Document KGwm9DdndMqbr2dnbwz0MG7aX

1 -r - * STANDAUDJ-^ND INTERritETATl^NS ^ OCCUPATIONAL fA' AND HEALTH The V^lur^of Em shall not exceed unity (.I). . .7"' (ii) TV* illust rate the inpmulu prescribed in subdivision (i) of subparagraph, con sider the following exjtosures: Actual con 8-hour time Arterial / / / Ac/tonc (Table G-l) centration of 8-hour exposure 500 p.p.m. -weighted average exposure/' limiy' ,/ 1,000 p.p.m. 2Tlutanone (Table C!-l) 45 p.p.m. JL00 p.p.m. Toluene (Table (1-2) 40 p.p.m. ,/ 200 p.p.m. Substituting in the form>ria, we have:, E. = 40 1,000 200 200 Em = 0.500 + 0X25 + 0.200 E. = 0.025 / 1(c) Since Em is less than u^ity (1), the expourecombination-fcfwithin acceptable limits. (e) To aehievpTompliance with paragraph (a) through Ufr'rtf this section, a'dnyfnistrative'or engineeringcontrols must fmit le determined and ipiplemented whenexjdr feasibly/When sucjr'eontrols are not feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or any Jther protective measures shall be used to keep the exposure.df employees to air contami nants within the limits prescribed in this sec tion. Any equipment and/or technical measures,tised for this purpose must be approved -for each psvrticular use by a compe tent industrial hygienist or other technically qualified person. Whenever respirators are used, their use shall comply with S 1910.134. 1910.93a--ASBESTOS (a) Definitions. For the purpose of this section. (1) "Asbestos" includes chryBotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolite. (2) Standard effective July 1, 1*76. The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may he exposed shall not exceed two fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method prescribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (2) "Asbestos fibers" means asbestos fibers longer than 5 micrometers. (2) Ceiling concentration. No employee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers in excess of 10 fibers, (b) Permissible exposure to airborne concen longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic cen trations of asbestos fibers. timeter of air, as determined by the method prescribed in paragraph (e) of this section. (1) Standard affective July 7, 1*72. The 8-hour ' time-weighted average airborne concentra (c) Methods of compliance. tions of asbestos fibers to which any 3 employee may be exposed shall not exceed r: five fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per (1) Engineering methods. cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method prescribed in paragraph (e) of (I) Engineering centrals. Engineering con trols, such as, but not limited to, isolation, enclosure, exhaust ventilation, and dust "OCCUrATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH mo.a(cKiHi) - STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS collection, shall be user! to meet the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph <b) of this section. '(Ii) local exhaust ventilation. (a) Local exhaust ventilation and dust collection systems shall be designed, constructed, installed, and maintained in accordance with the American National Standard Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems, ANSI Z9.2-1971, which is incorporated by reference herein. (b) See 1910.ficoncerningthe availabil ity of ANSI Z9.2-1971, and the mainte nance of a historic file in connection therewith. The address of the American National Standards Institute is given in 1910.100. (iii) Particular tools. All hand-operated and power-operated tools which may produce or release asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, such as, but not limited to, saws, scorers, abrasive wheels, and drills, shall be provided with local exhauBt ventilation systems in accordance with subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph. - (iii) Spraying, demolition, or removal. Employees engaged in the spraying of I asbestos, the removal, or demolition of[/\ pipes, structures, or equipment covered/ 1 or insulated with asbestos, and in thj | removal or demolition of asbestos insulat tion or coverings shall be provided witnj - respiratory equipment in accordance1 with paragraph (d)(2Xiii) of this sectiow -and with special clothing in accordance! with paragraph (d)(3) of this section. . fj (d) Personal protective equipment. (1) Compliance with the exposure limits pre scribed by paragraph (b) of this section may not be achieved by the use of respirators or shift rotation of employees, except: .-.