Document KJx2Kz6Gj69voLayODzRX5LyN

t h e n a t u r e An d q u a n t it y o f c o n t a min a n t s in t h e Cin c in n a t i a r e a November 19)4.6 to November 1914-7 Iiitro duct Ion Much has been said and written about the possible effects of the contaminants of the atmosphere of great industrial cities upon the health of the people who live in and around these cities. Sinusitis,(chronic catarrhi bronchitis, and asthmatic bronchitis have often been said to have been caused or exaggerated by dirty atmospheres. There those who feel that carcinoma of the bronchus may be on the increase because irritant dusts and fumes in the atmosphere in some way excite the lesion into being. 7UC Aurtops-ied lungs and p.hRst y-naya of the life-long inhabitants of industrial cities do show a different appearance - than-oomparable _.yCrv-5--- saa-feer-ial~fr'5Si''rural inhabitants. | Yet it is fair to say that no one really knows what the nature of the contaminants of the atmosphere of industrial urban areas are, how much of these contaminants can and do get into the upper respiratory tract, how much gets into the lung, and finally, we do not know what effects these contaminants, singly and in groups, have upon the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory apparatus. Before one can undertake any satisfactory experimental study of the effects of atmospheric contamination on the inhabitants of a polluted area, it is obviously necessary first to obtain basic data concerning the qualitative and quantitative nature of air pollution. It will be well to know its sources, causes and seasonal magnitude and to relate them to the various meteorological phenomena which constitute weather. Having obtained these basic data, it may WfiS \tS, \ "v ' then be possible to -ge--into--the--lab-era-tory and design a series of experiments which will sited light on this problem. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to obtainjbasic %- qualitative and quantitative data^about atmospheric pollution in i v4*' ?24** *tlcJUl(*ttZect'*-* rf CC'Jt-e&if ii 1 Cincinnati with respect to dustiness, metal, carbon,HgS silica \ osssfeant* acid gases ^fluorine, As a starting point, a number V~ *lr t y> ll (? ' r* C1 <-> <( t^ |5 ^ Jof contaminants have been measurea^at monthly'intervals,.under a 4variety of conditions with respect to proximity of ^plants^neavy tuf/. $ automotive/traffic, business , in the c<s-< belief that these_ initial data will indicate tfee trend^ y / y* / * 7~' /V-O / f\ Jk . work ?thictL^aeu-eatiffiate---mayytalfe^a%du4 FiTe"'1lyeafes. pyQg3Mm-wid~'imw~^brnexpand~-a-lon--Hoer-tain..liruas~ and^oj^ra'Ct-^l-<mg~~~^ oliers>--but"it'^:S""hoped that`iafter~a`five-yeap~.periad_we.,,may-...ob tain a_fair..picture,,nf-.,the,..nature,<of..atmospheria..contamination in-Cincinnati. This preliminary report covers the period from November 19^4-6 to j. 1. "'4 'K J^ ^.*<#I$ J 4. . J4 4 '-=s 5* 1 i| i^ 5 -^ j # >4 November 19ii7 No' -final/-Conclusion can be drawn from the data A. presented but we believe they are of sufficient general interest to merit presentation at this time. Procedure Twelve areas in Cincinnati were carefully selected for studyfe in-order"to`-ratteffipt'"'td"lSeasttt,e''~'the''''varia'b'lee~-whieh^f-eet'~^ atmosoheric contarrdnaJ;ion,-4inder^a-^var-ie.ty--K>f--circumttSSc . These J&ns include! residential and business areas, areas with light and heavy automotive traffic, areas close to railroads and heavy industry, areas varying in altitude but otherwise similar, and areas in close proximity to selected chemical and metallurgical industries'^ >?hese areas -are controlled by samples taken in a rural T <t-^ area protected from the Cincinnati atmosphere by prevailing winds Jc Hk 0015935 SPy -3- and by a number of hills. Th~se^ptTig~^T&a^ aregeogr^Ercaily &reqS5&~fe..t-aicQ^tetn`^ctmsid;afeoa^^^d'f#eiytr^oT"^opula,Ion d^pii.fry/., thaJ,~pri<ya444rig^wlnda.f^an.4-Q-feb.aE.. meteorol.ogl^a-3:>^a3ad--^ot^ioloRl- cal_. phenomena. At each of the twelve areas, records were kept of the temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind velocity, the amount of the last rainfall, degree of overcast, and the amount of automotive traffic passing the area during the sampling time. Each area ^sampled monthly and at approximately the same <2 time of day each month. Monthly collections consist of electro- 3^2x.. if 4sets! -44WJP"< ^truX, ^ static precipitater--samples, gas- absorber -eamp-l-es, andystreea'^'^-'' L>est&> *&f-v *5uS. '* (awg^pings-r- The first frwn .qaTnpfL& -a&ft.