Document KJp60wx3nXe4Eb251x48Qwyd0

es .i .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .6 .9 . 10 .. II 12 . 13 - 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . IS . |6 . 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 25 . 26 . 27 * * . 30 . 31 . 32 . 33 parr Pro- ERS more :h 15 20 30 50 i 31. ILL WHP Current Safety Topics in the GLASS AND CERAMIC INDUSTRY As presented the Sessions of the Gloss and Ceramics Section of the 1949 National Safety Congress A Safety Program In a Ceramic Refractories Plant. . Hazard Control for Glass Batch Plants. ..................... An Engineering Educator Cites the Need for Safety Engineering .................................................. Volume 12 Transactions 1949 National Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 20 North Waekor Drive Chicago 6, Illinois 4 8 10 0b r x 5.. PLAINTIFFS EXHIBIT PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT 0W6<zt& Tteto.., In safety, as in all other human activities, the question is repeatedly asked, "What's new?" Many answers to that Muestion are given every year by those who participate in the various sessions of the National Safety Congress. Many new methods, devices, and ideas which later became generally accepted first were presented at a Congress session. Because of this fact, safety directors throughout the nation have always found the Transactions of the Congress a valuable tool in their accident prevention programs. Publication of the Transactions in small volumes--one for each Section or Division--permits wide distribution of pertinent portions of the Congress material to man agement and supervisory personnel at small cost The 33 volumes of the 1949 Congress Transactions are listed on the last page. Distribution of these volumes to key personnel is suggested as a valuable aid in the safety program. In preparing these Transactions the proceedings of the Congress have been condensed and edited for reference purposes. Complete original manuscripts, with any charts or illustrations which were used, are available in National Safety Council files. Views expressed at the Congress or in this record are those of the Congress participants, and not necessarily those of the National Safety Council. THE GLASS AHD CERAMICS SECTIOH This volume is a record of the sessions held at the 1949 National Safety Congress by the Glass and Ceramics Section. The conduct of these Congress sessions each year is only one of the many cooperative activities which the Glass and Ceramics Section carries on in behalf of its members, and for the benefit of accident prevention work in the glass and ceramics industry generally*. The Section gives guidance in 'he preparation of a great variety of technical and educational ma terial useful in the day-to-day safety* programs of glass and ceramics plants. The activities of the Section are under the direction of its Executive Committee, the members of which are listed at the close of this volume. rx 4 Glass and Ceramics Industry A Safety Program in a Ceramic Refractories Plant By R. K. SMITH Manager, Pot and Clay Div., Corning Glass Works, Coming, N. Y. Our plant is a ceramic plant within a gives top management a valuable contact glass plant. The pot and clay plant makes with the individual employee, who is assured refractories in which the 14 other plants that unsafe practices will receive imme of the Coming Glass Works and its affili diate correction when brought to the at ates melt glass. Although we are a small tention of the suggestion department. plant, we have available the trained expert personnel and excellent technical equipment of the large company program. All of these approaches are backed up by a monthly inspection of each department by an impartial rotating committee, which posts It is also noteworthy that our program its rating on a prominent scoreboard where has no administrative director but is man all can see die department's status. A writ aged by a committee appointed by the di ten summary of the committee findings i> rector of industrial relations. sent to all department beads each month, The safety program of the Corning Glass giving recommendations for improvement. Works can be considered to be the three Previous recommendations completed are main divisions: educational, medical and removed from the list and those incom- technical. pleted are followed by the number of months The educational program is designed to produce an alert, safety-minded working force in both management and labor. Man agement makes continued use of the Na tional Safety Council safety posters posted at several dozen strategic locations through since first reporting. The committee also summons department representatives to a meeting where these recommendations are discussed and corrective measures or their lack are explained. Lack of action can have most embarrassing effects. out the plant and changed at least once a The medical program is designed to pro month so that the employee's attention is tect both employee and employer through always being attracted to some new angle out the period of employment. The program of safety. is handled by a medical doctor, a dentist, a Subjects of general interest, such as ma terials Itandling, fire hazards, etc. are fre quently treated with motion pictures preqmted hv the training department and at tended by selected interested employees on company time. Space and equipment are available to show sound motion pictures to approximately 100 people at the same time. secretary, and five nurses who have an eight room, completely equipped hospital and dis pensary at their service. The hospital is open 24 hours per day. A careful pre employment physical examination prevents many hazards from being hired. It also classifies those that are hired so that they will not he used on work for which they are physically unsuitable. Any employee The plant magazine, the "Gaffer" is a " who lias been ill for more than one week potent source of morale on the subject of must undergo reexamination by the doctor safety. This magazine, issued each month, prior to returning to work, and may also is eagerly received in the employee's home be required to return for subsequent exam ;md the special mention given to promoters ination if he is temporarily limited in his of safety gives these people prestige where type of