() During the time period necessary to install the engineering controls and to "institute the work practices required by paragraph (c) of this section; (ii) In work situations in which the methods prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section are either technically not feasible or feasible to an extent insuf ficient to reduce the airborne concentra^ tions of asbestos fibers below the limits prescribed by paragraph (b) of this sec tion; or (2) Work practices. (iii) In emergencies. (i) Wot methods. Insofar as practicable, asbestos shall be handled, mixed, applied, removed, cut, scored, or otherwise worked in a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of airborne fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in para graph (b) of this section, unless the use fulness of the product would be dimin ished thereby. (ii) Particular products and operations. No asbestos cement, mortar, coating, grout, plaster, or similar material containing asbestos shall be removed from bags, car tons, or other containers in which they are shipped, without being either wetted, or enclosed, or ventilated so as to prevent effectively the release of airborne asbes tos fibers in excess of the limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (iv) Where both respirators and personnel rotation are allowed by subdivisions (i), " (ii), or (iii) of this subparagraph, and both are practicable, personnel rotation shall be preferred and used. (2) Where a respirator is permitted by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, it shall be ' -selected from among those approved by the .Bureau of Mines, Department of the interior, or the National Institute for Occu pational Safety and Health, Department of -Health, Education, and Welfare, under the ; -provisions of 30 CFR Part 11 (37 F.R. 6244, 25, 1972), and shall be used in ^ accordance with subdivisions (i), (ii), (iii), /-`and (iv) of this subparagraph. " (i) Ak purifying respirators. A reusable or 3aingle use air purifying respirator, or a nif'*r-V. mejso(d)(*Mi) ALCOAO000009657 - 1910S3a(d)(2)(i) STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS respirator describe*! in subdivision (ii) or (iii) of this subparagraph, shall Im> used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator ladow the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed no more ` than 10 times those limits. (ii) Powered air purifying respirators. A full facepiece powered air purifying respirator, or a powered air purifying respirator, or a respirator described in subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph, shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the. 8-hour timeweighted average concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 10 times, but not 100 times, those limits. (iii) Type "C" supplied-air respirators, continuous flow or pressure-demand class. A type "C" con *; tinuous flow or pressure-demand, supplied-air respirator shall be used to reduce the concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers in the respirator below the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, when the ceiling or the 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers are reasonably expected to exceed 100 times those limits. (iv) Establishment of a isiflwlw 'iii '*' Jr. v *- r;v,. t "1 (a) The employer shall establish a respirator program in accordance with the requirements of the American National Standard .Practices 'for 'Res piratory Protection, ANSI Z88.2-1969, which is incorporated by reference herein. (b) See S 1910.6 concerning the availabil ity of ANSI Z88.2-1969 and the mainte nance of an historic file in connection therewith. The address of the American National Standards Institute is given in 5 1910.100. 1910.93*(<tH4)(iii>(b) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH - i* (c) No employee shall be assigned to I tasks requiring the use of respirators if, based upon his most recent examina- / tion, an examining physician deter- / mines that the employee will be unable j| to function normally wearing a | respirator, or that the safety or health 1 of the employee or other employees will be impaired by his use of a respirator. Such employee shall be rotated to / another job or given the opportunity to transfer to a different position whose duties he is able to perform with the < same employer, in the same geographi- cal area and with the same seniority, status, and rate of pay he had just prior H to such transfer, if such a different posi- ' tion is available. ** (3) Special clothing: The employer shall pro vide, and requ ire the use of, special clothing, such as coveralls or similar whole body clothing, head coverings, gloves, and foot coverings for any employee exposed to air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers, which exceed the ceiling level prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (4) Change rooms: (i) At any fixed place of employment exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section, the employer shall provide change rooms for employees working reg ularly at the place. .