-,ha.ke. at breathing level <*-S. /*V (i.e. five feet above sidewalk). In addition,' s^kai^-faJA-sa^l-e-gh. hj JJX. / p collected by the city smoke department from certain areas in close proximity to the sampling points mentioned above -&** cubaAfcfcad for--* analysis each month. The atmospheric dust samples are collected by means of a fit A*-*J p '** ^ DC electrostatic precipitator) Power is obtained'from a 12-volt *4t& --U c&{ZZ... 7truck battery through an electronic converter. The dust is washed --f put of the- aluminum cylinders with redistilled ethyl alcohol and ^ if the particles, in an aliquot portion, are counted on the screen of ~f a MSA microprojector apparatus. Counts are made atJ^OO to 1000 lyr K margirtr^n&t-irtm^.pnder light field Illumination. The remainder of the suspension is taken to dryness in a suitable container and weighed on a micro balance to determine the total weight of the sample. The dried residue is then taken up in acid and analyzed spectro- graphically for Its ffiet-al-content*/ X? / * Absorber samples are collected by putting air through a solution of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide. Suction is provided by a Willson j^gf 0015936 pump attached to a 12~volt DC motor which is operated directly from the battery. An aliquot of the solution ls_. titrated with 0,1 H hydrochloric acid to determine the acid gases absorbed, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. The increase in acidity above that obtained for the control point is recorded. Fluorine is determined by the standard method aa usee. at the-dfetijercatgdv., - `-'-r / hsSoratQry. The soot samples are collected in standard soot jars, 12.5 cm. in diameter and 27 cm. high, containing a glycerine-water solution which is provided with a mold inhibitor. Tbe samples are filtered and weighed in Gooch type crucibles provided with a fritted disc. The sample is then ashed at *i00C. to give.the percentage of combustible material and asb. A portion of the ash is analyzed for acid soluble material, combined and free silica, while the remainder of the ash is analyzed for trace metals by means of the spectrograph. The street sweepings are dried at 115?'. and screened through a 60 mesh screen to eliminate rocks, leaves, etc. /1 gram of the dried sample is then digested with nitric acid and the mixture is analyzed for lead. Another/ipSe gram portJUm is fused with 10 per cent sodium hydroxide and analyzed for bromine. to A third i I6! one gramfportion!1 is used to determine the .combustible material, -the-^o-P P-* ~------^ *i 4 acid soluble c-SnteTft, and the total silica, Results a i' The data suggest that the year/may be divided into three seasons according to s&jsm climate, November, December, January, and February we^e' combined -sws the 0015337 cold months*- -The -sseasdbtess# March, Apo and October were / . c'TajPQ &^SrdWwa the cool months, whi-to.-.iartteBathiig^ June, July, August, and September were designated as 'Sjgs- warm months. In Table 1 and Chart 1 are given data dealing with the general dustiness, of the air. Tables 2 and 3 list the lead, aluminum, manganese, and copper the air at the.various locations studied. Chart &J) 2a s the 3rs& data-in graphic^, form while Chart 2b shows the lead content of the air of an industrial area compared with the lead content of the air of a number of residential areas. Charts 3a, 3^, and 3 show the aluminum, manganese, and copper concentra tions.. Other metals such as tin and silver are not listed or _T&e / charted because of the insignificant quantities found. values ,f. ,. 