work. it is most effective, in their own families. It also serves to inform the family of the working member's hazard and enlists their cooperation in soliciting his careful be havior at work. The hospital is equipped with X-rav ap paratus by which each employee is checked annually, as well as at other times, if any reason for more frequent or special exam Finally, all employees are encouraged to inations is apparent offer improved safety practices through the First aid service is available in the hos plant suggestion system, receiving suitable pital at all hours. monetary awards for acceptable ideas. This Dental service is limited to the examina- upon this hospi spect condi unde A Safety Program in a Ceramic Refractories Plant S ni /" a itact ured une- at- P by t by )OSL> here vritJS i> >nth. sent. are mnmths also :o a are their can prough{rani st, a sight disd i* ^ pi rent'also they they oyec veek JCtor also tam. his apcked any tam- hos- lina- tion, cleaning, and extraction of teeth, serv ices which keep one dentist busy full time. Dental X-ray equipment is available and much used. All of these services are controlled through the departmental foreman. If an employee is injured or for any other rea son desires medical attention, his foreman issues him a pass to the hospital stating the reason for the visit This pass is sub mitted to the hospital attendant, who reg isters the time of admission and discharge. Any pertinent recommendations are written on the pass, which is given to the foreman upon the employee's return to work. Use of this pass has greatly reduced lost time for hospital visits. The technical program is designed to determine the nature of our safety problems and to supply methods and equipment for their solution. If the inspection committee mentioned in the: educational program should either observe or be informed of a dusty area, a technician would immediately be dis patched to measure the extent of the hazard by dust counts, equipment for which is available at all times. The technical director would then study the results and recom mend suitable equipment to eliminate the hazard. This often involves the design and specification of new equipment for special conditions, examples of which will be given under the pot and clay plant program de scription. If the committee should learn of an ob jectionably hot area (a common complaint in a glass plant), a technician would be sent to measure temperatures and radiant energy. These measurements will indicate whether stir movement or heat shielding is the proper treatment of the problem. The technical program also includes a safety storeroom, which supplies and services masks and goggles, sells safety shoes to employees at cost and stores and maintains safety equipment The* discussion to this point has had ref erence to a universal program of a broad nature, designed primarily to answer gen eral problems. From here on we shall be concerned with a specific program designed to meet definite plant problems, so let us first enumerate the problems with which we have been faced and which we have found to fall into the following categories: 1. Dust 2. Heat 3. Heavy lifting 4. Moving machinery 5. Add handling 6. Fire. We approach the dust problem in several ways, the first of which might be consid ered an isolation or area separation. Our dust-forming operations are unloading, mix ing, and grinding (of both raw materials and product). The areas where these opera tions are performed are completely dosed off from other functions, such as fabrica tion, firing, office, and laboratory, by hall ways with doors that are kept dosed at all times. In this way, collection and protection problems are confined to the areas which are inherently dusty to some considerable degree. Dust prevention in these areas is of two types, dry removal and wet removal The dry removal is designed to prevent accu mulation of dust and is accomplished by means of a heavy duty vacuum cleaner which completdy covers all portions of the plant every two days. This confines the problem to the essentially dusty areas in stead of accentuating the difficulty by allow ing dust to accumulate until every point in the plant is dusty. Wet removal where applicable, is prob ably the most positive of our dust treat ments. In dry grinding our products to final shape, enormous quantities of dust are not only formed, but they are imparted a high velocity which multiplies the difficulties of dry collection. Where the grinding sur faces can be covered with water, this water serves as an efficient collecting medium for the dust. While this eliminates any possi bility of the escape of dust into the sur rounding air, two words of caution seem in order. First, etectric shock hazards are greatly increased in the wet areas which result, and we have found it necessary to use compressed stir motors even on grounded portable tools. Second, the dust must be allowed to settle out of the water rather completdy before the water is allowed to empty into a sewer if serious dogging prob lems are to be avoided. Where dust formation cannot be pre vented. dust collection is accomplished in one of several ways. A large low velocity Glass and Ceramics Industry dust collector (moving 18,000 cubic feet of surface of 20 square feet at a temperature air per minute at a velocity of 75 feet .per approaching l,500oC. (2,732`,F.). In spite second) is piped through a 27-inch main to of any flow' of cold air over their persons, the building where the dusty operations of these men will "bum up" even in mid-winter unloading, grinding of raw materials, and unless they are protected from the radiation. mixing are performed. Even- point of dust This protection is furnished by the inter formation in this building is covered by a posal of a water cooled metal mesh shield port from this main. If proper operating between the radiation source and the procedures are followed, this very effec worker. In addition, the workmen wear tively prevents escape of dust into the gloves, aprons, hats, and heavy clothing. working atmosphere during normal working operations. Just to make sure we don't lack for trouble, we are furnished with an anti In the finished product grinding room, quated steam-powered pot-setting machine where wet grinding cannot be satisfactorily whose boiler must be kept in condition. performed, a