1944-48, in short tons Year Zlno oxido Leaded zlno oxido 1 Lithopone Zinc chloride (60 B.) Zlno sulfates 1946..................................................... 1946................................................... 1947.................................................... 1948................................................ 140,076 127,055 167,851 100, 771 150,058 04, 306 62, 698 67, 971 81,460 67,441 142,006 130,101 147.001 165,024 140,033 57, 545 66,230 67,316 05.621 08, 701 17,160 20, 854 24,031 21,547 21,513 1 Includes a small quaintly containing loss Ilian 6 percent load. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS A CONSUMPTION BY IN WHITE LEAD The down trend in use of white lead, in extended in 1948. Shipments of white lea 1947 and were the smallest since 1934; t were 34 percent below 1947 and less ov themselves the lowest since considerably present century. Total whito-lead shipme tom since many years before the present scarcity of pig lead and all-time record pr for the poor showing. Paint took at least in 1948; a more precise break-down of would add more to "paint" than to any o pansion in the use of white lead for cer temporarily, in 1948. Production of white lead (dry) amounte lead in oil to 17,672 tons, compared w respectively, in 1947. Distribution of white lead (dry and in oil) shipm short tons Industry . 1044 70,018 046 4,832 86, 720 104 40 3 61 * rvejjui mj u as atuoa. * Data for ba3io lead sulfate Included with whllo lead; Bureau BASIC LEAD SULF The Bureau of Mines is not at liberty lead sulfate for 1946-48. Shipments in 1 of "white lead" (dry), but 1947 and 1948 way. Basic lead sulfate is-used almost e tial quantities are used as an intermediate of leaded zinc oxide. Such quantities h this series under leaded zinc oxide rather Distribution of basio lead sulfate shipments, by Industry . 1944 ` Rubber.................................. .............................. Other.................................. -................................ 5,496 208 2 607 0, 333 104 3 3 * uspuricu n SUItxt. j Data for basic lead sulfate. Included with white lend; Bureau * Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figures. 728 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 RED LEAD Shipments of red lead dropped 15 percent from 1047 and were the smallest since 1938, exceeding that year by a narrow margin. The manufacture of storage, batteries--the chief use of red lead--took 29 percent less than in 1947, when shipments were 31 percent below the all-time peak rate of 1944, but substantially the same as in late prewar years. Shipments for paint manufacture declined 4 percent, but this use about approximated prewar levels. Ceramics took 31 percent more red load in 1948 and doubtless consumption was higher Mian in any previous year except 1941, being 20 percent below that year. Production of red lead amounted to 29,698 tons in 1948 compared with 36,041 tons in 1947. . Distribution of red-lead shipments, by industries, 1944-48, in short tons Industry 104-1 i 101A hug 1917 1048 Storage battorlcs................................................ Paints................................................................... Ceramics.............................................................. Othor................................................. ............... 30,211 18,074 878 4,800 fill, 072 20, 720 10,438 020 3, rm 47,381 19,115 9,318 1,22ft 2, tmr> 32,020 20,883 11,302 077 2,842 30,004 14,854 10,803 1,276 3, 70/i 30, 787 1 Reported os sales. ORANGE MINERAL No shipments nor production of orange mineral was reported in 1948 and 1947. Distribution of orange mineral shipments, by industries, 1942-48,' in short tons . Industry 19*2 ' 1943 i 1944 i 1915 11MG Ink manufacture................................................ Color pigments................................................... Other..................................................................... 03 7 28 128 40 50 G3 8 205 161 22 23 10 70 284 230 78 18 27 123 1 No sblpmeots reported tor 1047-48. * Rcportod as salos. LITHARGE Litharge gave the best performance in'1948 of all pigments covered by this report. Although shipments dropped 7 percent, compared with 6 poreent for zinc oxide, they were smaller only than the all-time peak in 1947, whereas zinc oxide shipments were lower than in fivo earlier years. Storage batteries, as always by far the leading use and responsible for the 1947 peak record, took 10 percent less than the record tonnage, or more than the average decline. In 1947 and 1948, two-thirds of total litharge shipments went to storagebattery manufacturers, compared with an average of 44 percent in the 5-year period 1935-39. In addition Lo the litharge used to make batteries, the storage-battery manufacturers themselves produce from pig lead a black or suboxide of lead which they use as a substitute for litharge. The quantity for 1948--69,000 tons--was unchanged from the high record established in 1947 and was 13 percent abovo the previous peaks in 1944 and 1941. Black oxide production LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZIN required 66,000 tons of pig load in both 1948 a oxide tonnages are not included in Bureau of Min Ceramics, which have been taking increas 1945, established a new peak in 1948, exceeding for 1947 and 1941 by 9 percent. The manufa ments has been falling since 1945 and had the drop (19 percent) among the uses of litharge. much more than half of the peak established in of lithargo shipped for oil-refining use decreased 6 with 1947; the latter, however, was the large insecticidal use of litharge lias made the poore years of the various outlets. The 17-percent d 1948, on top of successive drops since the all-ti made the tonnage shipped for this purpose on 1944 peak. Varnish and rubber manufacture b the former 4 and the latter 29 percent. Sale wore the largest ever, so' far as it is possible to to rubber manufactux-ers were the greatest since Lithargo production totaled 159,489 tons in 174,341 tons in 1947. Distribution of litharge shipments, by industries, 19 Industry 1944 1 Storage battorios................................................. Ceramics............................................................... Chrome pigments.............................................. Oil refining........................................................... Insecticides.......................................................... Varnish................................................................. Rubber.................................................................. Floor coverings................................................... 72.342 12,381 8,233 5,608 25,957 2,988 3,023 117 7, 564 138,203 1946 1 79,931 11,511 11,394 6,419 18,061 2.752 1,804 115 G, 701 138,798 | 1 > Reported as sales. ZINC OXIDE Shipments of zinc oxide (lead-free) dropped 6 were greater than in all other earlier years exce 1927-29, and 1925. The manufacture of rubber shipments, slightly exceeded 1947, and except fo probably the greatest on record; distribution d 1929 are not available. Consumption of zinc o facture declined for the second successive year. T differed little from the average for the prewar clusive. Use of zinc oxide for ceramics rose 9 pe for tho third successive year. This use did not tionate importance during the war. Since tho wa reached in 1942, however, shipments to ceramic been continuously upward. Coated fabrics and fourth place among users of zinc oxide in 1947, h by ceramics, and continued below the latter u fabrics and textiles, chiefly the manufacture of ra more zinc oxide in 1948 than in 1947. Floor cov 4 percent more zinc oxide in 1948. 88332G--00------ 47 730 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 Production of lead-freo oxide totaled 146,565 tons compared with 159,149 tons in 1947. Closing of the plant of the American Zinc Oxide Co. by a labor strike for Boveral months in 1948 was principally responsible for the disparity between production and shipments. Of the 1948 total, 76 percent was made by the American process from ores and primary residues, 15 percent by the French process from metal and scrap, and 9 percent by other processes compared with 73, 17 (revised), and 10 (revised) percent, respectively, in 1947. Distribution of zinc oxide shipments, by industries, 1944-48, in short tons Industry 10441 1945 1916 . 