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* IRICAN -SOCIETY OF Hi MING VENTILATING Afl L b 1=126 b3ft-.fi AMERICAN a2 1 71876 1 07d SC-ASHVE-006 St. Louis Public Library American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Heating ventilating air conditioning guide. VOL 6 1928 St 628.8 AMERICAN 21718 76107 This Book Shall Not Be Taken from The Library. i- ;i Iksfl I American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide * . 1928 Containing Design and Specification Data Useful in the .Planning and Construction of Modern Heating AND VENTILATINC INSTALLATIONS---- PREPARED FROM THE Society's Transactions--Investigations of Its Research Laboratory -- and the Practice of Its Members . together with a Manufacturers' Catalog Data Section Containing Essen tial and Reliable Facts Concerning Modern Equipment AND A Consulting Service Section for Engineers also The Roll of Membership of the Society with Complete Index of Technical and Cataloc Data Vol. 6 $4.00 Per Volume 9Sf>740 Published Annually by American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 29 West 39TH Street New York ,, . .. " ' / M cC| 1 PREFACE THE growth of The Guide in its sixth year of service is impressive as more than 100 pages of additional data are to be found in the edition for 1928 prepared for engineers, architects, contractors and others who are desirous of having a complete knowledge of the heating and ventilating art. . Developments in heating and ventilating engineering during the past year have made many changes in The Guide necessary and these are reflected in both the Technical Data Section, in which new Chapters are to be found, and also in the Catalog Data of Manufacturers which announce many new products. In this sixth edition of The Guide an important contribution has been made in the preparation of Chapter I on "Calculating Heat Losses from Buildings" and comprehensive tables are given for ordinary building constructions which will permit the engineer, architect or contractor to determine the heat losses quickly, not only for the constructions given but for any combination of materials which he may decide upon. Heat loss factors are also given for insulated constructions and it is. hoped that the standard tables will be generally adopted by men who figure heating requirements for buildings. Another notable section is that on "Steam Heating Systems and Piping" which is recommended jointly by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and the Heating and Piping Contractors' National Association having been based on the research investigations at the A. S. H. & V. E. Research Laboratory at the U. S. Bureau of Mines, Experiment Station, Pittsburgh, Pa. Tables for sizing both large and small, one and two-pipe vapor and vacuum systems have been given with adequate examples to assist the user in laying out his piping in the most effective manner. -Entirely new data are given for Hot Water Heating Systems, Oil and Gas Heating, Automatic Heat Control and Insulation of Pipes and Surfaces. The Ventilation Section has been completely revised and new data have been given on the Use of the Synthetic Air Chart, Systems of Ventilation, Air Cleaners, Air Conditioning and Motive Power for Fans. Extensive revisions and additions have been made to the other sections of the book and all of this material has been cross-indexed in a com prehensive manner to make it easier for the reader to use. In every case the various Chapters are the product of one or more specialists and in practically all cases', members of the Society. All data have been drawn from the best available sources and great care has been taken to maintain a logical arrangement of data in order to make the presentation simple, convenient and practical for ready reference. ' As in the case of the first edition issued in 1922, the second edition published in 1923 and the third designated 1924-25, the fourth in 1925-26, the fifth edition for 1926-27 and this sixth edition for 1928, has extended . iii ......." % and simplified much of tl^ t^lwiiftal d^fi^Vwith the idea of assisting the engineer, architect and contractor in designing and producing the most effective installations for heating and ventilating various types of build ings. This issue of The Guide is designated 1928 to avoid confusion which has.been noted with the double numbering system used previously. Because of the magnitude of producing such a reference volume as The Guide each year, the Council of the Society appointed a Guide Pub lication Committee consisting of Perry West, Chairman; W. H. Carrier and C. V. Haynes and retained Chairman Perry West as Editor-in-Chief. . .The Guide Publication Committee then enlisted the service of Sub Committee Chairmen, W. H. Driscoll, S. R. Lewis and Esten Bolling to take charge of the Heating Section, Ventilation Section and Catalog Data Section respectively. Under their direction the cooperation of a great many Society members was enlisted and their helpful work is gratefully acknowledged as they have made it possible for this volume to appear in its enlarged and comprehensive form for service as the standard reference work in the heating and ventilating, field. In connection with the MANUFACTURERS' CATALOG DATA SECTION a more determined effort has been made to carry out the original idea of having this data as free as possible from all unnecessary selling talk and to present therein only such technical information and instructions concerning each item of apparatus referred to as is of the greatest practical value to both the user and manufacturers, of this 'apparatus. , While desiring to provide the engineer, architect, contractor, estimator, purchasing agent and draftsman with a complete, convenient and reliable reference data book on modern heating and ventilating practice and equipment, The Guide Publication Committee finds that as progress is made in the industry, changes will be necessary and each Guide will represent the best known engineering practice at the time of publication. The American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers having for its purpose the advancement of the arts and sciences in its fields dedicated this volume to the service of the industry and hopes that . a closer contact between the maker and user of equipment will result in improved service to the country at large. The Guide 1928 is issued with the sincere desire that it will perform a worthwhile service in advancing the ideals of modern heating-and ventilating and will perform the needed and valuable service in the advancement of this profession. The Guide Publication Committee Perry West, Chairman W. H. Carrier C. V. Haynes IV Contents - Page Preface--............................................................................................................................. -....... "j Index to Technical Data Section.............................. ..................................................... vi-xi Code of Ethics............................................................................................................................. xii Heating Section.......... ............................................. 1-264 Chapter I. Chapter II. Chapter III. Chapter IV. Chapter V. Chapter VI. Chapter VII. Chapter VIII. Chapter IX. Chapter X. .Chapter XL Chapter XII. Chapter XIII. Chapter XIV. Chapter XV. Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings..-............................. 3 Heating by Radiation........................................................................... 57 Steam Heating Systems and Piping.................................................. 79 Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping........................ ........ ;..... 117 Greenhouse Heating Systems............................................1...,............ 137 ' Piping for Water Supply Systems ......... 147 Steam and Hot Water Heating Boilers........................ ,.............. - 155 Code for Testing Low-Pressure Steam Heating Boilers.............. 165 Pumps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment........................... 175 Heating With Air.................................................................................... 192 Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating..............................................- 197 Industrial and Domestic Oil Heating............................................... 219 Heating With Gas................................................................................... 229 Automatic Heat Control.............. -...................................................... 243 Heat Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces.......i................................... 255 Ventilation Section............................................ 265-366 Chapter XVI. Ventilation................................................................................................. 265 Chapter XVII. The Hill Synthetic Air Chart.............................................................. 271 Chapter XVIII. How Temperature, Humidity and Air Motion Affect Human ` Comfort....................... ... ........................................................... -............. 279 Chapter XIX. Systems of Ventilation........................................................................... 291 Chapter XX. Motive Power for Fans........................................................... 301 Chapter XXL Air Duct Design and Construction................................................... 305 Chapter XXII. Air Cleaners............................................ 311 Chapter XXIII. Conditioning and Cooling Air.............................................................. 317 Chapter XXIV. Ozone in Ventilation............................................................... 329 Chapter XXV. Methods of Drying............. :................................................................. 337 Chapter XXVI. Dust, Exhaust and Collecting Systems............................................ 341 Chapter XXVII. Mechanical Draft...................... ~~......................................................... 353 Chapter XXVIII. Ventilators and Natural Ventilation.................................................. 359 Consulting Service Section............................ 367-372 Catalog Data Section................................ 373-658 Manufacturers' Catalog Data--.......................... 373 Index to Modern Equipment................................................................................................. 659 Index to Advertisers........................................................ ............ .-....................................... 677 Roll of Membership:..,.:........................................... 1-56 Officers anD Council............................................................... Officers of Local Chapters.... ..................................... Alphabetical List...:.................................... ................................................ -..... ,............. ....... Summary of Membership....;............. ...................................................................................... Geographical List............................... ...................................................................... -.............. Past Officers......................................................................................................... v 2 4 5 43 44 53 J Index to Technical Data Section (Pages 1-366) CROSS REFERENCE TO SUBJECTS IN CHAPTERS I-XXVIII ALPHABETICALLY LISTED A Page Air amount of new .' 265 269 changes changes; number of circulation, effect *of cleaners cleaning of conditioning and cooling conditioning, definition of . 46 269 73 311 323 317 317 conditioning, use of refrigeration in cooling 319 281 distribution 265.268,276 drying, principal losses in 340 duct, construction of for mechanical draft 357 ducts, design and construction of 305 sizes of 307 filters, rating of 316 flow of in ventilators 362 friction of in ducts 307 handled by forced draft 355 heating with 192 humidifying of leakage ' leakage, calculation of measurement of flow method of taking ozone and mixtures of percentage of recirculation 323 4 51 310 276 333 269 pressures and velocities of dry processing recirculation of 306 337 269 required by mechanical draft fan 355 required for ventilation 267 supply 265 supply duct 204 supply, hospitals and hotels 266 Page supply per person 268 supply, schools and theatres 266 supply systems 292 synthetic chart 272 temperature types of washers and filters 4,265 311 velocity at different pressures and temperatures 306 velocity, effects of on losses from insulated surface 261 velocity, effects of on surface losses 261 velocity in exhaust and selecting system 343 velocity, standard in public buildings 305 washers and filters 323 washers, rating of 316 washers, steam requirements for 315 washers, temperature control in 246 Analysis of flue gas 355 Apparatus 236 gas and coal burning 236 orsat 355 Appliances, gas heating--rating of 230 Application of fans . 291 Atmosphere, vitiated 265 Automatic heat control in industry 254 B Bacteria : 275 Building, heat losses from 3-' insulation of ' * . 258-261 materials, conductivity co-efficients for 12 warming-up by recirculation 269 Burner control gas automatic 252 252 oil automatic 251 vi Alphabetical Index to Technical Data Section Page Boiler connections demand for heating up 155 89 73 heating rating 155 157 Boilers 155 code for testing low pressure steam heating cross connecting coal and gas 165 240 selection of 159 steam and hot water 155 steam method of testing 165 type of C Capacities of ventilators 362 Capacity of up-feed risers 96 Carbon dioxide 276 method of sampling 278 Ceiling coils . 70 Central station heating control auto matic 252 Chain grate stokers - 355 Chart, use of friction 308 Chimneys, construction of 207 Chimney sizes 161 Climatic conditions 7 Coal boilers, cross connecting with gas 240 Coal, burning with mechanical draft 353 Co-efficients, computation of heat 8 conductivity for building materials 12 surface forvarious building materials 11 Coils - 319 cold 319 wall and ceiling 70 . Collecting hood, air handled by 346 Combustion chamber designed for oil fuel 220 Comfort chart 288 examples of use . 289 how to use the 280 Comfort ' conditions of maximum 274 effective temperatures for maximum 272 how humidity and air motion affect 279 how relation of temperature and humidity affect 280 Compartment dryer 338 Conductivities of insulating materials 12 Conduits 262 heating 262 styles and construction 263 Connection blast coils 115 method of for boilers 89, 240 method for vacuum pump and feed water heater pump and receiver 182 grinding and pumping wheel 344 . wood working machinery 344 steam piping 113,114 storage tank 116 Page . typical kitchen and hospital equip- . ment 116 typical for vapor and. vacuum systems 84. 86, 88 Continuous dryer 338 Control 245 applications of automatic 245 automatic type of 243 double thermostatic 253 temperature and humidity 312 Coolers 349 design of 349 pipe conduits 263 Cooling 317 air conditioning and 317 coil and spray 323 'D Definition, warm air furnace 193 Design, duct systems rules for 305 Dewpoint, definition of 318 Direct-indirect radiators temperature control automatic 250 Distribution, air 276 Draft importance of mechanical oil burner installation 160 160 353 226 Drum dryer 338 Drying air required for classes of high temperature methods of steam required for 337 339 337 337 337 340 Duct air supply. #, design and construction of air forced draft heating and ventilating losses in system material for noises in recirculating rectangular sizes of suction hints on ' 204 305 356 307 307 309 305 204 307 309 Dust . count, method of taking removal 274 275 315 E Economical thickness of insulation Elbows, frictional resistance of Enclosures, radiator Equipment classifications of ventilating dryer, design of , , ozone, capacity of Exhaust and collecting systems design 261 348 76 : 291 339 333 345 342 vu American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 F Page Fans ' air delivered by 297 application of in heating and venti- lating 291 centrifugal 301 control 301 disc 301 mechanical draft 353,356 mechanical draft, air handled by 355 mechanical system of 291 motive power for 301 noise 304 power sources 303 selecting for exhaust system 347 stoker 356 Filters and air washers 311 Fittings lift 184 Flow of steam in pipes 90 Flue gas analysis venting 355 355 298 Forced draft 354 Foundations fan and motor 304 304 Friction head, curve for . 129-130 Friction in round pipes 307 Frictional resistance of elbows straight conveyor pipes 348 348 348 Fuel 223 oil construction 223 oil for industrial and domestic heating 219 oils, data on 220 requirements for gas heating 236 sampling 167 Furnace 193 heating 193 performance 206 size of 205 standard code for regulating in- stallation . 211 G Gas boilers cross connecting with coal 240 combustion of 234 consumption, average heating 236 flue, analysis 355 heating 229 heat value and efficiency 235 heating appliances, types of 230 Glass, heat transmission co-efficient of 44 H Page Health, effects of ventilation fection Heat automatic control of automatic control in industry by single column radiators per 265 243 243 245 59 Page computation of, loses 16 control automatic in industry 245 emission of pipe coil 70 losses from building 3 losses from bare surfaces 255 losses from insulated surfaces 258 losses from surfaces exposed to air : velocity- 261 sources 52 transfer of, in air conditioning 319 transmission, calculation for losses 16,20 transmission co-efficients of 21-44 transmission, doors and partitions, wood 44 transmission, effect of humidity on 73 transmission, floors and ceilings 36-38 transmission from wall construction 21-35 transmission, rate of through in sulation 258 transmission, roof 39--43 transmission through windows 44 Heaters 236 air heaters 192,292 direct fired 196 industrial 300 rating gas . 236 tempering, temperature regulation 245 unit 193,298 Heating 1 appliances, types of gas 230 boilers, code for testing low pressure steam . 165 by radiation 57 central plant, by gas 230 central station temperature control 252 conduits 262 costs with gas 237 ducts for and ventilating 307 forced circulation hot water 122 fuel requirements for gas 236 furnace fan 192 gas 229 green house system . 137 hot water service automatic tern- . perature control 251 oil fuel for 219 one-pipe steam system 98,102 plant, chimney size for 161 pipe sizes, steam 79 two-pipe steam system 99,103 warm air furnace 193 warm air, temperature control of 251 season 1 steam system ' 79 system, hot water 117 vacuum pump system 106,107 vapor system 100,104,105 Hood construction required 345 Vlll Alphabetical Index to Technical Data Section Page Page Hot water . heating, temperature control ` 251 251 radiators, automatic temperature control 250 Humidity 279 air motion and effect on human comfort control of temperature and effect of on heat transmission 279 312 74 effect of high temperatures and 268 Indirect I Induced drafts, types of Industrial heating, oil for 57 354 219 fuel for industrial and domestic * heating 219 storage tanks for 227 One-pipe steam system 80,81,98,102 Ozone 329 capacity of equipment 334 chemical properties of 330 composition of concentration of deodorizing 325 333 331 germicidal properties of 331 physical properties of uses of 329 336 use of in ventilation ventilating unit. 329,334 335 Industrial plants, unit system of P heating 300 Piping systems * Infiltration 45 hot water heating 117,119,124,125,134 calculations for 51 one-pipe 80,81,98,102 Installation of air ducts 309 Insulated surfaces 258 effects of air velocity on losses from 261 heat losses from 258 Insulated tile conduits 264 Insulation conductivity of 255 12 two-pipe 81,82,99,103 vacuum pumps 83,86, 88,106,107 vapor . 83,84,100,104,105 water supply 147 Pipe sizes description of tables 95 domestic water supply 147 general data on 91 economical thickness of for piping in buildings 261 hot water heating 255 steam heating 126,134 85 importance of installation 263 proper thickness for maximum saving 255 table for one-pipe systems 98 table for two pipe systems 99 table for vacuum pump systems 106,107 value of 255 variation with pipe size of rates of table for vapor systems 100,104,105 heat transmission 258 wall constructions 21-35 Radiating surface of pipes 258 TL> Leader pipe, capacity of Radiation calculating 198 conversion factors ` 57 71 66 Lights, heat given up by 52 direct 59 Losses in duct system 296 for various room temperatures four column 72 62 . M Material drying temperature of insulating conductivities of Mechanical stokers Mechanical draft value of Moisture, removal of Motors controllers for current electric fan O hot water 117 339 heat emission of--cast iron 58 339 heat emitted by 259 heating by 59-70 57 356 hospital 63 353 hot water 67 339 pipe coil for steam and hot water 70 301 selection of 71 303 single column 59 303 three columns 61 302 two columns 60 301 wall 64 . window 65 Radiator connections 112 Odors 275 for indirect 115 Oil burners, control automatic . 251 typical connection Oil 219 for steam system 112, 113, 114 combustion of 223 Radiator 74 fuel data on 220 warming the 73 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Page Radiators 57 effect of enclosing 73-76 direct-indirect temperature control of 250 effect of painting 75 effect of position - 78 heat emission of 58 hot water temperature, control of 250 specifications for, 78 Rating of air washers and filters 316 Rating gas heaters 236 Recirculation, arrangements for percentage of air' used in 269 269 Refrigeration, ammonia vapor re- quired one ton 326 Register, warm air 203 Registers, recirculating 205 Relative humidity 265 Ratings gas appliances 230 Research, residence warm air . 208 Resistance, factors in exhaust and collecting system 347 Resistance frictional of straight con- veyor pipe 348 Risers, capacities of up-feed 96 Risers, effect of reaming entrance to 109 Riser connection, expansion 111 Risers, water supply 147 Roof insulation Room temperatures . 39-43 4 Room temperatures, control of 249 Room temperatures, radiation for 72 Rotary dryer 338 S School, temperatures ventilation . . recirculation unit system for 4 266 266 299 Sectional conduits 264 Semi-direct radiators 57 Spray dryer 338 Sprays, cold 319 Stack sizes . 162 Standard code for installation of warm air furnaces 211 Steam 96 capacity of pipe for various veloci- ties of 87,96 capacity at various pitches 110 distribution of 85 piping connections 111 flow of in pipe 90,94 pressure losses with low pressure 92 Page Steam heating pipe sizes for 85 Steam heating systems 79 definition of 79 description of ! 81 pipe sizes for one-pipe . 98,102 `pipe sizes for two-pipe 99,103 pipe sizes for vapor 100,104,105 pipe sizes for vacuum pump 106,107 for humidification 313 required for drying 340 requirements for air washers 313 Stoker. 356 fans 356 3 mechanical 355 Surface losses, effects of air velocity on 261 Surface of pipe, radiating System air heating 259 312 192,197,291 air supply 292 automatic regulation of tempera ture and humidity 312 blow; through 291 capacity of pipe for two-pipe steam 96 central fan 193 design of furnace 198 draw through 292 efficiency of exhaust arid collecting 347 exhaust and collecting 341 fan blast 192,291 fan for heating and ventilating 291 gravity hot water 131 green house heating . 137 hot water open and closed 124-125 indirect air required for 293 losses in ducts 296 of ventilation 291 pipe sizes for vacuum 106--107 piping for hot water heating 117 plan for heating arid ventilating 291 steam heating 79 steam one-pipe and two-pipes 80,81,82 typical connection for hot water 128 unit 193,298 unit ventilating temperature con- . trol of 248 . vacuum and vapor 83,100,106 warm air furnace heating . 198 water supply and piping .147 Synthetic air chart how to use typical example for use 271 271 276 T Tank installation of oil storage oil storage Temperature and wind velocity . automatic regulation of breathing line drying . .222222 222 243 .5 243 4 339 rr- fAlphabetical Index to Technical Data- Sections Page effect of high and humidity 268 heat and humidity control ' 312 how humidity and air motion affect human comfort 279 inside 4 outside .5 water 120 Temperatures . 72 attic 19 radiation for room 72 Temperature regulation, automatic applications of 245 Testing . 165 code for low pressure steam heating 165 standard form for reporting boiler tests . 168 Theatre, cooling of temperatures 4 Thermostats . 243 double control 253 location of 246 Transmission co-efficients, definition of 5 computation of heat 8. .heat 7 temperatures . 4 Transmission 74 heat, effect of humidity on 74 Transmission losses, heat calculation for ~ 20 Tunnel dryer 338 Two-pipe steam system 81, 82,99,103 Types of gas heaters 230 U Unit heaters, location of types of 298 298 V Vacuum pump, motor driven 187 Vacuum pump system 83,86, 88,106,107 Valves, results of tests on 110 Vapor system 83,84,100,104,105 Velocity . 261 air, effects of on surface losses 261 air for mechanical draft 355 Ventilating 291 fan system for heating and . 291 ducts for heating and 296 temperature control automatic for unit system 248 Page . Ventilation . air circulation in air supply for bacteria cooling in summer definition of effect of effect of dust on effectiveness of factors in measurements of natural operation of system important percentage of perfection presence of odors . present status of requirements, typical case of systems of unit system for heating and 265 :269 265 '275 319 265 268 274 266 265 271 289 270-- 273 275 265. 267 291 298 Ventilators 359 Ventilator application of capacities of classification of - - design of location of , regulation of air flow resistance to air flow 366 366 362--364 359 360 294 295 361 W Wall coils 70 Wall construction, heat transmission from 21-35 Wall insulation 21-35 Wall stack . * 200 capacity of 201 Warm air heating, automatic tern- perature control of 251 Warm air registers 202 Water flow 147 Water, gallons required for cooling 320 Water supply, formula . 152 Water supply, hot - 153 Wind effect of infiltration from movement 44 45 44 xi CODE of ETHICS for ENGINEERS NGINEERING work has become an increasingly important factor E in the progress of civilization and in the welfare of the community. The engineering profession is held responsible for the planning, construc tion and operation of such work and is entitled to the position and authority which will enable it to discharge this responsibility and to render effective service to humanity. That the dignity of their chosen profession may be maintained, it is the duty of all engineers to conduct themselves according to the principles of the following Code of Ethics: X--The engineer will carry on his professional work in a spirit of fairness . to employees and contractors, fidelity to clients and employers, loyalty to his country and devotion to high ideals of courtesy and personal honor. . ' 2--He will refrain from associating himself with or allowing the use of his name by an enterprise of questionable character. S--He will advertise only in a dignified manner, being^careful to avoid misleading statements. . 4-- He will regard as confidential any information obtained by him as to the business affairs and technical methods or processes of a client or employer. 5-- He will inform a client or employer of any business connections, interests or affiliations which might influence his judgment or impair the disinterested quality of his services. 6-- He will refrain from using any improper or questionable methods of soliciting professional work and will decline to pay or to accept com missions for securing such work. 7-- He will accept compensation, financial or otherwise, for a particular service, from one source only, except with the full knowledge and consent of all interested parties. 8-- He will not use unfair means to win professional advancement or to injure the chances of another engineer to secure and hold employment. 9-- He will cooperate in upbuilding the engineering profession by exchang ing general information and experience with his fellow engineers and students of engineering and also by contributing to work of engineering societies, schools of applied science and the technical press. 10--He will interest himself in the public welfare in behalf of which he will be ready to apply his special knowledge, skill and training for the use and benefit of mankind. xu American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide 1928 PART I HEATING HEAT is a prime necessity for human life and is as essential to com fort and health as shelter, food and clothing. Artificial heating has been practiced from the days of the primitive man and the development of heating methods can be traced through the ages. Modern require ments are for the heating of all parts of a room to a comfortable temperature and the principles of systems today are for an even distri bution of heat. Although there are many ways of heating buildings the results re quired are the same no matter what method is used, namely to provide enough heat to compensate for the losses from the structure and maintain an adequate temperature for healthful living or working conditions. Heating, like any other service, depends largely upon conditions to be met and the quality of service required. The capacity of a heating system is generally based upon the most severe conditions of outside temperatures and wind velocities to be found in a particular locality. Its design should be governed by the character of the building, the purpose to which it is devoted, the period during which it is to be occupied and the reasonable and most practical methods for operating the heating system should be taken into consideration by the engineer. Attention is called in this connection to the following: That the average winter requirements (extending over a period of about 200 days in the colder climates and 150 days in the milder climates) are about 40 per cent, in the colder climates and about 60 per cent in the milder climates, of the requirements generally estimated for the most severe winter conditions, also that these severe conditions exist for just a few days each season. The load factor of a heating system averages from 40 to 60 per cent of the maximum and is considerably below this during a large part of the heating season. Then a heating system designed for maximum conditions will be 1 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 operating under a comparatively low load factor for the greater part of the time and may be correspondingly inefficient and uneconomical, unless properly designed to meet these conditions. In the smaller plants this is hard to overcome without either having a plant too large for economy or too small to heat up in a reasonable time. This is sometimes attempted by having the normal capacity of steam boilers about 60 per cent of that required for maximum conditions which provides for their average operation at about normal capacity and at corresponding overloads for the maximum conditions. In order to make this successful the boiler plant must be adapted to operate successfully on at least 50 per cent overload for short periods. In larger plants the boilers may be divided into two or three units, so that one unit may be operated during mild weather, one or two units during average weather and the entire plant during extreme weather which arrange ment is ideal for flexibility and economy: Another important design problem is to bring the building up to its working tempera ture. This is a general requirement for buildings that are not heated over night, or which are used periodically and not heated during the time that they are not used. Recent tests have indicated that from 10 to 20 per cent more fuel is required for main taining normal working temperatures in office buildings throughout the 24 hours than is ordinarily required for maintaining working temperatures throughout the day and allowing the heat to be shut off during the time that the building is not in use. It may be assumed that, other classes of buildings would show similar results. In office buildings, factories and other work places, it is not generally considered so necessary, to have the temperature up to normal at the beginning of the working period as it is in schools, churches, theatres and other places of assemblage where the occupants are sitting still, and for this reason the relative capacity of the heating system may be less. In school buildings and other buildings where the heating of the air for ventilation is a large part of the load, this factor may be greatly reduced by recirculating the air during the heating up period, so that while the entire normal average load on the building may be from two to three times as much for heating the air as for supplying the direct radiation the heating-up load for the air may be reduced to from one-half to one-third of its normal value, so that the total load may not be more than twice the direct radiation load. By continuous recirculation for the ventilation, arranged to vary the amount of air taken in from the outside from 100 per cent at an outside temperature of 55 deg. to 25 per cent at an outside temperature of 0 deg. the boiler capacity required for heating the air may be held practically constant at about 25 per cent of that required for 100 per cent of 0 deg. air from the outside. Recognizing the fact that uniform practice in the design of heating systems and some standards in the installation of the necessary piping and equipment are desirable, the Society has undertaken the compilation of the most practical information available on these subjects for the use of architects, engineers, contractors, students, etc., and for these data have drawn upon the experience of members, the . results of Research Laboratory investigations, reports of technical committees, the Trans actions and other reliable sources. \ . 2 Chapter I CALCULATING THE HEAT LOSSES FROM BUILDINGS INTRODUCTION IN the revision of Chapter I for the 1928 Edition of The Guide, the latest available data on the internal conductivities of building materials and insulations have been included in Table 4, greatly extending its scope and usefulness. With these values available, it has been possible to compute an entirely new set of tables of heat transmission coefficients for modern wall, roof and floor constructions, such as are in use today for insulated as well as uninsulated buildings, replacing and greatly extending the old Tables 6 to 12 inclusive. The procedure to be followed in determining the heat loss from any building can be divided into seven consecutive steps, as follows: 1. Determine on the inside air temperature, at the breathing line, which is to be maintained in the building during the coldest weather. 2. Determine on an outside air temperature for design purposes, based on the minimum temperatures recorded in the locality in question, which will provide for all but the most severe conditions. Such conditions as may exist for only a few con secutive hours are readily taken care of by the heat capacity of the building itself. ; 3. Select or compute the heat transmission coefficients for outside wall and glass, also for flpor, or top-floor ceiling, if these are next to unheated space. Include roof if . next to heated space. 4. Measure up net outside wall, glass and roof next to heated spaces, as well as any cold floor or ceiling next to unheated space. Such measurements are made from building plans. . 5. Compute the heat transmission losses for each kind of wall, glass, floor, ceiling and roof in the building by multiplying the heat transmission coefficient in each case by the area of the surface in square feet and the temperature difference between the inside and outside air. (See paragraphs 1 and 2 above.) 6. Select unit values and compute the heat equivalent of the infiltration of cold air taking place around outside doors and windows. These unit values depend on kind or width of crack and wind velocity, and when multiplied by the length of crack and . Data prepared especially for The Guide by Arthur C. Willard, Professor of Heating and Ventilation and Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois. Urbana, 111. The work of compiling and computing Tables 6-12, in accordance with the methods set forth in the text, lias been done by P. D. Close, a graduate of the University of Illinois. . . 3 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 the temperature difference' between the inside and outside air, the result expresses the heat required to warm up the cold air leaking into the building per hour. 7. The sum of the heat losses by transmission (paragraph 5) through the outside wall and glass, as well as through any cold floors, ceilings or roof, and the heat equivalent (paragraph 6) of the cold air entering by infiltration is the total heat required for warming any building. INSIDE TEMPERATURE The inside air temperature which must be maintained within a building, and which should always be stated in the heating specifications, is understood to be the temperature at the breathing line 5 ft. above the floor and not less than 3 ft. from the outside walls. Inside air tempera tures usually specified vary in accordance with the use to which the building is to be put, and Table 1 presents values which are in conformity with good practice. Table 1. Inside Temperatures Usually Specified Type of Building Deg. Temp. Warm Air Baths................................... 120 Steam Baths.......................................... 110 Hospital Operating Rooms............ 85 Bath Rooms....................................... 85 Paint Shops......................................... 80 Hospitals............................................. 72 to 75 Public Buildings................................ 68 to 72 Deg. Temp. Residences.................................. ... 70 Schools............................................ 70 Factories.... ............................... ... 65 Stores........................... ............... ... 65 Gymnasia................................. . Machine Shops.......................... .: 60 to 65 Foundries, Boiler Shops, etc. ... 50 to 60 In making the actual heat loss computations, however, for the various rooms in a building it is often necessary to modify the temperatures given in Table 1 so that the air temperature at the proper level will be used. By "air temperature at the proper level" is meant, in the case of walls, the air temperature at the mean height between floor and ceiling; in the case of glass, the air temperature at the mean height of the glass, in the case of roof or ceiling, the air temperature at the mean height of the roof or ceiling above the floor of the heated room, and in the case of floors, the air temperature at the floor level. In the case of heated spaces adja cent to unheated (no heat of any kind) spaces, it will usually be sufficient to assume the temperature in such spaces as the mean between the tem perature of the inside heated space and the outside air temperature. The air temperature at the mean height between floor and ceiling is the "breathing line" temperature, Table' 1, for rooms not over 10 ft. in height. For rooms above this height, add 2 per cent per foot of height, to the breathing-line temperature for each foot or fraction of, a foot difference between the mean height of the vertical wall, glass, roof or ceiling surface, and the height of the breathing line. In determining mean air temperatures just above floors which are next, to ground or unheated spaces, a temperature 5 deg. lower than breathing line temperature may be used, provided breathing-line temperature is not less than 55 deg. fahr. '' The outside air temperature used in computing the heat loss from a building is seldom taken as the lowest temperature ever, recorded in a. 4 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings given locality. Such temperatures are usually of short duration and are rarely repeated in successive years. It is therefore evident that a tem perature somewhat higher than the lowest on record may be properly assumed in making the heat loss computations. OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE The outside temperature to be assumed in the design of any heating system must not be more than 15' deg. fahr. above the lowest recorded temperature as reported by the U. S. Weather Bureau (Table 2) during the preceding 10 years for the locality in which the heating system is to be installed. The outside temperature assumed and used in the design should always be stated in the heating specifications. If U. S. Weather Bureau reports are not available for the locality in question, then the U. S. Weather Bureau reports for the station nearest to this locality are to be used, unless some other temperature is specifically stated in the specifications. In computing the average heat transmission losses for the heating season the average outside temperature from October 1 to May 1 shall ' be used. This average temperature is to be that reported by the U. S. Weather Bureau during the preceding 10 years, for the locality in question. General Statement on Temperatures and Wind Velocity In order that no misunderstanding may occur, the specifications for all heating systems or plants shall include a clause covering the following points: 1. The lowest recorded outside temperature in the locality, as reported by the U. S. Weather Bureau for the preceding 10 years; 2. The outside air and inside breathing-line temperatures which were . assumed and actually used in making the heat loss computations; 3. The average wind velocity in miles per hour for December, January and February, and the direction of the prevailing wind during these same months for the locality in which the heating plant is located-- both wind velocity and direction are to be taken from the U. S. Weather Bureau records for the preceding 10 years. HEAT TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS Definition The amount of heat expressed in B.t.u. which is transmitted in 1 hr. per square foot of the material as used in the building, for a difference in temperature of 1 deg. fahr. between the air on the inside and outside of the building, is called the coefficient of heat transmission for the material. - The heat'transmission coefficient for any given building lThere seems to be no agreement in this country at present as to the method of arriving at the proper outside temperature to be used in the calculations or design of a heating system. Some offices use the . ** average of the lowest yearly temperatures for the preceding ten years. 5 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Chapter I--^Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings Table 2. Climatic Conditions Compiled from U. S. Weather Bureau Records Col. A COL: B Col. C Col. D Col. E Col. F State. City Average Temp., Oct. 1st- May 1st Lowest Tempera ture Average Wind Vel ocity Dec.. Jan., Feb.. Miles per Hr. Direction of Prevail ing Wind, Dec., Jan., Feb. Ala. Ark..... .......... Pal nc Fla Pa in....... ........ Ky. ............... Me.. _ ...... Md.................. Mich.._........... Minneapolis...................................... Mo N. H............... N. I................. N. Y................ N. M............... Santa Fe............ ................................ 57.7 53.9 59.5 34.9 49.5 51.6 54.3 58.6 39.3 39.2 38.0 43.2 61.9 51.4 58.4 42.5 36.4 36.4 39.9 40.2 44.1 33.9 32.1 38.9 40.2 45.2 61.5 56.2 31.1 33.6 43.6 37.6 29.1 35.4 27.6 25.1 29.6 56.0 40.3 43.3 . 43.0 34.7 27.7 37.0 34.6 39.6 37.9 33.4 41.6 35.1 34.7 40.3 38.0 -1 -10 16 -25 -15 -12 29 28 -29 -16 -14 -15 10 -8 8 -13 -20 -23 -24 -25 -15 -32 -35 -25 -26 -20 .7 -5 -23 -17 -7 -13 -27 -24 -27 -41 -33 -1 -24 -22-29 -49 . -57 -29 -35 . -7 -28 -35 -7 -24 -14 -6 --13 8.3 8.6 3.9 6.7 8.0 9.9 7.4 5.6 9.3 7.3 8.2 11.8 8.3 4.7 9.3 17.0 10.2 11.8 8.4 6.1 12.2 7.3 10.4 9.3 9.6 7.7 13.8 10.1 7.2 11.7 11.3 13.1 11.4 11.1 11.5 7.6 9.1 11.811.3 8.7 10.9 910 9.9 9.5 6.0 10.6 7.9 17.7' 13.3 7.3 N N E SW E NW N NE S SE N NW NE NW NW E SE SW NW S. S NW NW N NW SW N SE W NW NW W W SW NW SW NW SE NW NW SE W SW N W SE NE NW NW S W' NW NE e 1 t i i i i :v ' |t Table 2. Climatic Conditions Compiled from U. S. Weather Bureau Records-- (Continued) , Col. A State Col. B City Col. C Col. D Col. E Col. F Average Temp.. Oct. 1stMay 1st Lowest Tempera ture Average Wind Vel ocity Dec., Jan., Feb., Miles per Hr. Direction of Prevail ing Wind. Dec., Jan., Feb. |SJ C |si n Pa PI s c. .. S D. .. Term____ ____ Vt.................... Va. W. Va...........- Wis. .~ Wyo........... - Lander ............................................ 49.7 53.1 24.5 18.9 36.9 39.9 48.0 34.1 45.9 41.9 40.8 37.6 56.9 53.7 28.1 32.3 47.0 50.9 53.0 54.760.7 38.1 40.0 29.3 49.1 45.2 47.4 45.3 37.5 38.8 41.9 28.6 31.2 33.0 31.0 28.9 -2 5 -45 -44 -17 -20 -17 -20 -2 -6 -20 -9 7 -2 -43 -34 -16 -9 -2 -8 4. -24 -20 -27 2 -7 -3 3 -30 -21 -27 -36 -43 -25 -45 -36 7.3 8.9 11.4 14.5 9.3 12.0 6.0 6.5 11.0 13.7 14.6 11.0 8.0 11.5 7.5 6.5 9.6 10.5 11.0 8.2 8.9 4.9 12.9 9.0 5.2 7.4 9.1 4.8 6.6 12.8 5.6 11.7 5.3 3.0 SW SW NW W SW SW N SE S NW NW NW N NE NW W SW NW . NW NW N W SE S N NW ' S SE SW W S SW NW W NW NE material depends on the structure of the material and its density. Heavy or dense materials, the weight of which per cubic foot is high, usually transmit more heat than light or less dense materials, the weight of . which per cubic foot is low. -' Transmission Coefficients By means of suitable tests on an actual wall construction, heat trans mission coefficients (Table 6) may be determined directly, or they may be computed if certain physical constants are known. If tests are made to determine heat transmission coefficients, the inside and outside air temperatures should correspond with those actually existing in heating practice, and the amount of air movement, both on the inside and outside -of-the test wall, should be definitely stated in reporting the coefficients. 7 V;: ii : American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Since actual temperature differences vary widely in different parts of the country, it is desirable to adopt some standard basis for testing, such as 70 deg. inside and 0 deg. outside, and in very precise work make a correction for other temperatures. It has been found that the absolute mean temperature of the wall affects the coefficient materially. The coefficient increases with the absolute mean temperature. Tests are usually run under still air conditions, which means there was no wind movement, during the test, over the surfaces of the wall. In practice, some wind movement over the exterior surface of the wall should always be allowed for; hence still air coefficients cannot be used in actual work as they do not provide for the normal wind movement over the outside of the building in the locality in question during the heating season. Moreover, still air transmission coefficients cannot be corrected to provide for moving air conditions by multiplying by a single constant factor.1 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings ing. Heat reaches or enters the inside surface of the wall by radiation and convection, since the air and objects A within the building are always warmer than the inside surface of the wall, when the inside air tempera ture t is greater than the outside air temperature to. This heat must then pass through the material of the wall from inside to outside surface by conduction, and is finally given off from the outside surface by radiation and convection, provided, of course, that equilibrium has been established and all four temperatures are constant. The amount of heat reaching or entering the wall per hour depends on t and I, and a coefficient K, varying with the character of the wall A represents warm surfaces at temperature t of inside air; B represents cold surfaces at temperature <o of outside air. For an actual temperature gradient curve see Fig. 2. Fig. 1. Temperature Curve or Gradient from Air Inside to and through Wall to Air Outside, Wall Material Assumed Air-Tight * The coefficient of heat transmission of various building materials and types of construction as given in Table 6, are for still air and for a wind movement of 15 miles and are generally applicable to heat trans mission computations using equation (9). Such heat transmission co efficients are always based on the difference between the air temperatures on the inside and the outside of the wall. ' \ Transmission Coefficients by Computation If heat transmission coefficients are to be computed, and in many, if not most cases, they should be computed, the following analysis of the transmission of heat through a simple, solid wall is used as the basis for such computations. The diagram in Fig. 1 exhibits four important temperatures: First the air temperature t inside of the building; second, the temperature t, of the inside surface of the wall; third, the temperature U of the outside surface of the wall, and fourth, the air temperature to outside of the build- ^'Effect of Wind on Heat Transmission Coefficients" in Appendix to Section III, Code of Minimum Requirements of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. 8 Fig. 2. Temperature Gradient Curves for Glass (Taken from Bulletin No. 24, Engrg. Exp. Sta., Pennsylvania State College) material. K, may be defined as the B.t.u. per hour entering each square foot of wall surface per degree difference between the inside air tempera ture t and the inside surface temperature U. Hence the heat received by inner surface of the wall per hour by both radiation and convection is H, -- Kx (t -- ,) 5 (1) where 5 is the inner wall surface area in square feet and the other terms are as heretofore indicated. Whatever amount of heat Hx enters the inner wall surface must be, given off from the outer wall surface, so that if H, represents heat emitted from outer surface ' ' h, = H, = K, ih - Q S. (2) Now K> may not equal K,, in which case (ti-t0) will not equal (H,). 9 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Usually, in an actual wall exposed to wind on the outside, K2 (Table 5) is greater than Ki and (t2-t0) must be less than (t-h). Moreover, the heat -He passing through the wall by conduction is equal to Hi and H,, and if C is the coefficient of conduction = B.t.u. transmitted per hour per square foot of material per 1 in. thickness per degree difference between the surface temperatures, then Hi = H, = Hc = ft - t,) S (3) where x = wall thickness in inches. These equations (1), (2) and (3) are fundamental and are used for determining values for K,, K, and C for actual wall materials by test. They cannot be used for computing heat losses in an actual building, since the surface temperatures h and t2 are seldom known, although these surface temperatures can be determined in a test by means of thermo couples. Hence, for actual conditions where the only temperatures known are the inside and outside air temperatures t and it is necessary to use a transmission coefficient U = B.t.u. transmitted per hour per square foot of wall surface per degree difference between the inside and outside air temperatures. Values of U for a limited number of walls are given in Tables 6-12. The heat H transmitted per hour from air inside to air outside is then computed as follows: H = U (t-to) S (4) and since H = H, = II2 = Hc, the right hand members of equations (1), (2), (3) and (4) are all equal. The coefficient U may be determined by test, or it may be computed for any wall provided values for Ku K* and C are known. By proper substitution in the. four equations, the unknown temperatures u and t2 can be eliminated and the value of the transmission coefficient for a simple wall x inches thick is - I KH * C ... w . and for a compound wall of several materials having thickness in inches of *i, x,, xt, etc., the coefficient is U= W + iT + P+ p-+p- + etc. A.i Aj Ci C* Cj (6) As in the case of the. simple wall, Ki and K2 are always the inside and outside surface coefficients for the two materials in contact with air. If the air is still (no wind), then for the same material Kt and K, are the same, and Ki = K2; but if the outside air is in motion then K2 is always greater than K, and will increase as the wind velocity increases. Values 10 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings Table 3. Surface Coefficients (Ki) for Various Building Materials under Still Air (No Wind) Conditions The values in the table are in B.t.u. per square feet of wall surface per hour per 1 deg. fahr. difference between the mean air temperature in the room and the inside surface temperature of the wall. Building Material Asbestos (sheet)...................... Brickwork (ordinary)--........ Cement Plaster (finished).... Concrete.--....................-.......... Corkboard................................. Glass (window)..................Magnesia (blocks).................. Wood (finished surface)____ Building paper...... .................. Average of all values. Surface Coefficient Ki (Still Air) Harding and Willard ' Wood 1.40 1.40 0.93 1.30 1.25 1.50 1.45 1.40 1.34 1.20 1.90' 1.40 ^Average of both sides of glass 0.12 in. thick and for 70 deg. fahr. total temperature difference from air to air with moving air on one side. Probable value for still air on both sides 1.60. for Ki in still air as determined by various investigators are given in Table 3. Values for C, the conductivity of building materials, are given in Table 4, and are taken from the published values of various investiga tors. It should be noted that values of C as well as U are dependent on the temperature range, and it is therefore desirable that the investigator determine conductivity values when the wall is subjected to an air temperature of about 70 deg. fahr. on the inside and about zero on the outside. In the.case of air space construction, two additional surface coefficients for each air space must be inserted in either equation (5) or (6). These surface coefficients may be taken the same as the Ki (still air) values for the materials forming the sides of the air spaces; thus for a simple wall with one air space, ' 1 -L 1 -L 1 4- 1 4- * Ki + K2 + K+Ki+ C or (8) if, c With certain very special forms of construction which have irregular air spaces, it is necessary to use the conductivity for the unit construction as actually assembled in the wall. This condition exists when hollow tile is used as furring, in which case yf is replaced by yr, where Cu is the unit conductivity. (See second footnote of Table 4-) 11 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 4. Internal Conductivities of Building Materials and Insulations1 Note.--The internal conductivities in this table are expressed in B.t.u. per hour, per square feet, per 1 deg. fahr., per 1 in. thickness unless otherwise stated A. Building Materials . Material Description Density (Lb. per Cu. Ft.) Mean Temp, of Sample (Dec. Fahr.) Internal Conduc tivity (C or Cu) Authority*4 Asbestos . Sheet--................. Asbestos Board____ Corrugated_______ Asbestos Wood . . Asbestos and ce- mentcompressed. Asbestos Mill Bd... Pressed Asbestos__ Asbestos Shingles.. . ___ Asphalt Shingles___ ___ ___________ Brickwork.. ............ Mortar Bond and dry conditions. Brickwork_________ Damp or wet.____ Cement Mortar.___ ________ _______ _ Concrete.... ............... Stone 1-2-4 mix___ Concrete_______ ____ Stone........................ Concrete. . .. ___ Stone 1-2-5 mix___ Concrete-- . ... Cinder 1-2-4 mix__ Concrete Blocks .... Stone Dry......... ..... Cornell Wood Board Ground Wood pulp (&' thick). Gyplap ... _ Gypsum between layers of heavy paper (H ' thick) Gypsum___________ Building--oven dried 3 weeks. Gypsum Partition Tile. with 15 per cent wood fiber. Hollow..................... 2 in. Hollow Clay Tile, H in. plaster 4- in. Hollow Clay Tile. in. plaster 6 in. Hollow Clay Tile. K in. plaster 2 in. Hollow Clay Tile.................... , 48.3 20.4 123.0 60.5 65.0 70.0 132.0 140.0 145.0 110.0 103.6 53.5 78.0 120.0 127.0 124.3 110 110 86 86 75 75 100 ___ ________ 110 75 95* 122 75 '68 75 90 68 75 75 110 100 105 ........ -- 0.29 0.48 2.70 Willard, Lichty & Harding Willard, Lichty & Harding Bureau of Standards 0.843 6.002 6.50* 4.00 . Bureau of Standards Peebles. Armour Institute Peebles. Armour Institute Willard, Lichty & Harding 5.00 8.007 8.30 6.30 6.27 2.35 5.20 4.84 2.50* Recommended by Harding & Willard*2 Willard. Lichty & Harding Willard, Lichty & Harding Peebles, Armour Institute C.L. Norton, Boston, Mass. C.L. Norton, Boston, Mass. Hencky Peebles, Armour Institute 2.60* Bureau of Standards 2.99 2.30 Poensgen 1.00 1.20 Peebles, Armour Institute 1.00* Willard, Lichty & Harding 0.60* Willard, Lichty & Harding 0.47* 1.14* Calculated4 1See Chapter LX. by Chas. H. Herter of the Report of the Insulation Committee. AS.R.B.. Annual Meeting 1022. Revised to 1924, entitled "Heat Transmission of Insulating Materials" for a more com prehensive collection of heat transmission data relating to..building and insulating materials. *For thickness stated or used in construction, not per 1 in. thickness. 8 Hot side of plate. *. 4Estimated from values reported in University of Illinois Engineering Station. Bulletin No. 102, .for hollow clay tile plastered both sides, assuming the conductivity of cement plaster = 8.0 per 1 in. thickness. Calculated from 2 in. tile tests. . Average of several values. *Cement mortar and stucco assumed same as cement plaster. 8Roofing. 0.15 in. thick (1.34 lb. per sq. ft.), covered with gravel (0.83 lb. per sq. ft.), combined thick ness assumed 0.25. . Estimated from value of C = 2.99 for gypsum and c 1.0 for, wood. *Not compressed. 11 The conductivity of plaster varies with the composition. Note range of values from 2.32 to 8.0. The average value for plaster is probably about 5.0. On account of the comparatively high conductivity of plaster and the fact that it is seldom applied more than $ in. thick, this material does not appreciably effect the overall transmission of a construction, excepting in the case of thin uninsulated walls. 12See "Mechanical Equipment of Buildings" by Harding and Willard, page 56. **Thickness of lime plaster and wood lath from back of lath to face of plaster, about % in. |4In addition to the conductivity values for the authorities listed, considerable work of importance pertaining to the heat transmission of various types of construction and materials has been done by the late Prof. John R. Allen and Prof. F. B. Rowley of the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota, and Prof. A. J. Wood of the Engineering Experiment Station of Pennsylvania State College* 12 Chapter I--Calcinating the Heat Losses from Buildings . j } - 1 i ' [* h Table 4. Internal Conductivities of Building Materials and Insulations1--Continued Material Description Density (Lb. per Cu. Ft.) Mean Temp, of Sample (Deg. Fahr.) Internal Conduc tivity (C OR Cu) Authority14 4 in. Hollow Clay 6 in. .Hollow Clay 8 in. Hollow Clay 12 in. Hollow Clay 16 in. Hollow Clay Magnesia (85 per cent) and Asbes tos (15 per cent). Plaster____ *.--........ Plaster Board........ - Roofing8----------------- 13.5 19.3 110 86 46.2 86 Cement................ -- 86 Built-up bitumen and felt, gravel or slag surfaced.TM Built-up bitumen .... -...... ....... -- and felt, gravel or slag surfaced__ ... ....Sawdust___________ prepared............... -- - 'Shavings.__________ Ordinary...... ........ Sheetrock___ ___ __ Gypsum mixed """60.7...... with sawdust be . tween layers of heavy paper (0.39 in. thick). ....... ....Stone.__ -.__________ Limestone or Sandstone. 75 86 86 90 201 plaster **>. Woods: . Cypress................. Across grain Across grain______ Maple Flooring.... Across grain______ Maple________ -- Mahogany...... ...... Across grain______ Virginia Pine____ Across grain______ White Pine______ Across grain._____ Yellow Pine--____ Across grain______ 28.7 33.4 40.0 44.3 34.3 42.0 34.3 31.2 75 86 75 86 86 75 . 86 86 0.65* 0.502 0.432 0.262 0.1852 0.51 0.508 2.32i 8.00** 3.04 1.325 5.302- 6.508 1.04 0.707 3.60* 10.37 10.0 8.007 2.02 0.668 1.000 1.20 1.103 0.900 1.30 0.958 0.784 1.000 Calculated4 Calculated4 Estimated Estimated Estimated Willard. Lichty & Harding Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Willard. Lichty & Harding Bureau of Standards Willard, Lichty & Harding Willard. Lichty & Harding Peebles, Armour Institute Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Lees & Chorlton Estimated Willard, Lichty & Harding Peebles. Armour Institute Bureau of Standards Willard, Lichty & Harding Peebles, Armour Institute Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Peebles. Armour Institute Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Peebles. Armour Institute B. Insulations {Dry) Balsa wood-- ......... Across grain. __ Balsa wood...... ......... Across grain-- ___ Balsa wood--... ......... Across grain.. ..... Balsam wool10 .. Chemically treat- ed wood fiber. Cabots quilt10 ....... Eel grass between Kraft paper. Cabots quilt10-- .. Eel grass between Kraft paper. Celotex. . . . Board form insulation made from sugar cane fiber. Celotex........... Board form insu- ' lation made from sugar cane fiber. Corkboard_______ Pure; no added binder. Corkboard.. . Pure; no added . binder. 20.0 8.8 7.3 2.2 4.6 3.4 13.5 13.2 14.0 10.6 90 90 90 90 90 90 70 - 90 90 90 13 0.58 0.38 0.33 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.30 Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards ' Peebles. Armour Institute Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards Bureau of Standards American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 4. Internal Conductivities of Building Materials and Insulations1--Continued B. Insulations--(Continued) Material Description Density (Lb. per Cu. Ft.) Mean Temp, op Sample (Dec. . Fahr.) Internal Conduc tivity (C OR Cu) Authority h Corkboard................ Pure; no added 7.0 90 0.27 Bureau of Standards binder. Corkboard...... ........ Pure; no added binder. 9.7 --......-- 0.32 Willard, Lichty & Harding Dry zero10................ Kapok between 2.0 90 0.25 Bureau of Standards . burlap or paper. Fibrofelt10... Flax and rye fiber. 13.6 90 0.32 Bureau of Standards Flaxlinum10.............. Flax fiber........... _ 13.0 90 0.31 Bureau of Standards Flaxlinum10 . -... Flax fiber................ 14.0 70 0.32 Peebles, Armour Institute Hairinsul10 ......... j 75 per cent hair___ J 25 per cent jute...... 6.3 90 0.27 Bureau of Standards ; Hairinsul10 _ < 50 per cent hair___ j 50 per cent jute...... 6.1 90 0.26 Bureau of Standards - . Hair felt10__ Felted Cattle Hair 13.0 90 .0.26 Bureau of Standards Hair felt10................ Felted Cattle Hair 11.0 90 0.26 Bureau of Standards Insulex or Pyrocell Cellular Gyspum__ 30.0 90 1.00 Bureau of Standards Insulex or Pyrocell Cellular Gypsum__ 30.0 75 0.92 Peebles, Armour Institute Insulex or Pyrocell Cellular Gypsum__ 24.0 90 0.77 Bureau of Standards rnsulex or Pyrocell Cellular Gypsum^. 24.0 - 75 0.737 Peebles, Armour Institute Insulex or Pyrocell Cellular Gypsum. 18.0 90 0.59 ' Bureau of Standards Insulex or Pyrocell Cellular Gypsum. 18.0 75 0.566 Peebles, Armour Institute Insulex or Pyrocell Cellular Gypsum. 12.0 90 0.44 Bureau of Standards Insulex or Pyrocell Cellular Gypsum. . 12.0 75 0.400 Peebles, Armour Institute Insulite__ ____ ____ Board form insu 16.9 90 0.34 Bureau of Standards lation made from wood pulp. ' Insulite...................... Board form insu 16.5 70 0.34 Peebles, Armour Institute lation made from wood pulp. Keystone Hair10. 11.0 75 0.25 Peebles, Armour Institute Linofelt10,, _____ Flax fibers be 4.9 90 0.28 Bureau of Standards tween paper. Tirh Rock wool, flax 14.3 90 0.40 Bureau of Standards and straw pulp with binder. Lith............................ Rock wool, flax 14.5 75 0.38 Peebles, Armour Institute and straw pulp with binder. Masonite__________ Board form insu 18.0 75 0.33 Peebles, Armour Institute lation made from exploded wood fiber. Matter \ Board form of in . 26.1 81 0.337 Peebles, Armour Institute sulation made from roots of licorice. Regranulated Cork, About % in. par 8.1 90 0.31 Bureau of Standards ticles. Rock Wool10 ....... Fibrous material, 10.0 90 0.27 Bureau of Standards made from rock. Also made in sheet form, felted and confined with netting. Ten Test- ............. Board form insu 20.0 75' 0.46 Peebles. Armour Institute lation made from wood pulp. Thermofelt10. ,, , Jute and asbestos 10.0 90 0/37 Bureau of Standards fibers, felted. Thermofelt10______ Hair and asbestos 7.8 90 0.28 Bureau of Standards fibers, felted. Thermofill_________ Powdered Gyp 34.0 90 0.60 Bureau of Standards sum. . Thennofill_________ Powdered Gyp 26.0 90 0.52 Bureau of Standards sum. Thermofill.________ _ Powdered Gyp 24.0 75 0.475 Peebles, Armour Institute sum. Thennofill_________ Powdered Gyp 18.0 ^ 75 0.34 Peebles, Armour Institute sum. 14 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings Table 5. Factors to be Used in Determining Values of Outside Surface Coefficients (K2) under Moving Air Conditions In each case, the moving air factor is based on still air coefficient (A*,) for same material. For conditions where wind velocity is not known use the factor (3) or take K2 as 3Kx for same material. Wind Velocity in Miles per Hour 5 10 15 20 . Brickwork 2.38 3.20 3.76 4.22 Multipliers of Ki* Wood ` 2.19 2.71 2.95 3.02 Average 2.28 2.96 3.36** 3.62 10 20 ' Above 20 Additional Values--Smooth Surface ..... 2.20 2.60 1....... 3.00 ..... ........ ........ Taken from Engineering Experiment Station Bulletin No. 102, of the University of Illinois. Addi tional values from Engineering Experiment Station, Pennsylvania State College, reported by Professor Wood. Tests at Pennsylvania State College indicate character of surface, rough or smooth, more important than material of surface. . This is usually taken as 3 even. Heat Transmission Data : Heat transmission coefficients of many common types of building construction are given in Tables 6 to 12, inclusive, each construction being identified by a serial number. For example, in Table 6-A, the coefficient of transmission (U) of a 13-in. brick wall, furring strips, and % in. of gypsum plaster on metal lath, is 0.185, and the number assigned to a wall of this construction is 3-b. The coefficients in these tables were determined by computations similar to those shown in Fig. 3, using the value of C (or Cu`) indicated. The authorities for the conductivities used for computing these coefficients are given in Table 4. As in the case of the examples in Fig. 3, the average value of 1.34 given in Table 3 for was used for all surfaces in still air. The value of it, for outside wall and roof surfaces was taken as 3 X Ki, or 4.02, corresponding to a wind velocity of approximately 15 miles per hour. . A value of C = 8.3 for stone concrete (1- 2- 4 mix) was used for com puting the values of U for all-constructions involving this material. It is quite probable that the true conductivity of stone concrete approaches the value of 6.3 obtained from tests conducted by Professor Peebles of Armour. Institute, when the concrete is thoroughly dry and well cured. If, for a certain concrete construction, it appears that the value of 6.3 is more nearly correct, the engineer may at his discretion compute the value of U on the basis of this figure. This of course is true of other constructions. The Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers has developed an apparatus known as the Nicholls heat meter for the determination of the heat loss through any type of construction, and by means of which the value of U for any construction may be ascertained by actual test. The Nicholls heat meter consists essentially of a plate of bakelite, 2 ft. square and Yi in. thick, This plate is equipped with thermocouples which are so constructed as to the two surfaces of the plate, produces a difference in electrical potential between the thermocouples. The plate is calibrated so that this difference in potential, when measured, can be converted into terms of heat trans- JCu is the conductivity (or conductance) for construction or thickness stated. 15 x American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Examples ivs Tue Calculaiiok) or Ueat HZAUsuissioii . Of VAE10U5 COUSTHUCTIOUS IH Outside Inside Outside Inside 13 Britt Wall C-F.00 Kz-4.01 l Cement Mortar C-8.00 2* Corkboard C-0.3O Kt-4.02. i *1.54 Vi Gypsum Plaster C 2.32 h- 134 U" Yin " 0 278 nr Still air both sides -Ki.LM, _ _ Fiber Insulation (board/bra) C-G.3J Vz Cjpsum Plaster C- Z.SZ m Outside Clapboards. C 1.00 1 Inside TSheatbinq Cl-00 . . actual thvcfcness - me Plaster u"-VS4^+H.^z`al55 u - ^34^i402+WHM+ YlX>0 0.227 Inside "H/)4 Cypsum Piaster D /C- 2.SZ H.54 * '/4.OI * aAs Ki -1.34 V*. Cement Mortar C&.0 0.210 21 U-4.QZ Tar ^ Gravel Coo/inq C 1.325 Average thickness assumedVb" 1 Ly:.: v 3 Stone Concrete. C-8.3,./ j Li. 1.54 ^ I '0.61 M-54*)4aZ+0',9Em5 4 ^8 5 Motes -- The oaine hi value = 1.34 has been used for all Surface.^ in Still air as per the average value qiven in Table 3. 1L% is assumed 3*ti or 4.02. Cu is the Conductivity for the Construction and thiclcness as `Thowr? See Table 4 for /urther explanation of the values of C and Cu Fig. 3. Computing Heat Transmission Coefficients for Building Walls 16 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings mission through the plate. In connection with this plate, it is also necessary to use several other thermocouples to give the temperature of the air within the building temperature of the interior surface of the wall or roof, the temperature of the plate itself, the temperature of the exterior of the wall or roof and the temperature of the exterior air. Tests have been conducted at the Research Laboratory of the Society with the Nicholls heat meter on certain types of wall construction, and the results obtained are in close agreement with the computed values for these same constructions. It would be obviously impossible to determine the air to air heat transmission coefficients of every type of wall construction in use with the heat meter on account of the great amount of time involved. Hence, the method of computing the coefficients from fundamental conductivity constants must be resorted to in most cases, but the heat meter can be used to good advantage in checking the accuracy of the computed values. The Society's Laboratory will continue its investigations of the air-to-air transmission coefficients of many common types of wall constructions in order to definitely establish the accuracy of as many of the computed values as possible. ' Problems involving the determination of the value of U from the conductivity constants can also be solved by what is sometimes known as the resistance method which is readily derived from the basic equation No. 5 as follows: i = z + t + t = s [*.+ * + *] or t, _------------------------ . u 2 [tf, +R, +i?c] The internal resistance of a material is equal to the reciprocal of its so-called internal conductivity (C) multiplied by its thickness and is X1 represented by the fraction-^-, or in the case of materials for which the conductivity (or conductance) is given in terms of the construction . or thickness stated. For example, the internal resistance of 13 in. of _ |3 brickwork on the basis of value of C of 5.0 is o or 2.6. The internal resistance of 2 in. hollow clay tile based on the value of Cu of 1.14 is ^rj or 0.877. 1.14 . In the resistance method, the sum of the internal resistances of all the materials entering into the construction, is' added to the sum of the surface resistances, which are the reciprocals of the surface coefficients or The resistance of a surface in still air, based on XV - the average value of Kt or 1.34 is or 0.746. The resistance of an outside surface exposed to the wind, based on the average value of. K, or 4.02 (3 X 1.34) is --^ or 0.249. The computed value of U obtained by the resistance method is obtained by taking the reciprocal of the sum 17 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide?. 1928; of the internal and surface resistances of the construction. The solution of Example V in Fig. 3, by means of the resistance method is given in the following tabulation: Material Brickwork............................... Cement Mortar..................... Hollow Clay Tile.................. Plaster (gypsum).................. Total resistance (R)...... Thickness Inches 13 y2 2 y2 Internal Conouctivitt (CorCuJ Surface Coefficents (iCi or K2) 5.0 (C) 8.0 (C) 1.14 (Cu) 2.32 (C) 4.02 (K2) 1.34 (K,) ....... -----... Internal Resistance 2.600 0.063 0.877 0.215 3.755 Surface * ' Resistance 0.249 0.746 0.995 3.755 4.750 U = jj- = =0.210 B.t.u. per hour per sq. ft. per 1 deg. fahr. differ ence in temperature between the air on the two sides of the wall. . The thicknesses upon which the coefficients in Tables 6 to 11, inclusive, are based, are as follows: Brick veneer..................................................................... ......... 4 in. Plaster and metal lath.............................. ,........ ..... ..... ......... % in. Plaster [on wood lath, plasterboard, fiber insulation (board form), or corkboard].................................. .......... l/'> in. Slate (Roofing):........................................................ ....... ............ ]/i in. Stucco on wire mesh reinforcing.............. ........ ........ ......... .. 1 in. Tar and gravel or slag surfaced built-up roofing..... .......... Yk in. Wood shingles (average thickness)........................................ Y in. . Wood siding or clapboard (average thickness).................... % in. 1- in. Lumber (S-2-S)........................................... ......... ............. ff in. lM-in. Lumber (S-2-S)..... ............................................ ......... 1-ft in. 2- in. Lumber (S-2-S)........ ............................................ ............. in. 2M-in. Lumber (S-2-S)................. ...................... ........ . i....... in. 3- in. Lumber (S-2-S)........ ............................................ ............. 2% in. 4- in. Lumber (S-2-S)......................................... .................. 3% in. Finish flooring (Maple or Oak)................................................ [I in. Note that actual thicknesses of lumber are used in the computations rather than nominal thicknesses. . On account of the fact that the internal resistances of metal and single thicknesses of building paper* and roofing felt are very small, these resistances were neglected in the calculations, in accordance with standard practice. The computations for wood shingle roofs applied over wood stripping are based on 1 by 4 in. wood strips, spaced 2 in. apart.. Since no reliable figures are available concerning the conductivity of. Spanish and French clay roofing tile, of which there are many varieties, the figures for such types of roofs were taken the same as-for slate roofs, as it is probable that the values of U for these' two types of. roofs will compare favorably. The coefficients of transmission of the pitched roofs in Table 11-A apply where the roof is over a heated attic or top floor, such that the heat passes directly through the roof structure including whatever, finish?- Building paper is used because of its value as a wind stop only. 18 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings if any, is applied to the underside of the roof rafters. By a heated attic is meant an attic to which heat is supplied directly from the furnace or boiler by means of radiators, hot air registers, or other means. If the attic is unheated, the roof structure and ceiling,of the top floor must both be taken into consideration and the combined coefficient of transmission determined. The. formula for calculating the combined coefficient of transmission of a top floor ceiling, unheated attic space and pitched roof, per square foot of roof area, is as follows: where 77 = X Ucc ' n X Ut -f- Ucc . . UT = Coefficient of transmission of the roof. (From Table 11-A, Pitched Roofs). Uce = Coefficient of transmission of the ceiling. (From Table 9). = The ratio of the area of the roof to the area of the ceiling. The following example will illustrate the use of this formula: Determine the combined coefficient of transmission of a roof constructed of wood shingles applied over ..wood strips on rafters, an unheated attic, and a wood lath and plaster ceiling, based on a roof having a Yi pitch, for which the value of n is 1.2 (Roof No. 251a). Ut = 0.483 (Roof No. 238-a, Table 11-A) Uce = 0.502 (Ceiling No. 167-a, Table 9-A) . Substituting these values in the preceding formula: ` ,, 0.483 X 0.502. U 1.2 X 0.483 + 0.502 . . = 0.224 B.t.u. per hour, per sq. ft. of roof area per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air near the underside of the ceiling and the outside air. Combined coefficients for many common types of pitched roofs and top floor ceilings for unheated attics are given in Table 11-B. If a roof contains two or more dormers and the attic is unheated, it is advisable to disregard the roof structure proper and consider only the top floor ceiling in determining the radiation requirements of the building. In this case it will be necessary to assume the temperature in the attic, which can be taken to be the mean between the temperature under the top floor ceiling (not the attic) and the outside temperature. AREAS WHERE HEAT LOSSES OCCUR Heat is lost from a building by transmission through all of those sur faces which separate heated spaces from the outside air or from unheated colder spaces within the building. In general, five kinds of surfaces are involved: (1) outside walls, (2) outside glass, (3) inside walls or parti- 19 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 tions next to unheated spaces, (4) ceilings of upper floors, either below a cold attic space or as the underside of a roof slab, and (5) floors of heated rooms above an unheated space. In most cases, only items (1) and (2), outside wall and glass surface, are considered. Failure to take account of the other heat losing surfaces, items (3), (4) and (5), when they exist in a building, has generally resulted in more or less dissatisfaction with the operation of the heating plant, as a result of failure to heat the rooms having such surfaces as indicated by items (3), (4) and (5). The net outside wall surface is usually determined by reference to the scale plans and elevations of the building concerned. In some cases of course, the actual building may have to be measured. The total area of all outside openings which are occupied by windows and doors is accurately measured and listed as glass. The glass area is then deducted from the total outside wall area for each room and the difference is the net wall area. The outside wall areas for any floor should be based on the vertical floor to floor heights and the horizontal distance from center to center of partitions separating different rooms. If there are no partitions, measure from inside face of one wall to inside face of next wall. The areas of walls, ceilings and floors next to cold or unheated spaces are found, of course, by taking the inside dimensions of such areas, measured on the heated side. CALCULATIONS FOR HEAT TRANSMISSION LOSSES The calculations for heat transmission losses are made by multiplying the area S. in square feet of wall, glass, roof or floor through which the loss takes place, by the proper coefficient U for such construction (Tables 6 to 12, or by computation as described underTransmission Coefficients by Computation) and by the temperature difference between the inside air temperature /.at the proper level (in many cases not the " breathing line") and the outside air temperature U. Therefore, ' '-i where Ht = SU -(,,) (9>: Ht = B.t.u. per hr. transmitted through the material of the wall, glass, roof or floor. 5 = area in sq. ft. of wall, glass, roof or floor, taken from building plans or actually measured. (Use the net inside or heated surface dimensions in all cases.) . . . . s' U = coefficient of heat transmission or B.t.u. per hr. per sq. ft. per 1 deg. fahr. difference between the inside and outside air temperature for air conditions such as exist in the given locality in coldest weather. (t -- t0) = temperature difference between inside and outside air, in which t must' always be taken at the proper level. Note that t may not be the " breathing, line" temperature in many cases. ' For examples showing application of equation (9) to practical examples, see Applications at the end of this chapter, in which the heat require- , ments are computed for typical cases. ' 20 ;{ rJ'tj Chapter I-*--Calculating the Heat Losses prom Buildings Table 6-A. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Nnl__These coefficients are expressed In B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. Solid Bate*. Walls t The values U in this Table are based on the /bllowinq internal Conductivities (C) which are eipreeoed in B.t;u. per Ur. per Sq.Ft. per l F Brick 5.00 per ^ Cement Mortar 8.00, per Plaster Board 8*04 per 1 Plaster (Gypsum), Wood Lath 4 Plaster 2.3Z per f 2.00 a* applied Cork board . 0.30 per Fiber Insulation (6oonl/orm) `0.33 per ^ Cellular Gypsum (IS*) ' 0.59 per l^ Powdered Gypsum (26*) 0.52 per l fnc2wr^- Y -Thickness /^insulation where speci/ied -_LV0 ~6 I \ ntertor Construction i Plain Walls - Wo interior Finish 2 Plaster on Brick. Thickness of Brick - X Y 13' 18' Z4* a .b c d 0.358 0.27Q 0.218 \ 0.173. 0. 332 0. 263 0.208 0.166 3 5. Plaster on Uetal Lath - Furred 4 . 4 ^ Plaster on Wood Lath - Furred . 0.216 0.185 0.15b 0.131 o.zoq 0.174 0.15Z 0.128 ' 5 4r Plaster on Planter Board -- Purred 0.215 0.184 0.155 0.131 T Plaster on Wood Lath on 2' Furrinq e Strips -- Cellular Gypsum Fill 1% ' Z Plaster on Wood Lath oh 2* Furrmq 7 Strips - Powdered Gypsum Fill * {% 0. 165 O.IS6 8 2 Plaster on Fibre Insulation -- C Board form') Furred s 10 4: Plaster on Cork board Cement Mortar II Set m '/i W. 0.166 r 0.133 .ifa' 0.1242" 0.103 O'146 0.128 a 139 0.122 0.147 0.128 0.120 0. 113 0.407 0.102 0.095 0.087 0.U1 0.106 o.m 0.045 0.090 O.07S Based on \% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. . tThe coefficients on this page can also be used with sufficient accuracy for the Ideal'Rolok-Bak Wall. 21 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 6-B. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Noie.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. Batcvc Veueec. od Uollow Tile Walls The values of U in this Table, are based on the ./ollowmq Internal Conductivities (C) which are expressed in &.t.u. per Ur. per Sq. ft. per (f Hollow Tile 4-<X65 6*-0.50 8-0.43 ll"-0.26 6rick Cement Mortar Plaster board 5.00 per 1* 800 per f . 3.04 per 1* Plaster (Gypsum) 2.32 per f Wood lath 4 Plaster 2.00 as applied . Cork board fiber Insulation (board/orm) <V30 per 1* 0.33 per l*: . Cellular Gypsum (lb*) Powdered Gypsum (26*) ' 0-5^ per f 0-52 per l" Y Thickness <f Insulation where Speci/ied. __ _00 3 Interior .. Construction Vr Cement VAortor Thickness of Hollow Tile - X . Y, 4" <0 . 8' it'- a .b c d 12 Plain Walls - VJo Interior Finish 0.284. 0.260 0- 240; 0.175 13 ^Plaster on Uollow Tile am 0.246 0.228 0.163. 14 ^Plaster-on Metal Lath - furred o.m 0.176 0(67 0.(33 15 j Plaster on Wood Lath -- Furred 0.186 0.171 0162 0.130 16 -j Plaster on y Plaster board -- Furred Plaster on Wood Lath on 2" furrmq 17 Strips -- Cellular Gypsum fill ^ 18 \ Plaster on Wood Lath'or? 2." Furrmq Strips -- Powdered Gypsum fill 0.131 * 15/b 0.151 * IVs 0.142 .13 X Plaster or> fiber . Insulation. -- 10 ([board form) Furred. . Ife 0.151 r 0.123. Z1 X Plaster on Cortboard Set in V2 Cement Mortar 22 ' 1 '& aii5 t 0.037 0.176 0.141 0.134 0.141 a in 0.103 0.032 0.166' 0.133 0.135 0.112 . 0128 0.107 0.135 0.112 0.112 0,036 . 0.105 0.031 ' 0.090 0.073 ' Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. I 22 Chapter L-vCalculating the Heat Losses from Buildings Table 6-C. Coefficients of Transmission (IT) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Mote.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based ori an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. Baicu VeUeeu ou Comccete. Walls The values of U in this Table are based on the followinq Internal Conductivities (c) which are expressed tn B.t.u. per Ur. per Sq. ft, per 1 F Concrete. (Stone LZ.:4 mu) 8.30 per l* 6rick Cement Mortar Plaster board ' Plaster (Gypsum) 5.00 8.00 3.04 2.32 per f per f per l* per 1" Wood Lath f Plaster 2.00 as applied Cork board '< fiber Insulation (board fbrm) Cellular Gypsum (l8*) Powdered Q'fpsam (26*) 0.30 0.33 0.59 0.52 per 1* per f per 1* per f , Y-Thickness of Insulation where 9peci/ied _0D1. ~a es ?2 Interior Construction Y Cement Uortar Thickness cf Concrete-X 6" 8" 10" 12" 16" abc de 23 flam Walls - VJo Interior finish - 0.387 0.355 0.327 0.303 0.264 24 X Plaster on Concrete 0.358 0.330 0.305 0.285 0.250 25 J Plaster on Metal Lath -furred lb j Plaster on Wood LatVi -- furred 0.228 0.216 0.205 0.155 0.179 ai73.0.219 0.208 0.188 0.168 27 -j Plaster on Vs Plaster board -- furred 4; Plaster on Wood Lath on 2* furrmq . 28 Strips -- Cellular. Gypsum, fill 29 ^ Plaster on Wood Lath on 2' furrmq Strips - Powd.ered Gypsum fill 0.226 0.215 0.204 0.185 0.178 * 0.172 0.165 0.153 0.152 0.(42 *. 155 0.161 0.155 0.150 0.145 0.135 30 -5. Plaster on fiber Insulation -- 31 (board/brm) furred 32 X Plaster or\ Cork board Set m Yi 33 Cement Mortar W 0.172 0.165 0.159 0.(53 0.144 - 1' 0.137 0.132 0.128 0.124 0.117 l'A' OJ27 0.123 0.120 0.116 0.110 2" 0.105 0.102 0.100 0.09& 0.093 Based on 1% in., the actual thicknessof 2 in. furring strips. 23 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 6-D. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. Hollow/'Tile Walls with* Stucco Ex.Ttc.Voe. FuJisu The values .of. -U in this Table are based on the /&fl,owi'nq Internal Conductivities (C) which are expressed m 6.t.u .per Ur. per Sq. ft, per t*F . Stucco, -8.00- per l* Uollow-Tile -6.050 Cement .Mortar Plaster Board* Plaster-(Gypsum) 8-045 . U-O 26 8.00 3.4 2-52 l*-ai85 per f perl' per l* \*foodLath 4 Plaster 2.00 as applied Cork- board . 0.30 Fiber Insulation (Board form) 0.33 Cellular Gypsum ^10^) . 0.59 per T per l* per f Powdered Gypsum (26*) 0.52 perl' YThickness q/lnsulation where specified _uVo 51 Interior Construction' ' 34 Plain Wall* -- klo Interior-.finish ' Y' Thickness- of Hollow Tile -X fc* 8` a b 12* 16* c d- CL3ZO 0.Z4I 0.201 0.153 35. ^ Planter on Uollow Tile o.zqq 0-2-73. 0.143 0.144 36' ^-Plasteron Metal Lath'-- Furred 0.203 0.140 0.147 aizo 37 Plaster on Wood Lath - Furred ai4i 0.184 0.(44 0117 3A k Plaster on Va* Planter board -- Furred * 34 4 Plaster on Wood Lath on Z" Furrmq Strips -- Cellular Gypsum fill 1%' . .40' z Plaster on'Wood Lath on-2.* furrmq Strips - Powdered Gypsum Fill * 1%` 41` -jr Plaster on fiber Insulation -- "VL- /Board /orm) Furred . 43 k Plaster on Cork board set in Vz 44, Cement Mortar . Vz r u t 0.202 0.140 0.157 0.144 0.148 0.142. 0.158 . 0-150 0.127 0.122 0.114 aii5 O.OIT ' 0.046 a 147 0.120 0.IZZ O.IOZ 0.116 0.044 0.IZ2 0.103 6.103 0.084 0.048 "ao&5 0.084 0.074 Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. fFigures on this page can be used with sufficient accuracy for hollow tile walls without stucco finish/ 24 Y' Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings Table 6-E. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction tfolg'--'These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. LiuestoOe ob Saudstoue Walls The values of U in this table are based on .the /ollowinq Inbernal Conductivibies (C) whichare expressed in 6.t.u. per Ur. per Sq.ft, per.lr Stone 10-00 per I" Cement Uortar 8.00 per E Plaster Board Plaster (Gypsum-) -L0-1 per f LJ2 per f Wood. Lath 4 Plaster . 1.00 as applied Cork board 0.10 per r Fiber Insulation (Board form) 0.33 per r Cellular Cypsum (`I8*>' . Powdered Gypsum (26*) 0.54 per f 0.52 per f Wall Humber Y-Thickness of Insulation where speci/ied Interior Construction 45 Plain Walls -- Uo Interior Finish Thickness of Stone - X Y 8* 10* 12* 16` '20*' 24` .. abc de w 0.556 a 502 0.457 0334 0.334 0:245 46 i Plaster on *3 tone 0i447 0.452 0-415 0.556 0l3U 0.277 47 ^Plaster on Metal Lath - Furred 48 k Plaster on Wood Lath - Furred 0277 0.26Z 0.244 0.227 0.208 o.m 0.264 0.251 0.2 jq 0218 0.200 a 185 4q k Plaster on 3/fe Plaster Board - furred 50 k Plaster on Wood Lath on 2" furrmq * Strips -Cellular Gypsum fill 51 k Plaster on Wood Lath on 2* furrmq Strips - Powdered Gypsum Fill .52' k Plaster on Fiber Insulation -- 53 (board /orm) Furred 54'. i Plaster on Cork board set in x/i 55 Cement Mortar o'275 0.261 0.248 0.226 0.207 0141 * 0.148 0.141 0.184 0.171 0.160 0.150 * 1% 0.185 0.178 0.172 0161 0151 0.143 k 0.144 0.142 0.184 0172 0.161 0.151' 0153 0144 0.144 0136 0.124 0,723 lie 0.141 0.138 0.134 0127 0.(21 aiis i 0.114 0.112 0.104 0105 0.101 0048 Based on 1% in. , the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. 25 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 6-F. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per I deg. fahr, difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. 4" Cut StoiOe VeiJee(L ok! Bc>icic Walls The values i/U'in this Table are based on the followmq Internal Conductivities (C) which are ``Stone brick Cement Mortar Planter board Planter (Cypsum) Wood Lath 4 Planter Cork board fiber Insulation (board/orm) Cellular Gypsum (fo*) Powdered Gypsum (2fe*) 10.00 5.00 8.00 1.04 2.32 2.00 0.50 0.33. 0.59 0.52 per l* per f per 1' per l* per 1* OA applied. per l* per. f per T per 1" "3 _ Su(3j 5 1 Interior ` Construction . . 52 56 Plain Walls - Vio Interior finish Thickness of brick - X Y S' O IV ' b 18" c 24" d 0.181 0.146 0.188 0.160 57 - Plaster on brick . 0.280 0.134 0.180 0.155 58 Plaster on Metal Lath - furred o.ro 0.170 0.146 0.IZ4 58 i Plaster on Wood Lath - furred 0.187 0.165 0.141 0.121 60 i Plaster on % Plaster board-furred 0.183 o.no 0.145 0.164 4 Plaster on Wood Lath on T Furrihq ^ 61 Strips - Cellular Gypsum fill " 5 Plaster on Wood Lath on 2` Furrmq 6Z Strips - Powdered Cypsum fill . "* L%` 0.151 .* 0.143 0.137 0.120 0.105 0.130 0.115 0.101 63 t Plaster on fiber . Insulation -- 64 (board form) furred si 0.152 0.137 0.12i 0;105 . T 0.114 ` 0.114 0.102 0.081 65 4 Plaster on Cork board "set in '/x Cement Mortar <Sb I'A" 0.116 0.107 0.087 0.087 2" 0.087 0.081 0.083 0.076 Based on 1M >n., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. 26 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings Table 6-G. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Masonry Wall" Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg, fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. 4" Cut StoOe VelJee.il ol) Uollow Tile Walls The valuer cf U m this Table are based on the /ollowmq Internal. Conductivities CC) which are eipressed m b.t.u. per Ur. per Sq.ft, per lF Hollow Tile 4*-afo5 Stone Cement Mortar -0.50 8' 0.43 10.00 8.00 11'-CUfc per I' per f Plaster board Plaster (Cypsum) Wood Lath $ Plaster ' Cork board " fiber Insulation (6oard/$rm) 3.04 2.32 2.00 0.30 0.33 per U per l' as applied per l' per T Cellular Gypsum (l*) Pcwdered Gypsum (26*) 0.59 0.52 per T per 1* Y-Thickness cf Inhalation '.where Speci/ie'dV Interior. =O e3 Construction . 67 .Plain Wails - ^0 Interior finish xfz Cement' Mortar. Thickness of' Uollow Tile -X Y 6* 8* i V \b' a .. b c d 0,188 0.265 0188 0.146 68 z Plaster on Uollow Tile 0.272 0.250 0.284 0.141 6<l Plaster on Metal Lath -Furred . 0.190 0.178 0.140 0.115 70 t. Plaster on Wood lath - Furred ' 0.183 0.173 0.137 0.113 71 z Plaster on % Plaster board -furred 0.188 0,178 72 1 Plaster on Wood Lath on 2" Furrmq Strips - Cellular Gypsum fill 73 z Plaster on Wood Lath on 2* furrmq Strips - Powdered CypsUm fill' *. . .156 0.148 0.141 0.142 0.135 74 z Plaster on fiber Insulation -- 75 (board form) furred lA" 0.150 0.143 V O.IZZ . 0.117 76 Y Planter on CorL board, set in- '/>' 77 -Cement Mortar. l'A" 0.114 V 0.086 0.110 0.043 0.140 0.115 0.TI7 0,044 0.111 0.045 0.117 0.048 0.048 0.086 0.044 .0.082 0.081 0.072 *Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. 27 y American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 6-H. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per i deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. ' 4" CUT STOOE VEUEEC. Oh) CpUCIZETE WALLS The values cf U in this Table are baaed or? the /bffowmq Internal Conductivities (C) which are expressed in 6.t.u. per Ur. per Sq.ft, per l* f Stone 10.00 per t* ' Concrete (Stone Ul'.4 mix) &30 per l* Cement Mortar Planter Board 8.00 per T ' 3.04 per l* Plaster CCVP*um) 2.3Z per l* Wood Lath if Plaster 2.00 as applied Cork board . 0.30 per 1* . Fiber Insulation (board/brm)' 033 per l* Cellular Cypsum (18*) Powdered Cypsum (26*) . 0.59 per 1* 0.52 per l* Y-Thickrtess cy* Insulation where specified Interior Construction ' Y * ^Cement ------ ^--"'Llortar Thickness o/ Concrete -X. (o' 6* 10* U* 16* a b c d e 78 Plain Walls - Uo Interior finish 0.459 0.41b 0.377 0.345 0.296 7^ ^ Plaster on Concrete 0418 0.380 0.348 0.321 0.279 80 J Plaster on Metal Lath - Furred . 0.251 0.236 0.-224 0.212 0.193 81 Plaster on Wood Lath - furred 0.240 0227 0.215 0.204 0.186 Wall Uumber 82 Plaster on % Plaster Board - Furred Plaster on Wood Lath on 2* Furrinq 83 Strips -Cellulur (Jypsum Fill ^ plaster on Wood Lath on. Z* Furrinq 84 strips - Powdered Gypsum F\U 85 i"j Plaster on Fiber Insolation -- (Board /brm) Furred 86 87 4 Plaster.on Cork board.- ^et In $ 88 Cement Mortar . 0.249 0.235 0.223 0.211 0,192 % \yi 0.184 -0.176 0.169 0.163 0.151 V l%` 0.172 0.166 0.159 0.153 .0.143. Vi 0.185 0.177 0.170 0.183 0.151 f - 0.145 0140 0.135 0.131 0,123 \'A 0.134; 0.130 0.126 . 0.122 0.11*6 r 0.110 0.107 0.104 0.102 0097 Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. 28 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings Table 6-1. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Note. --These coefficients are expressed in B t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. COkJCHETE WALLS WITH STUCCO AS EXTEETOG. ftUtSU ' The values of U in this Table are based on the fnllowinq Internal Conductivities (C) which are ' j-_0.1. .. Ms- r-wa.-L/, FT- rssr- t F Stucco . Concrete (Stone, l:Zt4 mu) Plaster board. Plaster (Gypsum) Wood Lath 4 Plaster Cort board fiber. Insulation (board/arm) Cellular Gypsum (18*) Powdered Gypsum (26*) aoo a 30 3.04 2.32 z.oo 0.30 0.33 0.54 0.52 per r per i* per r per r as applied per r per per r per r Y-Thictnees of Insulation where speci/ied si__o Interior Construction 7^ 89 .Plain Walls - Vio Interior finish SO 14 Plaster on Concrete SI % Plaster on Metal Lath - furred sz 14 Plaster on Wood lath - Purred Thickness of Concrete - X 8" 10' IZ' 16' ZO' 0.515 0.481 0.4-51 0.391 0.3Z9 0.284 0.465 0.437 0.395 0.361 0.308 0.268 0.267 0:257 0.242 0.229 0.206 0.231 0.254 0.246 0.232 0.220 0.199 0.181 S3 14 Plaster on % Plasterboard - furred 0.265 0.256 .0.241 0.228 0.205 0.187 * S4 It Plaster on Wood' Lath on Z` furrinq Strips - Cellular Gypsum fill l& 0.193 0.188 0.179 0.172 0.159 0.148 Jt Plaster on Wood Lath on Z" furnnq Strips - Powdered Gypsum fill It Plaster on fiber Insulation (board form) furred 0.180 0.175 0.168 0.162 0:150 6:140 0.i94 0.189 0.180 0.173 0.160 0.148 0.150 0.147 0.142 0.137 0128 0.121 (4 Plaster on Cork board-set in 'A Cement Uortar 1/4 0.138 0.136 O.l 3Z 0.127 0.120 0.114 0.113 0.1 ft 0.106 0.105 0.100 0.096 Based on 1% in., the actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. . fThe figures on this page may be used with sufficient accuracy for plain concrete wails without stucco. 29 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 6-J. Coefficients of Transmission (/) of Various Types of Masonry Wall Construction Alole.--These coefficients are expressed in per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. CokJcaeiE Block: Walls ' The value? of U.ui this Table are based on the /bllowmq Internal Conductivities (C) which are expressed in B.t.u. per Ur.; per 5q.ft. per l*f . Concrete blocks 4.84* per 1' Cement Mortar 8.00 per T Plaster board Plaster (Gypsum) - 3.04 per f 2.32 per f Wood. Lath 4 Plaster ' 2.00 as applied Cort.board `, 0.30 per T fiber Insulation tBoard/brm) 0.33 per 1* Cellular Gypsum (lB*) (J. 5S per f Powdered GyfJWi (26*) ' 0.52 per j` lj if | ,i Y -Thickness of Insulation vvhef Specified . .0 11 . Interior Construction Y 100 Plain Walls Vio Interior Fmrsh ` Thickness, of Concrete blocks G 8' 10' .1 za bCd 0.446 0.377 0;327 0.287 101 \ Plaster on Concrete blocks 0.408 0.348 0.305 0.271 102 ^Plaster on Metal Lath - furred ' 0.247 0.224 0.205 0.1.89 103 ^ Plaster on Wood Lath - furred ' 0.236 0.215 0.198 0.(83 104 -t Plaster on Plaster board - Furred 5; Plaster on Wood' Lath on 2* furrinq 105 'strips - Cellular Gypsum fill 106 X PI aster on Wood Lath on 2* furrinq ^ strips - Powdered Gypsum fill 107 X Plaster on Tiber Insulation -- (board form) furred 108 109 jr Plaster on Cork board set in */ 110 Cement Mortar ` 0.Z46 0.2Z3 0.204 0.188 * 0.182 0.168 0.158 0.149 '* 1%' 0.171 0.t59 0.150 0.141 0.183 0.170 0.159 0.149 r 0.143 0.135 0.128 0.122 114' 0.133 0.126 0.120 0.114 2' .0.108 0.104 0.100 0.096 Based on in., the'actual thickness of 2 in. furring strips. fThe figures on this page may be used with sufficient accuracy for concrete block walls with'stucco ' exterior finish. ^Resistance of hollow concrete blocks assumed directly proportional to^thickness as with solid homogeneous materials. 30 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings Table 7-A. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Frame Wall Construction __These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. Wood SidmJq or Clapboard walls The values of U in this Table are based on the Typical Construction JIC93CU *! r-.......}--- Wood. (Yellow Pine or Fir) Planter gypsum) Sq.ft, per f f L00 per T 2.11r per r Wood Lath \ Planter 2.00 as cipplied Piaster. board 3.04 per 1* Cork board 0.30 Tiber Insulation (board/brm) 0.33 per r per r felt or Quilt Insulation (S</t 0.2 7 per r Cellular Gypsum (l&*) o.sy per f Powdered Gypsum (26*) , 0.52 per r u _c l1 3 -2. - Type of ' Sheathmq Ill Wood 111 Wood * .. 113 Wood * 114 Wood * 115 Wood * Insulation. between Studdinq Plaster base Wone . fe* felt or Quilt * Insulation 1/1* Fiber Insulation * (board form) Wood Lath Wood Lath Wood Lath Cellular Gypsum Till * Powdered Gypsum Till Wood Lath Wood Lath Coe/^icient 0/ Transmission U . 0.227 - 0.129 0.135 0.110 * 0.101 lib Wood KJone Cork board 0410. in * Wood* W Tiber Insulation 118 (board /orm) i* Tiber Insulation in (board form) fiber Insulation 120 (board form) ` 121 Plaster Board KJone Z" Cork board KJone Done Vk* Tiber Insulation t (board form) It fiber Insulation (board form) [fC Tiber Insulation (board form) Yi fiber insulation (Board form') Klone 3/fe" Plaster board . 0.093 6.157 0.127 ' 0.107 0.280 Based on Jf in., the actual thickness of 1 in. or % in. sheathing. ' fBuilding paper neglected in computations in accordance with accepted practice. JCan also be applied on inside of studding with plaster base separated by furring strips. Thickness of fill assumed 3% in., based on 2 in. by 4 in. studding. ` V . 31 'S' American Society, of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 7-B. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Frame Wall Construction Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour.' Wood `SmucLt The values of U in this Table are based on the /bffowmq Internal Conductivities (C) which are Sq.ft. per IT Wood (Yellow Pine or fir) LOO per f Plaster (Gypsum) 2.52 per l* Wood Lath $ Plaster Plaster &oard 2.00 as applied 3.04 per li Cork board 0.30 per f Tiber Insulation (board/brm) 0.53 per f Felt or Quilt Insulation (5</t) 0.27 per I' Cellular Cypsum 18*) 0.54 per f fbwderecL Cypsum (Z4#) 0.5Z per 1 Walls Typica\ Construction =3521 Type of Skieokhmq 122 Wood * Wood Wood * Wood Wood ** Insulation between Studdmq Done * Yl Felt.orQu.lt T Insulation Vi fiber lnsulation*t (board form.) Cellular Cypsum Till ' Powdered Cypsum fill' Plaster 6a.se 'Wood Lath Wood Loth Wood Lath Wood Lath Wood Lath Coe/^ictent TTransmission 0.128 O.MH 0.135 0.110 0.101 Wood k)oPie life * Cortboard 0.U0 Wood to. fiber Insulation t (board form) no l fiber Insulation t (board form) `/r Tiber Insulation t (board /orm)' % Plaster board * Vione Done to! 'fiber Insulation t (board form) klone 2" Cork board to--Tiber Insulation (board /brm) to! Tiber Insulation (board form) Yi fiber Insulation (board form) Vs Plaster board 0.0S2 0.127 0.107 0.082 0.187 Based on H in., the actual thickness of 1 in. or % in. sheathing. Building paper neglected in computations in accordance with accepted practice. fCan also be applied on inside of studding with plaster base separated by furring strips. {Furring strips between wood shingles and sheathing. . ^Thickness of fill assumed in., based on 2 in. by 4 in. studding. 32 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings Table 7-C. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Frame Wall Construction jvote.--These coefficients are expressed in B.Lu. per hour-per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. Stucco Walls t The values of U in this Table are based on the /ollowmq Internal Conductivities (C) which are evpressed in &.t.u. per Ur. per Sq.ft per ff ` Stucco Wood (Vellow Pine or Fir) 8.00 per C 1.00 per l* Plaster (Cypsum) Wood Lath t Plaster Z.3Z per I* Z.00 as applied Plaster board. Cork board 3.04 per F 0.30 per l Fiber Insulation (board form) O.H per l* Felt or Quilt Insulation (Sc/t) 0.27 per 1` Cellular Cypsum (IB*) Powdered Gypsum (70*) 0.53 per 1' 0.52 per l Ty pi cal Construction 3o =s6 133 Type of Sheathinq Wood * 134. Wood. * 135 Wood 1 13b Wood * 137 Wood Insulation between ^tuddinq Done Vi felt or Quilt T Insulation Yi Fiber Insulation t (board form) Cellular Cypsum Fi(l Powdered Gypsum fill Plaster base Wood Lath Wood Lath Wood Lath Wood Lath Wood Lath CoQ^icient f . Transmission U 0.Z57 0.138 0.145 0.H7 0.107 138 Wood lto Cork board 0.116 138 Wood * 140 W fiber Insulation (board form) l* fiber Insulation 141 (board, form) ' Yi fiber Insulation 142 (board form) 143 Vs Plaster board Done 2 Cork board Done to fiber Insulation (board /brm) Done to. fiber Insulation (Aboard form). to! fiber Insulationt */t" fiber Insulation (board form) . (board form) Done Ve Plaster board 0.087 0.171 0.1 36 O.U3. 0.326 Based on ft in., the actual thickness of 1 in. or % in. sheathing. {Building paper neglected in computations in accordance with accepted practice. ` {Can also be applied on inside of studding with plaster base separated by furring strips. Thickness of fill assumed 3% in:, based on 2 in. by 4 in. studding. 33 w American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 7-D. Coefficients of Transmission (t/) of Various Types of Frame Wall Construction ` Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. bmcic VeiJeeg. The values of U in this Table arc based on the /ollowmq Internal Conductivities CO which are expressed in fo-t.u. per Ur. per Sq.Ft. per l*f brick . Cement Mortar 5.00 per l . 8-00 per t` Plaster (Gypsum) Wood Lath ^ Plaster Plaster board. 2.32 per F 2.00 as applied 3.04 '"per l* Cork board 0.30 per T Fiber Insulation (board form) Felt or Quilt Insulation (So/T) Cellular Gypsum (_18*) - 0.33 0.27 0.5*1 per 1` per l" per V Powdered. Gypsum (26 *) 0.52 per 1 Walls Typical Constr uction Sheattmnq--. 4* fericle rj 4' Studs f Jpi "**_; 11 up _ Jo 1i > 22 T'fpe f Sheathinq 144 Wood * 145 Wood *' Ufa Wood * . 147. Wood * 148 Wood * . Insulation between 5tudd.mq Uone Yl felt or Quilt * insulation ` yft Fiber ' Insulation t (board form) Cellular Gypsum Fill Powdered Cypsum fill * * . Plaster base Wood. Lath Wood Lath Wood Lath Wood Lath Wood Lath W Cs ment Mortar^ Coq^lCient TTrans^mission u . O.ZIt 0.1Z5 . 0.131 0.108 0.099 149 Wood * " Done . i 1k. Cork board. 0.107 150 Wood * Yl fiber Insulation 151 (board form) 1` fiber Insulation : I5Z (board form) . Yl fiber Insulation >53 (board form) 154 Vs . Plaster board Oone VJone KJone ` Yi fiber Insulation t (board /brrn) , lione 2* Cork board l/z fiber Insulation (board form) Yi Fiber Insulation (board form) Yl Fiber Insulation (board form) ' %" Plaster board 0.081 0.15Z 0.IZ3.. 0.104 . 0.2C.2. Based on ft in., the actual thickness of 1 in. or % in. sheathing. {Building paper neglected in computations in accordance with accepted practice. JCan also be applied to inside of studding with plaster base separated by furring strips. ^Thickness of fill assumed 3^ in., based on 2 in. by 4 in. studding. . 34 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses: from Buildings Table 8 A and B. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of ' Interior Walls and Partitions Not*.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t,u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on Still air (no wind) conditions on both sides. ' '. PLASTERED riZAUE Pactitious The values cf U in this Table are based on'the^Hownq Internal Conductivities (C) which are e<pressed in bt.u. per Ur. per On one side of Studdinq on.1 y Sq.ft, per IT ` Plaster (Gypsum) 2-52 Pr l Plasterboard 3.04 perl' Wood Lath 4 Plaster 2.00 as appi'cL fiber Ins. (bawdfxv) 0.33 per l* FeltorQuilt lns.(5e/t) 0.27 per F Corkboard 0.V3 per l' Cellular Gypsum (16*) 0. 59 per I' fbwdere4CYpsum(.Z4*) 0.51 perl' ; U: bo* 7 \ Wall Mo. Plaster base 155 Metal Lath. f a. 0.551 On both sides of Studdmq StuOi "9-7 'n>0 Insulationfoetween ^tuddmq Gyprum f<H between Studdinq Cfp am nil ^ Byjil wt3; if mA-.* J b 0.TT5 li fiber VC felt Cellular (bwdered liwulatwx or Quilt Gypsum Cypsuti (board Insulation Till * fill * /orm) Wt) C d .e / aise 0.143 0.IZ4 0.113 156 Wood Lath * 157 5/ft Piaster board.* 15ft Yl fiber Insulation (board fornj 0.502 0.546 0-311 0.2 51 O.Z73 0.155 0.14} 0.136 0.119 0.108 a 106 151 fiber Tnsulation (board/bnn)* 0.211 0.106 0.08C 160 Vfi Cork board* 0.14*1 . 0.074 . . u=i 1' Corkboard* 0.114 0.060 b PLASTERED UASOlJlZY PABTITIOUS . The values cf U in this Table are based on the /ollowmq Internal Conductivities (C) which are expressed in b.t.u. per Ur. per Sq.ft, per l*f Uollow Clay Tile (4*) 0.6S per ferict 5.00 per 1` Uollow Gypsum Tile (4*) 1.00 per V flam Walls (Mo Plaster) 1 Walls Mastered Walls Plastered One 5id4 6oth Sides Vi Gypsa* Piaster^ |k'Cfp*t PWster > 1 0 Wall Uo. 162. Wall Construction 4 Uollow Clay Tile 163 4` brick 164 4" Uollow Gypsum Tile . a 0.33 0.44 0.1& b 0.31 0.40 0.175 c ` aiq -V o.n . The thickness of the Gypsum Fill is approximately 3^ in., as this is the approximate 4 in. dimension . of 2 in. by 4 in. studding. `; tMetal lath and plaster assumed 3in. thick. . ^Piaster assumed >4 in. thick. . 35 J * American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 9-A. Coefficients of Transmission (27) of Various Types of Floors and Ceiling Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on still air (no wind) conditions on both sides. FB,AM& CoUSTHUCTlOkS The values this Table are based on the /bllowinq Internal Conductivities (C) which are expressed in b.t.u. per Ur. per Sq.ft, per l#F Wood (Yellow Pine or fir) LOO per l* Plaster (Gypsum) LSI l*r 1* Wood Lath { Plaster 2.00 as applied Plaster board 3.04 per 1* Cork board fiber Insulation (board/brm) felt or Quilt Insulation (5qft) Cellular Gypsum (ift*) 0.30 a 33 0.27 a 54 per 1* per f per r per l* Powdered Gypsum (2(f) Wood ( Maple) 0.51 1.20 per per Y r ac* o TT-S 81 L. 3 165 Type of Cetlmq Ho Ceiltnq Insulation between Joists Hone a er oJ. s k- Typical Construction FI__ Ceiling 7 Type <f floormq - I'Yellow PmeT fYellow Pine* % Maple or Oak Floormq floormq on Vl floormq on on Joists fiber Insulation I'yellow Pme (board form) Sub floormq on Joists on Joists b Cd 0l440 0.264 0.339 166 Uetal lath. ( Plaster (^i) Hon* 0.551 1&7 Wood Lath 4 Plaster (`A) Mont 0.50Z 168 %* Plaster board 4 Plaster (yi*) Hon* 0.546 168 Yl fiber Insulation _ ,, (board /orm) ( PlaaterCA) Hone 0.310 ' no Wood Lath, . 4 Plaster ('A) Yi felt or Quilt * Insulation (Soft) 0.187 . Wood Lath 171 4 Plaster 0V) It" fiber Insulation (board for*) O.ZOO Wood Lath 172 4 Plaster (Jfi) Cellular Cvpsum* fill N 0.123 173 Wood Lath . 4 Plaster (`AO fbnderitA Gypsum* Fill 0.112 1 Ml Cork board 174 4 Plaster (MO Hone 0.149 175 2' Cork board . 4 Plaster (Vx) Hone 0.119 0.245 0.23*4 O.Z44 ,0.181 0.131 a 137 0.112 . 0.103 0.111 0.094 0.174 0.173 0.178 0.143 . 0.110 0.114 0.046 0.084 0.045 0.082 0.210 0.202 0.209 0.162 0.121 # 0. IZ6 0.103 0.096 0.103 0.088'' The value of U is the same if insulation is applied to underside of joists and lath and plaster ceiling, separated by furring strips. . tBased on actual thickness of approximately fi in. for I. in. yellow pine flooring. ' {Thickness of fill assumed 3M in., based on 2 in. by 4 in. joists. 36 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings Table 9-B. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Floors and Ceiling Wole,__These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u per hour per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on still air (no wind) conditions on both sides. CoUCBXTE Covl-5TG.UCTIOtJ The Valuer of U iff this TaWe are based on the /bHowinq Internal Conductivities CO which are expressed, in b.t.u. per Ur. per Sq.ft, per lf file or Terrazzo . KXOO per I' Concrete C^tone l;2:4mix) 6-30 per ^ Cement' Mortar 6.00 per l WoodCYellowTiworfir) 1.00 per l- Plaster board 3.04 per Plaster '(Gypsum) 1.3Z per ( Cork, board . 0.30 perl fiber Insulation (board/brm) 0.53 per 1 Wood (Maple) 1-20 per l* Typical Construction -Flooring Cetltnq Floor Hum ber . Type . of Ceiling 176 Ho Cetlinq 177 I7R 179 .180 Ml" Plaster applied (81 directly .to underside 182 . df Concrete *183 184 Suspended or/urred' 185 Uetal Lath 4 Plaster 185 Ccilinq 187 188 Suspended "or /urred 187 Ceijmq of % Plaster WO board 4 Plaster 141 192 Suspended or/urred 193 Ceilmq of Me`fiber 194 Insulation (feoafd/bnn) 195 4 VC Plaster 196 Vi* Plaster on 197 W Cork board set in 198 Ml Cement Uortar on Concrete'' 199 200 Ml Plaster on 201 2* Qorfc board Set m 202 Vi Cement Mortar 203 on Concrete Type of 'Floormq * t* Yellow Pine 7 Maple or Oak T Terrd770 > Ho Floormq floormq on Floonna on i` or Tile c _cVy (Concrete bare) Wood Sleepers' Yellow Pine Sub- Floonnq embedded in Floorinq on Wood on Concrete' Concrete' Sleepers embedded, _E h* a m Concrete ,b ^ c d 4* 0. 