high velocity dust collector is used to remove the dry dust. This machine moves 15,000 cubic feet of air per minute through a 20-inch main at a velocity of 100 feet per second. Adjustable ports from this main are placed at strategic locations on dry grinding operations. Air at this ve locity will entrain all of the fine dust from the grinding wheels on our lathes and do a fair job on a 30-inch dry face grinder if the exhaust ports are effectively designed. In a plant where articles weighing as much as 1.400 pounds must be lifted and moved by man pow-er unassisted by any mechanical means, lifting is really a prob lem requiring continual educational and su pervisory emphasis. Of course, we have minimized the problem where possible by the use of mechanical devices and handling accessories. Probably the greatest single improvement in this field has been the use of pallets and pallet lift trucks to avoid In temporarily dusty areas, portable small- handling of finished product. All finished capacity' dust collectors are used. product, except special shapes, is loaded on Where neither prevention nor collection is effective, protection by a mask is essen tial. The dustiest grinding operations are confined to a special grinding room which is kept under slightly reduced pressure by a fan which moves 3,300 cubic feet of air per pallets and moved into and out of storage and on to the job without removing from the pallet, a procedure which has not only greatly reduced the working hazards of handling the product, but has also allowed a 60_per cent reduction of personnel minute. In this room the operator is re When pallets cannot be used and large quired to wear a protective mask, although articles must be moved individually, hoists the work is performed on a 36-inch square are used when possible. In our grinding grid through which the above fan exhausts room, where large articles must repeatedly air. be moved and positioned, two overhead Heat problems are of two types, convec tion and radiation. Convection, or air tem perature, problems are taken care of by central, large volume, "man-cooling" fans whose output is piped through massive ducts to all hot points about the furnaces. These traveling cranes, each of two tons capacity', can pick up an article from any point and place it at any other point of 3,000 square feet of floor space. Several hoists are avail able at other strategic locations throughout the plant to assist in heavy lifting. ducts are studded with adjustable' pipes Much of the heavy lifting formerly en which can be arranged to concentrate a countered in the unloading of raw materials considerable flow of air past any nearby has been eliminated by the use of a mechani point. cal unloading scoop which is also paying its Most of our problems, however, are of way through savings of time. the radiation type. Setting glass melting In spite of the use of ail possible me pots subjects the men to severe heat espe chanical aids, very heavy lifting by man cially on a hot summer day. During a period . power only' is required in handling the dry. of as much as half an hour several men unfired ware wrhicn is too fragile for moving must work (in relays, of course) at a by mechanical means. Kiln loading is done distance of only 10 feet from a radiating with a husky crew of experienced men vhc neec A to I mo> pres T mitt all gua reqt fixe accc shie chin mac ting Son hav opei ing lUt! T fold com fun C of ; prol diin pen F cuff and root pen of tent quit don A whi The link iS' tf vide aric able L jf revi tire the at of : itnre spite tSnotns ,\ tick iterueld the vear for anti* hine ; as and arty robsubave ; ty Ding ngle use vend shed i an rage 'ram only of need arge oik N dikJ edly head dty. and nare vail* bout ca nals ani ls its meman dry. iving done men A Safety Program in a Ceramic Refractories Plant 7 whose supervision constantly emphasizes the need of alertness and safe procedures. All personnel continually are encouraged to purchase and wear safety shoes, because moving heavy articles involves an ever present hazard to feet The monthly inspection of the safety com mittee is of great assistance in seeing that all moving machinery is kept thoroughly guarded. Stationary machines which do not require continual access are supplied with fixed guards. Stationary machines to which access is essential are supplied with movable shields which are interposed between ma chine and operator during operation of the machine, but which are removed while set ting up the work with the machine idle. Some of the high speed portable machines have no satisfactory guards, so these are operated in the special grinding room, limit ing the hazard to the operator who is re quired to wear suitable protective equipment. The problem of handling adds is two fold, requiring not only protection from contact with the liquid but also from the fumes. Contact with the liquid is avoided by use of suitable handling equipment, by wearing protective clothing, and by limiting the han dling of adds to carefully trained and su pervised technical personnel. Fumes are removed by ventilating fans of sufficient power to provide rapid removal and replacement of the add laden air in a room to which only the essential operating personnel are admitted. Since the presence of operating personnel is only intermit tently needed in our process, men are re quired to wear masks as additional protec tion while exposed to the fumes. All buildings are separated by openings which can be closed with fireproof doors. The doors are self dosing when the fusible fink in the chain which holds them open is melted. All buildings are completely pro vided with automatic sprinklers, and sodaadd type fire extinguishers are readily avail able It all points. In addition, we have a plant fire brigade >f 17 persons who meet once a mouth to review the status of fire protection. Regular fire drills are held every three months, with the result that water can be'put on a fire at any point in the plant within 17 seconds of an unannounced alarm. The fire brigade suggests improvements in fire protection to management in a written report of the pro ceedings of their monthly meetings. Copies of this report are sent by thdr elected sec retary to the fire chief for all plants, the safety committee, as well as to top man agement. All members of the fire