1947 1948 Rubber................................................................. Ceramics.............................................................. Coated fabrics and textilos *........................... } Floor coverings................................................... 59,518 24,909 3, C53 9,503 27,680 15,250 140,676 63,447 28.014 5.080 12.177 f \ 2,053 17.178 127,956 83,770 34.786 9,666 10,022 2,848 17,364 167,851 82,248 32,867 11,360 9,100 4,735 20,471 160,771 82, 896 26,779 12,327 9,474 4,938 14,545 150,958 i Reported as sales. * Includes tbo following tonnogos for royoD: 10-10--9,3(13; 1917--7,302; 1948--8,209 The varied uses of zinc oxide recently were reported in ZincfBulletin 5, published by the Zinc Development Assoc., Oxford, England. Purposes served by zinc oxide in natural and synthetic rubber pro duction, as given in the aforementioned bulletin, were outlined in the technical press.* LEADED ZINC OXIDE The use of leaded zinc oxide has continued at high levels in recent years. Shipments established a new high record in 1941, were close to record levels in 1944-46, inclusive, and established a new peak in 1947. Shipments in 1948 were 17 percent less than the 1947 peak but were smaller only than in 1947 and 1941, being approximately the same as in 1946. Of the total shipments in 1948, 96 percent was reported for paint. Doubtless a better break-down of the "Other" class would add to the paint classification. Figures for basic lead sulfate used in blending to mako leaded zinc oxide aro included in tonnages for the latter pigment. Leaded zinc oxide production totaled 67,480 tons in 1948 compared with 78,799 tons in 1947. The totals comprise grades as follows (1947 for comparison in parentheses): 53,915 (68,413) tons of 35 percent lead and under, and 13,565 (10,386) tons of over 35 percent lead. Distribution of leaded zinc oxide shipments, by industries, 1944-48, in short tons Industry 1944 > 62, 223 119 2,053 04,395 1945 58,852 200 3,540 62,698 1946 64,816 166 2,989 67,971 1047 77,994 131 3,334 81,450 1948 64,912 218 2,311 67,441 * Reported as sales. * Chemical Age (London), Varied Uses of Zinc Oxide: Vol. 00, No. 1538, Jan. 1,1949, p. 22. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND LITHOPONE Shipments of lithopono dropped 15 percen smallest since 1945; the 1948 tonnage was larg (1945, 1943, and 1942) since 1938. Paint manufacturers took 23 percent less lithopone for 1947, which was smaller than in only tw 1928 and 1929. Paints, etc., which regularl more of the total shipments, took 75 percent 82 percent in 1947. Other broad classification in 1948. Consumption for rubber, which has 1944, rose 36 percent and was the largest since and coated fabrics and textiles together rose 1 total since 1941. The gain was due entirely t took 12,423 tons compared with 9,048 tons in for coated fabrics were 8,436 and 8,421 tons, of lithopone by paper manufacturers was at 1944; it was 4,814 in 1948, 4,069 in 1947, 3,011 and 6,488 in 1944. Shipments for use in the m tinued in 1948 at about the 1947 rate--727 and Sales for this use have been falling; the tonna 864 in 1945, and 830 in 1946. One manufac tonnages for ink as not separable from those tonnages in the foregoing sentences are fo Exports are included mainly under "Other," bu classifies part of its exports according to end u The lithopone statistics in this report are ordinary lithopone sold as such plus the ordi of the high-strength product. This method o conceal the operations of one company that output of the high-strength product and has in some years. In 1948, as in 1947, one co plants produced high-strength lithopone. Production of lithopone amounted to 151,005 with 162,685 tons in 1947.. Plant capacity f lithopone was reported to be 157,000 tons i from 1947. Distribution of lithopone shipments, by industries Industry 1944 i 1045 Paints, varnishes, and lacquers *........... .__ Floor coverings and textilos............................ Rubber................................................................. 108,800 14,740 726 18,633 142, 905 100,398 15,821 077 9,965 130,101 1 Roportod as sales. * IncludasiajQuantIty,rnot separable, used Consumption of ordinary lithopone in the p lithopone has trended downward almost continu 19,400 tons--was used in 1937. There was a f 1,700 tons or only 9 percent of the peak ton figures in the following table are included in lithopone in the preceding table. 732 MINERALS YEAKDOOK, 1048 Tit&nated lithopone produced in the United States and ordinary lithopone used in its manufacture, 1944-48, in short tons Year TJlnmitod lltliofiono produced 1049.................................. 0, 800 0,200 7,500 Ordinary lithopone used Y cur TlliWml.i'tl lithopone produced Ordinary lithopouo used 8,300 7. 800 0,350 1047...... .......................... 1048 .......................... 2,000 2. 100 2,200 1,700 ZINC SULFIDE In 1948, as in several preceding years, only one company produced zinc sulfide; the Bureau of Mines is not at liberty to publish figures for this pigment. i ZINC CHLORIDE A new high record doubtless was established by zinc chloride ship ments (50 B. solution) in 1948; they wero 5 percent higher than thoso in 1947, believed to have been the previous peak.. The record for 1935-41 is somewhat incomplete, making a more precise statement impossible. The figures shown hero indudo Iho zinc chloride equiva lent of zinc ammonium and chromatcd zinc chloride produced. Com plete figures covering distribution of zinc chloride shipments by usos are not available. Production amounted to 07,908 tons in 1948 compared with 67,475 tons in 1947. ZINC SULFATE Zinc sulfate shipments in 1948 continued at the high level of 1947, second only to the peak in 1940. Rayon, which was displaced by agriculture in the record year, continued in the first place regained in 1947 and required 19 percent more zinc sulfate (dry basis) than in that year. This use established a new top in 1948, whereas agriculture, in second place, dropped 31 percent from 1947 and took little more than half of its peak tonnage Jor 1946. Chemicals, regularly in third place, continued to decline in 1948, decreasing 17 pcrcont from Distribution of zinc sulfate shipments, by industries, 1944r-48, in short tons Industry 1041 1015 1040 1017 1048 O ross Oross J)ry G ross Dry G ross Dry Gross Dry weight wolght basis weight basis weight basis weight basis Rayon....................................... Agriculture.............................. Cnorulcals........................... Flotation rengonts................. Electrognlvanlzing................. Paints and varnish process' log.......................................... Textile dyeing and printing. Other......................................... 6,051 4,974 1,459 1,131 203 278 1,330 1,737 17,156 8,720 G, 015 2,617 1, 232 200 255 580 534 1,093 20,854 5,303 5,0G2 1,740 035 18G 101 531) 474 1,342 15,841 7,634 10,816 2, 254 1,084 611 488 174 552 1,418 24, 631 5,883 8,178 1,488 043 335 315 151 491 943 18, 427 8, 210 7, 827 2,120 1, 112 021 233 01 00 1,300 21.547 6.173 6,125 1,430 717 441 146 51 38 864 15. 007 0,000 6,210 1,734 1.032 601 319 12L 102 1,034 21,513 7.333 4,248 1,193 1,306 402 205 104 66 1,191 10,168 1 Deported as salos. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND 1947. (The lowering of tonnages for chemi precise separation of distribution data.) S facture of flotation reagents nearly double established a new high record, although data ments are somewhat incomplete. The othe increased notably in 1948 but accounted for total shipments. In 1948, 20,125 tons of zinc sulfate wero 23,423 Lons in 1947. RAW MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTUR PIGMENTS AND ZINC Figures covering tho raw materials used salts in 1948 were not available when th Data for 1947 arc given below, and those fo next annual issue of this volume. Lead pigments and zinc pigments and salt a variety of materials, including ore, refined ary materials as scrap. In 1947, roughly 9 pigments was derived from pig lead and the the lead in ore used to make leaded zinc oxi from foreign sources. The proportion for z 72 percent from ore and concentrates, 9 pe 19 percent from secondary materials; about was foreign. The following tables give the source of the turing each pigment and salt. Pig lead either directly or indirectly, in the manufactu red lead, and orange mineral and is used al basic lead sulfate. The lead content of lead basic lead sulfate, which in turn was made to pig lead in the table. Zinc oxide is the on siderable slab zinc is used. Ore is employe zinc oxide, leaded zinc oxide, lithopone, zinc basic; load sulfate. A substantial proportion (63 percent in 1947) and most of that in z United States arc derived from secondary m of years before the United States entered the had been a large.increase in the quantity o the manufacture of zinc.oxide. Tho scarcity and scrap caused the proportion of the total o process, which uses only metal and scrap, to to continue comparatively low in 1043-46, percentage from metal and scrap rose in 194 in 1044-47. The production of zinc oxide accounted for the following percentages in tion: 41 percent in 1939, 16 percent in 1942 percent in 1944, 25 percent in 1945, 2G percen in 1947. 734 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 Lead content of lead and zinc pigments produced by domestic manufacturers, by sources, 1946-47, in short tons : 1946 : 1947 Pigment Lead In plgrnonts pro duced from-- Ore Do mestic For* clgn PiR lead Total lead In pig ments Lead In pigments pro* diuced from-- Qre Do* ; For mcstic : eign rig lead Total lead In Pig ments Basic lead sulfate..................... 0) Leaded tine oxide.................... 17,412 17,412 1,434 40,826 27,084 123,608 113 () 170 40,826 27,084 123,698 113 net 19,016 0) ; 18,0G9: 1, 434 >200,800 > 210,730 > 18,009 i 67, 701 32, 076 101,823 57,791 32,675 101,823 2,365 w 0) 21,024 2, 355 > 252,289 ' 273,313 * Bureau of Mines not at liberty to publish figure. ; * Excludos lead Id basic load siufato, data for which Bureau of Mines not aljlibnrty to publish. Zinc content of zinc pigments and salts produced by domestic manufacturers! by sources, 1946-47, in short tons 1040 1047 Pigment or salt Zinc In pigments aud salts producod from-- Ore Domos* For* tio olgn Slab tine Second ary ma terial > Total zinc In pie- meats and salts Zinc in pigments and salts produced from-- Ore : Domes For tic eign Slab zinc Second ary ma terial 1 Total zinc In piments and salts Zinc oxide...................... 68,113 15,799 17,901 Leaded zlno oxide........ 31,846 3,010 278 Litbopone................. 11,370 110 26 Total pigments *___ 111, 328 18,910 18, 295 Zlno chloride................. Zinc sulfate.................... 3,073 75 12,050 17, 682 29,032 12,650 3,837 113,953 72,639 19,164 17,332 36,133 34, 667 6,067 20,088 10, 592 1,280 12 178,174 117,798 26,611 17,344 12,660 7 7, 686 2,606 10 66 18,106 20, 237 38,343 14,803 4,412 127,241 39,634 32,121 198,906 14,870 7,081 i These figures are blghor than those shown In the report on Secondary Motals-- Nonferrous because they Include tine recovered from byproduct sludges, residues, etc., not classified as purchased scrap material. * Excludes tine sulfide, data for which Buroau of Mines not at liberty to publish. PRICES Total and average values received by producers for lead and zinc pigments and zinc salts are given in the tables in the first part of this report. For the second successive year, average values for lead pig ments for 1948 wero tho highest ever recorded, and thoso for zinc pigments and salts were again the highest in many years and in some instances probably for all time. Quoted prices for lead pigments repeated the 1947 performance. They were at all-time peaks at the beginning of the year, and all changes during the year were upward, the quotations following the movement of pig-lead prices. All price changes for the zinc pigments likewise were upward during 1948 as in 1947. LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND Range of quotations on lead pigments and zinc pig (or delivered in the East), 194&-48, in (Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter Product 1946 Basic load sulfato, or sublimed lead, loss than White load, or basic load carbonate, dry, carlots, Llthargo, commercial, powdered, barrols............ Red lead, dry, 05 percent or loss, lass than car* Orange mineral, American, small lots, barrels.. Zinc oxldo: American process, lead free, bags, carlots... American process, 6 to 35 percent lead, bar* French process, white seal, barrels, carlots.. Litbopone, ordinary, small lots, bags.................... Zlno sulfide, less than carlots, bags, barrels........ Zinc sulfate, crystals, barrols................................... 7.60- 7.76 8. 26 8.00- 9.00 9. 60-10.00 12.00-12. 60 7.25 7. 25- 7.38 8. 60 9.00 9. 75 4.60 8. 50- 8.75 2.60 6.00- 6.60 3. 66- 4.40 7. 8. 8. 0. 12. 7. 7. 8. 0. 9. 4. 8. 6. 3. > Quotations for bags. FOREIGN TRADE Imports of lead and zinc pigments are in domestic shipments of the items. The tota more than quadrupled in 1948 owing to sha for tho various constituents, and to the more Value of foreign trade of the United States in lead 1947-48 (U. S. Department of Oommorc 1 Imports Load pigments: Zinc pigments: ' Litbopono...................... *.................................................... Lead and zinc salts: $238 7,087 127,375 16,000 160,360 30,694 21 30,616 20, 700 10,807 37, 667 218,642 > Data not available. Flguros on Imports and oxports compllod by M. B. Price, of tho U. 8. Department of Commerce. 736 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 of litharge, the chief item. Despite rising prices, zinc pigments fell to less than one-fourth of the small total for 1947. Total values of exports of lead pigments, zinc pigments, and lead and zinc salts all dropped in 1948 despite higher prices characteristic of that year. AH lead pigments except red lead were shipped abroad in smaller quantities in 1948 than in 1947. Of the. two larger zinc- pigment classes, exports of the higher-valued zinc oxide were cut almost in half, while those of lithopone were more than half again as largo as in 1947. Lead pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1944-48 (U. S. DcpArtmont of Commerce] Ycnr Short tons Tlaslo cnrbonnto whito lead Hod lend Mthnrgo Suboxldo of lend Other load com pounds Total valuo 1944................................................ 1045................................................ 1010........................................... 1047............................................ 1048................................................ M I 1 203 M 16 22 410 247 1,004 (') $6,063 7,801 11 * J3.038 133 *171,060 34 * 033,776 1 Less than i ton. i Includes also lead pigments, n.s.p.f., as follows: 1010, $07 (522 pounds); 1918, $13,257 (00,573 pounds); lead arsenate: JW0, $5 (652 pounds); 1917, $20,700 (120,000 pounds). ; Lead pigments and salts exported from the United States, 1944-48 ]U. 8. Department of Commerce] .. Year 1944........................................... 1043...................................... 1940...................................... 1047...................................... 1948...................................... * Data not availAbio. White lead 3,052 4,070 010 803 003 Short tons Total Led load LI U largo Ornngo Subllmod Lend minorol lead arsenato valuo 2,117 1,922 1,355 787 Of,3 2,391 2,512 2,180 1, 212 044 13 3 c) c) O 82 63- h 2,133 3,170 1,308 1.652 1,010 $1,888,120 2,162,648 1,184,872 1,032; 143 1,404,001 Zino pigments and salts imported for consumption in the United States, 1944-48 |U. 3. Department of Commerce) LEAD AND ZINC PIGMENTS AND ZINC Zinc pigments and salts exported from the United S (U. 8. Department of Commoroo] Year Short tons Zinc oxido Lltbopone Total value i Year 1944.......................... 1948 ........................ 5, 511 7,102 10,955 11, 662 12,104, 203 11,676 i 2,664,177 9,651 2,911,457 2047.......................... 1948.......................... Includes also--1944: Zinc sulQde, $7,195 (40.223 pounds); zinc chloride, sulfate, $83,666 (2,029,801 pounds); other zinc salts and compounds, $48,687 0 fide. $25,399 (173,476 pounds); zlncchlorlde, $93,690 (1,499,755 pounds); dnosulf other zinc salts and compounds, $179,747 (760,108 pounds). Loginning Janua ol&ssos separately rccordod. WORLD REVIEW Australia.