508 6' 0.452 8' 0.408 0.364 0- 334 0. 310 0.29Z 0.273 0.256 0.483 0.433 0.392 (0* 0. 372 4* 0.457 0.288 0. 337 0.24 1 0.275 . 0.3 58 0.437 6* 8" 10* 0.411 0.374 0.344 0.311 0.290 0-271 0.258 0.243 0. 2 30 0. 395 0. 361 0. 33Z A' 0. 264 . 0.2(9 6* 0.248 a 208 8" . 0.234 0.198' 0. 191 0.183 0.175 0. 2 56 0.242 0.224 10" 0.222 4* 0.263 0.189 0.218 0.168 0. 190 0.217 0.256 6' 0.247 0. 207 0.182 0.241 8' 0.Z34 0.(98 0:174 0. 228 10' 0.221 4' 0.193 0.189 0.167 0.167 0.1-51 T 0.216 0.184 6' 0.184 &' a 176 0.161 0.155 0.145 . - 0.140 . 0.181 0.173 10* 0.169 0.149 . 0.136 0.166 .4* 0.138 . 0.124 0. 115 0.136 6' 0.133 0.121 O. IIZ 0.13Z . 8" 0.129 0.117 0.109 . 0.128 10' aizs 0.114. . 0.106 0.124 ' 4* 0.112 0.103 0.097 0. Ul 6' 0.109 8* . 0.106 0. 101 0.098 0.094 0.092' . 0.108 0.105 . 10* 0.104 0.096 0.090 0.103 The figures in column "a" are sufficiently accurate for concrete floors covered with carpet or linoleum. tThe.figures in column "b'Vare sufficiently accurate for % in. maple or oak flooring applied directly over the concrete on wood sleepers. '0 37 m American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928. Table 9-C. Coefficients of Transmission (17) of Various Types of Floors and Ceiling Note.--These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square loot per l.deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the ground and the air over the floor and are based on still air (no wind) conditions. CbUCilETE CollSTIZUCTlONJ Okl CG.OUUD * The values of U tn this: Table- are based on the ' y^ollowmq Internal Conduckivikies(C) which are expressed. in 6.t.u. per Ur. per Sq. ft. per (*F Tile or Terraco 10.00 per l* Concrete (`atone |:Z4<niO 8.30 per 1" Cinder Concrete 5.20 per 1* Wood. (Yellow Pine) 1.00 per V Wood (Maple) 1.20 per l* Fiber Inflation(frxrA/bnn) 0.33 per l* . Cort board 0.30 per t" Typical Construction ` Y-Thickness o/ Insulation in Inches <here specified Insulation bebmen Z membrane Waterprot/mq Course*; Type of Type Floorirvq Insulation f Yellow Pine ^6 Maple or Oat 1" Terraco X) 1 (between cinder 4 5tone Concrete ) > r<n V& X Vlo Floorinq Floorinq on Floorinq on l* or Tile c0iinn7 (Concrete bare) Wood.. "Sleepers Yellow fine Sub- Floorinq on embedded, err Floonnq on Wood Concrete Concrete t bleepers embedded w' 8 u- JoUr u f_--H h-- a in Concrete bC d 04 Uo Insulation 05 O' 4* o' 5' 0. 550 0.5ZI 0.388 0.370 0.308 0.Z97 0.526, 0.49 5 206 07, 208 Fiber Insulation 09 (board /army O' ' O' O' , 8\ l' . 4' r 5' 0.490 0.439 0. 207 0.202 0.355 0.327 0. 178 0.174 0.286 0.268 0.159 0.156 , 0.467 0.420 0.203 0.198 710 ZI.I 717 Corbboard 717 '214 215 r O' r 8' 2' r 4' r 5' T O' V 8' 0.197 0,188 0.11,81 : 0.116 0.115 0.112 . 0.17 1 0.164-. 0.108 0.107 0.105 0.103 0.153 0.148. 6.101 0.100 0.098 0.096 a 193 0.185 0.117 . 0.115. . 0.113 o. no; Assume ground temperature to be 50 deg. fahr. fMembrane water proofing neglected in calculations. JThe figures in column "b" may be used with sufficient accuracy for maple or oak flooring on wood sleepers embedded in concrete. ' Q. . . 38 n Chapter i--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings X 39 *Pre cast cement. , tN o m in a l thicknesses IN o built-up roofing. specified-- actual thicknesses used in computations. The value fo r corrugated iro n is obtained b y assuming that the surface area , is ,' . increased 50 per cent. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 | U l'O o 5OOb H9 D C*Q* xs c H 2 o> I_f wi 3 H -5 < > 4; 8 li- cJ lv i'S-l s c 1 ^<3 c s -- 41 ti > u 02 0 .3 Z 4 0 .1 5 5 fO n9 cr *2' O O dd n psl C-l 0 dd pq r-- O psl dd il<D A <T> O' "rJ 5 Oc JJ H " N: Ij 2<SS ^,jy ll x; V E to CnJ O Cxj CD irv In co in 0 O" 0 O <s9 0 OO O O O d dd dd r* tn dd ^D <n s | 0 ; O' J c 0 s: jJ u rO - P'4 PJ in >Q C4 m O in cr O rpj Lf> o- ..r- O CO 0 in p4 *aS? t-- 0 *'* O Od d dddd d d uj <U 01 UJ V <n1-- 0 CjJ Q_ O 0 > x <. < h- V liJ 2 cJ *i i fc c O cn 0 U-- Oo d Cr S O jH xj q -2 a K -E uS 3 1 ~0 10 jt <r d -3 01 n \ '* c .0 X 0 5 ; ` .. O' > 0 CJ L-- : ' tn cr 0 X CO 1 lA rC5 5 <r rs/ - c CD jj O' 0 c jr *-- r-- Pvl s: r*v O CO ir - V psl CD C>J s> K CD in <0 X Vr j5 n in > a* c ?o V cr c -- Csl & U T 0 f-- s 0 CO c5 0 S 0 0 0 CO o* 0to 0 8t~-i M 0 er CD O 0 IA IA 8 r0 sO sp 0 0 d d d d dd d d d co po CD d r-- a O d s0 d5 pA 5 CO O dd 04 rA d sS 0 d 0 psl d sO ?4 CO O cr O ^r P4 n O 0 psj CO in sS pn CD d d d d d d d d C> s pn pr> rJ vO cr O a* P4 sP' 0 05 rO C4 pn 0 d d dd dd d d d si_r u- CO S CO 0 04 in 5 C4 (A in O d d d3dd d d d CO -5) or OO 0 0 t2 lA cr 0 >>0 PO pn s9 m C> d d d d d d d d.` d pJ cr*. p4 p4 IA \0 H P4 O 'a s 0 d d d d dd 0 CO d' IA jA O* E 0* sv> m tn sS CD P~ *p4 cr 0 US S PA sO d d d d 0* d o' d d d sO tn LA PJ in O r-- ry CO co in CO E s <D O* d d d d d. d d CJ rin pJ a>5 0 0 O nJ 0 psi qr CD CD d d d d d d d d d 00 O r-J 00 LO aO c4 rO in 0 PA 0 0 sc r-- <D o* d d d d d d d o' f-- i_ Q. ac.aS.ao.aa. A /-v C. t#s ^go iC O OO'f'p-0^K U-- .o ^ c. \ v-S' C o-"'cr^--:'ooc^o <rv 0 C O sis _? 13 3 cr JLJ _o C O u 3r* o WW U 5J S-0 0 oC wi.l,j ^ e^ ? O|CUjg^O gC 31E1 O -C 0 ^2 iC^, T3 w O O ^. L. . O O GA 0 b Si b_(3 Oj >4 e 3 <* *C>5~ <sj L_3 *>5 "5 O ?I ! c O< <. Its u^-8._5 <j ,p S- 0 5c-o-:;S = > 0 c-- -W 3 h; -E C tpj -- 04 - 52 C4 - 04 H onSssciZiuCtf _C v 1- -iJ 0 . y~. 84 P4 00 tr P4 C*J 0 P4 m -tf- m Pvl *A *A P4 Csl (A Psl pn P4 IA fA sS cn PM C4 Os m Cm Pre cast cementA ' tN o m in a l thickness specified-- actual thicknesses used In computations. . jT h e figures in this table may be used w ith sufficient accuracy fo r wood la th and plaster ceilings. Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings Table 11-A. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Various Types of Pitched Roofs Ifotg__ These coefficients are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per I deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air on the two sides and are based on an outside wind exposure of 15 miles per hour. Heated At TICS The valued of U in this Table are baaed on the /ollowmq Internal Conductivities (C) which are expressed in feta, per Ur. per Sq.ft, per A*f ; Mphalt or Conipoaitlon Eoqfinq 1.50 pert' Mbeetaa Shmqlea LOO per f Slate Shmqles . 10.57 per.r Wood CMlow Pme or fir} 1.00 per f Wood Lath | Plaster LOO as applied. Plaster Board . , * 3.04 per r Plaster tGvPsunl fiber Inaulatvon (Sward form) % 2.77 per I" Cr. 35 per P felt or Quilt Insulation (Sqrt) 0.27 per 1' Corf board 1 ' 0.30 per f Cellular Gypsum ((&).. 0.5T per 1* Powdered Gypsum (20*) 0.52 per-l" Topical Construcfcron Hoof `Sheathinq Type of Cerltnq L, E 32 Vcod Insulation' between Hoof Ha/ters . Type 'o/ 2oo/inq 4`-.?.oof Sheoihmq : Wood Asphalt- Ciqid' Slate on: Shuttles Shinqles or. Asbestos Tile and, on'Wood Composition Slanqles i^oc/inq -Strips* Hoofinq- on Wood .Felt.^on; on Wood Sheathmq .Wood Sheathmq Sheathmq a :. b . C d. Z38 Uo Ceilinq (fafttrs ctpo^cd) Done 0.485 ' 0.518 0.515 0.544. 233 Wood-Lath t Plaster (lti) 240 Wood Lath 4 Piaster ('). 241 Wood Lath $ Planter (l/t) 242 Wood Lath 4 PUster ( 'ti) Hone Felt or Quilt t Insulation C5oft) I" Felt or Quilt t insulation (5cyet) ' Yf fiber Insulation t . F&oard Form) 243' Wood Lath 4 Planter (W) I' Fiber Insulation* (6oard form) 244 Wood Lath T Plaster (Itf) Cdiular Gypsuw Fill ^ 0.246 O.Z54 O.Z54 0.262'-. 0.156 ' 0.134 0.104 0.111 0.134 ' 0.14V 0.111 ' 0.1 a 0.141 O.llfc- 0.144 . 0.118 0.144 0.118 .0:108 -0.116 0.116 ' 0.146". 0.1.14 ails 245 Wood. Loth 4 Plaster (`ti) Powdered gypsum Till * - 0.044 . 0.104 0.104 0.110 246 |*Pla^ter board 4 Piaster0^) Hone 0.256 ' 0.266 0.265 0,274 247 lxji Corkboard 4 Planter (Vz) Hone 0JI4 0.115 : 0. H5 0.1.17 248 t' Corkboard 4 Plaster (Vi) 244 Vt* Fiber Insulation C&oard form) 4 Plaster (Vl) 250 Vl fiber Insulation ' .' (board form) 4 Plaster (V2) Vlone Vt* Fiber Insulation *' (board /brnt) Vlone 0.046 0.120 0.184 0.047 0.047 O.IZZ . 0.1220:144 0.143. 0.048 0.124 0.148 Based on 1 in. by 4 in., spaced 2 in. tCan also be applied to underside of roof rafters with furring strips between. ^Assumed 3% in. thick, based on 2 in. by 4 in. rafters. 41 x American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Chapter. I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings ;'4 Table 11-B. Coefficients of Transmis^f,U) of Various Types of Pitched Roofs . Note.--The figures on this page are the combined coefficients of transmission of pitched roofs, ui difference in temperature between the air underneath'the ceiling and the. outside air. An average a. J flnnr ceilings.- and are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot of roof area per 1 deg. fahr. I !ttlClure of*!? miles has been assumed. These coefficients are based on % pitched roofs, but are sufficiently accurate for roofs ranging from pitch to pitch. % Ukjueated Attic s The values cf \J tri this Table are based on the /bllowinq Internal ' Conductivities (C) which are expressedm ExLu. per Hr. per Sq. FL per lF Asphalt or Composition B.oo/inq Asbestos Shinqles Slate Shinqles Wood ( Yellow Pine or Fir) Wood Lath 4 Plaster Plaster Board Plaster (cjypsum) Fiber Insulation (boardform) Felt or Quilt Insulation (Sc/t) Cort board Cellular Gypsum Powdered Gypsum 6. 50 6.00 10.37 1.00 Z.OO 3.04 2.31 .. 0.33 0.27 0.30 0.51 asq per r per T per 1" per r as applied per r per r per r ' per i" per r per r per r . Typical Construction CLoo/tnc} VLoof SVieaHnncj - Type of Ceilinq. _D B3 2 Insulation on underside of (too/ Pa/ters Insulation between Ceilinq Joists 251 Wood Lath 4 Plaster ('/) Z52 Wood Lath 4 Plaster (f/z) 253 Wood Lath' 4 Plaster ('/z") 254 Wood Lath 4 Plaster ('/z") 255 Wood. Lath 4 Plaster (f/z) 256 ^Plaster board 4 Plaster (Id") Hone Hone '/z Fiber Insulation (Board, form) Hone Hone f Felt or Quilt * Insulation (So/t) 'A" Fiber Insulation t (Board form) 35h Cellular Gypsum Fill 8%' Powdered Gypsum Fill Hone Hone 257 Ifl CorLboard 4 Plaster ('/z") Hone Hone 258 i Cort board 4 Plaster ('/z") Hone Hone 258 It" Fiber Insulation , (Board form) 4 Plaster ('/z") Hone Hone 260 'A' Fiber Insulation . (Board form) 4 Plaster ('/z") W Fiber Insulation \/z Fiber Insulation (Board form) (board form) Based on 1 in. by 4 in., spaced 2 in. fCan also be applied to underside of ceiling joists with furring strips between insulation and ceiling. JBased on actual thickness of 1 in. lumber of approximately H in. 42 Type of CLoo/mq and G.00f Sheathinq Wood `shinqles on Wood Strips * Asphalt Shinqles or Composition Itoo/inq on WooASheathmq Eiqid Asbestos "Shinqles on Wood Sheaihmq Slate or Tile and Coo/mq Felt on Wood Sheathmq Ho Ufc` T. R T Attic Attic Floorinq Floorinq Ho Attic Floorinq U b' X R t Ho Attic Attic Floorinq Floorinq 1x6" Y. P. t Ho \\(f Y.P. Attic Attic Attic Floorinq Floorinq Floorinq f 0.224 0.138 0.231 0.141 0.230 0.141 0.111 0.143 0.118 0.088 0.120 0.080 0.120 0.080 0.121 0.081 0.080 0.074 0.081 0.073 0.081 0.073 0.088 0.074 0.085 0.078 0.086 0.078. 0.086 0.078 0.086 0.080 0.078 0.073 0.078 0.074 0.078 - 0.074 0.080 0.074 0.235 0.143 0.243 0.146 0.Z42 0.146 01248 0.148' 0.088 0.078 0.100 0.078 0.100 0.078 0.101 0.078 0.082 0.067 0.083 0.068 0.083 0.068 0.084 0.068 0.168 0.U5 0.172 0.117 0.172 0.117 0.176 0.118 0.080 0.066 0.080 0.066 0.080 0.066 0.081 0.067. Based on 1 in. by 4 in., spaced 2 in. ' tCan also be applied to underside of ceiling joists with furring strips between insulation and ceiling. .tBased on actual thickness of 1 in. lumber of approximately H in. 43 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 . Table 12. Coefficients of Transmission (U) of Doors, Windows and Skylights . Noth.--These coefficients are based on a wind.exposure of 15 miles per hour, and are expressed in B.t.u. per hour per square foot per deg. fahr. difference in temperature between the air inside and outside of the door, window or skylight. A. Windows and Skylights U Single--....................... ..................................................... 1.13*1 Double................................................................. 7........... 0.45* Triple................................................................................. 0.281* B. Solid Wood Doors** f Nominal Thicknes9 Inches 1 IK m 2 m 3 . Actual Thickness Inches n i* 1A IK 2K 2K u 0.563 0.485 0.432 0.382 0.321 0.277 *See page 59, Volume I, ``Mechanical Equipment of Buildings'," by Harding and Willard. **Computed .using C = 1.0 for wood, Ki = 1.34 and Ks 4.02. tit is sufficiently accurate to use the same coefficient of transmission for doors containing thin wood panels, as that of single panes of glass, namely. 1.13 B.t.u. per hr. per square foot per 1 deg. fahr. differ ence between inside and outside air temperature. . Wind Movement The effect of wind on the heating requirements of any building should be given consideration under two heads: . 1. Wind movement increases the heat transmission of walls, glass, and roof, affecting poor walls to a much greater extent than good walls. 2. Wind movement materially increases the infiltration (inleakage) of cold air through the cracks around doors and windows, and even through the building materials themselves, if such materials are at all porous. It is entirely possible that a building may require more heat on a windy day with a moderately low outside temperature, than on a quiet day with a much lower outside temperature. It will therefore be evident that the wind movement in any locality must be given careful considera tion in computing the probable heating requirements of a building, and for the purposes of calculation, not less than the average wind movement in any locality during December, January and February should always be provided for in computing (1) the heat transmission of a building, and (2) the heat required to take care of the infiltration of outside air. : The first condition is readily taken care of as already explained, by using a surface coefficient K, for the outside wall surface which is based on the proper wind velocity (Table 5). In case specific data are lacking for-any locality, use an average wind velocity of approximately 15 miles per hour. In a similar manner, the heat allowance (Table 14) for infiltra tion (B.t.u. per hour per foot of crack required to raise the temperature of the air leaking in through one degree) through cracks, must be based . on the average wind velocity for a given locality, and is explained in the , next subdivision of this chapter. Wind movement involves both direction and velocity, and hence after transmission and infiltration losses have been computed, using coefficients which allow for average velocity, a further allowance must be made for the direction of the prevailing wind in any given locality. This shall, be 44 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings done by adding 15 per cent to the wall and glass transmission losses and the infiltration losses on the sides of the building exposed to the prevailing winds. Those walls which lie in the two adjacent sides of the building most nearly facing the prevailing wind are to be considered in making this correction. This is not necessarily the same as adding 15 per cent to the total heat loss of a room on the exposed sides of the building. INFILTRATION RESULTING FROM WIND MOVEMENT Reference has already been made to the fact that in addition- to the heat transmission of the walls, glass and roof, consideration must always be given to the inleakage of cold outside air which must be heated to room temperature. This inleakage or infiltration is exclusive and in dependent of air that may be supplied for ventilation through ducts or flues of any sort. Calculation of the heat required for this purpose is a very simple matter if the volume of air leaking into the building per hour is known. Hi = 0.24 Q d (l -- <0) ` , (10) where Hi = B. t.u. per hour required for heating air leaking into building from outside temperature !0 to breathing line temperature t\ Q = cubic feet of air entering per hour at breathing line temperature,'!; - d = density (lb. per cu. ft.) of air at breathing line temperature, I; t = breathing line temperature; <,, = outside air temperature for which heating system is designed; 0.24 = specific heat of air; The determination of Q, the amount of air leaking in per hour, may be arrived at in either of two ways: (1) by assuming a certain number of air changes per hour for each room, the number of changes assumed (Table 13) being dependent upon the type, use, and location of'room, or (2) by computing the infiltration taking place through the cracks around windows and doors in that side of the room which has the greatest number of feet of such crack. In no case should the amount of crack used for computation be less than half of the total crack in the outside walls of the room. Thus, in a room with one exposed wall, take all the crack; with two exposed walls take the wall having the most crack; and with three or four exposed walls take the.wall having the most crack, but in no case take less than half the total crack. The linear feet of crack for a double hung sash is equal to the sash perimeter plus the meeting rail. For a standard type steel sash con structed of solid rolled sections (Fenestra, Lupton and others) the linear feet of crack consists of the perimeter of the ventilating section plus the linear feet of sash section in contact with steel work as, for example, vertical and horizontal mullion steel. The perimeter of sash properly . grouted with cement mortar into brick work or concrete is not to be counted as crack. Neither of these methods for estimating the infiltration is entirely satisfactory in view of the limited amount of data available, but for the purposes of calculation the second (infiltration) method is to be preferred and then checked against the first (air changes per hour) method. In no case use less than one-half an air change where outside doors and windows exist. The infiltration method based on recent tests by F. C. Houghten 45 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 and C. C. Schrader, reported in Transactions, A. S. H. and V. E., Vol. 30,1924 and Vol. 31, 1925 and others may be conveniently adapted to calculation purposes. Tables 14 and 15 as well as Figs. 4, 5, and 6 present values from the recent tests by Houghten and Schrader at the Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers at Fig. 4. Results of Tests of Leakage through Various Parts of Window and Frame Pittsburgh. Table 14 and Fig. 4 based on the report Transactions, Vol. 30,-1924, No. 686 while Table 15 and Figs. 5 and 6 are based on data presented in the Transactions, Vol. 30, 1924, p. 313. . Table 13. Air Changes Taking Place under Average Conditions Exclusive of Air Provided for Ventilation ' Kind of Room or Building Rooms, 1 side exposed Number of Air Changes Taking Place per Hour 1: Rooms, 2 sides exposed 1)^ Rooms, 3 sides exposed 2 Rooms, 4 sides exposed . Rooms with no windows or outside doors Entrance Halls , Reception Halls \ 2 HtoH 2 to 3 2 Living Rooms Dining Rooms Bath Rooms Drug Stores .. 1 to 2 1 to 2 2 2 to 3 Clothing Stores Churches, Factories, Lofts, etc. 1 M to 3 Table 14 gives the leakage through a 13 in. brick wall, between the frame and the brick, the leakage for a plain window not weather-stripped and the leakage for the same window fitted with a good weather-strip for various wind velocities. . , Table 15 gives the leakage in cubic feet per hour per foot of crack per mile wind velocity for a plain frame window and also for a frame window fitted with weather-stripping. The leakage is given for various cracks W in d V e l o c it y M ile s per H our FART I Values a c tu a lly determ ined by Laboratory tests. PART II ! Values for practical use; Average test values reduced by 20 per cent to allow for building up of pressure in room, etc. Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings Pi uS<. dw Q t- o s o tPoi Oa < <w X J XP D Cfl O na SS 2 2H Mo !- 5 Pi <cn. 5< m Id Id J 2 "3 S e$Oa s mfOt;l *8 a c in J<35- *3 > ftS & < cd 3 cd CQ ri * o5 Xo pHi *Q P* 1-4 H2 (Sd WO o urOgt OU*. Z O <w< fd os < 5 ui 5 z2 Kgs in a < CLeo wh 4> - o j(28 "3 E.C So &Q, Plain Unstripped Wood Winaow Leakage Cu. Ft. per Hour Leakage Cu. Ft. per Hour Leakage Cu. Ft. per Hour rr> Tt< oo cn C4(S'H'0.'OtONO f<it^.roiOCCliOOOrJ< ^'O.CONTj<TjHOO Tj-vOH 00f'OO V>0)^O<iOto''OOO Itno iCON P''0'0V)OO CN Tf to CONOvHfO^eCvtHifN-O'0t'O~*'TfVOjO* 4-H 0^'N00o'0to`0o-4o'H'c'Ooeao . -O'OvntOOO ^00-HO to *5 o *-< o . CNtOOOC-4OCtNO^Ttop 'a ^ >ON'ONO'`0 0> CO OO v-i CN co to tON4--O ^^OCNOCOQ^Oto 3.80 8.64 14.9 29.1 44.3 75.6 111.0 149.0 Soot^O'Ov'OoO CO'O--< CN r-- t-- iGQOOioOOnO'O rOOOaOOOOO fOC'ONcTO^^N'-H'OPfOOO^' T}*rorrj'0*-<'000' ' * " ' " o -O'O-Ht--ootoOO HfO'OOOrsf) . HCNO^1 . CN tOCO'c#'COtOCNCO 44-t CN to O0 o--i to CN PO CO too toNotobopo M 0<9 T a b l e 15. L e a k a g e fo r D o u b le H u n g U n lo c k e d W in d o w s C. F . H . per F oot of C r a c k per M il e .W in d V e lo c it y a n d B .t .u ' per H o ur per F oot of C r ac k per M il e W in d V e lo c ity per 70 D eg rees T e m p e r a tu r e D iffe r e n c e American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 W eather -Stripped W indo w B .t.u . CHONOOO'O CS CN CS CS CS cn Cin4mOcNsCOOo>'-i fO <n en cn en o'ONct*oc'O'O-N'c0s0 cs cs cs en <n cn x tO--n Oo r-- cs Vcnn ocno HNNNNN m oo os cn rcsf cinn cxjn* cnn Om' cs cs cs cs es cs Leakage s 9 cd a JS B .t.u . O^VJNONN es es cs es cs es ^Noor-r-f^ oo cs m n cs en en <n en en cs O' CS no O' no t"* CoSo cs cs cs cs cs cs tHiOCOO^Os CS CN M M M M rn-oooOnTo HcswOc' sn -4.es cs es cs 1.48 1.63 1.72 1.88 1.83 2 .0 0 1.89 ' 2 .0 6 1.94 2.13 1.96 2.17 B .t.u . - f0*0- OO *CnS COn u"> 00 -HNNNfSN cn O t** --< r-- O TftHOOO^OiO CNCNCNCNCNfn Ocn' --n< er--s mcs c>n* ^ --i es cs cs cs cs X OO'' C-S> cn Ocn' KTf QO'IO'*NCOOO-'IOOn NO' H CN CN CN CN CN Leakage 'B .t.u. t>*00*-NON Oen OinO CN OO 0C0N ^00 CNCNCNCNCNCN ^oo'O f--< cesnevsjpes. CS CN CS CS CN X N'ON-'^'O en m \o t- t-- t"* iooo ^ m o CtoN c4sji oo cn cs m oo O' WCNCNCNCNCN 3 % CO X 4 .3 6 6 .6 8 9 .5 1 1 .3 1 5 .9 2 0 .4 m'tnsOo 'MO'O m oo Mt-l-HOC' *So fO'OO'CSNCN Tf NO OO --1 - NO Oes cs --* O' o . nioNcCN'O Leakage n a <e CN W CN tO xxsssxs: NON tO ; Leakage Pl a in W indow C rack C le a r ance PART III Values fo r practical use; Average test values reduced by 20 per cent toallow for bund- i ing up o f pressure in room , etc. PART I Best R e s u lts 1 PART II Average R e s u lts 1 lisj, as aatuvraaxao ATivnjov samvy\ 48 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings around the sash perimeter and also for various clearances (Fig. 5) between the sash and the stop and parting bead. Tables 14 and 15 are both divided into two parts, the first part con taining values based upon the original Research Laboratory test data, and the second part containing the same values reduced by 20 per cent in accordance with the suggestion from the authors. In these tables both the best laboratory results and the average of all laboratory results on weather-stripped windows are given. Table 15 gives the leakage per mile wind velocity. This is based on the assumption that the leakage is proportional to the wind velocity, while this is practically true for a non weather-stripped window it is not so accurate for a weather-stripped window as indicated by the value for different velocities in Table 14. This accounts for the discrepancies in certain parts of the two tables. The two tables are, however, practically in agreement for a thirty mile wind velocity. According to the authors of the. paper: "The values given in the table are from the tests as made and are probably somewhat higher than those actually found in practice. They represent the leakage when the pressure drop through the window is a certain value which represents a definite wind velocity at right angles to the window. If the wind strikes the window at an oblique angle the component of the velocity at right angles to the window must be considered. Pressure difference between the outside and the inside surfaces of the window for an actual wind will be slightly less for a given velocity because of a building up of pressure within the room before the air leaks out the opposite side of the building. Attention is called to the fact that air leaks in on the windward side of the building and out oh the leeward side and,' since wind will blow from various directions at different times, heatin'g-for any room having only 49 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 one exposure must be based on the maximum loss. The heating plant, however, need not be figured on the sum of all maximum leakages, but in general only half of the total. However, the table gives accurate comparative figures which are probably not much too high for actual . practice. In order to apply these values, a further study of the overall results as found in practice should be made, and the figures modified, if necessary, to fit practical conditions." ' In their discussion of results.as presented in the 1924 report of the Transactions, the authors state: "The principal facts brought out in the first report were that increasing the crack around the perimeter of a plain sash did not materially increase Fig. 6. Leakage through Plain Window with Various Clearances the leakage, and that weather-stripped sash, while permitting much less leakage, showed a small increase in leakage with increase in crack. These facts were established by' making several hundred tests. The present report deals with the effect of increasing the width of the stile,; that is, increasing the clearance. "Fig. 5 illustrates what is meant by crack and clearance. The crack around the sash perimeter is equal to one half the difference between the width of the frame and the width of the sash,' that is, the crack is the.same on each side of the sash. The clearance is the difference between the width of the stile and the thickness of the sash. These terms are chosen arbi trarily to distinguish the two principal air passages which are found in double hung windows, and they will be used frequently throughout- the report and should not be confused. "Four sets of sash were fitted with cracks of %6, %> and M in. 50 Chapter I--Calculating-the Heat Losses from Buildings Each set was tested with clearances varying from Ms to %. in. Each test was repeated a number of times because no two tests gave exactly the same leakage, and it was necessary to obtain average results. Before duplicating any test the window: was opened and closed, and the stops were removed and then returned to as nearly the same position as possible. The weather-stripped sashes were tested in the same way. "Fig. 6 gives the results of tests on a plain window with various clearances. The tests proved that the size of the crack around the perimeter of the sash has no appreciable effect on the leakage. There fore the results apply to any window of the type tested with a crack of from Xs to x/i in. In practice most new sashes are fitted with the crack at least Xe in., and this crack becomes greater as the sash dries out and shrinks. It should be clearly understood that each curve is the average obtained from a number of tests, and the results of any one test may vary from the given curve by- four or five per cent. The figure shows that the leakage increases rapidly with increase in clearance." Calculations for Infiltrations In order to arrive at the heat required for warming up the air entering . by infiltration, the following procedure is necessary: . First, determine the average wind movement in miles per hour for the . locality in question (Table 2); Second, determine the inleakage of outside air per lineal foot of the given window or door crack in cubic feet per minute at the given wind velocity, Table 14 or 15; Third, express the heat equivalent in B.t.u. per hour per foot of crack to heat this air 1 deg. fahr. . Thus, for a plain window having ^6 in. crack and in. clearance (see Fig. 5), which means the air channel around the edge of the sash is approximately Xe in. wide, the heat equivalent of the air leaking in for a. 0-70 deg. fahr. temperature difference is 157 B.t.u. per foot of crack per hour (Table 14, Part II). This value is found in the seventh column of the table. The computation for obtaining 157 is: where 124 X 0.075 X 0.24 X 70 = 157 B.t.u., 124 = cubic feet of air per foot of crack per hour for a 15 mi. wind for in. clearance from the 6th column of Table 14. 0.075 = air density at 70 deg. fahr., pound per cubic foot. 0.24 = specific heat of air, and 70 = difference in temperature between inside and outside air. The most convenient values for use in infiltration calculations are the coefficients of infiltration for the particular kind of crackage with a wind velocity of 15 miles per hour under average conditions, with Xe in', crack and in. clearance reduced by 20 per cent (Table 14, Part II). For a wind velocity other than 15 miles per hour, use the proper velocity for that locality in place of 15. ' (1) Plain unstripped window: 124 X 0.075 X 0.24 = 2.23 B.t.u. per hour per foot of crack. (2) Weather-stripped window: 22.9 X 0.075 X 0.24 = 0.41 B.t.u. per hour per foot of crack. 51 rgpBEspai American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 ' .1 Hence, use the values 2.23, and 0.41 for the heat to be supplied in B.t.u. per hour, per foot of crack for an average wind velocity of 15 miles per hour for each of the two kinds of cracks respectively. In case of very 2.23 good double hung plain windows use =1.11. ' . For special cases, select proper values from Table 14 or 15 and compute the B.t.u. per foot of crack as already shown for the average case, using the proper wind velocity in miles per hour. . HEAT SOURCES Heat Available from Sources other than Heating Plant The heat supplied by persons, lights, motors and machinery should always be ascertained in the case of theaters, assembly halls, and in dustrial plants, but allowances for such heat sources must be made only after careful consideration of all local conditions. In many cases, these heat sources should not be allowed to affect the size of the installation at all, although they may have a marked effect on the operation and con trol of the system later. In general, it is safe to say that where audiences are involved, the heating installation must have sufficient capacity to bring the building up to the stipulated inside temperature before the audience arrives. In industrial plants, quite a different condition exists, and heat sources, if they are always available during the period of human occupancy, may be substituted for a portion of the heating installation. In no case should the actual heating installation (exclusive of heat sources) be reduced below that required to maintain at least 40 deg. fahr. in the building. The following allowances may be made when required: Table 16. Heat Given up by Persons and Lights Persons: Man at rest............... ........... ........................... :.............................. _400 B.t.u. per hr. . Man at work.... ......................................,...................... ................... 500 B.t.u. per hr. Lights: Electric lamps, B.t.u. per hr. equals watts per lamp X number of lamps X 3.415 Gas lighting: 1 cu. ft. producer gas.................................................... ....................... 150 B.t.u. 1 cu. ft. illuminating gas..........................................,...........................700 B.t.u. l eu. ft. natural gas.............................................................................1000 B.t.u. A Welsbach burner averages 3 cu. ft. of gas per hour and a fish tail burner 5 cu. ft. per hour. ^ For more detailed information see Table 17, Heat Emitted by Persons per Hour at Different Room Temperatures. . . Motors and the machinery which they drive, if both are located in the room, convert all of the electrical energy supplied into heat, which is retained in the room if the. product being manufactured is not removed until its temperature is the same as the room temperature. " . If power is transmitted to the machinery from the outside, then only the heat equivalent of the brake horsepower supplied is used. In the first case the B.t.u. supplied per hour = ^^lt:or horsepower ^ 2546, and Efficiency of motor . in the second case B.t.u. per, hr. = b.hp. X 2546, in which 2546 is the 52 Chapter I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings Btu. equivalent of 1 hp. hour. In high-powered mills this is the chief source of heating and is frequently sufficient to overheat the building even in zero weather, thus requiring cooling by ventilation the year round. For intermittent heating allow 10 per cent additional for rooms heated in the day time only, and for longer intervals of several days or more, add 25 per cent in determining minimum heating requirements, and size of plant. 17.Table Heat Emitted by Persons per Hour at Different Room Temperatures H = Heat emitted by man at rest per hour. HI = Heat emitted by man at light labor per hour. Ha -- Heat emitted by man at average labor per hour. . Hh = Heat emitted by man at hard labor per hour. , _ /Foot-Pounds per hour\ ,,. . HE = Heat Energy = (--------------- 778 ----------- 1 = 84 B.t.u., 168 B.t.u. and 252 B.t.u. respectively for light, average and hard labor. T = Room Temperature. H = 13.2 (98.6 -- T) Heat due labor = T ~ HI, Ha, or Hh = 13.2 (98.6 - T) plus --^ ^ Room Temp. Deg. Fahr. 30 40 50 60 68 70 75 80 85 90 Rest 905 773 642 509 404 378 312 246 180 114 Heat Emitted by Man* B.t.u. per Hour at 84 B.t.u. 168 B.t.u. 252 B.t.u. Light Average Hard Labor Labor Labor Condition Required to Balance Excess and Shortage in Heat Emission 931 954 981 Increasing Humidity 807 838 874 Heavy Clothing for Reduction or Pre 684 723 768 vention of Radiation 559 606 660 461 518 575 Normal Condition 436 491 554 375 438 501 Decreasing Humidity 313 375 447 Air Currents for Producing Evapora 251 322 394 tion of Perspiration 189 259 342 For children use one-half of table values. Application to Factory Heating* (See Fig. 7) Lowest outside temperature for Philadelphia, Pa. = -- 6 deg. fahr. (Table 2), hence use ( --6 + 10) = 4-4 for heat loss computations. Average wind movement (Table 2) for December, January, February = 11.0 miles per hour from the Northwest. Long axis of building is north and south. Inside breathing line temperature = 60 deg. fahr. Walls: 9 in. concrete (stone), Yi in. cement mortar, 2 in. tile, plas tered Yi in. ... K, = 1.34 Average for surface in still air (Table 3). K, = 3 X 1.34 = 4.02 Average for surface exposed to moving air (Tables 3 and 5). C, = 8.3 for stone concrete (Table 4). . C, = for tile as shown use 1.14 (not per 1 in.), (Table 4). Cj = 8.0 for cement mortar (Table 4). C, = 2.32 for gypsum plaster (Table 4). . In this example a design temperature only 10 deg. fahr. above lowest on record instead of 15 deg. fahr. above was used. Infiltration values were taken from Table 14 for a plain window. 53 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Fig. 7. Elevation of Factory Building . 1 1,1.9 1 , 0-5 1.34 + 4.02 8.3 ~r 1.14 8.0 . 0.5 2.32 = 0.304 ' The air temperature at the mean height of inside walls is greater than at breathing line. Mean height of walls is 16 -5- 2 = 8 ft., which 8 -- 5 = 3 ft. above breathing line. Allowing 2 per cent per foot above,5'ft., or 2X3 = 6 per cent, makes the mean air temperature 1.06 X 60 = 63.4 deg. fahr. The triangular areas in the, end! :wall are practically ait the mean height of the roof at which level the air temperature is 78 deg, fahr. Roof: 3 in. concrete (stone), with slag surface built-up roofing. . - V -- 0.010 (Roof No. 2164:, Table 10-A) 54 Charter; I--Calculating the Heat Losses from Buildings The air temperature just below roof is higher than that at the breathing line. Mean height of roof is 16 + 4 = 20 ft., or it is 20 -- 5 = 15 ft. above breathing line. Allowing 2 per cent per foot above 5 ft., or 2 X 15 = 30 per cent, makes the under roof temperature = 1.30 X 60 = 78 deg. fahr. - , Floor: The 5 in. concrete floor is laid on the ground, and hence there is only one surface coefficient Kt. = 1.34 = Average for surface in still air (Table 3) . . ., u = ----^--=r- = 0.745 ' -------------h -- 1.34 T 8.3 ' The air temperature at floor level = 60 -- 5 = 55 deg. fahr. Windows and Doors: Wood sash and doors with single thickness of glass. Take coefficient U for glass as 1:13 B.t.u. per sq. ft. per degree per hour for heat transmission (Table 12-A). Doors are solid wood 2 in. thick and coefficient U = 0.382 B.t.u. per sq. ft. per degree per hour (Table 12-B). Infiltration: Window crack assumed fig in. and doors at xj in. By Table 14 (Part I) for a 10 mile wind velocity the leakage per foot of crack is 85 c.f. hr. for a plain window. The heat equivalent per hour, per degree is 85 X .075 X 0.24 = 1.53 B.t.u. and allowing for an 11 mile wind the factor becomes 1.53 X = 1.68 (see preceding note). Allow twice this for door crack or 2 X 1.68 = 3.36. Building Material Exposure Concrete and Tile-- N N Doors (2 in. wood)_ N M in* Crack.--........... N Calculation Sheet ' Entire Building (See Fig. 7) . Coeffic. Area Trans. Width Height So. Ft. and Temp. in i*t. in Ft. or Lin. Infilt. Diff. Ft. MX SO 8M 213 0.304 74.0 50 16 656 0.304 59.4 12 12 144 0.382 56 1 pair doors 60 3.36 56 Net B.t.u. 4,800 11.850 3,080 11,300 Exposure 1.15 1.15 1.15 M* X 115 B.t.u. 5,520 13 630 3,550 6^500 29,200 Concrete and Tile.... W Glass (Single) __ W >6 in. Crack________ w * 120 16 15 X 4 9 Double Hung Windows (15) South Wall_________ Same as N East Wall........_.......... Same as W Roof, 3 in. Concrete and slag-surfaced built-up roofing.;.. No Ceiling Floor, 5 in. Stone Concrete ' On Dirt See above , See above 52.5 120 50 120 1380 0.304 59.4 540 1.13 59.4 450 1.68 59.4 24,950 36,200 44,900 6300 0.610 74 285,000 6000 0.745 5 22,350 1.15 1.15 H* X 1*15 41 600 25,800 96,100 K* None None 285,000 22,350 Grand total of heat required for building in B.t.u. per hour at + 4 with lf-mile Southwest wind........................ ,........ .............................................. ................ 541,630 ...... (!) This building has no partitions and whatever air enters through the cracks on the windSv'* "u!st ,eave through the cracks on the leeward side. Therefore, only one-half of the total crack WU1 be used in computing infiltration for each side and each end of building. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 (2) An exposure allowance of 15 per cent is also to be added to the wall and glass transmission losses and to the infiltration losses on the two adjacent sides of the building most nearly facing the prevailing wind as stated in last paragraph on page 44. (3) It is also possible to compute the heat required to take care of infiltration on the V} air change per hour as given in Table 13 for a.factory with minimum conditions. Volume -- 50 X i*u X 20 (mean height) = 120.000 cu. ft. and heat required per hour is 120.000 XHX 0.075 X 0.24 X 59.4 = 64.200 B.t.u. Based on infiltration through one-half the total crackage in all walls, the heat to be supplied per hour is from preceding table. ' 6.850 + 27.300 + 5.950 + 23.750 = 63,850 B.t.u. This value based on crackage should be used, but if building is to be heated intermittently, riot less than one air change per hour should be allowed. 56 Chapter II. HEATING BY RADIATION THE device used to transmit heat from the carrying medium to the air or surrounding space with either steam or hot water heating is called a radiator or is generally spoken of as radiation. Radiation is divided into four general classes depending upon how it is used, namely, direct, semi-indirect, indirect and direct-indirect. If the radiator is placed within a room to be heated, and imparts its heat directly by radiation and convection to the objects and air to be heated, it is called a direct radiator. If it is placed outside of, and some distance away from the space to be heated and imparts heat to air passing over it which is then delivered to the space to be heated, it is called indirect radiation. If the radiator is placed within or immediately adjoining the room to be heated, but is hidden from view by an enclosure or otherwise, so that it only imparts heat to the air within the enclosure, which is then admitted to the room, it is called semi-indirect radiation. When air from outside flows over the heating element and then enters the room the heat is supplied by direct-indirect radiation. Until the last few years all four types of radiation were made in a com paratively small number of fairly well standardized types and sizes and shapes. During the past few years, however, a great change has taken place in design of radiation and there are now innumerable types and sizes in use, and the number is rapidly increasing. This evolution is taking place faster than engineering data can be developed and made available for use by the engineer. All four types of radiation may be made of pipe in which case, it is spoken of as pipe-coil. Until the past few years, most radiation was made of pipe,, cast iron or pressed steel. More recently, however, an ever-increasing amount of non-ferrous metal radiation has been made, in various forms both with and without extended surface. Each of the various types has its own advantages for different forms of space, heating depending upon the architectural beauty, weight, size and durability. Direct cast iron radiators were until recently, standardized as column, window, and wall radiation for which accepted heat transmission con stants are available. The so-called art or tubular type of direct cast iron radiation of more recent design which has in a large measure replaced the column type in popularity is not well standardized as'regards height, width, number of tubes per section or spacing of sections, and as a result generally accepted heat-emission constants are not available. This is likewise true of the many types of semi-indirect radiation now in use. As a result of this great diversity of design and lack of engineering data, a chaotic condition is rapidly developing which must be met by Compiled especially for The Guide from data supplied by R. V. Frost. Norristown, Pa., C. E. Bronson, Kewanee, 111., and F. C. Houghten. Pittsburgh, Pa. ' 57 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Chapter II--Heating by Radiation 395 266 263 443 395 Total B.t.u. per hr. standardization of design and method of tests for rating. Already this need has been partially met by a Radiator Test Code recently adopted by the Society. . rOOn oMo rr'-NtO'* O w cn lCVCOONN tCtO"oN- tefCoOOO e0No0 CTHOf octToOof 0CCO4A fCclOo-N rtcCo--oN ow--oi Tt-oOf OO.0nOCt--OOCrO-nToo* 394 In the past the unit of measure recognized in figuring radiation was the square foot of heating surface. The use of this unit is rapidly being discarded however, for the reason that the heat-emission depends upon the design of the radiator as well as its surface area. The engineer is interested primarily in the amount of heat emitted by, rather jthan the. amount of surface in, a radiator. As a result, radiators are being: rated on the amount of heat given off either in B.t.u. per hour or in equiValent square feet based on 240 B.t.u. per hour. Heating effect or heating efficiency has recently become recognized as an important factor in heating by radiation. It has been shown by Brabbee, Frost, and others, that two radiators of different design may warm a given space to a comfortable temperature by condensing different amounts of steam or by emitting different amounts of heat. This varia tion in heating efficiency depends upon whether the radiator warms the lower part of the room where the occupants are while pending more or less heat to the ceiling. Heating efficiency may depend upon a number of factors including the size, height, and shape of the radiator, the relative amount of heat it emits by radiation and convection, whether or not it is in an inclosure, and its location in, and the size and shape of, the room being heated. .- Rated 1 Surface 1 sq. ft. 2 > OC4 1 iriO'bO'O to to to to to to o On 04 fO to -4oHo^O(N' ,(Nc4n CTNf tCoN rC--N oCNo CO Total B.t.u. per hr. lOrf Mc-nhlttDooOr--i'O-o* OC0OO4NO ICTCOOMf NNCOO O0T4f'. CTtoNf .0too> t0rooo0 OO0o0n tCC*MNOt0o cCOo''tD^CtoON'tOCoHO*O*cO0oOO00' 2 Neo oSj ' *$ OfbO'OfO F-(fOo'Ooo CcOo i--l CO lo> NO CCOO CCOO 0--0< CN C--N1 CCNO tCoN cCoO CcoO CN oCNo CO C^O ccoo 770 1293 1807 2321 2835 : I Total B.t.u. 1 per hr. OTceOO0f e\0COo0 tcr-O~f O0T-0<f' rO^lOf tOOo-0<n Cc^oN tOT-.f' Oton c-> TrcO---f-n OOOTOOnf QONttOooN C0N0 ^trof : Tf to rtCo--N- 2 o , 385 Rated Surface sq. ft. 380 250 626 V HEAT EMISSION OF RADIATORS ' Tables 1 to 7 give the heat emitted by cast iron radiators of the column,'wall, and window type, of various standard heights arid numbers of columns when using steam at 215 deg. fahr. iri a 70 deg. fahr. room. In the last three lines of each table the heat emitted in B.t.u. per inter mediate section, and the B.t.u. emitted per rated square foot of inter mediate and end sections are given. . Table 8 gives conversion factors for determining the heat emission of' any radiator with steam or water at temperatures other than 215 deg. fahr. and with room temperatures other than 70 deg. fahr., when the emissiori for 215 deg. fahr. and 70 deg. fahr. are known. w2 aV Oa 335 N't'OOOO ' 04 ''* 00 0 CCNN Ct*N CN 0CN0 CO cCoN cTof co COOO O Total B.t.u. per hr. O' LT-TH) CCNN CCO9 Teof OtO*On otC^oN-- rtCtooOf 0oOtoO4n ` trc--on ccroo- OorOoOf' r-H-- On *T*f On- -tCe--No OOO'''CTNf CclONn ttCO--oNO 2 0e4o V S- lO O to O to to to to to to to to <S2-3ES^f MiOF'OCS to f-- CN CCNN tCoN rC-~N CO cCOn tCoO rC-O O^CT*NTJ*Ot*f'Oto Tables 9 to 11 give the heat emitted by cast iron, column, wall,, and window radiators of various standard heights and numbers of sections for hot water heating with mean water temperature of 170 deg. fahr. Total B.t.u. per hr. iCO-N oTof\ Cot-oo4- ttroo- ^teoo TtofTtTOo*f' CCCNON\OOloO'rOC^O OT000f fC*OOn OtO'O*n tOTonf C*CC-OhNN CtCoON rC^o--*No'tCoO-i cTOCnOf' OTTf*' "' tOC--NO to co . 243- " End Surlace and room temperature of 70 deg. fahr. The tables were computed from data given in a report1 of the Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, resulting from experiments by John R. Allen and F. B. Rowley. For reasons mentioned it is not possible at this time to give data on heat-emission for tubular or art radiation or for other types of direct and semi-indirect radiation on the market. . Tables 12 and, 13 give the heat emission of various standard types of coil radiation for steam and hot water heating respectively. -- 2 00 t2n ZOOteP2 tMf) Rated Surface sq. ft. CO O' 04 to , o*-o1 cn Tf cn r- cn co THC4f0^i0 oO o> O CcoO co Oco' CN tTof ' C4 CO 2 to oTfotoht^o ntoo r- oO O' CS c .2 o UC~Di ~6 a <5Xi <wv _c Sq. Ft o> 3 eng thLI nches :^Direct-Radiation Tables by F. Paul Anderson, F. C. Houghten. Louis Ebin, Journal, of the American December, 1921.Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, to 15 20 25 30 35 40 .45 50 M S a CQ 58 59 T o ta l B .t.u . per hr. 15062 15960 16859 17758 18656 900 225 396 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 T o ta l B .t.u . per hr. 823 1313 1810 2304 2798 493 246 CM SO O' CM Os 00 l" SO CM t"* CM C-. CM PO ro Tf -4* to CO to 00 CM O0 to Tj* ro CO CM r-. CM t-- CM c to S s C- C- ~h ^ OS co CM a-. O' cm r~ cm c-. w 1OO 00 Os Os , O CM N't'OCOO ^4 O 00 O CM Tt< CO CM OO CM CM CM CM CO CO cO co co 5* R a te d Surface sq. ft. 9464 10032 10601 11167 11736 2. s. 2W Bxf i5s| Q <2 i 5*DM C >.2 J g3 <V) uO &o 2 6 $1 s& gaM *zor1 S>g.sss- H< oss 2 e04o Z 3o s o H jB IM sg g# (H/j Id o%g 8 gu J(<0<-O~ tI2so3s( < H 2 oc CO 2 to 32 In. ------------------- ---------- 26 In . T o ta l ! Rated R a te d T o ta l Rated , T o ta l : Rated B .t.u. | Surface Surface | B .t.u . Surface j B .t.u . Surface T o ta l B .t.u . ' per hr. per hr. sq. ft. sq. ft. per hr. sq. ft. per hr: sq. ft. NOfO'OO 'ONO"On OiiOO'ON 0cCoOrC^*O^Oh*^' ttO0o 0 OOCOSC- oo Os CM C** CO O0 VO C- C* 00 00 to to 37.33 39.66 42.00 44.33 46.66 25.66 28.00 30.33 32.66 35.00 14.00 16.33 18.66 21.00. 23.33 2.33 4.66 7.00 9.33 11.66 638 7471 8109 8746 9383 10020 OvOfOON -hh r-- co CM O CO fO Os OO CaMi* CM O' ttoocO~*h' CM CO 00 CM o O' O' C^M CfOO O^' ctO- CM ~h CcMo 42.66 45.33 48.00 50.66 53.33 16.00 18.66 21.33 24.00 26.66 2.66 5.33 8.00 10.66 13.33 CO s co CO s co Os cm ^ c- CM co CO co ^ co cm o c- to CM -H O' ^ w CM CM CO CM OO Os CO CM Os s CO CM CM Os r-- to co to o c*" oo r- c- 9112 9888 10662 11436 12210 12987 13764 14538 15310 16080 36.66 40.00 43.33 46.66 50.00 53.33 56.66 60.00 63.33 66.66 3.33 .6.66 10.00 13.33 16.66 CO s CO CO s CO CO s CO CM CM CM CO CO to cO CM CM oot^c>r>h> to ^ co CM --i Cm co t* to CM CM ^ s 00 r s s s Os oo r- t* 00 O' r- r- c- S S S N tO -af CO CM -- O *- CM CO h* ': 00 CM to O IHWN ^ OO CM 'O CM CM CO CO ^ Tf O0 CM "3* ^ t/5 to * 00 CM SO c* oo 18143 19227 20311 21394 22478 1083 CM lO Os CM lO Os C- 0 CM 00 Os Q ^ CM pHN^iOO 00 s CM to 00'C''Ort CO CO ^ to s C* 00 O' a--' r- cm oo CM sC^lO C* OO 00 Os Mto^ior*. C CM to O to O to -H -h CM CM to to CO CO ^ ^ to to t to to c* c* to to OO 00 O' Os R a te d Surface sq. ft. y-< CM rt< tO r. 00 Os -H CM CO to r- oo Os a--< a-- a-- a-H CM 40 45 50 B .t.u . per Interm ed. Section'r i\ " " Sq. Ft. V " 1 OF ; Se c tio n s eLI n g t h N o . 30 35 15 20 25 5 10 nches 60 233 400 240 242 1 i 413 4 1 5 " " End Surface 378 R b s b a r c h L a b o r a t o r y St a n d a r d D a t a -- A m e r ic a n So c ie t y o p H e a t in g a n d V e n t il a t in g E n g in e e r s R esult o f C ooperative W o rk W ith U . S. Bureau o f M ines E x p e rim e n t S ta tio n , P itts b u rg h , Pa. C o p y r ig h t 1921 T a b l e 3. H e a t E m it t e d by D ir e c t R a d ia t io n -- T h r e e -C o lu m n R ad iato r s Steam Temperature at 2 1 5 deg, fa h r.________________________________________ _______ . Room Temperature at 7 0 deg, fa h r. 45 IN. 32 I n . 18 I n . L ength nches N o .I OF Se c t io n s 15 2 20 25 215 219 226 236 8863 9398 9931 10464 10989 531 Chapter II--Heating by Radiation 3553 4084 4615 5146 5679 T o ta l B .t.u . per hr. COO^^O C- CO O' CM CO a* O' a* -* -H CM CO CM cO CO CO ^a r>. co CM C-- CM OO co sO r--06 1 3 . SO 15.75 18.00 20.25 2 2 .5 0 R ated S urface eq. ft. 3 6 .0 0 38.25 4 0 .5 0 42.75 4 5 .0 0 to to to CM to C- CM CM Os ^ to to o NOCMIOC*. C- OS CO CM CM CM CO co 11323 12000 12679 13361 14040 7927 8608 9286 9962 10643 B .t.u . per hr. T o ta l OO'O'OtT'J' ro Os c~ to --i oo Tp oo ** -< CM CO CO CM a-OO'OO to CM OO to CM 'tIOiO'OC* O' z 1 CM CM tc.e af CO O' CM to 00 a-H ^ C O a-4 CM CM CM CO CO O' CM to CO CO CO a* Tjs COa-Vj<l^O to to to S urf sq. R ated 9595 10418 11242 12065 12889 . 1372 2195 3017 3840 4661 ' 822 6 0 .0 0 63.75 6 7 .5 0 71.25 75.00 T o ta l B .t.u . per hr. to OO 00 CM to OO O CM to C-- CO tOOtsCsOO ^H CO ^ to a-4 CO 0 C- O' to CO -H O' co ^ o z o CM to to to to O to to CM C- to CM C~ tO CM CM s CO C*" CM CM CO CO CO to 00 CM sd Tjt tJ* to to 3 .7 5 . 7.50 li:2 5 15.00 18.75 R ated S urface sq. ft. O0 Ca CM CM Os Tf CO co CM CM CM ^ CM CO ^ to 16207 17174 18144 19118 20088 969 6512 7481 8453 9420 10391 . 1665 2635 3605 4674 5544 T o ta l B .t.u . per hr. 1 R ated S urface sq. ft. to to to Os co 00 CM -HHC4 to to r^a a-t vo to CM co co ^ ^ 4 9 .5 5 4 .0 5 8 .5 63.0 6 7 .5 *0 to CM a-H tO t-a t-- O0 00 per br. T o ta l 00 to CO 00 OOOS -- y--1 CM ^ 0 to co 00 to 00 ^ o ^ CM .CO CO tJ* r-- OO O' O a-H CO *a to CO CafOOO^ ^ to to ra> CM CO to z i 17760 18817 19872 20936 21990 1057 CM to to to tH^CMCM to to CO CO ^ af to to to to to C-C- to 0 to 00 00 O' O' ; sq. ft. R ated ~MOsf ^ OO CM to O' CM rj* C* O' CM CO ^ >ON B .t.u . , S urface i B .t.u . 206 20832 22068 23306 24544 25776 '' 1239 14632 15872 17113 18354 19593 8435 9677 10915 12155 13392 per hr. T o ta l R ated S urface sq. ft. CM 00 a-t CM co CM O0 CO -O' a$< IT) CM O0 -^ C- Ca. 00 O' CM OO Tt* O O' ~h CM. a-M CM CO Tj* *0 C O0 Os a-H CM CO rT tO r- oO Osfltf Jo/ S& 30 35 5 10 3 3 C r ; [ ^ u g fP < ^ j^ ^ |n e d . Section Eg nd Surface 374 380 . 370 366 380 390 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 T o ta l B .t.u . per hr. 4615 5313 6011 6710 7404 11592 12291 12987 13685 14382 698 lOtONOOt' hoOi/)NO> tO CN 00 to O' O' V* oo to oo oo oo O' . CN Z 00 O' CN oo r-- --i CN CN CN CO O' CN tJ* tJ< 00 *+ r- R ated S urface sq. ft. T o ta l B .t.u. per hr. 1430 2320 3211 4101 4992 10336 11227 12118 13009 13896 890 358 CN ^ -^ -rf O0 t-- -3< oo c- o to NO f- 00 On rt< --- O CN OO r- t-. rT to oo CN cn Cn Z (N (N T**QQCN ^ 00 CN NO CN CN tT ^'CCCN'OO N'^'iOtO'O t*1 00 CN r-- oo R ated S urface sq. ft. H-g 1730 2808 3887 4964 . 6043 T o ta l B .t.u . per hr. CN 00 to to CN O' c- t-- OO On CN w C-- --( o* c** to cn to to no r-- oo CN CO ^ to cn 2 CO C4 -h i cn cn tOtO .O' T*< to to to lO'O'Of'N to to OO 00 N o R ated S urface sq. ft. ass wm3 o S .o 2 (N CO 2 CO CO ' 2 to L e n g t hI nches No. OF Sectio ns R ated S urface' sq. ft. T o ta l B .t.u . per hr. R ated S urface sq. ft. T o ta l R ated B .t.u . S urface T o ta l B .t.u . per hr. per hr. . sq. ft. O' O no -h *-< 00 cn CNr*5^'Ot^ NO CN 00 Til H O' 00 00 OO CN to O' CN OO CN tT N(OOlOr-l CNC*CNNOrH O' O to'OooO'*-' r-- CN no CN to ^ O' rT co r-- to t'CN co to I"CN CN CN CN CN 'COO''ON --I --< CN CO to to O' to CN 00 to to ^ to to to to to 00 On O' ^ r- O-Hf-iCSO N. 8 NQO'OO OiortHO to-Hr-oa CS^iONCO <oa^toNO OO to CO -- ^OCON CtoNtoOO n OO CN ' ^O' to to CO O' >0 r-~ O0 O' -i to rj< *- CN CN CN *- CN O' t-- O' ** OO *--1 CN CN CN CN CN 1583 O' CN 00 NO CM cs CO tJ* 0^0 "4**CN- O' 00 O0 N^ CN ooaO'-iN O0 CN ^ T CN ; 3092 5000 6909 8816 ' 10725 22176 24084 25987 27902 29805 12636 14539* 16445 18360 20270 cn r-- r'H-- CNOWN1 -H *-. O' O' 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 " iS q. F t, ooo th(sO^0 . CN O t-OOOvO 'Otooo>o 62 O ^-1 CN to ^ to O . r-- oo O' w-4 CN to to r-. GO O' O c o n u 0> cn -6 ' 53 E t_ V c u <D a o. +J cd ' a V u %2 u. 3 CO T3 w 3 17904 18981 20061 21140 22220 1078 346 1908 309 1346 333 63 American Society 0/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 O0MOf^WfO) OO- rltO't'Of' HiS o0^0'Oo10sii0oO0 Otoo'OO O' CN to SoO CM c*5 O^h-O f*0r-0cOn 0^0 rtot WH'O0Q0'OOO*H O' CN ^CON* 0C0N *OC0N' ^^CO 2 td t2d . i 55' td C >.2 gS V gM *j* s& o S~i 5s g <2* j ow >S-8H3 < oi cSS 3 3" llg Sag |au ?! 3 "2 u ll l| H<a as se *r 1 J<*O; 3uS 1gS h 2 &U Sis? CO oa*3! 5u Hffl & ^HISNO rooocsr-N CNN^CON tooO<0 O S 8CTpjO-mUO'}'QU")<O'Oo -O \OOW^tr--t* & Cr--O 0o0o co 0CN0 r- O-' CON O0' O'O'OQ^ CMTf'OO^OcO-^ MTf'OOOO CCON co tC"O cOo' ^^ s Si s 3o *si fi* Hag lNOOOtitfOJlO'iOOO''OOO'NO O't'lTfvOO IOOfloO0Ti---fHOrN--'O3g'M0o . 0a*(Ca3--?-1 CO CN O' 'O <0 Q CN CO K5MOOOO OHN*0-*tOCCNN < CN cO lo 'Oh.OOO'O * CN CO Tf 10 64 i-"- v 1928American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 50 deg. fahr. 1.572 1.412 1.285 1.175 1.081 0.999 Ills si si Ike oooooooo 60 deg. fahr. 1.733 1.546 1.391 1.261 1.155 1.060 1 to i 5 1 8 J i s H I od 3- 80 deg. fahr. 2.188 1.898 1.669 1.488 1.339 1.215 2:053 1.795 1.590 1.425 1.287 1.172 70 deg. fahr. 1.934 1.701 1.517 1.364 1.239 1.135 65 deg. fahr. 1.828 1.621 1.451 1.311 1.195 1.095 ' sOv-kOs sookcosoosookoost--: oooooooo sisiiisl oooooooo lISIllls oooooooo iillisiS' -H^OOOOOO 1111ISIS ,__,-,o00 150 160 170 180 "'190 200 Temp. OF Steam in DEG. FAHR. | | SJ j ^ Oi If rj* t-- ro c*} f- u") rq 04 OO O I-. OO OO 0OO0 9I ^(SWi^iOOCOO : Lb. . Gage 66 C a s t r o n R a d ia t io n f o r H o t W a t e r -- S in g l e C o l u m n R a d ia t o r sI ' Room Temperature of n t v . f ' h r . Charter II--Heating by Radiation 390 650 . 910 1170 1430 1690 1950 2210 2470 2730 2990 3250 3510 3770 4550 4810 5070 5330 I5ts Hi-s iAOU)Qm cnOFiO *00*0 0 10 owowo "2=22 222S3 sssiss =2228 8S2SS SSS8.S Mi- mmmnmmmm *2* 11!" -">">"" = =83883 88388 3883g 83883 2 222 28 23 8S8SB sills lllll lllll mil 33838 83883 88388 38838 '-'-"a 222=2' aassis' ssss's 151s ""111 llllllllll II!!! .* as- "--S 22222 S33S8 S8S3S mn inn mu inn 83883 88388 38838 83883 """22 22= 22 23332 38383 [ M. T w o-C ol X 1111IIII! lllll lllll l sununi iiiii mu US-s *00*00*0 0*00*00 *00*00*0 0*00*00 "">'-'22 s'sg'a'a asss's 22252 938838 83883 88388 38838 ">'"'222 gauss' 3 33S'38S38 Total B.t.u. per Hr. SR mn inn iiiiiiiiii inn iiiii uni lllll 1J!" --s """32 2SSSS 38333 3KSK8 22 8SSS2 23388 S8388 Total 1X. . SR 5*Ifr !i ;i 1!! !ij Mii iiii 1.imi.j-i.im ! i ! !! I J i ''i ! ! w *-<g =2222 2=222 lllll lllll lllll 1111 ">2222 83238 2S822 83828 -0.^*0 *0^000*0 11 ;">2 222 S 3 2 '3 8 ">2 2 8 3 S 3 28 8 67 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 l !^IJBco > I0101GIO>0 000190 ooooo M0>ON--CC 0O''nt*oe9g CJOOCtQ^ ^{M CM Njioei*N41 ifl s. V-- O--o/5 No(--NITON'.IoO9 afoo*c**i0OoiCoMOo cocom.I--^OO5WO5O*-i v0ooto*0.oc--mCM r opcm S__jo^etoo o-- cm 0 epcM ^cgr -S* ( S ooooo- -" -- N N o 9 * Vw))Q<tfO)ON<r>0 oocooi0> 8--^ 8cm C8M ^8SO*' 8C<08er><S--<08ool0O8?> 2ON8---StcOmSs?OiSO 8tm8tO82r^8" TO O to to otoo 0tO ,,SSSS 25 2SRSSS5 s 330S--8 So-- 00 --Ocm'04^ C^O*tC'.Moo 0o0eot^O<C--4<Om Ocmpt^^CM !>lO8toV8oO2oolK-O* 08o0 8Sto8--04Sto 88OS--85>S O08>C8cMm8-m,8"-'--2. 222SS 88S88 2g|88 82888 -- CM^< tOr~P0 -- c "tor-eo > 8--cmS--S^CMSCMS 8 -S 8 2 2^ 282 rcblj"" s Chapter II- Heating by Radiation SSS-S 838SS 88S88 8ESS8 S22S8 85S3K 33SS3>8S32 z z* 5 Z- z Xz s 68 69 r' T able IL e n g t h nches 612 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 -- cm faoc>o -- * nco9>o I T1 1 . H e a t E m is s io n o f D ir e c t C a s t r o n R a d ia t io n f o r H o t W a t e r H o s p it a l R a d ia t o r s -- w o - C o l u m n -__________________ Mean Water Temperature at 170 deg, fahr. ctoo z P4 z 04o ,Room Temperature at 70 dtp, fahr. I20 n. -- --o tcom flR)5^55 oroc*. ooooOt Rated Surface Sq. F t S 1 Total B .tu . 1 per H r. SR Rated 1 Surface Sq. F t S >< 00 C--M <--0 0P5 OONOO >**O^pioCMt/<> <pt^CMr>0eOo 1300 2060 2820 3580 4340 ` 5100 5860 6620 7380 8140 8900 9660 10420 11180 11940 12700 13460 14220 1 14980 ! 15740 Total B.t.u. per Hr. SR 1075 1710 2345 2980 3615 ' 4250 4885 5520 6155 6790 7425 8060 * 8695 9330 9965 ,10600 11235 11870 12505 13140 Rated 8urface Sq. F t 8 3.33 6.66 10.00 13.33 16.66 20.00 23.33 26.66 30.00 33.33 36.66 40.00 43.33 46.66 50.00 53.33 56.66 60.00 63.33 66.66 Total B.t.u. per H r. SR 920 1470 2010 2560 3105 3655 4205 4750 5295 5840 ; . 6390 6940 7485 8035 8580 9125 9670 10220 10765 11310 Rated Surface Sq. Ft. 8 2.66 5.33 8.00 10.66 13.33 . 16.00 18*66 21.33 24.00 26.66 29.33 32.00 34.66 37.33 40.00 42.66 45.33 48.00 50.66 53.33 | Total B.t.u. per H r. SR 745 1195 1645 2095 2545 3000 3450 3900 4350 4800 5255 5705 6155 6605 7055 7510 7960 8410 8860 9315 Rated, Surface Sq. F t. .S 2.33 4.66 7.00 9.33 11.66 14.00 16.33 18.66 21.00 23.33 25.66 28.00 30.33 32.66 35.00 37.33 39.66 42.00 44.33 46.66 . Total Rated B.t.u. Surface per Hr. Sq. Ft. SR | S MMnaaoo rc^X>--e--oCM NNtNfNoND>Q9 cm mc >o oo Q 660 1061 1462 1863 2264 2665 3066 3567 3868 4269 4670 5071 5472 5873 6274 6675 7076 7477 7878 8280 Total B .tu . per H r. SR 570 920 1270 1620 1970 2320 2670 '3020 3370 3720 4070 4420 4770 5120 5470 5820 6170 6520 6870 7220 WaU W a l l a n d W in d o w R a d ia t o r s Window I| 13 n . <*.9Ot--t*-- OO -- ^ I*. > O*' CM -c ^0O-- *. "X 8 ">2:288 88282 S58SKK SSSS3 z "2288 S853S SS328 SS8S8 Oi--epctm-t/--> --S<pcim>--eop &>eo--t-cm --comr---oo -- CM -- PNOOPO -- PM -- ** 00 O' i 1 M i :!!!! ! M ! i M ! i 1880 3595 5310 7025 8740 10455 12170 13885 15600 17315 19030 20745 22460 24175 25890 27605' 29320 31035 32750 .34465 -- --cmOPpS N*P*l5O*-'-N*bp-o>0OItO C--N --> cm^ 1475 2825 4175 5525 6875 8225 9575 10925 12275 13625 14975 16325 17675 19025 20375 21725 23075 24425 25775 27125 1095 2115 3140 4160 5185 6210 7235 8260 9280 10305 11325 12350 13370 14395 15415 16440 17460 18485 19505 20540 1 ! i . 1125 1825 2520 3220 3915 4610 5310 6005 6700 7400 8095 8800 9495 10190 10885 11580 12280 12975 13670 14365 1 | 1 ., , 3.75 7.50 11.25 15.00 18.75 22.50 26.25 30.00 33.75 37.50 41.25 45.00 48.75 52.50 56.25 60.00 63.75 67.50 71.25 75.00 | | ' 715 1165 1610 2060 2505 2955 3405 3850 4300 4745 5195 5640 6090 6535 6980 7435 7880 8330 8780 9230 ` American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 12. Heat Emission of Direct Pipe Coil Radiation for Steam Steam Temperature at 240 deg. fahr.--Pressure 10 lb. per sq. in.---Room Temperature at 60 deg. fahr. WALL COILS--Coils Placed Vertical--Pipes Horizontal . B.t.u. per Lineal Ft. of Coil per Hour. (Not Lineal Ft. of Pipe.) Size of Coil Single Row__.................................... Two. ........................................... ...... Four............................................ ...... Six................................................ ...... Eight. ....................................... ...... Ten...................................................... Twelve........................................ ...... l* 175 335 584 752 864 970 1075 1K' 215 413 724 930 1064 1200 1330 IK' 245 462 816 1050 1200 1350 1500 WALL COILS--Coils Placed Vertical--Pipes Vertical . . Emission varies in inverse ratio of the height of the coil. Use 133 B.t.u. per lineal ft. of pipe as an average for 1^ in. coil, 10 ft. high. CEILING COILS--Coils Placed Horizontal--Pipes Horizontal Emission is equal to that of a single row coil. Allowance must be made however, if the coil is at the ceiling in a higher temperature. In this case use 167 B.t.u. per linealft. ofpipe for 1 in. coils. '- 206 U " a u u a u 11^ in coiIs> 231 8 " * " " " " \y2 in. coils. . Note.--This Table hasbeen developed by a method ofdeduction from the available data on such experimental work on pipe coils as has been recorded, and does not represent definite results of tests as.in Tables-17 to 30. The values are therefore approximate only but can be used with-assurance that they are more accurate than those obtained by. the usual method for calculating pipe coil surface. Table 13. Heat Emission of Direct Pipe Coil" Radiation for Hot-Water Water Temperature at 180 deg. fahr. Room Temperature.at 60 deg. fahr. WALL COILS--Coils Placed Vertical--Pipes Horizontal B.t.u. per Lineal Ft. of Coil per Hour. (Not Lineal Ft. of Pipe.) .. Size of Coil Single Row........................ Two..................................... Four.................................... Six........................................ Eight...... ............................. Ten........ ............................. Twelve....... :.................... . i' 105 198 . 352 . 456 520 ' 583 645: .. : IK' 131 248 432 558 640 720 800 IK' 147 276 488 630 720 810 900 ......................... WALL COILS--Coils Placed Vertical--Pipes Vertical Emission varies in inverse ratio to the height of coil. Use 80 B.t.u. per lineal ft. of pipe as an average for in. Coil 10 ft. high. .- ' CEILING COILS--Coils Placed Horizontal--Pipes Horizontal Emission is equal to that of a single row coil........ ; Allowance must be made however, if the coil.is at the ceiling where the temperature is higher. . In this case use 100 B.t.u.per lineal ft. of pipe for 1 in. coils. .-- 125 " " " " " " " \'A in. coils. - 138.. " " " " " " " lj^ in. coils. Note.--See note under Ceiling Coila for Steam. 70 Chapter II--Heating by Radiation SELECTION OF RADIATION It is usually necessary to select the type and location of radiation to conform to the conditions and space available in the room. It is usually most convenient and practical to locate the radiation on the exposed side of the room. The size of the radiator to take care of any particular heat loss can be best selected from Tables 1 and 13. As the heat emitted per square foot of radiation varies in radiators of different heights, widths and lengths, and also with the steam pressure and the temperature of the room, errors will occur if the same factor is used for all radiators. . To determine the amount of radiation required for heating a given room, calculate first the total heat loss from the room as outlined in Chapter I, making proper allowance for exposure, wind velocity, height of ceiling, etc. Next decide upon the type (design, height, width, etc.) and number of radiators to be used. Then find in Tables 1 to 11 or from manufacturers' data the number of sections necessary in each radiator. - Example.--The heat loss from a given room calculated in accordance with Chapter I is estimated to be 14,216 B.t.u. per hour. How many sections are required in a three-column 38 in. radiator for heating this room? Solution.--Table 3, column for 38 in. indicates that 12 sections . will emit 13,530 B.t.u. and that 13 sections will emit 14,587 B.t.u. Therefore a 13-section radiator is required. Example.--How many sections are required in a three-column 38 in. radiator to heat a room having a heat loss of 24,986 B.t.u. per hour? Solution.---From Table 3, column for 38 in. find 21,990 B.t.u. as the heat loss for a 20-section radiator and 1057 as the heat loss per additional intermediate section. ' +20 24,986 - 21,990 or 23 are the required number of sections. 1057 Example.^How many sections of 22 in. wall radiation are required to heat a room to 50 deg. with hot water at a mean temperature of 160 deg. fahr. The calculated lieat loss from the room is 10,400. Solution.-^-Conversion factor for water at 160 deg. and air at 50 deg. is 1.412. .10,400 X 1.412 = 14,685. Table 6, column for 22 in. indicates 8 as the number of sections necessary:' . To determine the amount of semi-indirect radiation to heat a. room, calculate, the heat loss as in'Chapter I, adding the proper amount for exposure, etc. Then add the required 40 per cent as shown in Cases 1 to 6 (on p. 77) and refer to Tables 1 to 13 to find the proper size radiator. ; ' . -, . ... &nm/)fe.--How many sections are required in a 45 in. three-column semi-indirect radiator installed according to Case 5 (p, 77) to heat a room whose heat loss is calculated to be 17,200 B.t.u.? 71 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Solution.--17,200 -5- 70 per cent = 24,500 B.t.u. Table 3, column for 45 in. indicated 19, as the required number of sections. Pipe coils- should be of the header type, with provision made for expansion by a mitre piece. The steam supply should be at the mitre end and all coils should be securely anchored at the return header so as to throw the expansion toward the mitre end. The coils should be made of lj4 or \Vi in. pipe and not over 60 ft. in length, not including the mitre, which should be at least one-tenth the length of the coil. RADIATION FOR ROOM TEMPERATURES The following table from the Establishment of Standard Methods of Proportioning Direct Radiation, by James A. Donnelly (Transactions, Vol. 21, p. 535) gives the proportionate heat losses from buildings, the 14.Table Effect of Room Temperature on Heat Loss and Size of Radiator Room Temperature Proportionat b Loss in B.t.u. Difference in Temperature Between Radia tor and Room Proportionate Transmission in B.t.u. Room Temperature Proportionate Surface Required Sq. Ft. 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70f. 75 80 85 90 95 100 105' 110 115 120 0.50 0.57 0.64 0.71 0.79 0186 0.93 l.OOf 1.07 1.X4 1.21 1.29 1.36 1.43 1.50 1.57 1.64 1.71 175 170 165 160 155 150 145 140f 135 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 90 r~' 1.34 1.29 1.24 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.05 l.OOf 0.95 0.91 0.87 0.82 0.78 0.74 0.70 0.66 0.62 0.58 35 40 45 50 55 . 60 65 70f 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 no 115 120 0.37 0.44 0.52 0.60 0.69 0.78 0.89 l.OOf 1.12 1.26 1.40 1.56 1.74 1.93 2.15 2.39 2.66 2.95 t Standard Conditions. Assuming that the rate of beat loss from a building varies directly with the difference be tween the outride temperature and the building temperature, and considering the heat loss for zero outride, 70 deg. inside as the standard, or 100 per cent; the second column shows the proportionate loss of heat from a building when the outside temperature is zero, and the inside temperature is as given in the first column. Assuming that the rate of transmission from a direct radi ator to the air of a building is in proportion their difference in temperature, with a variation in the rate of transmission of 2 per cent, greater or less, for each 10 deg. increase or decrease in their temperature difference, and considering 140 deg. differ ence in temperature (steam 210 deg., building 70 deg.) as standard, or 100 per cent trans- . mission, the second column shows the proportionate trans mission when the difference in temperature is as given , in the first column. ' Assuming that under stand ard conditions of outride tem perature zero, building tempera ture 70 deg., and radiator tem perature 210 deg. (or 140 deg. difference between the. radiator and room) the amount of radia tion necessary is 100 per cent, the proportionate amounts of radiation given in the second column are those necessary to heat a building to the tempera tures given in the first column, when the outside temperature is zero. Note.--(The amount of surface required for heating is always obtained by dividing the heat loss-from the building by the amount of heat transmitted per squire foot of radiation. Therefore, as may be seen from the above tables.'the proportionate amount of surface required for heating is obtained by dividing the proportionate heat loss from the building by the proportionate transmission of the radiator, in each case. < - ' 72 IIChapter --Heating by Radiation oroportionate transmission from direct radiators, and the proportionate radiation required (with steam at 210 deg.) for various room temper atures, when the outside temperature is zero. The preceding table may be used to find the proportionate amount of radiation necessary to heat a room to any desired inside temperature, other than 70 deg., when the outside minimum temperature is other than zero and with a radiator temperature other than standard. Find the difference between the outside temperature and the room temperature in the first column; divide the proportionate heat loss opposite this amount, in the second column, by the proportionate transmission opposite the difference in temperature between the radiator and the room, as given in the fourth column, and the result will be the proportionate amount of radiation required. Example.--What is the proportionate amount of radiation required to heat a room to 90 deg., with a temperature of 20 deg. below zero outside, and a steam temperature of 240 deg. Solution.--The difference in temperature between 20 deg. below outside, and 90 deg. inside, is 110 deg. Opposite 110, the propor tionate heat loss or 1.57 is found in the second column. The difference in temperature between the radiator and the room (steam 240 deg., room 90 deg.) is 150 deg. Opposite this, the proportionate transmission 1.09 is found in the fourth column. Divide 1.57 by 1.09 and the quotient, 1.44 is the proportionate amount of radiation required. EFFECT OF HUMIDITY The late John R. Allen, while Director of the Society's Research Laboratory, submitted a paper as a report (A. S. H. V. E. Transactions, Vol. 26, p, 11), which in addition to the treatise on the heat emitted by various types of radiation, from which the preceding tables were calcu lated gives other data from which the following is taken; Fig. 1 shows the effect of increasing the humidity upon the heat transmission. It will be noted that with extreme change of humidity there is a slight change in the heat transmission, the heat transmission reducing slightly as the humidity increases. Humid ity can have very little, if any effect upon radiation, and the effect of humidity must therefore change the converted heat lost by the radiator. This change of converted heat is probably due to the change in the density of the air passing over the radiator. EFFECT OF AIR CIRCULATION The amount of heat given off by a radiator may also be increased by increasing the velocity of the air over the surface of the radiator. This increase in velocity will increase the amount of heat carried off by convection. No exact data are available on the effects that may be introduced by increasing these velocities over radiator surfaces, but in rooms with moving machinery the heat transmission is increased approximately 10 per cent. ' WARMING THE RADIATOR It is often very, important to know the maximum condensation that occurs in a radiator when steam is turned on. Fig. 2 shows the condensation rate in pounds per 73 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Fig. 1. Effect of Humidity on Heat Transmission hour for the time elapsing after steam is turned into the radiator. It will be noticed that the maximum condensation in the radiator occurs 10 min. after steam is turned on, and in that case it amounts to about three and one-half times normal condensation. After the end of 25 min., the radiator had reached a normal rate of condensation. This curve was made from observations at intervals of 10 min. so that the intermediate points between the 10 min. points are not known, and the form of the curve is not exact. It shows, however, that when a plant is initially started up and the system filled with steam during a short period of time the demand made upon the boiler may be very much higher than the normal demand. In practice the rate of steam supply to the radiator while heating up is however, frequently retarded by controlled elimination of air through air valves or traps and if sufficient time is allowed for the heating up process, overload on the boiler may be practically eliminated. . Fig. 2. Chart Shows Demand upon Boiler for Heating-Up 74 Chapter II--Heating by Radiation EFFECT OF PAINTING The effect of painting was originally determined by experiments made with a cast iron ectangular box, and in applying these to radiators of standard type, corrections must he made to allow for the difference between the area of the radiating and converting rfaces. The effect of painting is to change the radiation constant of the radiating Surface and has practically no effect upon the heat lost by convection. It is, therefore, S surface effect and it makes no difference what paints are placed on the radiator as a oriming coat, the results are always dependent upon the last coat of paint put upon the radiator.' In radiators having a large proportion of radiating surface such as pipe coils or wall coils, the effect of painting will be more marked than in four-column radiators having a comparatively small radiating surface in proportion to converting surface. All finely ground materials have about the same radiation constant. Therefore all oaints having finely ground pigments will give about the same effect, Metals have a poor radiating effect so that any paint involving flake metal, such as the bronze, will have a low radiating constant. Table 15 shows the effect of painting an experimental cast iron box of rectangular shape. It should be noted that in this case all the surface emitted heat by direct radiation. Column radiation having a larger ratio of converting surface to radiating surface would show, less effect due to painting. .. Table 15. Effect of Painting a Rectangular Radiator Percentage, of Effectiveness Based on Values in Tables as 100 per cent Cast Iron, bare--,........ ........ ...... ...................... ............................ 100% Painted with flat black......--................. .................... -- ......... 100% Painted with aluminum bronze..................... ........:................:. 80% Painted with gold bronze.......................................,....... ............. 81% Painted with white enamel.......................................................... 101 % Painted with maroon japan.......................................... .............. 100% Painted with white zinc paint.................................................... 101% Painted with no-lustre green enamel.... ........................ ,......... 96% The effects of painting a six-section 32 in. three-column radiator as found by Wm. H. Severns are given in Table 16. Table 16. Effect of Painting 32 in. Three-Column, 6-Section Cast Iron Radiators1 Radiator No. i 2 3 4 Finish Bare iron, foundry finish........ ........ One coat of aluminum bronze.......... Gray paint dipped.............-................ One coat dull black Pecora paint__ Abba So. Ft. 27 27 27 27 Coefficient of Heat Trans. B.t.u. Relative Heating Value Per Cent 1.77 1.60 1.78 1.76 100.5 90.8 101.1 100.0 It is generally assumed that an enclosed radiator shows a decreased heat emission. This is borne out by results recently published by Kratz and Fahnestock, Table 172. This data indicates that the heat emission from the enclosed radiator equals or exceeds that of an exposed radiator only in the case where the enclosure is much higher than the radiator so as to produce a pronounced chimney effect. 1 Comparative tests of Radiator Finishes by Wm. H. Severns, Journal, American Society or Heating and Ventilating Engineers, January, 1927. ., 2Effect of Enclosures on Radiator Performance by A. P. Kratz and M. K. Fahnestock, Journal, American Society qf Heating and Ventilating Engineers, June, 1927. 75 & rc d t/> i/* g L in o T o m p -_ American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Chapter II--Heating by Radiation Results reported by Frost and others indicate that the increased heating efficiency noted with enclosed radiation is due to increased air circulation caused by flue action of the enclosure. While the use of an enclosure often retards heat emission from the radiator it is counter- 2 /6 Of c o n s ta n t - a r / t f pana ` r.0 / rn B ; l< l i. 1 !j fc f- t V N 5 <<30 >s. "V >* oj * o> Oi Oi 4 6 2 .5 "v Ch Is o Ci n N I <M N t S a 1* 1 j: $ I1j 1 wJ ,i 1 1 I 1 3 3 I i .! !! > ft $ li $ .'a o i? || Is IIC<D I J!H * ''J i! *> 8 *1 :ii .3$ ^ sv; Us n V Oi v It ! 11 1! $\ S3 .Si a * M .?* * 11 Nv it tf ft et ft ll 1? i >545>i 8 1 |l * If* II o ss <5 t V \ Q ss sQ <5 Ci II "s* o K. o> 5?!. ,5t 76 2 0 S ection, 3 8 - J C o /u rn n ^ in a c t) C l- W a te r 7fypo SPod/ofor i/s o d in a // testo- ' M ote: S tea anaf m or 7e a Case J Fig. 3. Different Arrangements of Radiators in Enclosures balanced by the greater effectiveness of the heating. The heating effect for the enclosures shown in Fig. 3 follows: v Case 1 is 10 per cent more effective than a direct radiator when properly constructed. Case 2 is 5 per cent more effective than a direct radiator when properly constructed. Case 3 is equally as effective as a direct radiator when properly constructed.' Case 4, with E equal to one-half A,--percentage of reduction is 10 per cent. Case 4, with E equal to A,--percentage of reduction is 20 per cent. Case 4, with E equal to 1 ,--percentage of reduction is 35 per cent. - Case 5, with E equal to A,--percentage of reduction is 30 per cent. Case 6, percentage of reduction is 5 per cent. This data applies to the use of cast iron column radiation, with en closures built-in as part of the architectural treatment of the room and does not apply to other types of enclosed radiators. 77 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 To accomplish best results, care must be exercised to follow certain rules in designing the enclosure, the most important of which are: 1. Enclosures should be insulated with 1 in. magnesia or asbestos block, lined with bright tin or non-corrosive sheet metal, placed next to the radiator. 2. The surface of the radiator should be painted flat black, maroon japan, white enamel or white zinc. If the radiator is entirely concealed it may be unpainted. 3. The free area of the grill or opening at the outlet should be not less than the free area through the sections of the radiator. 4. The free area of the grill or opening at the inlet should be not less than 80 per cent of the free area at the outlet. 5. If the outlet is in the face of the enclosure so that the air flow is horizontal, the free area of the outlet should be at least 150 per cent of the free area about the radiator, and the clear height between the top of the radiator and the underside of the top of the enclosure should be not less than the depth of the enclosure. 6. Best results are obtained with a tight fitting enclosure, provided the free area about the radiator, at point of greatest restriction is not excessive. As a general rule the efficiency of the radiator is inversely proportional to the depth of the enclosure. EFFECT OF LOCATION OF RADIATION The effect of position of radiator upon its heating effect has received a great deal of attention. It is generally accepted that the radiator best serves its purpose when placed under a window. This seems logical for the following reasons. 1. Heat emitted by radiation from the radiator will counteract the effect of heat radiated out through the window from occupants in the room. 2. Cold air leaking in through the window is warmed before it reaches the interior of the room. . 3. Air currents from the radiators pass upward, mingling with the cold infiltering air, and across the top of the room then downward to the floor on the opposite side and back to the radiator for another cycle. Heat emission by a radiator at the ceiling or floor will differ little provided the surrounding air and objects are at the same temperature. The effect on heating the room or on temperature distribution in the room may however, be very great. Heat applied near the ceiling will tend to stratify, resulting in a hot ceiling and cold floor, unless there is mechanical disturbance to produce circulation. SPECIFICATION CLAUSES . Specifications for radiation should contain the following clauses: 1. Manufacturers must guarantee that the heat emission per radiator shall not fall below the values given in Tables 1 to 13. 2. Radiation must be free from flaws on surface and leaks at nipple connections, and guaranteed to stand a hydrostatic test of not less than 100 lb. per sq. in. 3. Radiation must be thoroughly cleaned of all core sand, and if for vapor or modu lation steam systems must be washed out and the openings plugged before shipment. 4. Radiation must not be placed where dirt can get into the interior and if to be placed in the weather or damp location must be given a priming coat of paint before shipment or immediately upon delivery at location. *. 5. Long or low radiators should be crated, and the crating not removed until .placed in final location. - 6. Radiators supported from the wall or ceiling shall be supported on steel or wrought iron hangers. . 78. j: Chapter III STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS AND PIPING INTRODUCTION THE selection of proper pipe sizes for steam heating systems has been a perplexing problem to heating engineers and contractors for some years. No uniformity of practice is discernable, and of the numerous tables available to the profession many indefinite and variable factors have entered into the calculations with the result that a concerted effort has been made by committees of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and the Heating and Piping Contractors' National Association to study the subject on a scientific basis. For several years the American Society of Heating and' Ventilating Engineers Laboratory has been investigating the flow of steam in pipes and the capacity of pipes for steam heating work with the result that the reports of its Technical Advisory Committee on Pipe Sizes have been used by the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engi neers Guide Committee and the Heating and Piping Contractors' National Association Committee on Standardization in the compilation of Standard Tables for Pipe Sizes, of Steam Heating Systems. Where data have not been available from research work as in the case of dry returns, standard formula have been applied so that the user of these tables may feel confident that the values given may be applied with safety. The information resulting from the cooperative effort of these two organizations it is anticipated will provide engineers and contractors with a standard method for selecting pipe sizes for steam heating systems, that will result in the design of plants that are scientifically correct. All data in this chapter are so arranged that the subject is covered under four general divisions---(1) A description of systems, (2) A discussion of steam distribution, (3) Pipe sizes Tables for steam heating systems and (4) Examples to show correct use of tables. DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEMS Piping systems for steam heating are broadly classified as gravity one-pipe, two-pipe, vapor and vacuum pump systems; the condensation returning to boiler by gravity or mechanical devices. 79 X American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 80 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping The choice of gravity one-pipe, two-pipe, vapor or vacuum systems depends upon the requirements as to first cost, convenience, quality of service and local conditions. Theoretically, gravity one and two-pipe and vapor systems are substantially on a par as to heating efficiency, that is to say, the majority of the heat delivered is, or should be, dissipated by the radiators. Gravity one-pipe or vapor systems operating under low pressure or partial vacuum and vacuum pump installations have practically the same thermal efficiency. The greatest difference between these various types of installations lies in the ease of operation, flexibility, adaptability to local conditions and cost of operation. It is essential that any system circulate steam uniformly throughout the entire installation, as too often certain defec tive features of a system will require .that heat be kept on longer or to a greater degree than would otherwise be required to uniformly and satisfactorily heat the building. This will, result in waste and over heating. The one important thing to be remembered in connection with all systems is that they shall circulate steam freely and uniformly to the radiators and remove and return condensation noiselessly. Gravity One-Pipe Steam System.--The one-pipe system is generally the least expensive to install. It requires one combined supply and return connection at the bottom of each radiator to allow the condensation to flow back to the boiler in opposition to the incoming steam. Air valves must be used on all radiators, also near the ends of mains before dropping below the water line. Fractional control by means-of radiator valves is not possible with one-pipe systems. During operation the radiator supply valve must be either entirely open or entirely closed. This is necessary to prevent the retention of water and the noise due to intermittent inflow of steam and outflow of water (which occurs when the valve is partly open). . This system is adaptable to automatic temperature control and is entirely satisfactory when properly designed, installed and operated. Gravity one-pipe systems operating under slight pressures sometimes called the vacuum type are the same in design as the gravity one-pipe ' system, the only point of difference being the venting valves on the radi ators and return main. These valves vent air from the system but prevent its return.' Where pressure is not maintained constantly and especially with oil or gas fired boilers the system just described should show some fuel economy over the ordinary gravity one-pipe system. Two-pipe Gravity Systems.--Two-pipe systems require separate supply and return pipes and a supply and return, connection for each radiator for steam and-condensation. Like one-pipe systems, they require air valves on radiators and mains. The inlet supply connections may be either at the top or the bottom of the radiators, but'the radiator outlet is always at the bottom so that all condensation will drain through this to the return mains, instead of back through the inlet connection to the supply mains, as with the one-pipe system. Both radiator connections should be valved. . . The returns from radiators on several floors are usually connected into common risers and the various risers tie into the return system. 81 American Society of Heating and Ventilating .Engineers Guide, 1928 ' Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping This return system, if kept above the water line so as to remain dry, is usually filled with steam (plus the water of condensation), at a pressure somewhere between that of the supply and that of the atmosphere, depending upon the amount of steam passing through the radiator returns. This makes the gravity two-pipe system susceptible to the backing up of steam from one radiator to another if return valve is left open with troubles from water hammer, noise from the counterflow and mixing of steam from the return with the condensation leaving the radiators and air binding due to the premature closing of air valves by steam entering at the return end of the radiators. Sometimes check valves are used on the return end of radiators or coils to prevent steam backing into heating units which have been shut off. This practice is not desirable as condensation may collect in the heating units, endangering the boiler. Where the return mains are kept below the water line, so as to be wet, the troubles from the backing up of steam in the returns are generally eliminated when all radiator returns are connected separately into the wet return. The use of vacuum air valves oil two-pipe systems with wet returns is not recommended. . -. . Vapor Systems.--Generally vapor systems are specially designed two-pipe systems, operated at a very low pressure. They differ from the gravity two-pipe systems in four important particulars--(1) That the steam is prevented from entering and building up pressure in the return system by means of thermostatic or other forms of traps on the return ends of all radiators, (2) That the air is eliminated with the condensation through the radiator returns into the return system and thence to the atmosphere through automatic vent valves or other forms of automatic air venting apparatus, instead of through individual air valves oil the radiators in the rooms, (3) That the backing, up of water in returns may be prevented by the carrying of exceedingly low supply pressures, (4) That real fractional control is possible. In vapor systems boiler protection is given by devices supplementing the damper regulator and may be in the form of an alternating receiver, return trap, equalizing or differential unit. An approved return connection (Fig. 7) is quite extensively used in place of a check valve for partially preventing water from leaving the boiler. Vapor systems are often provided with vacuum venting valves which prevent air from returning through the vent port also traps and thus permit the formation of a partial vacuum when generation of steam pressure above atmospheric ceases. . Vacuum Pump Systems.--These are similar to vapor systerns in every way, except that a pump is used to produce a vacuum on the return system for removing air and water. They permit wider variation in pressure differences between steam and return mains. . They are installed in buildings where it is required to operate at low initial pressures or where, by reason of the layout, radiators must be located below the water line of the boiler. This type of system is also well adapted to large groups of widely separated buildings. They are common where exhaust steam is available, as they may be operated on a low back pressure, without appreciably decreasing the capacity or 83 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 84 Chapter HI--Steam Heating Systems and Piping onomy of steam engines. A vacuum pump is used to accelerate cir culation by discharging both water and air; the water being returned to the boiler and the air vented to atmosphere. Because of the greater pressure differential of vacuum systems the result of faulty grading of piping connections is less serious than in the other systems mentioned. STEAM DISTRIBUTION The broad divisions that may be very definitely made in a discussion of pipe sizes for the heating of buildings with steam systems are (1) the distribution of the steam and (2) the use of the steam. The following capacity tables of steam mains and branches, radiator connections, etc., under average conditions can be applied for sizing pipes by the person who not only wants the data for immediate use but .who may also want the basic data from which the calculations were made. The conveyance of steam for any considerable distance is a problem by itself, needing separate analysis and altogether different handling from any of the problems concerning the use of the steam after it has arrived at -the building. Steam flow tables should be used for this distribution, and tables giving the .capacities of steam mains and branches, radiator connections, etc., (See Tables 1 to 20), under standard and average condi tions of use should be applied for sizing the pipes within the buildings. For this reason, data on the subject may be distinguished as:-- (1) transmission mains; (2) service piping. Transmission mains are those that have to do with the conveying of steam for a distance of considerable extent, through or between buildings and for collecting and returning the water of condensation from the several sections or buildings. Service piping is that part of the apparatus by which the radiating units are connected to the transmission mains. The velocities of flow used in the distribution of steam are only limited by the available or allowable drop in pressure, while the velocities within the buildings where the steam is used are limited to such values as will allow of sufficient separation of the condensation so that defective circulation or water hammer will not occur. STEAM HEATING PIPE SIZES Generally, in using tables for steam heating pipe sizes, it is difficult to determine the length of run upon which they are based. Usually some allowance is made for one or more such items as: condensation in the pipe, equivalent length of pipe, for fittings, valves, etc., but it is generally difficult to determine what factors have been allowed for, and what percentage of allowance has been made. In compiling the Tables 1--20 and other data for The Guide, 1928, every attempt has been made to eliminate such indefinite and conflicting factors. ' The principal factors upon which the determination of pipe sizes for steam heating depends, are: i H equivalent length of the run from the boiler, or source of steam supply, to the farthest radiator. 2. The total pressure drop, which may be allowed, between the source of supply and the end of the return system. 3. The maximum velocity of steam allowable for quiet and dependable operation of the system. 4. Unusual conditions in the building to be heated. .85 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping Length of Run . The length of run must not only include the actual linear feet of straight pipe, but also the proper allowance for fittings, valves friction and other items which cause drop in pressure. (See Table 6.) Pressure Drop There are, theoretically, several factors to be considered, including: the initial pressure, the pressure required at the end of the line, fluctua tions in the initial pressure, the distance between the low point of steam main and dry return and the water line of the boiler (where the conden sation is to be returned by gravity), and any extra load on the system during heating-up periods. With a high initial pressure it is theoretically possible to aljow much greater drops in pressure if there is sufficient distance between the low point of steam main and dry return and the water line of the boiler. In attempting any very great drop in pressure, the following practical difficulties present themselves: 1. If the system is designed to secure the same drop in pressure for each unit of radiation (including those nearest, as well as those farthest from the source of supply) the velocity necessary to equalize these drops in the shorter runs will be so high that serious trouble will be encountered from noise and the entrainment of the condensate. 2. If the system is so designed as not to equalize these pressures, the condensate returning from radiators near the source of supply will be at a correspondingly higher, temperature than that from radiators farthest from the source of supply, thus causing re-evaporation and pressures in the return system with consequent backing-up from one radiator to another, the holding-up of the return and the filling of the return lines, with too large a percentage of steam instead of condensate. It has been found, that while it may be theoretically possible to design a system for relatively large pressure drops, it is generally more satis factory to design heating systems on the basis of a low initial pressure and reasonably low total drops in pressure. The matter of fluctuations in pressure should be taken into consideration wherever the steam is to be supplied directly from the boiler, to the radiators at boiler pressure and the system should be designed to operate properly with the lowest pressure under which the boiler may operate. -. , In the matter of initial pressure and return of condensation it is undoubtedly true that with a constant initial pressure (such:as is pro duced by a high pressure supply by means of a pressure reducing valve, or from the boiler direct where the pressure is maintained constant), somewhat higher drops in pressure and correspondingly smaller pipe may be successfully used. It is also undoubtedly true that, with mechanical circulation.where a constant vacuum is maintained, fluctuations in initial pressure and the difficulties from high velocities are reduced, so that the pressure drops may be higher and the pipe sizes smaller. Maximum Velocity , The capacity of pipe of a given size in any part of a steam or vapor heating system depends on water of condensation present'in, as well .as American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 IIIChapter --Steam Heating Systems and Piping Fig. 6. Connecting Two Boilers Using Check Valves and Equalizers in Returns upon the available pressure drop through the pipe. Where no water is present or where a limited quantity flows by gravity in the same direction as the steam the available pressure drop only need be considered. Where water and steam flow counter to each other the velocity of the steam must not exceed certain values above which disturbance between the counter flowing steam and water may produce objectionable sounds, TRAP Fig. 7. Connecting Two Boilers Using the Approved Return Connection 89 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 1: Flow of Steam in Pipes PYor/ of Sfear/rf in f*//oes P~ L oss /a/ Pgsssubc /a/ t os. c/~ tos/ae D/ametog or P/ge /-v /a/cmes L--LsMcrti or P/ge /// Peer D~Wc/G/tr or / CuPr orStsam W-Lbs. o/r Sre*/* M/w **-0.000/32 lf/ + <7J/ *D*'**4-.s 2oSS AV Ozs : Cot 7 P/rr S/ee Xvxfxvwt: APua/a/al Ac/UAL. Agca 6c 07osz: ///rsjeAou P/re l/OO 3ay 7a/s Cot.2__ Stcam Pgess, 7/3.6 ByGAo* o' Cot 3 r C.2S 7 033 / /.049 0.364 0.556 # -/o 0/87 O.J-O /.536 n 7.330 7.496 /./7B ** -O.S- 0/90 LsA/Gr// 02- P/rr /tv/ccr 2o 4o C<3t <2 J/oo V /. 2. 24* /sso /.0O 2/2S /i -7.670 2.036 7.023 0:0 O. /93 60 7 290 z 3 076 2 2:067 3.346 5.7/0 03 o/7r 30 7.720 3 3 767 2267 4.766 6/07 7.3 o.zo/ 700 7.000 4 4.3fo 3 3.066 7373 //./B5 2.3 O 207 /zo O 9/2 S 4:363 3i 3.540 7607 /6.705 ' S3 - 0.223 . 7*0 0.04/ 6 3323 4 4.026 72730 2563/ 70.3 0.243 760 O. 793 7 X7SX 4i 4.506 75.747 32.734 7S3 0 270 730 0.74/ 3 6/42 4. 4047 20. oo6 43.7/9 20.3 0 290 Zoo O. 7/0 /o 6.773 6 6o6S 70.006 77762 3o. 3 0 326 2S0 0.632 72 7434 7 7043 33.743 706.273 40.3 0.3SB 300 O.S78 74 0.733 3 7.76/ 5aoZ7 749332 So 3 a 333 350 O.S38 76 0.7oo 9 3.94/ 62736 20/355 60.3 0.4/S 400 O. SOO 20 772? /O 70.020 78834 27Z.57Z 743 0.4S2 4SO 0.477 24 70.6SS /2 23 77. 409' 74 77.000 7/3.076 437.403 \ 73.2SO /37.3&0 566.675 700.3 72S3 O.S07 OS'S7 . SOO 0.44? 600 0.407 32 40 4a 40 7SO 320 430 /2 304 73746 74069 79.444 27-5/z /6 75.750 /BZ 65} B/6.374 7SO. 3 Column 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 = lb. of steam per minute that will flow through a 7/S3 straight pipe for a given condition. . trample.--1 oz. drop -- 2 in. pipe Zoo. 3 -- 1.3 lb. press. -- 100 ft. equivalent length: 0.603 0.64S G63S 2.175 X 3.710 X 0.201 Xl = 1.62191b. per mini 1.6219 X 60 X 4 = 389.3 sq. ft. equivalent radiation. 700 ' 0 373 600 0,3X4 foo -0.333 7006 O. 3/6 7200 0.239 33?o3 Table 1 does not allow for entrained water in low-pressure steam, condensation in covered pipe and roughness in com 47-65Z mercial pipe as found in practice. ----------------------------------------------------------:----------------------------------------------- 7SOO 2000 0.2S3 0.224 *1 lb. per sq. in. gage = 2.04 in. Vacuum, Mercury Column. 90 Chapter IH--Steam Heating Systems and Piping ter hammer, or stofe water in some parts of the system. The velocity 'Twhich such disturbance takes place depends upon the size of the pipe, >C location (whether, vertical or horizontal), its pitch and the quantity of water flowing counter to the steam. Unusual Conditions Under this heading are the character and class of the building, the periodicity of use aiid the degree of normal temperature to be attained at the beginning of each period of use. In public buildings, schools, offices, places of assemblage, and such buildings (where the occupants are normally at rest) the building should be heated to its required temperature at the beginning of each period of use. In some buildings (especially offices, schools and public buildings), the time between heating periods is relatively short; whereas in others (such as churches, theaters and places of assemblage), these periods are comparatively long. In other buildings, where the occupants are moving about it is not always necessary for the building to be heated to the required temperature at the beginning of its period of use. In all cases heat given off by machinery, occupants and illumination, also the heat absorbed by the contents of the building should be taken into account. GENERAL DATA ON PIPE SIZE TABLES The following Tables 1 to 20 have been compiled for use in designing all types of steam heating systems, and may be used, by those experienced in the profession, with satisfactory results. The following general principals should be followed: 1. The initial pressure should not exceed 16 oz. gage. 2. It is recommended that the drop in pressure in the mains and riser to the farthest radiator should not exceed I oz. per 100 ft. of straight pipe or its equivalent length, with a lower rate of drop for systems with long runs.* . 3. In small installations, such as residences, where the longest actual runs is seldom over 200 ft. and where the firing periods extend over several hours, resulting in boiler pressure, fluctuating from zero to about 1 lb., the total pressure drop should not exceed 2 oz. for gravity systems. In large buildings, where boilers are under the constant care of a fireman and a uniform pressure is maintained, and where the water line dif ference will permit, the total drop in pressure may range from 3 to 8 oz. depending upon the equivalent length of the longest run. 4. The total allowable drop in pressure depends upon (a) the water line difference, (6) the equivalent length of main and riser from the boiler to the farthest radiator, and fr) the regularity of the pressure maintained at the boiler or source of steam supply. 5. The water line difference or distance between the water fine of the boiler and the low point of steam main and dry return main should be not less than 24 in., because of the heavy drop in pressure from condensation in heating up a cold system. This difference should be increased 2 in. for every ounce pressure drop in the system. If the total pressure drop were 6 oz., the water line difference should be 6 X 2 + 24 or 36 in. 6. There should be a nearly uniform drop in pressure between the source of steam supply and the farthest radiator on every riser. Care should be taken however, to see that the maximum allowable velocity for smooth operation is not exceeded. 7. In using this method of proportioning a system, care must be exercised to see that no pipe carrying condensate counter to the steam, is loaded to a capacity above the maximum for the particular part of a system in question as shown in Tables 4,5 and 8 *This rule applies only when the amount of radiation on any riser does not exceed the values in Tables 4 and 5. . . 91 < ffl zo < -J Ed Pi . > O Euo wu -J CL >Ed a ZD< tKEod Zo d2. P <z f0d5 ciDnn (d C0L5 cs Ed *< Ed oi American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 SSSOa. . - CS ro Tj< IO PIPE SIZE . . 868 1 Ml 96 1 .?ii k X*n cs %f*} fa &. r-. *(N fa & u S q.Ft 28 39 56 Velocity F t. per Second Sq.Ft. r-- sO 00 10 cs 1_22 1 173 s Velocity F t. per Second 30 fa* V s s to CS >H* . j ; Velocity | F t. per Second 134 J190 24 269 34 C; s W) fO CS iO fa 3 < Velocity F t. per Second Velocity F t. per Second Velocity , F t. per | 1 Second S q .F t. Velocity Ft. pei Second T* CS <0 193 ! 318 S81 . 869 23 1 449 24 822 30 1228 33 386 1163 42 1737 50 -.1645 2457 r-- 00 <0 S rT>f CsOO rC--S fOt' C>S (> lcTOsof 010 ro In. O10' sO so t--o* > rf CS s5 KO' fsNO. rfO- cs 28 212 38 329 42 668 53 1100 62 2014 3009 111 35 245 43 380 49 1270 2326 85 3474 124 37 425 .55 863 69 1421 80 2600 95 3884 109 In. sO Tt< OO'' r-- s CmS *000 s IO- ,irn> IN 00 O CS Tt* 136 300 147 324 157 47 346 387 52 56 68 rvOo> OO 945 ,. 1020 70 1091 79 1220 1556 88 2848 118 83 1681 95 3077. 4596 128 89 1797 102 3289 1 122 ! 4913 136. 1 1 ! 2009 3677 135. 5493 151 192 424 659 87 1336 ! 2201 .125 4028 148 6017 208 458 94 1443 118 2377 134 4351 164 6500 180 223 490 1 86 760 1543 126 2541 1 144 4651 175 6948 ' 91 COSv 0cc0sv 3 8 CS 249 548 96 850 1806 148 2841 24 82 106 931 124 154 3113 5200 196 7768 215 5697 2.15 8510 j V> | *01 | 0681 009 109 OCS Hes s Cd fa fa -- fa i CM *OO 0 '8 /> ' fa jii i5s01 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping Sq. F t Velocity F t per Second 1229 26 r-- m 1738 | Velocity F t per Second 2273 29 3214 j Velocity F t per Second 3731 5276 35 49 Sq. Ft. Velocity Ft. per Second 7766 10,983 Sq. F t VFetlopceitry Second 14,172 Sq. F t Velocity F t per Second 22,746 52 32,168 Velocity F t. per Second 42,470 62 60,061 OOOO OOO sO OO CCS s 8 S CS IOn CS rf 3 CS - CS 2457 52 4546 49 7462 15,533 86 28,345 45,492 108 84,940 125 3475 6429 10,553 94 21,967 40,085 140 64,336 152 121,012 fC--S COS' O' 4256 7874 104 12,924 26,904 144 49,094 78,795 184 147,120 220 4914 105 9092 14,924 139 31,066 164 56,689 90,985 212 169,879 252 lO SO . 5494 118 10,165 135 16,685 156 34,733 63,380 224 101,724 240 189,937 280 c0OsO0 fO 8 C- OroO r-- rC-S sO SO 6019 128 11,135 148 18,278 168 204 69,430 244 111,433 264 208,059 308 6501 139 12,027 19,742 41,096 220 264 120,361 224,729 336 `08 961m 00 O CS 6950 148 12,858 21,105 43,934 234 284 128,672 304 240,245 356 7770 14,376 193 23,597 216 49,120 268 89,633 312 143,860 340 268,603 400 8512 182 15,748 212 25,849 232 53,808 288 98,.188 | 344 157,590 372 294,236 436 CrC--OS i sO $ O' SO sO CS CS 9194 196 | 17,009 224 27,920 260 58,120 316 106,056 170,217 404 317,815 sO- 9829 18,184 234 29,848 62,132 340 113,378 394 181,969 428 339,758 2 0 10,989 235 20,331 260 33,371 316 380 126,768 203,448 480 379,861 . 568 24 12,038 249 22,270 280 36,556 332 76,096 412 138,859 484 222,866 520 416,117 1 93 f-- 10O/0* CvtOJS* i I:^ cO J m v 3 s4 T i' Is *3 S <2 S *a 2- 3 ! S P f2 1 6 "S * c ,, = | 1 |S 1 s 1" I cO "S !2 "c>_o"> 18: cV 55 C8 S ta* o *-* ,o*s t 5 JS* ^ a ~ ^ _ 5- 1 I 3d S| f J l l| c 5c "3 2 8 =5 s2 efl ^ =3 g |S J J 'a'a S 1 I ||.i8 1 3 It 5S 3. = ns t g> ** 3 * .8 - 3O" * es *: T3 - i"EA Ua &'ft *3-a 28 IfSS S o"a->Sa"d-2Ba a|55--g 5s0o_3o-S,,-as 8- *jz a5ja -g|^S22 5*4: >cJ? o ">t 3(7-0^`cBtaaCd" B S s *3 -SS 3O fc- ._ a 00 I'a'-- x a . B Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping PIPE SIZES Table 1 gives the numerical value of the fouffactors of the Babcock formula for various sizes and lengths of pipe and various initial pressures and pressure drops. By multiplying together the four factors for any set of conditions the pounds of steam per minute which will flow through the pipe may be found, as illustrated. Table 2 is a basic table giving the theoretical capacities of pipe in square feet of direct cast iron radiation (Based on J4 lb. steam per hour per square foot) and the resulting velocity in feet per second for various pressure drops in ounces per 100 ft. length of pipe or equivalent length and with an initial steam pressure of 1 lb. gage. Table 3 gives the pounds of steam which will flow per minute through standard pipe at 4000 ft. velocity, and the resulting pressure drop in pounds per 100 ft. equivalent length. This table is particularly appli cable to transmission mains and should not be used without particular consideration in designing distribution systems. The capacity of a pipe in any part of a system is limited either by the allowable pressure drop along the pipe, or by the steam velocity through the pipe or both. If condensate, either from radiation supplied or from the pipe itself, is to return counter to the flow of steam the velocity of the steam must not exceed the maximum values given in Tables 4 and 5. Capacities of up-feed, one-pipe risers based upon maximum allowable velocities as determined by the Society's Research Laboratory are given in Table 4. In some cases, the capacities as given.in,the.table, have been cut down from those published by, the Laboratory in order to allow a greater factor of safety. In designing a heating system no up-feed one-pipe riser should be figured to exceed the capacities indicated in this table. Column B gives the velocity, and C the resulting pressure drop in ounces per 100 ft. equivalent length of pipe for the maximum capacities given in Columns D, E, and F, in equivalent square feet of direct radia tion, B.t.u. and pounds of steam, supplied per hour. . Table 5 gives the maximum allowable capacity of up-feed two-pipe risers based upon the Laboratory's findings. Comparing it with Table 4 it will be noted that the capacity of a two-pipe riser is considerably greater than that of a one-pipe riser, a fact which has not been generally accepted in the past. Table 6 gives the length of pipe in feet to be added to actual length of run to obtain equivalent length. . Table 7, Column 2, gives constant for calculating the capacity of pipe for steam at initial pressure other than 1 lb. when the capacity at 1 lb. pressure is known. Column B gives constant for calculating capacity of pipe of length other than 100 ft. when capacity of 100 ft. length is known. In determining the length of pipe used in any system, the actual length must be increased for the various fittings, and values, in deter mining the equivalent length before applying any of the tables given. If it is desired to determine the capacity of a pipe for any other length than 100 ft. or for any initial pressure other than 1 lb. such capacity, may, 95 Courtesy'Crane Company. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 4. . Maximum Allowable Capacities of Up-Feed Risers for One-Pipe Low Pressure Steam Based on A. S. H. V. E. Research laboratory Tests Pipe Size A i' w . 2" ' 2 3' m" 4" Velocity Feet per Second Pressure Drop Ounces per 100 Ft. . B 14.1 17.6 20.0 23.0 26.0. 29.0 .31.0 32.0 c 0.68 0.66 0.66 0.57 0.54 0.48 0.44 0.39 . Sc. Ft. Radiation D 45 98 152 288 464 799 1144 1520 Capacitt B.Lu. per Hour E 10,961 23,765 36,860 69,840 112,520 193,600 277,000 368.000 Lb. Steamjter Hour F 11.3 24.5 38.0 72.0 116.0 199.8 286.0 380.0 Note 1.--Above capacities should never be exceeded on one-pipe risers. Note S.--Capacities based on )i lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. Note S.--All pipe should be well reamed and free from constrictions. Fittings should be up to size. (See Tables 18. 19 and 20.) Table 5. . Maximum Allowable Capacities of Up-Feed Risers for Two-Pipe Low Pressure Steam Based on A. S. 11. V. E. Research Laboratory Tests Pipe Size Velocity Feet per Second Pressure Drop Ounce per 100 Ft. A 3A" r m" iH' 2" iw 3" 3M' 4' B 20 23 27 30 35 38 " 41 42 43 C 1.78 1.5K 1.48 1.33 1.16 0.95 0.81 0.71 . So. Ft. Radiation D 40 74 151 228 438 678 1129 1548 2042 Capacity - B.t.u. per Hour * Lb. Steam per Hour E 9550 17,900 36,500 . 55,200 106,100 164,100 273,500 375,500 495,000 .F 10.0 18.45 37.65 57.0 109.5 169.4 282.2 387.0 510.5 Note t.--Above capacities should never be exceeded on two-pipe risers. Noteg.--Capacities based on yi. lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. - Note 8.--All pipe should be well reamed and free from constrictions. Fittings should be up to size. (See Tables 18. 19 and 20.) . 96 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping t v 6 Length in Feet of Pipe to be Added to Actual Length of Run to Table o. Obtain Equivalent Length Size of Pipe St'd. Elbow Side Outlet Tee Gate Valve Globe Valve Angle Valve Length in Feet to be Added in Run 4 2" iw 3' 3H' V 5" 6" *7' . 8* 9' 10' 12' 14" 5 . 7 10 12 14 18 22 26 31 35 39 47 53 16 20 26 31 35 44 50 55 63 69 76 90 105 2 18 3 25 3 33 4 39 5 45 7 57 9 70 10 82 12 94 13 105 15 118 18 140 20 160 9 12 16 19 22 .. 28 32 37 42 47 52 63 72 Example of length in feet of pipe to be added to actual length of run. NEASUREO LEN6TH. - 13R.-0 u--........a?'-n'___ ,*'6ATE VALVE. T ...... TM---- 4-4 ELBOWS. - 5:0. - 56-0 ~V------------- ! EQUIVALENT LEN6TH - 193 -0' Table 7. Constants for Various Lengths and Initial Pressures Steam Pressure Gage Lb. Constant by Which to Multiply Capacitt op any Pipe tor 1 Lb. Gage Steam Pressure to Obtain Capacity or Same Pipe tor Pres sure in Col. 1 Length op Pipe Ft. Constant by Which to Multtplt Capacitt or 100 Ft. Pipe to Obtain Capacitt or Same Smtn Pipe With Same Pressure, and Length as Given in Col. A . Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. A , Col. B 0 i 2 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 75 ' 100 125 150 175 200 0.92 1.00 1.03 1.11 1.24 1.35 1.45 1.63 1.79 1.94 2.08 2.26 ' 2.54 2.79 3.02 3.23 3.44 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 250 . 300. 350 400 ' 450 500 600 . 700 . , 800 . 900 1000 1400 97 2.240 . 1.580 1.290 1.120 1.000 0.912 0.841 0.793 1 0.741 0.710 . . 0,632 0.578 0.538 0.500 0.477 0.447 ' 0.407 . 0.378 . 0.354. : , 0,333 . 0.316 0.267 American Society o/Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 be found from Table 2 by multiplying the capacities found therein by constants given in Table 7. Example.--What is the capacity of a 140 ft. 4 in. pipe with an initial pressure of 1 lb. and pressure drop of 2 oz. in the 140 ft. ? Solution.--From Table 2 jt is found that the capacity of a 100 f.t. 4 in. pipe with 1 lb. initial pressure and 2 oz. pressure drop, is 3475 sq. ft. Multiplying this value by 0.841 the constant for a 140 ft. length as given in Table 7 gives 2922 the capacity for the given conditions. Example.---What is the capacity of a 100 ft. 4 in. pipe with 2.1b. initial pressure and pressure drop of 1 oz.? Solution---From Table 2, find 2457, the capacity of the 4 in. pipe with 1 lb. initiarpressure and 1 oz. pressure drop. Multiplying 2457 by 1.03 the constant found in Column 2 of Table 7 for 2 lb. initial pressure gives Table 8. Pipe Sizes for One-Pipe, Gravity, Low-Pressure Steam ' Heating System, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to the Farthest Radiator does not exceed 200 ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Pipe Size. Inches Supplt Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped Steam and Condensate flowing in the same direction. AB j. 1 - 56 SCPPLT Risers Up-Feed C 25 45 122 i Fz 190 2 386 m 635 98 152 288 464 3 1163. m 1737 799 1144 4 2457 1520 5 4546 -- 6 7462 -- Branches to Supplt Risers and Radiators Not Dripped Wet Return Main D* 20 55 81 165 260 475 745 1110 2180 \ E 700 1200 1900 4000 . 6700 10,700 -- ....... --- -- -- Dbt Return Main r Radiator Valve Sizes AND Vertical Connections G 320. 670 1058 2300 3800 7000 10,000 -- -- -- 20 55 81 165 -.-- ---- -........ ' Copyright 1927 J \American Society op Heating and Ventilating Engineers Not to be Reprinted With- w* \ Heating and Piping Contractors National Association j out Special Permission Radiator branches more than S ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Col. D. Note 1.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 18, 19 and 20). ," .Note 8.--Capacities based on diameter of standard pipe. lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual Note 8.--Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 6). . . Note 4-.--Where it is necessary to drip a steam main, branch to riser or riser, same should be dripped separately into wet return. . Note 5.--Pitch of pipe'should be not less than least in. in 10 ft. in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators, at 98 Chapter ill--Steam Heating Systems and Piping O=oi the capacity of the 4 in. pipe with 2 lb. initial pressure and a pressure drop of 1 oz- per 100 ft.^ length. ., Table 8 is a pipe sizing table for small one-pipe gravity low-pressure 14 heating systems. This table was designed to meet the requiresteaTM of those laying out small systems where the equivalent length of menfrom the boiler or pressure reducing valve to the farthest radiator is run reater than 200 ft. The capacities are based upon 1 oz. drop in "Assure per 100 ft., equivalent length of run excepting where the maxi- pf m allowable velocity limits the - capacity below this value. The Opacities of supply mains as given in Column B are based upon a pressure d op of 1 oz. per 100 ft. equivalent length. The capacities of up-feed risers as given in Column C are based upon the maximum velocity. The T 1A e 9 Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe, Gravity, Low Pressure Steam, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to v Farthest Radiator does not exceed 200 ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Pipe Sizes Inches A Vi 1 l Vi m 2 3 i'A 4 5 6 Supplt Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped Steam and Condensate Flowing in same Direction Supplt Risers Up-Feed Branches to Supplt Risers and Radiators Not Dripped Return Risers B C D* B 30 122 56 56 26 320 Wet Return Main F 700 122 122 190 190 58 670 .1200 95 1058 1900 386. 386 195 2300 4000 635 635 395 3800 6700 1163 1129 700 7000 10,700 1737 1548 1150 10,000 -- 2457 2042 1700 ----- -- 4546 7462 --------v -- 3150 -- --- ......----........... Drt Return Main Radiator Supplt Valve ... Radiator Return Valve G 320 670 1058 2300 3800 7000 10,000 B 30 56 122 190 386 --... ------------- -------- */ 122 190 386 .. , __ -^ -- ___ .... . 1Q~. f Amebican SoctBTT op Heatoto and Ventilating Enqinbebs 1 Not to bo Reprinted With- wjpyngni, iva/ ^ Heeding and Piping Contractors National Association J out Special Permission *Radiator branches more 'than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Col. Z>. Note 1.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 18, 19 and 20). + Note 8.--Capacities based on yi lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. ' - ' . Note 3.--Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 6.) . Note 4---Where it is necessary to drip a supply main, supply, riser or branch to a supply riser, same should be dripped separately into a wet return or through an adequate seal into a dry return. Never drip a supply pipe into a dry return except through an adequate seal. ': Note 6.--Pitch of pipe should not be less than K in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators, at least % in. in 10 ft. ' . . -` ' .. - 99 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 capacities of branches to risers and radiators are based upon past ex perience and the Laboratory's findings. . Table 9 is for small two-pipe systems, and is similar to Table 8. It gives values for parts of a two-pipe system. It was designed for laying out small two-pipe systems where the greatest equivalent length of run from the boiler to the farthest radiator does not exceed .200 ft. Table 10 is recommended for laying out small vapor systems. Table 11 and 12 were designed for larger one and two-pipe low-pressure gravity steam heating systems, respectively. These tables are based upon a 4 oz. pressure drop from the _ boiler to the farthest radiator and give capacities based upon such pressure drop for equivalent lengths ranging from 100 to 600 ft. These tables can be used for determining the size Table 10. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe, Gravity, Vapor! Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator does not exceed 200 ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Pipe Size Inches Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped ` Steam and- Con densate flowing in same direction. AB X i 56 Supply Risers Up-Feed C 30 56 Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped Return Risers D* E 190 26 450 Wet Return Main F 700 Dry Return Main G 320 m m. 122 190 122 190 58 990 1200 670 95 1500 1900 1058 2 386 2'A 635 3 1163 3H 1737 386 635 : 195 395 1129 1548 700 1150 3000 -- -- 4000 6700 10,700 -- 2300 3800 7000 10,000 4 .5 6' 2457 4546 7462 2042 1700 ......... ............... --..... -- 3150 :------- -- ........--- Different makes of supply and return valves, steam traps and other specialties vary as to capacity, therefore use size as recommended for any particular make. Vertical connections to be of same size as valve and trap used. Return horizontal runout to be not less than & in. --i l., io-w / American Societt or Heating and Ventilating Engineebb \ Not to be .Reprinted With- v<op;Tignc, iv*/ | Heating and Piping Contradon National Association / out Special Permission Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Col. D. tThis table is .for systems which are open to' atmosphere or'operate under slight pressure or partial vacuum without use of vacuum pumps. . . - Note 1.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 18. 19 and 20). " Notes.--Capacities based on lb. condensation per.square foot equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. .. i . . .. . Note S.--Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and .valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 6.) . . . . ,. . . .. . Note 4--Where it is necessary to drip a supply main, supply riser or branch to a supply riser., same should be dripped separately into a wet return. The drip for a vapor or vacuum system' may be taken into a dry return through a steam trap.. . . Note 6.--Pitch of pipe should be not less than \i in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators, at least yi in. in 10 ft. . " 100 .. Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping- of pipe necessary to handle a given amount of radiation, either in a \ main, branch to the riser, riser, or radiator branch. Risers, or branches to risers or radiators, must not, however, be loaded above the maximum capacities for different parts of the system as given in the tables. Tables 13 and 14 are for sizing pipe for vapor systems where the equivalent length of run exceeds 200 ft. Table 13 is for systems up to 400 ft. equivalent length and is based upon a total pressure drop of 2 oz. from the source of steam supply to the farthest radiator. Table 14 is for larger systems where the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of steam supply does not exceed 600 ft. It is based upon a total pressure drop of 4 oz. Risers and branches to risers and radiators should not be loaded above their maximum capacity as given in Columns F and G. . Table 15 is a pipe sizing table for small vacuum pump systems where the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of steam supply to the farthest radiator ranges from 100 to 600 ft. The table is based upon a total pressure drop in the entire equivalent length from steam supply. to farthest radiator of 4 oz. Up-feed risers, branches to risers and radiators should not be loaded beyond the maximum capacities given in Columns H and I. Table 16 is similar to Table 15 and is for larger systems where the equivalent length of run ranges up to 1200 ft. It is based on a total pressure drop of 8 oz. in the entire equivalent length. In designing any kind of a heating system it is well to avoid excessive pressure drop in any part of the system. While under proper design and good workmanship, higher drop may give good results, it is generally not considered good practice to exceed a drop of 1 oz. in 100 ft. equivalent' length. . TYPICAL EXAMPLE Example in the use of the tables for. determining the size of pipe necessary in various parts of tlie vacuum pump system are shown in the accompanying diagram (Page 109): ' The equivalent length of run from the source of steam supply A to the farthest radiator supplied by any supply main (or the radiator on floor g Riser E) is between 600 and 800 ft.--therefore size the entire run according to Column H, Table 16, ob serving-Vote 4 as regards maximum capacity of up-feed supply risers given in Column K. Part of System Section of Pipe Radiation Supplied, Sq. Ft. Pipe Size, Inches Riser E ** Branch Supply Main " . `" p---------------------------------- / tag e to / d to e c to d b to c a to b to Riser E . D to E C to D B to C A to B / . , 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1400 1600 2400 3200 4800 2H 2H 3 3 3H 3H 3H -. 4 5 6 The equivalent length of run from the source of steam supply A to the farthest radiator supplied by riser D is between 500. and 600 ft.--therefore size riser D and its branch, according to Column G observing Note 4 as regards maximum capacity of up-feed risers given in Column K. Note that the maximum allowable capacity of the 101 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping ' Table 11. Pipe Sizes for One-Pipe, Gravity, Low Pressure Steam Heating Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply ' to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. . Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent. Radiation . o Table 12. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe, Gravity, Low Pressure Steam Heating Systems r*TM equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of WH Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. Equivalent Radiation Pipe . Size Inches 1. m ix 2 2X 3 3X 4 Equivalent Length op Pipe pbom Boiler to Farthest Radiator, Including Main and Riser. (See Note 4.) Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped-- Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. Based on 4 oz. Total Pressure Drop 200 Ft 300 Ft. 400 Ft. 500 Ft 600 Ft. 111 245 380 771 1270 2326 3474 4914 9092 14,924 79 173 269 546 898 1645 2457 3475 6429 10,553 65 141 220 446 734 1342 2006 2828 5250 8618 56 122 190 386 635 1163 1737 2457 4546 7462 49 110 165 345 568 1040 1552 2196 4062 6669 46 100 155 315 518 948 1419 2011 3712 6094 Mtxiutm Capacities Supply Risers Up-Feed Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped S*5t' Valves m Vertical Connects^ \ 45 98 152 288 464 799 1144 1520 20 55 81 165 260 475 745 1110 2180 20 55 81 165 Pipe Size Inches X lX 1X 2 2X 3 i'A ,, ____ t or pnB reoM Boileh to Farthest hSJUtoh, Incuronra Main amp Riseb. (S NoM t) Main Dripped and Branches to Risers DrippedS P Steamand Condensate Sowing in same direction 100 Ft Baseb on 4 os. Total Phessuhe Prop 200 Ft. 300 Ft 400 Ft. 500 Ft. 600 Ft. BE 111 79 245 173 380 269 771 1270 546 898 2326 1645 3474 .2457 4914 9092 3475 6429 65 141 220 446 734 1342 2006 2828 5250 56 122 190 386 635 1163 1737 2457 4546 49 110 165 345 568 1040 1552 2196 4062 46 100 155 315 518 948 1419 2011 3712 Supply Risers Up-Feed 30 56 122 190 386 635 1129 1548 2042 Maximum Capacities Branches to Supply Risers ana Radiators Not Dripped Rad. Supply Valves and Vertical Connections 26 58 95 195 395 700 1150 1700 3150 30 56 122 190 386 Radiator Return Valves and Connections K 122 190 386 8 31,066' 21,967 17,935 15,533 13,880 12,682 10 56,689 40,085 32,730 28,345 25,334 23,144 14,924 10,553 8618 7462: 6669 6094: 31,066 21,967 17,935 15,533 13,880 12,682 12 90,985 64,336 52,530 45,492 40,660 37,145 56 689 40,085 32,730 28,315 25,334 23,144 90]985 64,336 52,530 45,492 40,660 37,145 Drt Return Main Wet Return Main Pipe Drt Return Main Wet Return Main Size Inches Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler to Foot of Farthest Riser in Feet Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler to Foor.-or 1 Farthest Riser in Feet. \ Pu*B Size Inches ' Equivalent Length op Run from Boiler to Farthest Radiator in Feet Equivalent Length op Run from Boiler to Farthest Radiator in Feet 100 200 300 400 500 600 100 . 200 300 400 500 600 ! K h M N 0 P <2 R S T U V . W | 100 200 300 400 500 600 100 200 300 400 500 600 i IX 2 460 962 1512 3300 412 868 1362 2960 368 770 1210 2640 320 670 1058 2300 322 579 909 1980 275 480 757 1630 1400 2400 3800 8000 1000 1700 2700 5600 820 700 1390 1200 2180 4520 1900 4000 640 580 1 1080 . 990 j 1570 | 1710 3560 3240 j M i IX ix 2 N' 0 460 - 412 962 868 1512 3300 1362 2960 P 368 770 1210 2640 Q 320 670 1058 2300 R. 322 579 909 1980 S 275 480 757 1630 T 1400 2400 3800 8000 UV 1000 820 1700 . 1390 2700 5600 2180 4520 W 700 1200 1900 4000 X 640 1080 Y 580 990 1710 3460 1570 3240 2X 5450 3 10,000 4900 9000 4380 8000 3800 7000 3300 6000 2770 13,400 9400 7600 6700 5000 21,400 15,000 12,500 10,700 6000 9400 5300 8500 3X 14,300 12,900 11,500 10,000 8600 7200 32,000 22,000 18,500 16,000 14,400 13,200 4 21,500 19,300 17,200 15,000 12,900; 10,700 44,000 31,000 25,500 22,000 19,900 18,300 ^ . iq'vt J American Societt of Heating and Ventilating Engineers \ Not to be Reprinted With . W)pyngni, iy/ ^ Heating and Piping Contractors National Association / out Special Permission Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column 1. _ 2X 5450 3 10,000 4900 9000 4380 8000 3800 7000 3300 6000 2770 13,400 9400 7600 6700 5000 21,400 15,000 12,500 10,700 6000 9400 5300 8500 3X 14,300 12,900 11,500 10,000 8600 7200 32,000 22,000 18,500 16,000 14;400 13,200 4 21,500 19,300 17,200 15,000 12,900 10,700 44,000 31,000 25,500 22,000 19,900 18,300 Copyright, 1927 | American Societt of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1 Not to be Reprinted With- Healing and PifAng Contractors National Association J out Special Permission Note 1.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workman ship have been made. (Also see Tables 18, 19 and 20). `. . . ., Note .--Capacities based on lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual diameter a 'Radiator branches more than g ft. in length should be one size larger than shown in Column I. Note 1.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 18,1'9 ana 20). .' standard pipe. .......................................... .,, . Note S.--Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and valves to determine equivait nNoetezt..----uCaappaacciuiteiessrbaassoeadoonn>4 ilbd. condensation per square ifooti equivalent raadiaution anod actual diameter olf standard pipe. Notes.--Extra length to he added to straight run nf pipe for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length (See Table 6). length. Note 4(S.--eeMTaainbslea6re). to be ... proportioned .. according to the .' equivalent , length of run from the , ., boiler " or source , of l Note 4--Mains are to suppralydia*to--r-s--s--u-p--p'lieJd *by th e be proportioned main. according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. ' . Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in that corresponding Column (B to G) for supply mains (L to 0) for dry return mains; (R to W) for wet return mains for sizing the entire run. Risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to tu .Dstayine equivalent length of run then use figures in that corresponding Column (B to G) for supply mains; (N to 5) for dry return (T to F) for wet return mains for siaing the entire run. ' . Supply and return risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of ran from the boiler or source of supply to the tarthral radiator on each riser. . . farthest radiator bn each particular riser. - .. .. use the figuresin the corre- Determine the distance to the farthest radiator then use the figures in the corresponding Column (B to G) for sizl not exceed amounts'shown in each riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column H. Where nstf --- -- ""w- ou^jyijr user vajjamucB ore iuuuu wueiu cxa ui tuuuuuw auuwu ui vauuuui u , step up to necessary size indicated in capacities are found to be in excess of amounts in Column H, step up to necessary size indicated in that column. I that column. For return risers determine the equivalent length of run in feet from the top of each riser to the boiler then use the figures Note 6.--Where it is necessary to drip a steam main, branch to riser or riser, same should be dripped separatojl 1 Columns (N to S) for ailing each riser. .' into wet return. .. . I l/Y' necessary to drip a supply main or a supply riser or a branch to a supply riser, same should drip separately into Note e.--Pitch of pipe should be not less than H in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators at least Vs I Nofe^F^ ^or a ^em may he taken into a dry return through anadequate seal. " in 10 ft. | f pipe should not less than M in. in 10 ft.; on horizontal branches to radiators, at least Yi in. in 10 ft. 102 J ma American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 * Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping Table 13. Pipe Sizes for Two-Pipe Vapor! Heating Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. '* Capacity in Sq. Ft. Equivalent Radiation Pipe Sum Equivalent Length op Pips from Boileb to Farthest Radutob, Including Main and Riser. (See Note 4.) Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risen Dripped-- Steam and Condensate Sowing in tanw direction. Based on 2 ox. Total Pbessubb Drop 100 Ft. 200 Ft 300 Ft 400 Ft Supoly Risers Up-Feed Maximum Capacities Branches to Supply Risers and Radiators Not Dripped Return Risay AB C D E F G* H ~~ 3A 30 1 79 56 46 39 56 190 ~ 26 450 m 173 122 100 87 122 i H 269 190 . 155 134 190 58 990 95 1500 2 546 386 315 273 386 2)4 898 635 518 449 635 195 3000 395 3 3H 4 5 6 8 10 12 1645 2457 3475 6929 10,553 21,967 40,085 64,336 1163 1737 2457 4546 7462 15,533 23,345 45,492 948 1419 2011 3712 6094 12,682 23,144 37,145 822 1228 1738 3214 5276 10,983 20,043 32,168 1129 1548 700 1150 -- 2042 -- 1700 3150 -- Different makes of supply and return valves, steam traps and other specialties vary as to capacity, therefore use site as Vertical connections to be of same size zontal runout to be not less than X in- Pipe Inches Drt Return Main Equivalent Length of Run pbom Boileb to Farthest Radutob in Fbet . 100 200 300 400 IJ KL M i 355 320 285 248 i)4 745 670 595 520 Wet Return. Main Equivalent Length op Run prom Boiler to Farthest Radutob in Feet 100 200 300 400 s N 0 PQ 1000 1700 700 1200 580 500 990 850 \)4 1173 2 2680 1058 2300 943 2140 822 1880 2700 5600 1900 4000 1570 3240 1350 2800 2)4 4300 3 7800 3800 7000 3470 6250 3040 5480 9400 15,000 6700 10,700 5300 8500 4700 7500 m 4 11,100 16,700 10,000 15,000 8800 13,400 7880 11,700 22,000 31,000 16,000 22,000 13,200 18,300 11,000 15,500 . . 10>7 / American Societt o? Heating and Ventilating Engineers \ Not to be Reprinted Wlth- i^opyngnt, i ^ Heating and Piping Contradcrt National Atsodaiion f out Special Permission Radiator branches more than $ ft in length should be size larger than shown in Column (7. - -. |This table is for systems which are open to atmosphere or operate under slight treasure or partial vacuum without use of vacuum pumps. ' ' ' Note 1.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material of workmanship have been made. ^Also see Tables 18,19 and 20). .. - Note 8.--Capacities based on X lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. - Note 8.--Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. ' (See Table 6). ' .. Note 4.--Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiators supplied by the main. ' Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in that corresponding Column (B to E) for supply mains; (/ to AO for dry return mains; (N to Q) for wet return mains for tiling the entire run. . Supply and return risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of i supply to the farthest radiator on each riser. ' ` ' For supply risers determine the distance from the boiler to the farthest radiator served by that riser then use the figures : in the corresponding Column (B to E) (or siting each supply riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not : exceed amounts shown in Column F. Where supply riser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts shown in Column F, - step up to necessary rise indicated in that column. For return risers determine the equivalent length of run in feet from the top of each riser to the boiler then use the figures in the corresponding Columns (/ to M) for rising each riser. * . Note 6.--Where it is necessary to drip a supply main or a supply riser or a branch to a supply riser, same should drip - - separately into a wet return. The drip for a vapor or vacuum system may be taken into a dry return through a steam trap- :. Note 6.--Pitch of pipe should be not less than X in. in 10 ft; on horizontal branches to radiators, at least X in. in 10 it 104 . PlpE sizes for Two-Pipe Vapor! Heating Systems, where Table U. `l1TM , ENGXH OF Run from Boiler or Source of Supply Equivalent r^tor Exceeds 200 Ft. Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation ---------------- rt- Pn* reoM Boiler to Farthest Radutob, Maximum Capacities Pipe Sob Inches ' 100 Ft. tarn* m2? Dripped and Branch.* to RBerajDnpped- U .team and Condensate Bowing in same direction. Bison on 4 os. Total Phissuhe Dhqp 200 Ft 300 Ft 400 Ft. 500 Ft. AB "H l "uT ~ m in 245 380 "2 2)4 771 1270 3 2326 34 3474 4 4914 5 9092 ~~6 14,924 8 31,066 10 56,689 12 90,985 79 65 173 141 269 220 546 446 898 734 1645 2457 1342 2006 3475 6429 2828 5250 10,553 21,967 8618 17,935 40,085 64,336 32,730 52,530 Das Return Main 56 122 190 386 635 1163 1737 2457 4546 7462 15,533 28,345 45,492 49 no 165 345 568 1040 1552 2196 4062 6669 13,880 25,334 40,660 fiOOFt. Supply Risers Up-Peed Branches to Supply Risen and Radiators Not Dripped / Return Risers 30 46 56 190 26 450 100 122 155 190 58 990 95 1500 315 386 518 635 195 3000 395 948 1419 1129 1548 700 1150 2011 3712 6094 12,682 23.144 37.145 .2042 1700 3150 Different makes of supply and return valve*. steamtraps and other specialties vary as ta capacity, therefore use sire as recommended for any particular make. Vertical connection* to ke of saute tire as salve sad trap peed. Retain hori- zostal raanut to be not less than H in- Wet Return Main Pipe Sits Incues or'Equivalent Length Run from Boiler to Farthest Radiator in Feet 200 Equivalent Length or Run vrom Boiler to Fartheht Radiator in Feet U4 460 412 962 868 368 770 320 670 322 579 275 1400 1000 820 700 590 480 2400 1700 1420 1200 1020 600 860 1512 3300 1362 2960 1210 2640 1058 2300 909 1980 757 1630 3800 8000 2700 5600 2260 4500 1900 4000 1560 3360 1300 2800 2)4 5450 3 10,000 4900 9000 4380 8000 3800 7000 3300 6000 2770 13,400 9400 7600 6700 5000 21,400 15,000 12,300 10,700 5700 9300 4800 7800 3)4 4 14,300 21,500 12,900 19,300 11,500 17,200 10,000 15,000 8600 12,900 7200 32.000 10,700 44.000 22,000 24.000 31,000 26.000 16,000 13,600 22,000 20,500 11.400 15.400 _ I American Societt ov Heatino and Ventilator Enqinerrs \ 1Not to be Reprinted With Copyright, 1**7 ; Heating and Pitting Contractor* National Aeeocialion J ' i t Special Permission -Radiator branches more than 8 ft in lenggrtph Rshnoouliad buec ouincec saiarev larger thaungsuhopwonuionwC.o>lum4ni-I. ., . ._ |This table is for systems which are open to atmosphere or.operate under slight pressure or partial vacuum without use of vacuum PUI/Sr /.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship hove been made. (Abo see Tables 18,19 ana 20). No(et.-~ ................. Note 8.Note 4- . . .. ^Determine equiralent length of run then use figures in that corresponding Column (B to 0) for supply mains; (L to <3) for dry return mainsi\R to W) for wet return mains for siting the entire run. . , , . . . .. ... ^ nf *,, *,* Supply and return risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the F?^Ms^nSi the distance from the boiler to the farthest radiator served by that riser then use the figures ini Uw^oorre- spooding Column (B to (?) for siting each supply riser; providing the amount of radiation for that ns does not Column H. Where supply riser capacities are found to he in excess of amounts shown in Column H, step up to necessaiy size `^ariedni tiiat column. For return risers determine the equivalent length of run in feet from the top of each riser to the boiler then use the figures. in the corresponding Columns (L to (?) for siting each riser. ... .. . j- Note 5.--Where it is necessary to drip a supply main or a supply riser or a branch to a supply riser. same should dnp separately into a weekt return., Tmhe drip ftor a vanoor or a vacuum system may bue takeenr ~in*t"o a dpr retornthroiigh a steam trap. f Note 6.--Pitch of pipe should be not less than X in. in 10 ft.; on homontal branches to radiators, at least in. in.iu it. 105 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 192S Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping Table 15. Pipe Sizes for Vacuum.. Pump Systems, where Equivalent Length op Run from Boiler or Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. . Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Pipe Size Inches Equivalent Length op Pipe feom Bowrr to Fabthest Radiator, Including Main and Riser. (See Note 4.) Supply Main Dripped and Branches to Risers. Dripped-- ' Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. . . Based on 4 oz. Total Pressure Drop** 200 Ft 400 Ft 500 Ft 600 Ft Maximum Capacities Supoly Up-Feed Branches to Supply Risers aoj Radiators Not K Ill IK 245 IK 380 2 771 2K 1270 3 2326 3K 3474 79 173 269 546 898 1645 2457 65 141 220 446 734 1342 2006 56 122 190 386 635 1163 1737 49 110 165 345 568 1040 1552 ' 46 100 155 315 518 948 1419 56 122 190 386 635 1129 1548 -.. 26 ~58~ 95 195 395 4914 9092 3475 6429 2828 5250 2457 4546 2196 4062 2011 3712 2042 14,924 31,066 10,553 21,967 8618 17,935 7462 15,533 6669 13,880 6094 12,682 10 56,689 I 40,085 32,730 28,345 12 90,985 64,336 52,530 45,492 25,334 23,144 40,660 37,145 Pipe Size Inches Riser Main. JK K .M l 1 IK IK IK IK 2 2 2K 2K 3 3 3K 100 Ft L 800 1400 2400 3800 8000 13,400 21,400 32,000 200 Ft. M 568 994 1704 2696 5680 9510 15,190 22,710 Return Mains and Risehs - 300 Ft N 400 Ft. 0 500 Ft. P 462 400 358 810 700 626 1387 2195 1200 ' 1073 1900 1698 4622 7745 4000 6700 3575 5990 12,360 18,490 10,700 16,000 9565 14,300 600 Ft. Q 326 570 976 1547 3256 5453 8710 13,020 Different makes 4 supply and retui valves* steam trap and other specialty vary as to capadij therefore use size recommended for particular maki Vertical connection to be of same sizes valve and trap used Return horizontiij runout to be no than % in. . 3K 4 44,000 3L220 25,430 22,000 19,660 17,910 Copyright 1927 / American Society op Heating and Ventilating Engineers \ Not to be Reprinted With ' \ Heating and PipingContradors National Association / out Special Permission Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should be one rise larger,than shown in Column I. . . is not generally considered good practice to greatly exceed 1 os. drop in pressure in each 100 ft. equivalent length of run nbrtil exceed 1 lb. total pressure drop in any system. ' | Note lr--'These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have beeaDsk! (Also see Tables 18. 19 and 20). . 1 Note t.--Capacities based on K lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard.pipe. * Note 5."--Extra length to be added to straight run of. pipe, for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Tsbkfti Note 4---Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the fartWl radiators supplied by the main. 1 Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in corresponding Column (B to G) for sizing the entire run. , Supply risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiahrj on each riser. Determine the distance to the farthest radiator then use figures in that corresponding Column (B to (?) for Rail each riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column H. Where riser capacities arc fotol to be tn excess of amounts shown in Column H, step up to necessary size indicated in that column. .] Note 6. Return mains mid risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent diatftnne in feet, from farthest-radiator to ^1 vacuum pump; using capacities in that corresponding Column (L to Q) tor sizing pqijrp rpfcurn ri<a>r (fipfnmn J) n.nr| return nmm (Columa]0| The return pine sizes are ccnssruiiiK and are rubjed lo Tension upon lhe completion of pending research interfiptUtoru. . 1 < Nole --Where it is necessary to drip a supply main, supply riser or branch to a supply riser, same should be dripped separately throw a steam trap into vacuum return. Never drip a supply riser into a vacuum return except through a steam trap. 1 Note 7.--Lift fittings. (See page 184). .' Note 8.--Pitch of pipe should be not less than X in. in 10 ft; on horizontal branches to radiators, at least M in- m 10 ft 106 bor Vacuum Pump Systems, where Equivalent Length of Run from Table 16. ^^EOR Source of Supply to Farthest Radiator Exceeds 200 Ft. . Capacity in Sq. Ft. of Equivalent Radiation Pipe Sue Is. lOOFt. 1 157 lK 346 2m 538 1091 1797 3 3289 Ik 4913 4 6950 12,858 21,105 8 43,934 10 80,171 128,672 Equivalent Luegnwgth^or MPiapien rmeoaRBisoeilre. r(Stoee FNaorteth4e.)st Radiatoo, Maximum Capacities SuDDly Main Dripped and Branches to Risers Dripped-- Steam and Condensate flowing in same direction. Based on 8 or. Total Pbesspre Deop** - 200 FL 300 Ft. 400 Ft. E 500 Ft. 600 Ft. 800 Ft. H 1000 Ft. I 1200 Ft. Supply Risers Up-Feed Supply Risers ana Radiators Not Dripped 111 245 92 200 79 173 70 65 56 49 46 56 154 141 122 110 100 122- 26 58 380 771 1270 2326 310 630 1036 1896 269 546 898 1645 240 487 803 1470 220 446 734 1342 190 386 : 635 1163 165 345 568 1040 155 190 315 386 518 635 948 1129 95 195 395 700 ~3474 4914 2838 4022 2457 3475 2196 2006 1737 1552 1419 1548 3106 2828 2457 2196 2011 2042 1150" 1700 9092 7424 6429 14,924 12,168 10,553 5747 5250 4546 4062 3712 9433 8618 7462 6669 6084 3150 31,066 25,364 21,967 19,638 17,935 15,53? 13,880 12,682 56,689 46,288 40,085 35,836 32,730 28,345 25,334 23,144 90,985 74,290 64,336 57,516 52,530 45,492 40,660 37,145 138,381 121,012 107,389 98,500 84,849 75,917 69,671 Pipe Size Inci1ES Riser Main 100Ft. MN U KX 1 'IK Jt1F4/ IK IK 2 2 2K 0 . 1130 1977 3390 5370 11,300 18,925 2K 3 30,230 3 3K 45,200 3K 4 62,180 4 5 109,300 200 Ft, P- 800 1400 2400 3800 8000 13,400 21,400 32,000 44,000 77,400 Return Mains and Risebs 300 Ft 400 Ft ' 500 Ft 600 Ft S00 Ft. 1000 Ft 1200 Ft Q 653 1143 R 568 994 S T u VW 505 462 400 358 326 884 810 700 626 570 1960 3103 1704 2696 1515 1387 1200 1073 976 2400 2195 1900 1698 ; 1547 6533 5680 10,940 9,510 5050 4622 4000 3575 3256 8460 7745 6700 5990 5453 17,460 15,190 13,510 12,360 10,700 9,565 8,710 26,130 22,710 20,200 18,490 16,000 14,300 13,020 35,950 31,220 27,800 25,430 22,000 19,660 17,910 63,200 54,920 48,800 44,720 38,700 34,600 31,500 Different makes of sup. ply and return valves, steam traps and other special, ties vary as to capacity, therefore use size as recom mended for any particular make. Verti cal connec tion to be of same size as valve and trap used. Return horizontal runout to be not less than H in- 5 6 175,100 124,000 101,200 88,000 78,200 71,700 62,000 55,410 50,450 /- ___/ American Societt ov Heating and Ventilating Enuineebs 1 Not to be Reprinted With- copyrtgnt, 1VZ7 ^ .Beating and Piping Contractors National Association / out Special Permission Radiator branches more than 8 ft. in length should he one size Inrger than shown in Column L. ' **It is not generally considered good practice to greatly ezeeed 1 os. drop in pressure in each 100 ft. equivalent length of run nor to ezeeed 1 lb. total pressure drop in sny system. : . . . " Vote /.--These tables apply where pipes are properly reamed. No allowances for defective material or workmanship have been made. (Also see Tables 18, 19and 20). '' .. Note t.--Capacities based on lb. condensation per square foot equivalent radiation and actual diameter of standard pipe. Note S.--Extra length to be added to straight run of pipe, for various fittings and valves to determine equivalent length. (See Table 6). Note i---Mains are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radio(ora supplied by the main. : .. . Determine equivalent length of run then use figures in corresponding Column (B to J) for sizing the entire run. Supply risers are to be proportioned according to the equivalent length of run from the boiler or source of supply to the farthest radiator on each particular riser.. Determine the distance to the.farthest radiator then use figures in that corresponding Column (B to J) for sizing each riser; providing the amount of radiation for that riser does not exceed amounts shown in Column A. Where riser capacities are found to be in excess of amounts shown in Column K. step up to necessary sise indicated in that column. ' Note 6,--Return mains and risers ore to be proportioned according to the equivalent distance in feet, from farthest radiator to the TSparnn Pump; using capacities "in that corresponding Column (0 to W) tor Bizing entire return riser (Column Af) and return main (Column N) Toe return give tieee are coneereative and are subject to revision upon the completion of pending research investigations. , Note 6.--Where it is necessary to drip a supply main, supply riser or branch to a supply riser, same should be dripped separately through a steam trap into vacuum return. Never drip a supply riser into a vacuum return except through a steam trap. i- left fittings. (See page 184). " , f Note 8.--Pitch of pipe should be not less than ft in. in 10 ft.'; on horizontal branches to radiators, at least Ye in. in 10 ft. s 107 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 riser as given in Column K and hot Column G, determines the size of some sections of the riser. Part of System Riser D It U ** ** Branch Section of Pipe /to S e to f d to e c to d b to c o to 6 to Riser D Radiation Supplied, Sq. Ft. 200 300 400 500 600 700 700 Pipe Size, Inches 2 2 2K 2H 2X .3 3 ' Size riser C in manner similar to that used for riser D. The equivalent length of run from the source of steam supply A to the farthest radiator supplied by main BF (or the radiator on floors g riser F) is between 400 and 500 ft.--therefore size the entire run from B to top of riser F, according to Column F, Table 16, observing Note 4 as regards maximum capacity of up-feed supply risers given in Column K. . Part of System Riser F a u a ma "" Branch Main Section of Pipe- Radiation Supplied, Sq. Ft. / tog e tof d to e e to d b to c a to b to Riser F B to F ' 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1400 1600 Pipe Size. Inches 2H 2H 3. 3 3H 3H 4 3K The equivalent length of run from the farthest radiator served by any return main (or that on floor g return riser G) to the vacuum pump is between 600 and 800 ft.-- therefore size entire run according to Column U. Part of System Return Riser C U. II a aa m a" aa m am Branch Return Main *u Section of Pipe g to/ /to to d d to c cXjob b to a to Return Riser G G to H H to I ItoJ J to L Radiation Served, Sq. Ft. 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1400 1600 2400 3200 4800 Pipe Size. Inches K H 1 1. 1 \y< in IX 2 2 2H The equivalent length of run from the farthest radiator served by return riser H to the vacuum pump L is between 500 and 600 ft.--therefore size return riser H accord ing to Column T. Part of System Return Riser H a aa a am a aa Branch Section of Pipe ! to/ / to e e to d d to c c to b 6 to a to Return Riser H s Radiation Served. Sq. Ft. 200 300 400. 500 600 . 700 700 Pipe Size, Inches X X^ X' X X 1 The equivalent length of run from the farthest radiator served by riser / to the vacuum pump is between 300 and 400 ft.--therefore .size that riser according to ColumrtH?. Size the return riser / in a manner similar to that used for riser H. 108 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping Fig. 8 Layout of Vacuum Pump System The equivalent length of run from the farthest radiator served by return main JK to the vacuum pump is between 400 and 500 ft.--therefore size entire run from top of return riser K to J according to Column S. Part gs> ' System Reaturn Riser a Ku am am a aa a mm Branch ' Return Main Section of Pipe t to/ . to Return Riser 'K K to J Radiation Served, Sq. Ft. 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1400 1600 Pipe Size, Inches X 1 1 1 l IX lX RESULTS OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS The Research Laboratory of the American Society, of Heating and Ventilating Engineers has investigated this subject1, and has found the limiting velocity for one and two-pipe risers (that is where all the `Reports by Houghten, Ebin & O'Connell, Transactions, American Society oe Heating and .Ventilating Engineers. Vols. 28-33, inclusive. . " 109 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 condensate returns counter to the steam and where only the condensate from the riser so returns) are given in Tables 4 and 5. Investigation of limiting velocities for horizontal pipe with varying degrees of pitch has not yet been carried to a conclusion but the limiting velocities given in Table 17 are. offered as safe. Further study of the subject may allow them to be increased. Where the velocity of steam is the limiting factor of the capacity of a pipe, care must be taken that this velocity'is not exceeded in any part of the pipe or fittings by a constriction, since the velocity at any one con striction will limit the whole system. For this reason, particular care must be taken to ream such pipe and guard against dope constricting N om ber zof j Rl3 r 4 L_ J____a_______ 0 0Ttpc bottom dfCihunu I1 D"Tioopmt1LiB+uettromc1i1 fToPo ipi1 : of tsltom Point 1 Too ' bottom I | Too Squared Enfom A S % A IT Sr A c_ A c 3* 3 t5 3 A i. <; 33 * & i s. A r> 33 c_ <2 u 12 ftomtd ' j 2 1 i5 i 5 3 3 I 3 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 3 Bounded SmqkwMhltltr 5 if a3 W3 3 Three TV & IS 3 KI D------- j, --D _ >--c--- h--A--6odared Entrance h-- * --H Reamed Cntimncc *--H I&ukoed Entrance ^inolc^Threc WkeelCuttc/? ww jrk=vr RESEARCH LAD ourcau or MINES PATC>CPTttTfT-teMi'tPrntWPAft. HO. Fig. 9. Effect of Reaming Entrance to One-Pipe Risers it at joints. Iron pipe should also be examined for constricting blisters, Fig. 9 and Table 18, from the Laboratory reports show the importance of these factors. N Table 20 shows variation in capacity of a pipe as affected by variation of . size and smoothness of pipe generally found on the market. The maximum and minimum results were obtained by picking out very smooth and very rough pipe from the stock room of a large manufacturer. Free area of valves, unions, and other fittings as found on the market, are not always equal to the inside area of pipe of the same nominal'size. Globe valves show a maximum capacity below that of pipe of the same nominal size. . The maximum capacity of such valves in a hori zontal pipe depends upon whether the stem is vertical or horizontal. Table .19 shows capacities found for valves picked at random from the stock of a large supply house. .* 110 Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping Table 17- Comparative Capacity of Steam Lines at Various Pitches* Pitch of Pipe in Inches per 101 Ft._________`__________ - Pitch or Pipe-- 1 IN. Pipe Site Sq. Ft Rad. > Baaed on 240 B.t.u. - si Sq. Ft Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. > s s Sq. Ft Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. M a x .V e l. M a x .V e l. 1)4 m. 2 IN. 3 IN. Sq. Ft. Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. "3 > 5 S Sq. Ft Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. Sq. Ft > Rad. i. Based on 240 2 B.tu. 4 IN. 5 IN. Sq. Ft Sq. Ft. Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. > 1 2 Rad. Based on 240 B.tu. 5 2 12 30.3 14 37.3 18 40.4 19 42.5 20 46.1 21 47.5 22 49.3 23 12 52.6 15 63.0 17 70.0 20 75.2 22 83.0 23 87.9 25 90.2 26 18 117.2 20 133.0 23 144.5 25 154.0 27 165.0 28 172.6 29 178.2 31 18 159.0 21 181.0 23 196.5 25 209.3 27 224.0 28 234.8 30 242.6 31 r 236.0 19 263.5 20 299.5 23 325.5 25 346.5 27 371.5 28 388.4 29 401.1 30 Table 18. Effect of Reaming Entrance to One-Pipe Risers* See Fig. 9 Maximum Capacity of Riser Reamed entrances........ ....................... Rounded entrances.. -............ ........ ..... - Squared entrances................. ............... Three wheel cutter............................... Single wheel cutter................... ........... 24.7. lb. per hr. 23.9 lb. per hr. 22.2 lb. per hr. 19.2 lb. per hr. 17.6 lb. per hr. Per Cent Decrease 0.0 3.2 10.1. 22.2 28.7 Table 19. Results of Tests on Angle and Globe Valves* Nominal Size of . Pipe . In. x i 1M IX Area of Pipe Sq. in. 0.537 0.835 1.459 1.927 Area Valve Seat Opening Sq. In. Per Cent of Area of Pipe 0.4418 0.822 1.258 1.773 82.2 98.4 86.2 92.2 Maximum Pipe and Valve 9.68 22.10 30.00 46.13 Capacity Pipe Alone Per Cent of Capacity OF Pipe Alone 13.52 23.30 47.5 68.5 71.6 95.0 63.1 67.4 Nominal Size In. . X' i m 1H Valve Stem--Vertical Capacity of Pipe and Valve Lb. per Hr. 1.38 7.73 13.20 18.81 Per Cent of Capacity of Pipe Alone 11.8 35.7 31.2 33.0 Valve Stem--Horizontal Capacity of Pipe and Valve Lb. per Hr. 8.83 14.06 22.88 32.00 Per Cent of Capacity of Pipe Alone 76.3 66.1 54.3 56.7 Table 20. . Per Cent Difference in Capacity Due to Variation of Pipe Size and Smoothness* Maximum Condensation, Lb. per Hr. Capacity of Pipe...... Minimum. Maximum__ Per Cent Variation X" 14.00 15.20 8.6 1" 24.89 30.08 20.8 IX' 45.42 52.08 14.7 IX' 70.50 82.00 16.3 Data from American Society op Heating and Ventilating Engineers Research Laboratory. Chapter HI--Steam Heating Systems and Piping American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928- Chapter III--Steam Heating Systems and Piping wrew-ve TYPICAL CONNECTIONS TO MANIFOLD COILS OF MOT OVER 8 PIPES TYPICAL CONNECTIOMS TO MANIFOLD COILS HAVING MORE THAN S PIPES. 13 Typical Connections to Manifold Coils Having More Than 8 Pipes STEAMCONNECITON R'eturn. Cowicctionf Y> Blast Cols . ..... Fig. 15. Return Connections to Blast Coils 115 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 COmtCTMTO TO STOWdTAJIK with oaawwHeATinG cat. Fig. 16. Connections to Coils in Tanks 116 Chapter IV HOT WATER HEATING SYSTEMS AND PIPING THE feature which distinguishes hot-water heating systems from all other types is that water serves as the medium by which heat is conveyed from the heater to the radiators. Water has a large capacity for heat and for that reason it is w.ell suited to perform the service of conveying heat. The design of a hot-water heating system should include the radiators, the heater or heaters, and the piping system. These three subjects will be considered in the order named. RADIATION To proportion the radiation it is necessary to know the quantity of heat, i.e., the number of B.t.u. which are lost in a unit of time by the room or space in which the radiator is to be located and which must be replaced by the heat dissipated by the radiator so that the room or space may remain at the desired temperature. The methods of determining the heat losses from a building or part of a building are explained in Chapter I. Knowing the number of B.t.u. which a particular radiator is to dis sipate (see Chapter II), it is necessary to assume the temperatures at which the water is to enter and to leave the radiator. Having done this, it is customary to assume that the mean of these two temperatures is the average temperature of the water in the radiator. For example, if the water is to enter the radiator at a tempearture of 200 deg. and to leave it at a temperature of 180 deg., it is assumed that the average temperature of the water in the radiator is 190 deg. If, in this case, the average room temperature is to be 70 deg., the average difference of the temperature of the water in the radiator and of the air surrounding the radiator is 120 deg. This temperature difference, water to air, is used as the basis for the design of the radiator. The transfer of heat from the radiator to the surrounding space takes place partly by radiation, partly by convection, and partly by conduction. The quantity of heat dissipated by a radiator pier square foot of surface, per hour, and per degree of temperature difference, water to air, is the heat dissipation coefficient of the radiator. This coefficient is generally represented by the letter k. A little reflection will convince the reader that the value of k, for a given type radiator, must decrease as the length of the radiator is increased, as its height is increased, as the number of columns in the radiator are increased, and as the temperature difference, s.,?ap,t?r "P*111? prepared for The Guide by F. E. Giesecke, Director. Engineering Experiment station. University of Texas, Austin. Texas. . 117 X te-. of andAmerican Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 40 60 BO too tzo 140 160/00 Temp. 7?iff., Water to Air . Fig. 1. Heat Dissipation Coefficient--K--of a 38-in., 3-col. 20 sec. Hot Water Radiator as Determined at the University of Illinois water to air, is decreased. The writer conducted a series of tests in the laboratory of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois, to determine the values of k for a 38-in., 3-col., 20-sec. radiator, when the temperature difference, water to air, varied from about 55 deg. to about 145 deg., and when the water entered the radiator through the upper tapping and was discharged through the lower tapping. The results of this series of tests are shown in Fig. 1. Using the values of Fig. 1 as a basis and assuming that the heat dissipation coefficient of a hot water radiator varies with the height of the radiator and with the number of columns of the radiator in sub stantially the same manner in which the heat dissipation coefficient of a steam radiator, varies, as determined by Professor Allen and other investigators, Fig. 2 shows the values of k for the most common types of hot water radiators. It can be used to determine the size of the radiator when the type of the radiator to be used, the average temperature difference,, water to air, and the quantity of heat to be dissipated per hour by the radiator are known. Fig. 2. 40 GO 80 /OO JZO /40 /60 /SO Temp. 17iff., Water to Air Suggested Values for the Heat Dissipation Coefficients--K-- of Various Types of Hot Water Radiators . 118 Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping example, if a 38-in., 3-col., radiator, located in a room having a tempera ture of 70 deg., is to dissipate 12,000 B.t.u. per hour, a 100-ft. radiator must be selected if the average water temperature in the radiator is 160 deg-i whereas we may use a 70-ft. radiator if the average water temperature is 190 deg., or a 60-ft. radiator if the average water tem perature is 205 deg. It will be shown in the discussion of the design of the pipe system, that a decrease in pipe sizes results in an increase of friction, in an increase in the difference of the temperatures of the water in the flow and return risers, and consequently, in a decrease in the average temperature of the water in the radiator. It is evident from the preceding discussion of radiator design that any economy which may have been effected by reducing pipe sizes will be offset in part, and may be totally offset, by the increased sizes of the radiators, particularly as the cost of a hot-water heating system is frequently based on the total radiation surface. To illustrate the use of the diagrams of Fig. 2, let it be required to find the size of the radiator to be used if 8000 B.t.u. are to be dissipated by a 38-in., 3-col. radiator when the average temperature difference, water to air, is 170 -- 70, or 100 deg. The value of k for this case, from Fig. 2, is about 1.34. The total surface required is 8000/1.34 or 60 sq. ft. _ HEATER To determine the heater it is necessary to know the quantity of heat which is to be transmitted to the water in the heater, and whether hard coal, soft coal, gas, steam, or electricity is to be used for heating the water. The engineer designing a hot water heating system does not, as a rule, design the heater. He simply selects a heater suited to his needs from those available on the market. In selecting a heater for large installations, it is generally desirable to install at least two heaters, so that if one should fail the other will be available. When two heaters are installed, it may be advisable to select them of different sizes, the larger one haying a capacity about 75 per cent greater than the smaller heater. If this is done, the heaters should be selected of such sizes that both may be used during extremely cold weather and the smaller or the larger during milder weather, depending on the outside temperature so that, at all times, the heating plant may be operated at a fairly high efficiency. There is frequently an advantage in having the two heaters of the same size so they may be interchangeable. This arrangement is very satisfactory, especially in the colder climates, if each heater is made of a size sufficient to carry about two thirds of the maximum load. ' PIPING SYSTEM DESIGN To design the piping for a hot water heating system many factors must be considered. For any given combination of heater and radiator, several different systems of piping may be designed so as to secure suc cessful and satisfactory operation of the system. . There is only one general rule for the design'of pipe systems that is applicable in all cases. It is this: When the healing system is functioning 119 s American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 . at a uniform rate, that is when, in a given time, the radiators dissipate exactly the same quantity of heat that is delivered to the water in the heater, and when, consequently, the water in the system is circulating with a uniform velocity, the friction head in every circuit leading from the heater to a radiator and back again must be exactly equal to the pressure head for that particular radiator, i.e., to the pressure head which tends to make the water flow from the heater to that radiator and back again, along the circuit referred to previously. . Before applying this general rule to the design of a piping system, it is necessary to assume: 1. The maximum temperature of the water leaving the heater when the outside temperature is the minimum for which the system is to be designed; 2. The drop in the temperature of the water while it is flowing through the radiator. 3. Whether the circulation of the water in the system is to be effected by gravity or by circulating pumps. 4. The arrangement of the piping connecting the heater with the several radiators. These four preliminary steps will be discussed in the order named. MAXIMUM WATER TEMPERATURE . For some time it has been customary to select 180 deg. as the maximum temperature of the water leaving the heater. With this maximum temperature and a temperature drop of 20 deg. through the radiator, the average water temperature in the radiator will be 170 deg. If the temperature of the room is to be 70 deg., the temperature difference, water to air, will be 100 deg. The corresponding value of k for a 38-in., 3-col. radiator is 1.34 and the heat dissipated by the radiator per square foot per hour is 134 B.t.u. A steam radiator of similar size and design and supplied with, low pressure steam will dissipate about 210 B.t.u. pier square foot an hour. Under these conditions, a. hot water heating system would require about 210 sq. ft. of radiation for every 134 sq. ft. . required by the steam heating system. The first cost of the hot water system would, consequently, be considerably higher than that of the corresponding steam system. This higher first cost of a hot water system is frequently the cause of the installation of a steam system. If, on the other hand, 220 deg. is selected as the temperature of the water leaving the heater, the average temperature of the water in the radiator will be about 210 deg., practically the same as that in low pressure steam radiation, and the total radiation required for the hot water system will be about the same as that required for the corresponding steam system. The cost of the pipe system for hot water is probably a little higher than the cost of the pipe system for steam, but the cost of valves and traps for a steam system is higher than the cost of the valves for a hot water system, so that, finally, the cost of a hot water heating system. will not be higher, and is frequently lower, than the cost of a corresponding steam heating system, if the maximum temperature of the'water is selected sufficiently high. . The selection, of 220 deg. as the maximum water temperature is entirely proper because the minimum outside temperature for which.the heating system is.designed and for which the heat losses are calculated, occurs only a few times in any one year and perhaps never in some years. 120 . , . Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping Consequently! it is very seldom and in some years never necessary to heat the water to the assumed maximum temperature. If 220 deg. is selected as the maximum temperature, it is necessary to provide sufficient pressure of the water in all radiators and in the entire pipe system so that the water will not boil at that temperature. This can be accomplished easily in all closed systems and also in all open systems. In the latter case, it is only necessary to place the expansion tank at a sufficient altitude above the highest point of the heating system. For example, if the expansion tank is located 10 ft. above the highest point in the system and if the expansion tank riser is filled with 200 deg. Fig. 3. An Illustration of the Variation, with the Outside Temperature, of the Required Maximum Water Temperature in the Heating System water when the flow risers carry 220 deg. water, the pressure at the highest point of the heating system will be about 4.2 lb. per sq. in. The corresponding boiling point is about 226 deg. and there would be no danger of boiling the water in the heating system at 220 deg. In such cases the expansion tank riser should be connected to the return main. Precautions must always be taken to prevent freezing of the water in the expansion tank or in the expansion tank riser. ^ Having assumed the maximum temperature of the water for the minimum outside temperature, the. required maximum temperature of the water for any other outside temperature may be found as follows: . If 220 deg. is selected as the maximum temperature of the water when the minimum outside temperature is -10 deg., if the inside tem perature is to be 70 deg. and the temperature drop through the radiator is to be 20 deg., if R represents the total radiation in square feet, and if it k assumed that the total heat losses are proportional to the temperature uinerences, inside and outside, the total heat loss will be 1.52 R (210 - 70) 121 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 or 212.8 R. In this calculation, 1.52 is the value of k for a 38-in., 3-col. radiator. When the maximum water temperature is 180 deg., the total heat loss will be 1.34 R (170 -- 70) or 134 R. Similarly, when the maxi mum water temperature is 140 deg. the total heat loss will be 69.6 R. Since a heat loss of 212.8 R corresponds to a temperature diffetence, inside to outside, of 80 deg., heat losses of 134 R and 69.6 R, correspond, respectively, to 49 deg. and 25.5 deg. of temperature differences. Con sequently, the two assumed maximum water temperatures correspond, respectively, to outside temperatures of 21 deg. and 44.5 deg. From such data, a curve like that shown in Fig. 3 may be constructed and used to determine the maximum water temperature for any given outside temperature. . Such a curve will, however, not show the correct water temperatures for all times heat loss of buildings depend to a considerable extent upon the direction and velocity of the wind. The values shown by the curve must, therefore, be modified from time to time by the operating engineer according to the character of the wind prevailing at that particular time. TEMPERATURE DROP THROUGH THE RADIATOR For any given radiator, the,drop in the temperature of the water as it flows through the radiator is determined by the quantity of water flowing through the radiator in a given time. For example, if a radiator is to dissipate 10,000 B.t.u. per hour with a temperature drop of 10 deg., it is necessary that 1000 lb. of water flow through the radiator per hour. If, on the other hand, the temperature drop is to be 20 deg., only 500 lb. of water must flow through the radiator per hour. If, in both cases, the same size pipe is used, the velocity of the water must be twice as high in the former case as in the latter, and since the friction of water in pipes varies almost as the square of the velocity, it follows that the friction head is almost four times as great in the former case as in the latter. If, in both cases, the friction head must have a fixed value-- the same as that of the available pressure head, jt is evident that the temperature drop through the radiator decreases as the pipe sizes are increased. It was shown above that the required size of the radiator decreases as the temperature drop through the radiator decreases. Reducing the temperature drop through the radiator, then, decreases the sizes of the radiators but increases the sizes of the piping; in other words, it decreases the cost of tlje radiators but increases, the cost of the piping. There is, consequently, an optimum temperature drop through the radiators for every installation which carries with it the lowest cost of installation. This optimum temperature drop can be determined by a few trial calculations. As a rule, such calculations are never made; the temperature drop is selected arbitrarily. A temperature drop of from 20 to 30 deg. is common and generally quite satisfactory. THE MOTIVE FORCE ' Whether gravity circulation or forced circulation is to be adopted for any particular installation is generally evident from the nature of the case. In almost all residence systems and in a good many installations in 122 Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping . larger buildings, gravity circulation is entirely satisfactory and should be adopted because its operation is much more simple and also cheaper than that of forced circulation. For installations which are too large to function well as gravity systems and for all general heating systems which serve a group of buildings, forced circulation should be adopted. The optimum velocity of the water in forced circulation systems is subject to calculation. As the velocity is increased, the size, and therefore also the cost, of the piping and radiation is decreased but the cost of the pump and the cost of operating the pump-are increased. As a general rule, a velocity of from 6 to 10 ft. per second will be found satisfactory. In gravity circulation systems, the velocity of the water generally varies from about 1 to about 6 in. per second. ARRANGEMENT OF PIPING Having determined the location of the heater and the locations of the several radiators, there are a large number of different ways in which the piping can be arranged to connect the heater and the radiators so as to secure an entirely satisfactory operation of the system, provided the radiators and the several pipes of the system are of correct size so that, in every case, the pressure head for every radiator is exactly equal to the friction head in the circuit of that radiator, when the system is operating at a uniform rate and when each radiator is dissipating its correct quantity of heat. . . Fig. 4 shows a very small heating system consisting of a heater, located in the basement, two radiators on the first floor, and two on the second floor. Ten different methods of connecting the heater to the radiator for this small system are shown.- It is evident that, the ten methods shown are not the only methods which could be used. It is also evident that for a larger heating system, a larger number of different methods of connecting the heater to the radiators exist. Several attempts have been made to assign distinctive names to the several methods or types of piping for hot water heating systems. The result is not satisfactory because it is possible to have so many variations of each typical method or system of piping. The following definitions, supplemented by the illustrations of Fig. 4, will serve to describe the more common general types of piping: 1. A one-pipe system is one in which the water flows through more than one radiator before it returns to the heater. 2. A two-pipe system is one in which all water returns to the heater after it has passed through one radiator. In a two-pipe system all radiators are supplied with water at the temperature at which the water leaves the heater, neglecting the slight cooling which takes place in the pipe leading from the heater to the radiator. Systems 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Fig, 4 have one-pipe mains and two-pipe risers. Systems 7 and 8 have two-pipe mains and one-pipe riser. Systems 5, 6, 9, and 10 have two-pipe systems throughout. 3. An Over-head distribution system is one in which a main flow riser extends from the heater to the attic, the distributing main is located in the attic, and the return main in the basement. Systems 7, 8, 9, and 10 illustrate this type. '` . 4. An under-foot distribution system is one in which the main flow riser extends only to the basement ceiling, and the main flow line as well as the main return line is located below the basement ceiling. Systems I, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 illustrate this type. 123 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 d . ^i .d --\ c c} " '' \ 15 __ i System 4 . System 5 System 6 Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating.Systems and Piping S H2 5 >IA UH) 3 CO Id (/> to O(x. H<Id 06 X ffl as 06 Q 5x oo S z(d H <o 125 Fig. 4. System 10 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 5. A direct-return system is one in which the water is returned to the heater along a direct path, so that the total distance traveled by the water is the shortest feasible distance, and so that there is a considerable difference in the lengths of the several circuits composing the system. 6. A reversed-return system is one in which the water from the several radiators is returned along paths arranged so that all circuits composing the system, or composing major sub-division of the system, are practically of equal length. A reversed-return system is to be preferred to a direct-return system because it is easier to arrange the circuits so that, in every case, the friction head is equal to the pressure head, and because, in starting the system, all circuits of the reversed-return system being to function prac tically at the same time, whereas, in a direct-return system, the longer circuits require considerable more time to begin operating than the shorter circuits. The direct-return system is illustrated by Systems 5, 7, and 9. The reversed-return system is illustrated by Systems 6, 8, and 10. DETERMINING PIPE SIZES Having settled on the arrangement of the circuits for the system, generally by selecting a scheme similar to one of those shown in Fig. 4, it is customary to assume the pipe sizes and, having done that, to calculate the pressure head and the friction head for every circuit. If the two heads happen to be practically equal, the assumed pipe size is the correct one. If there is a material difference between the two, a change is made in the assumed size of the pipe, or of a portion of the pipe, and a new friction head calculation is made. This process is repeated until the correct size has been found. To illustrate the method, let it be required to find the correct size for the pipe of the elementary system shown in Fig. 5. This system is to dissipate 12,000 B.t.u. when the temperature of the water is 200 deg. in the flow riser and 180 deg. in the return riser. The center of the radiator is to be 7 ft. above the center of the heater. The pressure head results from the difference in the weights of two columns of water, 7 ft. high, one having a temperature of 200 deg. and the other one of 180 deg. This difference in weight can be calculated. However, it can be determined more easily from the diagram of Fig. 6. It appears from this diagram that for 200 deg. in the flow riser and 180 deg. in the return riser, the pressure head is 90 milinches per foot of water column. The pressure head for the system is, therefore, 7 X 90, or 630 milinches of water. Table 1. .Elbow Equivalents 1 90 deg. elbow............................. ,......... :.................................... . 1.0 1 45 deg. elbow..............,...-......... ............................................ ....... 0.7 1 90 deg. long turn elbow........................ ........................ ..... 0.5 1 Open return bend....... ........................ .--........................ 1.0 1 Tee......... .................... ...................... . ............... ........ ... . 2.2 1 Open gate valve .............................. ........................ ........... 0.5 1 Open globe valve....................... ........ ......................................... 12.0 1 Angle radiator valve............................................ .................... 2.0 1 Radiator....... .................................. ............................................ .. 3.0 1 Heater. _--............... :........... -...................................................... 3.0 ' These relations are very nearly correct for the low velocities obtaining in gravity circulation; for the higher velocities employed in forced circulation, they are sufficiently accurate because every radiator has practically the same number of valves and tees in its circuit.and is, therefore, affected equally by any variation from the ratios given above. ' 126 Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping In other words, the pressure head causing circulation in the system is the same as that produced by a column of water jj'g in. high. This calculation shows clearly that the motive force involved in gravity circulation hot water, heating is very small and that great care must be taken to adjust the friction heads to the pressure heads when the water can flow along any one of several available circuits. To calculate the friction head in the circuit, we note, first, that the circuit consists of 22 ft. of pipe, 3 elbows, 1 heater, and 1 radiator; and, second, from Table 1, that the frictional resistance of 1 heater and 1 radiator is, for each, equivalent to the frictional resistance of 3 elbows. Consequently, the friction head of the entire circuit is equal to that in 22 ft. of pipe and 9 elbows. Assuming, now, that 1-in. pipe is to be used, 127 S S American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Tempcrature or Water in Flow Buck Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping the friction heads in the pipe and- in the elbows can be calculated by known formulae, or, they can be determined more readily from the diagrams of Figs. 7 and 8. It will be noted from Fig. 7, that for a Fin. pipe, for 12,000 B.t.u. per hour, and' for a temperautre drop of 20 deg., the friction head is 18 milinches per foot of pipe and 35 milinches 128 129 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Fig. 8. 20Friction Heads, in Pipes and Elbows, for a deg. Temperature Difference of the Water in the Flow and Return Lines per elbow. Incidentally, we note also that the velocity will be about 5 in. per second. . The total friction is, therefore, ' 22 X 18 = 396 ' 9 X 35 = 315 711 milinches. 130 ... Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping As this is slightly more than the available pressure head of 630 milinches, a Tin. pipe is a trifle too small. However, the difference between the calculated friction head and the available pressure head is so small that the Tin. pipe can safely be used. If a l}4"`n- P>Pe were, used, the pressure head would be 22 X 5 = 110 , 9 X 11 = 99 209 milinches, or less than one-third of the available pressure head. Consequently, a lJ4-in. pipe would be entirely too large. ' The calculation shows how easily friction head calculations can be made. . For more complicated installations, the calculations are more complicated, but in all cases, they are fairly simple. More detailed instructions than can be given here for such calculations may be found in text books and in magazine articles. EMPIRICAL RULES ' A very great demand exists for empirical rules or tables by means of which pipe sizes for hot water heating systems can be determined accord ing to the radiation which the pipe is to serve and without the necessity of friction head and pressure head calculations. It is not possible to prepare such tables or rules which would have any degree of accuracy. ' For example, in the elementary heating system shown in Fig. 5, a Tin. pipe is practically the correct size. If the radiator were placed about 10 or 14 ft. above the heater instead of 7 ft., a 1-in. pipe would be entirely too large; or, if the radiator were placed at a considerably greater distance, from the heater so that the number of elbows and the length of the pipe of the circuit were increased materially, a 1-in. pipe would be too small. So in this simple case, under different circumstances, a J^-in. pipe, a 1-in. pipe, or a 1^-in. pipe would be the correct size to select. In the 10 types of pipe systems shown in Fig. 4, it is quite evident that no empirical rule could be devised which would correctly give the pipe sizes to be used in every one of the ten cases shown there. There are a number of empirical rules, however, contained in the Catalogue Data of the various manufacturers of hot water heating apparatus which may be used with success if properly applied to such ordinary problems as these manufacturers have found them applicable to where the runs are not long and the various branches of the system can be fairly well equalized as to length of run and amounts of radiation, these practical rules, when applied to residences and other relatively small buildings of ordinary ceiling lengths, prove quite successful. There are also a number of practical suggestions, to be found in these data, as to piping details and different kinds of connections. GRAVITY HOT WATER HEATING* : . FOR SMALLER INSTALLATIONS In the average small hot water heating system such as is used for bungalows, cottages and even the modest sized home or residence, it is 'Compiled by H. L.-Alt, New York.. . ., . ' . ... . ,. .. . 131 y American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. Guide, 1928 Table 2. Areas of Standard Size Pipes of Standard Weight Nominal Sue of Pipe Inches Vi 34 3A 1 1)4 i'A 2 234 3 334 4 5 6 8 10 12 Area of Pipe Sq. In. 0.192 0.305 0.533 0.863 1.496 2.038 3.356 4.784. 7.388 9.887 12.73 19.99 28.89 50.04 78.84 113.10 not usually the case to find much attention given to complicated formulae and curves; this is for the reason that the saving on installations involving only a few hundred dollars is so small as not to justify elaborate engi neering calculation besides which the work itself is generally installed by a competition contractor and no funds are available for which a proper designer could be employed. As a general rule the contractor himself does all the designing which is necessary and he doesn't want to be bothered with any complication which can in any way be avoided. Probably the simplest way of determining hot water pipe sizes in the ordinary small gravity system is the old method of taking the area of each radiator connection or valve and adding these aieas together where the lines join, making the area of combined line practically equal to the sum of all the areas which the line supplies. Thus if a pipe is feeding three radiators, one with a %-in. connection, one with a 1-in. connection and the third with a lj^-in. connection the sum of these areas is as follows: 1 in.......................... 0.863 1% in...................... 2.038 % in...................... 0.533 sq.in. . 3.434 sq. in. Referring back to the table it will be found that the pipe which has practically the same area is a 2-in. pipe which has an area of 3.356 sq. in. For jobs of somewhat larger character where too much refinement is Table 3. 100Square Feet of Radiation Allowable on Risers up to Ft. Height Inches Distance above the Boileb in. Feet 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 n......................... 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 no i..._........................ 70 80 90 100 no 120 130 . 140 1)4.......................... no 120 135 150 160 175 185 200 2iy ............................. 2......................... ............. 180 . 185 300 350 210 400 230 500 250 575 265 625 285 700 300 775 90 .-100 120 150 210 315 825 130 160 225 330 900 132 Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping unnecessary but at the same time closer results than that given in the above are desired, the table given below which takes into the consideration the height of the riser available to circulate the line may be recommended. The risers are then connected up to the mains on the basis of allowing a factor for each size of pipe and then adding these factors to obtain the factor corresponding to the proper size of basement main. These factors are as follows: . . Table 4. Factors for Various Sizes of Pipe in Gravity Hot Water Heating Nominal Size of Pipe Inches A3 l 1)4 IK 2 234 3 3A 4 5 6 8 10 12 ' Factor 5 10 20 30 60 no 175 260 380 650 1050 2250 Thus, if the three radiators previously considered were set and sized as follows; the in. radiator with 20 sq. ft., and located 40 ft. above the boiler; the 1-in. radiator with 40 sq. ft. and set 20 ft. above the boiler and the lj^-in. radiator with 75 sq. ft., and set 10 ft. above the boiler all being on the same riser, the'riser size would be as follows: Riser for 20 sq.ft. radiator 40 ft. above.................................. % in. Riser for 40 sq.ft. radiator 20 ft. above.... ............................. *4 in. Riser for 75 sq.ft. radiator 10 ft. above..................................1)4 in. To combine into one riser take the factors and add; M in....... .-................ 5factor M in........................ 5 134 in....................... 20 Total............... 30 and the factor 30 is equivalent to a lj^-in. riser. Even if these radiators had all been placed on the first floor, (or 10 ft. above the boiler), the riser size of lj^-in. would still have been sufficient for the three or their equivalent in one radiator. This indicates that the method of combining valve areas gives about one pipe size larger than when more accurately figured. AIR SEALED OR CLOSED HOT WATER SYSTEMS* For many years the closed system of hot water heating in some form has been used successfully abroad, but there has been little thought given to and no research work done in connection with the air sealed, system in this country, so that available data is meagre. For design 'Prepared from data submitted by R. H. Feltwell, Philadelphia and H. A. Thrush, Peru. Ind. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Fig. 9. Piping Connections for Closed Hot Water Heating Systems work the engineer, architect or heating contractor, finds little on pipe sizes, etc. . Due to the more rapid circulation of water in an air sealed system SO per cent more radiation cah be supplied than by a gravity connection. Therefore the rules as set forth by F. E. Giesecke, N. S. Thompson and C. A. Fuller in their books on hot water heating can be used to advantage by adding 50 per cent to their formula for house heating. The following table would then be applicable for air sealed hot water system. Table 5. Pipe Sizes and Connections for Closed Systems Amount of Radiating Pipe Size Inches . First Floor Second Floor Third Floor Fourth Floor 34 M 1 134 . .2 30 60 110 165 270 450 . 40 75 120 180 290 525 50 90 135 200 315 600 60 110 150 . 225 350 750 . 134 Chapter IV--Hot Water Heating Systems and Piping ,lfa/n Return ^Separate Return Main Return^ Jfofn 'Return *^*Sepora/e Returns For Soi/ers hov/nq on// one return openina in rear fo//ow at?owe sJiefcfy. This a/sooppiies to Square Soi/ers ty/th one opening. ^RZ-tfain Return ^-Separate Return E/evotion Fig. 10. Connecting Separate Returns to Boiler The piping layout should be designed to conform to the best engineering ' experience of the engineer. It is not necessary except on very small mains to continue the mains full size to the end for they should end two sizes larger than the last radiator they supply. In all cases mains should end in the first floor radiator. Where a riser extends beyond the last first floor radiator the line running out to it should be treated as a lateral. See plan Fig. 9. In each case the lateral leading from'the main need be no larger than the radiator valve it supplies but care should be exercised that allowance is made for the proper distribution of the water to the radiators. Con nections as shown in plan Fig. 9 are recommended, the B connection being used on all first floor radiators except right at the boiler where the A connection can often be used to advantage. The C cdYinection is used on upper floors on the same level to supply two or more radiators from one riser and the D connection is used on risers feeding more than one floor and the style of connection should be used on the different floors of a building where it is desired to extend to a floor above. The area of mains both flow and return must equal or exceed the total area of the valve sizes they are to supply. It is recommended that nearby radiators to the boiler have separate returns and that these return enter the boiler as shown in Fig. 10. Many sealed systems of hot water heating do not function properly on account of lack of air in the air sealed expansion tank. Tank sizes should conform to the amount of water contained in the heating system, and are based on 12J- lb. of water to the gallon, for tank capacity. The 135 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 makers of air sealed tank in basement equipment furnish tank sizes for the different amounts of.radiation as follows: Square Feet of Radiation Gallons 250 to 350........................ 18 350 to 450............................................ 21 450 to 650........................................... 24 650 to 900........................................... 30 900 to 1100............................................ 35 1100 to 1400............................................ 40 Square Feet of Radiation Gallons 1400 to 1600...................................... 54 1600 to 1800...................................... 60 1800 to 2000...................................... 70 2000 to 2400...................................... 80 2400 to 2800..... ....... !......................... 90 2800 to 3000...................................... 110 3000 to 3500........................................ 120 By using the sealed system of hot water heating it has been found that there is a ready absorption of heat by the water, a rapid circulation and uniform distribution of the water in the radiator and the possibility of close regulation depending on the use of the pressure obtained by the expanding water against the air in the sealed tank. The pressures obtained for different temperatures when tank capacities are as outlined are as follows: Outside Temperature 60 deg. 50 deg. 32 deg. 20 deg. 15 deg. 10 deg. 0 deg. -- 10 deg. --20 deg. --25 deg. --30 deg. Temperature of Water Required to Heat Building 100 deg: 120 deg. 140 deg. ; ' 150 deg. 160 deg. 170 deg. 180 deg.. 190 deg. 200 deg. 210 deg. 220 deg. Approximate Position-of the Hand on Pressure Gage At the static head required to fill the system. 1 lb. pressure above static head. 2 lb. pressure above static head. 3 lb. pressure above static head. 4 lb. pressure above static head. 5 lb. pressure above static head. 6 lb. pressure above static head. 7 lb. pressure above static head. . 8 lb. pressure above static head. 9 lb. pressure above static head. 10 lb. pressure above static head. The table also gives the outside temperature and the. corresponding boiler temperature of the water in the radiators necessary to warm to 70 deg., when radiation is figured on the basis of heating rooms to 70 deg. \ 136 Chapter V GREENHOUSE HEATING SYSTEMS GENERALLY speaking greenhouses are heated either by hot water or steam systems, both being used in all forms: gravity hot water; accelerated circulation of hot water, i.e., where there is some circulation due to gravity and an accelerator or impeller is used to accelerate that circulation; forced circulation of hot water; gravity low pressure steam; gravity low pressure steam with return by means of automatic steam pump and return by means of an electrically driven automatic pump; vacuum return systems; high pressure steam systems with high pressure in mains and reduced pressures in the coils in the houses and even in some odd cases by high pressure steam throughout. There are countless modifications of all of these systems. Hot water heating is older, simpler and the more common method in small houses and small ranges of greenhouses. Although the same tables, formulae and other data that are used to estimate the heating requirements of systems in the usual types of buildings are also applicable to greenhouse heating and although the same pumps, traps, regulators, valves and other devices and fittings are used in greenhouses as in other systems, there are many differences that must be kept in mind so that due allowances may be made in the specifi cation of a plant. For instance--the highest temperatures in greenhouses are required at night, whereas with residence systems the maximum temperatures are required in the day time. Greenhouse fires are banked.during the day almost always throughout the firing season, even in midwinter when the sun is shining, and fuel consumption is heaviest at night; this in marked contrast to practically all other types of heating systems where the fires are banked at night. Greenhouse radiation is almost exclusively made up of piping. The temperature demands are almost always below 70 deg. and horizontal piping carries a higher co-efficient of emission than the radiating surfaces used in .other systems; special care must, therefore, be given to the selection of the boiler; the demands on it will be higher than with any other form of radiation- in quiet air; its surplus must be greater than with boilers for any other sort of quiet air heating. The usual boiler ratings, inflated as they many times are for residence heating purposes, must be discounted still more for greenhouse work, especially so whqre there is no night fireman, as with the smaller plants, and where fires are left for long periods without attention. Greenhouse heating section prepared by F. J. Elder,'Irvington, N. Y. 137 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 . Long runs of pipe are used and expansion and' contraction require more consideration than in house heating work; piping must be tied up, anchored, installations must be flexible; expansion joints are no more desirable in greenhouse heating than elsewhere; expansion must be com pensated for by "spring" of pipe and by swivel fitted joints, and expansion joints used where expansion may not be compensated otherwise.- Table 1. Temperature Required for Different Purposes House Temp. Required, Dec. Fahr. 55 to 60 . 45 " 60 60 " 65 65 " 70 60 " 65 60 " 65 65 " 70 50 " 55 65 " 70 50 " 55 55 " 60 45 " 55 40 " 45 55 " 60 45 " 50 Cool and Damp 65 to 70 65 "70 65 " 70 Cool Peach House (Cold Damp Weather), Early Peach House (Start 65 " 70 Second Peach House (Start February and March), Late Peach House 65 " 70 65 " 70 .40 " 45 55 " 60 .60 " 65 The matter of levels also affects the design and proportions of the heat; ing mains. In many greenhouse ranges the walk levels are not more than 2 ft. 6 in., or 3 ft., above the top of th^:.boiler and where all of the radiating surface is made up of pipe coils on a level not higher than 1 ft. 6 in. above the floor, especially if there are short benches requiring short coils under them, special care is necessary to avoid short circuiting, or interference with the flow through low temperature drops in the short coils. , The temperatures required in houses are given in Table 1. ESTIMATING HEATING REQUIREMENTS Heating requirements, i.e., the amounts of radiation,for greenhouses, are not obtained by scientific calculation or intricate formulae; at least, they are not so obtained by greenhouse specialists. In this calculation only the exposed glass surfaces and other exposed surfaces reduced to the ,138 Chapter V--Greenhouse Heating Systems equivalent of glass surfaces are considered. The loss of heat by conduc tion through the glass is, of course, by far the greatest loss, but there is another considerable loss which it is very difficult, if not absolutely impossible to calculate, that is, the loss by air leakage between the lights of glass at the laps. These two make up practically all of the losses. The only other losses are those through open doors and through vents. The latter are generally intentional, and used to reduce the greenhouse to the required temperature; but a change of air is necessary for plant growth, so the vents are not opened except for reducing the inside temperature. Modern greenhouses are glazed almost exclusively with double-thick glass in lights 16 in. wide and 24 in. long. The glazing bars, or ribs, are then usually 16)4 in. center to center. The lap of the glass is % in. by eye measurement. Sometimes 24 x 24 in. glass is used, but not often, and with this size, the bow, or spring, of the glass when the wind blows is greater, and the heat loss through the laps may accordingly be greater as a consequence. The cubic contents in ratio to the surrounding glass surface, the size and the shape are, of course, more or less factors, but as previously stated, only the glass and glass equivalent enter into the calculation for the quantities of radiating surface. The engineer may modify somewhat the quantities so obtained because of the ratio of the contents to the enclosing glass, or the size or shape of the structure, or because of its geographical position or its elevation, or because the greenhouse is in a particularly exposed position. The calculation is merely , that of dividing the glass and the equivalent surface by the proper divisor; and where proper, allbwances are made for special conditions and where boilers are suf ficiently large so that a liberal factor of safety or proper surplus is pro vided to cover these conditions over which the designer has no control, there is no better method known than the application of the table of divisors given in Table 2. The conditions for which the engineer must provide, and which are largely out of his control are as follows: Workmanship in construction and glazing of glass house or houses; ratio of cubic contents enclosed to the glass surface; draft, if chimney is not designed by the engineer; fuel and its quality; firing habits of the operator, time of turning on steam and making up temperatures inside against falling temperature outside; attention to venting greenhouse heating coils--there is no one thing that the heating engineer can do which will so efficiently offset these negative factors, as the providing of a generous boiler power. WATER TEMPERATURE The average temperature of . the water in a gravity hot water heating system is assumed to be about 150 deg. fahr. and the average co-efficient of transmission of the radiating surface (pipe surface) is assumed to be 2. Pipe in different locations and banked pipes have different values, it is true; overhead mains, or pipes overhead free and unobstructed have the highest co-efficient, but because of their proximity to roof glass are not the best possible heaters; flat coils of parallel lines are more efficient than American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 wall coils, one pipe over the other; pipes pocketed under plant benches or in narrow walks against the sides of solid beds are less efficient than those in the open, but greenhouse heating engineers must deal with averages and the co-efficient 2 has been found to be safe. Only the glass and other exposed surfaces reduced to the equivalent of glass are considered in the calculation. The factors or divisors for glass surfaces are derived from the following formula: where R= (T-QXG (150 - T) X 2 T = temperature desired, fahr.: t = temperature out of doors (0 deg. fahr.); 150 = temperature of water in radiating surface, fahr.; G = glass and glass equivalent surface; 2 = co-efficient of transmission; R = radiating surface. From the above formula the divisors in the table following are derived; Table 2. Factors for Glass Surfaces For 70 to 75 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 2.0 For 65 to 70 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 2.28 For 60 to 65 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 2.62 For 55 to 60 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 3.0 For 50 to 55 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 3.46 For 45 to 50 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 4.0 For 40 to 45 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 4.67 For 35 to 40 deg. divide sq. ft. of glass and equivalent by 5.5 , It will be noted that the temperatures given in the table are not 75 deg., 70 deg., 65 deg., etc., but 70-75 deg., 65-70 deg., 60-65 deg., etc. Greenhouses are so very sensitive to wind and' so very unamenable to exact calculation that the initiated greenhouse man allows himself 5 deg. as leeway or as a factor of safety, and when he intends to heat to 60 deg. he specifies 55-60 deg. . Greenhouses do not respond exactly to figures in various ways: The same amount of glass may in two different houses enclose vastly different volumes; the air loss between the laps, though probably never calculated, may be quite different per square foot of glass in two houses of the same size, design and construction, on account of the difference in workman^ ship or of glass quality, or of both. Thehumid atmosphere of greenhouses --and for some purposes the atmosphere is much more humid than for others, as for instance, for rose growing--at some temperatures causes the laps to seal with condensation, checking, or stopping the air loss through the laps. At lower temperatures these laps are sealed with ice and at still lower temperatures the inside surface of the glass is entirely frosted over so that its conductivity is changed. It may be much more difficult to heat a greenhouse at 15-20 deg. above zero, or even at 25 deg. above zero, with the wind blowing, than a.t zero or below, because the low temperature house may be sealed with ice, as stated. 140 ' s?o>rr . Chapter V--Greenhouse Heating Systems A greenhouse that is not stocked, i.e., in which the crop is not planted and therefore not watered, and which does not carry the normal humidity is much more difficult .to heat than a live house, one in operation. And so, the same formula will not work out exactly for outside temperatures below zero because of the varying heat loss. In some parts where the mini mum outside temperature is above zero, or where the minimum of zero is rarely reached and then for short periods only, as in some Southern states, while it is true that.the same amount of heat is required to offset the low outside temperature, the duration of the cold spell is so very short that it is unnecessary to pipe the houses or to provide boilers as large as the same house or houses would require further North so that the judgment and experience of the heating engineer is vital. RATIO OF AIR CONTENT TO GLASS SURFACE The ratio of air content of the greenhouses to the glass surfaces increases with the width, so the number of changes of air through laps of glass, however many they may be, are less per hour with a wide house than with a narrow one, and the experienced heating man knows this and judiciously omits a line or two of pipe in very wide houses, after having divided the glass surface by the proper divisor. . Fig. 1 shows, in section two conventional, even span, aifyjjlent green houses of the ridge and furrow, or saw-tooth type, convertedTi2jextending the roof lines until they bisect each other, into one even s^ian house; and the sketch also shows at once that above the eaves line the cubic contents contained by the same amount of glass in the large house is just twice the quantity contained above the eaves lines in the two small ones, and, obviously, it requires less heat units to heat the one large house than it does the two small houses, although the glass surfaces are the same. But how much less'heat? Who can say? Glass laid by eye measurement, and glass of varying quality are inconstants. How may the air loss be determined? A table compiled for purposes of comparing the cubic contents and the glass surfaces in the roofs of the houses in widths of 20 to 80 ft. with the same roof pitch shows that the air content above the eaves line in the 20 ft. houses bears the following relation to the glass in the roof. Glass : Contents : : 1 : 2.34 whereas in 80 ft. houses, with the same roof pitch: Glass : Contents : : 1 : 9.8 KINDS OF PIPE Greenhouse radiation is almost always made up of pipe surface-- horizontal pipe placed on the side walls, on the sides of solid beds and under raised benches, sometimes' on the columns supporting the roof. For hot water heating in private greenhouses, 33^2 in. cast iron pipe, in w ft. lengths, is best; this pipe is provided with a hub and a spigot; it 14i- American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 weighs about 11 lb. per tine ft., and holds 2 qt. of water per lineal foot; its superficial surface is about 1.05 sq. ft. to the lineal foot. The two principal virtues of the 3Yi in- cast iron pipe are that it is practically indestructible--it resists corrosion in the humid atmospheres of greenhouses much longer than any wrought pipe, and its large water content provides stability of temperatures, which is very desirable in private greenhouses, where the gardeners give no attention at all through the night to fires, or at most look after them only on especially cold nights. Pipe of 2 in. diameter, both wrought iron and wrought steel, is used in small commercial houses where hot-water heating is suitable. The genuine wrought iron pipe costs considerably more than the steel pipe and hence is not used as frequently. Steel pipe as now manufactured is much more durable than formerly. Pipe that is 1% in. in diameter is used almost exclusively for steam heating in whatever form; With hot-water heating, in order to provide even temperatures throughout the length of the greenhouse, it is desirable that the number of flow lines be equal to the number of return lines, consequently as much as possible the designer of the system always plans for coils of even numbers of lines which are usually placed under benches in two ro\ys, the upper rows the flows and the lower the returns. With heating, when overhead mains are used, coils may be considereSSs returns and it does not matter much whether there are an equal number or not. Mains and connections are designed so that the pressure drop will be low and with little loss of pressure there is very little difference in.temperature end to end. Gravity hot water coils constructed of 2 in. pipe are not practical in lengths of over 200 ft., indeed they are not really practical in lengths of over 150 ft., whereas steam coils or steam return lines are frequently installed 300 ft. in length. Cast iron pipe of 3)4 in. size is jointed by means of what are commonly called "rust joints;" the pipes are laid in. center to center; fittings are manufactured with hubs or bells and spigots; all are caulked together with rust joints. . Rust joints are not as well known or understood as they should be though they have been made for a century or more; the average fitter does not seem to take to the making'of greenhouse rust joints and these mechanics seem bound to use salamoniac, salt or some such substance to set up rapid oxidation. These joints are properly made as follows: Tarred rope cordage, or hemp is caulked into the hub or bell and then clean, moist iron borings are caulked on top of the rope foundation; the borings should be moist, just so that they will cake in the hand and should not be wet and they should be added a little at a time and caulked, riot tamped; the more they are.hammered, the better they are. They should be caulked sufficiently so that the finished joint will present a hard metallic surface. Such joints properly made will permit turning on the water and. operation of system immediately after the last joint is caulked and they -142 Chapter V--Greenhouse Heating Systems improve with age. Some old time steam heating systems are constructed with mains of cast iron pipe and caulked joints and the joints held against low pressure steam. Besides the advantages of durability and of large water content, resulting in stability of temperatures, cast iron pipe is really desirable because it reduces labor costs, necessity for skilled labor and for cutting and threading tools--no tools are necessary, other than vise, pipe cutter, hammer, cold chisel and caulking tools. The use of vise and pipe cutter has*only developed within recent years; formerly greenhouse pipefitters cut all pipe with cold chisels. The making of a new connection or the repairing of a leak in a 3J4 in pipe line is much less serious an affair than the placing of tees in 3^ in. wrought pipe lines, pieces may be cut in and cut out and ends sleeved together easily and economically. . The 2 in. pipe is placed center to center. in. center to center and lj4 in- pipe 3 in. POSITION OF RADIATION Greenhouses, are piped in all sorts of ways to suit the great number of different ideas of greenhouse owners and operators; their different ideas on the subject of plant bench or plant bed arrangement which arrange ments govern largely the location and arrangement of the piping; and to suit the special requirements of the plants or flowers to be grown in the houses. In houses for vegetable growing, where planting is directly on . the floor of the greenhouse, pipirig should be, mainly and if possible, entirely on the sides so as to provide the maximum growing surface. For rose growing the piping is required to be more scattered or distributed than for any other purpose--if there are raised benches, some heating surface must be under every bench ; if there are solid beds, some radiating surface must be in every walk. . The bulk of the piping for all purposes, however, should be on the side walls, or just inside the outer walls of the greenhouse. For sweet pea growing, most of the pipe surface should be on the side walls and some on the pipe columns, generally high enough to permit walking under; how ever there is much latitude in the placing'of pipe coils and it may be said that the greenhouse heating engineer does not always place piping, the radiating surface, just where it belongs, or just where he should place it, but rather he places it where he may, or the operator's planting arrange . ment permits. . ' As intimated, there are many problems of distribution of coils. When they must be large or long, and small or short coils served by the same mains, care must be taken to avoid short circuits through the short coils. Long pipe coils always present the problem of taking care of expansion. The coils need not be graded very considerably in order to produce circulation; pitch, or grade, is required to produce high points in hot water heating Where air may collect and be released and in steam systems for the purpose of drainage. Condensation should always flow with the steam current. 143 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 A grade, or pitch, of %th of an inch in 10 ft. is ample in either case. There is a dearth of dependable data and rules for the sizing of mains with which to connect the coils with the boiler or boilers, owing to the fact that greenhouse heating uses more pipe for radiating surface with less head or elevation than is required or used with any. other type of gravity heating. Resistance through the heating unit is less, it is believed, in greenhouse heating than with any other unit; the frictional resistance through coils made up of two or more lines of steam piping 300 ft. long must be less than through a smiliar quantity of radiating surface in any other form. . Mains generally are planned for shortest distance between two points; there is a minimum of bends in greenhouse heating mains. For gravity hot water heating and for gravity steam heating in greenhouses it is believed that greater quantities of radiation are carried on mains than for any other purpose for the reason above given. Fig. 1. Sketch Shows Relation of Cubic Contents and Roof Glass Surfaces When it is found that the size of the system is so large as to call for large mains, say 7 in. pipe, or larger, it may generally be stated as a fact that the system is a little too large for gravity hot-water heating. Greenhouses should then be heated with steam, or at any rate the cir culation should be accelerated by means of a centrifugal pump or hot- water circulator or accelerator, because large mains in gravity hot-water heating systems almost always present difficulties in the way of distinct self-contained circu. lations and counte\r currents. . . For steam heating, lj^-in. pipe is used almost exclusively, and the greenhouse man has found that where one line of 33^-in. pipe is required to produce a certain specified temperature with hot water as the heating medium, one line of steam pipe at low pressure will do the same work. This fact is inconsistent with the application of the divisors given for quantities of radiation, but the difference is probably accounted for by the fact that 134-in. pipe, being of so much higher temperature, is better distributed. Much of it is distributed in single lines; most of it in flat coils, and seldom in two rows, one over the other, and even then the coils are constructed so as to provide drainage, with a pitch from the supply end to the return bends at the opposite end, and back from the return bends to the return header, so that the coils converge and are not close 144 Chapter V--Greenhouse Heating Systems together. The pipe lines do not, therefore, interfere with each other in radiating their heat. Furthermore, with the proper boiler power it is easily possible to increase the pressure and consequently the temperature so that a greater range is possible than with hot water systems. . LARGE RANGES HAVE STEAM SYSTEMS Hot-water heating was used almost exclusively 20 to 25 years ago. Now the use of hot-water heating is confined to private ranges and to small and medium-sized commercial ranges. It is practically never used in large commercial greenhouse ranges. Its cost would be prohibitive.' Hot water is, of course, much more economical in small houses, but in large ranges a properly designed hot-water plant and a properly designed steam system would be equally economical, but the first cost of hot water is very much above the first cost of steam. In very large ranges vacuum steam heating is frequently used. This permits the use of smaller mains, smaller return connections and has the advantage of quick circulation, and immediately responds to sudden demands. Overhead mains, generally speaking, are very desirable in a steam heating plant and not at all desirable in a hot water system; it should be understood that overhead mains are a little too near to the glass roof, that convection currents are almost entirely above the mains and not below, that most of the heat given off by these overhead pipes is lost through the glass. ' A steam system, especially in long greenhouses, and commercial green houses are generally long, must be so fitted up as' to provide for expan sion, it must be flexible, and furthermore the clear space underneath plant benches, or the heights of solid beds, are such that there is insufficient room for running in converging coils; this makes overhead mains abso lutely necessary in some cases and very desirable in others, but with hot water heating the runs of pipe are not so long and the temperature range is not so great, consequently there is not so much expansion to be provided for. There is not, therefore, the same necessity for overhead mains and furthermore, greenhouses that are heated with hot water, in which overhead mains are.run to the far end and there deliver to floor coils, on walls under benches or in walks, which are in a sense return lines, are very unevenly heated as must be perfectly apparent. In Such systems the hottest water is of necessity in the overhead mains, the coldest water is in the returns. The floor coils are naturally hottest at the far end of the greenhouse and they lose their heat in their progress towards the boiler. Furthermore, the far end of the house, the end at which the coils are fed by the overhead main,, is the , warmer end. The coldest days, the zero days, especially in this part of the country, are few, indeed, probably in all six such days in the whole firing season. Most of the days of the firing season are mild and even in midwinter, during coldest weather, when the sun shines, there is very little need for heat and at such times, with overhead hot water mains, the small amount 145 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 of hot water made is overhead, where it is not required, and in order to heat the floor coils from end to end, and it is impossible to heat them evenly from end to end, a little larger fire must be maintained than would be necessary if the coils were in two rows, i.e., going and coming, flows and returns under the benches. With gravity hot water heating, boilers should always be in pits. The use of overhead mains never makes up for lack of depth of boiler pit. Chapter VI PIPING FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS THE lack of data upon which to base water pipe sizes for plumbing fixtures, branches and mains is probably due to the great number of variables which enter into their proper determination. Plumbing fixtures in common use, having what is known as good water flow, deliver the quantities of water per outlet as given in Table 1. Table 1. Cold Water Branch Supply Sizes for Fixtures and Maximum Flow in Gallons per Minute Number of Fixtures 1 2 4 8 12 16 24. 