'jX.jf jfc &ji4.. s*-!- <-*<- ** is . jiX P-';pT- ~c- ^ J aj?a--ao^^acAinata<niue^dOTpiasaibda.,,con,taininat'i-<>n"aTid therefore for the ti]^..J3aing-4d^i.a-~meJ-.1 pa not-, . Table 4 shows the data obtained from the street dusts. Chart Ij. shows graphically the total lead content of the street dust at a number of localities. Table 5 gives the data obtained for the soot samples. Chart 5 shows the lead content of the soot and the total weight of soot collected at each point. TLieM f Table 6 gives the" acid gas^cywaAeat and fluorine samples taken at a number of locations. Table 7 lists other pertinent data such as mean tempera ture, rainfall, etc., for the period of study. Discussion It Is apparent that the dustiness of the air in Cincinnati is, in part,at least, a function of cold weather (Table 1, Chart 1). 0013938 Or the twelve locations studied., eleven show decided increases for tiie cold months as compared to the cool and warm months. Except for one location (Western Hills Viaduct) there appears to be little difference between the cool and warm months. Only one location .(University of Cincinnati Law School) showed no seasonal variation. Generally, areas with high automotive traffic showed higher dust counts for all seasons. The preliminary data seem to show that automotive traffic contributes materially to the dustiness of the atmosphere in the immediate vicinity of the traffic. The Cedar-Hamilton and Cedar-Lathrop areas differ from each other only in their automotive ratio, 53-2:52 per hour, and are only a block apart. It is not yet apparent why these two residential areas in what is considered a 11 clean" part of town (College Hill) should be so dirty. While there is less soot fall in this area than in many others, the amount of fine particulate matter appears to exceed that in many of the business and industrial areas. The highest dust count (1.6 PP cu. .ft.) is found at the ^ ' A~> 'Western Hills Viaduct, which crosses railroad bed in the Mill Creek Valley and is essentially surrounded by hills. t-K-_ "Ime automotive traffic is extremely heavy (1270 cars per hour -and--it is elevated above the basin of the city only 100 feet. These factors seem to be responsible for the extremely high counts at this point. They are higher than o3x the actual/railroad yard A proper (Gest and McLean). Additional datamore sampling points will probably help to clarify many of these problems. The amount of lead found in the atmosphere does not necessarily follow the seasonal trend (Table 2, Charts 2a, 2b), but in general is higher in the colder months than in the warm -one*. It -ri-ees with the degree of automotive traffic and the nature of -7- : the area, i.e. industrial vs* Residential. The lead content of the samples collected by the electro static precipitator are of particular interest. The area of the city with the highest lead content is in the immediate neighborhood of two lead foundries (average of 0*088 mg. lead per 10 cubic meters). The second highest area isr-the Western Hills Viaduct, the heaviest traffic and probably the greatisTtr^railroad3 and'mixed ^ industrial centaminairion (0.05 mg lead per 10 cubic meters) /^he third highest is in the neighborhood of a recently closed white and red lead plant (also an area of heavy automotive traffic). There are measurable differences also in the lead content of samples taken in tv/o areas dirffeRang on-l-y-bi-n. their automotive - traffic,and there is a marked general increase in these areas in cold weather. However, differ-ing--frear^the general dust content*e*Mf*U*xJt the lead content is higher in the cool months in many areas than it is in the warm months. The only significant reversal of thee* . ... 