--The Glidden Go. is said 7 to have Lead Co., Ltd., of Australia, to use the Euston pr facture of white lead. The Australian company constructed a plant at Melbourne, expected to b the end of the year or the beginning of 1949. said the plant was to have an initial capacity of 7 Canada,--A report of the Dominion Bureau of published in 1949 gave data on pigments consume varnish industry in Canada in 1946 and 1947. T are as follows (1946 figures for comparison in carbonate white lead (dry) 3,264 (2,989) short to white lead in oil 1,741 (2,087) tons, basic sulfate wh red lead including orange mineral 626 (567) tons tons, zinc oxide (lead-free) 5,209 (4,923) tons, lead (700) tons, lithopone (30 percent zinc sulfide) titanium dioxide 4,117 (3,416) tons, extended tita ments 7,199 (6,442) tons, and``other white pigmen Canada's imports of lithopone, 12,736 and 8,85 in 1947 and 1946, were large enough to more tha years. Imports of zinc white (zinc oxido) wero respectively. Imports of the other items give paragraph are very small, although titanium pigm separately. According to United States records and pigments, 13,274. tons were exported to C 12,020 tons in 1946. Union of South Africa.--According to the Febr of Foreign Commerce Weekly, a branch factory of red lead, white lead, and litharge is being con South Africa, by Associated Lead Manufacturers, Kingdom. f Chemical Industries, vo). 63, No. 3, September 1948, p- 622, 1 Chemical Engineering, vol. 65, No. 3, March 1948, p. 220. i Less than 1 ton. Titanium By HELENA M. MEYER GENERAL SUMMARY kUBLIC interest in titanium has been stimulated by recent develop I ments that foreshadow large-scale use of the metal as a structural material. The popular (as well as technical) press has given much sDace during the past year or more to information on titanium and f, predictions as to ,its; future. .Respite j. ublic awareness of this metal, the paint pigment titanium dioxide- Ehas been an important article of commerce for years; since the Iat nineteen thirties it has been manufactured in greater quantities than , anv other white pigment. Production of titanium pigments has , followed annual expanding plant capacity and has established new { peakTeach year since 1943. Production facilities, however, have ; been inadequate to supply the total extra tonnages required for war , and subsequently for swollen postwar consumer needs * The titanium industry in 1948 was featured by the new record . high production and shipments of pigments for the fifth consecutive vear bv new peak domestic production and shipments of llmenite for the second successive year, by new maximum consumption for . the sixth Year, by higher domestic shipments of rutile than ever before by imports of ilmenite that were smaller than in only two preceding years--1947 and 1939 (being about the same as in 1946) , and by extensive research in connection with titanium metal and ^The United States postwar titanium supply dillered markedly from the prewar balance. Before World War II India was sup-, nlving United States consumers with most of tlieir needs for llmenite, chief source of titanium. War disruption to sea-borne trade gave impetus to the search for alternate supplies, with the result that the United States now has the largest single llmemte-producing mine in the world, the property of the National Lead Co. at faliawus, N. Y., and that other, new properties are in production, plan to pioduce in the near future, or are being investigated. Doubtless the prospec tive need for nearby sources, capable of assuring large tonnages of tUaniiim-bearing ores, for the time when the metawill come into large-scale production, was a contributory factor in the development of new sources of supply. In this connection the announcement in 1948 that the Kennecott Copper Corp. and the New Jersey Zinc . \ Were to exploit a very large deposit of llmenite m Quebec, Canada, . ^ was an outstanding event of tho year. Titanium from this property 1234 TITANIUM is destined for pigment purposes in the early da the operators are looking forward to an even reduction to metal. Production and shipments of ilmenito in th both 14 percent greater than in 1947. Impo below 1947 but were above all earlier years exc ing those for 1946. Shipments and imports t cent more than consumption; stocks in indus percont and were equivalent to nearly 1 year's n sumption rate maintained in 1948. Consum creased 18 percent in 1948 to a new top. Earlier reports of this series have discussed of Mines investigations in connection with the titanium, resulting in the development of at lea cable to large-scale operation. Later technolo cussed under Technology. Rutile production declined 14 percont from 1947, but shipments rose 92 percont over the low and exceeded all earlier years. Imports fell 3 owing to curtailment in receipts of rutile in mixed concentrates from Australia. Industry stocks in 1948 and at the end of the year would suppo 1948 rate for nearly 1 year. Quotations for ilmenite were virtually uncha year, a slight downward revision during the ye drop in the content of titanium dioxide spe (57-60 percent Ti02) per gross ton, f. o. b. Atla ing to grade and impurities, were quoted at the at $19-820, and at the end of the year 56-59 were $18-$20. All the quotations were repo Rutile quotations continued to bo nominally 8concentrate guaranteed minimum 94 percent T number of years, until December when they we DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Both production and shipments of ilmonite w 1947, and both established new all-time peaks for year. Rutile production was 14 percent lower in 1947. Shipments, on the other hand, were n tively low rate for 1947,'were one-third larger were the largest in the industry's history. S ranged from 44 to 60 porcent TiOa and of rutile TiOj. California.--Live Oak Mines and Ferro-Titan ating in Los Angeles County, produced small q and of mixed ilmenite-magnetite concentrates expansion appeared to hinge on the developme on the west coast or on sufficient reduction in prod entering more distant markets. Florida.--The report of this series for 1947 discu advent of a new producer of titanium-boaring The E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., Inc., oper 1236 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 Production and mine shipments of titanium concentrates from domestic ores in the United States, 1944-48, in short tens llracnito . Kulilo Year Produc tion Shipments Gross TlOj weight content Value Produc tion Shipments Gross TlOj weight content Value 1944........................... 1045........................... 1040........................... 1047........................... 1948........................... 278,610 308,616 282,447 330,633 383.746 280,791 308,618 282,708 330,001 381,608 128,006 141.862 130,024 167,328 177,447 $7,371,270 7.360,170 4,878,017 6,020. 400 6,703.073 G, 022 7,179 7,463 8, 602 7,380 0,770 0.837 7,614 6,167 9,007 0,312 $1,088,112 fl,4M 869,920 7,040 006,989 4,813 633,648 0, 226 047,334 not get into production in 1948 but was expected to begin early in 1949. Production of ilmenite and rutile in Florida in 1948 came from the Rutile Mining Co. of Florida near Jacksonville and the Riz Mineral Co. near Vero Beach. The latter property was operated under the name as given and under the name of the Florida Ore Processing Co., Inc. New York.--Production of titanium-bearing ore at Tahawus, Essex County, by the National Lead Co. continued to break records in 1948 and was again the predominating reason for the record performance of the United States as a whole. The mine continued to lead all others in the world in production of ilmenite. Drilling and blasting at Tahawus were recently described.1 North Carolina.--The Yadkin Mica & Ilmenite Co., subsidiary of the Gliddcn Co., produced 28,990 tons of ilmenite (averaging 51 per cent TiOj) at Finley, Caldwell County, and shipped 28,790 tons. The 1948 output was G percent above 1947, itself 60 percent higher than in 194G. . :....................... Virginia.