32 40 Water Closets-- . Gal. per Min. ..................................... : 8 16 24 48 60 80 96 128 150 Tanks Pipe Size......................................................... x X IX IX IX 2 2 2 Gal. per Min.,,................................ ;------ 30 50 80 120 140 160 200 250 300 Flush . Pipe Size......................................................... 1 i x IX 2 2 2 2X 2X 2X Valves Urinals-- Gal. per Min................................................. 6 12 20 32 42 56 72 90 120 Tanks Pipe Size......................................................... X u 1 IX IX IX IK 2 2 Gal. per Min............................................. 25 37 45 75 85 100 125 150 175 Flush Pipe Size......................................................... 1 IX IX IX IX 2 2 2 2 Valves Lavatories and Wash Sinks-- Based upon Each Faucet- Gal. per Min.;......................................... . ' 4 8 12 24 30 40 48 64 75 Pipe Size................. 1....................................... X X H 1 1 IX IX IX IX Bath Tubs-- . Gal per Min. 15 30 40 80 96 112 144 192 240 Pipe Size ................................ :..................... % 1 IX IX 2 2 2 2X 2X Shower Baths-- ' Gaf per Min. . 8 16 32 64 96 128 192 256 320 8" rain Pipe Size.......................................................... X X IX IX 2 2 2X 2X 3 Head Acid and Slop Sinks, Manufacturing, Kitchen and Laundry-- Gal. per Min. 15 25 40 64 84 96 120 150 200 per bibb Pipe Size.................. ................. ..................... X m m IX 2 2 2 2X per bibb Note.--The above sizes are based upon a pressure drop of 30 lb. per 100 ft. - In estimating risers and mains, the number of gallons for W. C. and urinals where flush valves are used are to be as given for tanks. . . .. The hot water faucets are to be disregarded when estimating cold water risers and mains. ' Water flowing in pipes is retarded by friction, the extent of which depends upon the velocity, which is the cause of unsatisfactory service when pipes are too small. The amount of head necessary to overcome this friction is known as the friction head, which is usually expressed in feet. It is also known as pressure drop, usually expressed in lb. periq. in. per 100 ft. of pipe. The total pressure needed to discharge a given Materia! for this section furnished for The Guide by W. S. Timmls, consulting engineer. New York. 147 ' ' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 quantity of water is the pressure necessary to overcome friction in the pipes (when horizontal) plus the static pressure when the discharge is higher than the supply. Table 6, column 1, gives the vertical rise in feet to any fixture up to 150 ft. in height; column 2, gives the static head in lb. pier sq. in. corre sponding with the vertical rise. The underlying principle involved in determining the proper pipe sizes for mains, risers and branches is to so regulate the size of these pipesthat they will carry the maximum amount of water required of them and absorb by friction and static head, all the pressure at the source and still deliver water at the fixture in sufficient quantity but at a pressure prac tically equalling zero or slightly above except that due to velocity of flow through the fixture. Table 1 gives the amount of water in gallons which should flow per minute for the number of fixtures indicated of each different type, together with the branch pipe size necessary to carry this amount of water with a pressure drop of 30 lb. per 100 ft. of run. . The volume of water required per fixture is reduced as the number of fixtures in each group is increased, to take care of the factor of probable use. In estimating the pipe size for any part of a riser in a building of several stories, take 60 per cent of the water to be used on any floor and all floors above as determined from Table 1 and deduct 10 per cent for each floor above. This reduction in estimated amount is to take care of probable use. Thus, if 100 gal. are used on each floor of a 10-story building the size or pipe will be determined as in Table 2: Table 2. Water Risers for Manufacturing Buildings, Loft Buildings, Apartment Houses, Hotels . G. P. M. G. P. M. Pipe Size with Drop per 100 Ft. Run 5 lb. 10 lb. 20 lb. 10 * 6 * 10 * 5 * 10 4 " 10 * 3 " 10 2 * 10 * 1 " 100 x 0.60 ` 200 x 0.60 300 x 0.60 400 x 0.60 500x0.60 ' 600 x 0.60 700 x 0.60 800 x 0.60 . 900 x 0.60 1000 x 0.60 60% ~ 60 90% 108 80% - 144 70% = 168 60% - 180 50% - 180 40% = 184 . 40% - 192 N 40% - 216 40% = 240 2m 2M' 3' 3M' 3H' 3 3H' 3M' 3M' 3H' 2' 2H' 2W 3* 3* 3' 3' 3" 3' 3" M" 2' 2H' 2H' 2M' 2 2H' 2H' 2H' Note.--For residences, use Table 1, and for the main supply use 25 per cent of total of gallons used by fixtures and then take pipe size from Table 5 on a basis of 10 lb. pressure drop per 100 ft. or less if water supply pressure is less than 50 lb. . The pressure drop of 30 lb. per 100 ft. of run will give satisfactory results for branches on the top floor but a higher pressure drop can be used on floors below corresponding with the pressures as given in Table 5 which show that for a building 100 ft. in height, a pressure drop of 100 lb. can be used on the fixture lowest branches and that for a building 50 ft. in height, a pressure drop of 52 lb. can be used on the lowest fixture . branches; Table 1, however, can be used with safety on any of the floors 148 Chapter VI--Piping for Water Supply Systems but will give pipe sizes larger than necessary for the lower floors in a very tall building. Table 5 gives the amount of water in gallons which may be passed ^through pipes of M in. to 4 in. diameter with pressure drop from 5 lb. to 150 lb. per 100 ft. of run. This table may be used in sizing horizontal and vertical mains. For example, if the water main pressure available is known, say 90 lb., and the horizontal run from water main to vertical riser is 100 ft., and % . the vertical riser is 100 ft. to'top branch; it will require 43.31 lb. for ` static head (see Table 6), and 15 lb. pressure at a minimum should be allowed for the uppermost fixture or a total of 58.31 lb. which would leave available for friction 90 -- 53.31 = 16.69 for friction in 200 ft. run, or 8.34 lb. per 100 ft. The main can thus be sized from the 7 lb. pressure drop of Table 5. ' Table 3. Apartment House Supply Risers Based upon One, Two, and Three Baths per Apartment One (l) Bath Apartment I bath 1 W. C. I sink . 1 lav. 15 gal. 8 gal. 4 gal. 4 gal. 31 gals. 50% demand--15 gals, per mm. Top Floor 15 gal. Next 28 " " 38 " " 51 " " 60 a " 67 " " 71 a " 78 a . " 81 " " 83 a " 84 U " 85 u Riser IK" JK' m" 2". 2" 2* 2* .2* 2' 2" 2' 2* Two (2) Bath Apartment 2 baths 2 W. C. 1 sink 2 lavs. 24 gal. 14 gal. 4 gal. 6 gal. . Three (3) Bath Apartment 3 baths 3 W. C. 1 sink 3 lays. 30 gal. 18 gal. 4 gal. 9 gal. 48 gals. .61 gals. 40%--20 gals. per min. 40%--24 gals per min. 20 gal. 38 " 54 68 " 80 90 " 98 " 104 " 108 " 110 " 110 " .110 " Riser lK' iw 2' 2' 2" 2" m" 2 )i" 2H' 2W 2W 2W . 24 gal. 43 " 64 " 82 " 96 " 108 " 117 " 124 " 134 " 143 " 143 " 143 " Riser IK' 2" 2" 2" 2K' 2K" 2J4' 2K' 2K' 2K' 2K' 2K' Note.^The pipe sizes are based upon a drop of 10 lb. water pressure for each 100 ft. run. branch for each Apartment should be not less than 1% in. The size of Example--What is the riser size needed for a six-story apartment house having one bath for each apartment? . Table 3 gives 2 in. diameter for all from four to twelve stories with 1^ in. to supply the top floor and next to top and 1^ in. for floor below. . What is the size of riser needed for a twelve-story apartment house with three baths to each apartment? Table 3 gives 2M in. for all floors up to eighth floor, 2 in. for ninth, tenth and eleventh, and 1% in. for top floor. . What is the riser size for a two bath apartment six stories high? Table 3 gives 2 in. for the first four floors with 1} in. at fifth floor and IH in on the top floor. 149 S American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 4. Apartment Houses. Sizes of Water Supply Mains and Meters Based upon pressure drop of 10 lb. per 100 ft. run For 4 and 5 Stories Apartments per Floor Four Gal. Main 120 160 200 2 \4" 3" 3" Six Gal. Main 160 200 240 3' 3" 3" Eight GaL Main 200 240 280 3" 3* 3* Ten GaL Main 240 280 320 3" 3H" 1 bath-----------------2 baths.--------------3 baths._____ 150 190 230 For 6, 7 and 8 Stories 2)4 3" 3" ' 190 230 270 3" 3" 3" 230 270 310 3' 3' 3 J4' 270 310 350 3' 333y42"" Foe 9, 10, 11 and 12 StorIes 1 bath........ ........... 2 baths--............. 3 baths-................ 200 250 300 3" 3" 3H" 250 300 350 3". ' 3)4" 334' 300 350 400 3%" 3)4" 3)4" 350 334" 400 334' 450 4" . Note.--The gallons per minute given above are approximated maximum demand for.conditions stated. Example--What is the required size of water main for apartment house eight stories high, six apartments per floor, each having three baths? Answer from Table 4 is 3 in. Example--What is the required size of main for a ten-story apartment house with six apartments per floor, each having two baths? ~. . Answer from Table 4 is 3^4 in. main. -. Table 5 Pipes may be Sized for Giving any Desired Pressure Drop per 100 Ft. of Run Friction Pressure Drop Lb. per Sq. In. per 100 Ft. Run H Pipe Sizes in Inches 1 1H 1H 2 2X . 3 3M . 4 Gallons per Minute 5. 7 10 20 30 . 40 50 75 100 125 150 5.4 6.4 7.6 10.8 13.2 15.0 17.0 21.0 24.0 27.0 30.0 11 13 15 22 27 31 35 43 49 55 60 19 23 .27 38 47 54 60 74 85 96 105 30 36 43 .61 76 86 96 117 136 152 166 62 74 88 125 153 176 197 242 278 311 341 109 129 154 218 267 308 345 423 485 544 598 . 171 203 242 343 420 485 542 665 769 858 939 252 298 357 504 618 714 800 978 1130 1260 1380 353 418 499 706 864 - 998 1115 1365 1578 1765 1930 Ghapter VI Piping for Water Supply Systems Table 6. Showing Water Pressure Required to Deliver Water to Top of Vertical Riser with 15 Lb. Pressure at the Top Branch and to . Give Adequate Service at Vertical Heights Given Water Pressure in Lb. Required to Deliver Water to Top of Riser with 15 Lb, Terminal Pressure . Pressure Drop per 100 Ft. Static Head in Lb. PER Sq. In. Vertical Rise of Water from Main to Highest Fixture Water Pressure in Lb. Required to Give Adequate Service at Vertical Heights Given Horizontal Run from Supply to Riser 5 lb. 7 lb. 10 lb. 201b. Branch 25' 0' 50' 0" 75' 0' 100' 0" 15 20.5 25 29.5 35 39.5 44 49.5 54 58.5 64 68.5 73 77.5 83 87.5 15 20.7 25.4 30.1 35.8 40.5 45.2 50.9 55.6 60.3 . 66 75.4 80.1 85.9 90.5 15 21 26 31 37 42 47 53 58 63 69 74 79 84 00 95 15 22 28 34 41 47 53 60 64 72 79 85 91 97 104 110 0 4.33 8.66 12.99 17.32 21.65 25.99 30.32 34.65 38.98 43.31 47.64 51.97 56.30 60.63 64.96 0 10 20 30 40 50 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 22.8 lb. 28.1 " 33.5 " 38.8 " 44.1 " 49.5 * 54.8 w 60.1 " 65.2 " 70.8 " 76.1 " 81.5 " 86.8 " 92.1 " 97.5 * 25.3 lb. 30.6 36 " 41.3 46.6 " 52 " 57.3 " 62.6 * 67.7 " 73.3 ** 78.6 * 84 * 89.3 94.6 " 100 " 27.8 lb. 33.1 " 38.5 43.8 " 49.1 " 54.5 - 59.8 " 65.1 " 70.2 " 75.8 " 81.1 " 86.5 " 91.8 " 97.1 " 102.5 * 30.3 lb. 35.6 " 41 - 46.3 " 51.6 57 " 62.3 " 67.6 " 72.7 " 78.3 " 83.6 " 89 " 94.3 " 99.6 " 105 " . ljJi *Note.--The water pressures given in above table are the pressures at the base of the riser, necessary to deliver water to top of riser with a terminal pressure of 15 lb. when discharging the number of gallons per minute called for in Table 5, at the pressure drop indicated. ' **Note.--Based upon 10 lb. pressure drop per 100 ft. run of pipe and a terminal pressure of 151b. at the uppermost fixture.. A terminal pressure of 15 lb. has-been selected for operation of flush valves. For terminal pressure of 10 lb., deduct 5 lb. from the figures given above; or for a terminal pressure of 5 lb. deduct 10 lb. from above values.. Example.--What are the sizes required for mains and branches in a building 100 ft. high, supplied with a water pressure of 75 !b. per sq. in. with 100 gai. of water per minute required on each floor? This is worked out in Table 2 and gives the pipe sizes for the main riser with a 10 lb. drop for 100 ft. of run and shpws that a 3 in. main, reduced to 2 in., would be required: branches to the various groups of fixtures can be taken from Tables 5 and 6. On the top floor it will be necessary to use a in. branch to carry 60 gal. per min. with a pressure drop of 30 lb. but that at 30 ft. vertically from the supply, a IK in. branch pipe will carry 60 gal. per minute, therefore 1 % in. pipe could be selected for this branch. Assuming that the pressure drop in the main riser is 10 lb. per 100 ft. run and the pressure drop on the top floor in the branch does not exceed 15 lb. in all and the static head for building 100 ft. as given in column 2 of Table 6 is 43.31 lb. making a total of 58.31 lb.; it will be seen that 75 lb.--58.31 lb., which equals 16.59 lb., is the.amount of pressure over and above that required, and that this pressure can be utilized to overcome the friction drop in the main feed line running from the source of supply to the base of the riser. ., ' From Table 2 it is found that 240 gal. per min. will flow at the first floor, and assuming that this water supply is to be brought in a main 300 ft. long; Table 5 will show that a in. supply would be necessary. * Example--What pressure is required in the water supply main to give 15 lb. pressure, at the uppermost fixture in a building where the riser is 100 ft. high and is located 75 ft. from the water main in a horizontal direction, when the other fixtures within the building are in use to their estimated average capacity? Answer is found to be 75.8 lb. at the intersection of 100 ft. vertical height and 75 ft. horizontal run. Note. If only 10 lb. be required at the uppermost fixture, then 70.8 lb. would be the answer. WHEN TANK IS ON ROOF If tank is elevated about 35 ft. above highest fixture, which would be about 25 ft. above the roof, similar computations will apply for branch connections and main risers except that the main risr will have its 151 - American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, .1928. greatest diameter at the top. It will be seen that 35 ft. elevation will give the necessary 15 lb. pressure at the highest fixture and that the pressure drop niay be made equal to the static head from the top fixtures down, or 40 lb. per 100. FRICTION IN ELBOWS Friction caused by elbows should be added to straight pipe friction. Each elbow in a line will add friction equal to a length of straight pipe forty times the diameter of the pipe: Pipe Size-............................ % 1 Equivalent length of straight pipe in feet. 2.5 3.3 1)4 4.1 l'A 2 5 6.7 2A 8.3 3 3A 4 10 11.7 13.3 The water supply formula herewith makes it possible to accurately compute the flow of water in gallons through any pipe with any friction head and also gives formula for the additional head due to water entering the main, which, if extremely accurate calculations are necessary, should be added to the head required for friction; generally, however, this can be neglected as it is comparatively small. WATER SUPPLY FORMULA . CF = Cu. ft. per rain, discharged G = Gal. per min. discharged H = Friction head of water in feet = pressure X 2.31; if water is raised vertically, deduct number of feet raised, from head due to pressure. L = Length of pipe in feet--including horizontal and vertical runs. CF - 0.16 G -- 1.2 y<")'X3 H (1) (2) (CF)' X L ~ .0768 (3d)5 ,, (G)'XI (3) a 4.32 (3d)5 (4) The above formula neglects the head due to entry, which need not be computed except when L is very short. Hi = head due to entry in feet. \ Example.--Required the discharge of a 2 in. main with pressure 30 lb. 100 ft. hori zontal run and 30 ft. vertical run. ,, H = 30 X 2.31 - 30 = 39.3. Formula (2) G = 1.2 '1 x 2) X 3 X 39? = 100.8 100 + 30 In ,the above case the head due to entry would be Hi /0.83 X 100.8V = 2.56 ft. V 2 X 2 X 13 / Usually this can be neglected, except for very close calculations. 152 VIChapter --Piping for Water Supply Systems HOT WATER SUPPLY Tables 7, 8 and 9 give the hot water requirements for several kinds of buildings in terms of gallons per maximum hour and per day. Pipe sizes for hot water systems may be calculated from the foregoing data on cold water systems; using the same quantities for the gallons of hot water required per min. as is given for the cold water. It may be borne in mind that a column of hot water is lighter than one of cold water amounting to about ft. per 100 ft. in the height of columns of equal weight. In case the cold water must first be fed down from roof tanks to heaters in the basement and then back up to the top floor fixtures, the extra length of run must be taken into consideration. As a check on the total quantity of hot and cold water required per day it is well to know that this generally runs from 2 to 3 times the amount of hot water re quired and from 80 to 100 gal. per occupant of the building. Table 7. Hot Water Requirements for Apartment Buildings Class Lavatories Hot-Wat kb Fixtures per Apartment Bath Tubs Showers Over Tubs Kitchen Sinks Laandry Trays . Separate Showers Gallons Hot Watbb peb Apartment peb Maximum Houb Ai i i i 2 0 25 A2 2 i i 2 0 30 -A 2 2 2 i 2 0 35 A2 1 1 i 2 1 55 B1 1 0 i 2 0 20 . C1 1 0 i 1 0 15 Note.--The quantity of hot water required per day is usually about 10 times the maximum hour requirement. Table 8. Hot Water Requirements for Hotels Class Gallons Add fob Kitchens peb Meal Capacitt Add for Laundry Hot Water Per H. W. perH. W. Fixture per Fixture Maximum per Day Hour Per Day .Per Maximum Hour Per Washer Per Piece Per Washer per per Day per Day Maximum Hour High-Class Transient......... Medium-Class Transient. Apartment Hotels............. 85 70 50 6.8 6.5 5.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 0.80 0.60 1.0 1.0 1.0 1200 1000 1000 250 200 200 Note.--Instantaneous demand rate for laundry washers from 25 to 50 gal. per minute. Table 9. Hot Water Requirements for Office Buildings Class Hot Water per Hot-Water Fixture Per Day' Per Maximum Hour Having Hot Water in public toilets only , 50 Water in Private Offices as well as in Public Toilets 30 Por Self-Closing Hot Water Fixtures Deduct 40% ------ -------- `' 153 5.0 3.0 25% ofAmerican Society Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 As a check on the sizes of hot water mains, Table 8 will give safe sizes for gravity systems fed from roof tanks set not less than 20 ft. from the water line in tanks to the highest fixtures. Table 10. Gallons per Maximum Hour 500 750 .1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2500 3000 Sizes of Hot Water Mains Size of Hot Water Main, Inches 2 2H 2'A 3 3 3'A 3J4 4 4 154 Chapter VII STEAM AND HOT WATER HEATING BOILERS THE boiler is the heart of any heating system and its selection,.as to type, size, rating, capacity, draft requirements, firing periods, kinds of fuel, principles of operation, efficiency and construction, should be made with great care. Particular consideration should be given to the ultimate use of the boiler. Fuel and pressure are classed as primary factors in boiler selection because these two items require certain char acteristics in the boiler itself which no outside alteration is able to obviate while the secondary factors can, in almost every case, be overcome by a modification in the conditions under which the boiler is installed. Draft can be increased by adding to the chimney height and, up to . certain limits, to the chimney diameter; headroom may be secured by raising the height of the boiler room; the height of the water line can be adjusted by lowering the boiler room floor; floor space is always possible to obtain by enlarging the boiler room and the size of the units can usually be arranged to suit some possible condition that can be secured. But a low pressure boiler may not be properly used for high pressure nor will a boiler constructed for the use of anthracite coal give the same service . when fired with bituminous in spite of any change which may be made in the environment in which the boiler is located. In all the numerous types of boilers now on the market the. selection of the one particular type which will be most efficient for any particular installation is a monumental task. ". As a matter of fact the service secured from a boiler depends largely on the operator; a very high class boiler may not give as much satis faction when improperly operated as a boiler whose design is not quite so good but which is intelligently handled. Of course, a good operator and a good boiler will give the best results of all, but this combination is frequently lacking. TYPES OF BOILERS Boilers used for heating, may be classified according to their construc tion as Sectional, either round cast-iron or rectangular cast-iron with horizontal or vertical sections respectively; Fire-Tube, embracing steel firebox, or brick-set return tubular; and Water-Tube, with either horizontal or vertical tubes and suitable drum arrangements. The most general use for heating falls in the first two of the three classifications given. For the small installations the round pattern cast-iron sectional boiler predomi nates, although certain designs of small steel boilers with fire-tubes and coil water tubes are also used to some extent. In the larger installations, Compiled for The Guide from data supplied by C. W. OI?ert, New York, E. A. May. Chicago; E. R. Fish. St. Louis, Mo., and H. L. Alt, New York. . - 155 I American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Chapter VII--Steam and Hot Water Heating Boilers the rectangular vertical section cast-iron boilers and the steel fire-tube boilers of the firebox pattern are used; the makes of either are numerous, and many detail differentiations in construction are to be noted. For the small installations, it is customary to choose a design of boiler with such a disposition of flue passages as will give the maximum contact of flue gas with the indirect heating surface without unduly restricting 'tl the gas travel. For this the round sectional cast-iron boilers are well fitted, and they are largely used for reason of their resistance to corrosion, pitting and other forms of deterioration. They are generally compact, requiring a minimum amount of floor space, low head room (low water line), and have a small water capacity. On account of their sectional construction and the usual-practice of being shipped knocked down and assembled on the job, they are easily handled through small openings at any stage of construction. Their design also facilitates the removal and replacing of damaged parts as well ! as an increase or decrease in capacity by the addition or removal of sections. Most sectional boilers are comparatively cheap in first cost but the labor of assembling is a factor which must be considered. There are other forms of the boilers in the smaller sizes well adapted for heating small buildings, which embrace vertical section cast-iron con struction, steel vertical tubular, and steel firebox construction, which have merit for particular classes of service. The features that are of spaces so that while they may heat up and steam slowly they retain heat and supply steam for. comparatively long periods with a receding fire, thus tending to compensate for fluctuations in firing by the fly wheel effect of their water and steam capacities. Their large steam capacity ' also tends to prevent priming and fluctuation of the water line. They are comparatively steady under sudden and wide variations in load conditions and require little attention on this account. Steel boilers may be built for high or low pressure and are therefore flexible in converting from one pressure to another. Fire-tube boilers may be of the direct tube, return tube or a combina tion of direct and return tube type and have any desired ratio between grate and heating surface, are generally efficient in operation, and with adequate draft producing means may be operated up to 150 per cent of rating without difficulty. . Water-tube boilers are usually constructed with steel or iron tubes, steel drums and either steel, cast steel or cast-iron headers. On account of the smaller diameter of drums and the fact that the tubes are the only parts to come into direct contact with the hot furnace gases it is generally felt that this type of boiler is safer to operate, especially on high pressure. They heat up and steam rapidly but also lose their heat and steam pressure quickly. The water and steam spaces are moderate and their performance on rapid and wide variations of load is accordingly fair. greatest importance in such boilers are grate area sufficient to burn the particular fuel contemplated at a moderate rate when carrying the rated The principal heating surface consisting of tubes with the water inside arid the heated gases outside, is easy to clean from the inside with hy load, a depth of fire-pot sufficient to receive a liberal charge of fuel, an advantageous disposal of direct heating surface in the furnace for absorp- . tion of the radiant heat of the fire, sufficient indirect heating surface to draulic or pneumatic tube cleaners and from the outside with steam or air jet soot blowers although with highly scaling waters the scale formation on the inside of a small tube may be comparatively rapid. extract the heat from the gases by convection, yet without interposing The water line is generally high and considerable space and head room an undesirable resistance of flow to the chimney, and simple yet effective is required. On account of being constructed with drufns and banks of means for control of the draft and rate of combustion. tubes they may be shipped knocked down and be assembled on the job, For the larger installations, such as large apartment buildings, hotels, thus passing through small openings at any stage of the construction. office buildings, and other large public buildings, the fire-tube steel, the The sectional construction facilitates repairs or increase and decrease in cast-iron vertical section and the water-tube steel boilers are commonly capacity. This type of boiler is efficient in operation, comparatively used, but with such a selection as the local conditions governing the . high in first cost, but may be operated to 200 per cent of the usual normal installation may dictate. Some designs of the two former types are more compact than others and in such cases their size may influence their rating without undue loss in efficiency. selection. Often low water line and low height may be a limiting con sideration. In many cases also if steel tubular boilers are selected, the BOILER RATING provision of sufficient room to permit of removing and replacing tubes may need to be considered. In this repect, the latter type is at a disadvan tage compared with the sectional cast-iron and sectional steel types of The three words, size, rating and capacity, when applied to a heating . boiler are sometimes used indiscriminately to designate any one of the boilers. The latter, due to their ease of access into crowded boiler rooms, are often given preference. Water-tube steel boilers are used mostly in the large installations where it is expected that there may sometime be a desire to turn to high pressure operation. Fire-tube boilers are usually constructed of steel, which shows the greatest resistance to splitting, cracking or similar stress due to the expansion and contractional strains of temperature differences of too excessive pressures, or temperature. They are well adapted to oil burning on account of this resistance to the wide temperature ranges encountered with this type of fuel. They have large water and steam three things for which they should be used. The size of a boiler should indicate its physical dimensions, i.e. the size of a sectional boiler may be the inches in width of a rectangular fire box or the inches in the diameter of a round fire pot, combined with the number of sections; the size of a return tubular boiler is usually the inches in the diameter by the feet in the length of its shell combined with the number and size of tubes. The sizes of'fire box boilers are usually arbitrary figures based on heating surface and grate surface. The size of a water tube boiler is generally stated in horse power, or the number of tubes wide by the number of tubes high with the size and length of tubes. 156 157 s American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 The rating of a boiler is the measure of what it will do under certain conditions. The manufacturers' rating is the measure which the manu facturers place upon the performance of their own boilers; this may be given for one or more well defined sorts of conditions or for what the manufacturers may choose to consider average working conditions with out definition but in any case the conditions under which ratings have been established should be stated. The ratings of low pressure boilers are usually stated in terms of the number of square feet of standard cast-iron direct radiation the boiler will supply with steam or hot water, referred to conditions when the plant is heated up and operated under stable conditions with the radiation in still air at 70 deg. fahr. and all proper allowances made for the added load of piping and connections. These ratings are usually for an 8 hour or other stated firing period and for hard coal or other stated fuel with allow ance factors for other lengths of firing periods and for other kinds of fuel when the smaller sized boilers are being considered. In connection with most rating the chimney or draft requirements corresponding to the ratings are given. Unfortunately there are wide differences in the ratings of boilers by the various manufacturers due largely to the fact that there has never been a full and complete cooperation in the establishment of a standard code* on which to rate. For this reason the selecting of a cast-iron boiler, as far as capacity is concerned', is one of considerable uncertainty unless the manufacturer's guarantee is secured that the boiler will carry the load as existing in that particular installation. The method used by some engineers for handling this is to determine the number of pounds of steam required per hour as a maximum, including all losses,- and then calling for a manufacturer's guarantee that the boilers supplied, when fired on 8-hour firing periods with anthracite coal and connected to a chimney of a certain size and height, will deliver the number of pounds of steam necessary at the pressure required. For the larger sizes of boilers and with other fuels, particularly bituminous or soft coal, from I to 2 hour firing periods are generally considered. In order to determine the effective rating of heating boilers, it is stipulated by the Heating and Piping Contractors National Association that the output shall be expressed in terms of square feet of direct radia tion load (equivalent to 240 B.t.u. emission per square foot of steam radiation per hour, or 150 B.t.u. for water radiation), as follows: where WX HX E For steam boilers, output = 240 For water boilers, output WXHXE 150 IF=Average dry fuel burned per hour in lb. lor period of test H=Heat value per lb. of dry fuel in B.t.u. E=Efficiency of boiler Code for Ratine of Low Pressure Solid Fuel Steam Heatins Boilers reported at A. S. H. & V. E. meeting,ejune, 1927, accepted as a preliminary draft and to be presented for adoption, January, 1928. 158 , Chapter VII--Steam and Hot Water Heating Boilers In boiler selection certain allowances should be made if quick heating up is desired but a boiler oversized is not an economical proposition under any condition and when it is considered that the average winter load is approximately one-half of the maximum load it can be seen that the boiler, which is just sufficient, will operate under normal conditions at only 50 per cent of its lating in actual capacity. Some boilers are designed to show a very good efficiency from 40 to 60 per cent of their maximum production and generally speaking a boiler which has its highest efficiency around 50 per cent of its maximum capacity will be the most economical in fuel consumption in the long run. A great deal has been said at various times about the overload thrown onto a boiler during the time of heating up the system; a large part of this idea is not borne out either in practice or by calculation. The whole matter boils down to a time element and a compromise between having a boiler big enough to heat up in a reasonable length of time and at the same time not so large as to force it to operate at too small a faction of its load during all normal periods. SELECTION OF HEATING BOILERS In selecting a boiler for any particular heating installation, there are several important requisites that should be met in order to make sure, that the boiler is properly adapted to the conditions under which it will operate: 1. That the material and construction of the boiler be suitable for the service to which it is to be applied. 2. That the boiler be simple in construction, easily assembled, and easily operated. 3. That the boiler be so designed as to permit constant and thorough circulation so as to maintain a fairly even temperature in all parts. 4. That the steam liberating surface be of liberalarea to allow for free disengagement of the steam. . 5. That the water and steam spaces be properly proportioned so as to maintain even pressure and water line. 6. That the boiler be constructed in accordance with A. S. M. E. Boiler Code. 7. That the boiler have a liberal combustion chamber and flues so that combustion may be completed before the gases leave. 8. That all parts of the boiler be accessible for cleaning. 9. That the boiler be properly equipped with high grade gages, safety valves, and other fittings. 10. That draft requirements of the boiler for the conditions of the service be known and met. 11. That the variation in draft requirements under variations in load be given proper consideration. 12. That the capacity of the boiler be properly modified to suit the fuel used. 13. That the outlet openings on the boiler be of sufficient number and of ample size to allow for safe velocity of steam and to prevent carrying excess entrained water. 14. That the available data be sufficient to calculate the rate of combustion. 15. That the heating surface data arid the relative proportions of direct and indirect surface are known and properly checked. . 159 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 TERMINOLOGY . When any question arises concerning size, rating and capacity, it becomes particularly desirable that certain terms may be understood so that all data may be readily translated into comparable form. Among these are the following: ' Rale of combustion is the amount of fuel in pounds burned per hour per square foot of grate surface. Draft requirement, by which is meant the difference of pressure required to overcome the resistances to flow of gases through the fuel bed, flues, ashpit doors, smoke pipe, chimney, etc. This is expressed in inches of water. The data given by manufacturers generally covers the requirement of the boiler alone and does not include smoke pipe, chimney, etc., which should be added for According to conditions. Heating surface, is any portion of the surface of the boiler which comes into direct contact with-heated fuel, flame, or the gases of combustion. Prime or direct heating surface, is that part of the total surface on which the fire shines or which comes into contact with heated fuel. Secondary or indirect heating surface, is that part of the total surface which only comes into contact with the gases of combustion. NUMBER OF UNITS Reference has been made to the possibility of installing two or more boilers of proportionately less capacity in lieu of one sufficiently large to care for the whole load. Conditions often arise where the amount of installed load requires a draft with one boiler that calls for a height of stack that is not desirable from an artistic point of view. In such cases it is often better to install two or more boilers, instead of one, with especial regard to chimney conditions which will allow one boiler to be run at an overload at times and all boilers used only in the most extreme winter weather. IMPORTANCE OF DRAFT The capacity a boiler is capable of developing depends more upon the amount of draft available than upon any other factor. Assuming that a chimney is smoke tight and well built according to the Ordinance for Construction of Chimneys, 1921 (recommended by the National Board of Fire Underwriters and approved by the Society), the intensity of the draft depends upon the height of the chimney, and the quantity or amount of draft depends principally upoq the effective area of the chimney. Size of boiler plant is not the controlling factor of chimney height, but the desired rate of combustion is. There may be the same rate of burning in a small as in a large boiler so that the same height of chimney should be provided in one case as in the other, but the relative chimney areas will, of course, not be the same since that factor is dependent on the quantity of gas to be carried off. The mistake is not infrequently made of assuming that a low chimney will suffice for a small installation, and that a greater height would be needed for a larger plant, although it would be necessary to burn fuel at the same rate in either case. According to their height, heating plant chimneys are divided into three classes, the erratic, uncertain and reliable. Chimneys less than 36 ft. high are erratic in their action. The head produced by such a low height 160 j i I i Chapter VII--Steam and Hot Water. Heating Boilers is so small that the least unfavorable condition or interference practically puts the chimney out of commission. At best the head produced by chimneys up to 64 ft. in height is so small that the draft is frequently affected by surrounding conditions making the draft a doubtful one. Chimneys over 64 ft. in height are not usually so affected, because as a rule the chimney is designed by an engineer and must be well built to sustain such a heavy load and the height is such as to produce considerable head or force to offset unfavor able weather conditions, etc. Chimneys in this class produce about 0.009 in. draft per ft. of height in zero weather with 600 deg. in the stack according to the formula: where P = draft pressure in inches of water. H = height of chimney in feet. T0 = absolute temperature of outside air. 7b -- absolute temperature of stack gases. For low-pressure heating boilers, water heaters and warm air furnaces conservative modern practice in the matter of chimney sizes is in accord ance with the accompanying schedule, Table l:1 Table 1. Chimney Sizes ' Warm Air Furnace Capacity in Leader Pipe Sq. In. Steam Boiler Capacity Sq. Ft. op Radia TION Hot Water Heater Capacity Sq. Ft. OF Radia tion Nominal Dimen sions of FireClay Lining In. Rectangular Flue Actual Inside Dimensions of Fire Clay Lining In. Actual Area Sq. In. Effec tive Area Sq. In. Round Flub Inside Diameter of Lining In. Effec tive Area Sq. In. Height in Ft. from Grate 790 1000 590 973 834x13 690 1140 7x1134 81 70 900 900 1100 1490- 13x13 1134x1134 127 99 1490 834x18 634x1634 110 100 1820 1700 1940 2800 13x18 1134x1634 183 156 3200 . 2130 2480 3150 35204090 5200 18x18 1534x1534 248 195 20x20. 1734x1734 298 234 4300 7100 4600 5000 5570 5580 7590 8250 9190 9200 20x24 24x24 17x21 21x21 24x24* 357 278 441 576 380 6980 11500 7270 8700 9380 12000 14400 15500 24x28* 28x28* 672 468 784 531 10150 10470 11800 16750 17250 19500 30x30* 28x32* 900 616 896 635 14700 24300 17900 29500 10 12 15 ' 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 36 *Dimensions below are for unlined rectangular flues. *See also Code of Minimum Requirements for Heating and Ventilation of Buildings. 79 113 177 254 314 380 452 573 707 855 1018 ao Ptic *3 <y o 2*' S-o SI nS aS'a R.& G Sg-o flf j'si3' u SP "be -ass 2~"C < OJC American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Chimneys recommended for larger boilers 15 to 250 hp. are propor tioned in accordance with the report made by a joint Committee of the American Boiler Manufacturers Association and Stoker Manufacturers Association and approved by these organizations. The sizes are given in Table 2. Table 2. Height of Stack for Average Installations (Sea Level) Forced Draft Stokers 100 0.15 0.18 0.10 0.43 80 150 0.15 0.4 0.10 0.65 112 200 0.15 0.65 0.10 0.90 145 250 0.15 0.9 0.10 1.15 178 300 . 0.15 1.20 0.10 1.45 220 Diameter of Chimney in Inches for Horizontal Return Tubular Boilers Height of Stack in Feet--For Sea Level and 60 deg. fahr. Outside Temp. Assumed Fric tion Loss in Stack 0.1 in. per 100 ft. Nominal H. P. 100% Rating 150% Rating 200% Rating Draft at Base of Stack 100% Rating 150% Rating 200% Rating 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60 75 90 100 115 125 . 150 175 200 210 225 250 13 14 17 0.12 21 22 25 14 16 18 0.15 26 28 30 16 18 20 0.20 35 37 41 17 19 21 0.25 43 46 51 18 20 22 0.30 52 56 61 19 21 23 0.35 60 65 71 20 23 25 0.40 69 74 81 21 24 27 0.45 78 84 91 23 26 29 0.50 86 93 101 25 28 31 0.55 95 102 111 26 29 33 0.60 104 112 122 27 31 34 0.65 112 121 132 28 32 35 _____ ____ :___ 30 34 38 _____ ____ ____ . 32 36 40 ___ 33 38 43 34 38 44 _____ 35 40 45 _______ ____ . 36 41 47 -- Rating............. Efficiency____ CO,................. Data on Which Tables are Based 100% 65% 8% 150% 65% 9% 200% 63% 10% Stack Temp, deg. fahr...................... Lbs. of Gas...................... '' 450 85 500 77- 550 73 . Average Friction Loss Through Boilers ' Per Cent Rating...... ....... 100 150 200 250 Loss Ins., Water.... ......... 0.1to0.3 0.2to0.6 0.3 to 0.9 0.5 to 1.4 300 0.7 to 1.9 ", Friction loss through boiler varies according to construction. For Furnace Draft.--Allow 0.15 for forced draft. For Natural Draft 0.35 in. or higher should be used depending upon rate of combustion and fuel used. For Breeching Friction Loss.--Allow 0.05 in. for each right angle bend and 0.1 in. per 100 ft. of length. Cross sectional area should be 20 per cent larger than that of stack. 162 Chapter VII--Steam and Hot Water Heating Boilers Height of Stack in Feet For Sea Level and 60 deg. fahr. Outside Temperature and 0.1 in. Friction Loss per 100 ft. Total Draft Required In. for Furnace Boiler and Breeching 100 Per,Cent of Boiler Rating 150 200 250 300 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 Assumed Flue Gas Temp.................... 56 74 93 111 130 148 500 69 86 103 120 138 155 172 190 550 81 97 113 129 145 161 177 194 209 226 600 108 123 139 154 170 185 200 2i6 231 650 132 147 162 176 191 206 221 236 265 700 Correction for Altitude Height Above Sea Level (Ft.) Ratio Increase in Diameter 0 1,000 2,000 ' 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 1.000 1.015 1.030 . 1.063 1.096 1.130 1.165 Ratio Increase in Height 1.000 1.046 1.097 1.205 1.321 1.456 1.612 The principal factors which affect the loss of . draft through the fuel bed according to J. G. Mingle,1 are: . 1. Character of fuel burned, 2. Amount of fuel burned per square foot of grate surface per hour, or the rate of com bustion. - The loss of draft through the boiler is affected mainly by: 1. Type and size of boiler, 2. Rate of operation. ' The required height of a chimney is affected by the following: 1. Character of fuel burned, 2. Rate of combustion, 1 Draft and Capacity of Chimneys. . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 3. Type and size of boiler, 4. Rate of operation, 5. Quantity of gases flowing, 6. Temperature of flue and chimney gases, 7. Length of breeching, 8. Size of breeching, 9. Coefficient of friction, 10. Density of chimney gases, 11. Atmospheric pressure, 12. Length of chimney duct, 13. Diameter of chimney, 14. Temperature of outside air. . ' \ 164 Chapter VIII CODE FOR TESTING LOW-PRESSURE STEAM-HEATING BOILERS REVISION OF 1923 (Adopted by American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Jan., 1924) OBJECT OF THE CODE HE object of the Code for Testing Low-Pressure Steam-Heating Boilers is to Tprovide a standard method for conducting and reporting tests to determine the heat efficiency at various rates of steaming. ESSENTIALS NECESSARY TO DETERMINE HEAT EFFICIENCY , ' The essentials necessary to determine the heat efficiency of a steam-heating boiler are: a. The total heat input. (The total heat input ia the total heat value of the fuel charged.) 6. The total heat recovered at the boiler outlet. (The total heat recovered at the boiler outlet is the total heat of the steam leaving the boiler - less the total heat of the feed water entering the boiler.) PREPARATIONS FOR TEST The boiler shall be erected, covered and connected to conform to the directions and practice of the manufacturer. The piping shall be connected in such a way that the steam may be carried to a point away from the boiler and it shall be arranged so that the condensation cannot flow back to the boiler. The moisture in the steam shall be determined by a steam separator, not less than 95 per cent efficient, placed in the steam delivery pipe as close to the boiler as possible. The piping between this separator and the boiler, also the separator itself, shall be thor oughly covered with insulating material. A pipe connected to the bottom of the steam separator shall be provided with a positive seal. The water shall be drained from the separator .hourly and weighed immediately. The steam connections between the boiler outlet and the separator shall be the same in size and arrangement as that to be used when the boiler is installed. The water shall be fed to the boiler continuously from the feed tank through piping with all necessary valves, and all other water connections to the boiler shall be carefully blanked off. The temperature of the feed water shall be read from a thermometer inserted in a cup projecting well into the feed line near the boiler and filled with a heavy oil. All boiler water connections, including blow-off pipes, must be exposed to view, so that leakages may be observed, and either stopped or measured. The glands of the feed pump shall be carefully packed to prevent leakage. Code prepared by Committee for Testing Low-Pressure Steam Heating Boilers: John Blizard, Chairman. Homer Addams. F. Paul Anderson, L. P. Breckenridge, P. J. Dougherty, L. A. Harding, F. B. Howell, and J. F. Mclntire. 165 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 The boiler shall be connected with a short, direct smoke-pipe to a chimney flue of suitable size, height and construction to give proper draft. , The water spaces of the boiler shall be thoroughly boiled out with a solution of sal soda, potassium hydrate or sodium hydrate and then thoroughly rinsed with clean water. The heating surface, firebox, ashpit, flues and chimney shall be clean and free from soot, ashes and dust at beginning of test. APPARATUS AND INSTRUMENTS Apparatus and instruments must be reliable and be arranged in such a way as to insure correct data. Tanks for measuring the feed water may be calibrated with weighed quantities of water at the temperature to be used during the test, or mounted on accurate-weighing scales. The water may be fed to the boiler by gravity, by air pressure or by feed pumps, from feed-water tanks supplied from the measuring tanks by gravity. Accurate scales of suitable size shall be provided for weighing separator water, fuel and all refuse removed from the grate and ashpit. Three draft gages shall be provided and so arranged as to determine the pressure difference at the level of inserting the pipe between the outside and the ashpit, between the outside and the firebox, and the outside and the smokehood. Draft measurements shall be made with draft gages reading to 0.01 in. Accurately calibrated instruments shall be provided for measuring temperatures of gases, water and steam. . .` An Orsat apparatus shall be used for determining the flue gas composition. If record ing carbon dioxide (COa) instruments are provided, they shall be checked every hour with the Orsat apparatus. A Ringelmann chart shall be used for smoke observations. Weather Bureau reports from the immediate vicinity may be used to determine the barometric pressure. When such reports are not available, a calibrated aneroid barom eter or mercury column shall be used for determining the barometric pressure. A calibrated steam gage or a mercury column shall be used for determining the steam pressure. ` . A log of the test shall be kept on record sheets similar to those provided by this Code. DURATION OF TEST The test shall continue for at least 16 hours if operated at the normal manufacturer's rating; if operated at other ratings it shall continue until as much fuel has been burned as would have been burned in a 16-hour test at normal rating. METHOD OF STARTING AND STOPPING TEST The New Fire Method of starting and stopping test may be used on any boiler when anthracite coal is used as fuel. All tests using other fuels shall be started and stopped by the Continuous Firing Method. New Fire Method.--A preliminary fire shall be made and the boiler operated under test conditions for at least one hour before starting the test. The preliminary fire shall then be dumped, the ashpit thoroughly cleansed and dried wood placed on the grate and kindled. The test shall be considered started at the time of firing the charge of wood. On this charge of wood, fuel shall be placed. The wood shall be considered as having a heating value of 5000 B.t.u. per lb. The height of water line in gage glass and feed tank shall be noted and recorded at the time the preliminary fire is dumped. The water level in the boiler shall be kept at this level as nearly as possible throughout 166 Chapter VIII--Code for Testing Steam Heating. Boilers . the test and the water level in the boiler and feed tank must stand at this same height when the test closes. At the end of test the fire shall be dumped. The residual fire when dumped shall be placed in tightly covered cans, weighed and left to cool. After cooling it shall be forwarded for analysis and determination of its heat value* and ash content. The total fuel fired shall be taken as the total weight of fuel exclusive of the wood used for kindling, to which shall be added the fuel equivalent of the wood and from which shall be subtracted the fuel equivalent of the residual fire. The weight of the ash content of the residual fire shall be added to the weight of ash and refuse removed from the ashpit and the sum recorded as ash and refuse removed from the ashpit. Continuous Firing Method.--A preliminary fire shall be made and the boiler operated under test conditions for at least one firing period and not less than one hour before starting the test. < The fire shall then be burned low, thoroughly cleansed and the remaining live fuel spread evenly over the grate as the foundation for the first test fuel charge. The thick ness of the fuel bed and the extent to which it has been burned through shall be quickly estimated or measured. The height of water line in gage glass and feed tank shall be noted and recorded. The test shall start at the time of making these observations. A weighed charge of fuel shall then be fired. The ashpit shall be thoroughly cleansed immediately ana the test allowed to proceed. A constant water level and rate of steaming shall be maintained throughout the test. At the end of the test the fire should be burned low and cleansed so as to leave the same amount of live fuel on the grate as at the start. When this condition is reached and the water level in the boiler and feed tank are at the same height as at the start, record the time and this time shall be the time of stopping. The contents of the ashpit shall be removed promptly on stopping and placed in airtight cans, weighed and left to cobl. The boiler shall be charged with all fuel charged during test. METHOD OF FIRING The method and frequency of firing shall be as agreed upon by the manufacturer . and purchaser. FUEL SAMPLING During the progress of the test, fair samples at regular intervals shall be taken with a shovel from the fuel charge, stored in a covered vessel in a cool place, and after crushing and quartering, two one-pint glass jars or other airtight vessels shall be filled. The gross sample for slack coal and small sizes of anthracite in which the impurities do not exist in abnormal quantities or in pieces larger than %-in., should weigh approx imately 500 lb. and not less than .1000 lb. for other solid fuels.1 The small samples shall be preserved for determinations of the proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and calorific value. The refuse taken from the ashpit and grate shall be reduced by crushing and quarter ing to a quantity sufficient to fill two one-pint jars'or other airtight vessels for deter mining its combustible content in the laboratory. Care must be taken to crush and quarter the coal, ash, and refuse on a clean floor; to avoid contaminating the sample a metal plate is to be preferred to a concrete floor. Care must be taken to see that the ash and refuse does not burn after removal from the grate or ashpit. 1 As recommended by the American Society for Testing Materials, D21--16, p. 766, 1921. The Committee on Code for Testing Low-Pressure Heating Boilers of the American Society of Heat ing and Ventilating Engineers is prepared to interpret the meaning of any items on the Code. - It is requested that all tests be filed with the Amercian Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. *' 167 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 STANDARD FORM For Reporting Results of Low-Pressure Steam-Heating Boiler Tests RESULTS Of a Test on a Low-Pressure Boiler Date of Test....... .................................................................................................................................... Conducted at.......................................................................................................................................... _ Director of Test..................................... ............................................................ --.......... -.........(signature) Manufacturer of Boiler--.........................................................--...................................... Owner of Boiler .............................................................................. <........................................ Size of Boiler......................................................................................................................................... Type of Boiler....................................................................................................................................... GENERAL PARTICULARS OF BOILER AND FUEL Boiler Type........................................................................................................................... 1............................ Made by...................... ..................... .............................................................. ................................ Length of Grate (or Diameter)....... ........... ..................................................................................in Width of Grate.......................--.............................................................. -.......................................*n Fuel Capacity (Greatest Possible Volume)........... ......... _.................................. ...............cu. ft Maximum Fuel Depth (Greatest Possible Depth of Fuel)................................................... in Fuel Capacity Normal........... ---------------------------------------------------------------- -................-Cu. ft Fuel Depth Normal------------------------------------------------------------i................................................. jn Average Distance from Top of Normal Fuel Charge to Crown Sheet.............................. in Total Furnace Volume, Grate to. Crown Sheet and Bridge Wall...... ...........................cu. ft Total Combustion Space Beyond Bridge Wall.................................................................. cu. ft Water Capacity (To Water Line).... _..............................................................--.................... lb Height of Water Line................... ;......--....................................................................................... 'n Steam Connections Used ....... ................................................................................. in Kind of Insulation...................... Thickness of Insulation...... ...... Detailed Description of Boiler. Smoke Pipe and Chimney Area of Smoke Pipe...... ....................... -.................................-................................................ sq. in. Length of Smoke Pipe (Boiler to Chimney).............................................................................in. Number and Kind of Bends in Smoke Pipe...... .......--................................................................. Chimney, Height above Grate......................................................................................................ft. Chimney, Area at Bottom............. ........................ -................................. .......... .................... sq. ft. Chimney, Area at Top...............................................................................................................sq. ft. Fuel Name. Size.... Proximate Analysis Moisture......................................... Volatile Matter...... ................... Fixed Carbon.,........................ Ash................................................... per cent per cent per cent per cent Ultimate Analysis Carbon............................................ Hydrogen...... ................................. Oxygen........................................... Nitrogen...... ................................... Sulphur.... ....................................... Ash................................................... per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent As Fired Moisture Free As Fired Moisture Free These forms may be obtained on request at the office of the Secretary of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, 29 West 39th Street. New York City, at nominal cost. ' 168 Chapter VIII--Code for Testing Steam Heating Boilers Heat Value (Gross) B.t.u. per lb. as fired_____ :.............................................................................................. B.t.u. per lb. moisture free............................................................................................. B.t.u. per lb. moisture and ash free........ ................................................... ................. Character of Fuel (State whether coking or free-burning, clinker troubles, etc.) Method of Firing . PRINCIPAL RESULTS OF TEST Heat recovered at the boiler outlet per hour........................................................... 1000 B.t.u Maker's rating (sq. ft. radiation X 240).,,..................................................1000 B.t.u. per hr. Percentage of maker's rating developed........ ................................................................. per cent Mean interval between charging fuel........................... ........................................................ hours Mean interval between attention of any kind to the fire, including charging.......... hours Overall thermal efficiency........ ....................................................................................... ....per cent DETAILED RESULTS OF TEST (For full particulars of boiler and fuel see "general particulars" ante) General Information 1. Date of Test--.................:...... 2. Number of Test..................... 3. Location of Boiler................ 4. i Maker of Boiler and Type.. 5. Owner of Plant...... ................ 6. Test Conducted by.............. 7. Duration of Test...................................................................................................................... hr. 8. Manufacturer's Rating of Boiler.............................................................. sq. ft. radiation1 9. Grate Area1.............................................. ........................................................................... sq. ft. 10. Barometric Pressure....................i.....................................................................in. of mercury Fuel 11. Heat value, as fired.. 12. Number of Times Fuel Charged during Test ..B.t.u. per lb. 13. Intervals between Charging, hrs! Longest..........Shortest-....... Average- 14. Intervals between Attention of any Kind to the Fire, including firing, hr. . Longest_____ Shortest......... -Average- 15. Average Fired per Charge"....................................................................................... ..lb. 16. Depth on Grate at Start of Test___ (After Firing)........... .................................................................................................... in. 17. Depth on Grate at Finish of Test--............................................................................. .....in. 18. Weight as Fired during Test"............................................................................ .................. lb. 19. Weight as Fired per Hour" ..............................................................................................lb. 20. Moisture in Fuel:___________ ................................................................. ............. ......per cent 21. Weight Fired per Hour less Moisture:" 100 -- item 20 X item 19-- 100 -lb. Ash and Refuse 22. Weight of Ash and Refuse Removed from Grate.........................................................lb. 23. Weight of Ash and Refuse Removed from Ashpit--.................................................. lb. 24. Total Weight of Ash and Refuse Removed" ' (item 22 + item 23)............... .............................................................. ..................... lb. "One sq. ft. radiation to be assumed equal to 240 B.t.u. per hr. "If the grate have an unusual shape, method of computing area must be stated under " Remarks." *When the New Fire Method is used the equivalent fuel charged shall be given throughout. The method of obtaining this is shown at the end of this table. ' "To include ash content of residual fire when New Fire Method is used. 169 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 25. Total Ash and Refuse, Percentage of Fuel as Fired.................................................... :..... 26. Combustible in Ash and Refuse................................................................................per cent Temperature , 27. Steam........................................................................................................................................ deg.fahr. 28. Feed Water...... _................................................................. ........................................ deg. fahr. 29. Gases Leaving Boiler................................................................................................. deg. fahr. 30. Boiler Room...... ...................................................................................................... deg.fahr. 31. Outside Air...... ............................................................................................................. deg. fahr. 4 Draft Intensity 32. In Smokehood.... ,,............ :................................................... ......................................in. water 33. Over Fire--.... ,..................................................................... -........................................ in. water 34. In AshpitTM.............................................................................................. in.water Output . 35.' Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 deg. fahr. per hr. of test...... ..................-lb. 36. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212 deg. fahr. per lb. of dry coal fired........ lb. 37. Heat Recovered at the Outlet per hour (item 35 X 0.97)...... ................... .1000 B.t.u. Steam and Water 38. Steam pressure (gage)................................. ......................................................lb. per sq. in. 39. Total Water Fed to Boiler during Test..................................................................;......... lb. 40. Priming: Total Water Removed from Separator, Per Cent of Total Feed Water............. ......... .............................................. per cent Heat Balance 41. Heat to steam leaving outlet (and thermal effici ency boiler, furnace and grate)........................ 42. Heat lost by hot flue gases, exclusive of steamTM...... 43. Heat lost by not burning carbon monoxide............. 44. Heat lost by steam in flue gas..................................... 45. Heat lost by combustible in ash and refuse............. 46. Heat lost by radiation.................................................... 47. Undetermined losses and errors........ .......................... 48. Total, items 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 and calorific value of dry fuel................................................... Per lb. fuel as fired Per cent heat in fuel fired 100 Additional items, for use only with New Fire Method of starting Fuel Used 49. Weight of wood for kindling..... 50. Heat value of wood..................... 51. Weight of residual fire................ 52. Heat value of residual fire_____ 53. Fuel value of wood (item 49 X .... ...... ....................... -..... \ item 11 / - 54. Total fuel fired during test (exclusive of wood)_____ ___:................ 55. Total equivalent fuel charged during test (item 53 + item 54).., 56: Fuel value of residual fire/ item 51 X **em ............................. \ item 11/ 57. Equivalent fuel used during test (item 55 -- item 56, this value to be used for item 18).................................................................. ........................ lb. __ B.t.u. per lb. ...... .................. lb. .... B.t.u. per lb. ........................ lb. ............... :........ lb. ...... .................. lb. ........ ................lb. lb. Ash and Refuse ' 58. Ash in residual fire (by analysis) . 59. Total ash content of residual fire: per cent * 2 i'tj * ...........lb. 5Item 41. Heat to "steam," includes the heat used to raise the water removed from the separator from the feed water temperature to the steam temperature. ' 170 Chapter VIII--Code for Testing Steam Heating Boilers Total ash and refuse removed from ashpit.........................:....... ........... -....... Equivalent ash and refuse removed from ashpit (item 59 + item 60, this is the value to be used for item 23)..................................... -........ lb. lb. Test of.. Date..... Time LOG SHEET NO. 1 General Sheet ..boiler with...........................--.coal Test No..... ................. ;............ General Notes (Here will be recorded the method and times of starting and stopping, the method of firing, the difficulties encountered with ash and clinker, the times of . cleaning, slicing and raking the fire, the caking and other properties of the coal, the manipulat.ion of t he dampers, et.c.) 171 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 LOG SHEET NO. 2 Date............................................................ Test No....... ................... Fuel, Ash and Refuse Detailed Record of Coal Fired During Test Time of Fifing Quantity Fifed, Lb. Tare Gross Net Fired in Interval, Lb. Total Fired, Lb. Chapter VIII--Code for Testing Steam Heating Boilers . LOG SHEET NO. 3 Date.............................. ...................... .......... ..... Test No___ Observations of Feed Water, Pressures, and Temperatures Tims Feed Water, Lb. Gross Tare Net Separator Water. Lb. Gross Tare Net Boiler Pressure Lb. per Sq. In. Time of Removal Detailed Record of Ash and Refuse Removed Quantity Removed from Grate Tare Gross Net Quantity Removed from Ashpit Tare Gross Net -' Draft, In.*--Water Below Grate Above Grate At Smokehood Boiler Room Temp. Deg. Fahr. Feed Water Temp. Deg. Fahr. Flub Gas Temp. Dbg. Fahr. - Special observations for New Fire Method of starting: Weight of wood used for kindling--.............................................................................................. lb. Weight of fire dumped at end....................................................................-............................:.__ lb. 172 Boiler gage correction Thermometer corrections Barometer: At start Correction not allowed for on sheet At finish WWl American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 LOG SHEET NO. 4 Date.................................................................... Detailed Record of Gas Analysis Test No.................. Time CO a COa + Oa Oa COa + Oa -1- CO CO N Remarks LOG SHEET NO. 5 Date...................... .............................................. Smoke Readings Test No No. Time RlNGELMANN Chart No. Time Ringelmann Chart Remarks \ 174 Chapter IX PUMPS FOR HEATING AND VENTILATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION HE various kinds of pumps ordinarily used in connection with Theating and ventilating installations may be classed under the following heads: 1. Boiler feed pumps. 2. Condensation return pumps. 3. Return line vacuum heating pumps. 4. Sump pumps. 5. Forced circulation hot-water heating pumps. 6. Circulating pumps for water brine, etc. 7. Refrigeration pumps and compressors. In applying pumps to heating and ventilating systems the following points should be considered: For Boiler Feed Pumps--the load factor, temperature of the intake water, static head on the pump intake, total pressure against which the pump must discharge, steam pressure available for steam driven pumps, provisions for emergency and breakdown service, method of control; as to whether pumps should be steam, electric or power driven, depending upon the relative first costs and economies taking into con sideration the possibilities of the use of the exhaust from steam driven pumps and any difference in the cost of labor and attention required. For Condensation Return and Vacuum Pumps--method and efficiency of return trapping, degree of tightness of the system, temperature of the condensate at the pump, probable cooling effect of the return piping, lifts (if any) required in the system, length of run of piping from farthest radiator to the pump, the total pressure against which the pump must discharge the total load to be carried, the load factor, the vacuum (if any) to be carried, as to whether the pump is to be automatically controlled from the water-line in a condensate receiver from the vacuum, or from both, the static heads on the suction and discharge, provisions for emergency and breakdown service and as to whether the pump is to be steam, electric or power driven, etc., as above. For all other Pumps--the service to be performed, loads and load factors, emergency and breakdown service, methods of driving and methods of control. ' Standards for Condensation to be Handled--The. quantities of condensate Material for this section prepared for The Guide by Perry West, consulting engineer, Newark, N. J. > 175 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 to be handled from direct radiation, direct-indirect radiation and indirect or fan blast radiation may be estimated as follows: For direct radiation W = 0.3 R For direct-indirect radiation W = 0.6 R For indirect radiation W= where W = lbs. of condensate per hour, R = sq. ft. of radiation, Q = cu. ft. of air per min., T = temperature rise of air in deg. fahr. and H = the latent heat of steam in the system in B.t.u. per pound. The normal capacity of pumps to' be based on condensate at a tempera ture of not over 180 deg. fahr. For temperature of condensate above 180 deg. fahr. capacity should be increased above that estimated for 180 deg. fahr. condensate as per the following Table 1. Table 1. Temperature of Condensate at Pump Suction Deg. fahr. 190 200 204 . Factor .1.15 1.56 2.00 To use Table 1, multiply the quantity of condensate to be handled by the factor corresponding to the temperature of the condensate at the pump suction and select a pump suitable for the quantity thus found. The above increase in pump capacity may be reduced by providing a static head above the pump suction and when this static head is made equivalent to 15 ft. minus the absolute boiling pressure of the condensate (measured in feet of water) no increase is necessary. Allow sufficient head in addition to the total head necessary to over come static head, velocity head, pipe friction and boiler pressure, wherever condensate is to be returned direct to a boiler from the pump. BOILER FEED PUMPS Types.--Boiler -Feed Pumps may be of the following types; 1. Direct acting steam driven reciprocating pumps. 2. Power driven reciprocating pumps. 3. Centrifugal pumps. 4. Screw pumps. Capacities.--The capacity of a boiler feed pump should be based on 34.5 lb. of water per hour per maximum boiler horsepower served, with a slippage allowance of 10 per cent in the water cylinders and a factor of safety allowance of 2 for intermittently operating pumps and a factor of safety allowance of for continuous operating pumps, to provide for unusual demands when the water in boilers becomes low or excessive loads are carried. Piston Speeds in Feet per Minute.--For reciprocating boiler feed pump 176 IX--Chapter Pumps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment not to exceed 10 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke of the water pistons. Direct acting reciprocating steam driven or power driven boiler feed pumps are generally found to be more efficient for smaller installations especially with widely fluctuating loads as the efficiencies of centrifugal Table 2. Direct Acting Steam Driven Duplex Reciprocating Boiler Feed Pumps DlA. OF Stbam Cyl. Dia. OF Water Cyl. IN in Inches Inches Length of Stroke in Inches No. of Strokes per Min. Discharge in Gallons Per Per Stroke Min. Equiva lent Dia. of Single Cyl. Pump fBoiler H. P. 1 Size Pipe. Inches Served Without Factor Steam of Ex haust Suc Dis tion charge Safety 3 44 54 6 m m 10 12 2 2*4 34 4 44 5, 6 7 3 4 5 6 6 10 10 12 70 0.04 5.6 2V% 80 4 *4 14 i 60 0.10 12.0 4 180 4 *4 14 14 50 0.20 20.0 5 300 *4 14 2 14 50 0.33 33.0 5% 480 i 14 2 4 2 50 0.42 42.0 6*A 600 m. 2 3 24 40 0.85 68.0 7 1000 14 2 3 24 40 1.22 97.6 m, 1400 2 24 4 . 3 35 2.00 140.0 m 2000 24 3 5 4 Table 3. Horizontal Duplex Piston Packed Power Driven Boiler Feed Pumps for 100 Lb. Working Pressure Size of Pump Cylinders in Inches Dia. Stroke No. OF Revolu tions per Min. Displacement Gallons . Per Rev. Per Min. Boiler H. P. Served Without Factor of Safety 24 4 30 0.34. 10.2 3 4 30 0.49 14.7 34 5' 30 0.83 24.9 4 6 25 1.30 32.5 8 10 20 8.69 173.8 148 213 361 471 2520 H. P. Required to Drive Pump 1.5 4.0 3.5 4.0 18.0 Pipe Sizes Inches Suction Discharge 14 14 2 . 14 24 2 3 24 54 Table 4. Reciprocating Single Acting Power Driven Triplex Boiler Feed Pumps for 150 Lb. Working Pressure ' Size of Pump Cylinders in Inches Dia. Stroke No. of Revolu tions per Min. Displacement Gallons Per Rev. Per Min. 14 2 1*4 24 23 24 4 34 44 46 58 68 8. 10 50 0.045 2.25 50 0.078 3.90 40 0.122 4.88 30 0.255 7.65 30 0.367 11.01 30 0.652 19.56 25 0.978 24.45 20 2.041 40.82 20 2.938 58.76 20 6.520 130.40 ' Boiler H. P. Served Without Factor of Safety 33 57 70 110 160 280 355 592 852 1891 H. P. Required to Drive Puao> 0.40 0.65 0.80 1.15 1.40 4.60 3.10 5.00 6.00 14.00 Pipe Sizes Inches Suction Discharge *4 *4 l1 14 1 14 14 14 14 2 14 24 2 3 24 34 3 43 177 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 boiler feed pumps drop off very rapidly for the smaller sizes of pumps and for low load conditions. For this reason centrifugal pumps are not V1 a> S < <o c/3 tt, os la (M O NNSNXNKTN'I'i I if) mg a! 2* 3WH ofWd U [i, OS as SB 3 us c/HS o u. usually employed for installations of less than 1000 boiler horsepower. Screw pumps may be used with good-economy for small capacities. 178 . Chapter IX--Pumps for. Heating and Ventilating Equipment Table 5. Screw Pumps Since the capacity and pressure at which Screw Pumps will operate is almost infinite( we can only give some idea of their capacity. Efficiencies range from 60 per cent to 70 per cent. Size 2 2H 3 3M m 4 5 SH 6 7 8 9 10 12 16 G. P. M. 2- .15 10- 20 20- 50 40- 60 55-100 85- 200 175- 275 200- 325 275- 475 300- 600 450- 750 700-1000 800-1400 1200-2100 1750-4200 Max. Rev. i600 1600 1600 1600 1500 1400 1200 1200 1200 1000 875 720 700 600 425 . Suction Inches 2 2 214 3 4 4 5 5 6 8 8 10 12 14 16 Discharge Inches m m 2'A 2A 3 4 4 4 6 6 8 10 12 14 15 . Table 6. Sizes, Revolutions per Min. Heads Pumped Against, Power Required and Boiler_ Horse Power for Several Commercial Sizes of Centri_ fugal Boiler Feed Pumps Size of Pimp Inches H. P. Pipe Sizes Inches . Suction j Discharge Capacity Gallons per Min. 2 m3 4 5 6 8 2 2H 3 4 5 6 8 ' 2 2H 3 4 5 6 8 Two Stage for 100 lb. Working Pressure 2H 3 4 5 6 8 10 2 2H 3 4 5 6 8 100 150 225 400 620 . 900 1600 Three Stage for 150 lb. Working Pressure ........ 2H 3 4 5 6 8 10 2 2H 3 4 5 6 8 100 150 225 400 620 900 1600 Four Stage for 250 lb. Working Pressure 2M 3 4 5 6 8 10 2 2A 3 4 5 6 8 100 150 225 400 620 900 1600 179 Boiler H. P. Served Without Factor of Safety 1450 2175 3262 5800 8990 13,000 23,000 1450 2175 3262 5800 8990 13,000 23,000 1450 2175 3262 5800 8990 13,000 23,000 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 . CONDENSATION RETURN PUMPS Condensation return pumps may be of the following types: a. Automatic pumps and receivers. b. Continuous operation non-automatic return pumps. Volumetric Capacities of Receivers.--To be not less than 3 times the maximum minute volumetric flow of condensation to be handled, measured between the high and low water lines in the receiver. ' Piston Speeds in Feet per Minute.--Not more than 10 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke. The ratio between the pump displacement and the maximum vbl- Table 7., Duplex Piston Type Return Pumps with ' Receivers Standard Pressure Size op Pump 3 X 2 X 3H 4K X 2J4 X 4 5M X 3K X 5 6X4X6 7M X 5 X 6 Receiver Capacity Gallons 12 20 40 60 100 Sq. Ft. Direct Radiation 6000 10,500 19,500' 30,000 45,000 Lb. Condensate per Hour 2000 3500 6500 11,000 15,000 Minimum Steam Pressure 50 40 35 35 30 4K X 2 X 4 5KX2HX5 6X2MX6 6X3X6 6X3MX6 Low Pressure 12 ' 20 40 40 60 6000 10,000 120,000 180,000 290,000 . 2000 3500 4000 6000 9000 25 20 15 20 25 Table 8. Centrifugal Return Pumps with Receivers Size op Pump Discharge Inches i ik 2 Receiver Capacity Gallons 40 60 100 Sq. Ft. Direct Radiation 12,000 25,500 42,000 Lb. Condensate per Hour 4000 8500 14,000 x -------- H. P. TO Drive i IK 2 Total Head Ft. 25 50 50 Table 9. Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps and Receivers ' Delivering Against 15 Lb. Size 101 102 103 104 105 Sq. Ft. Equivalent Direct Radiation Gal. per Min. 8000 16,000 26,000 40,000 65,000 u 22 35 60 90 R. P. M. 1725 1725 1725 1140 1140 Actual H. P. 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.4 H. P. Motor Supplied Floor Space Shipping Weight 3A 5' 3'x3' 8' 700 % 5' 3'x3' 8' 700 l 6' 5'x3'8' 750 IK 7' 6'x4' 2" .1050 2 7'6'x4'2' 1100 180 IXChapter --Pumps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment umetric rate of the flow of .condensate to be handled shall be not less than 3.0 for automatic pumps and receivers and 2.0 for non-automatic return pumps. Normal Capacities for Centrifugal Pumps.--Not less than 2 times the maximum rate of flow of the condensation to be handled. RETURN LINE VACUUM HEATING PUMPS These may be of the following types: a. Direct acting reciprocating steam driven return line vacuum pumps. b. Reciprocating power driven return line vacuum pumps. c.. Motor driven return line vacuum pumps. High pressure traps should never discharge directly into a vacuum return. An excessive amount of vapor will form due to re-evaporation of a considerable part of the hot condensation. This may cause a very Fig. 3. Method of Discharging High-Pressure Apparatus into Low-Pressure Heating Mains and Vacuum Return Mains through . a Low-Pressure Trap material reduction in the vacuum maintained by the pump. Fig. 3 shows a method of disposing of the greater part of the vapor of re evaporation and at the same time lowering the temperature of the condensate. ' DISPOSAL OF VACUUM PUMP DISCHARGE The discharge from reciprocating vacuum pumps of either the steam or power driven type is a mixture of water and air. Means must be pro vided for releasing the entrained air. This requires water surface area in either a tank having a large horizontal cross section or a stand pipe of enough sectional area to permit a low velocity of downward water flow while the entrained air is escaping to the surface against the water current. For removal of air allow one square foot of horizontal cross section for each 2100 lb. of water per'hour. A stand pipe with diameter equal to that of the pump cylinder is usually sufficient. Wherever a suitable location may be obtained the freely vented air 181 y American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 separating tank is generally used. The tank must be located high enough so that the pressure produced by the water column in the discharge pipe will be sufficient to overcome that in the low-pressure boiler feed water heater or other point of disposal. Fig. 4 shows the proper arrange ment of vacuum pump, air separating tank and feed water heater. The air escapes through a vent in the top of the tank and the water flows by gravity to the feed water heater through the loop seal attached to the discharge outlet in the tank. If the rate of flow of returns to the tank exceeds the rate of discharge from the tank the excess overflows through an opening on the end near the top. 4t Tp ip Fig. 4. Method of Connecting Vacuum Pump, Feed Water Heater and Single Control Hydro-Pneumatic Tank or Air Separating Tank Where an open tank cannot be located at a height sufficient to provide gravity head to discharge the tank contents against the maximum pres sure in the heater or boiler, the hydro-pneumatic tank is used. A float controlled valve is placed on the hir outlet of the separating tank and so arranged that when the water of condensation has not sufficient head to flow by gravity to the point of use, the air will be confined in the upper part of the tank. As the pump continues to deliver water and air to the tank the pressure within the tank increases until sufficient to discharge the water, thus lowering the water-line -and eventually permitting escape of the surplus air through the float controlled air valve.J" The confined air pressure in the tank plus the gravity head in the tank dis charge pipe must be sufficient to cause flow to the place of disposition. This confined air pressure plus the column of mixed air and water in the pump discharge to the tank is the total head against which the pump must act. Fig. 4 shows a hydro-pneumatic tank, Figs. 5, 6 and 7 show vacuum pump connections for several different conditions of service. 182 Chapter IX--Pumps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment /Discharge from VacuumPump Globe Valve 'Lubricator Globe Valve boilerFeedPump andReceiver Special.-'' Oieckfolve Lift Fitting Drain to Sewer Floor Line Fig. 5. Method of Connecting Vacuum Pump and Automatic Boiler-Feed Pump and Receiver Table 10 gives the sizes of plain or hydro-pneumatic tanks for air separating purposes and also those for storage of returns. In the latter case the tanks are based upon storing the quantities of water which will be discharged during five minutes at the basis of hourly rates given in the first column. ' Vent toAtmosphere Ron to Air above Roof"": Pump Control Valve Discharge from Pump to Tank Steam to y Vacuum Pump Globe Valve Globe' Valve ' Lubricator < ' Globe Valve' boiler Feed Pump2 CastIron Baseplate >j and Drip Pan I. CastIron BasePlate j and Drip Pan / GateVafvey'' Suctiondrainer FloorLine Lift Fitting ToSewer Fig. 6. Method of Connecting Vacuum Pump, Boiler-Feed Pump and Steam-Control Receiving Tank 183 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 - Table 10. Size of Plain and Hydro-Pneumatic Tanks Compensation Lb. per Hr. 4000 6000 8000 10,000 16,000 24,000 34,000 45,000 60,000 Sizes of Plain and Hydro-Pneumatic Tanks For Air Separator only Diameter In. ' Length In. For Air Separator and Water Storage Diameter In. . Length In. 12 24 24 36 12 36 24 48 18 30 24 72 18 . 48 30 48 24 48 30 60 30 48 36 60 24 72 36 72 36 60 36 96 36 72 42 72 42 60 42 96 36 96 42 72 48 72 42 96 48 96 LIFT FITTINGS Lift fittings are special devices used in pairs at points in a vacuum heating system where condensation is to be lifted to a higher level. The condensation is lifted in "slugs" on the air lift principles: the slugs being obtained by the use of a comparatively small diameter vertical return with its lower end submerged in the well below the level of the horizontal return which it drains. The lower lift fitting allows the con densation to accumulate in the well below the inlet connection until it seals the vertical passage, thus causing a slight reduction of the vacuum on the inlet side and forcing the water from the well through the vertical lift pipe to the higher level. The upper lift fitting allows the condensa tion to flow into the horizontal return without falling back into the lifting line. . Lifts of 6 ft. or over should be made in steps rather than all in one rise. Steps should be used instead of "Drag" lifts through, long upwardly inclined pipes. In any case the pipes between the lifts must grade down ward toward the pump. When these fittings are required, the usual places to install them, is with a suction strainer at the pump, and when step-ups occur, in the return line. STEAM DRIVEN RECIPROCATING RETURN LINE VACUUM PUMPS Volumetric displacement of the water cylinders should be 8 to 10 times the volumetric rate of flow of the condensate to be handled. Piston Speeds.--Not more.than 20 times the square root of the number of inches in the length of stroke. , 184 IX--Chapter Pumps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment Steam driven pumps can be economically used with steam pressures of 15 lb. or over and where the exhaust steam can be completely utilized. Where the supply of exhaust steam from engines or other sources is continuously in excess of that necessary to supply the heating system the electric driven pump is generally the most efficient and is also pre ferable when the steam pressure is too low to operate a steam driven pump. Table 11. Direct Double Acting Steam Driven Reciprocating Vacuum Pumps Diameter in Inches Water Cylinder Condensation Lb. per Hr. for Pumps with Stroke Equal to Bore Direct Cast Iron Radiation Served 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 . 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 . 34 36 510 . 1047 1830 2890 4250 5920 7980 10,350 16,300 24,000 33,500 45,000 58,500 74,300 92,300 112,800 135,800 161,300 189,600 221,000 254,000 1700 3490 6100 9633 14,166 19,733 26,600 34,500 54,333 80,000 111,666 150,000 195,000 247,666 317,666 376,000 452,666 537,666 632,000 736,333 846,666 Pipe Sizes . Steam In. Suction In. Discharge In. k IK . Vi Hm i K 2 IK K 2'A IK K 2K-3K . IK-2 V 3-3K 2 % 3K-4 2 l 4-4J^ 2K l 4K-5 IK 5-6 2K 3 IK 6-7 lH 7 3K 4 IK 7-8 28 2 8-10 . 4K 4K 5' 2K 10 2K 12 m 12 6 6 6 3 14 7 3 14 7 3 14 8 Pumps Having Unequal . Stroke and Bore Stroke Bore Capacity Factor 2.50 2.25 2.00 1.90 1.80 1.75 1.70 1.67 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.33 1.30 1.25 1.20 1.10 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.67 0.60 0.50 1.58 1.48 1.38 1.34 1.31 1.29 1.27 1.25 1.23 1.10 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.82 0.78 The capacities given in Table 11 are for pumps having water cylinder with the length of stroke equal to the diameter of the water piston. The capacities for pumps of a greater or less length of stroke may be found by use of the last two columns in this table as follows: Divide the stroke by the piston diameter and find the corresponding ratio in the column headed stroke-bore. The capacity factor opposite this in the last column is then multiplied by the capacity given in the table to give the capacity of the pump in question. Proportioning of Steam End of Reciprocating Vacuum Pumps In proportioning the steam cylinder of the pump the following formula will give results which are safe to use. Aa X ^ = A,, X ^ + Pd) 185 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 From which we have 4s = Aw X (^ + pd ) X 3 in which n 48 = Area of steam piston in square inches. Aw = Area of water piston in square inches. Pb = Boiler pressure in pounds per square inch. Pd = Discharge pressure in pounds per square inch. E = Vacuum at pump expressed in inches of mercury. _V_ = Approximate vacuum in pounds per square inch (2 in. mercury = approxi2 mately 1 lb. per sq .in.) Fig. 7. Method of Making Connection to Steam-Operated Vacuum Pump In no case should the head against the discharge of reciprocating pumps exceed 15 lb. unless the pump stroke' exceeds the bore and thus reduces the bad effect of clearance. Where the pressure on the heater, boiler, etc., varies materially from time to time but in'general is near the minimum, a substantial saving in energy may be obtained by using a hydro-pneumatic tank instead of a plain tank set at a higher elevation to overcome the peak pressure in the boiler or heater. The use of a plain tank keeps the pump operating against the maximum head, where the hydro-pneumatic tank set lower operates as a plain tank whenever the gravity head in the tank is sufficient to cause flow from its elevation, and employs the combination of air pres sure and gravity head, with air vent closed, only at times of peak load. Only then is the air pressure load added to the pump discharge. 186 IXChapter --Pumps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment Where the head on the delivery side of steam driven pumps exceeds 15 lb. it is good practice to deliver the condensation to a vented receiver located close to the level of the vacuum pump outlet. This receiver should be connected to a separate steam or power driven water pump capable of delivering against the maximum head and controlled by a throttle valve, actuated by the water line in the receiving tank. MOTOR DRIVEN RETURN LINE VACUUM PUMPS Reciprocating Vacuum Pumps.--The displacement and piston speeds should be the same as for the water end of reciprocating steam driven return line vacuum heating pumps. The type of drive between motor and pump may be chain, gear or belt. Other than Reciprocating Pumps.--May be of the centrifugal or rotary type with receivers and generally of one of the following arrangements: a. One pumping unit and motor for handling both air and condensate. b. One pumping unit and motor for handling air and a separate pumping unit and motor for handling condensate. c. One pumping unit and motor for handling condensate with an air ejector operated by a recirculated portion of the condensate for handling the air. d. One pumping unit for handling condensate and another for handling the air, both operated by one motor. . The receiving tank capacity should be stated in gallons, and in case of automatically controlled units should be the capacity of the tank in gallons between the high and low water levels in this tank, as determined by the water-line control. . The receiving tank may be placed either on the suction side or on the discharge side of the pump. When placed on the suction side of the pump the capacity of the tarik may be used to retain the condensation and to take care of the fluctuations between the rate of condensate returned and the rate of the pump delivery. The suggested receiving tank capacities (as previously defined) for continuously operated and for automatically controlled units should be as follows: Table 12. Receiver Tank Capacities Sq. Ft. Equivalent Direct Cast Iron Radiation Surface Total Receiver Tank Capacity in Gallons Receiver Tank Capacity between High and Low Water Limits where Automatic Water Line Control is Used. 8,000 16,000 26,000 40,000 65,000 100,000 28 33 40 49 63 80 20 . 24 29 35 ' 47 63 .. The air capacities recommended, referred to cubic feet of air per 1000 sq. ft. of equivalent cast iron direct radiation, may be assumed on a decreasing ratio as the system increases in capacity of equivalent square feet of radiation, in accordance with the following Table 13. It should be noted that while water capacities of pumps to be added for fan blast 187 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Chapter IX--Pumps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment heaters are to be based upon their equivalent in direct radiation the air capacities for this class of radiation may be the same as for direct radiation. Table 13. Air Capacities Sq. Ft. Direct Equivalent Radiation Surface ` Diameter Orifice Vac. 10' Air Capacity Cu. Ft. per Min. 8,000 'of" 5 16,000 A" 9 26,000 K" 15 40,000 A" 19 65,000 W 34 100,000 .W 60 150,000 A' 80 * 250,000 Three W 180 . F ig . 8. V o lu m e o f A ir th r o u g HjO r if ic b s u n d e r V a c u u m The air capacity of the pump should be measured at a point in the main vacuum return line just ahead of the vacuum strainer when the pump is operating under the vacuum specified at the pump suction and when handling the quantity of condensate specified at a temperature not exceeding 180 deg. fahr. Air test may be made with water at lower temperatures. This deter mination should be made by means of a standard test orifice located in an inlet connection to the pump suction and consisting of a plate J/g of an inch thick with a reamed hole having sharp edges and of a diameter corresponding to the capacity of the pump. . The accompanying Fig. 8 may be used to give the quantity of air handled, corresponding to several sizes of orifices and different degrees of vacuum met with in practice. The water capacity of the pump when operating against 8 in. of mer cury vacuum should be' not less than three-tenths (0.3) of a pound of water per hour per square foot of equivalent cast iron direct radiation based upon condensation at a temperature of not over 180 deg. fahr. when the pump is delivering water against a specified gage pressure at the water discharge .of the pump. For pumps handling both air- and water the above water capacity must be delivered, when the' pump is main taining a vacuum of 8 in. of mercury and handling air through a standard orifice corresponding to the air capacity of the pump as herein specified. Commercial pumps are built for 10, 20, 30 and 40 lb. gage pressure at the water discharge of the pump. Table 14. Sizes, Speeds, Horse Powers and Capacities Motor Driven Condensation Return Pumps Rating in Sq. Ft......................... 0-2000 2000-4000 4000-8000 8000-16000 Discharge Pressure, Lb- _ . 10 20 10 . . 20 10 20 10 20 Gallons per Min......................... 3 3 6 6 10 10 20 20 H. P. Motor................................ % H ' Vs % %H HH R. P. M. 60 Cycle and D. C... 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 R. P. M. 25 Cycle................ . 1440 1440 1440 1440 1440 1440 1440 1440 'J Shipping Weight......................... 330 350 350 370 420 440 535 565 188 189 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 No additi'onal^allowance need be made for covered mains or risers, but exposed mains or risers used as heating surfaces should be included in calculating the equivalent square feet of direct, radiation. ' PUMP SPECIFICATIONS Reciprocating and power driven pumps should be specified as to make, size, water and steam working pressures, piston speed, temperature of water to be handled, electric motor characteristics, etc. Table 15. Motor Driven Condensation Pump Capacities for Delivering Against Various Pressures Radia tion in Sq. Ft. of Direct Radia Minimum Gallons per Min. Maximum Boiler Pressure Lb. Motor H. P. tion 4000 4000 4000 6-8 6-8 6-8 10 15-40 50-60 34 34 34 6000 6000 6000 9-12 9-12 9-12 10 15-40 50-60 y* 34 1 8000 8000 8000 8000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 12-16 12-16 12-16 12-16 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 15-20 10 15 20 30-60 10 15 20-30 3040 50-60 34 34 1 m 34 34 l m 2 Sug gested Size of Piping Inches i i i m IX 134 m m 134 m 134 134 134 134 134 Radia tion IN Sq. Ft. of Direct Radia Minimum Gallons per Min. Maximum Boiler Pressure Lb. Motor H. P. tion 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 25-30 25-30 25-30 25-30 25-30 30-40 30-40 30-40 30-40 30-40 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50 50-60 50-60 50-60 50-60 10 15 20-30 40 50-60 10 15 20 3040 50-60 10 15 20 3040 50-60 10 15 20 30-60 34 1 134 2 3 3A 1 2 3 5 1 134 2 3 5 1 134 2 5 Sug gested Size of Piping Inches 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 234 234 2J4 234 234 - 234 2J4 234 234 The kind of drive should be specified for power driven pumps. Centrifugal and rotary pumps should be specified as to make, type, capacity, temperature of water to be handled, speed and motor charac teristics including: % (1) Name of motor manufacturer; (2) Manufacturers rated Horse Power; (3) The maximum temperature rise for any part of the motor above the temperature of the surrounding air; (4) Full Speed in R. P. M; (5) Current characteristics; (6) Whether the motor is open, semi-enclosed or fully enclosed. The following should also be included in the specifications, total head to be pumped against including suction lift, friction head, velocity head and head against which the pump must discharge. The vacuum under which return pumps are required to operate and as to whether two or more units are to operate in parallel or separately. :. All pumps should be set on substantial foundations and be provided with heavy cast iron sub-bases, securely anchored to foundation and pro vided with drip ring with drain properly connected to sump or sewer. 190 Chapter IX--Pumps for Heating and Ventilating Equipment Size A B C D E F G H Table 16. One Pump One Motor Return Line System Sq. Ft. Direct Equivalent radiation Surface Diameter Orifice Vacuum 10 In. 8000 16,000 26,000 40,000 65,000 100,000 150,000 250,000 9-64 3-16 1-4 9-32 3-8 1-2 9-16 Three 1-2 Air Capacity Cu. Ft. per Min. 6 11 19 25 42 75 90 180 Water Capacity Gals, per Min. 10 Lb. Pres sure 180 F. ii 22 35 60 90 140 200 400 Actual H. P. 0.9 1.4 2.0 2.8 3.9 9.0 10.0 10.0 R. P. M. H. P. of Motor 1800 1800 1800 1200 1200 1200 900 720 i 134 2 3 5 10 10 20 Table 17. Two Pump One Motor Return Line System Vacuum Pumps Capacity Sq. Ft. of . Direct Radiation 6000 6000 8000 8000 . 12,000 12,000 18,000 18,000 30,000 30,000 Capacity G. P. M. 9 9 12 - 12 18 18 27 27 45 45 Pressure at Pump 10 15 10 15 10 15 10 15 10 15 Motor H. P. 34 l l 134 l 134 134 2. 2 3 . Table 18. Two Pump Two Motor Return Line System Vacuum Pump Capacity Sq. Ft. OF Capacity G. P. M. Pressure at Pump Direct Radiation . 6000 6000 8000 8000 12,000 12,000 18,000 18,000 25,000 25,000 30,000 30,000 9 9 12 12 18 18 27 27 38 38 45 45 10 15 10 15 10 15 10 : 15 . 10 15 10 15 Motor H. P. Air Water 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 l 34 34 34 ' l 34 l 34 ' 2 1 134 l .2 l . 134 12 The exhaust from steam driven pumps supplying steam for heating purposes should be taken through an efficient oil separator before entering any part of the heating system or other apparatus. Motors should be not less than Yi greater in horsepower than that actually required to drive the pump under full load conditions. 191 x Chapter X HEATING WITH AIR THERE are several common methods of heating with air which are in common use today and are suitable for heating the smallest house or the largest factory: (1) Gravity warm-air furnace system (See Chapter XI); (2) Furnace fan heating; (3) Fan blast heating (See Chapter XlX); (4) Unit heating system; (5) Indirect radiation (See Chapter II.) Each system has its particular application: Number 1 being intended particularly for residences and small structures; Number 2 for residences, small .theatres, churches and stores; Number 3 for large buildings, theatres, schools, churches and factories; Number 4 for shops, factories and other large enclosures and Number 5 for homes, hotels, schools, etc. FURNACE FAN HfeATING A furnace fan heating system consists of a warm-air furnace with fan attachment in suitable housing between the bottom of the heater and the cold air supply duct, while stacks connect with the various rooms as for the ordinary gravity warm-air heating plant. Four of the funda mental requirements of a fan furnace system are: (1) Capacity in cubic feet per minute equal to maximum quantity of air to be circulated per minute for delivering amount of heat required; (2) Operating efficiency high enough that power cost will be proportionate to heating efficiency; (3) Quiet operation; (4) Ample capacity to operate both as gravity and fan system. .. The fan installed in the air supply duct tends to establish a uniformity of air flow over the heating surfaces of the furnace should be increasing but air. velocity through the casing established a positive pressure at the bonnet. The operation of a furnace fan system may be constant or intermittent as required. It is effective for quick heating up and it may be installed for automatic operation as the demand for heat increases. Fans used for these installations are of propeller or multivane type and should be selected on the basis of\their capacity to deliver a certain number of cubic feet of air per minute. The selection of a fan is based on the loss of heat from the structure but it is essential that fans have a capacity in cubic feet equal to at least three times the quantity of air. circulated when the system operates as a gravity plant. For example, assume that the inside temperature is to be 70 deg. and that air will leave the register at 175 deg. also that the heat loss from a building is 70,000 B.t.u. per hour, therefore, temperature difference 105 deg. times 0.24 (specific heat of air) equals 25.20 B.t.u. (heat given up per pound of air) then 70,000 B.t.u. divided by 25.2 equals 2777 lb. of air per hour delivered by the register therefore, 2777 divided by 60 equals 46 lb. of air delivered per minute, the volume of this year at 175 deg. temp, is therefore, 46 divided by 0.06355 equals 723 cu. ft. of Chapter X--Heating with Air air per minute. While this essentially represents the amount of air to be handled by the fan the actual volume handled will be the weight in pounds per minute divided by the weight of 1 cu. ft. at the temperature handled. The air temperature on which to figure will be dependent upon whether the air supply will come from outdoors, indoors or will be a combination. Some results of tests showing the effect of using a centrifugal fan as an auxiliary to a. furnace heating system appear in the report in the University of Illinois Bulletin 37. CENTRAL FAN SYSTEMS Systems of heating using a fan to circulate the air and distribute it through a system of ducts lends itself admirably to many applications (See Chapter XIX). When used for heating only it is most frequently applied to industrial service where infiltration of outside air is sufficient for ventilating purposes. Recirculation of some air is practised in severe weather. The amount of heat required' is governed by the following: (1) Size and shape of building; (2) Materials of construction, infiltration, etc.; (3) Temperature required; (4) Heat produced by processes,occupants,etc. Some loss in temperature will occur in conveying the heated air to the point of discharge if the ducts are exposed or run underground, therefore, the provision should be made for increasing the temperature of air leaving the heater by an amount corresponding to the loss. Three factors to be considered in heating a building with the fan system are: Total heat loss, air quantity required for heating, and final temperature desired and temperature rise' of air passing through the heater. The temperature rise through a heater will depend upon the air velocity, number of sections deep and temperature of heating medium and entering air. The air velocity through the heaters will vary with the character of the installation. Generally the rule is that the velocity should not exceed more than that which would cause a friction loss through the heater of one-half the static pressure'of the entire system. For industrial heating the friction through heaters ordinarily should not exceed 1 in. ,, . UNIT HEATER3 The unit hea.ter for industrial plant application is comprised of a radiator or hefting element enclosed by a casing in which a power driven fan or fans are mounted. ` The fans draw or force air over the heating surface where it is heated and discharge it in selected directions. Unit heaters are placed directly within the room to be heated and discharge the heated air into the enclosure where it is distributed uniformly over wide areas under the direct impulse of the fans and by the currents of circulation set up. The function for which unit heaters are designed are: To circulate the air in the building at a more rapid rate to promote uniformity of 'See Chapter I. 2See Chapter XIX. Prepared by D. E. French, Chairman. Engineering Committee, Industrial Unit Hxater Association. 