brigade are paid an annual stipend in addition to wages for time spent in fire protective activities. Our average aeddent frequency for the last five years lias been 11.0 disabling acci dents per million man-hours worked. The 1948 frequency for the clay products in dustry as a whole was 19.53. It is our belief that our risks are far greater than average, adding to the significance of this figure. Another measure of the results obtained can be found in the dust counts which have been determined to fall in the minimum ranges of 1.7 to 4.3 million particles per cubic foot at various points in the plant with normal operations in process. Dust counts in the same areas with the same operations in progress but without control' machinery in operation have been fotmd to range up to 750 million particles per cubic foot Keeping the count at a low level re quires constant supervision to assure opera tion of processing machinery and control machinery. Any relaxation of vigilance is immediatdy discernible as a cloud of dust, proving that our problems are still in exist ence, though usually concealed by careful control. Perhaps the most important results are to be found in the field where results can not be measured, the nebulous but impor tant area of intangibles. High morale of the workers is assured when they feel that management has the workers' interests at heart, and I know of no more convincing demonstration of good intentions than con cern for the safety of the employees. Ap preciation of a clean place to work in a customarily dusty occupation also gives a boost to morale, particularly among the old timers who can remember when an inch of dust was a normal condition. One of the dividends of our morale is the low labor turnover which we enjoy. Our employees all have at least eight years of service with 10 per cent having 25-48 years, and we practically never lose a man except by pro motion or lay-off. 8 Class and Ceramics Industry It is our experience that most accidents occur in "safe" places, that Is, in places where the employee's alertness Is hilled Into a false sense of security. Our program is designed to keep the personnel watchful at all times by establishing die conviction that safety pays only those willing to invest continual care in their work. Our aim is to keep the organization tuned up to that fine degree of perpetual caution which is essen tial to safe operation. By careful mid con tinual concentration of our efforts on safe attitudes and procedures, we hope to im prove our protection of working personnel and continue to reap the resultant benefits of co-operation, appreciation, and morale; as well as die more tangible benefits of less time lost and lower compensation costs. Hazard Control fox Glass Batch Plants By FREDERICK S. KRIGER Manager, Plant Engineering Dept, Coming (Hass Works, Corning, N. Y. The inherent hazards of glass batch plants can be overcome by determining what they are, where they occnr, and ap plying corrective measures. A glass batch plant is primarily a ma terial handling operation. The materials are to more or less extern toxic, dusty, abrasive, and in a finely divided state. As a result, the operation of handling them presents hazards to the persons who must come in contact with them. The material handling problem falls into unloading; handling to storage, storing, as sembling and wrighing, mixing and dis tribution of the mixed material. In designing a new hatch plant or rede signing an old plant the following sugges tions trill reduce the hazards. First, design to reduce the number of men involved in the operation to the mtnimnm. This re quires a plant where every movement pos sible is done mechanically. Initial increased capital costs trill result but die savings in lower operating rates will justify the cost The result will be a redaction of the ex posure to the employees. Consideration should be given to the following: I. Whenever, possible, purchase raw ma terials in bulk and take shipments by hop per bottom or tank cars winch allow for gravity unloading. Other bulk materials can be unloaded by mechanically operated shovels. If bagged material is necessary, request shipment on pallets. If this is not possible, load in car on pallets and store on pallets. Reduce handling to only loading and unloading pallet 2. Handle all materials in bulk by con veyors, elevators, pneumatic or other me chanical means, keeping such systems en tirely enclosed. Enclosures must be tight but at the same time easily accessible for maintenance and cleaning in case any dog ging should occur. Doors, cleanouts, re movable panels must be gasketed and should be held in place with cams, quick acting lodes or wing nuts. Decrease trans fer points to a minimtnn. as any change in the velocity of the material wilt cause dost. Periodic cleaning at frequent intervals of all conveying equipment is a requirement of such a system. Vacuum dcaning has the advantages ot not raising dost and be ing more effident from the standpoint of the overall cleanliness. All phases of house keeping must be maintained continuously at a high standard. In case of packaged materials, store in an orderly way as many units as are pos sible in a single handling. Watch that allowable floor loadings are not exceeded, that piles do not become too high, and that snffitiently wide aisles are provided for ease in transporting. Spillage from broken containers should be immediately deaned up at the time the material is stored, preferably by vacuum, and damaged con tainers should be the first to be used. When bnlk storage is used, gravity flow bins to weighing reduce the amount of mechanical handling equipment to be in stalled. Tight connections to and from the bin ma wit in be 1 teri rec mu to the eas sat acc 1 pos con be pre of teri mat <fis< tain aga dea avo upo F arc `hoi hop! ope redi Ii as a be i tribi outs agai man mix pom bcin If med endi lowi banc H to a at tl the tenw- a.) sfits ^ as less wimeenigh: for logreand lick ros ing* rose i of sen' k) bis--7 of iseosly : in posthar led. that for ken med ted. 300- Bow of inthe Hazard Control for Class Batch Plants 9 Inns into the conveying system must be maintained and the inns must be vented with such size vents that the air velocity in or oat is not excessive. Vents should be provided with dost filters. Provision should be made so that