--Ilmenite and rutile were produced in Virginia again in 1948 near Roseland, Nelson County, by the American Rutile Corp..' subsidiary of the Metal & Thermit Corp. The Calco Chemical Division of American Cyanamid Co. continued to produce ilmenite at Piney River, Nelson County. The Roseland property was closed from January through August, there being no mine nor mill activity during this period. i CONSUMPTION AND USES The consumption of ilmenite in 1948 was 18 percent higher than in 1947, marking continuation of the establishment of new high recor' rates of use for the sixth consecutive year. The manufacture o.( pigments, as usual, took 99 percent of all ilmenite consumed. Rutile^ consumption, which had dropped notably since the end of the war,gained 28 percent in 1948 and was the highest since 1944. Weldingrod coatings took 80 percent of the total compared with 84 percen in 1947. i Begor, 0. R. and Quoin, C. A.. Drilling and Blasting at Tahawus: Min. Cong. Jour., vol. 34, No. 8,1 August 1948, pp. 24-27. TITANIUM Consumption of ilmenite and rutile in the United 1947-48, by products, in shor Product Ihno Gross weight 1944........................................................................................... 1946............................................................................... 1946................................................................................ 1047 Pigments (manufactured titanium dloxtdo) .................. Welding-rod coatings....................................................... Ceramics_____-....... .................................................. Total consumption...................................................... 1048 Pigments (manufactured titanium dioxide) 1.......... ......... Welding-rod coatings i............................. .............. Alloys and carbide............................................................... Ceramics...................................................................... Total consumption............. .......................... 300.941 381,178 404,283 473,164 144 6,972 264 470, 624 668,448 146 0,377 30 606,000 "Pigments" include all manufactured titanium dioxide, consumpt was 1,2117 tons In 1947 and 1,338 tons In 1048. Titanium Pigments.--Production and ship ments in 1948 were greater than ever before, for the fifth successive year. Recent produ largely by pigment plant capacities, because over-fill demand has called for even larger to quantities made available. Figures on this i confidence and, consequently, are not giv increases in pigment-plant capacities for severa owing to difficulties in obtaining structura Total capacity was expanded another 10 pe 1948, and still further gains are expected in ilmenite was at a new maximum m 1948. senes have pointed out that use of titanium p largely on merit, have been influenced also petitive products, notably those made from lea According to information received from a .the use pattern for titanium pigments in 19 percent was for paint, varnish, and lacquer 3 percent for rubber and plastics, 2% percent f 2 percent for floor coverings, 1% percent for w cent for other purposes. Paint capable of resisting temperatures of have been developed as a result of research by for Scientific and Industrial Research.i2 Basi butyl titanate. 1 Metnl Bulletin (London), Titanium: No. 3348, No t . 30, 1948, p. 17. 1238 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 According to the November 5, 1948, issue of Chemical Trade I Journal and Engineer (London), titanium dioxide is being made from :| rutilo on a pilot-plant scale at Melbourne, Australia, by Zircon Rutile, | Ltd. If the pilot-plant results justify it, consideration is to bo given " it was said, to the erection of a larger plant. Welding-Kod Coatings.--Production of titanium-coated welding rods was 188,000 short tons in 1948, a gain of 23 percent over 1947, itself 15 percent above 1946; 267,000 tons were produced in 1945. 1 382,000 in 1944, and 481,000 in 1943. In 1948, 56 percent of the rods * were coated with natural rutile, 32 percent with manufactured tita nium dioxide, and 6 percent each with both varieties and with ilmenite. Other Uses.--Titanium metal, a laboratory curiosity until recently, has become a widely discussed subject with the advent of production on a commercial basis and with publicity that production at costs that would invite large-scale operations is an early possibility. The metal is discussed under Technology. Developments in titanium enamels were discussed 3 in a recent article, which said that the superior performance of titanium enamels has enabled them to make inroads into the z.ircon business, despite ^ higher cost. Antimony enamels were said still to lead where acid || resistance is the principal requirement and where low opacity is no '| draw-back. Another article 4 discussed the improved physical propertios of titanium enamels. STOCKS Inventories of ilmenite rose 17 percent in 1948 and those of rutile fell 34 percent. Totals for each closely approximated 1 year's needs at the consumption rates maintained in 1948. , Stocks of titanium concentrates in the United States at end of year, 1947-48, in short tons 1947 1948 ' Stocks Ilmonlte llutUe Ilmenite Rutile Gross weight Esti mated TIO, content Gross weight Esti mated TIOj content Gross weight Esti mated T10 content Gross weight EflUmated TiOl content; 1,700 776 Distributors *............. 6,684 3,126 Oonsumors................. i 440,052 $ 229,128 Total stocks... ) 453,442 * 233,030 3,953 8,042 1,342 13,937 3,687 8,123 1,232 13,042' 3.983 4,499 522,077 630,559 1,800 1,809 260,669 254,168 1,500 4, 218 3,403 0,211 1,391 3.986 3,261 8, MO > Includes Ilmenite and rutile content of mixed zirconium-titanium concentrates, i A. large quantity previously counted as stocks was written off company books In 1047. PRICES Quotations in E&MJ Metal and Mineral Markets covering ilmenite] were virtually unchanged throughout the year. A slight downward] Chemical Industries, Tltnnia on Top: Vol. 03, No. 6, November 1048, pp. 770-771. 4 King, Burnham W., Titanium Enaraols: Stool, vol. 122, No. 26, Juno 21,1048, pp. 108, 111, 128, and 1341 TITANIU revision coincided with a drop in conte from a range of 57-60 percent TiOa co tions for 57--60 percent TiOj conce Atlantic seaboard, according to grade when the year began; beginning Ja content specified was dropped to 56-- reported as $18--$19; and from Septem with no change in grade indicated. T as nominal. Nominal quotations for pound for concentrate guaranteed m number of years until December 194 was reported. At the beginning of the year, Stee Zone, contract, ton lots at $1.35 and of contained Ti for 20 to 25 percent, C 0.10 percent, the last three all ma $1.23 and $1.25, respectively, for ton cent Ti, with tbe following maximum and C 0.10 percent. For the Central for 20-25 percent Ti grade and 2.1 Western, 13.5 cents for 20-25 percent For high-carbon ferrotitanium, 15-20 ton, f. o. b. Niagara Falls, N. Y., fre of Mississippi river and north of Balti C, the quotation was $142.50; 3-5 per tions held until October 4 when they -for the remainder of the year as follow Ferrotitanium, Low-Carbon: (Ti 20--25 pe percent maximum, C 0.10 percent maximum per pound of contained Ti; less ton $1.45 maximum, Si 4 percent maximum, C 0.10 less ton $1.35, f. o. b. Niagara Falls, N. Y. add 5c. 1 Ferrotitanium, High-Carbon: (Ti 15-18 p $160 per net ton, f. o. b. Niagara Falls, N. Y of Mississippi river and north of Baltimore Ferrotitanium, Medium-Carbon: (Ti 17-21 $176 per ton, f. o. b. Niagara Falls, N. Y., allowed. Titanium metal, 96-98 percent, wa the beginning of the year, dropping t which level it continued for the rem Pont do Nemours* production was av sponge metal and in ingots of 10 and ? ' Manufactured titanium dioxide (a and (rutile) nonchalking, in bags, car the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter at 17 respectively, when the year began. T range of 17%-18 ceDts in. midyear, con in September, when they were establi ,chalking grade moved to 20 cents. resistaDt and plain grades were quo nonchalking at 20-21%; they were then pf the rango, whoro they continued fo 1240 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1948 FOREIGN TRADE5 Imports.