1 *c phenomenon appears to tMg in areas where heavy automotive traffic r\ plays_a significant role. Several areas show essentially no seasonal variation. A full explanation of the whole^atmo sphere Isard-prdhXSn must await additional sliudi^fc* The factors which control the intent of aluminum in the atmospheric dust appear to differ materially from those affecting lead in some situations and to be similar but of lesser magnitude in others (Table 5, Chart 3a) Manganese (Table 5, Chart 3b) on the other hand appears to have no relationship to the other two and therefore may turn out to be a useful tool in determining oaaual relationships. Copper (Table 3> Chart 3c) likewise seems to have a pattern quite different from that of lead, manganese, or aluminum (Table 3, Charts 3a> 5) tfr 0015340 -8- Reference Is made to the control point (Winton and Science Ball Road). In Chart 2 and Table 2 one sees that there is no con.ji-rv "'if i* V *** efAMSts*--;--- splcuous rise in the lead content/in cold weather e^eoi-bhough it is ;markedly elevated by colder weather in most of the other areas. (The yearly average for lead is 0.006 mg. per 10 cubic meters of air.) The concentration of aluminum (Chart 3a) in the atmosphere at this point is constant throughout the year, a phenomenon not seen at any other point. The pattern of the seasonal variations in manganese (Chart Jb) at the control point differs from that of several areas in the city only In magnitude. The data on copper (Chart pc) suggest that the control point may be unique. All of .V ihe. these data would seem to Indicate that the increased dustiness oil / "'it winter months at the control pointy as shown in Chart lynay not be due to contamination from the city, but one cannot be sure. Addi tional 'die&a&t control points will have to be studied, The lead found in the -street sweepings (Table 1^., Chart Ij.), five intersections^show distinct differ- cnees Gtep4>ndringTMaTr"^^ Also sweepings in the city proper show more seasonal variation than do those taken at the rural control ~bc S-o^lZ.1. & rf.z, . point,wfelefet~4s remarkably constant^ The average monthly lead con tent at Western Hills Viaduct was O.yij. per cent as compared to 0.05 per cent at Winton and Science Hall Road, 0.20 per cent at Cedar and Hamilton Avenues, 0.12 per cent at Cedar and Lathrop Avenues, and 0.15 per cent at Fifth and Vine Streets. A factor other than oT traffic must account for the extremely high value'3'"obtained -fer Western Hills Viaduct. Because of the small amount of ash obtained from the +-[ 1 soot-eeanpl^S, free silica determinations were nun only on samples .tW&V&e** from Brighton and the downtown area. The^free silicaneves-.. f ** --tf;! dJt &#<*&' .................... , ..... -9 4M.' Oj <j u, h *.i4'Sv f 7 per cent fey. she3.ieal.-fflebhedw"S"~ Jgh|fL.jfn_ndng may be in error since the chemical method is known to be attended by numerous difficulties which affect the analytical accuracy. T-fc. -f a h opati. riu rln g...tie^e^Hing'"yea^^b~-empoy"X^Tar3r drffFSctiorTmetnods in'llrder~t^rrimp-ro^e--the-acaunacy. Jjpib & # &** .* &&S fff &%$*>{ The data obtained for--the ab-s-&rfeisT"~saTrrples^have not given results which can be used with confidence. It appears that larger samples will have to be taken in order to determine the fluorine content of the air. However, the^Worber data show j W if <6i appreciable difference/in the acid content of the 'city dir as -K / compared to thei-a-arr of the rural control point. There is little difference between industrial and other areas. Conclusions The dustiness of the atmosphere as measured by the J. electrostatic precipitator show/ marked seasonal variations, being highest In the cold months. The dustiness as measured by this b-T "itaf . y ~Zur i-jZ? J' method not necessarily re4afe^vely~Timilar -to--soot--fali1 data in ^ similar areas. The analysis of the data ghrmisr that there are differences m the lead content of the atmosphere in two areasv/which/differ only in the magnitude of their automotive traffic, and also that the lead content varie^with the nature of the industrial area. T-"~ Ny j. A K The air in the a^ea of a lead foundry contain^ larger concentrations of lead than -4-3^ found In the air of other areas. . , The mean lead content of'the^CIncInnabi*e4* approxi mately O.O52 mg. per 10 cubic meters^compared to 0.006 mg. per 10 cubic meters for the rural control point, while the highest '4'Sm* * t*' mean value P 0,09-..mg. per 10 cubic meters in the area near a tfg- 0015942 lead foundry. The amounts of other-metals, manganese, tin, copper. and silver, ,se*e extremely small. The mean aluminum content of the air jfey*slightly higher than that of lead, >.Oiling, per 10 cubic meters. _ . tn / ft-tj sol*._.