ma terials which cake while standing can be recirculated periodically. Thus it becomes unnecessary for employees to enter the inn to loosen or break materials. Entrances to the inn should be large enough to admit easily anyone who has to enter and proper safety ladders should be provided for access from top to bottom. Materials should be handled, insofar as possible, by completely enclosed chutes or conveyors to the weigh scale which can also be completely enclosed. A slight negative pressure in this enclosure will reduce escape of dust without the loss of valuable ma terial through the exhaust. Reduce the distance through which the material has a free fall from the point of discharge into tfip weigh hopper to a minimum to farther reduce dusting. Here again, easy access should be provided for cleaning and maintenance. In the enclosure avoid pockets, corners, ledges or surfaces upon which materials can accumulate. From the weigh hopper to the mixer the circuit through which the material moves should be dost tight at both the weigh hopper and mixer. The mixer itself should operate under a slight negative pressure to reduce the escape of dust. If the mixed material is to be distributed as a unit batch, the mixer discharge should be m an enclosed room in which the dis tributing container is set with the man outside (faring the loading operation. Here again, a slight negative pressure should be maintained. Containers for distributing the mixed material should not be filled to the point where they can drip material while being moved. If the mixed material is distributed mechanically, the system should be totally enclosed throughout its entire length fol lowing the practices set forth previously in handling bulk materials. Having reduced the number of employees to a minimum through mechanization and at the same time reducing the hazards to the employees, consideration should be given to any remaining hazards. This can be done through the following: 1. Provide proper type of respirators, properly fitted for protection when contact with materials becomes necessary. A sys tem of cleaning respirators should be pro vided so that the individual can turn in his respirator daily, receiving a clean one at that time. The man should always re ceive his own respirator back. 2. Goggles of the proper type properly fitted should also be used whenever the need is shown. 3. Safety shoes should be worn by all those exposed to foot hazards. 4. Clothing used in handling mixing ma terials should be left in the locker room and never worn home. Cleaning of such clothing should be provided weekly. Street dothing should not be allowed to become contaminated with mixing materials and a shower should be required before ringing out at the end of a shift 5. Proper locker rooms and lunch room should be provided for the employees' use dose to, but not exposed to, the mixing materials. 6. Eating of candy bars, sandwiches, etc, should not be allowed on the job. Restrict eating to places prodded. 7. Periodic health examinations .including chest X-rays and blood and urine tests afford a continual check on how carefully the mixing plant is bring operated. It will be noted that nothing has been said about dust collecting systems. If the above suggestions are followed, it will be found that at the most only a small fan and collector mil be required to maintain a slight negative pressure at the points noted. The capital outlay ordinarily put into dust collecting systems can be better Invested in enclosures to make the collection unneces sary, thereby saving the power For opera tion, the maintenance cost, and the loss of material. No specific equipment has been men tioned here as details, choice of types of conveying, weighing and mixing machinery must be made to suit individual require ments and taste, but all of them can be safdy built, installed or purchased to con form with the principles outlined herein. 10 Glass and Ceramics Industry An Engineering Educator Cites the Need for Safety Engineering By R. M. CAMPBELL Dept. Head, Ceramic Eng., New York State College of Ceramics, Alfred University, Alfred, N. Y. At the annual meeting of the American Society tor Engineering Education it was reported there that but 28 colleges in the United States teach safety engineering. In the United States, 12 colleges provide a full four or live year undergraduate course in ceramics. From my observations and from my familiarity with the curricula as taught in these ceramic engineering institutions, no safety engineering, as such, is included in ihese courses. The combined efforts of the National Safety Council, the American Society of Safety Engineers, the American Society for Engineering Education, and others are mak ing the case of safety well known. Further promotional efforts are needed. It is my prediction that more and more schools will follow the trail blazed by the 28 colleges by insisting that engineers be better quali fied to cope with safety problems. All grad uating engineers should at least be ac quainted with the fundamentals of safety engineering, as well as the rudiments of industrial hygiene. The teaching of safety engineering immediately suggests two dif ferent approaches to its fulfillment: (1) A full-time course in safety en gineering. This course would be based upon the fundamentals of mathematics, physics, and chemistry, the same "core" as in other branches of engineering, but the specialization would be in safety and in hygiene. (2) Safety taught in conjunction with other engineering courses as now given, namely, chemical, electrical, civil, cer amic, metallurgical, etc It is to this second consideration that I wish to confine my comments. I wish to propose that safety and industrial hygiene be included in a course that would indoc trinate engineers into these subjects. In cluded at the same time an indoctrination into the ethics and practices of the presentday engineering profession should be taught. It is impossible for every engineering graduate to be familiar with all there is to know about all branches of engineering. For example: a ceramic engineer cannot devote as much time to structural design as would a aril engineer. The graduate In ceramic engineering, however, should know the fundamentals of the resistance of ma terials and of structures in order to work intelligently with the