193 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 temperatures and quick heating-up; to control and direct the heated air for the positive and economical placing of the heat where it is effective; to distribute heat over wide areas, to reduce the number of units and simplify piping and installation; to increase the capacity of the heating surface by passing the air over it at high velocity to economize material; ' to provide a system by which room temperatures are easily controlled manually or by thermostats at slight cost. There is a type of unit heater to suit any purpose. Most employ a heating coil to be supplied with steam or hot water. Some are designed primarily for mounting on the floor, others for suspension`overhead. Heating surfaces in the form of pipe coils, non-ferrous tubes or shapes with extended surfaces, cast iron, pressed and built up sections of the cartridge or automotive type are all used in one or more of makes avail able. Fans employed are the disc or propeller, housed centrifugal and cone types. -Unit heaters may be arranged to re-circulate the air or to supply warmed air from the outside for ventilation or to make up air exhausted. One type combines a means for exhausting air with the above.functions. In addition to their prime function of plant heating, they may be adapted to a number of industrial processes, such as drying, curing, etc. Here the use of heated air in more rapid circulation with uniform distribution is of particular advantage. They may be used for moisture absorption, such as fog removal in dye houses or the prevention of condensation on roofs or cold surfaces of buildings where process moisture is given off. When such conditions are bad, it is necessary that the heaters draw air from outside in enough volume to provide a rapid air change and that they operate in conjunction with ventilators or fans for exhausting the moisture laden air. Unit heaters are made to operate on hot water, vacuum or vapor steam systems or steam at any pressure up to 200 lb. or more. When high pressure steam is used, a heater must be selected with the coil especially designed to withstand the maximum pressure that will exist. It is usual to rate unit heaters in B.t.u. per hour at a given temperature of air entering the heater and a given steam pressure maintained on the coil. Steam at 2 lb. pressure and air entering at 60 deg. fahr. are taken as standard. The B.t.u. capacity of a heater increases as the steam pressure increases, and decreases as the entering air temperature increases. The B.t.u. capacity for any condition of steam pressure and entering air temperature may be calculated from any given rating by the use of factors in Table 1. . - The B.t.u. required to heat a building with unit heaters is determined in the same way as for any other heating equipment (Chapter I). Unit heaters of the number and size needed to furnish this B.t.u. are then selected from the manufacturers rating tables, using their ratings at the steam pressure to be used and at the temperature at which the air will enter the heater. For re-circulating heaters with intakes at the floor level, use the temperature to be maintained in the room as the tempera ture of the air entering the heater. For suspended heaters re-circulating, the entering air temperature will be higher than the specified room temperature by approximately 1 deg. fahr. for each foot of elevation between the 5 ft. level and the level of the heater intake. Heaters 194 Chapter X--Heating with Air Table 1. B.t.u. Constants for Various Steam Pressures and Temperatures of Entering Air Steam . Pressure Lbs. 0 2 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 125 135 140 150 Temperature of Air Entering Heater ' -10 0 0.975 0.93 1.01 0.96 1.04 1.00 1.06 1.05 1.15 1.10 1.18 1.14 1.25 1.21 1.30 1.26 1.35 1.31 1.39 1.35 1.49 1.43 1.53 1.49 1.59 1.56 1.61 1.57 1.62 1.58 1.64 1.60 10* 0.89 0.92 0.96 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.16 1.22 1.27 1.31 1.38 1.44 1.51 1.53 1.54 1.55 20 0.84 0.87 0.91 0.97 1.01 1.05 1.12 1.17 1.22 1.26 1.34 1.40 1.46 1.48 1.49 1.51 30 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.92 0.97 1.00 1.08 1.12 1.18 1.22 1.29 1.35 1.42 1.44 1.45 1.46 40 0.76 0.79 0.82 0.88 0.92 0.96 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.18 1.25 1.31 1.37 1.39 1.41 1.42 45 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.94 1.01 1.06 1.11 1.16 1.23 1.29 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.40 50 0.71 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.92 0.98 1.04 1.09 1.13 1.20 1.26 1.33 1.35 1.36 1.38 55 0.69 0.72 0.76 0.81 0.86 0.89 0.96 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.18 1.24 1.31 1.33 1.34 1.35 60" 0.67 0.70 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.94 1.00 1.04 1.09 1.16 1.22 1.29 1.30 1.32 1.33 65 0.64 0.68 0.71 0.76 0.81 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.02 1.07 1.14 1.20 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.31 70" 0.62 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.79 0.83 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.12 1.18 1.24 1.26 1.27 1.28 75 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.72 0.76 0.81 0.88 0.93 0.98 1.03 1.10 1.16 1.22 1.24 1.25 1.26 Note.--To get B.t.u's at any steam pressure and entering temperature, multiply constant from table by rated B.t.u's at 0 deg. entering and. 5 lb. pressure. supplied with super-heated steam will have less B.t.u. capacity than with saturated steam at the same pressure. When superheated steam is supplied or when the steam in the heater coils is superheated by throttling from the heater at a higher line pressure, the heater manufacturer should be asked for a special rating for the conditions of the case. The present day tendency for straight heating is to use steam at lowpressure when the boiler supplies steam for heating purposes only and when the transmission lines are short. Many industrial plants, however, generate steam at high pressure either for long distance transmission or process uses. When such high pressure steam is available in sufficient quantity for the heating load, it is most often more economical to select heaters with coils good for high pressure. Thus the line pressure may be turned into the coils directly without reducing valves, fewer or smaller heaters can be used and the condensation can be boosted to overhead returns whenever desirable to do so. Among the unit heaters available are types having from one to four outlets that can be arranged to discharge in selected directions and that will project their heating effect over distances of from 30 to 200 ft. from the heater, depending upon the capacity of the heater and the design of the fans and outlets. This leaves the engineer comparatively free to select the heater location best suited to the production layout. . The smaller capacity propeller fan type heaters with outlet velocities from 300 to 600 ft. per minute may be placed from 60 to 100 ft. apart. The larger capacity housed fan high outlet velocity heaters may be placed up to 400 ft. apart, depending upon their design. Heaters may be distributed through the central portions of a room discharging toward exposed surfaces, or spaced around the walls, discharging along the walls and inward as well, when there are considerable roof losses. In general, it is better to direct the discharge from the unit heater in 195 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 such fashion that rotational circulation is set up by the system rather than having the heaters discharge in random and counter directions. Usually hot blasts in the working zone are objectionable, so heaters mounted on the floor should have their discharge outlets above the head line and suspended heaters should not be placed so low or turned in such direction that the heated air will penetrate the working zone. In the interest of economy, however, the elevation of the heater outlet and the direction of discharge should be so selected that the heated air is brought as close to the head line as possible, but not into the working zone. Unit heaters should be carefully air vented and usually a blast type trap of at least 50 per cent excess capacity should be used to take care of the load during the heating-up period. During that period the tem perature of the air entering the heaters is low and the heaters therefore condense more steam than they do when the building is up to temperature. Steam pressures below 5 lb. can be used with safety for re-circulating heaters when proper provision is made for returning the condensation. If heaters are to take in air that might be at a temperature below freezing, a steam pressure of at least 5 lb. should be maintained on the heater coils. Stopping the fan motor but with steam on the coils reduces the heat output 70 or 80 per cent, depending upon the design of the heater. Thus room temperatures can be controlled by starting or stopping the fan motor on one or more of a group of units. Thiscan be done manually or by means of a simple thermostat which makes and breaks the circuit either direct to the motor for fractional horsepowers or through an auto matic starting switch. Of course the heat output of the heater may also be controlled by the throttle valve to the heater coil. This can be done thermostatically either with a graduated or with an on and off action. In some applications thermostatic controls to both the motor and the steam valve are used in conjunction. What has been said relates generally to units in which steam or hot water is used as the heating medium. On rare occasions electrical resistances are used as the heating element but are applied only where electric power is abundant and cheap and other forms of fuel scarce and expensive. DIRECT FIRED UNITS In places where these heating mediums are not available the. direct fired type of heater is used. Here the heating element is a fire box in which coal, coke, oil or gas is burned directly. This fire box is enclosed in a casing in which fans are mounted so as to draw air over the fire box, and combustion chamber and discharge it directly into the room. This type of heater is also used for temporary heat or where the installation of a steam or hot water plant is for some reason not justified. 196 Chapter XI GRAVITY WARM-AIR FURNACE HEATING IN this chapter of The Guide consideration will be given to the design of gravity circulating warm-air heating systems. For fan circulating systems see Chapter XXI on Design and Construction of Air Ducts. Complete engineering data, including the procedure to be followed in designing a typical system, are presented in the first part of the chapter, while the last part of the chapter presents a Standard Code Regulating the Installation of Gravity Warm-Air Heating Furnaces in Residences, approved by the National Warm Air Heating and Ventilating Association, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, National Association Sheet Metal Contractors, Western Warm Air Furnace and Supply Association, and the Midland Club, as a workable Code for furnacemen. DEFINITIONS In general, warm-air furnace heating plants consist of a fuel burning furnace or heater enclosed in a casing of sheet metal or brick, which is placed in the basement of the building. The heated air, taken from'the top or sides near the top of the furnace casing, is distributed to the various rooms of the building through sheet metal warm-air pipes. The warm-air pipes in the basement are known as leaders, and the vertical warm-air pipes which are run in the inside partitions of the building are called stacks. The heated air is finally discharged into the rooms through registers which are set in register boxes placed either in the floor or in the side wall, usually at or near the baseboard. - The air supply to the furnace may be taken (1) entirely from inside the building through one or more recirculating ducts, or the air supply may be taken (2) entirely from outside the building, in which case no air is recirculated. Sometimes a combination of the inside and outside air supply system is employed. Furnace heating plants may be (1) of the gravity circulating type in which the motive head producing flow depends upon the difference in weight between the heated air leaving the casing and the cooler air entering the bottom of the casing, or (2) of the fan circulating type in which a fan may supply all or part of the motive head producing flow. In most house installations, the former type of system is in general use. Material for this section was prepared especially for The Guide by Arthur C. Willard, Professor of Heating and Ventilation and Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. All figures and much of the engineering data which follow are from Bulletin No. 141, "Warm Air Furnaces and Heating Systems," Part If,.by Professors A. C. Willard, A. P. Kratz and V. S. Day, Engineering Experi ment Station, University of Illinois. 197 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 DESIGNING A FURNACE HEATING SYSTEM The design of a furnace heating system involves the determination of the following items: o. Heat loss in B.t.u. from each room in the building. b. Area, and diameter in inches of warm-air pipes in basement known as leaders. c. Area and dimensions in inches of vertical pipes known as wall stacks. d. Free and gross area and dimensions in inches of warm-air registers. e. Area and dimensions of (1) recirculating or (2) outside air supply ducts in inches. There may be one or more of each. /. Free and gross area and dimensions in inches of recirculating registers. g. Size of furnace necessary to supply the warm air required to overcome the heat loss from the building. This "size" should include square inches of leader pipe area which furnace must supply. It is also desirable to call for a minimum bottom fire-pot diameter in inches, which is the nominal grate diameter. h. Area and dimensions in inches of chimney lining and smoke pipe. If an unlined chimney is to be used, that fact should be made clear. . HEAT LOSSES FROM BUILDING The heat which will be required for each room in the building depends on (1) the heat transmission losses through walls and glass as well as through floors and ceilings when the latter two are next to unheated spaces, and (2) the infiltration of cold air through the cracks around outside windows and doors. Calculations for the heat required in B.t.u. per hour should be made as indicated in Chapter I, Heat Losses from Buildings. , LEADER SIZES In a gravity circulating warm-air furnace system the size of the leader to a given room depends on the temperature of the warm-air entering the room at the register. A reasonable air temperature at the registers must, therefore, be agreed upon before the system can be designed. The National Warm Air Heating and Ventilating Association has approved an air temperature of 175 deg. fahr. at the registers as satisfactory; At this temperature, the heat carrying capacity (heat available above 70 deg. fahr.) per square inch of leader pipe per hour for first, second or third floors is shown by Fig. 1 at 175 deg. fahr. to be 105, 170 and 208 B.t.u. .respectively. For average calculations, the values 110, 166 and 200 will simplify the work and may be satisfactorily sub stituted for these heat carrying capacities. If H represents the total heat to be supplied any room, the resulting equations are: H Leader areas for first floor, square inches = = approximately 0.009fT (1) H Leader areas for second floor,-square inches = = approximately 0.006/1 (2) H Leader areas for third floor, square inches = = approximately O.OOSif (3) 198 In designing for a lower warm-air register temperature, say 160 deg. fahr., the factors 110, 166 and 200 become 80, 140 and 166 (Fig. 1 at 160 deg. fahr.), and the resulting equations are: Leader areas for first floor, square inches = gjj- -- approximately 0.012H (4) Leader areas for second floor, square inches = = approximately 0.007H (5) H Leader areas for third floor, square inches = ^gg = approximately 0.006// (6) These equations are applicable to straight leaders from 6 to 8 ft. in length. Longer leaders must be very thoroughly covered or else the vertical stacks must be increased in area as discussed under wall stacks. If some provision is not made for these longer leaders, the air tempera ture may be much lower than anticipated and the room will not be properly heated. While Fig. 1 takes care, of the drop of temperature in straight leaders up to 8 ft. in length connected to stacks having about 75 per cent the 199 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 area of the leader, the designer must make allowances for all other conditions. The temperature drop in leaders of various lengths at three different register temperatures is shown in Fig. 2. Leader sizes should in general be not less than obtained by equations (1) to (3) nor should leaders less than 8 in. in diameter be used. It is not considered good commercial practice to specify diameters except Chapter XI--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating * straight, the ratio of stack area to leader area should be greater than 70 per cent in order to offset the greater temperature losses (Fig. 2) in the longer leader. In gravity circulating systems, this stack to leader Fig. 2. Loss in Temperature in 8 in. Leader Pipe of Various Lengths at Different Register Temperatures Note.--Pipe bare, bright tin except asbestos strips for joints. in whole inches, although there is no real reason for not using half inches if necessary. The tops of leaders should be at the same elevation as they leave the furnace bonnet, and from this point there should be a uniform up-grade of 1 in. per foot of run in all cases. Leaders over 12 ft. in length are to be avoided or receive very special attention. WALL STACKS The wall stack for an upper floor should be made not less than .70 per cent of the area of the leader which has been selected from Fig. 1. So long as the leader is short and straight as was the case for Fig.. 1,such a practice is probably justified since the loss (Fig. 3) in capacity occasioned by the smaller stack is not very serious for ratios above 70 per cent. For leaders over 8 ft. in length or for leaders which are not 200 Fig. 3. Relative Heating Effect of Stacks at Constant- Register Air Temperature area ratio is a very important consideration. Specific data for a great variety of cases are presented in Figs. 4 and 5 and the designer should check his stack to leader combinations with the nearest comparable case as shown in these figures. Any second floor stack supplying heat 201 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 to a room whose heat loss is 9000 B.t.u. or above (See Figs. 4 and 5 which show that high temperatures are necessary if rooms of more than 9000 B.t.u. requirement are heated by stacks in 4-in. studding), should be run within 6-in. studded walls or should have multiple stacks. Stack Q -54 oa 2 ' 06 ob) Oufwc, W o 2 . <w X rp O sections, wherever possible, should be changed from the thin rectangular to the more nearly square shape. Stack heads should have upper end curved to provide easy flow of warm air to the room. Splitters in the upper end of the duct increase the air discharge. 202 Chapter XI--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating WARM-AIR REGISTERS The registers used for discharging warm-air into the rooms should have free or net area not less than the area of the leader in the same run of piping. The free area should be at least 70 per cent of the gross area oo 2 >< otd u o- 2 H X io o Lh of the register. No upper floor register should be wider horizontally than the wall stack, and it should be placed either in the baseboard or side wall, and not in the floor. First floor registers may be of the base- 203 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 board or floor type with the former location preferred. No first floor register should require a register box more than 14-in. wide, although it may be longer than 14-in. AIR SUPPLY DUCTS . Ducts for recirculating air from the house or for bringing in outside air should be as short and direct as possible. The areas of such ducts should never be less than the combined areas of all warm-air leaders and ducts of the recirculating type may be made even larger than the total leader area. The importance of running the air supply ducts as direct as possible without sharp elbows is shown by the comparative performance on the same plant of two ducts (Fig. 6), as presented in Table 1. In both cases a very wide low shoe was used for connecting the ducts to the back of the furnace casing. The top of this shoe should never enter the casing above the level of the grate in the furnace, and to accomplish this the shoe must be wide. The superior performance of Table 1. Heat Available at Registers for Two Types of Recirculating Ducts Register Air Temperature Deg. Fahr. Heat Available at Registers Above . 70 Deg. Fahr. B.t.u. per Hour Rectangular Duct Round Duct Per Cent Increase for Round Duct , 130 (Low) 160 (Moderate) 190 (High) 47,000 81,000 120,000 54;000 94,000 138,000 15.0 16.0 15.0 204 Chapter XI--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating the round duct using two 45 deg. instead of two 90 deg. elbows is very apparent. Values given in Fig. 1 are based on such a duct. Outside duct connections, if used, should be made to a window frame the full area of duct and such window should be in a wall exposed to prevailing winter winds. The inside type of recirculating duct or ducts is always preferred for residence installations. ' RECIRCULATING REGISTERS The register through which the air in the building is returned to the furnace should always be placed in a central position in the first floor, usually in the main hall if one exists. Air from the upper floors must have free access to this register through the stairway of the building. Sometimes more than one return air register is found desirable, and such multiple returns are often justified. The recirculating registers should have a free area at least equal to the duct to which they connect, and their free area should never be less than 50 per cent of their gross area. FURNACE The size of furnace should, of course, be such as will provide the necessary air heating capacity, usually expressed in square inches of leader pipe area, and' at the same time provide a grate of the proper area to burn the necessary fuel at a reasonable chimney draft. The total leader pipe area required is easily obtained by finding the sum of the leader pipe areas as already designated. ' The grate area will depend on several factors of which four are very important. First of all, the air temperature at the register for which the plant has been designed must be determined. Usually, this tempera ture is taken as 175 deg. fahr. Second in importance is the combustion rate, which must always correspond with the register air temperature, as is shown by reference to a set of typical furnace performance curves (Fig. 7) for a cast-iron circular radiator furnace with a 23-in. diameter grate and 50-in. diameter casing. The conditions shown on these curves which seem to approximate nearest to the 175 deg. register warm-air temperature are--combustion rate 7 lb., warm-air register temperature 173 deg., efficiency of the furnace 58.5 per cent. The third factor is efficiency, which, in- turn, is a function of the combustion rate varying with it as shown by the efficiency curve of Fig. 7. The fourth factor is the heat value per pound of fuel burned, which was 12,790 B.t.u., but is not shown on the curves since it was constant for all combustion rates. From the relation existing between these factors it is found (Fig. 7) that the capacity of the furnace under test is 147,750 B.t.u. per hour for the total, grate; which gives the capacity at the furnace bonnet per square foot of grate as 51,300 B.t.u. and per square inch of grate as 356 B.t.u. per hour. Suppose it is desired to select a furnace to deliver air to the rooms at a register temperature approximating 160 deg. rather than 175 deg. Referring to the curves, the relation is--combustion rate 5.5 lb., register warm-air temperature 160 deg. and efficiency of the furnace 62 per cent. . 205 of andAmerican Society Heating Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Under this condition the capacity of the furnace at the furnace bonnet' per square foot of grate area is 43,300 B.t.u. per hour, and per square inch of grate it is 300 B.t.u. per hour. From these performance values, the grate area for any plant requirement will be, (allowing 20 per cent heat loss between furnace and registers): 12H Grate area (175 deg. register temperature), square inches = 0.003477* (7) Grate Area (160 deg.), square inches = -njjg- = 0.004077* (8) fjf/r .. J 220000 ut(/- 1 005 k ^200000 1 1 1 1 1 Draff in Inches Wafer* ^. k 180 000 isft r Tenipe/afore- k /60 000 l "arpa c/ft, o\ I k !60\ I `Q X 20000 Ore7/e i9/a/?le/e,r 23 fn_ Ci75/ng D!a/?h ter 50 /n 'I * 80000 9s* ffia e/?cf/ 60-% SO* ! . . ^ . " c/ v iv * | xj Combuat/Of? /fate fn /b per sg ft of Orateper br ^ . . .Y . . Fig. 7. Typical Performance Curves for a Warm Air Furnace and Installation in a Three-Story Ten Leader Plant, Operating on Recirculated Air As a check upon the method of selection by performance curves, the method of selecting the furnace which has been in general use is as follows: *Let H = B.t.u. heat loss from the entire house per hour summation of all room losses Hi -j- III -1- etc. + the B.t.u. necessary to heat the fresh air if any, at intake. , This fresh air loss in B.t.u. will be approximately 1.27 times the cubic feet of air admitted through the intake per hour on a zero day. For systems which recirculate all the air this value will be zero. For systems which have a fresh air intake, controlled by damper, this value might well be approximated, since this loss will probably be reduced to a minimum on a zero day. Assume for such cases, that the building loss is increased by 25 per cent, and that there is the usual 20 per cent loss between furnace and registers. 206 Chapter XI--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating Let E = efficiency of the furnace , / = fuel value of the coal in B.t.u. per pound p = pounds of coal burned per square foot of grate surface per hour and the formula then becomes , Grate area, square inches 1.2 X 144 77 for all inside air Efp (9) For coal having a heat value of 12,000 B.t.u., a furnace having 60 per cent efficiency and 6 lb. of coal burned per sq. ft. of grate per hour, this becomes: , 1 2 X 144 H Grate area, square inches = q~60 x 12 000 X 6 fr a11 inside air (10) The air temperature at the registers corresponding to the conditions covered by equation (10) would be approximately 160 deg. fahr. and for 175 deg. fahr. and 12,000 B.t.u. the combustion rate should be at least 7.5 lb. with an efficiency of about 57 per cent, using curves of Fig. 7 as a guide. CHIMNEYS The construction, location, height and area of the chimney to which the warm-air furnace is connected affect the operation of the entire heating system. Most residence chimneys are built of brick and may be either lined or unlined, but in either case the walls must be air tight and there should be only one smoke opening into the chimney. Cleanout, if pro vided, must be absolutely air tight when closed. The walls of brick chimneys shall be not less than 3% in. thick (width of a standard size brick) and shall be lined with fire-clay flue lining. Fire-clay flue linings shall be manufactured from suitable refractory .clay, either natural of compounded, and shall be adapted to withstand high temperatures and the action of flue gases. They shall be of standard commercial thickness but not less than % in. All fire-clay flue linings shall meet the standard specification of the Eastern Clay Products Association. The flue sections shall be set in special mortar, and shall have the joints struck smooth on the,inside. The masonry shall be built around each section of lining as it is placed, and all spaces between masonry and linings shall be completely filled with mortar. No broken flue lining shall be used. Flue linings shall start at least 4 in. below the bottom of smoke-pipe intakes of flues, and shall be continued the entire heights of the flues and project at least 4 in. above chimney top to allow for a 2 in. projection of lining. The wash or splay shall be formed of a rich cement mortar. To improve the draft the wash surface should be concave wherever practical. Flue lining may be o'mitted in brick chimneys, provided the walls of the chimneys are not less than 8-in. thick, and that the inner course shall be a refractory clay brick. All brick work shall be laid in spread mortar, with all joints push-filled. Exposed joints both inside and outside shall be struck smooth. No plaster lining shall be permitted. Chimneys shall extend at least 3 ft. above flat roofs and 2 ft. above the ridges of peak roofs when such flat roofs or peaks are within 30 ft. 207 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 of the chimney. The chimney shall be high enough so that the wind from any direction shall not strike the top of the chimney from an angle above the horizontal. The chimney shall be properly capped with stone, terra cotta, concrete, cast-iron, or other approved material; but'no such cap or coping shall decrease the flue area. The size or area of flue lining or of brick flue depends on height of chimney and capacity of heating system. For chimneys not less than 35 ft. in height above grate line, the net internal dimensions of lining should be at least 7 x 11J4 in. for a total leader pipe area up to 790 sq. in. Above 790 and up to 1000 sq. in. of leader pipe area the lining should be at least 11J4 x UK in. inside. In case of brick flues not less than 35 ft. in height with no linings, the internal dimensions should be Chapter XI--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating If provision shall be made for certain outside air circulation, then increase the building heat loss by, say 25 per cent and obtain by equation (7) a 27-in. grate and by equations (8) and (10) a 29-in. grate. Summary of Data Applied to Warm Air Research Residence Rooms From Chapter I on Heat Losses, from Buildings B.t.u. Heat Losses H Leader Area Sq. In. Stack Area Leader Sq. In. Diameter 0.7 X LA * Inches Stack Size Net Register Size Gross First Floor 17250 = 0.00917 155 14 14 X 18 6810 61 '9 8 X 12 Breakfast...... 2300 21 8 8 X 10 Kitchen. ....... 9210 83 11 or 12 12 X 14 25710 230 Two 12 Two 12 X 14 Hall and stair 12570 113 12 12 X 14 Second Floor = 0.00677 Owners........... S. W. Bed..... Bath...... ........ 15030 9800 2450 90 59 15 63 11 or 12 5 X 12 41 9 3 y2 X 12 10 8 3 X 10 12 X 14 8 X 12 8 X 10 N. Bed...!...... 14800 89 62 11 or 12 5 X 12 12 X 14 Third Floor E. Bed..._....... W. Bed.......... 8220 8220 = 0.00577 41 41 29 29 8 3 X 10 8 3 X 10 8 X 10 8 X 10 Fig 8. Elevation of the Warm Air Research Residence at least 8 x 12 in. up to 790 sq. in. of leader area, and at least 12 x 12 jn. for leader capacities up to 1000 sq. in. Chimneys under 35 ft. in height are often unsatisfactory in operation and hence should be avoided. TYPICAL EXAMPLE The application of the preceding data to an actual example may be of assistance to the designer. Figs. 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12,* represent the plans of the Warm Air Research Residence of the National Warm Air Heating and. Ventilating Association, recently erected at the University of Illinois. .. Assuming all air recirculated, the minimum- furnace for the plant will be: ' Grate Area = 0.0034 X 132,370 = 450 sq. in. = 24 in. diam. at 175 deg. register temperature. (7) Grate Area = 0.0040 X 132,370 = 530 sq. in. = 26 in. diam. at 160 deg. register temperature. (8) . (10) Plans used with permission and bath room on third floor not heated at present. . 208 . r Fig. 9. Basement Plan 209 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 STANDARD CODE REGULATING THE INSTALLATION OF GRAVITY WARM AIR FURNACES IN RESIDENCES* FOURTH EDITION May 1, 1927 . This Code is approved and issued by authority of the National Warm Air Heeling b* Ventilating Association, The American Society of Heating & Ventilating Engineers. National Association Sheet Metal Contractors, Western Warm Air Furnace and Supply Association and The Midland Club. First edition, . October 1,1922; 2nd edition, February 1, 1923; 3rd edition, June 1,1924. ' ARTICLE No. 1.--Meaning of the Term "Gravity Warm Air Furnace Heating System" . Gravity Warm Air Heating Systems, to which this code refers, shall consist of one or more warm-air furnaces, enclosed within casings, together with necessary appur tenances thereto, consisting of warm-air pipes and fittings, cold air or recirculating pipes, ducts, boxes and fittings, smoke pipes and fittings, registers, borders, faces and grilles, the same being intended for heating buildings in which they may be installed. ' if ARTICLE No. 2.--Provisions to be made in Buildings under Construction for Reception of Gravity Warm Air Heating Systems Section 1. a. The following provisions shall be made by the owner or building con tractor, in any building wherein a gravity warm air heating system is to be installed. b. Where warm-air register boxes, heads, pipes or stacks are to be installed, joists shall be set not less than sixteen inches (16") on centers and shall be butted and not lapped. Studding shall be set directly over and under joists, leaving a space of not less than fourteen inches (14*) between studs and joists. Wherever joists are cut, headers must be put in to support joists. c. All first story single or sub-floors shall be continuous. In all houses having studded exterior walls, these floors shall be extended to the outside sheathing and all spaces between studding shall be closed at the attic line. 210 Note 1.--It is strongly recommended that the attic be tightly floored or ceilings insulated to reduce A heat losses. 8a 211 '. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 d. All partition walls (or sections of these walls) in which heat stacks to second or third floor rooms are to be installed, shall be of sufficient size to accommodate stacks required to heat said rooms. Chimneys . Section 2. a. The owner shall provide a chimney for the furnace constructed in a manner to comply with the following specifications. b. The chimney must be absolutely smoke tight throughout its entire length, and must extend at least three feet (3') above a flat roof or two feet (2') above the ridges of peak roofs. c. If built of a single thickness of brick or of cement blocks, it shall be lined through out its entire length with fire clay flue lining, having not less than three-fourths inch (%") thickness. Flue lining to be laid in mortar and made air tight. d. The furnace flue must have no other opening for attaching any fireplace, furnace, stove, range, water heater, gas or ventilating connection. e. If necessary to offset the flue, it must be done in such a manner as not to reduce the cross sectional area or create a ledge or obstruction, where loose material may lodge. /. Its narrowest internal dimension shall not be less than eight inches (S') and no flue smaller than 8" x 8" rectangular or eight inch (8") diameter round will be con sidered suitable when hard coal is to be burned, or 8' x 12" rectangular or ten inch (10*) round for soft coal or wood. g- It is strongly recommended that nothing less than 8' x 12' internal dimensions be used in any case. . Note ~ --It is recommended that the height above the furnace grate be not less than twenty-six feet (260. Note 3--It is strongly recommended that all new chimneys be built in strict accordance with the ordinance recommended by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. ARTICLE No. 3.--Method for Determining Sixes of Warm Air Pipes, Wall Stacks and Furnaces for Use in Residences Method for Determining Sizes of Basement Warm Air Pipes Section 1. Each First Floor Room. Divide square feet of glass by 12. Divide square feet of net outside wall by 60, (See Table A) Divide cubic contents by 800, Add together the above and multiply by 9. The result is the area of the basement pipe. The sum of: Glass (sq.*ft.) (Note 4) +12 ) Net Wall (sq. ft.) (Note 6) 60 > X 9 = Area of Basement Pipe Cubic Contents 800 ) - Section 2. Each Second Floor Room. Divide square feet of glass by 12, Divide square feet of net outside wall by 60. (See Table A) Divide cubic contents by 800. Add together the above and multiply by 6. \ The result is the area of the basement pipe. (See Section 9, 6) The sum of: Glass (sq. ft.) (Note 4) + 12 ) Net Wall (sq. ft.) (Note 5) + 60 > X 6 = Area of Basement Pipe Cubic Contents + 800 j Section S. Each Third Floor Room. Divide square feet of glass by 12. Divide square feet of net outside wall by 60. . (See Table A) Divide cubic contents by 800. Add together the above and multiply by 5. The result is the area of the basement pine. The sum of: Glass (sq. ft.) (Note 4) + 12 ) Net Wall (sq. ft.) (Note 6) 60 > X 5 = Area of Basement Pipe Cubic Contents 800 ) ' 212 Chapter XI--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating Basis of Working Rules for Pipes formulae are for 70 deg. temperature difference (outside temperature zero, inside temperature When temperature difference is more than 70 deg., add per cent per deg. to final figures. Whe?temperature difference is less than 70 deg., deduct 1K per cent per deg. room final figures. t, The values as given in Table A for use in the working rules. Article 3, Section 1, 2 and 3 are derivedas. follows: Fxamttle ---The factor 60 in Table A. Item No. 1. is based upon a coefficient of heat transmission of 0.23 B t-uTper square foot per degree difference per hour, thus: W X 0 23 X 7Q +' 111 = sq. in. first floor leader to compensate for the heat loss through walls only/ W = net area of exposed wall in sq. ft. 0.23 = coefficient of transmission in B.t.u. per sq. ft. per degree difference per hr. 70 = difference in temperature of air on inside and outside of wail. Ill = heat delivering capacity of 1 sq. in. of first floor leader pipe for a register temperature of 175 deg. fahr. Reduced to its simplest approximate form this is WX 9 60 Likewise substitute 167 for second floor and 200 for third floor in place of 111. The values in Table A for the different types of walls were obtained by substitution of proper coefficient of heat transmission instead of 0.23 in the above formula. Tablb A (The factor 60 used in Art. 3. Secs 1. 2 and 3 is for buildings constructed as in item No. 1. When other types of walls are used substitute the appropriate factor as given below) i --Frame wall constructed of siding, paper, sheathing, studding, lath and plaster-----........---------- 60 No* 2--Frame wall constructed of siding or stucco direct to sheathing (no paper), lath and plaster.TM 52 No; 3.--9 jp. Brick Wall (no plaster)........ ............................ --........ -.......... -............. -....... -............................ 40 No 4.--9 in. Brick Wall, plastered one side.---------------------------- --------------------- ------------------------------ ----- 48 N0 5.--9 in. Brick Wall, air space, furred and plastered.TM................ ........ ......................... --............. ....... 65 N0` No No. 6.--13 in. 7.--13 in. 8.--13 in. Brick Wall, no plaster.-------------------------- ------........ .......:-------------------------------------------------- Brick Wall, plastered one side.---------------------------------------------------------------- -------- --------------Brick Wall, air space, furred and plastered.............................................-................................... 53 57 75 M0* 9.--4 in. Brick. 4 in. hollow tile, plastered------------------------------------------------ ------- --............. ................ No* 10.--4 in. Brick, paper, sheathing, studding, lath and plaster (brick veneer)--............... ...................... 55 68 No! No! Ill--8 in. Hollow tile stucco and plaster-------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------12.--8 in. Hollow tile, stucco furred and plastered------ ------------------------------------------- ---------------------- 67 90 Roofs No. 13.--1 in. T & G. Sheeting. Tar and GraveL-------No 14.--l in. T & G. Sheeting and Composition roof. No! 15.--1 in. T & G. Sheeting and Tin.--------------------,No. 16.--Corrugated Iron on strips. ---------------------- . 48 . 40 . 24 .9.3 Ceilings No. 17.--Lath and plaster without floor above.................................................................................. ..................... 50 No. 18.--Lath and plaster with tight floor above--------.--.............................. .............. -------------------------------- 90 No. 19.--Metal without floor above---------------- .----------------------- --------------------------- '...............-............... ........ 4U No. 20.--Metal with tight floor above-- ................. --....... -- ........................................................... ........ ....., 7U Method for Determining Size of Wall Stacks ' Section 4-- First Floor Rooms. Same as Section 1. . Section 5. Second Floor Rooms. Not less than 70 per cent of basement pipe area as determined in Section 2. Where one stack is used to convey heat to two rooms, its net area shall be determined by adding together the areas of the two single stacks, which would be required to take care of the heat losses for each room where single stacks used. Section 6. Third Floor Rooms. Not less than 70 per cent of basement pipe area as determined in Section 3. Explanatory Notes Note 4.--In obtaining glass surface use full casement opening. An outside door is figured as glass. Noted.--To obtaiii net outside wall multiply.height by width and deduct the glass in all windows and outside doors. For all rooms with attic spaces immediately above full celling areas shall be taken into account, using Table A. . Note 6.--For rooms having unusual exposure, ordinarily north, northeast and northwest, add 15 per cent to pipe area. For east and west exposure, add 10 per cent. , 213 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Note 7.--Use no warm-air pipe less than 8 in. in diameter. If a basement warm-air pipe figures greater area than any standard commercial size then, the nearest commercial size shall be used, provided however, that the total pipe area shall in no case be less than the total requirements according to Sections 1, 2 and 3. Note 8.--It is understood in using the above values for determining basement warm-air pipe areas, that these pipes should be run comparatively straight and that they should not be over 10 to 12 ft. in length. Sharp turns and long pipes should have extra capacity. Note 9.--The value of 800 (used In cubic contents) is for an estimated air change of one room volume per hour. If it is desired to provide for 1^ room volume use the figure GOO. If for two room volumes use the figure 400. Transition Fittings and Stacks Section 7. a. -Transition from warm air pipes to stacks shall be made with a well designed elbow or boot and no stack shall be less than 70 per cent of the area of the warmair pipe leading to it. b. All first floor fittings and connections, shall maintain a free area equal to the round basement pipes leading to them. Method for Determining Size of Registers Section 8. AH registers shall have a free area at least equal to. the area of the base ment pipes leading to them. . '. Method for Determining Size of Furnace Secuon 9. a. Add together the areas (expressed in square inches) necessary for heating the building, as determined by the foregoing calculated requirements, Art. 3, Sec. 1, 2 and 3, and install a furnace, rated by the following formula: Furnace Rating Formula . L = 1.75 G [ 1 -f- 0.02 (R - 20) 1 L = square inches of warm-air pipe connected to the furnace as calculated. , G = grate area in square inches; the area of the firepot at the grate level; its most restricted area. '. R = ratio of heating surface area to grate area; 1.75 = a constant based upon the results obtained in the Association -Research on a furnace having 20 sq. ft. of heating surface for each square foot of grate, and including factors for: - . R -- efficiency of heater; . C = combustion rate: F -- calorific value of fuel; . 0.75 -- percentage of heat available at registers; . - 136 = B.t.u. delivering value of 1 sq. in. of pipe, assuming half of the heat is sent to ' each floor. This value i3 based on an operating temperature of 175 deg. fahr. at the register. - ; The formula allows 1.75 sq. in. of warm-air pipe are for each square inch of grate area, for the furnace having a ratio of heating surface to grate.surface of 20 to 1. For furnaces having other ratios of heating surfaces to grate surface, it adds 2 per cent or deducts 2 per cent for each unit above or below a ratio of 20. Application: Grate area, square inch. Heating surface area, square inch. < Ratio heating surface area tograte area : R - 20 = Correction per cent * 1.75 G * L = 1.75 G + correction : No. 1 Positive Correction ' 346 7540 21.8 to 1 1.8 3.6 606 628 No. 2 No ' . Correction 346 6920 20.0 to 1 0.0 0.0 606 . 606 No. 3 Negative Correction 346 5665 16.4 to 1 -3.6 -7.2 606 562 Certified Measurements Certified measurements on warm-air furnaces together with the name and number of. that furnace, will be issued by authority of the National Warm Air Heating and Ten* tilating Association, when, if and as, the grate areas and heating surfaces have been accurately measured and approved by the Research Advisory Committee. 214 Chapter XI--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating . b In second floor duplex, flats or apartments where separate heating plants are used, add 50 per cent to the total net calculated areas as determined in Art. 3, Sec. 5. This represents the required warm-air pipe capacity in square inches of the furnace for the second floor. ARTICLE No. 4.--Installation--Location of Furnace Section 1. The location of the furnace shall equalize the length of warm-air runs as far as possible, yet give necessary preference to pipes supplying living rooms, dining rooms and main halls. Foundation Section 2. Furnace foundation of brick, cement, or other incombustible material must be provided. Said foundation to extend at least fifteen inches (15") at rear and sides of furnace casing and at least thirty*six inches (36") in front of furnace casing. Foundation to be level. Setting or Assembling of Furnace Section 8. a. The base ring of the furnace shall be cemented to the foundation, making an air-tight joint. The furnace parts shall be assembled plumb and level, and in a workmanlike manner. b. All sections and joints shall be properly fitted. Joints requiring cement shall be well filled and all bolts shall be drawn up tightly. Casings Section 4- a- Warm air furnaces shall be enclosed in metal casings or walls of brick, tile or concrete. b. Portable'. Sheet metal casings including casing tops shall be made of galvanized sheets, not lighter than 26 U. S. standard gauge. They shall fit the castings and casing rings closely, so as to be dust tight, and shall be securely fastened to the front. The casing shall be lined from the upper casing ring down to a line on a level with the grate. c. When side collars are used the casing top must be of sufficient height so that the . largest warm-air pipe can be taken from side without ovaling. In no case shall a distance less than eight inches (8") be maintained between the top of any furnace and the top line of the bonnet. d. Any furnace, the casing top of which shall come within twelve inches (12") of a combustible floor, ceiling or. joist; shall be protected by a metal shield, extending not /less than eighteen inches (18") beyond the casing of said furnace. This shield shall be suspended at least 2 in. below woodwork, allowing free air space between shield and woodwork. No furnace casing or top, coming nearer than six inches (6") of ceiling or joists shall be allowed in any case. . e. Openings for side casing collars shall be cut into the casing top, so that the tops of all openings are on a level. Casing collars shall be fitted into place with a proper flange, or bead on the outside and drawn up on the inside, making a dust-tight, joint. All collars shall be of same size as the warm-air pipes to. which they are to be connected. /. Brick, cement or hollow tile casings shall be constructed as follows:---Walls shall be not less than eight inches (8") in thickness, and shall be constructed air-tight. The least inside dimension of rectangular casings shall be the same as that of the portable casing of a corresponding size of furnace. Walls shall be carried to the same height as the portable walls, allowing not less than eight inches (8") between the'top of the furnace and the bottom of the top cover. After placing the collars for the warm-air pipes, continue the masonry up two inches (2") above the top of the collars, lay single or tee irons across the furnace top, spaced eight inches (8"), cover these with sheet metal not less than 26 U. S. standard gauge, cover the sheet metal with masonry or sand and run the side walls four inches/4") above the roof of the furnace. A galvanized iron casing bonnet may be used on a brick set furnace. . . i. Provision shall be made in the walls for a manhole to give ingres to heater. r i Warm Air Pipes in Basement. . * Section 5. a. All warm-air pipes shall be made of bright tin not lighter than IC, or galvanized iron. Side seams shall be locked seams. All joints shall be either double* seamed or lapped not less than one and one-quarter inches (1%") and such joints shaiP 215 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide; 1928 be match-beaded, or beaded and soldered, or riveted. AH pipes and fittings shall be properly secured to ceiling or joist. No solder or.riveted joint is required where round pipe slips over the casing collar or enters boot or box. Any pipe twelve inches (12*) or greater in diameter shall not be made of material lighter than IX tin or No. 26 U. S. standard gauge galvanized iron. Note 10.--It is recommended that all warm-air pipes in the basement shall have an upward pitch of not less than one inch (1') per running foot. b. No warm-air pipe shall run within one inch (1*) of any woodwork unless such woodwork is covered with asbestos paper and the paper covered with tin or iron. c. All warm-air pipes in the basement shall be provided with dampers supported on both sides not more than two feet (2') from the casing. d. Where warm-air pipes pass through a masonry wall, a metal thimble shall be provided, having a diameter at least 1 in. greater than the pipe, and pipe supported in such a manner that the air space is uniform on all sides. Wall Stacks . Section 6. a. Single Stacks. All single wall stacks or wall pipes, heads, boots, ells, tees, angles and other connections shall be made of bright tin or galvanized iron and shall be covered with not less than one thickness of 12 lbs. per one hundred (100 sq. ft.) square feet ofiasbestos paper. All studding and other woodwork facing said pipe shall be lined with metal and metal lath used in place of wood lath. An air space of not less than fivesixteenths (A") of an inch shall be allowed on the two sides nearest the vertical studs. All such pipes shall be braced in a proper manner so as not to obstruct the flow of air but to retain the full capacity throughout. All joints shall be locked and held in place by means of lugs, or straps. No joint shall depend wholly upon solder to make it tight. b. Double Stacks. All double wall stacks or wall pipes, heads, boots, ells, tees, angles and other connections shall be made of bright tin, not lighter than IC or galvanized iron and shall be made double, from and including the boot or foot piece in basement to the top of each and every stack and register head on all floors. There shall be con tinuous uniform air space of not less than five-sixteenths (&*) of an inch, which must be maintained between the outer and inner walls of all such pipes and fittings of all kinds, styles and descriptions; such pipes, heads, boots and other fittings to be of the styles, or equal to those accepted by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. All stacks and fittings either single or double must be secured firmly in:place by lugs or straps attached to the outer walls of stacks and fittings, and no nails shall be driven through these stacks or fittings at any point. No lugs or straps shall be formed by cutting holes in outer walls of stacks or fittings. No wall pipes or fittings shall be used which depend wholly on soldered joints. The various members shall be so made that all joints are locked or soldered and the several members shall be attached to each other with slip joints, which are, for the purpose intended, air tight. Registers Section 7. a. When baseboard or wall registers are used, they shall be properly and permanently attached to the stack head in such a manner that will prevent any leakage of air between the head and the register. b. Floor registers shall be provided either with register borders, or double register boxes of tin or galvanized iron with an air space of not less than five-sixteenths (tV*) of an inch between inner and outer boxes. c. Registers for warm-air and warm-air pipes shall not be located in outside walls. The warm-air registers in the various rooms shall be located in or near the inside walls in all cases. d. Any furnace system having not more than two warm-air registers, at least one of the registers shall be without valve or louvers and the pipe thereto shall be without damper. Air Supply to Furnace Section 8. a. The air supply to furnace for warm-air heating plants may be taken from outside or from within the building or may be taken partially from outside and partially from withim. In no case, however, shall air be supplied to any furnace from any basement or furnace room. 216 Chapter XI--Gravity Warm-Air Furnace Heating . b. The cold air intake or return where air is taken from within the building shall have a net area throughout its entire length of not less than the combined net area of all warm air pipes leading from the furnace. This may be maintained in one or more ducts. No reverse incline or air trap will be allowed in any section thereof. c. When the cold air supply is taken wholly from the outside of the building the supply duct at its most contracted area must equal or exceed eighty per cent (80%) of the combined area of all warm-air pipes leading from the furnace. d. Cold air* ducts shall be constructed of metal, tile or other incombustible material having smooth inner surface and shall maintain a constant net area throughout their entire length and shall be made dust-tight. Horizontal return ducts shall have at least 10 per cent greater area than vertical connecting pipes. Where a boot or shoe is connected to the casing at the base, the opening shall not extend higher than a line on the level of the grate of the furnace. The width of the shoe shall be of proper measure ment to make the area at least equal to that of the round or square pipe to which it is connected. e. Wherever the space between joists is used to convey cold air over head, the joists and all wooden surfaces between such joists shall be lined with metal and a sheet metal pan constructed to extend not less than two inches (2*) below said joists. The con nection from this pan to the boot or shoe shall be made of galvanized iron not lighter than No. 26 U. S. standard gauge, and shall have a transition collar, the top area of which shall be at least 10 per cent greater than the area of the connecting pipe. /. When it is necessary to set the furnace over a pit and connect up cold air under the basement floor, such pit or cold air trench shall not exceed eighteen inches (18*) in depth below the casing ring and the width of the trench or trenches shall be of proper measurement to make the area at least equal to the pipe to which it is connected. The connection between the cold air pipe or duct and the underground pit shall be made with converse transition joint as described in Article IV, Section 8 (6) and .(d). . g. The cold air face or faces shall be made of/wood, or metal, When set in floors the top of same shall be flush with floor. Where cold air face is placed in a seat or side wall (whether furnished by owner, general contractor or furnace contractor) the open work of face must extend to within at least one inch (1*) of the floor line. The free area of cold air faces shall be at least equal to the free area of the duct or ducts to which they are connected. Note 11.--The effective area of a vertical cold air face lies within fourteen inches (14') of the floor line, hence, the capacity of any vertical cold air face shall be determined by multiplying the base line in inches by not to exceed fourteen inches (14') in height and deducting for the grilles or cross bars. ' Smoke Pipes Section 9. a. The smoke pipe shall be as short and direct as consistent with the location of the furnace. It shall be made of metal not lighter than No. 24 U. S. standard gauge, and not Jess than the full size of the collar on the furnace throughout its entire length. It mustfhave no opening for attaching any fireplace, stove, range, water heater, gas or ventilating connection. It shall be lock seamed or riveted; all joints shall lap not less than one and one-half inches (1J^*) and it shall be rigidly secured. Cast iron smoke pipe may be used. , b. All smoke pipes shall be provided with check dampers, placed on the side of the pipe or at the end of a tree; when cast iron smoke pipe dampers are used they must be placed between the check damper and the furnace and supported on both sides of the pipe. c. Where the smoke pipe enters the flue, a thimble shall be cemented into the flue and the connections thereto made air-tight. Should any smoke pipe come within eighteen inches. (18*) of any combustible material, such combustible material must be covered with asbestos paper and a metal shield so fastened that a two inch air space exists between this shield and the combustible material. This shield shall be no less in size than twice the diameter of the smoke pipe and of sufficient length to cover the combustible material at all points. d.. No smoke pipe shall project through any external wall or window. No furnace connection is to be made to a flue without a cast iron or steel cleanout having first been provided in the flue (not more than eight inches (8*) below the smoke pipe opening). The base of the flue shall be filled up to the bottom of the cleanout, all of which must be made air-tight. .. 217 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Pipeless or One-Pipe Furnaces Section 10. a. When but one duplex grating is used for both warm-air and cold air in a so-called pipeless furnace, the area of the cold air intake shall be at least equal to the area of the warm-air outlet of the grating. Art. 4, Sec. 4, relative to casing shall not govern when this type of furnace is installed, but the following specification shall be followed: The inner and outer casing of this type of furnace may be made of either black or galvanized iron not lighter than No. 26 U. S. standard gauge. A uniform air space shall be maintained at all points between the inner and outer casing. In no case shall the top of the heater be allowed closer than twelve inches (12,f) to any ceiling or joists above the furnace. . . ' b. Where joists are cut to accommodate this furnace, headers shall be put in and braced. . c. Art. 3 for determining area of warm-air pipe shall not govern in figuring a pipeless furnace. d. Where one warm-air register face is used and separate face or faces for cold air supply are used, then Art. 4, Secs. 5, 7 and 8 shall apply. Chapter XII industrial and domestic oil heating INDUSTRIAL OIL BURNING OIL has established its place in the heating field first in the industrial and more recently in the domestic service where effective methods have been devised to burn it economically under automatic control. The engineer, architect and contractor should have a fundamental knowledge of its characteristics, its applications, and should know some of the practical phases of installation methods in new and existing plants. Specific data is necessary for successful service of a plant and for the protection of the client's interests.' Every installation should be a matter of individual and careful study. . Oil as a fuel is desirable because it is liquid in form, being petroleum in its constituent parts. There is claimed for liquid fuel, the advantages of space for storage, simplicity in location of storage adjacent to boilers and means of transportation from the remote points of storage to boiler, reduction in labor and handling of fuel, the elimination of ash removal, ease of control of furnace temperatures, and the elimination of the expense of banked fires. Each case, however, where the liquid fuel is contemplated will.have, of necessity, to stand on its merit. The heating engineer must figure out the operating cost both with coal and with oil, and the user will have to evaluate the extra convenience, after which a decision can-he made as to what type of fuel should be used. Crude oil has either a paraffin or asphalt base, or a blending of the two. Fuel oil, is heavy, dark in color and has a greater viscosity, higher calorific value and higher flash point than the crude oil from which it is made. It results from the distillation of crude oil during which processes naptha, benzine, gasoline, kerosene and other distillates are removed. The character of the fuel oil varies in accordance with the extent to which the crude oil has been refined. . In the selection of burner equipment and in the determination of storage facilities, it is well to decide what grade of oil is to be used,, its Baum6 gravity, viscosity, flash point, and cold test, or temperature at which it will cease to be fluid. The following table gives data from standard authorities on various oils. The flash point varies considerably in the oils from different fields, hence the figures given are subject to variation: : Compiled especially for The Guide by Byron PC. Eaton, chief engineer, Winslow Boiler & Eng. Co., Chicago, 111. ... . . '- , 219 American Society of Heating-and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Oil Table 1. Data on Fuel Oils Baume Gravity Dec. Fahr. Flash Point Pounds t B.t.u. Deg. Fahr. per Gallon per Gallon B.t.u. per Lb. ` Kerosene................................ Distillate................................ Light Gas Oil..................:.... Dark Gas Oil........................ Light Fuel Oil. ................. Heavy Fuel Oil___________ 42 38 36 32 24 18 140 160 190 200 150-200 180-280 .6.80 6.96 7.03 7.21 7.58 7.89 135,524 137,402 138,421 140,811 145,612 149,484 19,900 19,700 19,700 19,600 19,000 18,900 Note. While the use of an oil may be contemplated, having a cold test sufficient to meet the lowest temperatures experienced, if there is any possibility of higher cold test oils being used, heating coils should be installed either in the storage tank or elsewhere in the system. Air Required for Oil Burning* Per Cent CO? bt Volume or Dry Cases Light Oil Lb. of Air per Lb. of Oil Excess Air Per Cent Medium Oil Lb. of Air Excess Air per Lb. of Oil' Per Cent Heavt Oil Lb. of Air per Lb. of Oil Excess Air Per Cent 4 51.40 260.7 51.93 270.4 52.45 280.3 5 41.31 189.9 41.71 197.5 42.12 205.4 6 34.58 142.7 34.90 149.0 35.23 155.4 7 29.77 108.9 30.04 114.3 30.31 119.8 8 26.17 83.6 26.39 88.3 26.62 93.0 9 23.37 64.0 23.56 68.0 23.75 72.2 10 21.12 48.2 21.29 51.8 21.45 55.5. 11 19.83 39.1 19.43 38.6 19.58 41.9 12 17.76 24.6 17.88 27.6 18.01 30.6 13 16.46 15.5 16.57 18.2 16.69 21.0 14 15.36 7.8 15.45 10.2 15.55 12.7 15 14.39 1.0 14.48 3.3 14.57 5.6 C. R. Weymouth, Transoctums,.Amcrican Society Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 30. Also see Vol. 34. A fuel oil burner installation comprises oil storage, pumping equipment, heating equipment if required, an atomizing assembly and a correctly designed fire-box within the boiler for complete combustion and for proper diversion of the fire and gases. There are certain essential accessories, such as pipelines, oil pre-heaters, regulating valves, meters, strainers, pressure gages, relief valves and the proper adaptation of them all to the particular needs of each specific case. It is not the purpose of this article to discuss the relative merits of various types of burners. The respective claims of burner manufacturers can be carefully weighed and a decision made as to which is best adapted to the work in question. Mechanical simplicity and the assurance of correct principles of atomization should be of foremost consideration in judging burners. The decision as to the burner will govern the type of oil pump utilized to draw the oil from the storage tank and introduce it into the burners. The various burner campanies have provided what they consider the most suitable pumping devices for their equipment. ... . One of the most important phases of oil burner installations,- is the design of the combustion chamber of the boiler or furnace. While the consumption of coal is limited in a boiler, by the square feet of grate and the draft available where handfiring is utilized, with oil burning equip ment, the only limit to the oil consumption, is in the cubical contents of the combustion chamber or fire-pot. Practically any of the boilers that 220 Chapter XII--Industrial and Domestic Oil Heating are in use today are adaptable to oil burning equipment but there should be a rearrangement of the combustion chamber. The grates may be removed, and the burner dropped below their level thus enlarging the combustion space. A wide, long, high combustion chamber is ideal, within certain limits. It is only necessary to extend protecting walls where there are waterdrop legs projecting downward from the crown-sheet. All such water surfaces must be protected from any direct contact with the fire. It is well to brick up the sides of boilers, of fire-box or sectional type, to a point 8 or 9 in. higher than the center-line of the burners. Impingement walls should be so built as to properly deflect the gases of combustion. The brick used should be of the very highest heat-resisting type and each brick should be dipped in a thin batter of heat-resisting cement and water and laid up tightly to the next brick. This will give a very excellent wall which will require a minimum of attention. Oil burner manu facturers have plans for the bricking of the various types of boilers, which plans are usually submitted after the contract has been approved. There are a number of oil heaters on the market, which are meritorious. If low pressure steam boilers are being equipped with oil burners, ordinary coil waterheaters may be connected below the water-line of the boiler. Sufficient heating capacity should be installed to bring the temperature of the oil up to within 25 or 30 deg. of its flash-point. This pre-heating of the oil not only decreases the viscosity but takes a certain combustion burden from the fire in the boilers and also tends to carry in suspension basic deposits which might otherwise be left in the burners. In high pressure work, coil heaters can be connected into the exhaust or live steam lines depending upon the type of heater selected. Naturally, the heavier the oil, the greater will be the tendency towards sediment deposit consequently strainers must be provided. Unless the oil is exceedingly heavy, a single strainer in the suction line just before it enters the pumping equipment, will be sufficient. This strainer can be so built as to be easily accessible for cleaning. In some instances, duplex strainers are used, in which case, the mere throwing of a lever, will change the flow of oil from one strainer to another, so that cleaning can be accom plished without interfering with the supply of oil. The question of the elevation of the pump is of some importance, as some communities prohibit the installation of oil pumping equipment, at a point lower than the top of the oil storage tank. As. the result, it is frequently necessary to build platforms in the boiler-room on which to mount the pumping equipment, so that there will be no danger of siphon ing. If this is not done anti-siphoning devices should be used'. While fuel oil burners are not automatic in character, yet a great many burner companies provide automatic regulators to maintain a fire be tween "high-low" limits, so as to maintain uniform pressures. The foregoing discussion refers continually to boilers, it must not be lost sight of that oil fuel is adaptable to scores of industrial purposes. Bake ovens, melting pots, annealing furnaces, dryers and countless other heat demanding units are continually and adequately operated with this modern fuel. . Adequate oil storage should be planned. Where trackage is available, 221 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 . carload. deliveries should be provided for. Local ordinances and the requirements of the National Board of Fire Underwriters and the local bureau having jurisdiction should be studied and strictly adhered to, especially in the matter of locating and burying outdoor tanks and in the brick-housing and sand-fill usually required for large interior tanks that are not buried. Where the storage tank is buried outside the building, the oil suction, oil return and the steam flow and return lines should all be run in one large split tile, carefully cemented. The steam line should then drop into the oil storage tank, either spirally around the suction line, thence returning through the tile, to discharge into the heating system trap, or the coil can extend to and be laid along the bottom of the tank, with the return similarly returning to the steam system. Great care should be ex ercised in the construction of steam lines inside of oil tanks, so that there will be absolutely no possibility of a leakage from the oil into the steam coils when coils are under a vacuum or of the steam leaking into the oil. Every tank should be provided with a man-hole and with the following tappings: 4 in. fill 3 in' suction 1)4 in. return 1 )4 in. steam flow ' 1)4 in. vent 1)4 in. steam return ,, All these tappings should be in the top ofthe tank. The suction pipe should not extend closer than six inches tothe bottom of the tank. These tappings can be varied in size to suit local ordinances or conditions. There are two general types of tanks--vertical steel and horizontal steel. Up to 10,000 gal. the horizontal steel tank is commonly used; the vertical steel tank is used for larger capacities. Since the minimum car of oil is 8,000 gal., it is well not to plan any tankage of less than 10,000 gal. capacity, where carload deliveries are possible. Where oil companies maintain reserves of oil, smaller storage can be provided for than in districts where all the oil has to be brought in by car. In this case, there should be enough storage for a reasonable period. One ton' of coal is equivalent to approximately 140 gal. of fuel oil. Standard construction for underground horizontal steel tanks provides 3/16 in. steel for up to 4,000 gal., Y/i in. from 4,000 to 10,500, 5/16 in. from 10,500 to 20,000 gal. Vertical above ground tanks should be built in accordance with the Underwriter's tables for diameter and height. While oil consumption can be fairly accurately checked by gaging the tank, the oil meter is the most logical method of quickly determining fuel costs and in estimating the relation between fuel consumption and work performed. . DOMESTIC OIL HEATING* Because of the large number of domestic oil heating units that are available, there is considerable confusion as to the relative merits of each burner. Certainly it is important to look into the construction of the burner els to design, workmanship and materials, but a point that should be kept in mind is that the Architect and Engineer is recommending not From data prepared by H. F. Tapp, technologist, American Oil Burner Association. 222 Chapter XII--Industrial and Domestic Oil Heating only a burner but an installation. The ability of the man making the installation and adjusting the burner to meet the needs of each applica tion should receive careful consideration when making a choice of oil heating equipment. A further consideration in making a choice is the stability of the manufacturer and dealer. BURNER TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS There are two distinct types of oil burners used for oil heating--the natural draft burner and the mechanical draft burner. Their names indicate the manner in which the air for combustion is obtained. The natural draft burner requires no motor and usually has no moving parts. The air for combustion is supplied by the pull of the chimney and is, therefore, dependent upon the construction of the latter. This type of burner is often incorrectly referred to as a "gravity" type burner. Gravity indicates the manner in which the fuel is fed to the burner and a gravity system is applicable to either natural draft or mechanical draft burners. This type of burner is more sensitive to changes in the weather, wind currents about the chimney and other factors which cause a varia tion in the draft intensity than is the mechanical draft burner. This variation in draft can be decreased by a well designed chimney and the use of a draft regulator. A natural draft burner is usually limited to small heating loads and for best operation requires the use of lighter oils. It has in its favor a low first cost, simplicity of design, and requires no power for operation. . The mechanical draft burner is motor driven and the air for combustion is supplied by a fan or blower. Generally where a fan is used it is of sufficient capacity to supply the entire amount of air for combustion when the burner is operating at its maximum capacity. Where a blower, either centrifugal or positive pressure, is used, only a portion of the air required is supplied under pressure, the balance being induced by the injector action of the air from the blower plus the natural draft from the chimney. The air from the blower is usually used to aid in the atomiza tion of the fuel. The fan or blower produces a more constant supply of air under varying draft conditions and therefore maintains a uniformly efficient combustion condition. A second classification of burners used is with reference to the means employed to prepare the fuel for combustion. The terms are vaporizing and atomizing burners. . In the* vaporizing burner the fuel is prepared for combustion by the addition of heat. The heat serves to convert the liquid fuel into a vapor which is mixed with the air for combustion either just before or during the combustion process. Blue flame combustion is sometimes advocated but as a blue flame radiates very little heat it is of no particular advantage in a boiler or furnace that has been designed for coal burning, wherein the major heat transfer is through radiation. By vaporizing the fuel, moving parts can be eliminated and it is easy to control at low com bustion rates. However it requires a light fuel for best results and with poor design there is the possibility of carbon trouble due to "cracking" or decomposition of the oil in the vaporizing chamber. 223 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 In the atomizing burner the fuel is broken into a fine mist which is mixed with the air for combustion either just before or progressively during the combustion process. The particles are so fine that they are quickly vaporized by the heat of combustion and if properly mixed with . sufficient air will burn with a clean hot flame. There are many ways to atomize oil--under pressure through a small orifice, by compressed air or steam, by centrifugal force from the edge of a rapidly rotating cup or disc and numerous other equally effective methods. Any of the methods used will break the oil into very fine particles and when applied with intelligence will give satisfactory results. With the atomizing type of burner cheaper oils may be utilized ; they will start readily from a cold condition and can be applied to installations requiring a high fuel consumption. . ' The perceptible sound incident to the combustion of oil is dependent largely upon the means employed to mix the oil and air and the rate of B.t.u. liberation per unit of combustion volume. It is obvious that this characteristic can be controlled to some degree by the design of the burner and the method of application to the combustion chamber of the boiler. A further controllable factor is the amount of mechanical sound, this will vary with design, mechanical condition and the adjustment of the unit. The transmission of both mechanical and combustion sounds can be governed to some extent by the utilization of some means to absorb vibration. IGNITION SYSTEMS In most natural draft burners the oil is lighted manually with a torch through the fire door, although some of them are provided with a gas pilot. Full automatic burners are ignited with either an electric spark from a high tension transformer or from a gas pilot light. This gas pilot, in some designs, burns constantly while in others a combination of the electric and the gas system is used, the spark igniting the gas and the gas flame igniting the oil. The type of ignition system used is dependent to some extent upon the design of the burner and upon the personal opinion of the designer. Several burners are being designed so as to make the means for ignition optional with the purchaser. Where gas is used the application of the burner may be limited to a territory having a gas supply although it can be used with gas supplied in con tainers. Under average conditions the cost of ignition with gas is slightly greater. AUTOMATIC BURNER CONTROLS There are two systems of control instruments. The low voltage (15-20 volts) and the high voltage (110 or 220 volts). Both systems are used with complete satisfaction. A room thermostat is used to indicate the temperature of the room and to control the operation of the burner so as to maintain the desired temperature between a limiting plus or minus 2 deg. This instrument is mechanically accurate and will function according to the temperature conditions of its location. Therefore, it should be located with care. Most people prefer to have it located in the living room. It should be 224 'Chapter XII--Industrial and Domestic Oil Heating on an inside wall about 5 ft. from the floor at the breathing level, pro tected from abnormal drafts such as stairways, or entrances; it should not be placed near chimney, radiators, registers, hot water or steam pipes or other sources of heat. Special care should be taken to avoid concealed steam or hot water pipes. Another important factor in maintaining a satisfactory uniform heating throughout the house, which cannot be controlled by the thermostat is the matter of installed radiation. It is. important that the radiation be carefully proportioned so that when the desired temperature is reached in the room with the thermostat, the same temperature will have been reached in all of the rooms of the house. (See Chapters II and XIV.) " The boiler or furnace control is provided to control the operation of the burner so as to prevent overheating of the boiler or furnace and in the case of a steam boiler to' prevent the development of abnormal pressures. A safety control is provided to establish a time limit within which the oil must be ignited every time the burner is started and to shut the burner down if for any reason the ignition does not take place or if there is a cessation of combustion. Nearly all of the burners use standard control instruments which in some cases are modified to meet some peculiarity of the design. - cubic recT or sas per hour Fig. 1. Consumption of Oil and Coal at Various Efficiencies 225 Fig. 2. Consumption of Oil and Gas American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 The majority of the burners operate on the intermittent system but there are several that operate on a system known as the high-low where the burner is always burning but the flame intensity is varied to meet the temperature variation as indicated by the thermostat. There is considerable discussion among designing engineers as to the relative merits of the two systems but as the high-low may have the edge during the coldest, weather the intermittent burner will be more economical during the milder weather so that over the entire heating season the total amount of fuel used will be very nearly the same. BURNER INSTALLATIONS Most burners are installed in boilers designed for coal and the results in most cases are entirely satisfactory. Where a boiler is being purchased for use with oil heating equipment care should be taken to select a boiler that has long flue passes that do not short circuit the gases from the combustion chamber to the flue. There are several boilers that have been designed especially for oil burning that are very efficient and economical. All boilers should be provided with automatic feed water. , regulator as the boiler is often neglected on account of the automatic" features eliminating the necessity of a daily inspection. With many of the cast iron water tube sectional boilers it has been found possible to increase their rating to some extent by using oil heating equipment. This increase amounts to from 10 to 25 pier cent, but boiler equipment should not be selected on this basis without the knowledge and approval of the boiler manufacturer. This increase in rating is usually not possible with round boilers. Where round boilers are used with oil heating equipment it is best to select a boiler that is relatively small in diameter with extra heating surface in the form of intermediate sections. For warm air installations a furnace of welded construction should be selected as it is more suitable for the conditions imposed by oil heating and will require less attention. Cast iron sectional furnaces will give satisfactory results if care is taken to insure tight joints and a careful inspection made each year. For hot water supply an indirect heater is quite satisfactory with steam or vapor,and with suitable controls on the hot water tank can be used the yjeax round at a very reasonable cost. Small size burners are made that aire suitable for installing under small''hot water heaters and operating automatically-, from a control on the hot water tank. A coil in the com bustion chamber is not generally satisfactory. : Installations should always be rtiade by trained men as every burner has peculiarities that should be given consideration when the installation is made. It is also important that the burner be correctly adjusted for each installation as a greater loss in efficiency often results from poor adjustment rather than from poor design, A burner should have suf ficient capacity to develop full rating of the boiler and it is preferable that it haye'some excess; it should also be adjustable over a range from 50 to 100 per cent rating. The flame adjustment is best determined by a flue gas analysis but a good check can be made by noting the color of the flame. A white flame indicates excess air, a red smoky flame insufficient 226 i Chapter XII--Industrial and Domestic On. Heating air and a orange flame just tipped with red indicates an efficient and clean combustion. The boiler room should be well ventilated so that the burner can obtain a good supply of fresh air at all times. Burner and tank installation and all electrical work should be installed in accordance with local ordinances. If no local rules are in force the rules recommended by the National Board of Fire Underwriters should be followed. , TANK INSTALLATIONS Inside exposed tanks are permitted where the maximum capacity does not exceed 275 gal. This amount may be fed to the burner by gravity if desired and proper precautions are taken to prevent an abnormal flow of oil. These tanks should be installed on noncombustible supports and located at least 10 ft. from the boiler. The best installation is with an outside buried tank, of at least 1100 gal. capacity, preferably located below the level of the burner. Where this is impractical some means must be used to prevent syphoning of the oil from the tank in case of a break in the fuel supply line. There are several devices of this nature approved by the Underwriters Laboratory. The use of a large tank eliminates the necessity of watching the fuel supply and will often permit fuel to be purchased at a price enough lower to pay for the difference in installation cost. Tanks should be located so that the fill line is near the drive or curb so as to facilitate delivery from the tank truck. 227 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 CHIMNEY DESIGN Although slightly less draft is required for oil heating equipment than is required for coal fires and a smaller chimney area would be satisfactory it is recommended that the chimney be designed to meet the boiler manufacturers requirements as specified for coal burning. It is preferable to have the oil burner flue isolated from other flues as this may be helpful in preventing any mechanical sound from being transmitted to the rooms of the house. A well designed chimney that will insure uniform draft conditions is just as important to an oil burner as it is to a coal fired heating plant. DOMESTIC FUELS There are two grades of oils generally used for oil heating in domestic installations; furnace oil which is about 38 deg. A.P.I. gravity and light domestic fuel oil that is sometimes known as 28-32 deg. A.P.I. gravity. In some localities there are special grades of fuel that may vary as to gravity but their other physical characteristics are quite similar to those of the oils mentioned. These oils do not require preheating for pumping or atomizing. The amount of oil for a heating season can be estimated from the chart, Fig. 1, if the average coal consumption is known. The chart figures should be corrected if the heat value of the fuels used is different than those upon which the chart is based. COMPARATIVE COSTS Comparative cost figures for various fuels depend entirely on the heat content of each fuel and the efficiency with which each is utilized. Charts shown as Fig. 1 and 2 give comparative consumption of oil against a seasons coal requirement and against hourly gas consumption. These figures are based on an oil containing 140,000 B.t.u. per gallon. By refering to Fig. 3 these figures can be corrected for other grades of oil. \ 228 Chapter XIII HEATING WITH GAS HEATING buildings with gaseous fuel brings in no new or peculiar problems so far as the distribution and utilization of the heat are concerned. The only problem peculiar to heating with gas is one of fuel utilization. Gas is a high grade fuel, supplied in a form that makes it easy to handle and control. This ease of control renders great economy and luxury possible, and the appliances in which it is used should therefore be designed and selected to take full advantage of this potential economy and luxury. The use of gas for building heating purposes has been stimulated within the past year or two by the increasing tendency of manufactured gas companies to grant special rates to users of gas for heating. Realizing that the load is a valuable and desirable one, they are making what are in some cases, quite radical concessions in the way of reduced rates. The most recent tabulation of rates compiled by the American Gas Association lists 208 communities in the Continental United States and Canada, in which the corporations supplying manufactured gas quote what they term House Heating Rates. These communities are of a widely diversified character as to size, climate, geographical situation, arid industries. They are served by both large and small corporations and by both privately and municipally owned plants. There are no boundaries, of a geographic nature, or of any other nature, to limit the advance of gas as a fuel for heating buildings. . There are many other communities aside from those included in the enumeration above, in which the basic rates for domestic gas supply are sufficiently low to attract a large number of people to use it for heating. In the natural gas territory, the rates, while showing a tendency to increase, are still such that gas is a cheap fuel for any purpose. Natural gas companies have not gone so far in the making of special house heating rates, partly because a special rate is not needed to encourage the use of gas for heating and partly because reduced rates would encourage the waste of a valuable natural resource. The most marked effect of more costly natural gas has been the increasing demand for efficient appliances. The user of gas for heating is in the very peculiar situation of having the corporation from which he purchases his fuel, display a continued interest in the upkeep and efficient operation of the fuel burning appliance. This is in marked contrast with the situation in which the user of solid or liquid fuel finds himself. A large proportion of the gas burning heating appliances that are installed are marketed through gas companies. The gas company then stands ready to see that the purchaser of the Material compiled for this chapter by W. E. Stark, Cleveland. O. 229 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 appliance enjoys uninterrupted and efficient service from it. It is common practice among gas companies to make periodical inspections of the heating appliances on their lines and some even go so far as to light the pilots when the heating season approaches so that the appliance stands ready to respond to the thermostat's call for heat when cool weather comes. ' A notable development of comparatively recent date is the.offering., of gets burning boilers designed with the object of meeting the require ments peculiar to large scale heating. Compact, automatic in operation, and with large steam releasing area and storage space; these large unit boilers are adaptable to the heating requirements of office buildings, college buildings, and hospitals; as well as to the production of large amounts of low pressure steam for industrial and process work. TYPES OF GAS HEATING APPLIANCES . Gas burning heating appliances in general use may be classified as follows: 1. Central heating plants: a. Steam heating boilers b. Water heating boilers c. Warm air furnaces . 2. Room (or space) heaters: a. Radiant heaters (blue flame) . b. Reflector heaters (luminous flame) . c. Convection type unit heaters. CONVERSIONS VERSUS ORIGINAL INSTALLATIONS (for central heating plants) During the years when gas heating was limited to those localities where a cheap supply of natural gas was available, practically all installations were what are termed conversions. By conversion is meant an appliance designed to burn coal, with gas burners inserted. This practice, however, has not been followed in manufactured gas territory, for certain definite and scientific reasons; and the increasing price of natural gas eventually will bring it to an end in that territory. No two fuels burn and give off heat in exactly the same manner; and no two fuels differ so widely in this respect as do coal and gas. In coal boilers or furnaces, the path traveled by the hot gases is relatively short. Most of the heat made available by the combustion of coal is given off . as radiant energy by the incandescent coke and flame. This radiant energy is absorbed very rapidly by the heating surfaces which are so placed that they can see the fuel bed and flame. Very little remains to be absorbed by the heating surfaces that are placed farther on in the' boiler or furnace. A coal burning appliance is therefore designed with a large combustion chamber with heat-absorbing walls so placed that they will see the heat radiating flame. Close confinement of the products of' combustion is not necessary except in the last passes of the appliance. Gas, on the other hand, burns most satisfactorily and most completely when air is mixed with it previous to ignition. The resultant flame is 230 Chapter XIII--Heating with Gas blue, as in the familiar Bunsen burner. A blue flame has very little radiating power. The combustion is complete within a few inches of the burner. After combustion is complete, the hot gases must im mediately be brought into close contact with the heat-absorbing surfaces and kept in contact with them until the maximum possible amount of heat has been absorbed. A gas burning appliance is therefore designed with a small combustion chamber and with many thin passages for the hot gases to pass through so that they can be brought into intimate contact with the heat absorbing surfaces. In order for gas to be burned with reasonable economy in an appliance designed for coal, an intricate baffling arrangement must be built up within the combustion chamber so that the products of combustion will be caused to wipe over the walls of the combustion chamber. Even when this is done, the appliance will not generally develop its full rated output with economy because it will not have sufficient indirect heating surface beyond the combustion chamber so arranged that it will break the gas up into the fine streams necessary to insure complete heat absorp tion. Appliances for gas burning must be so designed that each particle of hot gas is brought very, close to a heat absorbing surface. The general practice of gas companies interested in heating is to discourage conversions. GAS BOILERS Gas boilers have taken on a well defined form just as coal boilers have. The usual boiler is sectional in construction with a number of independent burners placed beneath the sections. In most boilers each section has its own burner. Some makers fashion their sections so as to give the effect of a horizontal tubular boiler so as to accelerate water circulation. Other makers either do not incorporate the tubular feature in their designs or depend on internal baffling to give the tubular effect. In all cases the sections are placed very close together, much closer than would be possible with any soot forming fuel. Extended heating surfaces, such as lugs, pins, or fins are features of some designs. In all cases, the effort of the designer is to break the hot gas up into thin streams. Because there is no fuel bed resistance and because the gas company supplies the motive power to draw in the air necessary for combustion (in the form of the initial gas pressure) draft losses through gas boilers are low. A gas boiler will therefore operate with a very slight draft, thus making it possible to operate at very low stack temperatures. Terminal temperature differences as low as 50 deg. are not uncommon. All gas boiler designers strive to make their product as light as is compatible with strength and to render all heating surfaces easily accessible for cleaning. INSTALLATION AND CONTROL OF BOILERS . One feature of the piping installation that adds to the satisfactory service rendered by gas boilers is provision for adequate and rapid venting of the air from steam heating systems. It is particularly necessary that the air vent out freely when a gas control that either permits the gas to burn at full rated amount, or shuts it off completely, is used. This 231 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 system of control is most economical in gas consumption, but if air leaks into the steam distribution system during the periods that the gas is turned off and then vents out slowly when the thermostat calls for heat, the result will be a further cooling of the premises between the time that the thermostat calls for heat and the time that steam reaches the radiators. The combination of "all on or all off" control with a freely venting steam or vapor system gives maximum gas economy and minimum tem perature variation. Although a gas appliance will operate with a very slight draft, it is none the less necessary that it be connected to an adequate chimney. A chimney so situated that it is subject to momentary down drafts presents no difficulties, but a gets appliance should not be expected to operate against a continuous down draft any more than a coal appliance is expected to. Lack of chimney draft results in stagnation of the gases in the chimney with consequent condensation of the water vapor that is always present in the products of the combustion of gas.. Table 1 gives the minimum cross section areas of chimneys (in square inches) for various amounts of heat supplied to the appliance and for various chimney heights. Table 1. Chimney Sizes for Gas Appliances Height or Chimnzt Feet 75 , 10 25 50 70 100 24.0 14.8 13.6 13.3 12.9 125 35.7 21.9 20.2 19.8 19.4 Gas Consumption in Thousands or B.t.u. pes Hour 175 300 500 750 1000 1500 46.6 28.7 26.5 25.8 25.3 71.6 43.8 40.5 39.5 38.8 107.5 66.0 60.9 59.6 58.4 148.5 91.2 84.1 82.2 80.8 187.0 114.6 105.5 103.4 101.4 259.0 159.0 146.1 143.1 140.6 2000 327.0 200.0 183.9 . 180.5 176.7 Gas appliances, because of their small heat storage and quick response, are particularly adaptable to thermostatic control and should always be so installed. Any standard thermostatic control system is generally applicable. In addition to provision for operation under thermostatic control, practically all gas boiler manufacturers provide their product with gas pressure regulators, steam pressure regulators, low-water gas cut-off devices on steam boilers, and water temperature controls on water boilers. Thermostatic pilot controls, tjiat shut off the main gas supply in the event of the pilot becoming extinguished, are also quite generally standard equipment. .' . Gas burning boilers for hot water heating systems present no particular problems in their installation. Like steam boilers they should always be under thermostatic control with a water temperature control to serve as a limiting device. WARM AIR FURNACES Gas burning warm air furnaces are obtainable in sizes from those sufficient to heat the largest residence,, down to sizes applicable to a single room. The practice of installing a number of separate furnaces to handle individual rooms is peculiar to mild climates, such as Southern 232 Chapter XIII--Heating with Gas California. Small furnaces, frequently controlled by electrical valves actuated by push-buttons in the room above, are often installed to heat bedrooms and other rooms where heat may be desired for an hour or so each day. Manufacturers offer gas furnaces made wholly of cast iron or of a combination of cast iron and sheet metal, usually lead coated to resist corrosion. High efficiencies are obtainable with either type. The remarks in a previous paragraph, relative to the great desirability of using an appliance designed for gas when gas is to be the fuel, perhaps apply even more strongly to furnaces than they do to boilers. Codes for the proportioning of warm air heating plants, such as that formulated by the National Warm Air Heating and Ventilating Association (See Chapter X), are equally applicable to gas furnaces and coal furnaces; with the exception of some furnaces which are designed to give a rather low air temperature. In that case the warm air pipes should be liberal in size. Recirculation should always be practiced with gas fired warm air furnaces. It not only aids in heating but is essential to economy. SPACE HEATERS In residence heating work, the space heater is most commonly used in the form of a radiant heater. Radiant heaters make admirable auxiliary heating appliances to be used during the occasional cool days at the beginning and end of the heating season; when heat is wanted in some particular room for an hour or two. The radiant heater gives off its ' heat in the form of radiant energy emitted by an incandescent refractory that is heated by a Bunsen flame. Radiant heaters are frequently installed in places where venting to outdoors is either very poor or totally non-existent. This is a potential source of danger to the occupants of the space heated unless precautions are taken to insure safe operation. The gas should not be turned any higher than is necessary to make the radiants glow two-thirds of the way to the top. Radiants glowing clear to the top indicate the possibility of incomplete combustion. Burners should be kept clean and broken radiants should be promptly replaced. . Radiant heaters, and all other types of space heaters as well, should be flue connected if it is at all possible, and should never be operated in unvented rooms, particularly bedrooms. Luminous flame reflector heaters diffuse a large part of their heat by virtue of the radiating power of the bright yellow flame. They are usually backed by a polished copper sheet which reflects radiant heat into the room. The flame must never be so long that it strikes any part of the heater. Convection type heaters are typified by the gas-fired steam radiator, the gas-fired tubular heater (built in radiator form) and the floor furnace. The radiator types of gas-fired heaters provide an economical form of heating apparatus for intermittently heated spaces, such as stores, small churches, and some types of offices and apartments. Since they give off the greater portion of their heat by convection they do not produce a "hot spot" within the room and are therefor capable of being operated under thermostatic control. ' 233 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 These appliances should always be vented, both from the standpoint of safety and also on account of the damage that can be done by the water vapor in the products of combustion being condensed within the room. Another variety of heater that falls, under the preceding head is the floor furnace. This is a convection type heater that is hung underneath the floor. It is generally installed with a duplex register having a warm air outlet and a cold air return, so that complete recirculation is secured. THE COMBUSTION OF GAS As has been previously mentioned, most gas appliances burn with a blue or Bunsen flame, although some room heaters use a luminous or yellow flame. Bunsen flames and luminous flames differ in the way in which the air necessary for combustion is supplied. Gas requires for complete combustion, air in the proportion of about 1 cu. ft. for each 110 to 120 B.t.u. of gross heat value. If gas is forced directly into the atmosphere through a small hole, the air required for combustion is drawn into the jet and the gas burns with a long yellow flame. As the holes i n such burners must be small in order to impart sufficient momentum to the gas jet to draw in enough air for combustion and to keep the flame from being too large to apply easily, the appliances using them cannot burn gas in large quantities. A luminous flame cannot be allowed to touch any cold surface as this will result in incomplete combustion with the formation of soot and carbon monoxide. Blue flame or Bunsen type burners are provided with an external mixer in which a. portion of the air (about 2 cu. ft. per cubic foot of gas) is mixed with the gas previous to ignition. This is called primary air. The flame issuing from the port of the burner has two distinct parts: a pale blue inner cone and a darker cone surrounding it. The heat of the flame issuing from the burner port draws currents of air past the flame and into it in sufficient quantity to cause complete combustion. This is known as secondary air. The flame should sit squarely on the port and should not have a yellow tip. A yellow tip indicates insufficient primary air, and is corrected by opening the adjustable air shutter. It should be noted here that the proportions of the orifice at the entrance to the burner tube, and the proportions of the burner ports must suit the heat content of the gas being burned. A burner propor tioned for natural gas is not suitable for water gas or coal gas, which are much bulkier in relation to their heat contents. Table 2 shows the heat values of a cubic foot of gas and air mixture, the gas being mixed with the amount' of air theoretically required to burn it. In practice excess air must be admitted to the fire in order to insure complete combustion. , Table 2. Volume of Air Required for Combustion of Different Gases Gas B.t.u. per Cubic Foot Cu. Ft. Am to Burn Cu. Ft. Gas B.t.u. per Cu. Ft. op Mixture ' Mixed Coke Oven and Water Gas...... Producer Gas........................................... 1131 .490 525 140 10.70 4.18 4.05 1.13 96.8' 94.5 104.0 65.6 234 Chapter XIII--Heating with Gas . It will be noted that for any gas which is low in nitrogen (typified by natural, coke oven, and water gas) the heat content per cubic foot of air and gas mixture has no relation to the initial heat value of the gas. For gases high in nitrogen, such as producer and blast furnace gas, the heat value per cubic foot of mixture is much lower. HEAT VALUE AND EFFICIENCY A gas may be said to have two heat values; a gross or higher heat value and a net or lower heat value. The higher heat value is the entire heat that is liberated by the gas when it is burned completely. The complete combustion of a gas results in the formation of water vapor; the amount depending on the proportion of hydrogen or hydrocarbons in the gas. In order to utilize completely all of the heat of combustion of the gas it would be necessary to condense the water vapor in the products of com bustion; thus reclaiming its latent heat of vaporization, and then to cool down the water to the starting temperature. To condense any of the water vapor in the products of combustion it is necessary to cool them down to the dewpoint, which will always be below 212 deg. This is what is done in a calorimeter, but it is obviously impossible to do it in any commercial gas-burning appliance. Since it is not possible-to utilize all of the heat liberated by the gas in burning, the heat value is sometimes expressed in terms of the lower value; obtained by deducting from the higher value, the total heat of the water vapor down to the starting temperature. The lower heat value is always about 10 per cent less than the higher heat value. Although it is practically impossible to utilize the higher heat value in any house heating appliance, it is nevertheless customary to express boiler and furnace efficiencies in terms of this higher value. This gives a lower efficiency than one calculated from the lower heat value and is of course based on an unattainable standard, but it is a more accurate and consistent way of expressing efficiencies. An appliance may reclaim a little bit of the latent heat of the water vapor. If the test efficiency of such an appliance is calculated from the lower heat value, one is placed in the position of crediting the appliance with some heat that was not charged against it. Although quoted efficiencies are usually based on the higher heat value, care should always be taken to understand which standard guaranteed efficiencies are based on. For eocample.--Take an hypothetical gas having a gross heat value of 550 B.t.u. per cu. ft. and a net heat value of 500 B.t.tu. per cu. ft., burned in a steam boiler giving an evaporation of 465 lb. of water (from and at 212 deg.) per 1000 cu. ft. of gas burned: B.t.u. in steam Efficiency " B.t.u. in gas X 100 465 X 970.4 cu. ft. X heat value X 100 With Gross Value Efficiency -- ~een'nnti X 100 = 82.04 per cent o5U,UUU With Net Value Efficiency $. ' 451,235 X 100 = 90.25 per cent 500,000 235 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 It will be noted from the example cited that when the efficiency is based on the net or lower heat value, the appliance apparently absorbs 8.21 pier cent more of the heat supplied to it than when the efficiency is based on the gross heat value. Table 3 following, shows the maximum possible efficiencies obtain able when burning a typical manufactured gas with various stack tem peratures. These are based on the gross heat value and do not include any correction for radiation from the boiler covering. Radiation would reduce these efficiencies from 2 to 10 per cent depending on the insulating properties of the covering. The gas is assumed to be burned with 35 pier cent excess air and has the following composition: CO* 8.6 per cent H, 52.5 " " CH. 31.6 " " C*H, 1.1 " " C,H. 1.1 " " 02 0.1 " " CO, 1.5 " " N, 3.5 " " Heat value per cubic foot at 60 deg. fahr. and 30 in. hg., 535 B.t.u. Specific gravity 0.58 (air = 1) Air Temperature 60 deg. fahr. Atmospheric moisture neglected. 100.0 Table 3. Products of Combustion and Theoretical Efficiencies with a Typical Manufactured Gas Stack Temperature (deg. fahr.) 250 Heat in Dry Flue Gas above 60 deg. (%)__ . 3.57 Heat in Water Vapor above 60 deg. (%)..-...... 9.13 Heat absorbed by boiler, or efficiency (%)____ 87.30 275 4.05 9.22 86.73 300 4.52 9.30 86.18 350 5.48 9.47 85.05 Flue Gas Analysis CO* 11.18% O* 100.00 100.00 5.63% n; 83.19% 100.00 100.00 RATINGS Since a gas appliance has a heat generating capacity that can be predicted accurately to within 1 or 2 per cent, and since this capacity is not affected by such things as chimney draft, condition, of fuel bed, and soot accumulation; makers of these appliances have an opportunity to rate their product in exact terms. Consequently, practically all makers give their product an hourly B.t.u. rating. This is the amount of heat that is available at the outlet of a boiler in the form of steam or hot water; or at the bonnet of a furnace in the form of warm air. To use this rating it is only necessary to increase. the calculated heat loss by an appropriate amount for starting and piping loads and select the boiler or furnace with the proper B.t.u. rating. ' The hourly B.t.u rating divided by 240 for steam and by 150 for water, gives what is called the A.G. A. (American Gas Association) rating. It is used in the selection of a boiler just exactly as the hourly B.t.u. rating is used. In.addition to hourly B.t.u. and A. G:A. ratings, some manufacturers also list nominal ratings. These are comparable with the nominal 8 hr. ratings of coal boilers and are intended to be used in the same manner. 236 Chapter XIII--"-Heating with Gas Furnace manufacturers also rate their product in terms of the square inches of leader area that they can handle, a form of rating that fits in very nicely with the National Warm Air Heating and Ventilating Associa tion's Code for calculating leader sizes. (See Chapter X.) 