--Receipts of ilmenite wero only 80 percent of the peak quantity imported in 1947 but were smaller only than that year and 1939, approximating the total for 1940. India continued to be by far the chief source .of imported concentrates, supplying 76 percent of the total compared with 87 percent in 1947. Norway continued to ship increasing quantities to the United States, the total for 1948 being 37 percent above that in 1947; Norway supplied 17 percent of total imports. A noteworthy gain was made in receipts of ilmenite from Brazil, and British Malaya appeared in tho import declaration as a supplier for the first time. Australia was the only country to ship rutile of the United States in 1948. Receipts dropped, owing to discontinuation of entries of mixed zircon-rutile-ilmenitc concen trates from that country. Imports of ferrotitanium for consumption, all from the United Kingdom, were 28 short tons. Titanium concentrates 1 imported for consumption in the United States, 1944^48, by countries, in short tonsi * (0. 8. Department o( Oommorcol Country of origin 1044 1946 1046 1047 1948 ILMENITE Ceylon................................................................ Australia: In "zirconium oro" 1..................... Value of "as roportod".......................... RUTILE Brazil..................................................... - ........ 79 6,511 1,753 10,608 * 1,669 21 32,590 6,987 1,260 62,' 066 179,693 9,895 218,623 21,077 262. 603 30,026 104,884 4,004 208,836 1,236 240,052 1,388 301,311 108,048 210,072 242,340 301,311 $690,034 $1,217,330 $1,440,112 $1,791,020 1,800 1, 09 134 3,070 234 4,377 31 7, 460 113 Australia: 3,009 6,320 Grand total.................... ......................... 10,019 $272,283 3,304 7,208 10, 602 4,408 1, 46Q 5,864 $213,18s 7,670 ' 6.061 12,637 $4t>8,8iu (> 8,708 3,335 4,619 184,309 41,248 242,119 242,110 8,771 c) 8, 771 8,771 $588,713 i Classified as "ore" by tho U. S, Department of Commorco. . ___ ,'Most of the imports of titanium from Australia In 1044-47 woro In mUed zircon-rutllo-llmenlle concen trates Totals of mixed concentrates aro derivod by addition of the U. S. Department of Commerce figures for imports of ilmcnito, rutile, and "zirconium ore" from Australia. Thoso totals are apportioned by the Bureau of Mines <on the basis of surveys of importers) into the 3 component minorals. The excess quantities of ilmenite and rutilo over the quantities reported by the U. b. Department of Commerce in tnose specific categories aro entored as "In`zirconium ore.'" , . .. . , ,, ... Most of the ilmenite, rutile, and zircon from Australia in 1947 was Imported in tho form of xircon-rutile or tlrcon-Tutlle-llmonUe mixed conconlratos. These concentrulos (including separated concentrates of a single mineral) totaled 30,074 short tons, of which 1,059 were I rnonlto, 12,.21 rutilo, and 21,894 zircon. For statistical convonlonco, It can bn assumed llmt 5,001 tons of tho material reported by tho Department of Commorco as ilmenlto was uctually rutile; tho valuo of tills 5,001 tons of rutilo, howover, Is Uisoparublo from the Ilmenite as reported. LInocslsudtheasn3019totonn.s not rocovored from in lxd concentrates. ._ Includos quantities reported by tbe U. S. Dopurtinonl of Commerco ns originating in French Equotorlal Africa, from which no rutile production has boon rocordod. Fieuros on imports and exports compiled by M. B. Prlco, of tho liuroau of M Inos, from rocords of tbe U. 8. Department of Commorco. TITANIUM Exports--Of the concentrates export Canada, 474 to Netherlands, 141 to Be of bouth Africa. Of the pigments, 19,78 to Netherlands, 1,005 to Belgium, 848 to to Mexico. Virtually all of the ferro- to Canada. Total titanium products $7,400,000; tetrachloride and other comp separately and are not included in this to Exports of titanium products from tho Uni . (U. S. Department of Co Year Con contratcs Ferro-alloys Short tons Value Short tons Value 1944............................ 1947.......... . 291 609 1,386 1,266 1,454 ' $51,828 121,951 200,800 192,703 187,225 > 793 744 660 609 480 1 Includes metal and nonferrous alloys. 1 Beginning Jan. 1, 1946, not separately classified. >$127,14 122,88 63,72 80,60 82,87 TECHNOLOG Many reports on titanium technolog year. The interest of the Department of the its promise as a structural material led to sponsored by tho Office of Naval Researc Washington, D. C. The papers submitte entitled Titanium" and included the fo Tlie Bureau of Aeronautics' Titanium Prog Matenals Branch, Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy The Program of the Air Materiel Command R. Kennedy, Wnght-Patterson Air Force Base. The Titanium Program of Army Ordnance, b Arsenal Laboratory. Production of Titaniuni Powder at Boulder lurgist, Bureau of Mines, Boulder City, Nevada Fabrication of Titanium and Investigations Bureau of Mines Laboratories, by J. R. Long, C Division, Bureau of Mines. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Comm Bradford, J. P. Catlin, and B. L. Wemple, Remi Production and Properties of Iodide Titanium Supervisor, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columb Properties of Iodide-Type Titanium, by F. B. Induction Melting of Titanium Metal in Gra Department, E. I. DuPont de Nemours <fc Co The Production and Arc Melting of Titanium Eastwood, Battelle Memorial Institute. ,,J?me Preliminary Tests to Determine Applic Williams, U. b. Naval Engineering Experiment Some Preliminary Data on Alloys of Titanium L. S. Busch, and R. H. Freycr P. R. Mallory & C Titamum-Base Alloys, by Howard C. Cross, B 883320--50-------7* 1242 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1048 TITANIUM Some Aspects of the Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys, by P. H. Brace, Westing-, house Research Laboratories. The Titanium-Base Alloys Program of the Naval Research Laboratory, by E. J. Chapin, Metallurgy Division, Naval Research Laboratory. First Progress Report on Titanium-Carbon and Titanium-Nitrogen phase Diagrams, by J. P. Nielsen, College of Engineering, New York University. bo the action in its simplest form is refin At present iodide titanium is still on a lab produced by this method, Gonser states, f alloying and for studies of fundamental pr E&MJ Metal and Mineral Markets of S Long's paper summarized two recently completed reports, sub sequently published, and concerned the fabrication of titanium and the studios of titanium-rich alloys being conducted in the laboratories of the Bureau of Mines. Titanium is active chemically and at high temperatures reacts readily with the atmosphere, making it extremely difficult to produce a pure metal by melting and casting, as with most other metals. However, the Bureau developed a process in which titanium powder can be heated to elevated temperatures while sealed in ductile, gastight containers. Hot-rolling the complete assembly produces a solid, nonporous metal for working into construction membors, machinery parts, and other materials. As a byproduct of research on pure motallic titanium, Bureau metallurgists also are investigating the possibilities of titanium alloys for engineering purposes, as pure metals in general show relatively large improvements m properties when alloyed with other metals. The titanium-nickel the Northern Miner as stating that Dom producing a few pounds of titanium metal plant production, using a process said to ; practice, points to a price of around SI. used by the Canadian company was dev and D. W. Rostrom. An article 7 recently published discussed in Australia. It commented on the large titanium totrachloride from rutilo sand du of purified titanium tetrachloride with m on a small scale and reasonably pure me either cold or at 500 to 600 C., has b process, it is stated, could easily be modi alloys directly, for example, alloys of titan fc silicon, and tantalum. series is the first of several alloys to be tested in Bureau laboratories. The report describes experiments on alloys containing up to 40 percent nickel. The article by Bradford and others stated that Remington's program has progressed to the point where 20- to 25-pound ingots are being cost and small quantities of narrow sheet and round rod WORLD REVIEW Available data on