ciril engineer. The same analog}' can be made with the ceramic engineer's grasp of the fundamentals of electricity, of business administration, of industrial engineering, and, now, of safety engineering and industrial hygiene ' The objectives of engineering education, during the past few years, have been largely guided by the Hammond Report* which was made in 1940. H. P. Hammond, Dean of Engineering of the Pennsylvania State College, was chairman of this com mittee. which was composed of 12 out standing engineering educators. These ob jectives are so vital to the present-day en gineering outlook and so important when we are considering Safety Engineering that they'shall be here repeated. ". . . Two stems are thus implied in the undergraduate curriculum which we have designated as the scientific-technonogical and the humanistic-sodaL Each of these should be organized in an ar ticulated sequence of subject matter and disciplines designed to lead to definite educational objectives. "The scientific-technological studies should be directed toward: ^ 1. Mastery of the fundamental scientific principles and a command of basic knowledge underlying the branch of engineering which the student is pur suing. This implies: (a) grasp of the meaning of phys ical and mathematical laws, and knowledge of how they were *H. P. Hammond. "Report of Committee oo Aim* and Scope of Engineering Curricula." Journal or Engineering Education. 30 (7) 555-66 (1940) * IS ring, nnot sign :e in now mavork The antic > of . oi ifety lion, been tort.* tond. rania comout- Obr enwhen that sd i> V_. .. hnoEach t ar' and finite udies ntific basic h of pur- phys* . and were i Am ul of . .4n Engineering Educator Cites the Need for Safety Engineering evolved and of the limitations in their use; (b) knowledge of materials, ma chines. and structures. 2. Thorough understanding of the en gineering method and elementary competence in its application. This requires: (a) comprehension of the interacting elements in situations which are to be analyzed; (b) ability to think straight in the application of fundamental prin ciples to new problems; (c) reasonable skill in making ap proximations, and in choosing the type of approach in the light of the accuracy required and the time available for solution--in sum, a foundation for engineer ing judgment; <d) resourcefulness and originality in devising means to an end; (e) understanding of the element of cost in engineering and the abil ity to deal with this factor just as competently as with technolog ical factors. 3. Ability to select the significant re sults of an engineering study and to present them clearly and concisely by verbal and graphic means. 4. Stimulation of a continuing interest in further professional development. The humanistic-social studies should he directed toward; 1. Understanding of the evolution of the social organization within which we live and of the influence of sci ence and engineering on its develop ment. 2. Ability to recognize and to make a critical analysis of a problem involv ing social and economic elements, to brrive at an intelligent opinion about it. and to read with discrimination and purpose toward these ends. 3. Ability to organize thoughts logically and to express them lucidly and con vincingly in oral and written English. 4. Acquaintance with some of the great masterpieces of literature and an un derstanding of their setting in and influence upon civilization. 5. Development of moral, ethical, and social concepts essential to a satisfy ing personal philosophy, to a career consistent with the public. welfare, and to a sound professional attitude. 6. Attainment of an interest and pleas ure in these pursuits and thus of an inspiration to continued study. "There can be no question in our minds regarding the soundness of these scientific-technological objectives. These objectives are raechnical; there is no de gree of humanness or warmth to them. A person possessed of these talents alone would be a dreary' sort of individual. The objectives of the humanistic-social studies are splendid; in fact, they are almost altruistic, and the spirit of these objectives as they are here printed va ries in bat one respect from my con ception of what these studies should ac complish. Take, for example, No. 4, . . acquaintance with some of the great masterpieces of literature**. This acquaintance develops the individual, but only indirectly does it affect the "man mi the bench** in an organization. It has always been my belief that one of the greatest duties of an engineer is to pro tect the well-being of those with whom he assodates, especially those who are in a subordinate capadty. It is a splendid thing for a person to be well educated and to have a satisfying personal phi losophy, but my consideration is that he should not keep it to himself. We must contribute something; we must share with others. This does not necessarily mean financial support. The greatest thing in life, to me, is to be able to help the less fortunate to achieve happiness and to attain those same pleasures which we enjoy. "Professional engineering is defined according to the Education Law of the State of New York*: "A person prac tices professional engineering, within the meaning an intent of this artide, who holds himself out as able to perform, or who does perform any professional serv -Higher Education, Handbook i6, page 37, Edu cation Law. Article 33. Section 6. The Univenitr of the State of New York. m .t-i i,, 1.; i 1Z Glass and Ceramics Industry ice, such as consultation, investigation, evaluation, planning design, or respon sible supervision of construction or oper ation, or connection with any public or private utilities, structures, buildings, ma chines, equipment processes, works or projects wherein the safeguarding of life, health or property is concerned or involved, when such professional service requires the application of engineering principles or data." The most significant part of this defini tion says, . . wherein the safeguardutg of life, health, or property is concerned or in volved." I believe you will agree with me that the engineering colleges very efficiently equip their students to safeguard life and property from structural failure. Too little emphasis is placed upon safeguarding of life and health by any other means than that included in