'Gas boilers are available with B.t.u. ratings up to more than 2,000,000 B.t.u. per hour, while furnaces with ratings up to about 250,000 B.t.u. per hour are available. HEATING COSTS It is a fact, based upon observation, that the user of a gas-fired central heating appliance uses more heat during the course of a year than he does when depending upon solid fuel. The extreme ease of starting and operating a gas burning appliance leads to the pilot light being lighted on the first cool day of the season. Thereafter, the system generally operates entirely under thermostatic control- and is left in operation on many days when very little heat is required to keep the inside temperature at 70 to 72 deg.; days when it would be impracticable to keep a coal fire going. On many cold days, the gas unit is kept operating continuously at maximum capacity so that the premises are never permitted to cool below the temperature ordinarily maintained. A great- deal of data is available covering the fuel requirements of steam and hot water heating systems. Not so much seems to be available on warm-air furnace systems. ` A study of local climatic conditions is essential in considering gas heating systems for it affects both the design and the size of the equip ment as well as the gas consumption. House heating requires gas practically in inverse proportion to the temperature so that on the coldest day there will be greatest use of fuel. The wind velocity and the amount of sunshine are also factors affecting the amount of gas required - also whether the house owner wants a constant temperature day and night or desires to have 70 in the day time and 60 at night. In making an estimate of the gas that will be consumed by a gas-fired boiler during the average heating season, two variables must be taken into account. The first is the size of the heating system, usually expressed in terms of square feet of direct cast-iron radiation. The other one is the duration and intensity of the'heating season. This is easiest expressed in terms of "degree-days," a unit adopted by the American Gas Associa tion. The term "degree-day" means one day of time and 1 deg. of temperature. It has been found that below a mean daily temperature of 65 deg. fahr. people require heat. Therefore each locality has a certain number of degree-days which represents the heating season for that place. Studies of the American Gas Association have established the number of " degree-days V for over 300 cities in the United States and Canada and it is easy to calculate the heating demands of a particular city. Gas consumption then will be proportional to the number of degree-days. A very complete chart giving the characteristics of the heating season for all parts of the entire Continental United States was published by the Heating and Ventilating Magazine in 1925. Table 4, gives values of degree-days for several representative cities: '5 237 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 8 SO Chapter XIII--Heating with Gas F ig . 1. G as C o n s u m p tio n per Sq u a r e F oot of St e a m R a d ia t io n F ig . 2. G as C o n su m ptio n per Sq u a r e F oot o f H ot W a t e r R a d ia t io n 'f I: -o p By averaging the records of a large number of gas-boiler installations, the following equations have been derived: 110 X R X D For Steam G H For Water G = 64 X R H X D where G = cubic feet of gas per season R = square feet of direct cast-iron radiation (as calculated) D = degree-days per season H -- B.t.u. (gross) per cubic foot of gas 238 ' Example.--To estimate the gas consumption for the average heating season for a 200 sq. ft. steam heating system in Chicago. From Table 4 it is found that the average heating season in Chicago has 6007 degree-days. The gross heat value of the gas supplied to that city is 535 B.t.u. per cu. ft. Substituting in the equation: G = 110 X 200 X 6007 = 247,017 cu. ft. 535 239 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 4. Duration of Heating Season ClTT Degree--Dats fob Heating Season ClTT Degree--Dats fob Heating Season Cm Degree--Dats fob Heating Season Atlanta............... Buffalo............... Cleveland______ Chicago............... Dallas....................... 2880 6055 6750 5302 6096 6007 2455 Denver................ Jacksonville____ Minneapolis____ New York.......... Oklahoma City.. 5880 6202 1080 53027953 5303 3827 Pittsburgh.......... St. Louis............. Seattle................. Washington....... 5327 3450 4583 4950 5156 4562 Observe in the equation that the calculated theoretical amount of radiation is to be used. By this is meant the actual amount of radiation that is required, as determined by accepted methods of heat loss cal culations. Over-radiation will not materially affect the gas consumption while under-radiation will merely reflect itself in inability to heat in extremely cold weather. The amount of gas consumed for heating a building during any given heating season may vary decidedly from an estimate made according to the method outlined above but the variation will be in almost direct proportion to the difference between the actual degree-days for the season in question and the average degree-days as shown in Table 4. The charts Figs. 1 and 2 graphically represent the. number of cubic feet of gas per square foot of radiation for the heating season in any climate, the climate being expressed in degree-days and applicable to any heating condition in the United States. Gas consumption will also vary according to the use to which the building is to be put. Factories and stores, usually maintained at a lower temperature than residences, will not require heat for as many hours during the season as a residence will, although the rate of heat consumption per square foot of radiation will be greater, due to the lower temperature maintained. Observation of a large number of installations seems to indicate that the cost of heating with a warm-air furnace is about 10 per cent less than the cost of heating with steam. Estimates on warm-air heating may therefore be made exactly the same as for steam; by calculating the heat loss, reducing it to equivalent direct steam radiation by dividing the heat loss in B.t.u. per hour by 240; and calculating as above with the 10 per cent correction for increased economy introduced into the cal culation. ' Figs. 1 and 2 adapted from a similar chart in the House Heating Manual of the American Gas Association, give the two previous equations in graphical form. CROSS-CONNECTING COAL AND GAS BOILERS Quite frequently, when a customer already has a coal boiler in his home, it is desirable to leave the coal boiler in place, and to cross-connect the gas boiler with it. For very small gas companies or any others where there is any possible chance of a shortage or failure of gas, it would seem to be good practice to encourage cross-connecting as the 240 Chapter XIII--Heating with Gas customer would realize very little for a second-hand coal boiler, and it is worth more to him as a safeguard against failure of his gas system than he would realize by selling it. It also produces a more secure feeling in the customer's mind when putting in gas-fired house-heating equip ment, if he knows that he can burn coal at any time he has occasion to. In hot water heating systems, it is necessary to valve off the return . pipes on the coal boiler, which prevents circulation through the latter when the gas boiler is in use. Since the gas boiler holds comparatively little water and is almost always insulated, no valves are needed on the return pipes to the gas boiler. Hence, by opening the valves o,n the coal boiler, it may be operated independently or in conjunction with the gas boiler. For steam or vapor installation, it is necessary to valve off all of the returns and flows on each boiler unless the gas boiler is set so that the water line in both boilers is at the same level, in which case it is necessary to valve off only the coal boiler to prevent the heating of the water in the coal boiler when it is not in use. The gas boiler should be set as close to the coal boiler as practicable, and the flows and returns should cut into the flows and returns of the coal boiler as near to the latter as possible. . HEATING INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS WITH GAS As has been mentioned previously, great advances have been made within the past year or two toward extending the field of gas heating from the residence class of building into the class of larger buildings, such as factories and office buildings; and new apparatus has been developed with this end in view. Office and store buildings in large cities, where coal and ashes can be handled only by truck and where cleanliness is of some value, can often be heated with gas to the profit and satisfaction of . the occupants. The same thing is true of institutional heating. Several large factory installations, where gas boilers are used to supply steam to indirect heaters of the unit type, are now in use. A number of smaller industrial buildings are being successfully heated with gas-fired warm-air furnaces, provided with fans for air distribution. This type of heating plant is particularly applicable to garages because the entire heating plant takes up very little space (it may even be put on the roof) requires no attention, and aids in`ventilation. \ INSULATION For reasonable economy with gas heating, heat losses should be reduced in every possible way and adequate provision should be made wherever"'possible for cutting down losses from infiltration and- trans mission through walls and roofs as well as reduction of losses from mains and risers. Summarizing the advantages of building wall insulation in its relation to gas fuel it has been said that through the use of insulation it is possible even at the present rates for gas heating to cut the fuel cost down to a figure comparable to the present cost for coal operation. It is also true that a house owner can use insulation to equal advantage with 241 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 other fuels but with a certain sum provided for heating, it is likely that the owner will choose the system that is best adapted to his requirements. Structures of the ordinary constructions may be perfectly tight against the entrance of rain or snow but they may lose heat at a surprising rate and this results in a correspondingly high fuel bill. Cost of operation is the most important factor in the home owners mind. The distribution of cold weather during the winter months is quite variable and sometimes the owner of a gas heating system is alarmed by what appear to be excessive bills for gas consumption. For example during the average winter in. New York, generally will require 20 per cent of the total quantity of gas used for heating during the year while Galveston, Texas, will consume 34.3 per cent during the same month and Bismarck, N.D., will use 18.8 per cent during the same period. To obtain economical operation of gas-fired heating plants, it is essential to have an appropriately proportioned installation to guard agaipst over or under-heating, faulty thermostats and to have proper chimney proportions. I Chapter XIV . AUTOMATIC HEAT CONTROL TEMPERATURE regulation is a vital function in the human body. Everyone carries about with him remarkably effective automatic heat control equipment. In the best functioning of many social and commercial services, automatic temperature regulation is proved to be necessary, not only to comfort and health, but also to the prevention of waste and to the perfection of manufacturing processes. Temperature control is usually achieved by preventing over-heating. It follows that automatic heat control is a better term than automatic temperature regulation, and it is obvious that automatic heat control in itself must always effect economy. Overheating is much more common than underheating, and the results of overheating are more harmful to health and efficiency. All heating equipment must be sufficient in capacity to render accept able service under the most arduous conditions. The most arduous conditions, especially as to extreme cold outside, are in effect only a small part of the heating season. It may surprise many people to realize that in Chicago, for instance, the most extreme cold prevails only on about six days per year. * During the balance of the heating season the heating apparatus must be operated at much less than full capacity--generally in colder climates at about 40 per cent of the maximum. Hence there is ample ability and strong probability for overheating during the major part of each heating season unless automatic control of the heating apparatus is provided. Ventilating systems without automatic heat control give trouble from drafts. . ' Rooms heated by radiators can be cooled more quickly by opening windows than by shutting radiator valves, so that it is found that great heat waste occurs through open windows and open radiator valves, unless automatic heat control is furnished. Gas and oil heaters and similar devices using quickly responsive fuels become prohibitively expensive for fuel unless automatic heat control is used. . Service hot water heaters must have automatic heat control, not only for economy and satisfaction, but also to prevent scalding the bodies of users. Automatic heat control is responsible for a goodly share in the increase in efficiency of modern manufacturing processes, especially in saving of Compiled especially for The Guide by Samuel R. Lewis, consulting engineer, Chicago, III. 243 I !! i I American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 time. It has made possible the drying of lumber in months, where it formerly took years. In the manufacture of prepared foods automatic heat control has shortened the time and has made the processes exact, saving much spoilage formerly wasted. The introduction of automatic'heat control in manufacturing plants almost always releases labor which would otherwise be kept occupied manipulating valves and dampers. The installation of automatic heat control is a justifiable investment' for many heating systems, inasmuch as it very positively contributes to: 1. Conservation of fuel. 2. Improvement in health. 3. Increase in comfort and efficiency. Automatic heat control is a desirable addition to or rather a funda mental part of the heating and ventilating apparatus in: 1. All public buildings such as schools, theatres, etc. 2. All residences, particularly those using oil or gas fuel. 3. All offices, especially those having many employees. Automatic heat control is vitally necessary in order to operate satis factorily and economically: 1. All manufacturing processes in which heat is employed, and where varying tem peratures affect the quality of the manufactured product. 2. All refrigerating systems, especially the ultramodern small automatic unit type. 3. All service hot water heating systems. Thermostats Thermostats are very simple mechanisms. Almost every physical thing expands or changes under the influence of heat and so can be made into a more or less effective thermostat. Liquids can be compounded which will become gases at any reasonable temperature desired. Metals having different rates of expansion can be harnessed together so as to give a greatly increased thermostatic movement. Common air is an excellent thermostatic medium, and is used extensively. There are two general divisions into which devices for automatic heat control may be grouped, as follows: 1. The simpler class includes the type in which the thermostats and the valves and dampers which they operate are self-contained without any outside power, gaining sufficient energy from the thermostat itself (Fig. 1). This class of apparatus is especially adapted to single installations, as for service hot-water heaters, residence heating, and the like. It is suggested that this kind of thermostat be called the unit type. In present commercial practice most unit type thermostats use the expansive power of a liquid or gas, contained in a hermetically sealed receptacle. 2. The other and more elaborate class of thermostat. Fig. 2, includes the type of thermostat which controls air or liquid or electricity already under pressure, and which by controlling this outside power, operates the dampers or valves against springs or weights and similar opposition which will reverse conditions when the outside power is shut-off. There is practically no limit to the power which can be applied in this manner. It is suggested that this kind of thermostat be called the pilot type. In present commercial practice, pilot type thermostats are used for large buildings, where many 244 Chapter XIV--Automatic Heat Control thermostats are required, usually with air at about 15 lb. pressure, from an electric ( or steam compressor. Compressed air is a very reliable agent, capable of great flexibility and elaboration of control, and is of considerable corollary use for remote operation manually of distant dampers and valves. Pilot type ther mostats often are used to operate electric switches, the current then ' passing to electric motors or to magnets which move the dampers and valves. Electricity is so flexible and adaptable that very complicated and elaborate interlocked functions are possible. ' . Pilot type thermostats are also used to operate valves on pipes from water supply mains, thus using hydraulic power for moving valves and Thermostar Spring Va/ve--- Fig. 1. Example of Unit Type Thermostat -Thermostat' IP /Reservoir ofAir Fig. 2. Example of Thermostat Using Outside Power Note.--The expansive material in the thermostat acts directly on the diaphragm of the valve, against the spring) which opens the valve when the thermostat contracts. ' dampers. Owing to silting up of pipes which have sluggish currents and to corrosion, this method is not always to be advised. ' APPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATIC HEAT CONTROL New uses and styles are developed almost daily. Some of the applications will be listed which are believed to be approved methods of installation. Tempering Heaters The tempering heaters, particularly if they are of copper with extended surfaces, and if there is a two-pipe vacuum system of steam circulation having a vacuum pump, should be arranged with a separate outer layer of radiation capable of heating the air from the coldest temperature likely 245 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 to be encountered to a temperature above freezing. This outer layer should be controlled by a thermostat on the cold side set to shut off steam when the outside temperature gets warmer than around 34 deg., and set to keep steam turned on when the outside temperature becomes cooler than 34 deg. There should be an additional layer of tempering heater, controlled by an additional thermostat in the duct beyond the fan discharge after mixing of the strata of air shall have been accom plished by the fan. This thermostat should be set to control the tem perature at the desired degree for cooling the building, such as will give an average temperature at the delivery opening of say 65 deg., or if this causes drafts, at a slightly higher temperature. If there is no vacuum system of steam circulation, it is decidedly likely that any attempt to control the temperature by opening and closing Chapter XIV--Automatic Heat Control tempering heater in front of an air washer, since the cold air might cause freezing. . Control of humidity is possible by adjustment of the temperature of the air as it meets the water, and in greater refinement, by control with an additional thermostat, of the water temperature, cooler for lower relative humidity, possibly from a refrigerated supply; and warmer for a higher relative humidity, possibly from a heated supply.' Room Temperatures The room temperatures are controlled by individual thermostats, operating valves on the radiators, and mixing dampers in the flues, as Fig. 3. Plan of Class-Room in an Elementary School, Showing Location of Thermostat steam and return valves will result unfavorably, due to freezing of the radiation and sudden temperature fluctuations in the rooms, as tempering heaters are immediately responsive and flash hot or freeze solid with great rapidity. Where no vacuum system is available it will be wiser to control the tempering heaters by means of dampers, preferably of the interlocked double type operating in a slow or intermediate manner and reducing positively the air volume through the heaters as they increase the air volume through the by-pass around the heaters. Under this condition no. diaphragm valves will be placed on the tempering heater supply and return connections. Air Washers The air washer should invariably be placed between an outer tempering heater capable of warming the air above a freezing temperature, pre ferably controlled by an outside thermostat, and an inner tempering heater capable of warming the conditioned air to the desired delivery temperature and controlled by a thermostat in the duct on the discharge side of the fan. It is never advisable to use a by-pass damper around a 246 Fig. 4. Diagram of a Method of Control for a Unit Ventilator may be necessary. If a vacuum system of steam circulation is installed, the room thermostats should be intermediate dr slow moving, while if' steam circulation is by single-pipe or any kind of gravity system, the radiator valves should be operated quickly from full open to full closed: It is important that the mixing dampers in any case shall be moved slowly and held in intermediate positions.. If there is any room which has a separate supply fan and heating equipment, such as an auditorium or gymnasium heated by warm air and without radiation, as is often convenient and desirable, it is advisable to provide against cold drafts by a variation in the above arrangement, as follows: Suppose that there is a fan drawing through'a heater composed of five layers, and delivering air directly to an auditorium, or to a picture theatre. The thermostat in the room ordinarily will strive to keep the room cool. If there are many occupants and many 247 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Chapter XIV--Automatic Heat Control Fig. S. An Arrangement for Tempered Air with Warm Air Furnaces artificial lights, the problem will be to keep cool rather than warm, and the room thermostat, in a temperature above that at which it is set to operate, will ordinarily shut off all heat, while the fan will deliver unheated air. In a room at 80 deg. the admission of air colder than about 70 deg. (depending on the point of entry) will cause discomfort from drafts. The prevention of this unfortunate situation is achieved by installing two ther mostats, one in the room and one' in the air duct, the room thermostat serving merely to admit air to the duct thermostat. When the room is cool, both thermostats will be closed and warm air will enter. When the room temperature gets to the critical point of the room thermostat, the room thermostat opens, passing air to the duct ther mostat. The duct thermostat may be set to permit this air to pass on by and to function at the heater to reduce the temperature, but will be set so that when the duct tempera ture lowers to the critical point of the duct thermostat, the latter takes control and prevents the entering air from getting so cool as to cause drafts. Unit Ventilating Systems ' These individual fan-radiator units are usually equipped with highly efficient radiators in one section, having one supply and one return valve, and depend on nicely adjusted dampers for mixing the heated air with unheated air to gain a desirable admission temperature. It is usually not wise to operate the steam supply valves with thermostats, since freezing may occur, and it is usually not practicable to install in these units separate tempering heaters with separate automatic control. The approved procedure is. to use an intermediate or slow acting room ther mostat for operating the mixing dampers in the unit. This thermostat Fig. 7. Thermostat on an Instantaneous Water Heater and Storage Tank Note.--Controlling supply of steam to an instantaneous water heater and storage tank. Control of steam to beater maintained by temperature of water in tank. may also operate the radiator valves if a vacuum system of steam circu lation is provided. If the steam circulation is single-pipe, or any kind of gravity type, the direct radiators should have positive thermostats. ; The fresh air intakes to the units should be closed when the building is unoccupied, and the human operator cannot be trusted, especiallyjin an installation-comprising many units, to do this by manual means at each unit. An excellent recourse is to handle these cold air intake dampers by a compressed air line running from the control point, say in the boiler room, which by manual opening of a valve permits air to pass to all of the units and to open all of the inlet dampers, the arrangement being such Fig. 6. Thermostat on Storage Water Heater Nctfe.--Connected to special heavy duty water heater and regulating temperature of water by flow of steam In coils. Flow of steam controlled by temperature of water to be heated. 248 Fig. 8. Thermostat on an Open Feed Water Heater Note.--Regulating temperature of feed water by injection of live steam to supplement exhaust steam, controlled from temperature of feed water. 249 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 < '# that the dampers will always be held shut by springs or weights when no air is permitted to pass or when the air compressor is shut down. Direct-Indirect Radiators Direct-indirect radiators are usually housed in, having cold air inlets at their bases, and give rather a make-shift type of ventilation. It is not practicable usually to' install mixing dampers, such as are used with fan-units, in these, and since the heating surface is in a single radiator calculated for the coldest air inlet temperature, regulation is difficult. The best results are obtained, where the use of direct-indirect radiators is necessary, by installing slow acting thermostats on special brackets directly above the radiators where the thermostat will be exposed to the . Fig. 9. Typical Arrangement for Oil Burner air currents from the outside, and arranging for these to receive air only through additional thermostats placed in the room and controlling the direct radiators. There should be a vacuum system of steam circulation, and the thermostats should be. of slow or intermediate acting type, operating on the supply valves to the radiators. . ' . Hot-Water Radiators . ' ' Hot-water radiators lend themselves to automatic heat control, especially where the circulation of water is of the forced type, but as the radiators heat and cool rather slowly, there will-be some temperature fluctuation or range at the thermostat, especially when the radiator surface is excessive in amount. It is wise to use supply valves which will close tightly and to place lock-shield valves on the return ends of radiators, to facilitate repairs, and the lock-shield valves may prove invaluable in equalizing with great nicety the circulation. . 250 Chapter XIV--Automatic Heat Control In residence heating with hot-water it often suffices to install a general thermostat in some representative room, which controls the draft, as with coal, or which controls the fire, as with gas or oil, but there should always be furnished in addition a thermostat in the water or circulating medium which will reinforce the general thermostat and which will prevent boiling over in case the general thermostat should be subjected to unfair exposure, such as an open window. Warm-Air Heating ' With warm-air heating from furnaces, with fans, as in public buildings, it is always necessary to provide a supply of tempered air for cooling after the rooms become warm. A duct thermostat and dampers easily and positively will accomplish this, either by mixing some cold air with heated air from the furnaces in an intermediate chamber, or by injecting some hot air from the furnaces into the cold air at the fan inlet, recir culating a measured and controlled part of the air around the furnaces. The room temperatures are controlled by intermediate thermostats and double mixing dampers the same as for a steam system. Warm-air heating for residences may be controlled by a general thermostat in a representative room, and again, as with hot water, an additional thermostat at the furnace in the warm-air chamber is desirable to reinforce the general thermostat. Service Hot-Water Heating It is safe to say that no service hot-water heater should ever be installed without automatic heat control. Automatic heat control for this service not only saves fuel, but also prevents scalding and damage to materials. It also brings about a great reduction in maintenance of valves, pipes, and fixtures. A unit type thermostat is most desirable, since it will function whether or not the general mechanical apparatus is in service, and will control steam and return valves or draft dampers, oil or gas fires, or electric heaters. . In hotels, hospitals, and similar institutions, there should always be at least two independent water heaters, one having very hot water for kitchen uses, the other having water of medium temperature for bath and lavatory purposes, both controlled automatically. Thermostatic anti-scalding devices are available for showers and the like, but these will not prevent the great heat waste due to maintenance of scalding temperatures for bath water. No kitchen administration is satisfied without very hot water, but this demand is intermittent and small in volume as compared with usual bath and lavatory demands. Oil Burner Control No oil burning apparatus, unless provided with automatic heat control, can compete in operating'cost with coal. An approved method for residence heating with oil is to install the following combination: . 1. A general thermostat in a representative room, controlling the electric supply to the burner motor. 2. A second thermostat in the boiler or furnace which will take control should No. 1 thermostat fail to prevent improper or unsafe temperature being maintained inside the heater. , 3. A third thermostat at the gas pilot which, unless kept warm by the pilot flame, will bring about the opening of the main switch to the burner motor, thus insuring that no fuel shall be injected unless a flame is in being surely to ignite it. - 251 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 There are many other combinations for giving assured protection with oil burners other than thermostatic devices, such as pressure and weight-actuated mechanisms, but. it is doubtful whether they are as reliable as the thermostatically controlled schemes. Where electric ignition for the intermittent oil spray is used, it is safer to provide for a continuously operating spark, and to have a thermostat in the heater which will cut out the main switch ff the tempera ture ever gets lower than the critical point which indicates failure to ignite the spray. Gas Burner Control The same high intensity, as with oil fuel makes it necessary to depend on thermostats to prevent waste, and the intermittent operation and Fig. 10. Water Temperature Control for Laundry Machinery .--Noli Washing op Woolbns by Laundries. A Thermostatic Water Mixer installed on the pipe line to a wash wheel, will automatically deliver water of the exact temperature required properly to wash woolens. No matter how hot or how cold the water is admitted to the mixer, or whether the pressure of either varies, the temperature of the water delivered to the wash wheel will remain constant. Woolens should not be washed with water warmer than 80 deg. fahr. necessity for a pilot flame makes it wise to install for gas the same combination of three thermostats as for. oil burners, one on the general service, one in the heater, and one, on the pilot flame. Central Station Heating . Central plants should always be governed by thermostats as a measure of economy, and many public service companies require'the installation of automatic heat control for this reason. Where economy is of greater consideration than comfort, it often suffices to install one unit type thermostat in a representative room, this controlling a main valve at the entrance to the building. . ' Where. steam at appreciable pressure is furnished from a central station, a combination of pressure reducing valve and cut-off valve, con trolled by a thermostat in a representative room, gives excellent results, 252 Chapter XIV--Automatic Heat Control as it automatically varies the steam pressure in the radiating surface f within a considerable range, giving excellent regulation as well as economy. Laundry Automatic Heat Control Many laundry machines, especially for washing woolens, are improved wonderfully in service by the installation of automatic heat control. By using automatic water mixers on the water supply pipe lines, 1 water at the exact temperatures desired will always be delivered, no matter how hot the warm water may be, thus preventing the aggravating and expensive shrinking of woolen goods so common when water over about 80 deg. is used. There is also a tremendous fuel saving by preventing overheating of all laundry water, while still insuring, by use of thermostats, that the water always shall be hot enough for each specific condition. Refrigeration Automatic Control In most buildings where refrigeration is used, common practice until recently at least, has been to install a central system, where cold brine is produced, and which is pumped through insulated pipes to the various out-lying boxes. . Since the brine temperature is usually much lower than the desired temperature for many of these boxes, the automatic heat control of each unit is desirable and effects a considerable saving in operating cost. Unit type thermostats are especially well adapted to this service and are available for control of such comparatively cool substances as drinking water, or storage compartments in ice boxes. The low temperature thermostats are placed in the water pipes or in the air chambers with balanced valves in the brine pipes, and automatic control, without atten tion and enduring for many years without adjustment, goes into effect forthwith. DOUBLE THERMOSTATIC CONTROL Nearly all buildings equipped with a large number of thermostats and using compressed air for power, are occupied only part of each 24 hours, and can without any prejudice be kept at a lower temperature during unoccupied periods, as over night or over a holiday. The con ventional thermostats as ordinarily applied militate against this arbi trary reduction, and each instrument would have to be adjusted each time for the lower degree, and then each would have to be restored following the unoccupied period. Equipment is available which provides two temperature adjustments to each instrument, such that if the general air pressure leading from the central compressor to the thermostat is suddenly changed, the service is switched automatically from one control to the other, and if the pressure again shall be suddenly changed, the service will be switched back. Thus at 6 o'clock p. m., say,, the engineer of an office building releases the air pressure for an instant and all of the thermostats are switched from the 68 deg. control to the 45 deg. control. Either control, of course, is set for any temperature desired. At say 7 o'clock the following morning, a repetition of the drop in air pressure will restore to service the 68 deg. temperature. In a school building the compressed air supply mains may be grouped so that parts of the building used for night school only remain on the 253 , . American Society of- Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Chapter XV HEAT INSULATION FOR PIPES AND SURFACES THE first consideration in determining whether or not the pipes and other heated surfaces should be insulated is the magnitude of these losses from such surfaces if they were allowed to remain bare. The losses under still air conditions in B.t.u. per square foot of bare pipe 68 deg. service, while others can be thrown over to the alternate service and kept much cooler until again required for occupancy. A familiar scheme similar to the foregoing, with a cooler temperature automatically maintained during the night and increased early in the morning is in use, with the switch operated by a clock, for residence work. . AUTOMATIC HEAT CONTROL IN INDUSTRY Automatic control of heat in manufacturing processes is believed to be still iri its infancy. The promotion and development of automatic heat control was hard pioneering for many years. The reward for this pioneering seems to be in process of realization in the fabulous uses of thermostats in industry. ; Without automatic heat control in innumerable manufacturing pro cesses, what now are sure arid perfect reactions would be only occasional successes, and the cost of production would be much higher. In beet sugar making there are at least eleven processes where exact thermostatic control is imperative. In tanning leather there are at least fourteen such stages. Without exact temperature and humidity control, no fine printing is possible, and no good weaving or dyeing is assured. In the preparation of most food products automatic heat control is vital. , Thermostats prevent scorching in clothes dryers. They reduce evaporation and are a safety device for oil storage tanks. They are essential to control gelatine temperature in making photo graphic films. They are used to control paraffin vats in making waxed papier, milk containers, etc. They control baking ovens, no matter how the ovens are heated. They are in use to an enormous extent in the drying and hardening of paints and enamels. 254 surface per hour per deg. fahr. temperature difference for pipes of various diameters are given in . Fig. 1. In Table 1 the B.t.u. loss as well as the loss in dollars and cents and Compiled from data submitted especially for The Guide by L. B. McMillan, New York, N. Y., and 1C H. Heilman, Pittsburgh, Pa. . 255 S American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 H o r izo n ta l I B I I I I fcu i S al ai2SSS*SSSSSRSaS?8o!SS 31 38285;83SS583883SgS83Si 11 i 3* s1 s Si23SSS22S!:s3SS5S53SS8 II8I11I53IIIIIHIJIIJ . II gUK2aSS8S85aS28S8S8SS "'"''-,''22222SS?!SSS5S!SS3 | * 3 1 2 31 II is8SS8SSS8SaS3|8^R8 SS88SS3SSS5SSS23SS3882 i ta 1 Cl, 1 s 1 & 1 3 C*. 1 a Si288SSK88SSS3SaS28S 33. . II K2K2KS22S83S28S8K3SSS *m4 SSS8SSSii8S8l8S833i odd--'-',N(NNriddTf'nio,odi' O' 31 ' II SSSS3SS82RSS8S8888838 S!32?S8SS'KS883338S88 33 SSSiSlllillllllllllll \ b 8SS3S5S2SSSK3S888SSSa' Ow^^^pipiidNjid^'^'d'd^W'aoO-Nj 3 1 31 II SlgSsssssss&s&t^saass KB8S8SSS=SRSSSSKS2aSS oooo*-<^^ -- `O.'O <e r> o 256 Chapter- XV--Heat Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces SURFACE TEMPERATURE -DEG.FAHR. Fig. 2. Losses from Appropriately Insulated Surfaces as Compared with Losses from Bare Surfaces k, .-- ,r- "~rv* vn.wiiui; to vtic auuiLc ah neat. However, uie use oi *i.uu as in *H!: -greatly simplifies the use of the chart in connection with any cost per 1,000,000 available B.t.u. au that is necessary is to multiply the values from the chart by the ratio of the actual cost to $1.00. For example, if the cost of heat is $.50 per 1,000,000 B.t.u., multiply values from the chart in dollars by 0.5, etc. . 257 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 in pounds of coal per 100 lineal feet of bare pipe is tabulated for tem peratures up to 350 deg. fahr. Pounds of coal used are given per 100 lineal feet per month assuming continuous use of the apparatus, 70 per cent boiler efficiency, and 13,000 B.t.u. per lb. The "dollars" column represents the money value of the coal used.per 100 lineal feet per month assuming coal at $4.00 per ton and boiler room expense at $1.00 per ton. The loss of heat per unit area from flat surfaces varies greatly with the size and position of the body. The loss from the surface in a horizontal position is entirely different for the same surface in a vertical position. Also, the loss is different for the same flat surface facing downward than Fig. 3. Variation with Pipe Size of Rate of Heat Transmission Through a Given Thickness of Insulation for it facing upward. For these reasons a single equation or curve has not yet been obtained that will give accurately the heat loss from flat surfaces in various positions. However, until more experimental work has been conducted, it is suggested that the heat loss from flat bare iron surfaces be taken as equal to 95 per cent of the values given for the 18 in. pipe in Fig. 1. HEAT LOSSES .FROM INSULATED SURFACES Fig. 2 shows the losses from appropriately insulated surfaces compared with losses from bare surfaces. It will be noted that it was necessary to plot the upper part of the bare surface curve to a greatly reduced scale in order to show it on the same sheet with the curves for losses through insulation. Therefore, for a true measure of the relative losses from bare and insulated surfaces, compare the numerical value of the ordinates of the curves rather than the apparent spaces between the curves on the chart. 258 SH5fews`*r`if1 . r | ' ; ' ;, . - . '. ; .. . ' '. Chapter XV--Heat Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces | ./ The chart, Fig. 2, is based on still air conditions, room temperature of 70 deg. fahr., and 5 in. pipe size. The effect of pipe size on losses through insulations of various thicknesses is shown in Fig. 3. (Trans. A. S. H. & V. E,, Vol. 26, p. 375). For equations by means of which heat losses may be calculated for any thickness of insulation on any pipe size see Trans. A. S. H. & V. E., ] Vol. 26, p. 360. Refer also to manufacturers' data for heat losses ] and efficiencies of different insulations on various sizes of pipes. i . . ; CONDUCTIVITIES OF INSULATING MATERIALS The conductivities in B.t.u. per square foot per hour per inch thick per deg. fahr. temperature difference between inner and outer surfaces of the insulation are given in Table 2 for various types of insulation. In this table the conductivities are shown as functions of the mean : temperatures or the mean of the inner and outer surface temperatures of the insulation. This method of expressing conductivities permits their use in the calculation of either single Or compound sections. It should be emphasized that in this table all variables due to differences in thick ness, different pipe sizes and different air conditions are eliminated. Table 2. Conductivities of Various Types of Heat Insulating Materials Mean Temperature. Deo. Fahr. 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Laminated Asbestos Type........ 0.402 0.421 0.442 0.464 0.486 0.510 0.534 0.560 0.586 (Approx. 40 laminations per i in. thickness) 85 per cent Magnesia Type ....... 0.468 0.480 0.492 0.505 0.518 0i532 0.547 Indented Asbestos Felt Type.... 0.540 0.570 0.600 0.630 0.660 0.690 0.720 0.750 0.780 (Approx. 20 laminations per 1 in. thickness) Air Cell Type..................... ..... ..... 0.529 0.590 0.653 0.712 0.773 (Four laminations per inch of nominal thickness) ' RADIATING SURFACE OF PIPES In order to determine heat losses per linear foot of pipe from known losses per square foot, it is necessary to know the number of square feet area per linear foot of pipe. Table 3 gives these areas for various standard pipe sizes. Table 3. Radiating Surface per Linear Foot of Pipe Pipe Size In. Surface Sq. Ft. Pipe Size In. Surface Sq. Ft. Pipe Size In. Surface Sq. Ft. 0.22 Vi 0.275 i 0.344 1M 0.435 m 0.498 2 0.622 0.753 3 0.917 sy2 1.047 4 1.178 5 1.456 6 1.734 8 2.257 10 2.817 12 3.338 259 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 260 Chapter XV--Heat Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces Table 4. Thicknesses of Insulation Ordinarily Used Steam Pressures (Lb. Gage) Steam Temperatures (Dbg. Fahr.) Thickness of Insulation Pipe larger Pipes Pipes than 4 in. 2 in. to 4 in. M*n toTH*n- 0 to 25 25 to 100 100 to 200 Higher Pressure or Superheat Higher Pressure or Superheat 212 to 267 267 to 338 338 to 388 388 to 500 ' 500 to 600 ' 1 in. 1}4 2 in. 2% in. 3 in. 1 in. 1 in. 1H in. 2 in. in. 1 in. 1 in. 1 in. 114 in. 2 in. ' ECONOMICAL THICKNESS OF INSULATION Table 4 (Trans., A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 26, page 377) shows the thicknesses of insulation which are ordinarily used for various temperature conditions. Where a thorough analysis of economic thickness is desired, this may be accomplished through the use of the chart, Fig. 4. In order to use the chart, start at the lower left hand corner and proceed to the right to a point representing the given number of hours of operation per year; then proceed vertically to the line representing the given value of heat; thence horizontally, to the right, to the line repre senting the given temperature difference; thence vertically to the line representing the conductivity of the given material; thence horizontally, to the left, to the line representing.the given discount on that material; thence vertically to the curve representing the required per cent return on the investment; thence horizontally, to the left, to the curve repre senting the given pipe size; thence vertically to the scale at the top of the sheet where the economical thickness may be read off directly. The dotted line on the chart illustrates its use in solving a typical example. EFFECT OF AIR VELOCITY ON SURFACE LOSSES The rate of heat loss from a surface maintained at constant tempera ture is greatly increased by- air circulation over the surface. Fig. 5 (Iron & Steel Engineer, July, 1925), is based on Langmuir's equations (Trans.. Am. Electro Chem. Soc., Vol. 23). Other investigators have shown even greater increases in rates of heat loss from'bare surfaces due to air velocity. In the case of well-insulated surfaces the increases in losses due to air velocity are very small as compared with increases shown above for bare surfaces, because of the fact that air flowing over the surface of the insulation can increase only the rate of heat transfer from surface to air, and cannot change the internal resistance to heat flow inherent in the insulation itself. The maximum increase in heat loss due to air velocity ranges from about 30 per cent in the case of 1 in. thick insulation, to about 10 per cent in the case of 3 in. thick insulation, provided that the insulation is thoroughly sealed so that air can flow only over the surface. If the conditions are such that the air may circulate through cracks and crevasses in the insulation, the increases may be far greater than those given above. Therefore, it is essential that insulation be sealed 261 X American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Fig. 5. Heat Losses from Surfaces Exposed to Various Air Velocities as tightly as possible. Pipe insulation out of doors should be provided with, a weatherproof jacket, and other butdoor insulation should be thoroughly weatherproofed. HEATING CONDUITS When steam pipes are run between buildings they should be placed in some form of waterproof conduit which will withstand earth loads and take care of the expansion and contraction of the piping without strain or stress on the couplings, and without affecting the insulation or conduit. Expansion of the piping must be carefully controlled by means of anchors and expansion joints or bends so that the pipes can never come in contact with the conduit. The anchors used are usually U-shaped steel straps 262 Chapter XV--Heat Insulation for Pipes and Surfaces which partially encircle the pipes and are firmly bolted to a short length of structural steel set in concrete. , In laying out conduits of this type the following points should be borne in mind: 1. The conduit should be laid out in successive straight runs between manholes or anchor pits. ' 2. An anchor should be placed wherever the line changes direction. 3. An expansion joint or bend must be placed between each two anchors. 4. Manholes should be provided at each expansion joint. Where slip joints are used manholes should be vented. - 5. Branches should be taken off at or near an anchor. 6. If the distance between buildings is less than 150 ft. and the steam line contains high pressure steam, it may be anchored in the basement of one building and allowed to expand into the basement of the second building. If the steam line contains low pressure steam (up to 4 lb. pressure), this method may be used if buildings are less than 250 ft. apart. 7. If the distance between buildings is between 150 ft. and 300 ft. and the steam line contains high-pressure steam, the lines should be anchored midway between the buildings and allowed to expand into the basements of both buildings. If the steam line contains low-pressure steam this method may be used if buildings are between 250 ft. and 500 ft. apart. No manhole is required at the anchor, and a blind pit is all that is necessary. 8. For longer lines manholes must be located according to judgment and depending upon the expansion value of the type of expansion joint. or bend that is used. The minimum number of manholes will be required when an expansion bend or an anchor with double expansion joint is placed in each manhole, and the pipes are anchored midway between manholes. 9. Stabilizers to maintain alignment of pipes should be placed on each side of each expansion bend. . 10. A proper hydrostatic test should be applied to the piping before top of conduit is applied and before application of insulation. The pressure used in this test should be greater than the pressure used in service, and should be not less than 100 lb. per square inch in any case. STYLES OF CONDUITS Filler Type.--The pipes are supported on rollers placed on a steel rod which rests on an iron frame. The frame is set on a concrete or mortar base. The pipes are protected by a split tile conduit, and the entire space between the pipes and the tile is filled with an insulating filler. Thus the pipes are nested and the insulation between them and the tile effectively prevents circulation of air. The conduit is placed on a bed of gravel or crushed rock from 4 to 6 in. thick, which is, extended upward so as to come about 2 in. above the parting lines of the tile. A tile underdrain is placed beneath the conduit throughout the entire length and is connected to existing sewers led to some other point of free discharge. . 263 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Insulated Tile Type.--The insulating material, which is diatomaceous earth, is molded to the inside of a split tile conduit. The pipes are sup ported on rollers, which in turn are supported by an iron frame which extends through the conduit and rests on a tile base which also serves as an underdrain. The space between the pipes and the insulating conduit lining may also be filled with an insulating filler. The conduit, insula tion, piping and earth load are supported by the base drain. A few inches of gravel or crushed rock are placed about the conduit and the base drain. Sectional Insulation Type (Tile Conduit).--Each pipe is insulated in the usual way with any desired type of sectional pipe insulation over which is placed a jacket of standard asphalt waterproof roofing with cemented joints. The pipes are enclosed in a split tile conduit which is placed on. a bed of crushed rock or gravel from 4 to 6 in. thick. This gravel bed is extended upward so as to come about 2 in. above the parting lines of the tile. Underdrains are sometimes omitted where this type is used, any water which seeps into the conduit being allowed to flow down the bottom of the conduit to the nearest manhole. Drains are laid from the floor of each manhole to some point of free discharge. The pipes are supported on roller frames and these, according to the type of conduit used, are either supported by the conduit itself or have their lower parts set in concrete thus supporting the pipes independent of the conduit. .. Sectional Insulation Type (Tile or Concrete Trench).--In a type of construction frequently used in city streets, where service connections are required at frequent intervals, the pipes are insulated as described in the preceding paragraph, and are enclosed in a box or trench made either entirely of concrete, or with concrete bottom and specially con structed tile sides and tops. The pipes are supported on roll frames secured in the concrete. Sectional Insulation Type {Bituminized Fibre Conduit).--Each pipe is individually insulated and encased in a bituminized fibre conduit. The insulating material is 85 per cent carbonate of magnesia sectional pipe covering, applied in the usual manner as on overhead pipes, except that bands are omitted. After every fifth section of magnesia covering there is applied a short, hollow section of very hard asbestos material in the bottom portion of which rests a grooved-iron plate carrying ball-bearings upon which the pipe rides when expanding or contracting. This short expansion section is of the same outside diameter as the adjacent 85 per cent magnesia covering. Over the, pipe covering and expansion device there are placed two layers of bituminized fibre conduit with all joints staggered and the surface of each conduit finished with liquid cement. Conduits are placed on a bed of crushed rock or gravel, approxi mately 6 in. deep, and this is extended upward to about the center line of the conduit when trench is backfilled. Underdrains leading to points of free discharge are placed in the gravel or crushed rock beds. Wooden Conduit.--Each pipe is enclosed in a tin-lined wooden casing. Sufficient space is allowed between the pipe and the casing to provide for the insertion of pipe guides or rollers which rest on the bottom of the casing. The casings are bedded in gravel or broken stone and one or more tile underdrains are laid beneath them. 264 PART II--VENTILATION Chapter XVI MODERN STANDARDS OF VENTILATION GENERAL REQUIREMENTS VENTILATION is the science that treats of the proper conditioning of air to make it satisfactory for the human system. A study of ventilation is a study of the best methods of conditioning and handling air, and a study of the effect of that air on the human system. The test of good ventilation is the measure of . health and comfort derived from it. Health and comfort are the proper basis for measuring the quality of ventilation. In the present status of the art of ventilation it is no longer felt that chemical composition of the air is the important factor, but that proper ventilation depends more largely upon a number of other factors which may be stated in the order of their importance as follows: 1. Air Supply. 2. Air Temperature These four factors, in combination, are the basis of what is 3. Relative humidity termed "Effective Temperature." 4. Air motion. 5. Air cleanliness, in reference to its freedom from dust, bacteria and other sus pended matter. 6. Air Distribution, with reference to freedom from drafts. 7. Freedom from odors. 8. Freedom from injurious substances such as gases and fumes. 9. Psychological Reactions. Air supply is put at the head of the list because, while this is no longer considered -to be the all important factor in ventilation, the amount of air to be supplied pier person or the number of air changes to be furnished for any particular space will always be the starting point, for without air supply there can be no effective ventilation. ' Air Supply for Ventilation A comparatively small quantity of air supply is required to take care of the needs of the lungs. A very much larger quantity is required to take care of the needs of the outside of the body and to provide the heat control necessary for the maintenance of body health and comfort. In order to provide the necessary air movement to maintain uniform tern-, perature conditions, remove odors and provide comfort, the delivery by the ventilating plant of the following quantities of air, are usually found desirable and necessary: Compiled and revised by John Howatt, E. P. Heckel, W. A. Rowe and Samuel R. Lewis. 265 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Schools: Classrooms..... .................................. 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Assembly rooms............................. 1.5 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Gymnasia.... ....... 1.5 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Picture Machine Booth--...... ..... 1.5 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Dining-rooms--.......................... 1.5 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Kitchens.... ................... 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Corridors.......................................... 0.5 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Wardrobes and lockers................ 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Toilet, Bath, Etc.....'...................... 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Theatres: Seating spaces--.............. -............. 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Toilets, etc....................... 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Hotels: Assembly rooms....... ............ 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Dining-rooms.................................. 1.5 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Kitchens................................ :......... 4.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Hospitals: Wards--........................................... 1.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Dining-rooms.................................. 1.5 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Toilets........................ ..................... 2.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Kitchens-....... ........... 4.0 cu. ft. per minute per square foot of floor area Air temperature is second in the list for the reason that it has been proved by practically all of the accredited experimenters that over-heating is more detrimental to the quality of ventilation than any other one thing. Some methods of controlling air temperature with ventilating plants are discussed in The Guide Chapter on Automatic Heat Control and in Chapter XIV of this section, entitled Conditioning and Cooling Air. Relative humidity bears an intimate relationship with Air Supply and Temperature. These relations are described in Chapter XVIII of this section. Air Motion is also associated with the three preceding factors,.and enters into the Comfort Zone term which has been designated " Effective Temperature." See Chapter XVIII. " Air Cleanliness has to do with human health both from the standpoint of freedom from dust and other suspended substances, which irritate and clog the air passages, and from the standpoint of freedom from bacteria and other infectious media carried along with these substances which constitute the dirt in air. ; Methods of cleaning air are treated in Chapter XXII in this section. Air Distribution is of the utmost importance, arid is closely correlated with effective temperature. Chapter XIX, Systems of Ventilation, has much to do with the effectiveness of air distribution, as also does Chapter XXI, Air Duct Design and Construction. Freedom from Odors is often accomplished by plentiful air supply and efficient distribution, but may be facilitated by other means, among which are Ozone, treated in Chapter XXIV. . Freedom from Injurious Substances such as gases and fumes may be of the utmost importance. These are handled usually by mechanical exhaust ventilation with effective distribution. This phase of ventilation is affected in one way or another by nearly all of the items, tabulated before. 266 Chapter XVI--Modern Standards of Ventilation Psychological Reactions . The erigineer who disregards the psychological factor in ventilation is indeed short sighted. As in most human contacts and activities, the effect on the mind of air conditions is profound. Consideration must always be given to objectionable noise from machinery or to air friction noises. It is usually helpful if the occupants of a ventilated room may visualize some indication that air is moving. It helps if they may, when they wish, place their bodies or portions thereof, in sensible air currents, to demonstrate that ventilation is in effect. Periodical or occasional temperature reductions or increases in air move ment, possibly accompanied by muscular exercises, are of great value, psychologically as well as physically. Ventilation Requirements In the practical work of engineers who design ventilating 'systems and of architects and owners who have to pass upon these systems, the one item involving standards which is the basis of all calculations and layouts, is the quantity of air to be handled by the system to be used, for producing the results desired. The functions of the air handled in connection with ventilated spaces are: (1) to supply the necessary oxygen for respiration, (2) to keep the dilution of C02 and other objectionable substances down to the proper point, and (3) to maintain the proper effective air temperature. It has been estimated that an adult at rest will breathe 0.25 cu. ft. of air per minute and exhale 0.01 cu. ft. of COi in the same period or at the rate of 0.6 cu. ft. per hour, thus removing, about 5 per cent of the oxygen from the air breathed. The same air may be rebreathed for a limited time without apparent harmful effect, but discomfort is evident. However, air may be filtered, washed, cooled and recirculated with evident satisfaction. The air handled may consist entirely of air taken in from the outside or it may consist partly of new air and partly of recirculated air. Heat from Occupants, Lights, Equipment In a crowded place of assemblage, the heat given off by the occupants together with that given off by the lighting and power equipment is usually more than the normal heat loss through the structure to the out side air, even in winter under cold climatic conditions. This means that in order to preserve an equilibrium of effective temperature the entering air must be cooler than the leaving air, so that the problem is usually one of cooling and ventilating rather than of heating and ventilating. A typical case for winter might show about 300 B.t.u. of body heat plus 100 B.t.u. from light, etc., being given up to the building against 200 B.t.u. heat loss from the building, per person per hour. This would rnean that 200 B.t.u. per person must be carried away by the air. (See page 52, Chapter I of The Guide.) If the flow of air is upward, or from the side, so as to bring the incoming air into direct contact with the occupants, the temperature of the incoming air should not be more than about 5 deg. below the temperature of the air leaving the occupant (for ceilings 10 ft. or less in height), otherwise . the ventilation will be drafty and uncomfortable. This difference may be increased about 1 deg. for each 2 ft. of added ceiling height, providing 267 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 the rising air does not come into direct contact with another tier of occupants. For ceiling heights 10 ft. and lower the quantity of air per person to dissipate this excess heat is w g = 30 cu. ft. per person oU X .075 X .z4 X o per minute. This amount may be reduced somewhat on the assumption that the component of heat from lights is usually introduced near the ceiling and may be allowed to heat the outgoing air to a greater difference. Effect of High Temperature and Humidity . If a room is crowded in weather 85 deg. outside, with relative humidity 70 per cent, to give each occupant 30 cu. ft. of air per minute, it may be assumed' that there will be an increase of temperature of at least 5 deg. due to body heat and heat from equipment. A moisture increase from the bodies of the persons may be assumed as 10 grains per minute or 0.30 grains per cu. ft. of air handled. Under such a condition some method of air cooling will be needed to get satis factory ventilation. . A good air washer can reduce the temperature of the air passing through it about 70 per cent of the difference between the wet and the dry bulb temperatures. Its operation would hardly be worth while without a cool water supply. It will be understood that the example cited is an extreme case of temperature and humidity. The beneficial effect of an air washer will increase in proportion as the relative humidity of the outside air is lower. Experience, however, shows that a supply of fresh air which proves to be adequate for maintaining effective temperature in winter will usually prove inadequate for the same purpose in hot weather. While an increased volume of air supply is often of material benefit, the use of refrigeration brings the final hot weather solution, not so much in actual temperature drop as in humidity control. Using as much as 30 cu. ft. per minute air supply per person especially with an upward system, as through floor mushrooms, drafts will be felt at introduction temperatures more than 5 or 10 deg. cooler than the average room temperature. For this reason and for the additional reasons of sanitation and control, the downward system of ventilation is perhaps more efficacious in large and intensively occupied places of assemblage. On account of transporting all of the heat from lights downward and of forcing the body-heated air back over the occupants it is usually necessary to do much more cooling of the air than can be done with the air washer alone, and it is necessary to employ refrigeration. The air is brought in at a point high enough to permit of its being diffused and brought to the proper condition before coming into contact with the occupants. It can be seen, therefore, that the air supply per person per minute for assembly rooms might be as low as 10 cu. ft. in winter, as high as 30 cu. ft. in summer, with air washers, and anywhere between these two figures for the entire year, with refrigeration. 268 Chapter XVI--Modern Standards of Ventilation Recirculation ' Where recirculation of air in ventilation work is permitted, care should be taken that the recirculated air is thoroughly reconditioned by cleaning and deodorizing, and if necessary, dehumidifying. The saving in operating costs obtainable by recirculation of the air in ventilation systems must not be obtained at the expense of quality. A reduction in the quality of the ventilation when recirculation is used can be prevented by the installation and use of complete mechanical ventilation equipment for this purpose. A reasonable arrangement is to provide apparatus for handling not less than 30 cu. ft. of fresh air per person per minute, with provisions for recirculating any amount up to as much as two-thirds of this. The percentage of air recirculated may be varied to suit the seasonal changes so as to conserve heat in winter and refrigeration in summer. Toilets and similar rooms in buildings using recirculation should be separately ventilated, employing mechanical supply and exhaust with the exhaust in excess of the supply in order to prevent objectionable odors from diffusing into other parts of the building. Table 1. Amount of New Air to be Supplied per Person1 Cubic Feet per Minute Without Humidification or Recirculation With Humidification but Without Recirculation With Humidification and Recirculation Number op Am Changes per Hour Schools-- Class Room9..................... Assembly Rooms............. Gymnasiums..................... 30 15 to 20 30 Kitchens.... ........................ Lunch Rooms................... Theaters-- Seating Space................... Hospitals^ Kitchens. .......................... Dining Rooms...... ........... Toilets................................ Hotels-- Dining Rooms.................. Kitchens. ....................... Ball Rooms........................ Work Space....................... Assembly Rooms............. 30 to 50 30 to 40 20 to 30 20 10 to 15 25 20 to 30 20 to 30 . 15 to 20 5 to 10 5 to 10 15 to 20 10 to 15 10 to 20 5 to 10 20 to 60 ' 10 to 20 10 to 15 20 to 60 10 to 20 10 to 20 10 to 15 20 to 60 5 to 10 5 to 10 The Synthetic Air Chart ' Long experience and elaborate experiments and tests have demon strated that certain qualities of air, especially the qualities of temperature, humidity and motion, result in the greatest health and comfort. These 269 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 are described in Chapter XVII. These qualities along with dustiness, odor, bacteriological content and carbon dioxide content, have been considered and combined in the preparation of a Synthetic Air Chart as a means of measuring the percentage of perfection or the ideal quality of air. This chart is explained in Chapter XVII. Control is the principal factor in deciding whether the ventilation in any space will be satisfactory or unsatisfactory; control of quantity, quality, temperature, dirt, humidity, odors and movement. Experience and experiments have shown all of these factors are important in ven tilation work, and control of them is essential if a high rating of ventilation perfection is desired. It is a familiar fact that a room may be comfortable at one temperature and yet decidedly uncomfortable at another time even though the same dry bulb temperature is recorded. This fact may be due either to change a relative humidity or air motion. On the other hand a room may feel equally comfortable with different dry bulb temperatures provided the relative humidity or air motion is varied to produce this effect. Elaborate tests have been made to determine the effective temperature range most comfortable to the majority of people and this has been called the Comfort Zone. Reports of the cooperative tests on this work with the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the U. S. Public Health Service, appear in the A. S. H. & V. E. Transactions, 1922 to 1927, and in many government bulletins. The prolonged effect of temperature humidity and air motion upon health is not so well understood as the effect upon comfort. Strictly speaking good ventilation is merely a relative term and today ventilation is considered necessary for personal comfort and good health. The standards today are more exact than ever before and consequently adequate ventilation is considered a necessity. After a good ventilating system is designed the engineer is only fairly well started on the road to good ventilation. A system is not a ventilating system until it ventilates. Here is where the operating man and proper supervision of operation come in. It is recommended that the engineer who designs a ventilating plant shall supervise its installation, and that his interest and responsibility shall be maintained during the operation of the plant. \ 270 Chapter XVII THE HILL SYNTHETIC AIR CHART PERFECTION in ventilation depends upon the condition of the air in a room as it affects health and comfort rather than upon the quantity of outside air supplied. The known conditions of air which may affect , human health and comfort are its temperature, humidity, motion, dustiness, odors, bacterialogical contents, and carbon dioxide contents. The synthetic air chart, devised by Dr. E. Vernon Hill, and revised as a result of the investigations by the Society's Research Laboratory is the accepted standard for grading the perfection of ventilation in any room by the conditions of the air itself. The chart is devised for recording test data of air conditions and obtaining, mathematically, a "percentage of perfect" for the test as a whole. It substitutes definite figures for personal opinion and guess work. The value of the chart encourages accurate testing of the specific factors that determine air conditions. Furthermore, the test data in the various columns reveal at a glance wherein conditions are followed and indicate what steps should be taken to correct the same. The Synthetic Air Chart consists primarily of an arrangement of ventilating factors in seven-vertical columns, arranged in five groups. The first group contains one factor; namely, the effective temperature condition, find is often referred to as the physical group. It includes the temperature, humidity and air motion. The second group contains three factors--dust, bacteria and odors. This group may be considered the chemical group. The third group is carbon dioxide; the fourth, distribution; and the fifth, the "percentage of perfect" for the test as a whole. The-chart contains all the known factors that influence or determine air conditions in an occupied room. It is unnecessary to describe the theory of the chart and its develop ment, the relative and absolute weights of the various factors, etc., in this article, as a complete description of the same may be found in the Transactions of the Society in volumes 23 and 26, namely, for the years 1917 and 1920. It may be well, however, to mention in this connection that the chart, as illustrated (see Fig. 1), has been somewhat modified from the one illustrated and described in the previous Guide and in the Transactions. None of the values have been changed, but. the plus percentage which appears to the left of each column has been omitted The plus percentage columns in the previous chart were for the purpose of determining the relative values on a percentage basis of each individual factor, but as these percentages were not used in arriving at a final This chapter revised by CL W. Armspach, Chicago. III. 271 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 SYNTHETIC AIR CHART FOR DETERM/N/NG percentage, of perfect vent/lat/on H \crrcnv1 TEMP. f W/TERENCE . OUST , \P4RT/CLES\ \pRcu.rr\ BACTER/A COLON/CS Ti*V M/M. , ODOR5 {PERCENT, YPEEPPOM] \0/STR/Bl/A YRCJf7\ \PR/d00ti\ T/ON PERCENT I \Tt*p*rccA /30,000 30 20 22: /oaooo /OO 40 3H TO ^2: saooo 30 60 =S= 22: BO TL 30 ST LOCAT/ON______________ /OO /OO _________________ DATE. rmL F/NAL PERCENTAGE-___________ EFFECT/VE TEMPERATURE____ PR/MARY SENSE /MPRESS/ON. NOTES _ TEST BT______ PLOTTED BTCHECftEO BT-- Fig. 1. The Synthetic Air Chart . percentage of test as a whole, it was thought desirable to omit them. The minus percentage columns in the old chart which appear at the right of each factor column, have been also omitted from the body of the chart and placed in duplicate on the right and left borders. This leaves the chart proper free from all figures, except those relating to the specific factor. . The scales have also been reversed in the present chart so that penaliza tion for undesirable conditions as apply to the percentage of perfection for ventilation is directly proportional to the height of the shaded areas 272 Chapter XVII--The Hill Synthetic Air Chart in each column, as the chart in this form visualizes much better the defects in the air conditions represented by the test. METHOD OF USING THE CHART In using the Synthetic Air Chart, the floor area of the room to be tested is divided into a certain number of equal areas and tests made at the center of each area. In the standard school classroom, for example, the room is divided into four equal areas by two imaginary lines from the center of contiguous side walls, crossing at right angles in the center. 273 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 The tests are made at the center of each area so determined and the results plotted in the proper columns on the chart. Wet and dry bulb readings are first taken and air motion determinations made to determine the effective temperature. The difference between the effective temperature, so determined, and the ideal effective temperature, as shown by the comfort chart, is plotted in the first column. Dust determinations are next made and the results plotted in the second column, and so on until all the observations have been made. When all the factors have been plotted as a shaded area in each column, a straight edge is laid across the chart and the penalization for each factor as determined by the height of the column on the shaded area is read from the scales on the border. The sum of all penalization factors is subtracted from 100 to obtain the final percentage of perfection of the ventilation as it appears in the last column. CONDITIONS OF MAXIMUM COMFORT Temperature Humidity and Air Motion.--A person's feeling of warmth is determined, by the temperature, humidity and motion of the air. A single index of a person's feeling of warmth is given by a scale of effective temperature, which takes into consideration these three factors. This scale of effective temperature (abbreviated E. T.) has been determined by the Society's Research Laboratory and is discussed in Chapter XVIII. For the average human being at rest an effective temperature of 64 deg. gives maximum comfort. Persons working at various rates are most comfortable at effective temperatures below 64 deg. The exact effective temperatures giving maximum comfort for persons working at various rates have not yet been determined by the Research Laboratory but from the best data available, they are as follows:-- At rest................ Light Work....... Moderate Work Hard Work....... .64 deg. E. T. .62.5 deg. E. T. .62 deg. E. T. .59.5 deg. E. T. One hundred per cent perfection in ventilation, for people at rest exists when the effective temperature is 64 deg. Life is impossible for any considerable length of time in an effective temperature of 97 Jd deg. and a condition having this effective temperature is therefore, rated zero per cent perfect, is penalized 100 per cent as regards this factor and 90 per cent for imperfection in ventilation. The penalization for. variation in temperature from the ideal is therefore 3 per cent per deg. E. T. It will be noticed that this will give zero per cent perfection for 31 deg.--a condition nearly impossible for life for a person normally clothed and at rest. Dust.--Dust is inimical to health and comfort. It is, however, more' difficult to arrive at a basis of penalization since it is hard to say that any degree of dustiness is impossible for life. Dust-free air is 100 per cent perfect and 250,000 particles per cu. ft. of air as determined by the Hill counter is considered zero per cent perfect, or is penalized 100 per cent as regards the dust factor and 25 per cent for imperfection of ventilation. The percentage of perfection is reduced by 1 per cent for each 2500 particles. 274 Chapter XVII--The Hill Synthetic Air Chart Odors.--In the case of odors it is even more difficult to arrive at a basis for penalization. The following scale has been adopted :-- Free Irorri odor. Very laint odor. Faint odor_____ Noticeable odor Distinct odor._.. Decided odor._ Strong odor._.... .100 percent perfect 95 " " " 90 " " " 85 " " " 80 " " " 75 " " " 70 " " " Penalization for imperfection of ventilation is 0.15 of that for the odor factor. Bacteria.--All bacteria are not harmful and some may be desirable, the number of bacteria in the air generally indicates the surrounding sanitary condition. According to the synthetic air chart, the percentage of perfection depends upon the number of bacteria in the air as deter mined by the number of colonies that develop on a culture plate which has been exposed for two minutes. A standard 4 in. Petrie dish, with agar-agar for a media, is used for this purpose. The plates are incubated from 24 to 48 hours at a temperature of 98 deg. fahr. At the end of this time the separate colonies have developed to a size which are easily . 275 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 counted. If an incubator is not available, cultures may be grown at room temperatures (70 deg.) for a period of five days. If no colonies appear, the condition is read at 100 per cent, and if 500 colonies appear, it is read at zero per cent perfect. The percentage of perfection is reduced by one for each five colonies, for this factor. Penalization for poor ventilation is one-half as great. Carbon Dioxide.--Carbon dioxide determinations are made, not to determine the purity of the air, but to determine the percentage of dis tribution and sometimes the quantity of outside air that is introduced into a room. The percentage of perfection on the quantity basis is 100 per cent if the carbon dioxide is the same inside and outside; namely, four parts in 10,000 parts of air. The percentage of perfection is reduced by 1 per cent for every three parts per 10,000 over that found in the outside air. This gives 100 per cent penalization for 300 parts of COa. Penalization for imperfect ventilation is 0.9 for the COa factor. Distribution.--The distribution of the air throughout the room is an important factor in ventilation. Imperfection in this factor is determined by the variation in percentage of carbon dioxide in various parts of the room. The percentage of variation of the various samples from the average COa content of the room is the percentage penalization for poor distribution. Penalization for imperfect ventilation is 0.3 that for the distribution factor. EXAMPLE IN THE USE OF THE CHART Determine the percentage of perfection of ventilation in a room where the following conditions are observed. The room to be occupied by persons normally clothed and doing light work. Dry Bulb Temperature...................................................72 deg. Wet Bulb Temperature.................................................. 54 deg. Air Velocity--.............. ,.................... ................................. Still air. Dust Count by Hill Counter......................................... 10,000 particles per cu. ft. 276 Chapter XVII--The Hill Synthetic Air Chart Fig. 6. Culture Plate Showing Colonies of Bacteria Fig. 8. Apparatus for Obtaining Air Samples Bacteria colonies developed in a 2 min. plate.......... 10 COj analysis inside StationNo. l._...... .......................6 parts in 10,000 COa analysis inside StationNo. 2............................... 6.3 parts in 10,000 COa analysis inside StationNo.3............................... 5.5 parts in 10,000 COa analysis inside StationNo. 4............................... 5.0 parts in 10,000 COa analysis outside......................... ...............................4.0 parts in 10,000 Other objectionable substances.....................................None The effective temperature for the observed wet and dry bulb tempera ture and air motion is determined from Tables 1 to 7 in Chapter XVIII. From Table 2 (See Chapter XVIII) for still air, the intersection of the line for 72 deg. dry bulb and the column for 54 deg. wet bulb gives 66.0 deg. as the E. T. of the condition. For 100 per cent perfection 62.5 deg. E. T. is required for persons doing light work whereas the existing condition is 66.0 deg. E. T; or 3.5 deg. too high, which gives according to the chart, 89.5 per cent perfection and 10.5 per cent penalization for this factor and a penalization of 9.5 per cent for imperfect ventilation. This is indicated in the chart, Fig. 2. Ten thousand dust particles per cu. ft. of air gives according to the chart 96 pier cent perfection and 4 per cent penalization for this factor and 1 per cent penalization for imperfect ventilation. 10 bacterial colonies on a 2 min. plate gives 98 per cent perfection for this factor and a penalization of 1 per cent for imperfect ventilation. . A faint odor or 90 per cent free from odors calls for a 10 per cent penalization for this factor and 1.5 per cent penalization for imperfection of ventilation. 277 American Society of Seating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 The average carbon dioxide content of the 4 samples taken in the room is 5.7 or 1.7 parts more than the outside sample, which, according to the chart, is 99.5 per cent perfect for this factor and calls for 0.4 per cent penalization for imperfection of ventilation. There are no other injurious substances indicated hence no penalization is given for such factors. The variations of the carbon dioxide content of the four stations from their average are as follows:-- ~ Station No. 1. _................ '...............................6.3--5.7 = 0.6 parts per 10,000 " " 2 __ ....6.0-5.7 = 0.3 " " 10,000 " "3 . ..5.7-5.6 = 0.1 " " 10,000 " " 4.__....... .........................................5.7 -5.0 = 0.7 " " 10,000 411.7, , The average variation is............................. -.................... 0.42, and the per centage of variation is X 100 = 7.4 per cent. Therefore the percentage distribution is 100 -- 7.4 = 92.6, and the percentage penalization for imperfect ventilation is 2.2. The percentage of perfection for each factor is indicated in the chart, Fig. 2 and are summed up in Table 1. The sum of all the penalizations for imperfection in ventilation is 15.6 and the percentage of perfection of ventilation is 100 minus 15.6 or 84.4 which is shown in the last column of the chart. ' / Table 1. Typical Results of Analysis By Hill Synthetic Air Chart Factor Percentage of Perfection for Factor Percentage of Penalization fob Factor Percentage of Penalization fob . ' Imperfect Ven tilation Percentage of Perfection fob Ventilation Effective Temperature........ Dust......................................... Bacteria.................................. Odor......................................... Carbon Dioxide.-................. Distribution......................... :. 89.5 96.0 98.0 90.0 99.5 92.6 . Total..... ............. :....... 10.5 4.0 2.0 10.0 0.5 7.4 9.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.4 2.2 , 15.6--.................... :------------ 84.4 The above observations are made as follows: The wet and dry bulb temperatures are determined with a sling psychrometer, the air velocity is determined by observing the speed of a smoke cloud with the aid of a stop watch. The smoke cloud may be caused by means of an ammonium cloud apparatus, or by exploding a smoke bomb, or by other means. The dust count is made by means of the Hill dust counter. In this instrument a given volume of air is made to impinge, against a glass microscope cover slip coated with an adhesive. The particles are counted under a microscope of definite magnification and the number corrected per cu. ft. of air. Carbon dioxide samples are taken in 120 cc. rubber stoppered bottles by exhausting air from the bottles with an' atomizing bulb, Fig. 8. The bottle should be held at arms length while sampling so as not to be contaminated with the observer's breath and then tightly stopped until the sample can be analysed on a Peterson-Palmquist apparatus' for carbon dioxide. 278 Chapter XVIII HOW TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY AND AIR MQTION AFFECT HUMAN COMFORT AN ordinary thermometer is only of relative value for indicating a person's feeling of comfort as the sense of warmth experienced by the human body is not due alone to the temperature registered by the dry bulb thermometer, neither does it depend solely upon the wet bulb temperature. Dry air at a relatively high temperature may feel cooler than air of considerably lower temperature with high moisture content. This is according to the conclusions determined through a series of investigations conducted by the Society in conjunction with the U. S. Public Health Service and the U. S. Bureau of Mines at Pittsburgh, Pa. Human comfort or discomfort depend largely on body temperature and therefore on the relation between the rate of heat production and dissipation. By the process of metabolism heat is constantly generated within the body, while on the other hand, loss of heat is constantly oc curring from the surface of the body by radiation, convection and evaporation. To maintain a constant body temperature the loss of heat must equal the heat produced. It is therefore apparent that any inter ference with the elimination of heat from the body is accompanied by a rise in temperature and a feeling of discomfort. There are three principal factors affecting loss of body heat: 1. Temperature. 2. Humidity. 3. Air motion. As the temperature of the air and surrounding objects rises, the loss of heat by convection and radiation decreases. When the air temperature reaches that of the body, the loss by radiation and convection ceases. Finally as the air temperature exceeds that of the body, heat passes from the air to the body. If oh the other hand, the relative humidity is increased the heat loss by evaporation decreases. If while the dry bulb temperature increases, the wet bulb temperature decreases sufficiently, the increase in loss of heat by evaporation may be made equal to the decrease in loss of heat by radiation and convection, resulting in no change in body temperature or comfort. From the above, it is concluded that there must necessarily exist cer tain combinations of temperatures and humidities, which produce the same total body heat loss by radiation, convection and evaporation and therefore the same feeling of comfort or discomfort. Lines passing through such air conditions plotted as a psychrometric chart may be called *cp4eu especially lor i he vjuide ay r. L-. tiougnten, aireci American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. 279 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 equal comfort lines. The fact is further substantiated by the general experience of heating engineers in observing that the lower the humidity the higher the dry bulb temperature required for the same degree of comfort. ` . A series of tests have been made in the two psychrometric rooms of- the Research Laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ven tilating Engineers, in order to locate these lines on the psychrometric chart, both for still and moving air and the detailed data obtained is to be found in the Society's Transactions, Vol. 27-32 inclusive, and in the Journals for 1926 and 1927. ' .' The relation of temperature and humidity to comfort, in still air, for persons normally clothed, is given in Fig. 1 while the effect of air motion upon comfort or effective temperatures for persons normally clothed are given in the Tables 1 to 7, which cover still and various moving air conditions. ." ' HOW TO USE THE COMFORT CHART AND TABLES In the Psychrometric Chart, dry bulb temperature is plotted as abscissae and grains of moisture per pound of dry air as ordinates. The maximum moisture which the air can hold at any temperature gives the saturation or 100 per cent relative humidity curve. Relative humidities between 0 and 100 per cent are given by a series of curved lines similar to the saturation curve. The wet bulb temperatures for all atmospheric conditions are given by a series of nearly parallel oblique lines. Effective temperature is given by a series of oblique but not parallel lines which approach being parallel to the wet bulb lines at high temperatures and. humidities, and dry bulb lines at low temperatures. The numerical value of the wet and effective temperature lines is given by the dry bulb temperature of their intersection with the saturation curve. Dry bulb temperature is the true temperature of the air as determined by an ordinary thermometer. It does not, however, accurately indicate a person's feeling of warmth. If the humidity is high a person will feel warmer at the same dry bulb temperature than he will if the humidity is low. '' Wet bulb temperature is not the temperature of the air but that which a thoroughly wet body will attain if the air passes over it for a sufficient length of time and with a high enough velocity. A person is not thoroughly wet and hence does not react entirely in accordance with the wet bulb temperature. At high temperatures when the body is wet with perspira tion, it reacts more nearly to wet bulb temperature while at low tempera tures the body is comparatively dry and reacts more nearly in accordance with the dry bulb temperature; . Effective temperature is an experimentally determined scale which unlike the dry bulb and wet bulb scales is a true measure or index of a person's feeling of warmth in all combinations of temperature and humidity. In other words with any given effective temperature a person will feel the same degree of warmth or coldness regardless of the dry bulb or wet bulb temperature. . 280 ~1 f { ers Guide, 1928 ed by the general Dwer the humidity le same degree of letric rooms of the [bating and Venthe psychrometric ata obtained is to :lusive, and in the )rt, in still air, for effect of air motion rmally clothed are arious moving air TABLES V ure is plotted as is ordinates. The perature gives the elative humidities irved lines similar or all atmospheric le lines. Effective irallel lines which temperatures and. . The numerical n by the dry bulb curve. air as determined :urately indicate a a person will feel if the humidity is tir but that which it for a sufficient 1 is not thoroughly vith the wet bulb vet with perspirale at low temperairly in accordance ined scale which sure or index of a temperature and perature a person rdless of the dry i '`y1 * * Fig. 1. Standard Psychrometric Chart with Equal Comfort Lines Superimposed WT*- j~ ! j (I i I I1 1 I Chapter XVIII--How Temperature, Humidity, Air Motion Affect Comfort THE COMFORT ZONE j That range of effective temperatures over which 50 per cent of people I feel comfortable, namely 62 deg. effective temperature to 69 deg. effective temperature, is called the Comfort Zone. . That particular effective temperature at which a' maximum number of : people feel comfortable is 64 deg. effective temperature and is called the ' comfort line. While at rest in still air, 97 per cent of all people are com-' ' fortable at this temperature. , Tables 1 to 7 give the relation between dry and wet bulb tempera- 1 tures, and effective temperature for still air, and various air velocities up to 700 ft. per min. for persons normally clothed. . The data given in the chart, Fig. 1, and Tables 1 to 7, are for persons normally clothed and differ somewhat from the data contained in previous editions of the Guide for person's stripped to the waist. The tables are | divided into zones with correction factors in black face at the side which subtracted from the "normally clothed effective temperatures" will give the "stripped to the waist effective temperatures " with sufficient accuracy i for all practical purposes. There are four fundamental ways of producing effective cooling: (1) The dry bulb temperature may be lowered by direct cooling or removal of , heat. (2) The moisture content of the air may be reduced. (3) Air 1 . motion will produce effective cooling except for extremely severe' condiI tions. (4) Evaporation of water without addition or subtraction of heat is accompanied by an increase in moisture content and a fall in dry bulb temperature along the wet bulb line resulting in effective cooling. . Take as an example a condition of 95 deg. dry bulb and 40 per cent I relative humidity haying a wet bulb temperature of 75.2 deg. and effective j. temperature of 83.1 deg. This condition can be made equivalent to 80 i deg. effective temperature or it can be made to feel 3.1 deg. cooler by any | one of the four fundamental changes mentioned. I (1) By the removal of heat the dry bulb may be made to fall to 88.2 I deg. (see Fig. 1) along the "100 grain moisture per pound of dry air" i line when the effective temperature will be 80 deg. (2) Without removal of sensible heat or lowering of the dry bulb the moisture content may be reduced from 100 to 54 grains per pound of dry air, when the effective temperature will be 80 deg. \ (3) Upon inspection of Tables 6 and 7, it will be found that 95 deg. dry bulb and 75.2 deg. wet bulb will give 80.2 deg. effective temperature with 500 ft. air velocity and 79.6 deg. effective temperature with 700 ft. air velocity. Interpolation between these two velocities will give 567 as the velocity necessary to make this condition equivalent to 80 deg. effective temperature. (4) Evaporation of water at room temperature without addition or removal of heat will cause the point on the chart Fig. 1, indicated by our condition, to move along the wet bulb line to the left thereby lowering the dry bulb temperature and increasing the moisture content. The wet , bulb temperature.will remain the same but the effective temperature will be lowered. By adding 14 grains of moisture without heat, the dry bulb . will fall to 86.2 deg. and the effective temperature will fall to 80 deg. . 281 rm American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 06 ts 06 < o SO 282 N o te --To obtain the effective temperatures for a person stripped to the waist, for any wet and dry bulb reading; subtract from the normally clothed effective temperature, the factor for the particular belt or zone found at the edge of the Table .' . Chapter XVIII--How Temperature, Humidity, Air Motion Affect Comfort 88; H tu o -1 W > 06 < Z ! X < 06 03 sP 03 H ca ca 06 Q o Q Z< 0 >> ca >< Oo oo 9> *04*> n c* < i O' O 'CON I N ft O l > t*} > I I ***<o > 00 00 <30 > 00 00 00 00 I < 1 -O 00 ` I o ^ O. M O N W <0 *-- oo e oo at i e< ><) o <o c <o >o C Ci 'V O ^ 1 <0 *0 'O 'O <o < I <-o 00 O 1 rr> -rf I<foi .f~ O<oC I 00 0M <0 O O i <o <o i uoo) Oo -^ N C lo Cv CN CC i m o oc Iccccc ' >o o o I/) >0 w 1/5 ) ' "} < 00 <*5 O "O ` <0.1,. , o < TH* 00 is g.,s 3S-.g S*si 3 (N 1 W *X In 283 `i'l American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 u. .o < 2 < BH o> <o in o c <0 CQ o >os- .13 Qu >s CO H o 0> & 8 ><OS oOS o to Sw H td > te. w < H *& s Chapter XVIII--How Temperature, Humidity, Air Motion Affect Comfort S O' Oo' to co o >h os < 2< S3 < *3 S td H .13 S3 55 o cC0 ca >* OS Q. Q2 U >> e CQ ' o H id & >< o <o <o <o to o Of v> 2 td H Id > o N TJ1. 0J1 1, a CQ < H T a b l e 5. E f f e c t iv e T e m p e r a tu r e for V a r io u s W e t B u lb a n d D r y B u l b T em per atu r es w it h a n A ir V e lo c it y of 300 F t . per. M in u t e Persons N orm ally Clothed and S lightly A ctive . 100 ATofc.--To obtain the effective temperatures for a person stripped to the waist, for any wet and dry bulb reading; subtract from the normally clothed effective temperature, the factor for American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 *Oos Os teoo s 7 esOO <Oo sO* 1 S sO to I t0o0 stoo So* . tso Os k S o CXh rs* to too to 3p a. sa Q- O w t> n to o et < tO nf . S < l -l tO to (A tO Os s Ov C4 <0 0*0 ^ ** to <0*0 o <0 eo e* < m co n > act to >N5 Os o 286 Chapter XVIII--How Temperature, Humidity, Air Motion Affect Comfort *o o 883 A 9l Oi # O , H IO N O, N U- M (S <0 Cd > Ex] H ea D CQ > Q *o QU .s PD ctf >< OSo < OS OExt] S Ex] H --SOI tsoo to N tS tf SO SO Os >tOo V(so) 00 MSO tSoO t<oc <o 00Os M) osoo >0 s -- Os to -H tO <0 SO Oin' o-- to n. ca s 1 1 to to to ' 'O s so 4 287 a. if |j <3 ao -5oO zo 52 ss--e for factor the temperature, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 s| H U. > n 88S >o CO > IO O Ot 9> A ^ -- -o f0-0I WCN O POMi to N O -o o o C1 -- O sss CO * 33 effective clothed normally the from subtract reading; bulb dry and ' wet any for H .Sf5 CQ >< o* Q Q2 < O 03 Ho Z, *3 fp S D O s >< OS O u* Cz) cs D *9 33 S3: 00 00 00 O > * 0kO0 Q55 s i 8 8 I O 00 ^ O to iI NNQ fNoO 1O0*^0O* CO O NO O* 3**00 NNOO 00 3333 *^o 0^0 <I Q> 00 CO l > r * o <e S33 " 00 00 CO 833 > H ON *o *0*0*0 i S 3 3 3 o <*> *o *e . ^ *o o **o >=o 3 S CO O O PO 0--5 O*o N*ot "of waist, the to stripped ilac Tko0,lfobntraiinnntsb f/eiffnretctia*v fehtoemopHenraatn furlehsa! fTora tKI>aperson H w W 0*0 0*0 0' H 288 II Chapter XVIII--How Temperature, Humidity, Air Motion Affect Comfort The best method of producing effective cooling to be employed in any particular case will depend upon accompanying circumstances and should be determined by a competent engineer. Generally, removal of heat or water vapor or both, are most effective. However excepting under unusually favorable circumstances direct cooling or dehumidifying is an expensive process and can only be resorted to where the results will justify the cost. Effective cooling by air motion or evaporation of water is relatively much less expensive. Unfortunately however these methods of cooling are limited to certain conditions of temperature and humidity. Cooling by evaportaion of water is effective when the air is dry or when there is considerable difference between the wet and dry bulb temperature. Cooling by air motion is most effective at low temperatures. When the effective temperature approaches that of the body little or no cooling results and for certain higher temperatures air motion will make an uncomfortable condition even less bearable. For moderately high temperatures greater effective cooling is ex perienced as the result of air motion at high humidities than at low humidities. This suggests a valuable method of cooling by a combination of evaporation and air motion. Take, for example, a summer condition of 96 deg. dry bulb and 80 deg. wet bulb having an effective temperature of 85.7 deg. A 300 ft. air velocity will improve this condition by only 2.2 deg. Saturation with water vapor will give a condition of 80 deg. dry bulb, 80 deg. wet bulb and 80 deg. effective temperature or 5.7 deg. effective temperature improvement. A 300 ft. air velocity with this new wet and dry bulb will give an effective temperature of 75.7 deg. or a total improvement of 10.0 deg.. Example 1.--Given dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures of 75 and 68 deg. First: what is the effective temperature? Second: is this condition warmer or cooler than 80 deg. dry bulb and 60 deg. wet bulb? Answer.--The first condition is given by the intersection of the 75 deg. dry bulb line and the 68 deg. wet bulb line. The effective temperature is given by the numerical value of the effective temperature line, passing through this point and indicated by the scale along the saturation curve, and is 71.9 deg. effective temperature. The second condition is given by the intersection of 80 deg. dry bulb and 60 deg. wet bulb and is 71.7 deg. effective temperature. It is therefore 0.2 deg. effective temperature cooler than the first condition. Example 2.--Given 76 deg. dry bulb and 61 deg. wet bulb how many degrees dif ference between this condition and the comfort line or 65 deg. effective temperature? Answer.--The effective temperature of this condition is given by the intersection of the 76 deg. dry bulb and 61 deg. wet bulb lines and is 70 deg. effective temperature or 5 deg. effective temperature warmer than the comfort line. Example 3.--Given the dry and wet bulb temperatures in a room of 76 and 54 deg. respectively, what air velocity will be necessary to make this condition ideally comfor table, that is, 65 deg. effective temperature? , Answer.--From Table 1 for still air it will be seen that this condition has an effective temperature of 68.1 deg. in still air. Looking through the various Tables 2 to 7 for moving air it will be found that with a 300 ft. velocity this condition will have an effective temperature of 64.7 deg., and with a velocity of 200 ft. (Table 4) it will have an effective temperature of 65.8 deg. Interpolating between these two velocities the desired velocity is found to be 273 ft. per min. Example 4.--Given a condition having dry and wet bulb temperatures of 90 and 85 deg. respectively, how much cooler will this condition feel if 300 ft. air velocity is supplied instead of still air? 289 run American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Answer.--From Table 1 it will be found that this condition in still air has an effective temperature of 86.6 deg., while if the air has 300 ft. velocity it will be found from Table 5 that it will have an effective temperature of 83.8 deg. Cooling of 2.8 deg. will be produced by the 300 ft. air velocity. In practice these theoretical values will not be fully achieved. Therefore an allowance should be made for an increase in temperature and a decrease in humidity of the diffusing air before it strikes the occupants. The cloth ing worn and the kind of work done will also have a retarding effect. The experimental evidence now available, of the laws governing the cool ing of the human body is of great value in predicting just what may be expected of a definite air velocity at a given' temperature and moisture content when directed upon the body of lightly clothed individuals. Complete reports with other detailed examples of the use of Laboratory Human Comfort Data are to be found in the A. S. H. V. E. Transactions, Vol. 27-32 for 1921 to 1926 inclusive. There are many applications for these data. In warm weather it is especially desirable to have greater comfort in school rooms, theaters, auditoriums, also factories, foundries, iron, steel and glass works, mines and other places where workers are subjected to extreme temperature conditions. Maintaining comfortable conditions indoors in summer when the thermometer registers about 95 deg. is a more complicated problem than maintaining the proper condition in winter. . :. Effective cooling, using cold water or refrigeration, frequently is resorted to in theaters and other public buildings and this practice may be expected to increase. While increased comfort due to cooling is expensive and while it may generally be considered a luxury there are few other luxuries which offer as much real comfort for the money ex pended. The fact that provision for cooling in hot weather is not found . in more homes, clubs and places of assembly is largely due to the fact that possible comfort to be attained, from this source has not been clearly demonstrated to the building public by the air conditioning engineer. 290 Chapter XIX SYSTEMS OF VENTILATION VENTILATION, whether natural or mechanical, means the displace ment of vitiated air from any enclosure and its replacement with, fresh air. The systems may be classified as follows:-- Method of Supply Window Gravity Fan Fan Method of Exhaust Gravity Fan Gravity Fan (with or without recirculation) In addition to the above, there is also employed a method requiring fan supply without any exhaust fans or gravity exhaust duct work, the exhaust depending entirely on natural leakage around doors and windows and through open entrance doors. This system is utilized in theatres and auditoriums where air cooling and refrigeration is employed in which a large percentage in varying quantities is recirculated. The air forced outward by interior excess air pressure is equivalent in volume to the percentage of outside air taken in by the supply fans. The movement of air in natural ventilation systems is produced by the difference between the density of the column of air in the ducts and the density of the outside air. The greater the difference in temperature between the two columns of air the more rapid the air movement. In mechanical systems the circulation of air is maintained positively and uniformly regardless of outside air conditions and when properly designed and operated they will furnish any required temperature or humidity under automatic control. Five methods of fan application in heating and ventilating are common, as follows: - 1. Fan system supplies both heating and ventilation. 2. Fan provides air for ventilation, direct radiation supplies heat. 3. Fan provides air for ventilation and portion of heating, remainder supplied by direct radiation. 4. Fan system does entire heating (no ventilation supplied). 5. Fan system provides ventilation exclusively. Typical installations of the first type of system will be found in churches, theatres, auditoriums and other places of assembly requiring a relatively large amount of ventilation and little heating. The second type of system is usually provided in hotels and office buildings where only certain rooms need ventilation. Experience has shown that the third type is economical for schools, manufacturing plants doing special work, hotels and other places where a properly controlled air volume is essential. Compiled and revised by John Howatt, E. P. Heckel, W. A. Rowe and Samuel R. Lewis. 291 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 System four is especially adapted to industrial plants and shops to convey heat to the points desired and to create an effective air motion and uniform temperature with minimum heat loss. When the fan is required to do both heating and ventilating it is necessary to keep the fans in operation. Great success has been reported in school work with systems of this kind, particularly because of its flexibility, easy temperature and humidity control, and economy of operation.1 The Fan System for Heating and Ventilating consists of a combination of a fan operating in conjunction with a blast heater, with or without a system of air distributing ducts. An air washer or humidifier may be added when required without otherwise changing the type of system. For heating purposes only, the fan system may or may not be used, depending on circumstances and the requirements to be met. The fan system may be used to supply both heat and fresh air for ventilation, or it may be used in conjunction with some form of direct radiation which is to care for the heat losses. When used for ventilating purposes, the fan will be required to supply whatever amount of air is specified to meet the ventilation requirements. The system may be arranged so that the fan may blow the air through the heaters, or may draw the air through the heaters. Each arrangement possesses its own peculiar advantages, but the selection depends largely upon the individual requirements of the installation. The draw-through apparatus is usually employed in factory buildings on account of its compactness as well as on account of the advantage gained by connecting directly to the piping system. In this case the temperature of the air delivered will be the same for all parts of the building. The blow-through apparatus is used in public buildings, or wherever different temperatures and independent temperature regulation are required for different rooms of the building. The use of a by-pass around the heating coils permits the mixture of hot and cold air in any desired proportions, by the use of a mixing damper at the point where the two ducts, one from the heater, and one from the by-pass, joint to form one duct leading to the room. In the case of public buildings, the fan frequently blows the warm air into a space termed a plenum chamber, from which the air ducts radiate to the various rooms of the building; this arrangement is sometimes called the plenum system of heating and ventilating. . Air supply systems may be distinguished as upward and downward systems; the former being used frequently* in such buildings as theatersand auditoriums where people are associated closely. Air is supplied near the floor and exhausted through grilles in or near the ceiling. The downward plan is used in schoolrooms, hospitals, and other public buildings, air being introduced about 8 ft. above the floor arid drawn out near the floor. The selection of either system depends upon conditions confronting the engineer. The amount of heat to be supplied is governed by the losses from transmission plus those from infiltration, with proper allowances for heat 1 American Society Heating and Ventilating Engineers Transactions, Vol. 25, 1919. Com parative Study of. Natural and Mechanical Ventilation for School Rooms, Legg & Walker; Vol. 28. 