world production of ilm years are shown in the accompanying ta m certain important producing and consu world table, are being produced. Most of the company's effort was said to be devoted to research on titanium-rich alloys. Preliminary work World production of titanium concentrates (ilme countries, in metric to indicated that the macliinability of titanium is similar to that of [Compllod by B. B. Mitche austenitic stainless steel. Tho General Electric Co. River Works at West Lynn, Mass., and several other companies were said to be Country 1041 1942 1943 conducting preliminary welding experiments with Remington titanium. ILMENITE The experiments indicate that titanium can be readily spot-welded,' seam-welded, and inert-arc-wefdod to other pieces of titanium. Titanium's sea-water and marine atmospheric corrosion resistance were said to be truly outstanding, being better than austenitic stain less, Monel, and the cupronickel alloys, and as good as tho best- known materials--platinum and Hastelloy C. ... In his paper, Gonser says that interest in the production of titanium by the iodide process is broader than merely the production of a relatively pure metal as a base for investigations, almost regardless ' Australia: ` New South Wales........................... 3,621 Queensland....................................... Tasmania......................................... 268 Brazil (exports)........................................ 4,471 i Canada........................................... .......... 11,477 Egypt......................................................... 2 Iv India................................................. . j3i; in \ Malayan Union............................. `........ ' Norway.......................................... . Portugal.................................................... ! Senegal*...................... 1..................... ; Spain................................................. 1 44 61,086 768 1,000 71 ' united States........................ ......... . 21,136 3,661 3,816 937 1,666 0,100 '001 40,977 3 62,992 3 38,306 10 60,713 66,191 63 121 4,840 730 86 178 70,042 184,667 262 . of cost. It is a method for making a high-quality metal in a compact . Total llraonite...................... ,, 234,674 200,036 368,735 461 form, which can be processed directly without smelting or without f t Australia: RUTILE compacting and sintering into ingots by powder metallurgy. Essenti ally, he says, the process depends upon the formation of a volatile iodide by reacting crude titanium with iodine in tho absence of any other reactive gas, then depositing the titanium on a hot filament by thermal decomposition of the iodide. This action is cyclic, as the K New South Wales.................... Kf Queensland............... ......... . F Brazil (exports)................................ m Oameroun (French)..................... .. India................................................. T Norway............................................... United Slates................................. . . 3,649 267 2,360 1,800 1,801 172 4,496 1,007 4,616 2, 400 2,206 77 2,402 4,828 1,902 4,667 2, 736 2,396 116 3,617 4 4 1 3 1 6 gaseous product of decomposition reacts with more crude metal; ` Total rutile.......................... , 12,887 17,202 20,161 21 Long, J. R., Hayes, E. T., Root, D. C., and Arraantrout, C. E'., A Tontatlvo Tltanlum-NIckel Diagram: Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 4463, 1040, 13 pp. Long, James It., and Hayes, Eurl T., Sheath Working of Motul Powders: Bureau of Mines Rcpt. of Investigations 4404, 1040, 13 pp. * Data not available. . J Includes 26 tons of gamet-llmenlte. January to September, Inclusive. Exports. Approximately 20 por Titanium and Zirconium, New Motels In Au Min. Rev. (Melbourne), vol. 40, No. 7, Apr. 10, 1948, pp. 264-262. r I 1244 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19 48 AUSTRALIA Details covering; heavy mineral production and other data were mado availablo" in the latter part if the year. The most extensive known deposits of black sands were said to occur along the coast near the border of New South Wales and Queensland, largely between Southport, 17 miles north of the border, and Ballina, 50 miles below the border. (See fig. 1.) Information on reserves is fragmentary, buti Fio u h e 1 --Map showing location o( heavy mlncraMoposlts in Northern Now Sonth Walea and Southern i investigations of all deposits are in progress in connection with the. question of the probable amount of monazite available. In the^ areas, close to the beach along the New South Walcs-Queensland coast now beine worked, it has been estimated that reserves of high-grade sands are sufficient to last only 10 to 20 years at the current rate of produ^ tion. Much larger unworked deposits, however, are said to occur m Lamm, Donald W,, Hoavy Mlnorals of tho Australian Boach Bands: Consular Ilept. 80, Americas Embassy* Canberra, Australia, Sept. 0,1048,17 pp. TITANIUM the sand dunes behind the present beache Bay, New Brighton--Cudgera, Cudgen, areas. The roport states that competent "very large'' reserves of sands on the eas Island. The average mineral content is workable by methods now being used in A Production figures are given in the Domestic demand for rutile and zircon is markets are necessary to keep production ly refrain from expanding production to u accumulation of cumbersome surpluses. In the fiscal years 1945--46 and 1946--47 and 11,090 long tons, respectively, and o respectively. The United States was th percent and the United Kingdom 21 and the rutile shipped from the country. The ilmenite produced on the east co content to be usable for pigment purpose ilmenite stock piles are said to have accu In earlier years Australian rutile, ilmen shipped from the country chiefly in the fo separation in the importing country. monazite content of the concentrates b however, has made exportation of mix possible. . Seven firms are actively engaged in co for zircon and rutile; another company temporarily, and two others were planning tion on these companies, given in the repo Mineral Deposits Syndicate.--Deposits area and plant at Southport, Queensland of mixed concentrates is 600 long tons. the overburden with a bulldozer and selec trucks, the overburden being replaced. T plant by the use of Wilfley tables, draining magnetic separators are used to eliminat electrostatic separation of the zircon-rut netic separator. Products are zircon an and 95-percent purity, respectively. Associated Minerals.--Deposits in the . and plant at Southport. Average mon tons. Mining methods same as foregoin by Wilfley and curvilinear tables, rotary and electrostatic separation of the zirco cleaning of each product by both electr methods. Products are zircon (93-pcrc percent) concentrates. Rutile Sands Pty.--Deposits on the Tu plant at Currumbin, Queensland. Aver 650 long tons. Mining methods same a The sands are treated hy Wilfley tables, followed by electrostatic and electrom concentrates of 90 percent and rutile of 96- 1246 MINERALS YEARBOOK, ?948 TITANIUM Tweed Rutile Syndicate.--Deposits at Cudgen and the adjacent beach area and plant at Cudgen, N. S. W. Monthly output is 500 long tons. The sands aro mined by stripping tho overburden with horse-drawn scoops, then loading tho black sands on motor trucks by use of a small Diesel shovel. Tho sands are treated by the use of ., Wilfley tables, then moved by conveyor to the drier and separated and cleaned by electrostatic and electromagnetic methods. Products are zircon and rutile concentrates of 95- and 96-percent purity, respectively. ^ Titanium Alloy Manufacturing Co., Ltd.--Deposits and plant the : same as Tweed. Averago monthly production is 900 long tons. The i overburden is removed by power scoops, and the heavy minerals are then piled, and loaded by use of a small drag scraper into 2-foot-gage j. railway trucks drawn by a Diesel locomotive. Tho sands aro treated }' by using Wilfley tables, draining, rotary drier, then electrostatic - treatment (the company has six units). The ilmcnito is removed by a magnetic separator. Products are zircon and rutile concentrates of 98- and 94-percent purity, respectively. Metals Recoveries, Ltd.