structural design. This definition and our own convictions should be sufficiently authoritative for us to justify the inclusion of safety engineering as a sup plementary course in our engineering in struction. It has been suggested by the A.S.S.E. by Georgia Tech, by Illinois Tech, and others that a one-semester, two-hour course in safety and hygiene would provide a suf ficient background for an engineer. It would be my suggestion to make the course a three-hour course for one semester and to include the subjects of ethics and engineer ing practices. I would like to enumerate a few thoughts on the objectives of a course in safety and industrial hygiene in the form of attributes which should be possessed by all engineer ing graduates: (1) A young engineer, upon gradua tion, finds himself in a peculiar but in teresting situation. In order to get along and to succeed, he must have the whole hearted support of those who work un der him or with whom he associates in his business pursuits. At the same time, he must appreciate the objectives of the management and conform to manage ment's demands for sound economic practices. Some engineers fail because they lean too heavily either up or down. (2) An engineer must have the re spect of the men with whom he asso ciates. (3) An engineer should be able t: receive and to delegate authority. (4) An engineer should have a degree of aloofness. IS) An engineer should have a know ledge of mechanization. He should know the answers to the question, "What eco nomic effect will be produced when ma chines replace persons?" (6) The engineer should be a "father confessor". In order to get whole hearted cooperation, the engineer should have that degree of aloofness, but, at the same time, he should be prepared to advise with some degree of authority upon subjects as drinking, biological dis orders, social diseases, wage incentives, _ Americanization, personal financing, and " many other such topics. In other words, the engineer should have all the requi site qualification of a good guidance officer. The guidance should he spon taneous, natural, and given with earnest interest. (7) An engineer should have an ap preciation for history, so that he is aware of what has transpired in the past and so that he can again advise with authority upon subjects w*hich come up and which are believed to be new. (8) An engineer must realize that in dividual aptitudes vary widely. He must "be acquainted with aptitude testing and with the results which may be obtained from these tests. An adjustment of per sonnel to positions for which they are qualified would surely assure greater efficiency in plant operation and large!} help individuals to secure happiness and contentment in their work, to which they arc certainly entitled. A good safety program is a matter of good selling. The time and effort spent upon safety in an engineering college and in continued study after graduation would be lost unless it was put to use. It can be conceived that safety programs may fail due to the personal characteristics of those promoting the project An engineer or suck person equipped with the human qualifica tions or attributes listed above could put a safety program across. It therefore seems to be expedient to include and to emphasize traits of leader ship, of personal guidance, and of human- le t<: *' 3JOWfcnow : ecoi ma- athcr lolehould it, at d to tority 1 disitives, , and rords, equidancc sponimest 1 apic is ; pasi with te up it inmust { and y are eater irgeh s and t the> er of spent i and would an be ' fail those sucfc lificaput a nt to atderiman- An Engineering Educator Cites the Need for Safety Engineering ness in any engineering curriculum. A per son qualified in these respects would materially aid in the promotion of safety and industrial hygiene work. In other words, it boils down to "the man" The following presentation is a brief and condensed outline of those topics which 1 believe would make a well-balanced indoc trination course in safety, industrial hy giene, ethics and engineering practices. 1. The Engineering Profession (a) Objectives of Engineering Educa tion (b) Objectives of Technical Societies (c) Objectives of Engineering Institutes (d) The Value of Membership in So cieties (e) Professional Engineering Licensure i. Codes of Ethics in Engineering (a) In Engineering (b) In the other Professions (c) In Business (d) In the Community (e) In the Country .. Historical Fundamentals (a) History of Civilization (b) History of American Way of Life (c) History of Labor Incentives (d) History of Aptitude Testing (e) Interpretation of Aptitudes *. Biological Fundamentals (a) Causes of Human Disorders (b) Mental Hygiene (c) Social Diseases (d) Married Life (e) Socialized Medicine 5. Codes as applied to:-- (a) Buildings and Structures (b) Sanitation (c) Electrical (d) Fire Underwriters 6. Labor Laws (a) Federal (b) State 7. Safety Selections from:-- "Industrial Safety Fundamentals; A Sug gested Engineering College Course", presented by The American Society of Safety Engineers (Committee rat Co operation with Engineering Colleges) 8. Industrial Hygiene Selections from:-- "Occupational Disease Control in the Ceramic Industry", by Karl L. Dunn, Industrial Hygienist, Corning Glass Works Summary In summary, the points which I wish toemphasize are as follows: 1. There is a demand for the teaching, to engineers, of a course in Safety and in Industrial Hygiene. 2. There is room for a three-hour course, as outlined, in our already over crowded curricula. 3. Engineering Ethics and Practice is the indoctrination medium through which the realization of safety may be accomplished. 4. The safeguarding of the life and the health of our associates is a paramount duty of engineers. 3. The human approach to the teaching of safety is essential. 