1922, Intermediate and Junior High Schools in Detroit, H. W. Anderson; Vol. 29. 1923, Heating and Ventilating Chicago Schools, John Howatt. 292 Chapter XIX--Systems of Ventilation supplied by persons or processes. Temperatures usually Specified for various types of buildings are to be found in Table 1. ' The amount of air to be supplied depends largely upon the type of service required, the amount of heat needed, the perfection of ventilation demanded, etc. The total quantity of air to be circulated in an indirect heating system, either mechanical or gravity type, is demonstrated in. the seven cases set forth in the Fig. 1, Cases 1 to 6, page 294 as follows: H = Heat loss of room or building as determined by formulae and data given under Chapter I (B.t.u. per hour) M = weight of air passing into room per hour in pounds from the heating system Mr = weight of air recirculated per hour, pounds . Mo -- weight of air drawn into the system from the outside for the ventilation require ments per hour lb. and passed through the indirect radiation system Mb = weight of tempered air by-passed around the reheater per hour, pounds Mh = weight of air passed through heater or reheater per hour, pounds t = mean air temperature of the room of building to = mean outside air temperature l, = mean temperature of the air entering the heater t, = mean temperature of the air leaving the indirect radiator tx = temperature loss assumed in the air duct system ty = temperature of the air entering the room or building 0.24 = specific heat air of constant pressure. (B.t.u. required to raise 1 lb. of air 1 deg. fahr.) The mean temperature to of the air leaving the indirect radiator (blast heater, tem pering coil, reheater, unit heater or gravity indirect radiator) should be learned from the makers, tables for the heater or indirect radiator or heater it is proposed to use. Case 1--When all of the air passing through indirect heater is recirculated air: jy Mo 0; Mh = Mr = M; Temperature of air entering heater, /, = t\M = ,, ,------ - (1) U.Z4 (ty -- ` Case 8--When all of the air passing through the indirect heater is drawn from the outside: ` H Mr -- 0; Mh = M = M0 Temperature of air entering heater, l, = t0 M = - --------, --(2) 0.24 (ty -- t) Case 8--When, a portion of the air passing through the indirect heater is outside air and the remainder recirculated air: . Mh M Mr + Mo 0 24 ^ .................. .................................... -.......... ---(3) In this case Mo is known from the ventilating requirements and the amount of air to be TT recirculated is ascertained by the following formula: Mr -- M -- M0 or Mr = _ 0. /--------0.24 (ty -- /) - Mo...................................................................................... .............................................................. (4) The mean temperature of the air entering the indirect heater is ascertained by the following formula: h Mo (to + 460) + Mr (t + 460) - 460... Mo 4- Mr (5) Case 4--When all of the air circulated is drawn from the outside and passed through a tempering coil, air washer or humidifier and reheater. The temperature of the air ^ entering the reheater will have the same dewpoint tem perature as the air in the room dr building towhich the air is delivered, having tempera ture / and relative humidity as specified. If the.relative humidity is not specified it shall be assumed as 35 per cent. If the room temperature is not specified it shall be assumed as 70 deg. fahr. 293 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Case 4 Case 6 (c) Chapter XIX--Systems of Ventilation A relative humidity of 35 per cent for a room temperature of 70 deg. has been selected because this is the highest percentage of moisture which the air can hold without pro ducing dripping on single-thickness windows in cold weather. H In this case: M = M0 ~ Mh = q 24. [ty S})---------------- -----------....... -...................... --(6) If it is desired to maintain a room temperature of 70 deg. with 35 per cent relative humidity from an outside temperature of zero and with simply"an air washer without any water heater in connection, the tempering coil must be of sufficient capacity to heat the entering air from the outside temperature to 88 deg. dry bulb temperature and 52 deg. wet bulb temperature, and this will be represented by ta in the diagram. In this case the difference is 36 deg. between the wet bulb temperature and the dry bulb tem perature and assuming the washer to be 67 per cent efficient, moisture will be evaporated into the air in sufficient quantity to bring the temperature down to 24 deg. which is 67 per cent of 36 deg. Subtracting 24 deg. drop in temperature through the air washer from 88 deg. dry bulbTemperature of the air entering the air washer, gives 64 deg. as the final temperature of the air leaving the air washer, the wet bulb temperature remain ing at 52 deg. The reheater will heat the air to any temperature necessary to take care of the heat losses since room heating is desired. The dewpoint temperature of the air leaving the air washer and in the room itself will be 41 deg. Using the same illustration and assuming that a humidifying air washer is used with a water heater, the tempering coil will simply have one stack, section or tube row deep to raise the air temperature to about 35 deg. from zero outside temperature. The hot water sprays in the air washer will saturate this air at a tempearture of 41 deg. and the reheater will simply raise this temperature to any point required to maintain a room temperature of 70 deg. and a relative humidity of 35 per cent. The amount of heat to be furnished by the water heater in connection with the humidifying air washer is made up of the sum of two factors--First: to heat the specified air volume from the temperature leaving the tempering coil to the saturated air tem perature leaving the* washer, and Second: to evaporate sufficient moisture into this air to saturate it at the temperature required. If only 23 per cent relative humidity is desired in the room in connection with 70 deg. dry bulb temperature, the temperature entering the air washer, without water heater will be 64 deg. dry bulb, and the temperature leaving the air washer will be 48 deg. dry bulb, which is a drop of 16 deg. through the washer or 67 per cent of 23^ deg. difference between 64 deg. dry bulb and the corresponding 40H deg* wet bulb temper ature. . The illustration in connection with Case 4 indicates that this arrangement is used entirely for heating the room by the fan system. In many cases the heat losses in a room or building are taken care of entirely by direct radiation, and in such cases the final temperature of the air leaving the heater will probably be in the neighborhood of 80 deg. In such a case the same arrangements of tempering coils and reheaters will be used. The arrangement shown in the diagram contemplates the same air tempera ture being delivered to all rooms on this system, and will not be applicable to the heating of several rooms where individual control of each room is desired. Case 5--When a portion Mo of the air circulated is drawn from the outside and the remaining Mr recirculated air, the air drawn from the outside is passed through a tempering coil and the mixture of air, from the outside and recirculated air, being passed through an air washer or humidifider and a reheater. Similar conditions will apply to this Case 5 as have been outlined for Case 4 except that a percentage of recirculated air at a different dry and wet bulb temperature and a different percentage of relative humidity will be mixed with the fresh air after, it has been warmed by the tempering coil. In this Case 5, M0 is known from the ventilation requirements as specified, and the amount of air permitted to be recirculated is, therefore: H Mr = 0.24 (ty - t) - Mo.. (7) Case 6 (a, b, c)--When all of the air circulated is drawn from the outside, passed through a tempering coil and air washer or humidifier, a portion of the tempered and 295 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 conditioned air passed through an indirect heater or reheater and a portion of the tempered and conditioned air by-passed around the reheater and the mixture passed into the room or building for heating and ventilating. The weight of air to be circulated per hour equals (M0) as determined by the ventila tion requirements. The dry bulb temperature of the mixture of tempered and reheated air entering the room or building is to be ascertained by the following formula: Mo X 0.24 (iy-t)= H . H + 0.24 MJ h 0.24 Mo (8) (9) This case illustrates the arrangement of apparatus when the heating of several rooms is required with individual control of temperature for each room. The arrangement of apparatus, including tempering coil, air washer or humidifier, retempering coil and reheater coil, will be the same as has been outlined in Case 4. The air leaving the reheater and the air by-passed around the reheater, although having different dry bulb temperatures, will have the same dewpoint temperature as the air t in the room or building to which the air is delivered and with relative humidity as specified: if no relative humidity is specified it can be assumed as 35 per cent. If no room temperature is specified it should be assumed as 70 deg. The relative weights of air passed through the reheater and by-passed around the reheater shall be ascertained by the following method: X = Parts of reheated air in mixture (1 -- X) = Parts of tempered air in mixture . ty = Mean dry-bulb temperature of the mixture entering room or building lx = Loss of temperature in the duct system <i = Mean dry bulb temperature of the air entering reheater and by-pass to = Mean temperature of the air leaving the reheater (X) (t, + 460) + (1 -- *) , + 460) = (tm + 460). (10) tm = Mean tempearture of air entering the duct system = (ty + tx). SOLVE: for X. Then Mh - X Mh is the weight of air in pounds per hour to be passed through the reheater. The temperature ty will ordinarily be different for each room of the building. The total weight of air passed through the reheater will be the sum of the requirements for all the rooms. . Case 7--Indirect system for warming the air drawn in from the outside for ventilating purposes only. (When an indirect system is employed to warm the air drawn into the system from the outside for ventilating purposes only, the heat loss is provided for by direct radiation or by some other means). ' The weight of air to be circulated per hour is M0 as may be determined from the specified ventilation requirement Mh = M -- M0. The temperature of the air delivered to the room ty shall be assumed 5 deg. higher than room temperature t specified! a. If no air-conditioning apparatus is to be employed the arrangement is similar to Case where l, = to and ty = t + 5. b. If air-conditioning apparatus is to be employed the arrangement is similar to Case 4i Mh = M = Mo- Loss of Temperature in Duct Systems (tx) a. When the indirect heater and duct system, are located in the enclosure to which the air is to be delivered, it may be assumed that there is no loss of temperature between the indirect heater and the point or points of discharge into the enclosure. tx = 0. b. For gravity indirect heating, a loss in air temperature of 5 deg. for the first floor, 8 deg. for the second floor, and 10 deg. for the third floor between the indirect radiator and room register can be assumed. c. For ducts run underground an allowance must be made based on the estimated heat loss of the duct, assuming an average temperature of the ground of 55 deg. fahr. d. For ducts run in outside walls to the second floor and above, a loss of not less than 10 deg. shall be used in the calculations. 296 Chapter XIX--Systems of Ventilation When the heating and ventilation requirements have been found the size of the heater and fan are calculated for a given friction, temperature range, pressure loss in ducts, etc. Pressure losses build up rapidly as velocities are increased and generally vary approximately as the square of the velocity. The allowable pressure loss through the heater should in general not exceed 50 per cent of the total static pressure of the system. In public building practice allowable pressure loss through tempering coils and reheaters should be under in. of water and when an air washer is used the friction through the tempering coil and reheater should not exceed 40 per cent of the total resistance as a rule. Factory work permits greater friction allowance for the heaters where duct runs are comparatively short and the resistance of the heater is a large part of the entire pressure loss in the system. The fan can be selected when the following facts are known: ' 1. Quantity of air required in cubic feet per minute. 2. Static pressure of system (ducts, heaters, air washers, filter, entrance connections, etc). . The kind of fan will depend upon the service required, disc and propeller fans being used generally where no resistance is built up. In ventilation . work centrifugal fans are used largely and these come under two classi fications--those with straight radial blades and those with curved blades. Each type of fan has its special applications and there is a definite relation between its pressure characteristics, power requirements, and the service rendered. Where noise is not objectionable, fan efficiency is the governing factor. In places where quiet operation is essential proportionate outlet velocities should be chosen. . The quantity, velocity and pressure of air delivered by the fan should be determined by the A. S. H. V. E. Standard Code for Testing Centri fugal and Disc Fans (See Transactions, 1923, Vol. 29, p. 407). It is well to remember that good practice requires that: 1. The mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal fan should exceed 55 percent. ' 2. Air.velocity passing through the fan outlet should not cause excessive noise. . . 3. The fan should operate silently and not transmit noise to ducts. 4. The use of variable speed motors is advisable to meet changes in frictional resistance, when ventilation demands vary, while constant speed motors are less expensive when ventilation requirements remain uniform. A fan installation rightly designed and operated will be quiet and efficient, but every precaution should be taken to prevent vibration or sound transmission to the rooms. It is usually more effective to float on cork the entire mechanical apparatus, including its foundations, than to attempt to isolate each separate apparatus. There are several systems for the sound-proofing of machinery available, and contracts may be made covering guaranteed and assured results. ' 297 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 UNIT SYSTEMS* Unit systems consist of an individual unit incorporating all the apparatus necessary for providing, directing and controlling the necessary volume of air heated to the proper temperature for the purpose. Two types are ' in common use, one for public building work and the other for factory and industrial installations. All unit heating and ventilating devices consist essentially of small fans connected closely with heat radiating surfaces. Steam or hot water usually is used for heating, and electric motors usually are used for power. Public Building Work A unit heating and ventilating machine intended for public building work consists usually of a small rectangular steel cabinet, enclosing the following essential parts:-- 1. A fresh air inlet. 2. An air filter. 3. A motor and fan assembly. 4. A radiator or heating element. 5. A cold air or by-pass chamber. 6. Mixing chamber. 7. Air discharge outlet. 8. Fresh air and recirculating control damper. 9. A by-pass or temperature control damper. Note.--Both the recirculating control damper and the by-pass damper can be manually operated, or the recirculating control damper may be pneumatically controlled from some remote point. The by-pass or temperature control damper can be automatically operated on room temperature by means of ther mostatic motor in connection with the use'of any pneumatic automatic temperature control system. (See also Chapter XIII.) When the fresh air inlet damper is open the fresh air is drawn im mediately from out of doors, having the dust and dirt removed by means of the air filters. From this point the air is driven by means of the motor and fan assembly and forced up through the machine, using either polyphase, alternating current or direct current motor. ' All of the air may be driven through the radiator to be heated and thence to the room, or all of the air may be driven through the cold air or by-pass chamber and thence to the room, or part of the air may be driven through the radiator and part through the cold air chamber in any desired proportion, depending upon the position of the by-pass damper. The closing of the fresh air damper simultaneously opens the recircula ting grille at the floor line, so that there is a free path for the air to circulate by gravity through the radiator. Thus, when the motor is not operating and the fresh air damper is closed, the radiator of the unit becomes an enclosed direct radiator, functioning, in the same manner, as any other enclosed direct radiator. By starting the motor during heating-up period in the morning, the air may be drawn from the room at the floor line, heated, discharged, recirculated, reheated and redischarged, this process continuing until the room has reached the desired temperature, thus effecting a tremendous saving in time and fuel in preparation of the room for occupancy. With this system of ventilation, the air outlets for the room serve strictly in the capacity of vents to permit of displacement and they Data on Unit Systems contributed by H. B. Hedges, New York, N. Y., G. E. Otis, Moline, 111., and A. J. Nesbitt, Atlantic City, N. J. ' 298 Chapter XIX--Systems of Ventilation should be small, with as little exhausting effect as possible. Under such conditions their location is unimportant further than that they be placed at or very near the floor. In the typical layout they are usually placed in the wall opposite the fan unit. . In school work where it is desired to circulate air through adjoining wardrobes, room outlets should be in low panels of doors or near floor in partitions. Wardrobe outlets may be either at floor or ceiling. The latter arrangement is usually preferable from a purely ventilation standpoint but the former provides a better heating effect. By such a plan direct radiation may usually be omitted from such rooms. When half doors or no doors are used between class-rooms and wardrobes, outlets from the latter must be at the floor. With the mechanical unit ventilation system exhaust fans or aspirating coils in vent flues are neither necessary nor desirable, it being the idea to force the air out of the rooms under back pressure. Where the outlets are properly proportioned this has an inflation effect that retards infiltra tion and assists in diffusion. One vent for each machine is sufficient and both the grille and flue should have a net free area of about 18 sq. in. for each 100 cu. ft. of air delivered per minute by the ventilator. In order to carry out the principle of diffusion and get proper results from the unit system of ventilation, consideration must be given to the number, size,' location and general application of the mechanical venti lators. With a correctly designed system and proper equipment, good diffusion will be effected if the frequency of air change in the room ventilated is equivalent to five or more volumes per hour but the extent to which the desirable effect of air motion is present will be governed both by the frequency of air change and the ceiling height. On the same principle that underlies the necessary distribution of direct radiation there is a limit to the amount of air which can be dis tributed from a single point in ventilation work if good results are to be expected. Practical experiments seem to indicate that this limit is about 1500 cu. ft. per min. with this type of apparatus. In a practical way this determines the number of unit machines to be used in a given case. Where the very best results are desired it is recommended that the capacity of any single machine be limited to 100 cu. ft. per min. per foot of ceiling height. Mechanical unit ventilators should be located centrally on the outside wall of the room which they serve. Corner locations are liable to result in inefficient and unbalanced distribution. In fact, under adverse con ditions, drafts may result from such a location. Unit ventilators may be recessed but they should never be enclosed or concealed. Not only are enclosures liable to affect the perfection of diffusion, but from a practical standpoint they interfere with proper care and attention by rendering the machine inaccessible. Moreover, there is a certain psychological value to an exposed machine. The occupants quickly learn its purpose and operation with the result that they appre ciate its value and see that it is operated and properly cared for. No single mechanical unit ventilator should be made to serve more than one room by the extension of ducts from the outlet, since this is contrary to all the basic principles of the system. Adjacent rooms, if 299 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 not sufficient in size and importance to be equipped with individual ventilating systems probably do not require any ventilation. Where the total heat required is in excess of the rated capacity of the unit, the unit must be supplemented by direct radiation. Otherwise, the unit can be used for both heating and ventilating without direct radiation. . No special treatment of vent flues is required by this system, the vitiated air being discharged from the building in the same manner, as all other mechanical systems. It has been found that the best results have been obtained where the cross sectional area of the vent flue does not exceed 20 sq. in. per 100 cu. ft. of air per minute. Industrial Service Unit heaters for industrial work consist of a heating element over which air is forced or drawn by means of a power driven, fan which also distributes this heated air to the space to be heated. The area that can be served by one unit varies according to the type of unit and the location of the unit within the building. Industrial units are available in capacities from that of the smallest disc-or propellor type fan up to that of gangs of centrifugal fans, and in ranges, expressed in heating output, from perhaps one hundred square feet of radiation up to several thousand square feet of radiation. They may be placed on the floor, or may be suspended from overhead construction, and may be heated by steam or water or other fluid, or may be direct fired, with coal, oil or gas. There has been a remarkable recent expansion in the demand and in the production of all sorts of industrial heaters, and their use no longer is confined, by any means, to industrial buildings alone. The tendency is apparent to return after some digression, toward a location for the units as near the floor as is practicable, especially with suction ducts or high velocity outlets arranged to move the cold heavy stratum of air which is likely otherwise to lie close to floors. The service of industrial unit heaters is essentially that of heating, and recirculation is usual, with dependence on windows and doors for ven tilation. Since the fans can be operated without heating the radiators there is some advantage from them in warm weather. Due to the very high heat transmission rates from radiators over which air is driven at high speed by fans, industrial unit heaters usually effect material space economies. 300 Chapter XX MOTIVE POWER FOR FANS THE selection of motors for heating, ventilating and air condi tioning systems is an important consideration for the architect and engineer in producing a plant that is efficient and economical. Points to be discussed briefly are fan characteristics, motor selection, methods of drive and general requirements of control as well as other power sources and sound deadening methods. FAN MOTIVE POWER Motive power for fans should be determined in accordance with the Standard Code of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, Transactions, Vol. 29, 1923; p. 442. Fans divide themselves into two general classes; the disc or propellor type, and the centrifugal type. . Disc and Propellor Fans The disc or propellor type of fan is available for conditions of low air resistance, with very short ducts, or no ducts at all. The low speed of the blades near the hub of such fans, compared with the peripheral speed renders this entire class of fans of low efficiency when overcoming heavy resistance. The air driven by the effective blade areas near the rim can pass back through the less effective blade areas at the hub more easily than it can pass the duct-resistance. The power required for such fans increases with the cube of the speed as the speed is increased, and the static efficiency curve falls rapidly at any] given speed when the resistance to air flow is increased. Disc and propellor fans lend themselves to direct-connected motive power, especially as the speeds may be high enough for economical electric motor speeds. . In specifying direct connected-electric motors for these fans it should always be remembered that the motor will be subject to the dust and possible high temperature of the material handled by the fan. Enclosed and especially cooled electric motors are available for this service, and in many types the fan is suspended on the motor shaft and seems to be incidental to the motor. ._ Centrifugal Fans ' The centrifugal, housed, type of fan is available for conditions of high air resistance,- with heaters, ducts, etc., and is used for systems requiring Material for this section prepared by S. R. Lewis, Chicago. 301 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 from one-fourth to two inches or more of water pressure to overcome the air friction. The power required for such fans is proportional to the volume of the air moved, and to the pressure overcome. Centrifugal fans with radial or forward-curved blades require power proportional to the volume at constant speed and have a power increase as the cube of the speed. If the resistance is increased the air volume is reduced, and the power at constant speed is reduced. If the resistance is reduced the air volume is increased at constant speed, and the power demand will be increased. Centrifugal fans with backward-curved blades and those with com pound curves while following the same general laws as the fans with the forward-curved blades, have been developed to the extent that they have a self-limiting power demand at a certain peripheral velocity even though the resistance at that speed may be decreased. It is no easy matter to pre-determine the exact resistance to be encoun tered by a fan, or having determined this resistance, to insure that no changes in construction or operation shall ensue which may increase air resistance, thus requiring more fan speed and power to deliver the required volume, or which may reduce air resistance, thus causing delivery of more. air and a consequent increase of power even at constant speed. It is recommended therefore for centrifugal type fans that the rated power to be supplied shall exceed the rated fan power by a liberal margin, depending on the type of blade, of from 10 per cent minimum, to about 50 per cent maximum. Justification for liberal power provision exists also in the possibility of varying demand due to changes in ventilation requirements, intensity of occupation, weather conditions, etc. . Speed Control Some method of volume control of fans usually is desirable. This may be done by varying the peripheral velocity, or by interposing resistance, as by throttling-dampers. Both methods since they reduce the volume of air, reduce the power required. In many installations adjustments of volume are desirable during varying hours of the day. In others an increased supply of air in summer over that needed for winter, is demanded. There is room for judgment in deciding whether speed-control or damper-control shall bemused for specific cases. Where noise is a factor, it may be exceedingly desirable to reduce the speed at times, while on the other hand a centrifugal fan which has its normal speed reduced as much as 50 per cent without change in resistance will move | so small a volume of air that operating the fan will be hardly worth while. . Electric Motors Electric pbwer is the almost universal solution for fan operation, and each type of motor and current has its advantages and disadvantages. Direct-connected electric motors are usually very efficient for fan driving because there is no slippage due to belts, and no wear or noise due to chains or gears. Unless the fan speeds are high enough to permit comparatively high 302. G}'--- Chapter XX--Motive Power for Fans rotative speeds, however, direct connected motors must be unduly large and heavy and will be costly. If anything goes wrong with a direct- connected motor there may be a considerable delay in replacing or repairing it, and changes in speed are not always made easily with full efficiency. On the other hand, the non-direct connected motors have transmission subject to wear and slippage, and chains and gears may be ' noisy. With the latter type, however, changes in speed-ratio are easily made, and in case of a break-down a standard stock-motor may be substituted quickly. . There is no advantage as to mechanical or induction-noise, in the direct-connected slower speed motors over belted higher speed motors. In either case noise seems to result from obscure manufacturing causes, and generally can be controlled by proper sound-insulation in the foundations. . . Kinds of Electric Current In general if direct current is available, it is most satisfactory for fan operation because of the inexpensive and flexible speed-control which is inherent. Where motors are inaccessible or subject to dust, however, direct current motors with their commutators and brushes will generally cause undue up-keep expense, and polyphase induction motors are to be preferred. Single phase electric motors are reasonably satisfactory for small sizes, say 10 horsepower and smaller. They require special starting devices, which are noisy and troublesome as compared with electric motors for direct current or polyphase current. Polyphase electric motors are satisfactory from all standpoints except that of low speed and variable speed, these arrangements being rather expensive and difficult to secure. ' Controllers for Electric Motors Electric motors of 5 horsepower and smaller for constant speed, generally may be thrown directly on to the line. Larger sizes than these require starters, of which there is a wide choice, with a multitude of variations, in service and a great range in price. ' Arrangements can be made for remote control of fan motors, or for automatic control by influence of temperature. Remote control may be by pneumatic or by hydraulic manipulation as well as by electrical means. It is easy to provide tell-tales to show the setting of remote electric controllers, as by miniature electric lamps. ' Other Power Sources for Fans ' In many large ventilating systems which have heating plants in connection, steam engines are used to operate fans. A medium-speed steam engine, exhausting at low pressure into the radiators which heat the building or which warm the air, is a very economical source of power, is nearly noiseless, and has a wide range of speed variation. The steameconomy of such an engine usually is of little importance, since the engine serves as an auxiliary to the pressure-reducing valve interposed in such cases between the boiler and the radiators. 303 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Internal combustion engines and line shafting are often used for fan driving, requiring clutches or shift-belts with loose pulleys in order to secure proper starting and control. Control of Noise from Fan Motive Power Experience seems to indicate that this control is largely to be gained by isolation of foundations. The best practice is to bolt the fan and motor rigidly to substantial foundations of concrete or wood, to go in inertia and solidity, and to float this foundation above a yielding, inert non resonant buffer of cork or dry sand, with arrangements to prevent any side motion by interposing similar side-buffers. It is sometimes necessary to sound-insulate the walls of the machinery room. The best practice for this purpose is cork, felt or other sound absorbing material against the walls, faced with sheet steel, the steel being isolated from direct contact with the building structure. 304 Chapter XXI AIR DUCT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION THE successful operation of a mechanical or plenum heating installa tion, an exhaust system or a dust collecting plant is largely dependent upon the correct design of the duct system. Materials, proportions, friction, location and innumerable other items are factors in the correct operation of a duct system. In the design of ducts and flues for the mechanical circulation of air, or by gravity, losses due to friction are the basis for figuring and these losses must be kept within the available pressure difference. This pres sure difference in mechanical ventilation is that derived from the fan, while in gravity ventilation it is' the asperating effect due to the tempera ture and height of the column of heated air. When attempting the design of a duct system the general rules to remember are: 1. The air should be conveyed as directly as possible at reasonable velocities to obtain the result desired with greatest economy of power, material, and space. . 2. Sharp elbows and bends are to be avoided. - 3. All ducts or flues shall have sides as nearly equal in size as possible. (In no case shall the ratio between long and short sides be greater than 10 to 1.) The piping systems for various operations must be of different design as the principal consideration for industrial work is for heating while in public buildings the air required for ventilation greatly exceeds the volume needed for heating. For instance, the ducts for a school, theatre or other public buildings, where freedom from noise and elimination of drafts is essential and where branch ducts serve individual rooms, is a much different problem in design than that involved in proportioning ducts intended for heating a factory, where a main duct of decreasing dimensions extends lengthwise of the building and gives a uniform distribution of air. For public buildings air velocities must, therefore, be kept low between 900 and 1200 ft. per min. while in industrial buildings they can 'range from 1500 to 2000 ft. per min. or even more with no other disadvantage than the difference in operating expense. Standard velocities of air in public buildings are as follows: 1. Through the outside air intakes 1,000 ft. per min. ' 2. Through connections to and from heater 1,000 to 1,200 ft. per min. 3. Through the main discharge duct from 900 to 1,200 ft. per min. 4. In branch ducts 700 to 900 and vertical flues 400 to 600 ft. per min. 5. In registers or grilles 200 to 400 ft. per min. depending upon the size and location. 6. If diffusers of proper design are used, 25 per cent higher air velocities may be permitted. Material for this section was prepared by F. R. Still, New York. 305 V7-: American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 1. Corresponding Pressures and Velocities of Dry Air at 70 Deg. and 29.92 In. Barometer Inches of Water 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 0.43 0.50 0.60 . 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.87 0.90 1.00 1.25 1.30 1.50 1.73 1.75 2.00 2.17 2.25 2.50 2.60 2.75 3.00 3.03 3.25 3.47 3.50 3.75 3.90 4.00 4.25 4.34 4.50 4.75 Ounces per Sq. In. 0.0289 0.577 0.1154 - 0.1443 0.1730 0.2308 0.2500 0.2884 0.3460 0.4037 0.4326 0.4614 0.5000 0.5190 0.5768 0.7209 0.7500 0.8650 1.0000 1.0092 1.1535 1.2500 1.2975 1.4418 1.5000 1.5860 1.7300 1.7500 1.8740 2.0000 2.0185 2.1630 2.2500 2.3070 2.4510 2.5000 2.5950 2.7395 ' Velocity. . Ft. per Min. 896 1266 1791 -- 2003 2193 2533 2637 2832 3102 3351 3468 3582 3729 3800 4005 4478 4566 4905 5273 5298 5664 5895 6007 6332 6457 6641 6937 6976 7220 7457 7492 7756 7910 8010 8256 8337 8496 8729 Inches of Water 4.77 5.00 5.20 5.50 6.00 6.07 6.50 6.94 7.00 7.50 7.80 8.00 8.67 9.00 .9.54 10.00 10.40 11.00 11.27 12.00 12.14 13.00 13.87 14.00 - 15.00 15.61 16.00 17.00 17.34 18.00 19.00 19.07 20.00 20.81 22.54 24.28 26.01 27.74 ' Ounces per Sq. In. 2.750 2.884 3.000 3.172 3.460 3.500 3.749 4.000 4.037 4.326 4.500 4.614 5.000 5.190 5.500 5.768 6.000 6.344 6.500 6.921 7.000 7.497 8.000 8.074 8.650 9.000 9.227 9.805 10.000 10.380 10.960 11.000 11.535 12.000 13.000 14.000 15.000 16.000 Velocity Ft. per Min. ' 8745 8943 9134 9392 9810 9864 10210 10545 10595 10968 11187 11328 11792 12015 12367 12665 12915 13282 13445 13875 13950 14440 14913 14985 15510 15820 16020 16513 16675 16990 17456 17488 17910 18265 19012 19730 20420 21090 . ' . Corresponding Velocity for Dry Air at Various Pressures and Temperatures and 29.92 In. Barometer A. PreSSURE 50 60 70 100 150 300 500 550 Inches Ounces 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 0.1443 0.2884 0.4326 0.5768 0.7209 0.8650 1.0092 1.1535 1.2975 1965 2778 3402 3929 4393 4812 5197 5556 5892 1986 2808 3439 3971 4440 4864 5254 5616 5956 2003 2832 3468 4005 4478 4905 5298 5664 6007 2059 2911 3565 4117 4602 5042 5446 5822 6174 2149 3038 3720 4296 4804 5262 5683 6076 , 6443 2399 3391 4153 4796 5362 5874 6344 6783 7193 2696 3812 4668 5390 6027 6602 7131 7624 8085 2895 4095 5020 5795 6470 7100 7655 8195 8690 306 Chapter XXI--Air Duct Design and Construction It is customary in proportioning ducts for heating and ventilating work to follow either of two methods: , 1. Arbitrarily select sizes from assumed velocities, depending upon velocity of air at fan outlet. . 2. Determine the velocity which will give an assumed resistance within fan capacity at noiseless operating speed. By decreasing the velocity in main duct as air is delivered through branch outlets: (1) uniform air delivery through outlets is accomplished, (2) friction in smaller pipes is reduced, (3) portion of velocity head is converted into static pressure. The two greatest losses in duct systems are dynamic losses and friction losses. The former are chiefly caused by changes in direction or in velo city of air flow and are expressed in pressure in inches of water gage as per Table 1. Friction losses due to friction of air against sides of ducts,'vary directly as the length of the pipe, directly as the square of the velocity, and in versely as the diameter. Friction is commonly expressed as equivalent pressure in inches water gage or in terms of velocity heads, (the ratio of friction loss to the theoretical pressure corresponding to the velocity in the duct). One velocity head is the pressure corresponding to the velo city of air in the duct. For smooth round pipes the friction loss is: where (--XF --50 D \4005/ F = loss of pressure in inches of water V = velocity in feet per minute L = length of pipe D = diameter of pipe in feet; = length of pipe in diameters. If a factor of safety is thought desirable the length 45 may be used though experiments show that the friction loss is equal to one velocity head in a length varying from 40 to 60 diameters depending upon the smoothness of the duct. The engineer's judgment and experience should prevail in this matter. For example, correction should be made for pipes with rough or uneven surfaces and in the case of brick or concrete ducjs the friction loss should be increased 25 per cent or more. A formula for rectangular ducts is derived in a similar manner but it will be found very convenient to use the accompanying chart, Fig. 1. Other losses of pressure are at the entrance to the duct, through heater, air washer, etc. In ordinary practice it is. usual to keep the sum of the piping losses J to and the loss through heater at less than Yi of the static pressure. The remainder is then available for producing velocity. The ideal duct system will take all factors into consideration and proportion air velocities so that the resistance will be practically equal in all ducts regardless of length. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Chapter XXI--Air Duct Design and Construction i. Assume that a volume of 20,000 cu. ft. per min. is to be discharged through a 36 in. duct. The volume is given on the right hand margin; follow along the horizontal line opposite 20,000 cu. ft. per min. until it intersects with the diagonal line sloping upward to the right which is marked 36 in. diameter of pipe. The velocity will be found to be 2,800 ft. per min., this being the other diagonal line sloping downward to the right. At this point of intersection is a vertical t line giving the friction, which is indicated at the bottom of the chart as being 0.4 in. water gage per hundred feet of length. Thus if the duct is only 40 ft. long, the friction will amount to .^9 ^ = 0.16 in. W. G. . 100 2. The friction of elbows varies with the radius; an elbow having a radius in the ' Il throat that is half the diameter of the pipe, will present a frictional resistance that is equivalent to a straight pipe that is 30 times its diameter. For instance, a 36 in. diameteroenlbvowohnaving a radius of 18 in. in the throat would present as much friction as -------------- = 90 ft. of straight 36 in. pipe. If the radius in the throat is equal to the diameter then the friction would only be equal to 10 diameters. If the radius is twice the-diameter, the friction is only 4.3 diameters. The friction of a rectangular pipe for a given velocity (not for volume) can be converted to an equivalent round pipe as follows: D = iWH in which 2W+ 2 H` W is the width, H is the height and D is the diameter, all in inches. To find an equivalent diameter for a given volume and the same friction as a rectangular duct, proceed as follows: D ia m e t e r of Pip e C u b ic F e e t per M in u t e i Friction in Water Gage per 100 Feet Fig. 1. Friction Chart HOW TO USE THE FRICTION CHART While this chart can be used to determine the friction of air which is flowing through ducts, it also can be used for determining the size of a pipe to handle a specified volume or the velocity that will be necessary. For example: .' 308 1 . { S,i 0.79 SOME GENERAL INSTALLATION AND CONSTRUCTION HINTS 1. Ducts should be not less than 6 x 6 in. in size and made of galvanized iron or steel. 2. Angular turns should be made with elbows having a radius not less than the width or diameter of the duct. 3. Offsets should be at an angle of 30 to 45 deg. 4. Branch ducts should make curved connection with main duct and should have accessible dampers. Gages of Galvanized Iron or Steel to be Used for Ducts, for Outside Air Intake __________________________ Heating and Ventilating___________________________ Round Ducts, Diam., In. Gage Rectangular Ducts Width, In. Gags 6 to 19 20 to 29 30 to 39 40 to 49 50 and above 26 24 22 20 18 4 to 18 19 to 30 31 to 60 61 to 118 118 and above 26 24 22 20 18 5. Rectangular ducts should have metal strap or rod supports and when over 36 in. in width should be stiffened with angle iron at 4 ft. intervals. 6. Longitudinal seams and transverse joints should be flat and smooth inside; slip joints should be in direction of air flow. 7. Access doors to ducts should be hinged and fire dampers in supply and vent ducts should be of % in. steel plate, held by fusible link for release at 160 deg. fahr. 8. Air intake should be screened with 1 in. mesh or less and protected from weather. 9. Final exit for exhaust ducts should be protected from weather and placed so as not to contaminate air supply. . 10. Underground ducts should be waterproofed, drained, and provided with means of access for inspection and cleaning. ~ 309 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 MEASUREMENT OF AIR FLOW The quantity, velocity, and pressure of air discharged by a fan or flowing through a pipe may be determined by various methods. An anemometer is used where accuracy is not required and where air velocities not over 600 ft. per min. are to be measured, as at registers. For the greatest measure of reliability the anemometer shall have been newly calibrated, and correction shall be made for the error as shown by the calibration. The standard method for measuring air velocity and pressure shall be the Pitot Tube as described in the A. S. H. & V. E. Standard Code for the Testing of Centrifugal and Disc Fans (Trans.,.A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 29, 1923, p. 407.) Installation tests for determination of fan capacity and efficiency shall be under laboratory conditions, in accordance with this Code. 310 Chapter XXII . AIR CLEANERS HE desirability of air free from objectionable dirt and dust has long Tbeen recognized. This was especially true in certain industrial processes, but it is only recently that people have come to the realization of the economic importance of dust free air for use in general ventilation. The first attempts at cleaning air probably were by the use of dry screens. Since ordinary Portland cement all passes through a screen having 100 meshes to the inch, it is apparent that much dust may pass the finest mesh dry screen. When a screen as fine as this is moistened, not only the dirt ceases to pass, but also the air passages clog, so that the filter becomes ineffective. - Fine cloth filters are effective, except that they clog up rapidly and soon become impervious to air. These considerations led many years ago to the development of the water using-air washer. TYPES OF AIR WASHERS .. Air washers are arranged to pass the air over a large surface area of water: (1) by passing it through a fine spray; (2) by passing it over wet surfaces; (3) by passing it both through a spray and over wet surfaces. After the air is washed it is freed from entrained water. When air is cleansed by washing its humidity or moisture content is usually changed. In passing through the water spray or over the wet surfaces both the dry and wet bulb temperature of the air approaches that of the water at which temperature the air tends to become saturated. The moisture content of the air may, therefore, be controlled by control ling the water temperature. By using water at a very low temperature the washer becomes a dehumidifier or by heating the water the air may be humidified.: By raising the dry bulb temperature of the air after leav ing the washer its relative humidity may also be controlled. The humidi fying efficiency of any air washer may be given as = 1 -- Final wet bulb depression Initial wet bulb depression for example: With an initial wet bulb depression of 20 deg. and the final wet bulb depression of 6 deg., the humidfying efficiency is E = 1 - 6 deg. 20 deg. 0.70 Material prepared especially for The Guide by W. H. Carrier, Newark, N.J., S. R. Lewis, Chicago, and H. C. Murphy, Louisville, Ky. 311 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY CONTROL Air washers require method of control of temperature to prevent freez ing by too low temperature and of over-humidification by too high temperatures of the air entering and leaving the washer. There is avail able one method of hand control and five methods of automatic or semi automatic control. The method of hand control is by tempering coils divided into two or more sections in series; the outer coil being turned on by hand whenever the outside temperature approaches freezing; the successive coils being turned on as the temperature drops below freezing. Where two sections are available it is usual to turn on the second section when the outside temperature goes below zero, and the third section, where provided, at temperatures below zero. The first, or outside section, must always be turned on full for all temperatures to prevent freezing of the coils. The steam supply to the second, or inside section, may be hand regulated at all temperatures above 10 deg. above zero. The five systems of automatic regulation are: 1. Substitution of automatic regulation for hand regulation and operated in a similar manner; the coils being controlled both by variations in the outside tem perature conditions and also by an auxiliary control for one inside coil from a thermostat located on the discharge side of the air washer. (It is not possible to control the temperature of the air entering the washer except where there is an unusually long tunnel or duct for the thorough mixture of the air leaving the tempering coils before coming in contact with the thermostat.) 2. By heating the spray water so as to maintain a temperature or dewpoint (as the air is then saturated), between 35 and 40 deg. of the air leaving the washer. This method does not necessarily require a tempering coil, it is preferable, however, to use one tempering coil for the purpose of tempering the air should the washer be shut down and prevent freezing of the water when the apparatus is not in operation. More than one tempering coil should never be used except where temperatures may go considerably below zero, then the tempering coils may be turned on, one at 20 deg. fahr. and the second at 0 deg. fahr. The tempering coil may be operated manually or by a thermostat connected with the outside air. The steam supply for water heating should be sufficient to heat and saturate the air from 10 to 35 deg. fahr., when water heating is used in conjunction with a tempering coil. This is to allow for sufficient margin for safety of operation. The steam requirements for this are given later. 3. By regulating the heat supplied either through tempering coils or through the spray water so that the water in the tank shall be kept well above the freezing point. Inasmuch as the wet bulb temperature of the air and the water in the tank are but few degrees apart when the water in the tank is not heated directly, it is a fairly effective and simple to control. One permissible variation of this method is to use a thermostat in the air leaving the washer controlling the dry bulb temperatures at this point through regulation of the steam supply to the inside tempering coil. The wet bulb temperature of the air is controlled by means of water leaving the eliminator plates and is held at the desired point by means of adding heat to the spray water. This will control exactly the tempera ture and relative humidity of the leaving air. Two or more tempering coils are required for this method. ,, 4. The fourth method is desirable where recirculation is used and consists in main taining the temperature leaving the washer at about 40 deg. by means of a thermostat located at this point and controlling the admixture of fresh.and return air through automatically operated dampers. This effectively prevents over humidification and also danger of freezing and prevents the highest economy in cost in ventilation as no steam is required for either tempering or humidifying except after the air has passed the washer. 312 Chapter XXII--Air Cleaners 5. The fifth method of automatic control is to reheat the air leaving the air washer to a definite thermostatic controlled temperature and to control the relative humidity of the air by means of a hygrostat which operates either on the tem pering coils to heat the air or to heat the spray water through a water heater. STEAM REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR WASHERS AND FOR HUMIDIFICATION Where the spray water is not heated it is necessary that the wet bulb temperature of the incoming air be above the freezing point otherwise the eliminator plates will coat with ice and stop up even if the dry bulb temperature of the leaving air is above freezing point. It is necessary to heat zero air to 48 deg. in order that the wet bulb temperature may be 35 deg. The temperature of the leaving air may then be expected to be approximately 39 deg. dry bulb and 35 deg. wet bulb with a dew point of 31 deg. The additional heat required due to humidification is that indicated by the temperature drop of 9 deg. or 162 B.t.u. per 100 cu. ft. of air, or 1 b.h.p., for every 3400 cu. ft. of air per min. These are the . minimum requirements for humidication above that required for heating the air. The following Table 1 gives the heat required from various outside entering wet bulb temperatures to various dew points tempera tures corresponding to a relative humidity of 70 deg. Table I. Heat Required from Various Outside Entering Wet Bulb Temperatures to Various Dew Point Temperatures Corre sponding to a Relative Humidity of 70 Deg. See Mark's Engineers Handbook. Wet Bulb Temperature of Entering Air, Deg. Fahr. -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60" . Relative Humidity, Per Cent at 70 Deg. Fahr. (and Dew Point, Deg. Fahr.) 30% (37.25) 40% (44.5) . 50% (50.5) 60% (55.3) 70% (59.6) 80% (63.5) 1194 984 750 510 300 ____ _ -- 1452 1246 1025 779 496 178 -- 1653 1447 1228 983 700 384 ,, *---- I860 1663 1445 1200 920 603 220 2044 1840 1621 1377 1097 783 394 2245 2039 1822 1581 1300 987 619 181 These values are for the total heat required for both heating and humidifying the air. The amount of heat required for humidfying only may be found by subtracting from the values given the heat required to raise the temperature of 1000 cu. ft. of air per min. between the limits specified. The heat required for heating the air is given by the formula H = 1000 ~ l> 55.5 .. . AIR FILTERS Air filters are distinguished from air washers in that they clean the air without the use of water or the addition of water vapor. They are of two types (1) the viscous filter depending upon the dirt impinging on 313 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 surface covered with a viscous fluid or oil; (2) the true dry filter which removes the dirt from the air by passing it through cloth or felt screens, the openings in which are too small to allow the passage of dirt, or by passing the air through tortous passages. VISCOUS AIR FILTERS Investigation has shown that the dirt and dust in air including the soot, carbons, etc., are trapped and retained by adhesive impingement on oil coated surfaces. This is not a new idea--as for years roads and floors have been oiled to keep the dust from flying about. Considerable originality has been shown by various arrangements of ferrules, rods, plates, etc., which were formed into filter units and made available for air cleaning work. . While the arrangement of filtering media and the kind of material used are almost unlimited, there are certain rather definite requirements for a practical commercial filter, and these have limited the possible con structions. , To fulfill the essential requirements of the engineer an air filter must: 1. Be efficient in dirt removal. 2. Interpose low resistance to air flow. 3. Have a large dust holding capacity. 4. Be easy to clean and to handle. . There are other factors of importance of course, among them weight, strength, and permanency. In order to secure maximum efficiency, it is necessary to divide the air into innumerable fine streams; the more intimately and frequently the air is brought into contact with the viscous coated media the better the cleaning will be. Theoretically seven impingements are sufficient; more will give better service. As the dirt and dust are leached out of the air and collected on-the adhesive coated surfaces, additional supplies of the binding liquid are required in order to bind additional layers of dirt. UNIT VISCOUS FILTERS Some of these filters are made up of a number of separate units, each easily removed for cleaning.. If the unit air filters are cleaned "progressively" the resistance and volume of air delivered need never vary. By cleaning a pre-determined number of filters every week--or every month--as the case may be, the resistance and consequent air volume can be held at any desired figure. To make sure of proper periodic cleaning of the units the installation of a simple air vane switch such as is used on air blast transformers is sometimes recommended. The switch is usually placed back of the filter and is so adjusted that if the'air flow is cut down due to dirt accumulation in the filter, it rings a bell or lights a light. There are several makes of these air switches oh the market at the present and they are not unduly high in price. 314 Chapter XXII--Air Cleaners It is desirable also to install, on the suction side of the filter, an inclined draft gage giving constant visual indication of the resistance due to dirt-clogging. AUTOMATIC VISCOUS FILTERS Unit air filters have certain distinct limitations in the amount of dirt which can be handled. If the dirt reaches the filter too rapidly, or in such quantities that the adhesive liquid does not have sufficient oppotunity to soak through and wet the successive layers, the cleaning efficiency drops off. Removals for filter cleansing become so frequent as to be objectionable or impracticable. This fact, and perhaps the age-old effort to eliminate where possible the human element, brought forth the self-cleaning or automatic viscous filters, several distinct types of which are now available. DRY AIR FILTERS These are of no great commercial importance except as used to some extent on the intakes of internal combustion engines, air compressors, etc. There are some successful dry impingement-type filters reported from abroad. Changes and advances are so rapid and so unexpected in this industry that no safe prediction can be made. DUST REMOVAL The comparative efficiency of various air cleaning devices, on the basis of dust removal, can be determined by means of standardized tests operated at rated capacities and when handling air at a definite standard with respect to quantity and quality of dirt content. The determination of the cleaning efficiency may be made according to some standard method such as that described by A. M. Goodloe, member, A. S. H. & V. E. in the February 1924, Journal. The percentage of dust removal as determined by the method of testing for all commercial air cleaning devices should lie between 80 and 95 per cent and the minimum removal under such conditions should be specified and guaranteed by the manu facturer. ` The efficiency of dust removal may be expressed by the following formula: . E = \ -- Weight any sample leaving Weight any sample entering In case the resistance method is used in accordance with the AndersonArmspach method of dust determination, the formula will become E -- Time required to give a definite resistance increment with entering sample Time required to give the same increment with leaving sample . or, if the same time be used in obtaining both samples, which is preferable then E = \ -- The resistance, increment of outgoing sample The resistance increment of ingoing sample 315 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 RATING OF AIR WASHERS AND FILTERS Air washers and filters are rated as follows: 1.--Capacity in cubic feet of air handled per minute. 2.--Resistance in inches of water which the washer or filter offers to the flow of air at its rated capacity. 3.--Percentage of dust removal at its rated capacity. . 4.--Percentage of entrained, moisture remaining in the air after passing through the washer while operated at its rated capacity. 5.--If considered as a humidifying agent, the humidfying efficiency, or the percentage of reduction in the initial wet bulb depression without external alteration of heating the \ circulating water. I It Chapter XXIII CONDITIONING AND COOLING AIR THE temperature and humidity of the air that surrounds people has an important bearing on their comfort and general efficiency while in the industrial field hundreds of manufacturing operations are dependent for their success upon the atmospheric conditions maintained. Geographical location has a bearing on climatic conditions and a study of temperature and humidity variations in different localities tends to show that the places having an average wet bulb temperature in the neighborhood of 56 deg. fahr. with corresponding dry bulb temperatures to give effective comfort temperatures of 63 to 71 deg. are favored with best health conditions. , Scientists have always been seeking a way to produce the same ideal conditions indoors that prevail outside at certain seasons of the year. Many studies have been made, numerous theories have been advanced and discarded. From the latest studies of human comfort (see Chapter XVIII) it has been concluded that there is a definite relation between a person's feelings and the degrees of heat, humidity and air motion. Air conditioning as it is practiced today means to obtain predetermined effects upon material or persons within an enclosure by controlling the air purity, temperature, humidity, distribution and movement. The development of effective devices for producing and maintaining the ideal atmospheric conditions desired, has made tremendous strides in the workroom and factory, school, theatre and hotel while but little effort has been made to reproduce these conditions in dwellings. The manufacturer has adopted air conditioning as it has become an exact science with results measurable in dollars and cents, in a more perfect product, in increased production, in elimination of waste or in some equally important factor. Varying degrees of moisture are required in manufacturing processes and the nature of the product will indicate whether a high or low relative humidity is to be maintained. Heating as well as cooling must be considered in air conditioning work and textile mills, printing plants, bakeries, candy kitchens, laundries, etc., all present definite problems. For example, in spinning rooms 75 deg. fahr. and 65 per cent humidity have been found best for the operations; in match factories 68 deg. dry bulb and 55 deg. wet bulb permit continuous operation and reduce fire hazards; in candy dipping rooms 66 deg. dry bulb and 50 per cent relative humidity give a high quality product.. In some cases humidity must be supplied; in others dehumidifying is necessary. . Air has certain definite properties and obeys certain' well known laws, therefore to handle problems in air conditioning the relation between the wet and dry bulb temperature and the dewpoint should be thoroughly understood by the engineer. Briefly, the dewpoint is the temperature at which saturation is obtained for a given amount of water vapor. With Revised by E. P. Heckel, Chicago, 111. 316 : $ 'i k a 317 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Fig. 1. Gallons Water Required per Minute 318 Chapter XXIII--Conditioning and Cooling Air air at the dew point the wet and dry bulb temperatures are thesame. If heat is applied to air saturated at 50 deg. both thermometers will rise, the wet bulb more slowly and the relative humidity will be reduced. At ordinary temperatures the absorption of 1 grain of moisture per cu. ft. reduces the dry bulb temperature.8}^ deg. The usual way of adding moisture to air in large plants is with the. use of an air washer while in homes and offices water pans in furnaces, or devices used in connection with radiators tend to better prevailing indoor conditions. While with air washers the degree of humidity as well as the temperature can be definitely controlled, in the average dwelling little attention is paid to these items as contrasted with factories, theatres, schools and other large buildings. USE OF REFRIGERATION IN AIR CONDITIONING* The advantages of one method of cooling air over another and the general factors governing the proportioning and design of air conditioning units are of interest to all whose work may bring them in contact with systems using refrigeration. It is the purpose of this section to give those not familiar with this important branch of air conditioning a better understanding of how refrigeration is applied in this work. The producing of the refrigeration for an air conditioning installation is a problem for the engineer, and is the same as any other refrigerating problem with a varying load. The method of treatment of the air, and its distribution is a separate study involving the entire subject of air conditioning. The remaining problem, then, in connection with the use of refrigera tion in air conditioning is the actual application of refrigeration in a unit or apparatus for cooling the air. The transfer of heat in air conditioning apparatus is usually accom plished by one of three methods: 1. Passing air through cold water or cold brine sprays 2. Passing air directly over cold coils 3. Combination of the above two methods COLD SPRAYS VS. COLD COILS A liquid spray which absorbs the heat from the air and transfers it to cooling coils is more frequently used.than cooling coils in direct contact with the air, for the following reasons: " 1. Fewer coils required, therefore lower first cost, less space and weight . 2. Low power for driving compressor 3. Ease of keeping unit clean 4. Ease of controlling effect on air 5. Securing of air cleaning 6. Humidity control in winter . Section on Cooling with Refrigeration compiled especially for The Guide by N. A. Hollister, New York. N. Y. ' 319 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Fig. 2. Square Feet Wet Coil Surface 320 Chapter XXIII--Conditioning and Cooling Air LESS COIL REQUIRED Water is generally'used for spraying when the lowest liquid temperature is not too close to freezing. For lower temperature calcium or brine solutions of varying strengths, according to the requirements, are used. A liquid spray has the following marked advantages: t 1. Cheap method of securing an enormous radiating surface for heat transfer from the air 2. Continuous cleaning radiating surface 3. Elimination of all frosting of the coils with the accompanying lowering of heat transfer from coil surface 4: High heat transfer from liquid to coil surface With the comparatively small temperature differences'encountered in such work, as 40 deg. water and 55 deg. air, the need of considerable heat absorbing surface is apparent. When water is sprayed the heat transfer must take place on the surface of the drops and the square feet of surface will depend upon how finely the water is divided. Ten gallons of water sprayed and divided into spheres of 0.25 in. diameter gives about 380 sq. ft. of drop surface. If divided into drops of 0.10 in. diameter spheres, the surface increases to about 1000 sq. ft. The water is divided into almost invisible drops and the square feet of radiating surface secured will make a heat transference which would require a large and expensive coil. With water flowing over the cooling coils the rate of heat transfer is many times that secured with air passing over or through the coils even when the coils are dry and not frosted. With the correct design and proportioning 40, 50, or even 60 B.t.u. per hour per sq. ft. per deg. difference may be obtained in practical commercial units as compared to the 2 B.t.u. or 6 B.t.u. from dry coils to air. The high transmission from water to coil, frosting disadvantages and other factors all combine to necessitate much less water-to-coil surface than coil-to-air surface with an accompanying saving of cost, space, and weight: Many air conditioning installations are operated 24 hrs. per day and on every installation power used for operation is important. It should be understood that with the higher refrigerant temperatures operating at the higher refrigeration plane, the power used by the compressors will be lower per ton of refrigeration effect, than when operated at lower temperatures of refrigerant and at a lower refrigeration plane. This is true regardless of whether ammonia, carbon dioxide, or dielene or any of the other refrigerants are used. . CLEANING UNIT When using the coil-to-air bunker room designs in order to get contact between the coils and air, the coils must be close together, arranged in some staggered form or with deflectors and baffles. Such arrangements make it almost impossible to allow for proper cleaning. Dirt collects on the wet surfaces as on the wet eliminator or scrubber plate surfaces in the dehumidifying unit but in the bunker room there is 321 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 322 Chapter XXIII--Conditioning and Cooling Air no flow of water to clean the surface. Fungus slime frequently collects' which, together with rust and dirt and matter carried in by the air, makes cleaning desirable, if not an absolute necessity. With the spray method the flowing water keeps all surfaces cleaner and the draining of the tanks gives a ready means of carrying away all matter collected. CONTROLLING EFFECT ON AIR The control of outgoing air conditions, whether by hand or by auto matic devices, is more rapidly changed in the spraying method than in the coil-to-air method. If an.operator is cooling the air with coils covered with frost (and they are practically always covered with frost and ice) and he desires to remove the cooling effect he may shut off the refrigerant but the bunker room will continue to treat the air until the frost and ice are melted which may take quite a while. The alternative method of chang ing the air temperature is to use more space and increase the cost by providing a by-pass duct around the bunker room. By using a small tank capacity in relation to the volume being pumped it is possible quickly to cool or heat the water and thus have quick effect on the air. Cleaning of Air Where dirt or gases carried by the outdoor air which would harm a product or be undesirable for persons, the coil-to-air bunker room does no cleaning and may even add unsatisfactory bacteria due to the unit not being easily kept clean. The spray unit is in itself an efficient air cleaning apparatus. .. Humidifying of Air When refrigeration is used in air conditioning work, whether primarily for lowering the dry bulb or for lowering the humidity, the resulting moisture in the air is seldom as low as in the outdoor air during our many winter months. For many uses too low a humidity is as undesirable as too high a humidity and many times a constant humidity is desired all year to control yearly manufacturing conditions. The coil-to-air method offers no humidifying whatever while the spray type unit changes from a dehumidifier to a humidifier as soon as the water is not cooled. By air re-circulation dr by heating the water or by both, even an excessive humidity may be readily produced by the spray type unit and the humidity controlled all year. Coll and Spray Combined Without study it might appear that placing the coils in the spray chamber would be the practical solution. It is seldom that this is advisable. On light duty units, that is, where not much refrigeration is being used in comparison with the air being handled and in some small units, coils may be placed in the spray chamber thus doing away with the lower coil chamber, tank, and troughs, but more coil surface and a large spray chamber must be used. . 323 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Fig. 4. Size of Pipes and Number of Pipes High 324 T a b le 1. C u b ic I nches of A m m o n ia V apor to be C ir c u la te d to P roduce O n e T on of R e fr ig e r a tio n in T w e n ty -F o ur H ours 200 215 230 245 259.7 112.6 Chapter XXIII--Conditioning and Cooling Air 155 170 169.7 184.7 199.7 214.7 229.7 rw t i- ?* Crfl 0o0 oo s oCO oo 05 00 olO 00 lCAO o00 o r? Cd 5 5 9Uft. Hb) U 5 D u z oOf<tt. > < o < 139.7 110 ' 125 140 124.7 oC<O8 eQ> hCoT5 ocxi CO 0!o>'^o^'Oooi'OoOoiO^^qio'ONoOoOo0o0 0o0aoOodoTo}'ho-00o0o0Oo \COt--'-i'0-PO000<N-'fO00,c-*-'^*OOfOO\'PO 'O'OiOtO^^tONiHHO . I^ON'O0-HOOO.CONIOlOOQcO*l)O^OOOOOQopOoOO^O-HOOOOOOOiNP^'lO5O0 VO'0OIO`^^fON-4-HO r*>00- T00*'f*#*->.0O0OC0MnO.pOH0OR0Cj0>'Mo0O0Oa0^o0'^O'fQa0COi'oNO0Q3cp0OlN>0CN0,4O0`0Ol0Of'0O^ NOlOlO't^f^nCN^OO - 16,375 15,750 15,190 14,660 14,150 13,700 12,875 .1 2 ,1 0 0 11,450 10,850 10,340 9000 8290 7700 6940 5990 5240 4680 4220 3855 3540 3275 wt'-O>l>OlOOwOiO0't'0tOC&vOP^'*0CQC^MOsC**0OMO-^fHOCO-tM>*-<~M*W-oOCo'3OOoo*'-*r'-`'HOsOQoOmO0Oiin'-C>ia'M0* *'--'0c0o-<Q*cOo iMCt0oM Vl*'\C)f*<50f0M0>rO'05CC0MQOb<i`*03'i*il/0'5-OH00h<^*.00/i5'000'0*--i0O>M/ir-O*0-C'>NO0O--<''loQOMO-'i0Qr'-^0O-0<' ............................................. -00 OOf- > *0 iO <+i ro ro li>A-t>^i.vf<O5pHH'#OOC0M0fON'U00,>^'O'0lOl"^0O0'^N,C'0OOMN*O0'iOAOO^tO^^*-|Htf> - -0'OOt'-t-*'*OiOT*<^rfO-C'OfO 1CwM0>toorJ4'CaMI,4^OC0MfM*--0i'Oo^oOo^-'C#>MoLoOiOoOoCoMn*'0--''OO'0oO' '^tQfM'VO0)'fOn^ lO^roro^CN^OO- Os oo l- C- 0 CO ^ ro fO CO ^wilrO-C^MCrM-cMO0^0NO^f-^Hf^O-HO'>OO/T5'ffMf^If^4^V^5Q'50-0H'CC7Oa^>'-'OfMnrO?. lO..^...f.^..f.O....r..o..C....M....C...M....-.--..1..... -O' 00 C"* c* O`0nl3,mNOiOnI^CnMVH>i^Clf0O*-i^i'000(M H..`..O....O.....'.O....O....'..O. 0.0.^iO. O-Oi5'QfO0t--'Or--^^v"OOiO0'*}0,^,Oc<i)'fO<3NrorO 222222222222 *omom OoOoCfMOCoM oTTcoCOoOo^*'^'OoOo^'CM0io" CrMo,*rt0'*0rWM')oVo> *"ncCMM OOO' Tj*TfPOfOCMCM^H^H em p. .T OF 1 Suction Gage Abs. S"3O' j ua D((00 o V 9 uuO tadc c(Ae e & BV . VM) 0* 2 O 5 o 1D/3 u , Abs. : Gage otin ooooooooooooooooooooo 'OfOO\'^~*cvOTt^<m*-r>*f'0*-'0'OooeMco*-t P<5CM0\OOC~Tt*CM00'0--If--^O--<0T*< fO to CO CM CM CM CM CM CM 1 1 1 1 i-H i- CM CM CO fO 1 II II .1 1 II 1 II 1 1 1 +++++++ . efts cMCMPOfo^'^*o'OC'00O'CM^,'Oov^,O'^ON^`a'*^' >' uV^nfS'-iO'HiNt^'tiOOOOfMiOO^O'OQiOO 325 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Unless the resistance of the unit is to be increased the spray chamber must be increased to allow for the space occupied by the coil in the air path. If much refrigeration is being used it will be found that the hori zontal projected area of the coil is considerable. Only a small fraction of the water sprayed hits or comes in contact with the coil surface. Some of the water is therefore not cooled during each cycle and to maintain a certain average water temperature some of the water must be cooled considerably lower. As it is not advisable to operate too close to the freezing point, either brine must be sprayed or a low temperature cannot be carried without submerged coil surface as well as extra coils in the spray chamber. When the sprayed water hits the cooling coil it does not have a ten dency to stick to the coil. The result is that a lower total volume of water will be flowing over the total coil surface and less total cooling will be secured per foot of surface used. If the cost of a larger spray chamber, extra coil surface in the spray chamber, and the submerged coils required and the other factors are favorable, the coils may be used in the upper spray chamber with satis factory results in some installations. For some duties a return bend arrangement may be used passing the air through the upper chamber and then down and back through the lower coil chamber. The coils are covered by a film of running water at a lower temperature than the air and as some air will come in contact with the cold water and other cooled surfaces a limited amount of extra cooling may be secured. There is one important point which is a problem for the refrigerating engineer, but which has sometimes been overlooked. This is the matter of control of the refrigeration. Almost all air conditioning installations, whether with automatic or hand control, give a varying refrigerating load. Systems have been operated using many tons of refrigeration and this load has suddenly been removed owing to changing requirements. Meanwhile the ammonia compressor may be operating, and freezing of the system with accompanying damages results if carried far enough. Ammonia lines in a plant cannot be tapped and valves turned on and off quite as readily as in a steam line. The refrigerating engineer should be fully advised regarding the varying of the air conditioning refrigerating load. With the accompanying charts no one should have difficulty in checking a layout or making preliminary approximate estimates of the part of an air conditioning unit using.ammonia as the refrigerant. It is impossible to give here all the factors governing the use of refrigeration and the- allowance to make for different conditions such as coils that are dirty or oily on the inside, coils with poor outside surfaces, the element of time in changing conditions of air treatment, structural considerations, and par ticularly the action of the water when it is sprayed in the coil chamber in. contact with the air. It is not suggested by the author that those unfamiliar with the details of such work use these charts except as a source of general information as to the factors governing the design of such equipment. ' Estimates as shown by the dotted lines on the charts are made as follows: - 326 Chapter XXIII--Conditioning and Cooling Air 1. Total heat load--4,000 B.t.u. per minute . 20 tons refrigeration 2. Design and conditions allow 6 deg. rise in water temperature 3. Average water temperature 44 deg. 4. Average ammonia temperature 10 deg. 5. Difference ammonia and water 34 deg. 6. Gallons handled per ft. of trough . 7. Standard unit available allows 8 ft. long troughs Fig. 1 shows that 80 gallons water per minute are required. Fig. 2 shows that 140 sq. ft. of cooling coil surface are required when working at the rate of 50 B.t.u. per hour per square foot per degree difference. - Fig. 3 shows 64 lineal feet trough required. Also shows 8 troughs and coils wide and space required as follows: 6 in. coil centers require space 54 in. wide 8 in. coil centers require space 68 in. wide 10 in. coil centers require space 82 in. wide 12 in. coil centers require space 96 in. wide From Figs. 2 and 3 it was found that 140 sq. ft. of surface and 64 lineal feet of troughs were required. Fig. 4 shows the following: Pipe diameter........... Lineal Feet........ ........ Pipes High............. . in. 225 5 1in. 283 6 1 in. 404 7 Pipes High have been increased to eliminate fractions and in designing a unit the lineal feet of coil required would have to be increased in pro portion. Allowance must be'made for dirty coils, uneven water distri bution, quick control of temperatures, and other factors, all of which might double the coil surface shown mathematically by the charts. The heat transfer which may be obtained in the upper chamber and the maximum rise in the water temperature, and therefore the use of Fig. 1, will vary with each change in nozzle, pump pressure, time element, pounds of water used per pound of air, water to air temperature differences, and other such factors as might be expected, but once the volume of water and the temperature through which it must be cooled are determined, the design of that part of the apparatus using refrigeration will be a comparatively simple problem to those familiar with such work. In this work the problems are many and varied, for cooling is. used in many industries as well as for the conditioning of air in hotel dining rooms, theater auditoriums, and many other rooms where it is desirable to maintain a temperature under that prevailing out of doors. With modern refrigerating and dehumidifying apparatus properly designed and applied it is possible to obtain most any percentage of ventilation perfection. Unless artificial cooling is resorted to it is hardly possible to obtain better than 75 per cent perfection in hot sultry summer 327 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 weather. In.hotel, theater, etc., cooling work recirculation will conserve heat in winter and refrigeration in summer. The development of the science of air conditioning has been rapid and the textile industry has derived great benefit from the adoption of adequate systems. Its applications are wide entering somewhere into every process in making of articles used every day, such as clothing, candy, meat products, and a host of others. Mass production of uniform quality products has been made possible and has placed manufacturing schedules on a year round basis for many industries. It has also improved conditions of comfort and permitted the operation of theaters and other assembly places every day of the year contributing greatly to the health comfort and wealth of the nation. \ 328 Chapter XXIV OZONE IN VENTILATION OZONE is a normal constituent of pure, natural air and its quantity varies with the topography of the country, particularly with regard to the altitude, the presence of bodies of water, and certain plant life. . Ozone is produced, photo-chemically, by ultra-violet light of short wavelength (120-180 (ip.), while light of greater amplitude (300-330 pp.) exerts a decomposing effect. At high altitudes, where short wave radia tions are more intense, ozone naturally occurs in greater quantities. It is continuously under the destructive effect of longer waves, however, but a dynamic equilibrium is finally reached between the rate of formation and the rate of decay, which shifts with the altitude. Since light of longer wave length penetrates closer to the earth than does that of shorter amplitude, the equilibrium becomes favorable to ozone directly as the altitude. In summing up the evidence at hand it may be concluded that ozone, while mostly absent from city air, is normally present in pure country air, but in amounts that are difficult to estimate accurately. In nature the air is continuously under ionizing influences, and the enclosing of air, as in buildings, excludes these influences, in addition to destroying the original ionization of the air. Ionization is involved in chemical activity. The process of ozonizing, in addition to supplying ozone, ordinarily absent from city air, further provides considerable ionized oxygen, producing a fresh, chemically active air, comparable with fresh, pure air of nature. Physical Properties Density--Observed Values; 1.657 (Otto, Direct weight method). 1.717 (Soret, by diffusion). Calculated Value; 1.66 The foregoing^ values refer to air as unity. Its rate of diffusion, with respect to oxygen is 0.75. " Heat of Formation--The production of ozone is an endothermic reaction, the heat of formation being 34,000 calories per gram molecule (Jahn, Zeit. Anorg. Chem. 68, 250; 1910). ' Boiling Point --112 deg. cent. (International Critical Tables, 1926). At a temperature of 270 deg. Cent. (518 deg. fahr.), Ozone is instantly decomposed. Odor--Strong, penetrating and characteristic. Perceptible to the sense of smell in concentrations above 0.01 p.p.m. by volume (Hill & Aeberly, Heating and Ventilating Magazine, December, 1921). Olfacty (minimum perceptible concentration expressed in molecules per c.c.) 2.705 X 10s at 0 deg. cent, and 760. Solubility--Soluble in water and dilute acids, quite soluble in carbon tetrachloride and many vegetable oils. Its solubility in water, like all gases, is dependent upon the temperature and partial pressure. Nernst (Festschrift, 391; 1912) gives the solubility coefficient for water, at Compiled especially for The Guide by Frank E. Hartman, Chicago, III. 329 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 0 deg. cent, and 760 m.m. Hg., as 0.494; or about ten times as great as oxygen. However, high concentrations of ozone, in solution, in water, are not easily obtained in practice, due to the low concentrations at which ozone is available commercially. Of the two factors, temperature appears to have the greatest bearing, as evinced by the following tabulation wherein the experiments are listed in order of decreasing pressure, with only small variations in temperature. The experiments listed here are typical of many hundred of the kind, made by the author. Experiment No. 19 82 22 151 4 10 Gage Pressure Above an Atmosphere mm Hg 300 240 300 150 500 500 Partial Pressure op 0s 5.83 5.75 5.72 4.87 3.19 3.19 Temperature Deo. Cent. Solution of O3 in HtO ppm bt Weight Concentration mgs. 0s per Liras op Air 21.5 17.5 20.5 17.7 21.5 18.9 . 1.7 3.0 1.5 1.98 1.0 1.7 11.0 11.5 10.8 10.7 4.7 4.7 Chemical Properties . Ozone is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known. It is capable of oxidizing all of the elements, with the exception of gold and some of the metals of the platinum group. In the dry state its activity towards metals is not so marked, and in very low concentrations, such as used in ventilation, it may be considered as being practically inert towards the common metals. It exerts a depolymerising action on the rubber molecule, its destructive effect being quite characteristic even at comparatively low concentrations (ca. 3 to 4 ppm). However, unless the rubber is under stress, fairly high concentrations (ca. 50 to 100 ppm), fail to effect it appreciably. The low concentrations used in ventilation have no noticeable effect on ordinary rubber goods. ' Iodine is liberated from potassium iodide by ozone. Many of the low oxidation salts (ous salts) are carried to a higher degree of oxidation (ic salts) by ozone. Generally, ozone reacts to liberate molecular oxygen, only the third atom entering into combination. This may be expressed by the equation: M + 03 = MO + 02.................................................:....... (a) which is typical of the inorganic reactions of ozone. In many cases, however, ozone reacts as follows: m + o3 = mo,................ :....... ....................... ............(b) This reaction is examplified in the oxidation of sulphur dioxide: 3SO, T 03 -- 3.SO3 Reaction (b) is more typical of the organic, than the inorganic, reactions of ozone, as illustrated by the oxidation of urea: CO(NH,), + 03 = N, + CO, + 2H,0 ................................ (c) In the oxidation of odoriferous substances, commonly met with in ' ventilation, such as skatole, indole, amine compounds, and the like, 330 Chapter XXIV--Ozone in Ventilation reaction (c) may be said to hold throughout. Where an amino group is present, molecular nitrogen will be produced, in addition to the carbon dioxide and water produced from hydrocarbons. Germicidal Properties Ozone compared with other gaseous germicides, generally used for fumigation, rightfully holds first place, as is revealed by the following table: ' Agent Per cent necessary in moisted air to be germicidal Ozone........ ......................................................................... .................... 0.1 Formaldehyde....................................................................................... 1.0 Sulphur Dioxide...... ............................................. l.............................. 4.5 One-tenth percent by weight, of ozone in air is equivalent to approxi mately 560 parts per million. Such a concentration of ozone could never be used in ventilating work. Rideal (Ozone, D. Van Nostrand) cites 0.05 per cent concentration as germicidal in air. Hill and Aeberly (Heating & Ventilating Mazagine, February, 1922), report noticeable bacteriacidal effects in concentrations ranging from 300 to 450 ppm by volume. Ozone, even in respirable concentrations, is effective in in hibiting the development of fungi in cold storage; however, its action is inhibitory and not destructive. Deodorizing T. Graham has pointed out that odoriferous substances are susceptible to oxidation. It is further known that most odoriferous substances contain unsaturated valencies, which render them particularly suscep tible to attack by ozone. The so-called odors of animal effluvia, frequently encountered in crowded places, and where a large percentage of the air is re-circulated, consists of low oxidation gases, and whilst present only in vanishingly small quantities, are highly odoriferous. These gases are completely and rapidly oxidized to odorless and innocuous products by ozone. Hydrogen sulphide is thrown off in small quantities by man, and is frequently present in the air in relatively large quantities, as the result of many industrial operations. Ozone oxidizes hydrogen sulphide very rapidly; under some conditions to sulphuric acid and under other con ditions to free sulphur and water. Products of putrefaction, such as trimethylamine, indole, skatole, the mercaptans, etc., are readily oxidized by ozone; as are the odors arising from foods, especially during cooking. Many of the odors resulting from the combustion of organic matter are destroyed. Sulphurous gases produced by the combustion of coal are completely oxidized, whilst many of the unsaturated gases resulting from the incomplete combustion of natural gases, oil and spirit fuels, are deodorized by ozone. Carbon monoxide is but slowly oxidized to the dioxide, the reaction . being accelerated by the presence of a catalyst and also at elevated temperatures. However, the molecular concentrations of ozone must be comparable, and preferably in excess of, that of the CO, in order to obtain reaction velocities of sufficient value for practical purposes. 331 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 In garages and testing rooms the air is frequently contaminated with gasoline vapors and unsaturated gases, resulting from incomplete com bustion, which cause headaches and feelings of lassitude. Ozone is valuable in oxidizing these gases and freeing the air from odor. However, CO must always be taken into consideration. It is an odorless and very insidious poison, since the victim has no warning of his condition until coma is induced. Four parts of CO per ten thousand of air is the maximum concentration which may be respired continuously without noticeable effect. (Henderson, Yandell, et al--Journal. Irtd. Hyg. Vol. 3, 1921). Carbon monoxide frequently has been found present in quantities much greater than four parts per ten thousand in the atmosphere of garages and the like, and so far, adequate ventilation is the only remedy known. It is obvious that, chemically, ozone has nothing to offer for carbon monoxide correction, since the reaction is, at best, slow in the.absence of a catalyst, and a molecular concentration of' ozone comparable with a lethal concentration of'CO, would produce quite as much physical distress as the carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is the index of good garage ventilation; this factor may be favorable and still an odoriferous condition, causing minor distress, may attain. Here ozone is of value, but is must be used with judgment, and does not permit of a curtailment of any of the ordinary CO precautions. Ozone and ionized air may possibly have some physiological effect on the haemoglobin, which may cause a shift, in selectivity, in favor of oxygen, but to date knowledge on this subject is not available. The Production of Ozone The air actually passed through an ozone generator should be free from water vapor, dust and gases normally foreign to the atmosphere. Rideal (Ozone, D. Van Nostrand) states that a RH of 25 pier cent, at a dry bulb temperature of 20 deg. Cent., limits the yield of ozone 60 to 70 per cent of that which would be produced with dry air, other conditions being equal. The vapor content of air to be ozonized should not exceed 0.1 grains per cubic foot, for the best results. The presence of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, chlorine, etc., appreciably reduces the efficiency of an ozonizer. Ammonia gas, should it be admitted to the ozone generator in appreciable quantities, may cause . an explosion. _ The presence of dust favors the passage of sparks, which cause thermal decomposition of the ozone, and adds to the formation of oxides of nitrogen. Ozone generators are now generally supplied with an air filter. Sparking and "creeping discharges," which frequently form at the edges of the electrodes, should be prevented by the proper design of the electrode members. ' The rate of decomposition of ozone is greatly accelerated at high temperatures, therefore, ozonizers should be operated with a minimum temperature rise. At room temperatures the rate of decomposition is negligible. . Due to the catalytic effects on the decomposition of ozone, inherent in commercial ozonizers, there is a decided limiting concentration at which ozone may be produced. As a rough approximation, it may be stated 332 ' T Chapter XXIV--Ozone in Ventilation that the rate of decomposition is proportional to the concentration of ozone. Thus, the energy necessary to produce high concentrations is much greater than that required to produce the same weight of ozone in a more dilute state. The rate of air flow, to energy input, determines the concentration; therefore, air flow is a very important factor in ozonizer design. However, it must be pointed out that the yield does not increase indefinitely, with increasing air flow; and since the power required to dry the air is considerable, in relation to the power required to produce the quantities of ozone used in ventilation, it becomes necessary to strike a compromise between these two costs, in order to obtain the lowest gross cost of production. Hill and Aeberly (Heating and Ventilating Magazine, December, 1921) have published graphs showing the relation between yield of ozone and air flow, while Hartman (Ice fir Refrigeration, November and December, 1924) has given a detailed analysis of this factor, in the terms of dollars and cents. . Analysis of Ozone-Air Mixtures Ozone, in air, is best determined quantitatively by iodimetric titration. Of the numerous methods, for the quantitative determination of ozone, that have been advanced from time to time, none combine as high an order of accuracy with simplicity of technique, as does this standard method, the technique of which is familiar to all chemists or may be found in any text book of volumetric analysis. A few precautions, not ordinarily described in standard text books, should be observed when applying this method to ozone determinations, (See Hartman, F. E., Analysis of OzoneAir Mixtures, Aerologist, August, 1926.) As the out-put of an ozonizer can be very closely controlled by the manufacturer, it is recommended that the out-put be checked, when desired, by an analysis of the ozonized air coming directly from the ozonizer, thus eliminating the errors inherent in fan deliveries, leakage, etc., which may be addative, and of sufficient magnitude to give quite an erroneous idea of the performance of the ozonizer. It is frequently desirable to determine the concentration of ozone actually produced in the spaces for which the ventilation is intended. Such concentrations are generally of the order of 0.01 ppm minimum, to about 0.5 ppm maximum, and are without the range of accuracy of the standard iodimetric method. A fairly' accurate, and comparatively simple, method for determination of concentrations of this order has been devised by Yant, Jones & Houghten, which is described in detail in the Transactions, A. S. H. & V. E., Vol. 29, p. 331 et seq., 1923. Periodical checks of the actual out-put of the ozonizer, together with a check of the concentration established in the ventilated spaces should be fruitful of exceedingly interesting and suggestive data. . . Determining Proper Concentration The concentration of ozone in the air of ventilated spaces, should not be allowed to rise appreciably above 0.01 ppm. However, this does not mean that this is the proper concentration to introduce. The quantity of ozone necessary to maintain this concentration will depend upon what has been aptly termed "respiratory load," or cubic feet of air, per person, 333 i ; j | j , i ; , American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 per unit of time; together with a consideration of such odoriferous operations as may exist in the ventilated spaces, and the purity of the source of air supply. Thus air drawn from near the level of the city streets will require more ozone to maintain the proper concentration, than will air drawn from purer sources. This applies equally to air drawn from the vicinity of stock yards and the like. Likewise restaurants, smoking rooms, dance halls, and theatres will require a greater quantity of ozone than will schools, offices, etc. Depart ment stores, particularly the basements, due to odors arising from fabrics and other wares, require special consideration. There is also what may be called the "building co-efficient," which includes the length of the duct system, the heigths of the ceilings, and the condition of the venti lating system, whether old and dusty or new and clean, together with the rate of air change, and whether humidity control is provided or not. , In industrial ventilation, where specific contaminants are to be con tended with, a knowledge of the concentration and character of the contaminating substances is essential for best results. Ozone is not a cure-all for industrial odors in general, for instance, allyl alcohol vapors, which possess an annoying odor, when subjected to action with ozone, produce the aldehyde acrolein, which is exceedingly irritating, even in very small concentrations. Here harm rather than good will be done. It is best to submit problems of this character to engineers experienced in the use of ozone for definite recommendations. It has been recommended (Hill & Aeberly, Heating and Ventilating Magazine, March, 1922) that sufficient ozone capacity be provided to permit of building up comparatively high concentrations when the building is not occupied. In schools, for example, the ozone equipment should be operated at a capacity to give perhaps 0.01 ppm of ozone when the building is occupied, and after the pupils have left the building, the full capacity of the machine should be used, closing all openings, recircu lating the entire amount of air, and building up a sufficient concentration to exert the maximum deodorizing effect throuehout the building, the duct work and mechanical equipment. For general ventilation, under average conditions (85 per cent ventila tion), the ozonizer should be of sufficient capacity to provide a concen tration of 0.05 ppm of ozone in the fan volume. For 100 per cent ventilat ing systems a lesser quantity can be made to suffice. A generalization cannot be made broad enough to cover the many special conditions, particularly problems of specific deodorization. Determining Required Capacity Having chosen the maximum required concentration of ozone, for the purpose in hand, it becomes necessary to calculate the capacity of the ozonizer. There seems to be no agreement, among makers of ozone . equipment, regarding the unit of rating for ventilating ozonizers. There are three methods in common use, as follows: Parts per Million: wherein the ozonizer is rated in parts per million (generally by volume) in some specific air volume. At first this may seem a very desirable method for rating ozonizers, as it is simply necessary to state the ppm of ozone, required for the specific CFM of air. Ozonizers so rated, have their ozone meter calibrated in ppm for the specified CFM, and should the fan volume be varied, the meter is liable to become 334 Chapter XXIV--Ozone in Ventilation misleading, as the original CFM may not always be considered when reading it. Con sideration of the original CFM, and proportioning to any new CFM, is essential with an ozonier so rated, if accurate knowledge of the concentration employed at any other CFM is desired. Ozone is generally applied on the basis of ppm by volume, and as there is no existing agreement concerning a standard temperature and pressure at which the ozonizer should be calibrated, this method of rating leaves the. actual capacity of the unit open to question, unless the temperature and pressure employed for calibrating is stated. Since weight is unaffected by temperature and pressure, and as ozone is determined chemically, directly in the terms of weight, weight forms a better basis for the rating of ozonizers, and eliminates a number of qualifying factors, together with tedious calculations in ozonizer design. Milligrams per Minute: Ozonizers so rated have their ozone meter calibrated directly in the terms of milligrams per minute, and leave no questions concerning the actual capacity of the unit. Errors of omission are further circumvented by forcing a con sideration of all factors, when determining the concentration of ozone m the air of the ventilating system. The expression ppm, generally means parts per million by volume at room temperature and average barometric pressure, when referred to ozone in ventilation. One litre of ozone at 25 deg. Cent, and 740 mm Hg, weighs 1.9127 grams.. Taking these conditions as a basis, the weight of 1 cc. of ozone may be taken as 2 milligrams, yielding a very convenient figure for use, easily remembered, and sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes. The metric system is best employed here, for convenience of analysis and calculations of design, with final conversion into English units for purpose of application. It is on this basis that the following formulae have been derived: ' Formulae for Application: . CFM = Fan Capacity, cubic feet per minute of air. . mpm = Milligrams of ozone per minute, ppm = Parts of ozone per million parts of air, by volume, at 25 deg. cent, and 740 mm. Hg. 28,320 = cc per cubic foot. 2 = weight of 1 cc of 03 at 25 deg. cent, and 740 mm. Hg, Given: CFM and ppm; Find: mpm CFM X ppm ,,,, ,, -------- X 28,320 X 2 = mpm which reduces to: CFM -------- 77X,3 ppm -- x. .. X 56.64 . ,,, mpm..............,................................ (1) Given: mpm and ppm; Find: CFM mPm X 10* 1 = CFM . 56.64 ppm (2) Given: mpm and CFM; Find: ppm mpm 56.64 103 CFM PPm.... (3) Ventilating Unit--The Ventilating Unit (VU) has been created by the author, for the purpose of simplifying the calculations for applying ozone to ventilating systems. It is a compound unit, taking into consideration quantity and time. It is analagous to the horsepower, wherein 33,000 pounds are lifted one foot in one minute. It represents that quantity of ozone necessary to produce a concentration of 0.1 ppm in 1,000 CFM, at 25 deg. cent, and 740 mm Hg. . 1 VU = 5.7 milligram of 03 per minute 340 milligrams of 03 per hour The formulae for its application are very simple: Given CFM and ppm; Find VU CFM X ppm = VU. 100 (4) 335 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 which reduces to pointing off two places in the CFM and multiplying by the ppm. Given: VU and CFM; Find: ppm . -- X 1,000 = ppm................................................... (5) which reduces to pointing off three places in the CFM, one place in the VU, and dividing the former into the latter. . Given: VU and ppm; Find: CFM X VU = CFM.............................. ....................(6) ppm X 10 As the VU represents a definite weight of ozone, in a definite period of time, ozonizers so rated leave no question as to their actual capacity. The decimal character of the unit admits-of much facility in calculations. WATER PURIFICATION Ozone finds a very'important application in the purification of water. Operating costs rarely exceed an energy expenditure of 500 watt hours per thousand gallons. Ozone successfully eliminates odors and tastes of organic origin, particularly the tastes and odors due to excessive chlorination, and the presence of chlorinated phenols and tarry substances. Organic colors are bleached, and the effluent of a properly designed- ozonizer is practically sterile. The essentials of a good water ozonizer are an adequate and constant supply of ozone, in sufficiently high concentrations to effect high solubility at normal temperatures, adequate mixing of the ozonized air and water, under conditions which produce maximum diffusion and absorption, and over a sufficient period of time to effect sterilization. The control should provide under and over voltage release, together with a release for water pressures too low to efficiently operate the mixing device. INDUSTRIAL USES ' Ozone finds a number of applications as an oxidizing agent, in industrial operations, many of which are of little interest in ventilation. However, ozone may be used to accelerate the dryipg of paints arid varnishes, the "oxidation" of drying oils, and many other drying operations involving oxidation. Such problems are generally specific, and it is advisable to consult the manufacturers of ozone equipment concerning them. COLD STORAGE Ozone is of value in cold storage for the prevention of mould develop ment, deodorizing of storage spaces, after removal of odoriferous products, to prepare for other commodities.. The preservation of flavor, particularly in eggs, and the general freshening and vitalizing of the air, the advantage of which is reflected by thp superior condition of products stored in "fresh" air over those stored in "dead" air. 336 Chapter XXV METHODS OF DRYING DRYING is an extraordinarily interesting problem in engineering, and thousands of the products that we use every day go through some sort of drying process during their manufacture. Wood when dried becomes a workable and dependable material, the leather used in our shoes must submit to the drying operation, and the manner of its drying determines its value in the finished product. Clay when dried becomes ceramic ware, flour mixed with water when dried becomes macaroni, wood pulp dried becomes paper and gelatine dried and sensatized becomes photographic film. All textiles require the drying process at some time during their manufacture. The term diying is often used to cover dehydration, distillation, oxida tion, evaporation or any chemical action due to each of these conditions. Drying in its broader sense is not confined to the removal of moisture alone, but may refer to the evaporation or removal of substances other than water and to such operations as paint and varnish drying, linoleum manufacture and many other materials which require special treatment with respect to temperature, relative humidity and rates of moisture removal. METHODS OF DRYING In general, drying processes may be divided into three classes; vacuum drying, drying with radiant heat, and drying with air currents. The vacuum method is particularly adapted to material which must be dried quickly at low temperatures and is generally used in the drying of milk, sugar, vegetables and similar products. In drying with radiant heat the temperature of the material being dried is above that of the air surrounding it. The uniform distribution of radiant heat is important in the proper drying of materials, and the radiator used should have relatively large radiating surface and be well distributed in the drying area. About one-third to one-half of the heat given off by the radiating surface passes through the air to the object which, is to be dried without materially raising the air temperature, the . remaining portion of the heat emitted by the radiator warms the air by convection and produces air currents which assist in the removal of the moisture from the material being dried. Drying with currents of air or air processing as this method is usually termed, depends for its success upon the proper circulation in the drying chamber so that it will come into direct contact with the substance to be dried. In ordinary work air temperatures carried are from 70-200 deg. fahr. with a relative humidity of 90-50 per cent. When tempera tures exceed 200 deg. the process is referred to as high temperature 337 .American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 drying. Low temperature dryers are heated either by steam or hot water directly or indirectly and the temperatures are below the boiling point. In high temperature dryers the range is above the boiling point and the heat is maintained directly or indirectly by electricity or heated oil, direct introduction of flue gases, by high pressure steam or special air heaters. Dryers are usually termed intermittent or continuous, depending on whether they are charged for the complete drying period of whether the material to be dried is continuously admitted and removed. As compartment dryers consist of an enclosure to direct the air move ment and control the heat, the current of heated air flowing through the drying cabinet is under accurate and uniform control of temperature and humidity. The selection of the compartment or continuous type of dryer depends upon the most practical method of handling the material rather than upon the drying process. The use of the continuous dryer is customary whenever the drying period is less than 6 hours or where the continuous drying process is required for 24 hours at a time. The efficient operation of the continuous dryer requires that it function at full capacity. The continuous dryer will be found in a variety of forms those prin cipally used being the tunnel, drum, rotary and spray types. In a tunnel dryer the product being kept in trays or loaded on cars moves along by gravity or by means of an endless belt conveyor and the air usually moves in the opposite direction from the material in order to get the maximum drying efficiency. Drum dryers are used for liquids or solids such as paper, cloth and materials that will pass over the drum in a continuous sheet. A rotary type of dryer consists of revolving drums through which material and air intermingle, the drum being inclined to facilitate the movement of the material and is generally used where the product to be dried is in a moist or semi-moist condition. Spray drying consists of sending a fine solution of the material into a current of warm air and is limited to products which can be handled in liquid form. The relative advantages of the different types of dryers are dependent on the nature of the material, the space available and the capacity of the apparatus. The variety of products to be dried include many of animal or vegetable origin and many possess exceptional hydroscopic or absorptive properties. When they are of colloidal nature, successful processing is more _ difficult. Frequently it is necessary to expose the material to a series of different conditions beginning with a minimum temperature and maximum humidity, the temperature being increased and the relative humidity decreased as the work progresses. Where material contains both free and hydroscopic moisture, humidity conditions must be care fully adjusted so that during the period when the free moisture is being removed case hardening or surface drying does not occur. The air circulation is another important factor and the velocity which is used . should be high enough to constantly remove the heavy film of saturated air which surrounds the material as soon as it begins to dry. j The temperature in which a product is to be dried should be as high as can be used without injury to the material. The accompanying tabulation will give the conditions that are usually found satisfactory. 