--Deposits in the area between Cudgera and. New Brighton and plant at Crabbo's Creek and Mooball Landing, N. S. W. Approximate monthly production is 250 long tons. The overburden is removed by horse-drawn scoops, and there is selective hand loading of the black sands into trucks. The sands are treated by the use of Wilfley and curvilinear tables at Crabbe's Creek and carted to Mooball where" they are dried, passed through a electromagnetic separator, and through an electrostatic separator. Products are / zircon and rutile concentrates of 97-percent purity each. Zircon Rutile, Ltd.--Deposits at Seven Milo and Tallow Beach, Byron Bay, and plant at Byron Bay. Largest of the operating firms with an average monthly output of 1,000 long tons. Mining py re moving overburden with bulldozers and stacking tho heavy mineral, sands, then loading on trucks by an overloader. A dragline loader is . also used. The Wilfley tables are at the beach, and the concentrates; are carted to the main plant at Byron Bay. The zircon is removed by l flotation, the tailings, being passed over cleaner curvilinear tables' then through tho drier. Tho ilmcnito and other slightly magnetic) minerals are removed magnetically, and the zircon concentrate is| dried and cleaned magnetically. The zircon concentrate is graded) at 99.5 percent and the rutile at 96-percent pure. A Swansea Minerals.--Deposits and plant at Swansea Beach, N. S. W,f when firm was producing, average monthly output was 30(Hong tons, but operations closed temporarily at end of June 1948. The black sands were hand-loaded into trucks and only Wilfley tables used in treating them. The firm marketed a mixed concentrate consisting of 44 percent zircon, 41 percent ilmcnito, 10 percent rutile, and 5 percent other heavy minerals. ; Alluvial Gold, Ltd.--Leases covering about 590 acres in the Murwillumbah district, N. S. W. Preliminary borings indicate that tho area contains 130,000 tons of rutile and 250,000 tons of zircon ore.! Zinc Corp.--Large mining firm investigating deposits on North, Stradbroke Island, for which it has important lease holdings. Leases, apparently taken in the name of Australian Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd., and later transferred to the Titanium & Zirconium Industries Pty., Ltd., which is doing preliminary subsidiaries of tho Zinc Corp. James Scott-Moffatt.--He has applied 80-acro area on South Stradbroke Island Plans to concentrate heavy minerals on Brisbane to be separated. Rare Metals Pty., Ltd.--Had just com mercial scale when report was prepared. 40 miles east of Albany, Western Aus 100 tons of sand sent to England had an percent. Concentrating plant will be a planned soon to send 10,000 long tons th in this deposit is virtually free of chrom of Australia's ilmcnito) and is thus s , Zircon and rutile will also bo marketed. British Titan Products.--A subsidiary tries (British). No information availa CANADA Announcement was made during tho y ment program in now titanium-iron ore f of eastern Quebec. The work has been and has been carried on jointly by the K the New Jersey Zinc Co. According to th of 125,000,000 tons of high-grade, easily ore has been outlined by diamond drillin credits discovery of the deposit to J. A. R of Mines, who carried out in 1941 the firs in the Lower Romaine River area, in Sag shore of tho Gulf of St. Lawrence, abo City. Dr. Retty called attention to th masses of anorthosite rocks, some of w and indicated that ore bodies of consi developed. The Quebec Iron & Titanium Corp.--o cott and one-third by New Jersoy Zinc-- operate the property, according to the 1 holders of the Kennecott Copper Corp. A will be required to transport the ores to Havre St. Pierre, and grading for 4M mile completed early in 1949. From Havro St. up the St. Lawrence about 600 miles to operation will be conducted utilizing the h in that area. Production on a small scal m 1950, and the company hopes to be t day by the end of 1951. An over-all e about two-thirds in the Sorel area, is exp the operation to thp initial capacity ind research an electric smelting method for s IWB^pp^S-O11116^ NeW Titanium'Iron 0re Fields Add Impu 1248 (MINERALS YEARBOOK, 19-18 chantablc iron and high-grado titanium oxide slag was developed. In speaking of the market for their product, Kennecott stated: At tho beginning of operations tho principal demand for the titanium slag will bo for conversion into titanium oxide for uae'in tiie paint, white rubber, paper and ceramic industries. Eventually, however, there should be a substantial market for the slag to process into titanium metal, which, because of its strength, corrosion resistance and relatively light weight, should be superior to other metals for many purposes. As research is currently being carried on by many organisations to find a low-cost process for producing the metal, it is quite possible that develop ments in this direction will be realised within a reasonable length of time. According to the Northern Miner of January 20, 1949, plans cover an initial 1,500-ton unit, but the plant is laid out to accommodate four such units. The annual treatment of 550,000 tons of ore is expected to yield 175,000 tons of high-grade iron and 250,000 tons of Ti02 slag. , OTHER COUNTRIES Czechoslovakia.--Production of titanium oxide at Aussig was ^ discussed in a recent report.10 The data were given entirely from J memory. The plant was said to have had a capacity of 600 to 900 metric tons of titanium oxide before the war. Planned extensions to fi 1,200-1,500 tons were not completed. Supplies of ilmenite had come from Travancore, Portugal, and Norway and just before the war were | largely from Malaya. Norwegian ilmenite was used solely during the j] war, Another report11 stated that a deposit of ilmenite of excellent $ quality had been located near Pilscn. f United Kingdom.--Tho British Titan Products Co., Ltd., whichhas 3 operated a titanium pigments plant at Bellingham since 1934, planned 12 to completo a new plant at Grimsby before the end of 1948. Production was expected to begin early in 1949 and to expand to 10,000 tons of rutile-grade titanium oxide pigment annually. The Grimsby works will have its own sulfuric acid plant, which is expected to produce 110 tons of sulfuric acid a day and is said to be the largest' single contact unit in the country. Imports of titanium ores into the , United Kingdom totaled 57,493 long tons in 1948 compared with" 71,250 tons in 1947. nicbmond, J. T. (Interrogation of Walter Neumann, Nov. 17, W47), Production of Titanium Oxldo t : Aussie: liritish Intclllgcnco Objectives Subcommittee Final Kept. 1410, 1047, 4 pp. " J* Chemical Engineering, vol. 6ft, No. 10, October 1948, p. 226. u Chemical Age (London), A Triumph for Engineers: Vol. 69, No. 1516, July 31, 1948, pp. 167-169. Tungst By HUBERT W GENERAL SUM REATLY expanded domestic p G level of consumption, reduction prices were features of the tungs Despite a 24-percent reduction in t put and shipments of tungsten concen ward trend. Production and shipmen percent WO, basis) were 4,210 and 4, 1948, increases of 32 and 29 percent o Nevada as the premier tungsten-prod max Molybdenum Co. began commer centrate as a byproduct of molybden mine in Lake County, Colo., in May 1 S&lient statistics of tungsten ores and concen in pounds of contain " .yi Year Produc tion Shipments Imports from for con mines sumption 1944................................ 1946................................ 1946............................ 1947................................ .1948................................ 0,704,047 6,388, 039 4, 071,042 3:026,470 4,006,741 9,786,637 6, 260,818 4,942, 282 2, 944, 622 3,811, 639 18,390,277 4, 773, 801 6,809, 438 6.018,005 7, 648, 101 'Revised figure. ii Imports of tungsten ores and conce United States were also larger in 1948; percent WOa basis), an increase of chiefly China, supplied 68 percent of th percent more than in 1947. Imports were 28 percent smaller in 1948 than i 1,792 tons (60 percent WOj basis) were for the United States Government. Consumption of tungsten concentra the United States was 9,300 short tons tons in 1947. The quantity of conce jen was 8 percent greater in 1948 than i >