6. Good teaching'by "A Teacher" is re quired. i. i Officers of the GLASS AND CERAMICS SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1 949-50 Chairman--JOHN P. STEPHENSON, Director of Safety & Health, Ball Brothers Com pany, Munde, Ind. Vice-Chairman--JAMES L. MORRIS, Federal Glass Company, Columbus. Ohio. Secretary--J. C DITTMER, National Lead Company, Brooklyn. N. Y. Program Committee--THOMAS R. DONOGHUE (Chairman), Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, Pittsburgh, Pa.; HERMAN L. WEYRICK, Imperial Glass Company, Bel la!re. Ohio; H. V. GARDNER, Owens-Illinois Glass Company, Toledo, Ohio; FRED G. ANDERSON. Coming Glass Works, Coming, N. Y. Membership Committee--JAMES L. MORRIS (Chairman), Federal Glass Company, Columbus, Ohio; RUSSEL W. FRANK, Ferro Enamel Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio; DALE KUHLMAN, Libby Owens Ford Glass Company, Toledo, Ohio. Meat Letter Committee--DICK KALE (Chairman), Owens-Coming-Fiberglas Corporation. Newark. Ohio; JAMES J. HOWELL, Safety Director, Libby Owens Ford Glass Company, Charleston, W. Va.; BERNARD P. CAMPBELL, Safety & Plant Protection Supervisor, Owens-Coming-Fiberglas Corporation, Newark, Ohio; JOHN B. FULLEN, Kopp Glass Incorporated, Swissvale. Pa.; WILLIAM K. STEVENS, A. P. Green Fire Brick Company, Mexico, Mo. Engineering and Health Committee--FREDERICK S. KRIGER (Chairman), Coming Glass Works, Corning, N. Y.; HARRY A. JACKSON, Frigidaire Division, General Motors Corporation, Dayton. Ohio; \V. G. HAZARD, Owens-Illinois Glass Company, Toledo, Ohio; KARL DUNN, Coming Glass Works, Coming, N. Y.; FRANK BURGOYNE, Norton Company, Worcester, Mass. Poster Committee--ED LANGAS (Chairman), American Structural Products, Munde, Ind.; WALTER WOOD, Kimble Glass Company, Vineland. N. J.; DICK KALE. Owens-Coming-Fiberglas Corporation, Newark, Ohio. Staff Representative--FLOYD E. FRAZIER, National Safety Coundl. Chicago, 111. 15 OTHER VOLUMES in this Series Users ot this volume will find much value in its companion volumes. Here is the list: TITLE VOLUME No. General Sessions and Detailed Index to allVolumes............................................................. 1 Aeronautical Industries ............................................................................................................ 2 Air Transport Industry .................................................................................................. 3 Automotive and Machine Shop Industries............................................................................... 4 Cement and Quarry Industries................................................................................................. 5 Chemical Industries .................................................................................................................. 6 Coal Mining Industry ............................................................................................................ 7 Construction Industry ............................................................................................................ 8 Electrical Equipment Industry ............................................................................................. 9 Farm Safety ............................................................................................................................. 10 Food Industry ..................................................... 11 Glass and Ceramics Industry................................................................................................... 12 Home Safety ........................................................................................................................... 13 Industrial Nursing .................................................................................................................... 14 Industrial Subject Sessions (Sponsored hyASSE)................ ........................................... 13 Maritime Industries (Marine Section)..................._........................................................... 16. Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries.................................................................... 17 Metals Industry ....................................................................................... IS Mining Industry ....................................................................................................................... 1*> Motor Transportation Industry (CommercialVehicle Section)............................................. 20 Petroleum Industry....................................................................'............................................... 21 Power Press Operations.............................................................................................................. 22 Printing and Publishing Industry..............................................................................................23 Public Employment (Public Employees SafetyCommittee).................. 24 Public Utilities Industries.............................................................................................................25 Pulp and Paper Industry..................................... -.................................................................. 26 Railroad Industry......................................................................................................................... 27 Rubber Industry ...................... 28 School and College Safety........................................................................................................... 29 Textile Industry........................................................................................................................... 30 Traffic Safety............................................................................................................................... 31 Wood Products Industries........................................................................................................... 32 Here's to Your Talking (Early MorningSessions).................................................................33 (The Transit Section did not hold its usual Congress meeting because of the Section's par ticipation, as a co-sponsor, in the National Transit Safety Conference. Copies of these Pro ceedings have l>een distributed to members of the Transit Section.) PRICES OF EXTRA COPIES OF INDIVIDUAL VOLUMES TO MEMBERS VOLUME 1 to 9 copies SIZE Bach Lcs than 24 page*-- 5025 24 t< 48 pages-- 20 49 to 96 pages-- .40 Over 96 pages-- .60 10 to 99 copies Each $020 25 J5 J5 100 to 999 copies Each $ais 20 JO JO 1000 or more Each $0.15 20 JO JO Complete set of Transactions (33 volumes)--$6.00 NON-MEMBER prices are double member prices, except volumes 10, 13, 29 and 31. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 20 N. WACRER DRIVE CHICAGO 4. ILL nufc IN 0 S A 16 ]M--150--WHP