(ii) Clothes lockers: The employer shall provide two separate lockers or con tainers for each employee, so separated or isolated as to prevent contamination of the employee's street clothes from his work clothes. (iii) Laundering: . <a) Laundering of asbestos con taminated clothing shall be done so as .. to prevent the release of airborne asbes; ` tos fibers in excess ofthe exposure limits v prescribed in paragraph (b) of this sec tion. < Any employer who gives asbestos- ALCOA0000009658 &OCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH 1910.9 3a<dKO<iiiK*> STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS contaminated clothing lo another per son for laundering shall inform smh |Hrson of tin* requirement. in Ui) of this subdivision lo effectively prevent the release of airborne asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. intervals greater then 6 months for employees whose exposure to asbestos may reasonably be foreseen lo exceed the limits prescribed by paragraph (h) of this section. (3) Environmental monitoring. (c) Contaminated clothing shall he transported in Bealed impermeable bags, or other closed, impermeable con tainers, and labeled in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section. (e) Method of measurement. All determinations of airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers shall be made by the membrane filter method at400--150 x (mag nification) (4 millimeter objective) with phase contrast illumination. (f) Monitoring. (1) Initial determinations. Within 6 months of the publication of this section', every employer shall cause every place of employ ment where asbestos fibers are released to be monitored in such a way as to determine whether every employee's exposure to asbestos fibers is below the limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. If the limits are exceeded, the employer shall immediately undertake a compliance pro gram in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section. (2) Personal monitoring. (i) Samples shall be collected from within the breathing zone of the employees, on membrane filters of 0.8 micrometer poros ity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determina tion of the 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations and of the ceiling ' concentrations of asbestos fibers. (ii) Sampling frequency and patterns. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such'frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels, of exposure of employees. In no castfshall the sampling be done at (i) Samples shall be collected from areas of a work environment which are rep resentative of the airborne concentra tions of asbestos fibers which may reach the breathing zone of employees. Samples shall be collected on a membrane fdter of 0.8 micrometer porosity mounted in an open-face filter holder. Samples shall be taken for the determination of the 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concen trations and of the ceiling concentrations of asbestos fibers. (ii) Sampling frequency and pattern*. After the initial determinations required by subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, samples shall be of such frequency and pattern as to represent with reasonable accuracy the levels of exposure of the employees. In no case shall sampling be at intervals greater than 6 months for employees whose exposures to asbestos may reason ably be foreseen to exceed the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section. (4) Employee observation of monitoring. Affected employees, or their representatives, shall be given a reasonable opportunity to observe any monitoring required by this paragraph and Bhall have access to the records thereof. ) Caution signs and labels. (I) Caution sign*. () Posting. Caution signs shall be provided and displayed at each location where air borne concentrations of asbestos fibei> may be in excess of the exposure limit.prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section Signs shall he posted at such a distant-: , from such a location so that an employee may read the signs and take necessan protective steps before entering the are: marked by the signs. Signs shall be poste< 121 mo.9S*(|HD(> i. K" > ALCQA0000009659  I St f *V: . . .^ i i. ' ... f 19l0.93ft(f)UMi) STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH at all approaches to areas containing excessive cnncenlralions of airborne asbestos fibers. i|y visible and legible. The label shall state: Caution (ii) Sign specifications. The warning signs required by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall conform to the require ments of 20" x 14" vertical format signs specified in !i 1010.145(d)(4), and to this subdivision. The signs shall display the following legend in the lower panel, with letter sixes and styles of a visibility at least equal to that specified in this sub division. Legend Asbestos ------------------------------------------ Dust Hazard ______________________ Avoid Breathing Dust M" Gothic. Wear Assigned Protective Equip- ment Do Not Remain In Area Unless Your Work Requires It. Breathing Asbestos Dust May Be Hazardous To Your Health. Notation 1" Sans Serif, Gothic or Block. " Sans Serif, Gothic or Block. *4" Gothic, V4" Gothic. 