__ , fTTZy.^.y t ,j S^t,?sample s fshowdthe following jpaaify average mfctsu f .u.i'trSj -*- /* H, /l fZL **rt**~ * ~ ..xiontentper cent of ash-d: lead 0.26, manganese 0.15, aluminum ~ [(..0, copper O.33, zinc 0.06# ^1w t or nngl 1 g4-kd. Street sweepings show^variations in lead content which C t*MsHn "f correlate" with the .automotive traffic, Itrsca*. A point with much / automotive traffic (more than 1200 cars per hour) gave a yearly average of 0.7!}- per cent^lead as compared to O.O5 per cent for the control point (90 cars per hour). ,t <.Vv LthtoLi^C * \ j The yearly average tit-r-a-t-ioa value /for 10 cubic meters of edu^vli^t/ &m.**.m**b*5^ <*t ?*** 4, ai-p alinws hhat hVift r-r-Oryespondarto ---t1c51i _mi l. of" 0.1.N hydrochloric acid (^u44ai^nt to 0*55 gram of hydrochloric acid per 10 cubic meters).in~axco^s.u3fl^the^,,CQntr.oh-point^in"a''-`-->''' crural^reaT~> Future Program It is planned to continue the study along the same line for the coming year with the following modifications: &MxJr 1. mncitrete street sweepings at Seventh and Freeman Avenue A^Jvljur--5 2. Changeft!eSt"'~ahd McLean to Lincoln Parkway and Betts Street and A' ^^jjaeillpe street sweepings. This point is a more representative area to show contamination^ due to railroad yards, since the -ZZ* ' point is more in line with prevailing wind than is Gest and A McLean. 3. Take traffic count at all Stations sampled. a Include Brighton Corner as a-dwr1a sampling point! since `f`^r:- soox samp-les are submitted for this point. Kr 0015343 Ct-K'F"'ff Include 11f t Jt *.t#r&V at Murray Road 6, Take 2-hour (1200 liters) sfe-e-e^ber samples/at two painto far* / 7* Study a more distant control point. 8. Attempt to increase the number and variety of areas sampled. tfs O.su'if.tff -'/ i'Jf / Prom the Kettering Laboratory of Applied Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio Report by: W. P. Ashe, M.D. J. Cholak, Ch.E. L. J. Schafer, B.S.E. (Ch.E.) February 6, l^ifS' Ke- 0015944 Note On March 5, 19^-7* Ordinance 9*3 was passed by the City of Cincinnati to go into effect April if, 19^4-7* The law, in effect, is that coal dealers cannot sell low volatile coal to consumers having hand~fired units. However, if the consumers had low volatile coal on hand, they were allowed to use it until June 1, 19lf7* tfF 001534.5 ii-Ohio R iv e r a t C in c in n a ti - - Zero o f Gage O hio R iv e r P o o l S tage ljlj.0 .58 P Ct - -^3 - - 50 - <3 53 O - B 01 3 P *-b 3 P P 3 w << 35 W 0 CJ 0 3 Pp 4 c* 0 O P ct O' p. 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C. Law School Western Hills Viaduct Vine and E. McMicken Heading Rd. and Broadway Freeman near Seventh Fifth and Vine Kincaid and Harvest Gest and McLean (on or near R.R. tracks) City Average Yearly Avg. 0.025 0.016 0.006 0.028 0.020 0.z01+9 o .oil}. 0.058 0.088 O.Qi/7 0.017 0.016 Ip-Month Avg. November December January February 0.029 0.022 0.009 0.016 0.009 0.079 0.018 0.060 0.102 0.051 o.oilf. 0.015 ir\ LT\ O. O ip-Mcnth Avg. March April May October 0.010 0.015 0.009 0.050 0.029 0.012 O.O56 0.091 0.082 0.009 0.019 0.052 0.056 0.055 4,-Month -Avg. June July August September 0.050 0.017 Nil O.Ollp 0.025 0.0)4.0 0.012 0.017 O.O65 0.050 0.051 0.015 0.027 KF 0015347 CHART 2b ) ) ) V* t ' " r-'t *^y *j ,-u <; w% o H *< H ct 1 *3 M 3 H P 3 C0 o 3 a Pi cf O ct* ct a p ct p P ! O P p 1 H H* rf O i 3 < ^ P H* J 3 P P s 3 to 3 3 o3 pP 3 P- p u. 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