14 point Gothic. Oonliiins AsIh'sIos Kilnirs Avoid Criuiling Oust Breathing Asbestos Must May Cause Serious Bodily Marin (h) Housekeeping. (1) Cleaning. All external surfaces in any place of employment shall be maintained free of accumulations of asbestos fibers if, with their dispersion, there would be an excessive concentration. (2) Watte ditpotal. Asbestos waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers, equipment, and asbestos-contaminated clothing, consigned for disposal, which may produce in any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, processing, disposal, or transportation airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section shall be col lected and disposed of in sealed imperme able bags, or other closed, impermeable con tainers. Spacing between lines shall be at least equal to the height of the upper of any two lines. (2) Caution labels. ^ (i) Labeling. Caution labels shall be affixed to all raw materials, mixtures, scrap, waste, debris, and other products contain ing asbestos fibers, or to their containers, except that no label is required where asbestos fibers have been modified by a bonding agent, coating, binder, or other material so that during any reasonably foreseeable use, handling, storage, dis posal, processing, or transportation, no airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of the exposure limits pre scribed in paragraph (b) of this section will be released. (i) Recordkeeping. (1) Exposure records. Every employer shall maintain records of any personal or environmental monitoring required by this section. Records shall be maintained for a period of at least 3 years and shall be made available upon request to the Assistant Sec retary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, the Director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and to authorized representatives of either. 1 (2) Employ** acc*tt. Every employee and former employee shall have reasonable access to any record required to be maintained by subparagraph (1) of this para- graph, which indicates the employee's own exposure to aBbestos fibers. , | (ii) Label specifications. The caution labels required by subdivision (i) of this subpnrugraph shall be printed in letters of sufficient size and contrast as to be read- (3) Employ** notification. Any employee found to have been exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of the limits prescribed in paragraph (b) of l , 1910.93*(iX3) 122 ALCOAO 000009660 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH this section shall he notified in writing of the exposure as soon as practicable but not later than 5 days of the finding- The employee shall also be timely notified of the corrective action being taken. (j) Medical examinations. (1) General. The employer shall provide or make available at his cost, medical examinations relative to exposure to asbestos required by this paragraph. (2) Preplocement. The employer shall provide or make available to each of his employees, within 30 calendar days following his first employment in an occupation exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical examination, which shall include, as a minimum, a chest roent genogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary func tion tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 sec ond (FEVi.o). (3) Annual examinations. On or- before January 31, 1973, and at least annually thereafter, every employer shall provide, or make avail able, comprehensive medical examinations to each of his employees engaged in occupa tions exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers. Such annual examination shall include, as a minimum, a chest roent genogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary func tion tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 sec ond (FEV1.0). (4) Termination of employment. The employer shall provide, or make available, within 30 1910.93a(i)(3) STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS calendar days before or after the termina tion of employment of any employee engaged in an occupation exposed to air borne concentrations of asbestos fibers, a comprehensive medical examination which shall include, as a minimum, a chesl roent genogram (posterior-anterior 14 x 17 inches), a history to elicit symptomatology of respiratory disease, and pulmonary func tion tests to include forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 sec ond (FEVi.o). (5) Retent examinations. No medical examina tion is required of any employee, if adequate records show that the employee has been examined in accordance with this para graph within the past 1-year period. (6) Medical records. (i) Maintenance. Employers of employees examined pursuant to this paragraph shall cause to be maintained complete and accurate records of all such medical examinations. Records shall be retained by employers for at least 20 years. (ii) Access. The contents of the records of the medical examinations required by this paragraph shall be made available, for inspection and copying, to the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupa tional Safety and Health, the Director of NIOSH, to authorized physicians and medical consultants of either of them, and, upon the request of an employee or former employee, to his physician. Any physician who conducts a medical exami nation required by this paragraph shall furnish to the employer of the examined employee all the information specifically required by this paragraph, and any other medical information related to occupa tional exposure to asbestos fibers. Change 1 V ,' "v 777-^7 123 '} , llJ3a(iXtXii> ALCOAO 000009661