338 Chapter XXV--Methods of Drying Material Apples. ................................. ........ Cocoanut.................................. :....... Sugar.......................................... ........ Coffee......................................... ........ Mixed Stock Feed.................. ........ Starch-..................................... ......... Glue........................................... ........ Thin Leather Hides............... ........ Thick Sole Leather......................... Shade Cloth- ................................. Rubber..................................... . .... . Soap........................................... .... . Wall Board............................... ........ Gypsum Board........................ ....... Temp. Deg. F,- 140-180 175-200 150-200 160-180 220 180-200 70-90 90 90 240 80-90 100 200-250 180-280 Time 6 hours 4-6 hours 20-30 minutes 24 hours 20-30 minutes 12 hours 2^4 days 2-3 days 1--2 minutes 1--2 weeks 2 days 12-24 hours 24--48 hours In any system where there are no critical temperatures the permissible maximum working temperature is that above which the actual gain in speed or output due to the increase temperature is less in proportion than the increase speed of operation due to the increased temperature. In the case of some fruits and vegetables a relatively low temperature and high velocity is better than too high temperature, but, a too low temperature and too long drying period result in a tough product. The evolution of the compartment and tunnel dryer design is very interesting and innumerable means have been used to secure the proper heating effect, air distribution and moisture removal. In dryer design it should be noted that there are three important objectives to be attained: to secure an adequate supply of air so distributed that it circulates evenly over the radiators and trays; to secure a rapid air movement so that moisture is absorbed from the material to be dried, and to effectively remove the moisture from the saturated air. The quantity of air that should be supplied by the fan and the number of air changes in the drying compartment will vary with the type of instal lation and is affected by the rate at which moisture is given up by the material to be dried. The theoretical amount of moisture which the air will remove is directly proportional to the difference between the wet-bulb and dry- bulb temperature of the entering air, while the actual amount absorbed by a given quantity of air is measured by the drop in dry-bulb tempera ture between the air entering and leaving the dryer, less a slight cor rection for radiation. For the same reason the higher the temperature of the entering air (for a given initial moisture content) the greater will be the amount of moisture removed per given quantity of air and the greater the economy of the dryer. . The temperature of the air will drop approximately 8j/ deg. for each grain of moisture absorbed per cu. ft. of air measured at 70 deg., or 0.64 of a deg. for each grain of moisture absorbed per pound of air! Approximate calculations may be based on air volume, but for exact determinations the weight of air handled should be used, on account of it being a fixed quantity at all temperatures. Knowing the rate of drying desired and the amount of moisture to be removed, it is a simple matter'to determine the quantity of air required. - It is generally found that about 2 lb. of steam are required to evaporate 339 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 1 lb. of water, under the most favorable conditions, while the more usual figure for steam consumption is 2J4 lb.' of steam to 1 lb. of water evaporated. The principal losses in air drying are radiation and escape of unsaturated air, either through the usual vent ducts or by leakage through the kiln walls. Practically every problem in air processing and drying presents its individual considerations which affect the over-all efficiency of the final installation. The peculiarities of the material to be dried, the allowable temperature and humidities, the most efficient means of handling the material, the speed with which the process must be effected, and the mechanical or physical limitations imposed by the plant conditions themselves are all factors which must be carefully considered in the design . of air processing and drying equipment. It is customary for engineers who specialize in the design of such equipment to treat each problem individually and develop the most efficient for the specific requirements of the client. REFERENCES The American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Transactions, Vol. 22, p. 479; Commercial Drying Apparatus, L. P. Dwyer, Vol. 23, p. 255; Drying by Evaporation, F. R. Still, p. 265; Drying in Industrial Plants, J. O. Ross, p..339, 511, 529, 537, 545; Food Drying, Vol. 24, p. 7; High Temperature Drying, Burt S. Harrison, p. 25; The Temperature of Evaporation, W. H. Carrier, p. 352; Bibliograph on Food Drying and Dryers, Vol. 26, p. 551; Commercial Dehydration, J. E. Whiteley, Vol. 27, p. 251; Drying as an Air Conditioning Problem, A. W. Lissauer, Journal, American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, October, 1921, p. 715; A Chronological Survey of Drying and Dryers, J. E. Bolling. ' \ 340 Chapter XXVI DUST, EXHAUST AND COLLECTING SYSTEMS PNEUMATIC exhaust and collecting systems may be classified in various ways. They may be classified by the economic purpose to be accomplished by the industries served, or by the type of system used. Classifying exhaust systems by industries served, they fall in sub divisions such as, metal working, woodworking, leather and shoe manu facturing, rubber industry, flint grinding, pottery works, pulverizing works, celluloid manufacturing, printing establishments, felt hatting and fur manufacturing, textile mills, grain and cereal industry, etc. TYPES OF SYSTEMS The type of exhaust system to be used is determined by the industry served, kind of material handled, and the work to be accomplished. There are two general arrangements; the central and the group systems. In the central system a single or double fan is.located near the center of the shop with a piping system radiating to the various machines to be served. In the group system, which is sometimes employed where the machines to be served are widely scattered, small individual exhaust fans are located at the center of the machine groups. The group arrangement has the advantage of flexibility. It is,.however, more difficult to balance than the central, and also the large number .of small diameter trunk lines required show a much higher friction loss per foot of length than with the central system where one large main pipe serves a considerable number of machines. Exhaust systems are also characterized by the means employed to collect the dust or other material handled. The dust or refuse.may be collected and controlled by enclosing hoods, open hoods, inward air leakage or general room exhaustion. . With some classes of machinery it is not feasible to closely hood the machines and in these cases open hoods.over or adjacent to the machines are provided to collect as much of dust and fumes arising as possible. In -this class come such machines as rubber mills, package filling ma chinery, sand blast, crushers, forges, pickling tanks, melting furnaces, and the unloading points of various types of conveyors. The open hoods should be placed as close to the source of dust or fumes as possible with due regard to the movements of the operator. When the hood has to be placed at some distance above the machine it should be large enough to encompass an area of considerable extent as diffusion is usually quite rapid. - ' '- Boston. Massf.r th`S section oriS'rally prepared for The Guipk by H. M. Nichols, revised by R. E. Shaw, 341 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Consideration must also be given to the natural movement of the fumes. For those that are lighter than air the hood should be over or above the machine and where a heavy vapor or dust-laden air at ordinary temperature is to be removed, horizontal or floor connections are re quired. If it is attempted to remove heavy dust such as lead oxides by an overhead hood the conditions may be worse than if no exhaust were used at all, owing to the rising air current carrying the dust up through the breathing zones. The principle to keep in mind in all cases is to take advantage of the natural tendency of the material to move upward or downward. In another class of operation the main object is to prevent the escape of dust into the surrounding atmosphere, the removal of some dust from the machine of enclosure being merely incidental. The dust creating apparatus is enclosed within a housing which is made as tight as prac ticable, and sufficient suction is applied to the enclosure to maintain an inward air leakage, thus preventing escape of the dust. While the ex haust system is only required to handle the air which leaks in through the crevices and openings in the enclosure, yet in many installations leakages are very high and great care is required to obtain satisfactory results with a system of this kind. The inward leakage principle is utilized for controlling dust in the operating of tumbling barrels, grinding, screen ing, elevating and similar processes. Certain dust and fume producing operations are best carried on by isolating the process in a separate compartment or room and then apply ing general ventilation to this space. The compartment or room in which the work is performed should be as small as is consistent with convenience in handling the work. The ventilating system should be designed so that a strong current of clean air is drawn across the operator, and away from him toward the work, where the dust is picked up and carried from the room. IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS OF AN EFFI CIENT EXHAUST AND COLLECTING SYSTEM It is impracticable to enumerate all of the requirements for an efficient exhaust and collecting system, however, among the more important there are the following: 1. Fans, collectors, hoods, and ducts should be of adequate size. 2. Air volume and velocities should be adequate for the work to be accomplished. 3: The exhaust hoods should not interfere with the operation of the machine or access to its working parts. 4. The system should not increase the fire hazard. 5. The system should not increase the dust explosion hazard. 6. Where power is expensive, it should do the required work with a minimum power consumption. 7. In cold climates, it should not remove any more air than necessary from the building. 8. Where power is comparatively cheap, first cost should be low, even if the power required to operate is slightly higher. . 342 Chapter XXVI--Dust, Exhaust and Collecting Systems In designing an exhaust system certain quantities must be chosen arbitrarily by the engineer, and the success of the installation depends to a large degree upon his experience and the skill with which he chooses these arbitrary quantities. It is quite possible for an inexperienced de signer to lay out a system which may figure out theoretically correct, but the general results may be unsatisfactory. The first step in designing systems employing hoods to trap the material is to determine the number and size of the connections for each individual machine. At this point the designer's past experience is of great value, as, while it is possible to set certain general standards, yet in actual practice the sizes are considerably affected by the local conditions which the layout man finds in the field, and he bases the pipe sizes and hoods on his judgment, being guided by his experience and the general practice. The size of hoods and connections are determined by the size and type of machines or apparatus to be handled by the exhaust system, by the kind of material worked, by the duty of the machines and other local conditions. It is impracticable to lay down any general rules for de termining size connections for the various types of machines and Tables 1 to 3, giving sizes as used in some of the common industries are only intended to serve as a general guide. Under certain favorable conditions smaller connections may be supplied. Open bottom exhaust hoods of the canopy type, where it is impractical to enclose completely the point of origin of the dust or fumes, should extend over the machine or operation at least 6 in. in every direction if the hood is hot elevated more than 2 ft. For each additional 2 ft. of elevation, the size of the hood should be increased 6 in. in all directions. It is desirable to make the area of the connecting pipe not less than of the total hood area. In systems employing inward air leakages the area of connections must be proportional to total leakage area in the enclosing housing. Tumbling barrels have connections ranging from 4 to 8 in., bucket con veyors 6 to 12 in., and screening machines 6 to 10 in. In general room exhaust large connections should be provided so that the air may be handled at low velocity and with a minimum power con sumption. . . After having determined on the proportions of the exhaust system as regards hoods and connections it is then necessary to choose the air velo city or suction at the hood connections, suction at the hood connections being a measure of the air velocity at that point. . / 7' AIR VELOCITY 'U The-air velocity required is dependent upon the specific gravity of the material, the fineness of the particles, and their physical characteristics;. Certain materials such as grease wools, silk waste, salt, and other hydro scopic substances are difficult to handle due to the tendency to deposit in the conveyor pipes. While the velocity in the system should be sufficiently high to insure die removal of the material it should be kept as low as practicable since any higher velocity requires the use of unnecessary power. With a fixed system or orifice the power increases as the cube of the increase in velocity. 343 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 1. Size of Connections for Wood-Working Machinery Type of Machine Circular Saws, 12-in. diam--.................................................. Circular Saws, 12-24-in. diam........................... :.......... ........ Circular Saws, 24-40-in. diam................................................ Band Saws, Blade under 2 in. wide.................. .................. Band Saws, Blade 2-3 in. wide.............................................. Band Saws, Blade 3-4 in. wide--.......................................... Band Saws, Blade 4-5 in. wide.............................................. Band Saws, Blade 5-6'in. wide.............. .............................. Small Mortisers.......................................................................... Single End Tenoners....... ........................................................ Double End Tenoners.--......................................................... Double End, Double Head Tenoners................................. Planers, Matchers, Moulders, Stickers, Jointers, etc.-- With Knives, 6-10 in....... .............................................. With Knives, 10-20 in......... ................................ -.......... With Knives, 20-30 in.--..... .......................................... Shapers, Light Work...... ........ .............................. ................... Shapers, Heavy Work................................. ;........................... Belt Sander, Belt less than 6 in. wide.............................. . Belt Sander, Belt 6-10 in. wide........................................... Belt Sander, Belt 10-14 in. wide....... .................................. Drum Sander, 24 in............ ............................................ ........ Drum Sander, 30 in--------,............................... ..................--- Drum Sander, 36 in....... ............-.......... -................................. Drum Sander, 48 in-- ............................................... -...... Drum Sander, over 48 in........................................................ Disc Sander, 24 in. diam...................................-................... Disc Sander, 26-36 in. diam....... ........................................... Disc Sander, 36-48 in. diam--............................................. Arm Sander............. i.................................................................. Diameter of Connections in Inches 4 5 6 4 5 6 7 .8 6 6 7 10 5-6 6-8 6-10 4-5 8 5 6 7 5 6 7 8 10 5 6 7 4 Table 2. Size of Connections for Grinding and Buffing Wheels .. _a Diameter of Wheels Grindings 6 in. or less, not over 1 in. thick.-............ \ a a7 in. to 9 in., inclusive, not over 1XA in. thick.......... 10 in. to 16 in., " " 2 in. .......... 17 in. to 19 in., " " " 3 in. " 20 in. to 24 in., " " " 4 in. " .......... 25 in. to 30 in., ' " " " 5 in. " .......... Buffing-- ;. 6 in. or less, not over 1 in. thick............. 7 in. to 12 in.,'inclusive, not over 1)4 in. thick...... 13 in. to 16 in., " u" 2 in. " ........... . 17: in. to 20 in., , " " " 3. in. " .......... 21 in. to 27 in.,. " " 4, in. " .......... 27 in. to 33 in., " " . 5 in. .......... Max. Grinding Surface Sq. In. 19 43 101 180 302 472 ' 19 57 . 101 189 338 518' Min. Diam. op Branch Pipes in Inches 3 3)4 4 4)4 5 6 3)4 4 4)4 5 6 7 Chapter XXVI--Dust, Exhaust and Collecting Systems Table 3. Suctions Required at Hoods For Connections of Usual . Proportions Work Static Suction in In. of Water Exhausting from grindine and buffing wheels. PYhanstine from tumbling barrels.-...................... Fvhansting from wood-working machinery--light duty Exhausting from wood-working machinery--heavy duty............................... c;hne machinery exhaust. -........................................ * " Fyhanstinff from rubber manufacturing processes Flint grindine exhaust..................................................... Fyhaiisting from pottery processes................. Lead dustand fume exhaust....... ................................... Fur and felt machinery exhaust. ............................ Exhausting from textile machinery....................................... Exhaustiiie from elevating and crushine machinerv Conveying bulky and heavy materials....................... 1-2 1-2 1-2 2-4 2-3 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-4 2-3 1-3 1-2 3-5 . # Velocities commonly employed are: 2,500 to 3,000 ft. per min. for light dusts, cotton, shavings and sawdust from dry wood, and similar substances. Heavy dusts, wool, shavings and sawdust from wet wood, rags, waste paper and similar materials 3,000 to 4,000 ft. per min. Lead dust, hog waste, pulp chips, etc., 4,000 to 6,000 ft. per min. In choosing the pipe sizes consideration must be given to the way and manner in which the machines will be operated, as in case a considerable number of machines, all discharging into one main, should be shut off at the same time, the velocity in the main might easily be lowered to the point where it would not be sufficient to carry the material from the machines still in operation, and thus result in clogging the pipes. Ac cordingly, it is sometimes desirable to use velocities higher than the mini mum to allow a factor of safety to cover this contingency. The resistance of a round pipe to. the flow of air is inversely proportional to the fifth power of the diameter of the pipe. Therefore, handling a given quantity of air through a larger pipe at a lower velocity decreases the frictional resistance very materially and correspondingly decreases the horse-power required at the fan, and thus it is very desirable to keep the air velocities throughout, the system as low as possible, consistent with the major requirement that the material must be taken away as fast as made, without clogging the pipes, under the varying operating conditions met with from day to day in the plant. The static suction required at the hood connections varies from 1 to 5 in. of water. The suction required depends upon many factors such as the relative size of the hoods and connections, kind and quantity of material handled; as well as its physical condition. In some states codes have been issued specifying suctions to be maintained for the more common dusts. A suction standard should always be considered in conjunction with the shape of hood, and size connection, as these factors together determine the volume of air exhausted and its velocity which in turn are a measure of the effectiveness of the exhaust system. 345 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 The cubic feet of air of standard density taken into the system at each connection is given by the formula: Q = 4000A/y where Q = Cubic feet of air per minute; A - Area of connection in square feet; / = Orifice or restriction coefficient; . i = Static suction measured in inches of water. . The orifice coefficient f is dependent upon the shape and construction of the hood and will range from 60 to 90 per cent. An average value is 70 per cent. Knowing the suction at each hood and the diameter of each connection, the volume of air passing up each branch can be taken from the accom panying Table 4. The sum of all these volumes gives the total volume to be handled by the exhaust fan. Table 4. Cubic Feet of Air Handled Per Minute Through Average Collecting Hoods Based on Coefficient of Orifice of 0.71 with 10 Per Cent Added for Leakage Diameter of Connection Pipe In. 1 Maintained Suction--In. Water Gage m 2 2)4 3 - 4 5 lH 2 2H 3 3H 4 4K 5 6 7' 8 9 10 38 68 107 153 209 273 345 427 614 835 1092 1381 1705 . 47 84 131 188 256 334 423 523 751 1023 1337 1694 2090 54 97 161 217 296 386 488 605 867 1181 1546 1953 2409 61 108 168 243 330 431 546 676 970 1322 1727 2184 2695 67 118 185 266 362 473 598 741 1062 1448 1892 2387 2959 76 136 214 306 418 546 690 854 1228 1670 2184 2762 3410 86 153 238 343 466 609 775 955 1373 1870 2440 3091 3806 s' Common practice is to provide a main suction pipe having an area 20 to 25 per cent in excess of the sum of the areas of the branches enter ing it between the point in question and the dead end of the main. Similarly the discharge pipe leading from the fan outlet to collector is frequently made the same diameter as the large end of the main suction pipe. The reason for this increase in size is that a considerable power saving results from the lower air velocity. However, there is no technical reason why mains should be a certain percentage greater area than the sum of the connections, and still lower power consumption can be ob tained by using larger branches and mains of equal area. While the rule 346 Chapter XXVI--Dust, Exhaust and Collecting Systems of thumb method of determining size of mains works very well in many cases, yet it is always desirable to figure the mains and branches of the proper size to give the velocity which has been found best suited to the work to be done. In certain special cases where explosive or poisonous dusts such as aluminum buffings, grain dust, powdered sugar, or lead dust are handled, increasing the size of the mains unduly would introduce a serious hazard. An exhaust system to be effective must remove a certain amount of air from each hood or other connection, and in addition must maintain sufficient velocity throughout the piping system to convey the dust or refuse material to the separator. Any system which is mechanically well constructed and handles the requisite air at the connections and maintains sufficiently high velocities, is an effective system from the standpoint of the work done. However, to keep the operating cost low it is advantageous to do the work with as low velocities as the character istics of the material will permit. The skilled designer will keep both of these requirements in mind and produce a system which is both effective and economical of power. The maintained resistance of fhe exhaust system is composed of three factors: (1) Loss through the hoods; (2) Collector drop; and (3) Fric tion drop in the pipes. A. Suction at the various hoods must be chosen from experience. Loss through the hoods can be calculated by an experienced engineer but may be taken very roughly at one-half the suction. B. Collector drop in inches of water is given by the following formula: . where . Drop = c(-J^V \ 1000 ) C = a constant which depends upon the type of collector and is found to range from 0.25 to 0.75; , V = velocity, in feet per minute of air entering the collector. C. Friction drop in the pipes must be computed for each section where there is a change in area or in velocity. Find the velocities in each sec tion of pipe starting with the branch furtherest from the fan. The friction drop for these sections can be determined by reference to Table 108. Total friction loss in the piping system is the friction drop in furthest branch plus the drop in the various sections of the main, plus the drop in the discharge pipe. The total maintained resistance of the system--or static head re quired at the fan = A + B + C. SELECTING THE FAN Having determined the volume of air and static head required, the size of exhaust fan, speed and horse-power can be found by reference to the manufacturers performance tables or charts covering the type of exhaust fan selected. 347 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Table 5. Frictional Resistance of Straight Conveyor Pipe To Flow of Air Per 100 Feet of Pipe Vel. op Air in Ft. per Min. 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000 - Loss op Pressure in Inches for Given Diameter Pipe 4' 1.92 2.32 2.77 3.26 3.76 4.33 4.93 5.56 6.23 6.95 7.69 8.48 9.26 11.05 13.00 15.25 17.30 5' 1.53 1.85 .2.22 2.60 3.01 3.46 3.94 4.45 4.98 5.55 6.15 6.78 7.41 8.85 10.50 12.05 13.85 6' 1.28 1.55 1.84 2.17 , 2.52 2.88 3.28 3.71 4.15 4.62 5.13 5.65 6.18 7.38 8.66 10.05 11.52 . 7' 1.09 1.32 1.58 1.86 2.15 2.47 2.82 3.18 3.56 3:97 4.40 4.85 5.30 6.32 7.44 8.61 9.89 8' 0.962 1.16 1.39 1.63 1.89 2.08 2.47 2.78 3.12 3.48 3.85 4.25 4.63 5.55 6.50 7.55 8.66 10' 0.770 0.932 1.01 1.30 1.51 1.73 1.97 2.22 2.49 2.78 3.08 3.49 3.71 4.43 5.21 6.03 6.92 12' 0.640 0.778 0.924 1.08 1.26 1.44 1.64 1.85 2.08 2.32 2.57 2.83 3.09 3.69 4.34 5.05 5.76 14' 16' 18' 20' 22' 24' 30' 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4200 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000 0.550 0.655 0.790 0.930 1.07 1.24 1.41 1.59 1.78 1.99 2.20 2.43 2.66 3.17 3.72 4.32 4.95 0.482 0.582 0.693 0.810 0.932 1.08 1.23 1.43 1.56 1.74 1.92 2.12 2.33 2.77 . 3.25 3.78 4.33 0.428 0.578 0.617 0.722 0.838 0.961 1.09 1.24 1.38 1.54 1.71 1.88 2.06 2.46 2.89 3.35 3.85 0.385 0.465 0.553 0.650 0.754 0.865 0.985 1.11 1.25 1.39 1.54 1.70 1.85 2.22 2.61 3.02 3.46 0.350 0.423 0.504 0.590 0.685 0.788 0.895 1.01 1.13 1.26 1.40 1.54 1.68 2.02 2.36 2.74 3.14 0.320 0.388 0.462 0.542 0.628 0.722 0.820 0.925 1.04 1.16 1.28 1.42 1.54 1.85 2.16 2.52 2.89 0.257 0.310 0.369 0.434 0.503 0.577 0.657 0.742 0.832 0.926 1.03 1.13 1.24 1.48 1.75 2.01 2.31 FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF ELBOWS Elbows having a throat radius equal to the pipe diameter setlhp a resistance equivalent to a section of straight pipe approximately 10 diameters long. With a throat radius of times the diameter the resistance is about the same as seven diameters of straight pipe. ' The usual types of ventilating fans are unsuitable for exhaust systems which are required to handle materials such as shavings, sawdust, emeiy dust, etc. Higher pressures are required than in ventilating work and in addition housings and blast wheel must be so constructed that the materials.handled do not deposit in same. While the fans used in different exhaust systems are more or less of the same general type, modifications are frequently necessary to fit them for handling such materials as long shavings, strips.of paper, cotton, pulverized coal, etc. ' The most common method of separating the dust and other materials from the air is to pass the mixture through a centrifugal or "cyclone" 348 Chapter XXVI--Dust,' Exhaust and Collecting Systems collector. In this type of collector the mixture of the air and material is introduced on a tangent, near the cylindrical top of the collector, and the whirling motion sets up a centrifugal action causing the compara tively heavy materials suspended in the air to be thrown against the side of the separator, from which position it spirals down to the tail piece, while the air escapes through the stack at the center of the collector. COLLECTORS For most systems, the nominal size and number of. the collector will be the same as the diameter in inches of the main pipe leading to it. The nominal sizes of the different makes of collectors vary greatly, and it Fig. 1. Collectors on Roof Piano Factory is advisable to make sure that a collector is large enough to do the work without excessive pressure drop, irrespective of nominal number or size. The larger the collector within certain limits the better will be the separa tion, and the less will be the back pressure on the fan and power consumed. Special construction is sometimes required for fine dust, also some blow pipe manufacturers use a special type of collector for furnace feed, the object being to deliver the material to furnaces as uniformly as possibly. When more than one fan delivers into a single collector a back pressure 349 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 valve is required to prevent one fan blowing back through the other in case the second fan should stop for any reason. In most plants, where wood refuse is used for fuel, it is delivered by gravity directly from the collector to the furnace. The discharge pipe leading from the bottom of the collector is divided and the junction fur nished with a switch or valve so arranged that when the material comes too fast for the fires it can be diverted into a reserve bin. The furnace feeder should be hinged where it is attached to the lower end of the discharge pipe, in order that it may be disconnected from the furnace when the fan is shut down. Also great care must be taken to provide an absolutely tight switch. Otherwise, when discharging refuse to the storage bin, fine sawdust will sift through this valve and settle' in the furnace feed pipe, and, in case the fireman has neglected to dis connect the feeder from the furnace, the flame may flash back, following this train of fine sawdust, into the collector. Other forms of collectors or separators, are: settling chambers, cloth screen and bag collectors, bag houses, air washers and electric precipi tators. ' DESIGN OF HOODS The mechanical design as regards shape and construction of the hoods is extremely important. Probably more systems fail from improper hood construction than from any other one cause. If the material to be moved is already in motion, as are the chips thrown off from wood-working machines, the hoods should be arranged in the path of the particles so that the velocity of the particles assists the air in carrying the material to the throat of the hood. Hoods should be arranged to draw dust and fumes away from the face of the operator. They should be placed as close as possible to the source of dust or waste material and wherever practical, the hoods should en tirely enclose the dust producing operation. Hoods are usually constructed of galvanized sheet iron or other equally substantial and durable material. The material should be heavy enough to stand the abrasive action of the dust and refuse. The hoods should be of sufficient mechanical strength to keep their shape and should be well- braced and substantially supported. Galvanized iron used should never be lighter than No. 22 gage. . , If acid or corrosive fumes are present heavy material painted with acid resisting paint should be used, or the hoods may be made of non-corrosive material. . The exposed edges of all sheet metal hoods should be bound with wire or band iron, not only to give the necessary stiffness, but also to prevent the operator from being cut by the raw edges of the sheets. , CONVEYOR PIPES The conveyor pipes leading from the hoods to the fan and thence to the collector are commonly made of galvanized iron, the gage of which varies from No. 24 to 14, depending upon the diameter. The piping should 350. - Chapter XXVI--Dust, Exhaust and Collecting Systems be free from dents, fins and projections of all kinds on which refuse ma terial might catch. All permanent circular joints should be lap-jointed, riveted and sol dered, and all longitudinal joints either grooved and locked or riveted and soldered. Circular laps should be in the direction of the flow, and piping installed out-of-doors should have the longitudinal laps at the bottom. Every change in pipe size should be made on a taper not by an abrupt change. All pipes passing through roofs should be equipped with collars so arranged as to prevent water leaking into the building. The main trunks and branch pipes should be as short and straight as possible, strongly supported, and have the dead ends capped to permit inspection and cleaning. All branch pipes should join the main at an acute angle, the junction being at the side or top and never at the bot tom of the main. Branch pipes should not join the main pipes at points such that the material from one branch tends to enter the branch on opposite side of main. Cleanout openings having suitable covers should be so placed in the main and branch pipes that every part of the system can be easily reached in case the system clogs. Either.a large cleanout door should be placed in the main suction pipe near the fan inlet or a detachable section of pipe, held in place by lug bands, may be provided. Elbows should be made at least two gages heavier than straight pipe of the same diameter, the better to enable them to withstand the addi tional wear caused by changing the direction of flow. They should preferably have a throat radius of at least one and one-half times the diameter of the pipe. Every pipe should be kept open and unobstructed throughout its entire length, and no fixed screen should be placed in it, although the use of a trap at the junction of the hood and branch pipe is permissible, provided it is not allowed to fill up completely. The passing of pipes through fire-walls should be avoided wherever possible, and sweep-up connections should be so arranged that foreign material cannot be easily introduced into them. Where considerable quantities of explosive dust or inflammable materials pass through the exhaust fan, the blast wheel should be con structed of brass composition, copper or other soft metal and in all cases ample clearance should be provided between blast wheels and housings. Where stringy or fibrous material is to be handled through the fan be sure to employ a fan wheel especially designed for that purpose. MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEM Because of its simplicity the exhaust system usually receives but little attention once it is installed; however, to obtain the best results, it should be inspected at suitable intervals and necessary adjustments made. The exhaust fan should be given proper attention the same as any other high-speed machine. It should be kept in proper alignment and tightly bolted to its foundation. 351 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Suction hoods, which have been removed, to adjust the machines, should be replaced as soon as the adjustments are completed. Never start a machine with the blast gate closed, as the slight air leak age past the blast gate may draw material into the pipe and clog it. Disconnect furnace feeders from the furnaces when not in operation, and do not overload the system by ill-advised additions. 352 Chapter XXVII MECHANICAL DRAFT THERE is a certain draft which will give the best results for every kind of fuel and rate of combustion. The amount of fuel that can be burned per hour pier square foot of grate surface is governed by the quality and the.type of fuel as well as by the draft obtainable. Mechanical draft is used to obtain economy of operation, increased capacity or both and may be accomplished by either the forced or induced method. The two common methods of producing mechanical draft are by means of fans or steam jets. Each method has its advantages and design conditions will govern the choice of apparatus. Steam jets are reliable, have nothing to break or wear out and are more economical to install. On the other hand fans usually take more power to operate and in cases where fan engines or turbines are used steam can be recovered. in the water heater or condensers. . Mechanical draft fans are usually either disc or centrifugal type and because of the severe service to which they are subjected they must be of rugged construction, well balanced, must be able to operate continuously, withstand high stresses, maintain the proper pressure and horse power characteristics and show a good efficiency over a wide range of operative conditions. . The amount of coal that can be burned pier hour per square foot of grate surface is governed by the quality and type of coal as well as the amount of draft available. Mechanical draft fans should be of such capacity that they will be able to handle the quantity of gases produced. If it is assumed that 5 lb. of coal per boiler horse power at 24 lb. of flue gases per pound of coal there would be 120 lb. of flue gases per hour to handle. ' The volume of flue gases may be easily computed from the density of gases at the flue temperature and the size of fan to be provided may be obtained from the maker's table. No attempt should be made to put more air through existing boilers by speeding up the fans as the power consumption will be increased too rapidly. With the fuel bed at constant thickness, doubling the weight of air requires about 334 times the draft pressure difference, and trebling the weight of air about 6 times. Under the first condition the fan would require 634 times the weight of steam, so it can be seen that the most efficient fan must be selected for boilers to be driven at a high rating. The effects of running a fan under conditions other than those for which it. is designed are graphically shown by the performance curves of any given fan. Where the size of the openings and the length of the pipe remain constant the volume of air handled by any fan increases almost directly, 353 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 as the speed, the pressure increases as the square of the speed and the power consumed increases as the cube of the speed. It is evident therefore that if more air is required, but at an increased pressure, it would be better to install a larger or additional fan rather than increase the speed of the present fan. FORGED DRAFT In forced draft work the air enters directly to the ash-pit so that the fuel bed is under pressure. Pressure maintained is sufficient to force the air through the duct system, stoker setting and fuel bed, otherwise there would be an objectionable leakage of gasses whenever, the fire doors were opened. Losses through the boilers, breechings, etc. are cared for by the stack. Forced draft equipment requires a higher stack than when the induced draft system is used. As the fan handles comparatively cool air the i . - Fig. 1. Draft Required to'Burn Various Kinds of Coal equipment required is smaller and uses less power than an induced draft system of similar capacity. . Forced draft is used in under feed stokers and with chain grate stokers when high'peak loads, beyond the capacity available with the natural draft, are required. .> INDUCED DRAFT > Fans for induced draft are placed near the base of the stack and handle the smoke and hot gasses leaving the furnace. It is desirable to use this system when an even draft is required and the chimney available is of limited height. With the practice of providing economizers, air heaters, etc. in the .modern boiler plant and operating up to 400 per cent rating an excessive load is placed upon the chimney and induced draft equipment is necessary. A good idea of the draft needed to burn various kinds of coal at the rate indicated under normal conditions is shown in Fig. 1. Draft for 354 Chapter XXVII--Mechanical Draft . various loads varies with the combustion rate and with the kind of fuel used. The principal losses which the draft will have to overcome will be through the boiler, fuel bed, the stokers, brick work, breechings and economizers. The amount of air required with the forced draft system will depend upon the size of the plant and will necessitate the assumption of the combustion rate and the evaporation. There are theoretically 12 lb. of air required for the combustion of 1 lb. of coal, actually the requirements are from 20 to 25 lb. per pound of fuel. It is customary in mechanical draft work to allow for 100 per cent excess air for hand-fired installations and 50 per cent excess where a stoker is used. This, however, is affected by the kind of stoker used, the size of the installation and the rating it carries. As there is a definite relation between the analysis of flue gases leaving the boiler and the quantity of air supplied, the results of an analysis will give the amount of air or gases being handled by a forced or induced fan. The method used is usually the Orsat apparatus. The amount of air being used may be determined by taking CO* readings in the breeching or forced draft connections, or by weighing the coal and ash and taking a flue gas analysis. MECHANICAL STOKERS Three types of stokers are commonly used, namely chain-grate, under feed and over-feed type. Their use permits a uniform fuel supply, efficient combustion, boiler operation at higher rating and the effectual meeting of peak loads. Either forced or induced draft is successful with -chain grate stokers which are designed primarily for the use of bituminous coal particularly the free burning and clinkering types. Where forced draft is used, air is delivered at different pressures under the grate, the control being accomplished by dampers, to suit the grade of fuel and the firing rate. At the front the pressure will not exceed 2 in. water gauge and will decrease toward the rear as the fuel bed gets thinner. Over-feed stokers are adapted for all kinds of fuel and the angle of the grate bars will indicate whether bituminous, semi-bituminous coking coal or the non-coking types are to be used. Under-feed stokers are made in single or multiple units and will burn coking or non-coking varieties of coal equally well. In both cases either forced or induced draft may be used. - The important points to be observed in recommending and using stoker installations are: 1. Stokers in large plants used in conjunction with modern methods of coal storage and handling at their disposal show a considerable labor saving. . 2. In small plants stokers are only advisable where the saving in fuel will be large or where the smoke question is a factor. 3. The upkeep cost of stokers generally exceeds that for hand fired furnaces. 4. The use of different fuels and a better efficiency is obtainable with mechanical stokers. 355 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 : No stoker will handle every class of fuel satisfactorily so. that in selecting a stoker the engineer should take into consideration the type best suited for the fuel and operating conditions. Relative to efficiency of combustion, other conditions being similar, there will be no appreciable difference with the different types of stokers provided that the proper type is used for the fuel to be burned and the operating conditions are fulfilled. . The duct for forced draft work should be as short and straight as possible and designed so that the maximum velocity pressure under load conditions should not exceed 10 per cent of the static pressure. The air velocity should generally not exceed 2500 cu. ft. per min. Air ducts are made of heavy steel but concrete ducts are commonly used. Duct sizes are determined in accordance with the general laws of frictional resistance. . RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE INSTALLATION OF STOKER FANS By the STOKER AND FAN MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATIONS as reported by the Joint Committee, April, 1923 DUCTS . Velocities and Duct Proportions ; ' The area of the main air ducts shall be determined by using a velocity in the ducts based 6n a velocity pressure of from 5 per cent to a maximum of 10 per cent of the static pressure. The area of the branch air ducts leading to boilers should be such that the velocity will not be more than two-thirds of that in the main ducts. The following table shows the relation between velocities and static pressures on the above basis: < Static Pressures 2 2M '' 3 3K 4 4)4 5 5H 6 6)4 7 Velocitt in Main Aib Duct 5 Per Cent S. P. 1300 1400 1550 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 ,_ x Velocitt in Main Air Duct S.10 Per Cent P. 1800 2000 2200 2400 2550 .. 2700 2850 3000 3100 3250 3350 , The above table is based on a weight of air of .075 lb. percu. ft. which corresponds to a temperature of 68 deg. fahr., a barometric pressure 29.92 in. (sea level) and 50 per cent relative humidity. (For higher elevations or temperatures, the above velocities may be increased 1 per cent for each 500 ft. increase in elevation, and 1 per cent for each 10 deg. fahr. increase in temperature.) ' . Any change in the direction of the air flow should be accomplished by means of bends having a radius of throat not less than one-half the diameter of a round duct or one-half the width of a rectangular duct. . With rectangular ducts, the ratio of one side to the other should preferably be not greater than two to one. 356 Chapter XXVII--Mechanical Draft For rectangular ducts having a ratio of one side to the other greater than 2/1 lower velocities are recommended, the reduction being 5 per cent for a ratio of sides of 3/1; 10 per cent for ratio of sides of 4/1; 15 per cent for ratio of sides 5/1; etc. Dampers in air ducts should be located at points where the air velocity does not exceed the velocities specified above. Construction ' Air ducts shall be constructed so as to be smooth and air tight. .. Where concrete or masonry ducts are used, the interior surface shall be coated with cements, paints, or other materials that will prevent air leakage. If the ducts are of metal construction, particular attention shall be given to making the joints air tight. Where ducts are located under ground, sewer drainage shall be provided at the lowest point and manholes or doors provided for access to the ducts. Design of Fan Discharge Connections and Main Ducts If the fan outlet velocity exceeds the velocity in the main air duct, the connection between the fan discharge and the main air duct shall be straight and of such length thatthe slope of any side relative to the axis of the duct will not exceed 1 to 8. If the discharge connection expands on one side only the slope relative to the axis of the duct may be 1 to 5. Changes in section of the main air duct shall be made to conform with the above recommendations. If the fan outlet velocity is not greater than the velocity in the main duct, the fan may discharge directly into the duct, unless the proportions of the fan outlet and duct are sufficiently different as to require a transformation piece, in which case the above recommendations shall apply. Branch Air Ducts Branch ducts shall not be taken from the connection between the fan discharge and the main duct. . Where the direction of air flow in the main duct is constant, branch ducts shall be taken off the main duct at an angle of 45 deg. Where the air flow in the main duct may be in two directions, the branch ducts shall be taken off at right angles to the main duct with a radius of throat not less than one-half the diameter of a round branch duct or one-half the width of a rectangular branch duct. Parallel Operation of Fans Only fans with rising pressure characteristics shall be used for parallel operation. A fan is of rising pressure characteristic type when the pressure .curve rises continuously from free delivery to no delivery condition. If two or more fans discharge into the same duct, the connections from the fan dis charges to the duct shall be designed so that the frictional loss in each case between the fan discharge, and the duct will be equal. If two or more fans discharge into the same duct with the same and constant direction of air flow, the connections from the fan discharges to the duct shall be designed so that the air streams at the point where they merge will be flowing in a parallel direction. DATA . Fan performance is a statement of the capacities, pressures, speeds and horsepower inputs of a fan. Performance Tables Fan performance tables shall be based upon uniform increments of outlet velocities and give volume, speed, static pressure and horsepower. . Performance tables shall be based upon the use of inlet screens, guards, or other devices serving a similar purpose. Factors shall be given for the proper correction of performance for fans^equipped with outlet dampers. . 357 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Characteristic Curves A characteristic curve is a graphical presentation of fan performance of the relation between capacity, static and horsepower at a fixed speed. On all characteristic curves the capacities should be abscissae and static pressures and horsepowers ordinates. Data Sheet Size A standard size sheet, 8M by 11 in., shall be adopted for the compilation of per formance tables and characteristic curves. Drawings Proposal drawings shall show only limiting dimensions and shall not be used for construction purposes. GUARANTEE How Interpreted The guarantee of a fan duty should be understood to cover the performance based on the capacity and pressure developed at the fan discharge. How Demonstrated . If the conditions of the installation do not permit of an accurate field test, a laboratory test shall be made on a fan of similar type and proportions but not of a larger size. The expense of tests to demonstrate a guarantee shall be paid by the party requesting the test unless the test demonstrates that the guarantee has not been met. Rules Governing Fan Tested . Fan tests and the determination of the results of tests shall be governed by, and be in accordance with, the code proposed by the joint committee of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and the National Association of Fan Manu facturers, and as later adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. \ 358 Chapter XXVIII VENTILATORS AND NATURAL VENTILATION F the two methods of ventilating available, namely by mechanical _ means, and by the so-called natural forces, the later is often favored, because it is not dependent upon fans, blowers and motive power appara tus, any of which may get out of order; it requires no supervision, and it costs nothing for power to operate. It is dependent upon the operation of natural laws and is not subject to the requirements of control possible with mechanical ventilation. . Natural ventilation utilizes two separate agencies, (1) the buoyancy of the air caused by temperature difference between inside and outside . of the building, and (2) the energy of the wind. The former is the same action that produces draft in a chimney. The two forces are entirely distinct and separate, and may either co-operate or oppose each other, depending upon the design of the ventilator. A ventilator is an opening in the roof, properly protected against rain, snow and down draft; and surrounded by a hood or cowl intended to utilize the force of even the slightest breeze from any direction what-so- ever, in such a manner as to assist and increase air movement within an enclosure. Occasionally a damper is required to prevent over-ventilation in cold, stormy weather. In any event, openings near the.floor of the building which is to be ventilated are necessary to allow the ventilators to act. . Ventilators may be classified in general as stationary and rotary, and each of these may be divided into siphoning and non-siphoning, the rotary ventilator being one which always presents the same face to the wind, and the siphoning ventilator being one which is so constructed as to use the force of the wind to siphon the air out of the ventilator, usually allowing some of the external air to pass through the head. Engineers, architects and contractors who must make a selection should be guided by the following four general points, (1) quality of material, (2) design, (3) construction and (4) capacity (conditions should be stated, otherwise a fair comparison of this item is impossible). What is generally desired more specifically is, the greatest amount of reliable ventilation for a given cost of equipment. The following facts affect ventilation and ventilator capacity: . 1. Temperature difference between inside and outside of building. 2. Height of ventilator above air inlet openings. 3. Wind velocity. 4. Design, shape and proportions of ventilator. J, t----- : , -uw svvvivii luiiiiomAi caycuiany LUS 1 HE, rainier, Akron, Ohio and Thornton Lewis, Philadelphia, Pa. 359 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 5. Air admission below the ventilator, (resistance to flow of air into building). -6. Resistance to air flow through the building. 7. Resistance to air flow in the ventilators themselves. 8. Location of the ventilator with respect to surrounding objects. Of the factors mentioned, only items 4 and 7 depend upon the ventila tor itself; the other items depend upon circumstances wholly outside of ' ventilator size and design. ' ' While ventilators may be divided into certain classes or groups and the average efficiency of one class will be higher or lower than the average efficiency of another class, this does not in any way determine the capacity of individual ventilators, as ventilators of the same class and, which from a casual observation appear to be the same, will have entirely different characteristics, due to the fact that some of the fundamentals have been overlooked or changed in one or the other. The principles which should be followed are: . A--Stationary Ventilators. 1. A head sufficiently large to produce a large low-pressure area on the side opposite the wind, and to give an area of outlet for the air leaving the head large enough to obviate undue resistance to flo-w. At the same time the head should not be so large as to be unwieldy handling or to be structurely weak when erected. . 2.. A storm band on stationary non-siphoning ventilators sufficiently wide and so placed as to prevent the entrance of. external air into the .ventilator head. .. 3. If the ventilator is a siphoning type additional outlet air space must be provided in the head in order not to restrict the air pas sage from the exhaust pipe. B--Rotary Ventilators. . 1. A flaring outlet from a rotary ventilator will give a better exhaust than a straight outlet. . 2. Practically frictionless and noiseless turning of the ventilator head, when the wind direction changes. The head should turn at very low wind velocities. 3'. Smallest possible change of direction of the'air ascending from the building and least possible resistance to its egress by louvres or other obstructions at the outlet opening. C--All Ventilators. 1. Freest possible outlet for the air from the building, with large areas and smallest possible change of direction of the air flow. 2. Freedom from down drafts and from entrance of rain or snow. 3. Freedom from being rendered inoperative by collection of snow or formation of ice on ventilator. The simplest form of ventilator, shown in Fig. 1, consists of an outlet pipe, with a conical hood above it. The addition of a storm band, as 360 Chapter XXVIII--Ventilators and Natural Ventilation shown in Figs. 2, 3 . and 4, gives an increased protection against the entrance of rain-or snow. The storm band, if placed so close to. the cones as to restrict the outflow of air, interferes with ventilation. On the other hand, if the openings are made large enough to permit free egress of .the inside air, the storm band increases the ventilation by utilizing the wind velocity to produce suction. ' . A further development of the later principle is the siphon ventilator, as illustrated in Fig. 5, in which siphons or ducts are introduced for the particular purpose of-producing suction. Fig. 6 Various Styles of Roof Ventilators . In the swiveling or rotary ventilators, typified by Figs. 6 and 7, a freely rotating cowl is used. A wind vane is provided for keeping the opening facing away from the direction' of the wind. This type allows free egress of the inside air (unless the outlet is made unduly small). For producing suction, it depends upon the viscous drag of the wind pas sing along the outside-of the cowl. . ' In the induction or ejector type of ventilator, which is also of the swivel ing or rotary type Fig. 8, the kinetic energy of the wind is used to a large extent by creating suction, due to the viscous drag both-inside and out side the cowl. This device is effective for ventilation even with very low wind velocities. In some stationary ventilators of the siphon type, or of 361 fiTj ' [i American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 the swiveling cowl type, low wind velocities have the effect of reducing the air discharge produced by the temperature difference, apparently because the laws of fluid flow are not the same at high and low velocities, which is an established fact. All comparisons of capacity must be referred to a given dimension, namely the throat area, corresponding to the nominal size of the ventila tor. Resistance to flow of air is caused by; (1) restricted outlet openings, or (2) many turns or changes of the direction of the air flow. As regards the first item, this depends entirely upon the proportions, and not upon the type; some of the stationary ventilators have smaller, and others have larger outlet area than some cowl ventilators of the same nominal size. Regarding the second item, the swiveling cowl ventilators offer less resistance than the stationary type, in that the direction of air flow is changed as little as possible. Unless swiveling ventilators move very freely, the opening, at times, faces towards the wind so that ventilation produced by temperature difference is much reduced, or wholly counteracted. In that case, snow and rain may blow in. The rumbling or creaking noise caused by a hard turning swivel ventilator is also very unpleasant. These troubles are, of course, eliminated in well designed ventilators, but must be kept in mind. In Fig. 9, is shown a rotary or air-turbine ventilator, which rotates continously under the action of the wind, the motion being produced by the difference of wind pressure on the convex and concave sides of the vanes. The air-exhausting action is due to centrifugal force. This type of ventilator must be very carefully designed if it is to be leak-proof, and if the noises and impact forces, due to ice accumulating on the vanes in the winter are to be eliminated. CAPACITIES The variety of factors affecting capacity makes it essential for the user of ventilators to exercise great care in respect to this item of capacity. The draft in a ventilator head, due to the velocity of the wind, is primarily caused by the low pressure area or partial vacuum on the leeward side of the ventilator head. A draft in certain designs may also be caused by the siphoning action of the wind passing through the ven tilator head, but any air which is allowed to enter the head to create a siphoning action must get out and in so doing will diminish the effective area of the head for exhausting air, and it is also very likely to reduce the effectiveness of the low pressure area. Naturally the ventilator which makes the best use of the available forces for creating a draft and which at the same time provides the freest path for the flow of exhaust through the ventilators should be the best ventilator. It does not follow, however, that a ventilator of one class is better or poorer than one of any other class. It may be good or poor not because it belongs to a certain class, but depending upon whether the proper basic principles have been observed in its design. . The theoretical velocity of the gases due to temperature difference may be obtained from the following well-known formula: 362 r--r - Chapter XXVIII--Ventilators and Natural Ventilation in which V = Velocity in feet per second g = Gravity 32.2 H = Effective height of ventilator Tl = Temperature absolute of air in ventilator T = Temperature absolute of air outside Rotary Ventilators Fig. 9 Air-Turbine Ventilator Determining the Effective Height This gives the theoretical velocity which will be reduced in the prac tical aise by the resistance in the pipe and the ventilator head. It is impossible to state an exact ratio between the velocity obtainable and e theoretical as every case will be different, but a reasonable assumption would be 50 per cent providing there is free admission of fresh air into the room or space ventilated. . 363 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Many exaggerated claims have been made in the marketing of ventila tors and it was only recently that very careful tests were made by the U. S. Bureau of Standards (Trans. A. S. H. V. E., Vol. 27, 1921, p. 67. See also Trans., Vol. 28, 1922, p. 189 and Vol. 29, 1923, p. 39) and by other reliable investigators, with the result that ventilator capacities are now quite accurately known under specified test conditions. Conservative figures for the best types of ventilators now on the market, under conditions of unrestricted flow of air to the ventilator, are given by the equation: . where 36 Q=A x . 6+ V fo) + 20 X V Q ~ cubic feet of air exhausted per hour through a ventilator having a free area at the throat of A square inches, mounted on a roof at a height of H feet from the center of the ventilator outlet to the floor, and with a wind velocity of V miles per hour, and average temperature I, insidelo outside. The height H has been given as the height above the floor; strictly speaking, it is the height of the column of warm air in the building, which is approximately equal to the height above the location of the air inlet to the building. This location is usually near the floor. If, however, the inlet is much higher, as shown for instance in Fig. 10,' the height H is indeterminate, but may, in general, be taken as halfway between the center of the air inlet and the floor. High class ventilators, for instance those of the ejector type, will, under favorable conditions, discharge continuously 25 per cent more air than these conservative figures indicate. Capacities are lower, on the other hand, if ventilators of lower efficiency are used, or if the flow of air into or through the building is restricted, or if the ventilator is not ex- . posed to the free sweep of the wind. Tests occasionally show consider ably higher discharge rates over short periods of time. These abnormally high results are produced by the action of the wind upon certain openings of the building; they are not due to the ventilator itself, and cannot be depended upon for continuous ventilation if the direction of the wind changes. In the smaller sizes of ventilators (12 in. or less in throat diameter) the air discharge per square inch of cross-sectional area is reduced, on account of the frictional resistance and, in the rotary types, On account of reduction of free area by the supports, bearings, etc. Example.--What is the capacity of an 18 in. ventilator, located 35 ft. above the floor, with 6 miles per hour wind velocity, 50 deg. fahr. outside temperature, 68 deg. fahr. inside temperature? Answer.--A -- 0.7854 X (18)2 = 255 sq. in. 36 X Q = 255 X ' 35 X ^68 - 5o) 6+6 + 20 X 6 average capacity under these conditions. 364 = 50,000 cu. ft. per hr.. Chapter XXVIII--Ventilators and Natural Ventilation . VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS , The air supply per person and per hour, or the number of the renewals of air contents per hour is given in Chapter I. (See also Chapter XVI. To obtain effective, uniform ventilation and avoid local drafts, the ventilators should not be placed more than 30 ft. apart; 20 ft. apart is a good average. It is best, although not absolutely necessary, to locate the ventilator at the ridge of the roof, unless the building exceeds 40 ft. in width, in which case two rows of smaller ventilators should be used. Where the building to be ventilated is surrounded by higher buildings which obstruct air currents, it is desirable to extend the ventilators above ' the buildings by mounting them on stacks. Example.--A foundry building is 40 ft. wide, 200 ft. long, with an average height of 40 ft.; the ventilators are to be mounted at the ridge of the roof, at a height of 55 ft. above the floor. What number and size of ventilators are required? Answer.--In this case, ventilation is especially necessary in summer. The air in the building should not be over 10 deg. fahr. warmer than the outside air. The wind velocity may be as low as 4 miles per hour. Spacing the ventilators, tentatively, 25 ft. apart,' 8 ventilators would be required. Under average conditions, 10 air renewals per hour are sufficient. If the foundry is small and cramped, and pouring takes place over a large section of the floor space, 15 or more air renewals per hour may be needed. On the basis of 10 renewals per hour, the capacity of each ventilator must be: Q= ! 4UU.UUU cu. It. per hour The discharge per square inch of throat area under these conditions is; 36 X ^ 55 X 10 deg. 6 + 4 mi./hr. i./hr. j + 20 X 4 mi 165 cu. ft. of air per hr. The required throat area per ventilator is 400,000 165 =* 2420 sq. in. if there is no resistance and no wind pressure. The diameter is J. . 2420 = 55.5 jn \ 0.7854 . Standard sizes are 54 in. and 60 in. Either eight--54 in. or else seven;--60 in. ventilators could be used, spaced respectively 25 ft. or 28 ft. apart. The foregoing is based on the use of high class ventilators. If ventila tors of lower efficiency are used, or if the air flow into the building is restricted (as in winter) larger ventilators may be required. CONTROL OF VENTILATION The ideal ventilator would be one which utilized to the very best advantage even the very lowest wind velocities; attained full capacity at a wind velocity of 4 or 5 miles per hour; and then automatically con trolled the air flow so that the discharge remained constant at all higher wind velocities. Such an ideal ventilator does not exist. The best types now on the market do, however, fulfill very well the 365 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 first two requirements; for the last one, hand regulation is depended upon. For this purpose either a butterfly damper is provided in the throat of the ventilator, or, in some of the rotary types, louvres are sometimes arranged at the discharge opening of the ventilator. The damper or louvres may be operated by chains from the floor of the build ing, or the. butterfly damper electrically controlled by push button. The louvres with their operating device have the disadvantage of restrict ing the free area of discharge, even when open wide. In some designs, this results in a serious reduction of capacity. Ice can interfere with their operation. The dampers may be made to close automatically in case of fire, by use of a weight and fusible link arrangement. The dampers should be so located that ice cannot freeze them tight so that adjustment is impossible. Regulation may also be accomplished, just as effectively, by restricting the flow of air into the building (closing the windows or doors), although this is quite inconvenient in many cases. It is generally considered best practice to have the area to be ventilated between the intake and the exhaust. Also to have the intake 15 per cent greater in area than the exhaust. The efficient ventilator uses every bit of wind energy, striking it, to the fullest possible extent. . The ideal ventilator is then the one using all the forces at hand, to the greatest possible advantage. Such a ventilator must first be correctly designed to use all these forces--proportioned to use them efficiently--be strongly and practically built to last--needing no care or attention--as they are usually placed in inaccesible places. . APPLICATION OF VENTILATORS . The use of ventilators on factory and mill buildings is too well known to require comment. For pickling rooms, etc., where noxious fumes are produced, they are practically indispensable. Ventilators for houses are becoming quite common, especially for the ventilation of bathrooms, which has been much neglected in the past. A frequent use for ventilators is on the top of chimneys, to prevent down drafts and to increase the updraft by means of wind action. For use on houses, several requirements must be kept in mind. Good appearance and noiseless operation are very important. The motion of the ventilator, if of the revolving type, must not shake the building or cause knocks or thumps; and the construction must be such that in the winter the movable part does not freeze to the fixed portion of the venti lator and thus stop the rotation. On account of the increasing danger of carbon monoxide poisoning, it is becoming regular practice to equip garages with ventilators to carry off the waste gases coming from motor exhausts. ' Another application of ventilators is found in connection with power ventilating systems on the outlet or discharge opening. A very important application for ventilators is on schools, where re circulation of air is used. Farm buildings use ventilators to a large extent and the duty required, necessitates careful selection. . 366 Consulting Service Section DIRECTORY OF ENGINEERS Specializing in Heating and Vzntilating IHork ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY A. R. ACHESON Consulting Engineer Heating and Ventilation Power Plant Designs Electrical Engineering 601 Eckel Building Syracuse, N. Y. ALPHONSE A. ADLER M.E., Sc.D. Consulting Engineer 9 Murray Street New York, N. Y. ESTEN BOLLING, M.E. . Consulting Engineer # Technical Publicity Sales Development Box 46 East Orange, N. J. THOS. CHESTER Air Conditioning, Cooling, Dehumidifying 1318 Cordova Road Pittsburgh, Pa. J. E. COLEMAN Consulting Engineer 25 Church Street New York, N. Y. 20 Rector Place Red Bank, N. J. SAMUEL E. DIBBLE Consulting Engineer Heating, Ventilating and Plumbing 415 Hastings Street ' Pittsburgh, Pa. , 369 i THE FROST RESEARCH LABORATORY Robinson V. Frost, C.E. Director A consulting research service in Heating and Ventilating Norristown, Pa. J. E. HIRES Consulting Engineer Manufacturing and Plant 1110 Land Title Bldg. Philadelphia, Pa. 62 W. 45th Street New York LEE P. HYNES Electric Heating Engineer Design and Construction of . Electric Heating and Control Electric Unit Air Heaters Electric Water Heating Electric Steam Boilers Off Peak Power Utilized Industrial process work 30 Church Street ' New York, N. Y. JAROS & BAUM Consulting Engineers for Mechanical Equipment of Buildings 116 West 39th Street New York, N. Y. ALFRED KELLOGG Engineer . Designing - Constructing Complete Public Building and Power Plants Investigations, Appraisals and Reports - 89 Franklin Street Boston, Mass. CARL J. KIEFER v Consulting Engineer Member A. S. M. E. Member A. S. H. & V. E. Mechanical - Heating Ventilating ' Sanitary Equipment Designs. Schmidt Building . Cincinnati, Ohio 370 RICHARD I). KIMBALL CO. . Engineers Heating and Ventilating Electrical Sanitary Central Plants a Specialty 6 Beacon Street Boston, Mass. 1 SAMUEL R. LEWIS Engineer for Mechanical Equipment of Buildings 407 S. Dearborn Street Chicago CHARLES S. LEOPOLD Consulting Engineer 213 S. Broad Street Philadelphia, Pa. Air Conditioning Heating, Ventilating Mechanical Equipment of Buildings Power Plants MENSING & CO. Consulting Engineers Presser Building . Philadelphia, Pa. ROBERT P. SCHOENIJAHN, M.E. Consulting Engineer Industrial Trust Building Wilmington, Del. WALTER S. TIMMIS Consulting Engineer Mechanical Equijpment of Buildings, Vibration Tests and Reports 315 Fifth Avenue New York, N. Y. 371 WEHR & WALDEN, Inc. Consulting Engineers 507 Keyser Building .. Baltimore, Md. . / `\per!ry west, m.e. Consulting Engineer 13 Central Avenue Newark, N. J. .\ Catalog Data Section (Pages 373-658) with an INDEX TO MODERN EQUIPMENT (Pages 659-676) and INDEX TO ADVERTISERS (Pages 677-680) . ! 372 I . Air Conditioning farrier Fnqineeiinq forporafion Atmospheric Conditioning Corporation Offices and Laboratories: 750 Frelinghuysen Ave. Newark, N. J. Boston, 176 Federal Street New York, 39 Cortlandt Street Chicago, Burnham Building Cleveland, Union Trust Building Philadelphia, Land Title Building Kansas City, Manufacturers Exchange Building Los Angeles, 911 Mateo Street Washington, D. C., 418 Washington Loan & Trust Building Engineers, Manufacturers, Contractors, specializing in the design and instal lation of automatically controlled Air Conditioning Equipment, Heating, . Cooling, Ventilation, Humidification, Dehumidification, and the scientific application of Conditioned Air in Drying and Processing. Manufactured Weather to make "Every day a good day.1* Air Conditioning Systems--Especially designed for Textile Mills, Candy Fac tories, Bakeries, Flour Mills, Drug and Chemical Plants, Printing Plants, Pack ing Plants, Laboratories, Theatres, Public Buildings and for numerous other industries where there are requirements for clean air uniformly distributed and automatically controlled at any desired condition of temperature and humidity. Equipment, workmanship and results are guaranteed. Ask for Bulletin 50G or re quest specific information. Drying and Processing Equipment-- The Carrier Ejector System of air circula tion has been found almost universally and ideally adaptable to all drying and processing operations. By the ejector principle, all of the air within the drying room is set into uniform circulation over the material being treated. Drying rates and schedules are subjected to control by Carrier automatic instruments. The system is adaptable to periodic rooms or continuous tunnels. . Write for informa tion on specific applications. A Typical Carrier Humidifier or Dehumidifier showing the automatically controlled fresh and return air dampers, the spray chamber with pumping and water heating equipment and, on . the left, the fan which delivers the air to the duct system - 374 Carrier Engineering CorporationAir Conditioning Cross Section of a Typical Theatre Equipped with a Carrier System for Cooling. Dehumidifying and Purifying the Air in Summer and Warming, Humidifying and Purifying the Air in Winter. Note the use ofCarrier Centrifugal Refrigeration in connection with this equipment. Cooling and Air Conditioning in Public and Private Buildings--With a background of more than twenty years of experience in the design and application of Air Conditioning equipment, the Carrier Organization has logically led in applying this science to the maintenance of condi tions of physical comfort of people congre gated within buildings. In Theatres, Auditoria, Hospitals, Hotels, Department Stores, Office Buildings, Factories and Mansions it is now possible to maintain ideal conditions of physical comfort, Carrier Centrifugal Refrigeration-- This system is an innovation in the pro duction of cold. The refrigerant is a harmless, inoffensive liquid. The com pressor is a simple centrifugal unit similar in construction and operation to a centri fugal pump. Control is automatic. Space regardless of seasons or outdoor weather. Winter conditions require humidification and heating. In Summer, cooling and dehumidification must be accomplished, Numerous Carrier installations are pro ducing the desired conditions unfailingly. We are at all times pleased to cooperate with Architects, Engineers and Builders in the design and installation of Air Con ditioning equipment within buildings under their direction. Write for the book, u Theatre Cooling"--G. A Complete Carrier Centrifugal Refrigeration Unit. Capacity of this Unit 200 Tons requirement one-quarter that of any other system. This system is used in connection with all of our cooling and dehumidifying installations. Complete safety and sim plicity of operation are assured. Details on request. 375 Air Conditioning. The Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp. Executive Office Boston Chicago 31 Union Square New York City Engineers and Contractors Atlanta Pittsburgh Automatically Controlled Air Conditioning Systems: Cooling--Humidifying-- Dehumidifying -- Heating -- Ventilating -- Drying -- Ross Paper Conditioning -- Fleisher Bakery Systems ' Compute Dehumidifying Equipment Air Conditioning Systems are designed to overcome the handicaps imposed on industry by variations in weather, or adverse climatic conditions. They, insure to the manufacturer that effect on materials and processes which can only be produced by ideal temperature and humidity values, making his plant entirely independent of the seasons or changeable daily weather. Whether the cure for such difficulties involves the creation of high or low temperatures and high or low humidities in any combination, this organization offers a broad experience in the careful design of dependable equipment united with the highest type of engineering and contracting service. ' In addition to the treatment of industrial departments requiring humidifying, or dehumidifying, the cooling of theatres, moving picture houses, cafes, and other places of assembly are fields in which we have specialized with marked success. The experienced active personnel of this organization enables us to design and in stall automatically controlled cooling and air conditioning equipments of any size, for any purpose and having had broad experience in practically all fields where this type of equipment is employed, our sales engineers will be glad to cooperate with those requesting their service. 376 , r---- ----S'-- Air Diffusers Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co. . 202-204 Franklin Street, New York Knowles Air Diffusers for Auditoriums of Theatres, Churches, Schools Knowles 72a.%2ofck Mushroom Ventilators are rigid because head has three outer bearings. Ten recessed notches give close regulation of air. Head is positively locked in position by tightening the head screw. Inside of cap is free from obstructions which retard the easy flow of air. Three screwholes in floor flange are provided for fastening to wood floor or three steel L-Iugs for setting in concrete. These lugs-are fastened to the floor flange with bolts, permitting replacing of floor casting without disturbing concrete, or by 3 set-screws in floor collar to secure to sleeve. Supplied with dome or flat tops. . Size 4* diam. 8 C. f. rt>. at 300 Vel. 27 42 60 61 105 165 DiscLoKnowles Gallery Riser Ventilators are designed to insure better con trol of air. Round holes in the gallery risers do not weaken the construction but, on the contrary, with the cast iron rings it is actually strength ened. The sleeve is a plain galvanized iron cylinder, with a- K in. turnover flange, and with a special cast iron ring, riveted flush to the inside front end. Sleeves are grouted in when concrete is poured. The cast iron grill is quickly inserted and locked by a simple twist motion--no bolts, screws or springs. Furnished with or without damper to fit same rings. . Area. Sq. Ft. 0.0873 0.1364 0.1964 0.2673 0.3491 0.5454 Weight. Lbs. 2.75 3.50 4.25 5.75 6.00 11.75 Tu- Way Air Deflectors are designed . to give maximum area of discharge of air with minimum fixed height. The air is dis charged at both ends along the row of seats. Do not interefere with the back of chair seats when they are raised. Made of heavy cast iron with heavy wire screens locked into grooves at each end. Damper easily adjusted with screwdriver. ' Size No. 3V* $ 6y Dimensions. Inches, Disc-Loc B ol J6 'h I'A 4>A 5% We 7% -Net Cijn. Area at 300. F Sq.Ft.1 Velocity' 4 0.08 5 0.13 6 0.19 6% 0.24f 24 39 57 72 Size *No. Dimensions. Inches High Wide Long Area, Sq. Ft. Cfjn. at 300 Velocity ,2 6 28 3 .8 48 58 68 4 0.223 6 0.333 8 0.45 10 0.56 12 0.67 67 100 134 167 200 . fSquare grill. Standard Aisle Hood Air Deflectors are used to throw the fresh air out into the aisles in one direction. They provide the engineer with an inex pensive method of introducing a large volume of air wherever needed without causing annoying drafts. A curved damper reduces friction loss. P' P' P.Long 8' 8' Wide High Lbs. C. F. M. at Area 300 Vel Sq. Ft. 75 0.25 100 0.333 Send for new booklet of ComplcU Engineering Data 377 / General Air Filters Corporation 365 Lexington Avenue, New York City PRODUCTS:--Manufacturers of Air Purification Equipment, Air Filters, ' Air Washers, Spray Nozzles Ace Automatic Self-Cleaning Air Filters . A --Primary oil distributor. B--Filter section. C--Front flashing--removable. D--Rear, combined flashing and filter support. E--Mud basket. F-- Reduction gear' on mud conveyor and mud ejector mechanism. G--Drain from mud basket "S'\ H-- Mud ejector and combined mud conveyor drive. J-- Oil level. L--Filter flush pump. M--Mud conveyor. N---Pump suction from reservoir. R--Oil reservoir. The filter media consists of overlapping baffle plates made of a finely slitted steel sheet arranged in vertical position, per- . fectly aligned and admirably satisfying from every.standpoint the requirements of a practical self-cleaning air filtering apparatus. Each cell handles 1500 c.f.m. Length of installation 2 ft. multiplied by number of cells. For height multiply 21M in. by number of cells to which add 27 in. for the reservoir and oil distributor. The depth of the filter casing is 20 in. Operation.--For a period of only from five to seven minutes daily the flush pump is operated, pumping a special oil from the reservoir to the oil distributor on the top tier of cells. This oil flushes uniformly the entire filter surfaces and carries down the day's accumulation of dust to the settling tank and simultaneously charges the filter surfaces with oil for the next interval of operation. The conveyor and mud ejector work jn conjunction with the flush pump, conveying the sediment to the mud basket located in plain view of the atten dant. The basket is reversible and can be dumped very conveniently when loaded without soiling the hands; no washing is necessary. The excess oil carried up by the ejector drains back to the reservoir. Under ordinary operating conditions the day's accumulation of dust does not measurably increase the filter resistance. Accordingly there is no building up of resistance with this type. . For ventilating systems which do not operate continuously it - is found most.' convenient to operate the flush pump when the fan unit is shut down. For continuous service, however, such as ventilation of electrical apparatus, a dry filter section is positioned in the rear por* tion of the casing which permits flushing at any time during the operation of the filter. We maintain a special test laboratory cabinet in which any dust con tamination can be artifically created for the purpose of testing ACE Air Filter Cells, with equipment loaned by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. . ACE AUTOMATIC SELF-CLEANING AIR FILTER A-typical installation. Indianapolis, Ind. Length Sift., height It ft. g in., depth of casing SO in. Number of cells 60-1$ wide by 5 deep. Each cell occupies a space of'4- in. wide by St\4 in. high and has a nominal rating of 1600 c.f.m., with a resistance of 0.S6 w. g. 378 Air Filters BRADFORD PENNSYLVANIA Midwest Canada, Ltd. Montreal, Canada Branches in Principal Cities Construction All types of Midwest Filters are based upon the unit princi ple of construction, each cell being a complete and inter changeable unit. The filter cell proper consists of a heavy, welded, box like frame with expanded metal front and back, containing a series of strong, specially shaped and perforated filter sheets which are coated with a viscous non inflammable fluid called Vis cosine. Progressive increase in density of this medium pro vides for scientific distribution of dust from front to rear of the cell. Note in the illustration how dust accumulates but does not obstruct. Automatic Horizontal Filters The Midwest Horizontal filter consists of standard unit cells laid horizontally as shown in the illustra tion. This model possesses unusual advantages in that much of the heavy dust is eliminated by diagonal baffle aprons which catch and hold the heavier particles before the filter medium proper is reached. Cleaning is accomplished by flooding with Viscosine supplied by a Viscosine pump. Settling tank is located at the bottom of the filter. Motor and time switch provide for regulating cleaning intervals. Rotary Self-Cleaning Filter Unit Filters Unit installations are built in wall type set-ups to deliver the required air capacity and are assembled in angle iron frames de signed to' fit the space available. Air tight joints provide absolutely-'r-Teak proof installations. ' Resis tance is unusually low and is combined with high efficiency and -great dust holding capacity. Midwest cells have 19 per cent . larger filter area than units with wider panels and their cleaning efficiency is rated between 97 and 98 " per cent. Fireproof all metal construction insures maximum durability and safety. Size of unit (outside of frame)--20 by 20 by 6)4 in. Size of cell --19H by 19 H by 4 in. Net weight of cell--28 lb. Weight of cell and frame--40 !b. Air capacity per cell--800'to 1000 cu. ft. per minute. Dust holding capacity per cell 1)4 lb. This filter is made for installation singly and in batteries for air capacity ranging from 9000 c.f.m. and up. High cleaning efficiency at low and con stant operating resistance is offered. It provides great capacity per unit of space occupied, due to the , fact that air enters through both sides and top.. Efficiency is rated at 97 to 99 per cent. Pressure. drop % in. water gauge, constant. Capacity 1000 c.f.m. per cell. Both the Rotary and Horizontal automatic filters possess the advan tage of replaceable Automatic Filters cells, built upon the Two highly efficient and dependable types of time tested Mid automatic self-cleaning filters ^re manufactured for. : west principle of installations where manual cleaning is not desired. construction. Model H. S. F. r Our Engineering Department will gladly furnish data, sketches and recom mendations entirely without obligation to yourself. , Model SF Rotary Self-Cleaning Filter 379 Air Filters and Cleaners Natiokai. Air Filter Co. ------------------------------^ A DIVISION OF ORYING SYSTEMS. INC.-B-----------------------------" 5130 Ravcnswood Avenue Chicago ' . ' National Air Filters provide a dependable and effective means of securing clean air-- both for general ventilating systems and exacting industrial problems. The t?M38NAi?1 and the "K&fiSKAi?1 are the same in principle, but distinctive in design. They are furnished either as completely automatic or semi-automatic units. PRINCIPLE.--The 4^83842? and the both employ the proved princi ple of impingement of the dust against viscous coated surfaces, which are arranged to form a maze of tortuous passages thru which the air to be cleaned is drawn. DESIGN.--Both filters are of the movable medium type, thecleaningelement in either case, travelling intermittently by means of a fractional horse power motor, con trolled by an automatic time clock. beneath the drum and thedust precipitates to the bottom of the receptacle. In the the screen revolves through the reservoir, so that a section of screen is always at rest for a sufficient length of time to permit the impinged dust to settle in the bottom of the reservoir through sedi mentation. In either type of filter, the dust accumu lated in the bottom of the oil reservoir may be removed manually or by means of an automatic sludge ejector, depending on whether the user prefers a semi-automatic or an entirely automatic device. The medium in the consists of innumerable strands of copper ribbon, ingeniously woven into a pad of uniform texture and wound around a hollow cylindrical drum. The medium in the consists of a number of special die stamped steel plates which are fabri cated into an endless screen. -.FLEXIBILITY.--Through reason of their design, these filters are flexible enough to cope with the most severe conditions. The rate of speed, as well as the density of the cleaning medium, can be regulated to best handle the individual problem. ADVANTAGES OPERATION.--The medium of the 1. Unvarying Cleaning Efficiency. is cleaned by means of flushing the copper mesh with oil. The dust laden1 oil discharges into a reservoir located 2. Constant Resistance. 3. Self Cleaning. 4. Minimum Operating Cost. . Specifications - Inasmuch as both the Rotary and the Pfioenix filters are furnished to meet individual requirements, floor space dimensions and headroom clearance offer an unlimited range of selection. Detail catalogs and layouts will be gladly furnished upon request and without cost or obligation. ***(^1. *XicrwuLA6 <dj/. 380 Air Filters and Cleaners Reed Air Filter Co. Incorporated Factory and General Offices: 202 Central Avenue, Louisville, Ky. NEW YORK OFFICE 50 CHURCH STREET Reed Air filters^ ~ DISTRICT REPRESENTATIVES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES Reed Air Filters--Streamline Self Cleaning and Standard Unit Types-- pro vide a simple, efficient, economical method of supplying clean air for general venti lation. purposes and industrial processes. The Reed Streamline (Self-Cleaning) Air Filter represents the most recent development in automatic air filtration. It is self-operating and requires no personal attention. The filtering media is sta tionary, thus eliminating moving parts. There is nothing to wear out-- nothing to get out of order. Nothing moves but the charging liquid. Once a day the filter is automatically flushed or flooded with Adhesine for a period of less than two minutes, thor oughly cleaning the filtering media and leav Fig.l. Anl8,OOOc.f.m.Recd ing it freshly charged. The filtering media Streamline Filter Composed of 1H No. 68 Sections. Note Simplicity of Installation consists of stag gered rows of streamline forms similar to the low-wind-resistance shapes developed in airplane service. - (See Figure 2). These forms offer the minimum resistance to air flow. 0^0 ^C> Fig. 8. Streamline Filtering Medio Used in Reed Self-Cleaning Filter for Low Air Resistance and High Efficiency The air is cleaned by a series of impinge ments against the Adhesine-coated forms, the impurities being gradually removed with each contact. With the Reed Stream line a constantly high cleaning efficiency is obtained with a resistance to air flow of only .25 in. of water. By adhering to the unit principle of construction and by building the filter in standard unit sizes, the laying out and installing of filters of various capacities has been greatly simplified. . The Reed Standard Unit Air Filter consists of a durable metal cell progres sively packed with lead-dipped, split-wire filtering media thoroughly coated with Adhesine. This patented feature--ex clusive with Reed Air Filters--separates the air into innumerable fine streams, provides the maximum number of baffles, insures the greatest number of impinge ments and makes possible the highest cleaning efficiency--97 to 99 per cent guaranteed. Fig. 3. A Reed Air Filter Unit ' By progressively packing the media and gradually increasing its density toward the rear of the filter, greater capacity and minimum air resistance are assured: Periods between cleanings are also cor respondingly increased. The new auto matic latch facilitates the handling of cells.in restricted areas and the felt gasket between cell and frame prevents leakage and insures full efficiency. The new Reed Steam Cleaning Tank eliminates the man ual labor of washing and gives the assur ance of uniformly clean filters at all times. Our Engineering Department will gladly furnish complete data and drawings without cost or obligation to you. 381 Air Filters Spray Engineering Company 60 High Street, Boston, Massachusetts Engineers and Manufacturers of Air Filters, Air Washers, Air Coolers, Spray Cooling Ponds, Nozzles, Strainers, Flow Meters, Lawn Sprinklers SPRACO AIR FILTERS Spraco Air Filters efficiently remove from the venti lating air, dust, dirt and other foreign matter. Their design incorporates decided improvement in both the automatic and the unit cell type air filter, which results in low air resistance combined with exceptionally high air cleaning efficiency. . The filter media is arranged to give the greatest possible dust collecting surface within a given space and is comprised of diversiform expanded metal sheets and knitted copper mats. All parts are factory welded and exceptionally rugged. Spraco Automatic Air Filter--The Spraco Auto matic Air Filter is not only exceptionally efficient (the air being filtered twice due to the double-pass feature) but is absolutely self-cleaning. The design incorporates a number of removable filter boxes made up as an endless filter belt, a portion of which extends down into a tank of "Dustix" Charging Solution. The dirt is settled out in this tank and removed, automatically by the sediment ejector. The K hp._motor which drives both the filter belt and sediment ejector operates for a period of only 10 to 20 minutes per day, consequently the power consumption is negligible. Spraco Auto matic Air Filters are furnished in single, two and three section units, to conform with the capacity required. Further particulars on request. Spraco Filter Cell (Front View) Spraco Cell Type Filters--(See Illustrations). The Spraco Cell Tyj>e Filters, which are in universal use, have very distinctive features, some of which are mentioned below. Although not self-cleaning, they are generally preferred, owing to their low first cost. Spraco Sectional Framework--The framework for holding the cells is made up in sections of all welded ' construction, to insure maximum strength and perfect alignment. The sectional framework also eliminates . air leakage and reduces the cost of installation to a - minimum. Two-Point Seal--The cells make a two-point contact with the sectional framework which is provided with a felt sealing strip at the rear. All air must there fore pass through the filter media. Quick-acting spring latches, four to each cell hold the cell firmly against the Spraco Sectional Framework minimizes erection costs . two-point seal. Soraco Washing Tank--All Spraco Washing Tanks are equipped with steam water heater, overflow, drain, and water connection. . The.y can be furnished with steam.cleaning device and mechanical lift, which reduces the labor required to clean the cetls to an absolute minimum SEND FOR BULLETIN F-47 Specifications for Cell Type Filters Space occupied by Cell.--........ Standard air capacity of CellAverage.' Resistance.................. ................... ......................................................-......-.......................... 20 x 20x4 in. .................................................................................................................... ..800 c.f.m. ................................. H in. w.g. when clean }4 in. w.g. with 1 lb. dirt per cell CNNiNleeeetta". wWnwienedigBiggUhehtftf'oUiocflfieSCneeccyllt..i..o....n....a.....l....X.F.....r..a....m......ewo.r.k...................U...n...d...e.....r.--.n.....o.....r...m.......a....l....c-..o.....n....d.....i.t....i.o.....n....s......w...--..i..l..l....r...e.....m......o....v....e............9......7.........p........e.......r......c......e......n....t....o.....fp...d.e.u.r..s.C.t..ea..l.nl.--.d...1d350irltlbbss.. Net weight of Washing Tank (Standard)..-................................................................................................ .....100 lbs. Nefweight of Charging Tank........................ .-.--...I.............. .................... :......................................................... 80 lbs. Net weight of Dustix Charging Solution.................................................... ............................. per Gallon-- 8 lbs. ` ' Engineering Service _ The-Spray Engineering Company maintains a corps of engineers experienced in all phases of air con ditioning, including the filtering, washing, cooling, humidifying, and dehumidifying of air for all classes of work. These engineers are available for consultation regarding the best solution of such problems. 382 Boilers, Gas I . American Radiator Company j IDEAL GAS BOILERS Distributor ' : American Gas Products Corporation 376 Lafayette Street, New York Ideal Gas Boilers < for house>heating and industrial hot water supply A full line of specially designed gas boilers, completely equipped for automatic opera tion (steam, water or vapor), with all accessories and furnished with handsome Ideal insulated jackets. In use by leading gas companies; accepted as standard by architects, heating con tractors and engineers. Will heat any thing from a three-room cottage to the largest building. 1 4 S . RATINGS dimensions Boiler No.' I-G-4 1-G-5 l-G-6 .l-G-7 I-Gt8 l-G-9 1-C-IO l-C-ll l-G-13 l--G--15 4-G-6 4-G-7 4-C-8 4-G-9 4-G-10 +-G-II. 4-G-12 4-G-I4 4-G-I6 4-C-I8 4-G-20 4-G-22 4-G-24 Steam Boilers Water Boilers A.G.A. Available. Hp. !a.c.a. Available Rating B.t.u. Rating Rating B.t.u. 525 700 875 1050 1225 1400 1575 1750 2100 2450 126,000 3.8 168,000 5.0 1 210,000 6.3 252.000 7.5 294.000 8.8 336.000 10.0 378.000 11.3 420.000 12.5 1 504.000 15.0 588.000 17.5 900 135.000 1200 180.000 1500 225.000 .1800 270.000 2100 315.000 2400 360.000 2700 405.000 3000 450.000 3600 540,000 4200 630.000 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 480.000 576.000 672.000 768.000 864.000 . 960,000 1.056.000 14.3 17.2 20.0 22.9 25.8 28.6 31.5 3250 3900 4550 5200 5850 6500 7150 487.500 585.000 682.500 780.000 877.500 975.000 1,072,500 4800 5600. 6400 7200 8000 8800 1.152.000 1.344.000 1.536.000 1.728.000 1.920.000 2.112.000 34.4 40.0 45.8 51.6 57.2 63.0 7600 1,170,000, 9100 1.365.000 10,400 1.560.000 11,700 1.755.000 13,000 1.950.000 14,300 2.145.000 No. of Burners 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 .5 6 7 8 .9 10 11 12 44 16 18 20 : 22 Width Inches No. and Height Size of Flue Includ Connec. ing Di Diameter verters Inches Inches 181/z 22'/, 26'/, 30'/, i34'/, 621/z 1-6 1-7 1^8 1-8 1-8 1-9 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 52'/, 52'/, 53'/, si54'/, 583/, 60'/, 61'/2 27 1-11 69 31 1-11 '/, 35 1-12 39 1-12 43 1-13 73 47 1-14 731/2 51 1-14 74'/, 61 2-11 69'/, : 7r*69 2-12 77 2-12 85 2-13 73 93 2-14 73'/, 101 2-14 74'/, . No. and Size of Tappings Supply Return Inches Inches 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2M 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 1-6 2-5 1-6 2-5 1-6 2-5 1-6 2-5 1-6 2-5 1-6 2-5 1-6 2-5 2-6 2-5 2-6 2-5 2-6 2-5 2-6 2-5 2-6 2-5 2-6 2-5 SfratinfSl,hi^!00rdig 40 the BPedficatio"3 contained in the Code of the American Go, Auociation for -u- . Uhtn^ g4MrultM LAfUCIO. . * .' Ideal Gas Boilers will deliver 240 B.t.u. per hour per sq. ft. of STEAM rating and 150 B.t.u. per-hour per sq. ft of WATER rating at boiler outlets. - '. . `- ' Pop Safety Valves conform in sise to the requirements'of the Code of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 383 Boilers, Heating.and Powen Boilers The Bigelow Company ` Main Office and Works NEW HAVEN : CONNECTICUT New York, N. Y. 149 Broadway Boston, Mass. 141 Milk Street ' Manufacturers of Bigelow-Hornsby Water Tube Boilers Bigelow Horizontal Return Tubular Boilers Bigelow Two-Pass Boilers Bigelow-Manning Boilers . Bigelow Upright Boilers IRVINGTON, N. Y. FACTORIES: IRVINGTON, N. Y. ELIZABETH, N. J. LANCASTER. PA. Offices: Boston. Mass., Chicago, IlL, Baltimore, Md., Philadelphia, Pa., New York City, N.Y., San Francisco, Calif. Makers of Low Pressure and High Pressure Cast Iron Boilers Only One Kind of Intermediate Section in this New Burnham Smokeless AS you will agree, a great, perhaps even the greatest handicap that smokeless *" boilers have had to overcome, was the complicated arrangement and various shapes of their intermediate sections. The Bigelow Two-Pass Boiler is the latest development of this company. After careful investigation of the existing types of steel heating boilers an effort was made to eliminate the objectionable featuresof many; the result being the Bigelow Two-Pass Boiler. This boiler will meet heating and power requirements especially where space limitations prevail. Elimina tion of staybolts and special brick shapes Here is a thoroughly practical, fully tested and approved smoke-consuming boiler, with all intermediate sections of the same identical shape. Put them in any order, and any which way about, and they will fit and function correctly. lust three kinds of sections in all, including * front and back and one kind of intermediate section. Bigelow H. R. T. Boiler Investigation of the Bigelow H. R. T. boiler will convince you of its true value. Economical service has1 been the big feature of Bigelow products during a period of boiler building extending over in furnace reduces maintenance to a minimum. Large furnace volume; long gas travel, uniform velocity of gas .over heating surface and low exit temperature assures maximum efficiency. Consequently any good steamfitter can set up the Burnham Smokeless, as easily as he does an ordinary sectional. No special training or skill is required in the firing. RATINGS STEAM 50 years. With a shop containing the most modern approved equipment for boiler construction a product is assured representing the highest quality in work manship. For Central Power Stations and large Size 63&S 73BS 83&S 93&-S I03&-S lltt-S 1238-S No. of Sections 6 7 8 9 . 10 11 12 Rating 5625 6875 7875 9000 10,125 11,250 12,500 Sq. Ft. . Crate Area 11.9 14.3 16.6 19.1 21.5 23.9 26.3 Tappings Supply Return 3*5' 3-5' 3-5' 3-5' 3-5' 3-5* 4-5' 4-5' 4-5' 4-5' 4-5' 4-5' 5-5' 5-5' Chimney Size 16'xl6'x50' I6'x16'x55' 16'xl6'x60' 20'x20'x60' 20?x20'x65' 24'x24'x65' 24'x24'x70' Overall Length 74' 83' 92* 101' 110* 120* 129* industrial plants the Bigelow Hornsby water tube boiler is unexcelled. High continuous economy, large overload ca pacity, large furnace volume and straight tubes are a few of the features contained in this type of boiler. The Hornsby is built in units of 375 H. P. to 3,000 H. Pi . Bigelow Two-Pasi Boiler -' Built in units from 25 H. P. to 150- H. P. '; 638-W 738-W 838-W 938-W 1038-W II38-W 1238-W 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 9.000 11.000 12,600 14,400 16,200 18,000 20,000 WATER 11.9 14.3 16.6 19.1 21.5 23.9 26.3 3-5' 3-5' 16'x16'x50' 3-5' 3-5' 16'x16'x55' 3-5' 3-5' I6'xl6'x60' 4-5' 4-5' 20'x20'x60' 4-5' 4-5' 2Q'x20'x65' 4-5' 4-5' 24'x24'x65' 5-5' 5-5' 24'x24'x70' Width Overall--60 in. - Height Water Line--63 in. Height to Supply Tapping--75 in Size Smoke Pipe--18 m. 6. 7, 8 Section Boilers; 20 in. 9. 10. II. 12 Section Boilers. 74' 893r' 101' 110* 120* 129' 384 385 Boilers and Radiators Continental Heater (orporation Dunkirk, N. Y. MANUFACTURERS OF CAST IRON BOILERS AND RADIATORS CONTENTO BOILERS Boiler No. 4 56 78 Steam Rating Sq. Ft. 240 320 400 500 600 Water Rating Sq. Ft. 400 535 670 825 990 Overall Length Inches 20 23V, 27 30>/. 34 Grate Area Sq.Ft. 1..9224 1.55 1.92 . 2.25 CONTINENTAL SQUARE BOILERS Boiler No. 74 75 76 77 78 79 Steam Rating Sq. Ft. 450 650 1802050 1175 1300 Water Overall Rating - Length Sq.Ft. `Inches 750 1075 1375 1600 1925 2150 24 28 32 37 41 46 Grate Area Sq. Ft. 21..05 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Contento For installation on same floor with radiators or in basement Water line 46 in. Flow tapping 56 in. Four, five, six and seven section have 2-2H in. flow and returns; eight and nine section have 3-2H in. flow and returns. Continental Square. Water tube design. Burns any kind of fuel ' CONTINENTAL RADIATORS Each individual section is rigidly tested and inspected. After assembly each radiator receives a second test and inspection. Continental radiators are dependable. CONTINENTAL CLASSIC RADIATORS Width Four Tube......._.......... w 38" 32' 26' 20' Sq. Ft. per Section---- 4/4 y/z 234 2>/4 Six Tube... . . ............ 9* Sq. Ft. per Section---- 368' IV 5 26' 4 23' 20' m' 3 Eight Tube................. 12' 20' I7*\ 14' Sq. Ft. per Section___ VA 3 Classic in Name Classic in Appearance CONTINENTAL PLAIN RADIATION Width One Column............... 5' 38' 32' 26' 23' 20' Two Column.............. 7'/.' 38' 32' 26' 23' 20' Three Column........... 9' - 38' 32' 26' 22' 18' Four Column ............ \\%w 38' 32' 26' 22' 18' Five Column.............. 13V,' 22' 18' 14' Wall Radiators are assembled with screw nipples . 386 Continental Heater Corporation Boilers and Radiators Continental Low Water Line Boilers Smokeless and Regular Types Interior View Superior Features Extremely low water line, that of largest boiler being only 47 inches. Fired short way of grates, making firing easy. Water tubes in fire box come in direct contact with flames. Good cir culation within boiler and large volume of water insures steady water line on fan systems. Made in regular and smokeless types. Will burn any kind of fuel including oil. Every boiler set up and rigidly tested before ship* ment. , CONTINENTAL LOW WATER LINE BOILER DATA (Ratings.have never been changed) ' . Smokeless Boiler Number Regular Senes. . Boiler Number . Steam Rating Water Rating Grate Area . Return 2 Each Inches. Length of Boiler Inches Overall Depth Inches Chimney Chimney Area Height Inches Feet 20 Series Water Line 38 Inches--Height of Flow 43 Inches 25 700 1.150 3.88 26 27 28 1,190000 1,300 1.500 21,,280500 4.85 5.82 6.80 SB3 3 3 3 35 42 - 49 56 - 39'A 39/2 . 1118222xxxx11112222 40 40 40 40 30 Series Water Line 43 Inches--Height of Flow 48 Inches 530 630 730 830 35 1,200 2,000 5.83 36 37 38 , 21,,060000 2,650 3,300 2,400 . 4,000 7.29 , 180..2715 4 4 4 4 35 42 49 56 54V, 54'% 54V, 54<A 11112222xxxx11112222 40 40 40 40 930 1030 1130 39 310 311 * 2,800 3,200 3,600 4,650 65,,030000 11.67 13.13 14.59 4 63 i, 12x16 40 4 70 12x16 45 4 77 12x16 45 1230 312 4,000 6,650 16.05 4 84 54/2 16x16 45 640 740 840 940 ' 1040 1140 1240 1340 1440 1540 1640 1740 1840 40 Series Water Line 47 Inches--Height of Flow 54 Inches 46 47 48 49 410 411 412 413 414 415 , 416 417 418 . 2,500 3.200 3.900 4,600 56,,300000 6,700 7,400 8,100 8,800 190,,520000 10,900 4.150 5,300 6,450 7,600 8,750 191,,910000 12,250 13,400 14,550 15,700 (6,850 18,000 191..7626 5 5 13,60 5 15.54 5 17.48 5 19.43 5 21.35 5. 23.32 5 25.27 5 27.22 5 29.17 5 31.12 5 33.07 **5 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 .119 - 126 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 . 79 79 . 79 12x16 12x16 16x16 16x20 16x20 20x20 20x20 24x24 24x24 24x28 28x28 28x28 28x32 . 50 50 50 55 55 55 60 65 -65 65 70 70 70 .. One additional 4-in. flow. Two additional 4-in. flows. Double series boilers 2,600 to 22,300 sq. ft. 387 Boilers Coatesville Boiler Works VrtDP m v TM Church St i41 Milk St Pittsburgh, Pa., Union Trust Bldg. Coatesville, Pa. Philadelphia. Pa.. Packard Bldg. Baltimore. Md., Lexington Bldg. Coatesville. Pa., 400 S. First Ave. Manufacturers of Boilers, Steel Tanks and Heavy Steel Plate Work Coatesville Boilers 1 ' 1 i Boilers, Gas and Oil Efficient Hedting Boiler Company 4116 S. Halsted Street, Chicago, 111. Steel Water Tube Boilers Adapted For Either Gas Or Oil Burning - Built to A.S.M.E. Standards for 15 lb. Working Pressure. Coatesville "Series A" Welded Beating Boiler IS lb. Working Pressure Coatesville Vertical Boiler. 100 and Its lb. Working Pressure Coatesville Riveted Fire Box Boiler Heating and Power Coatesville ScaUh' Marine Type Boiler CoaUsvillc Horizontal Return Tubular Boiler. Power and Heating Heating and Power Boilers.--We manufacture^ a complete line of steel heating and power boilers, suitable for Anthracite and Bituminous coal, Oil or Gas fuel. Note illustrations above. . Steel Tanks.--We carry storage tanks in stock to meet quick delivery requirements. We manufacture tanks for all purposes--House tanks, Storage tanks, Sump tanks, Sprinkler tanks, Blow-off tanks, Water tanks, Tanks for fuel oil, Pressure tanks, Storage tanks. . Miscellaneous Steel Plate Construction.--Steel smoke stacks, Breechings, Chutes, Hoppers, Air ducts, Bins and all special lines of steel plate work. Electric Welding.--This department is well equipped with modern welding fnachines and experienced operators. Many orders for storage tanks and miscellaneous steel plate work can be economically fabricated of welded construction. ' Foundry --We have our grey iron foundry department with pattern shop and machine shop facilities. We manufacture all lines of grey iron castings required, m connection with the usual building operations. 388 TYPES A AND B DIMENSIONS OF BOILER AND SETTING mjnber or boiler A -4 AS A - O A-ASS A SBS A-ISMO o-osa B- SMB B-TE3 4 LCMVTN or OOOER St. o TM OA CO TM OA T8 OA Oo a wtoTH or eocc* e MCtatrr or pnaen .. St. Mi SI. OS **i SO *i 05 i 03 ssj 59 Mi SO 4i CC EOi 44 40f s o- LENGTH or CO/MUSTTOW CMRMBcn at BA SO SC BA SO 36 sc AE 40 nram or combustion cmnk SI. i r HC*6HT or COMSUS770W CHAMEER St. 44 Mi EA Mi BA Mi SO i SO Mi 30 Mi sc f 90 * 40f 04 6 OVER-ALL LCNSTH or BOLCR IK. 4a TA ac ce 9* ac TS or 99 *t overall wtum or Sold? . i OV0MU MBOMT Of SOIM 51 6 41J HCJ&fTOT WATER LSiC 4 5K LCNQTR Or TAMM SL AO SI. 4E St. ei St- sc ao AO mo CS ot B . oo AO TE / sc AO 4a TB TE 61 C ao 09 ,s OO aa TO TO 40 OO 53 OO TO as L diameter or tank M LOCATE** or STEAM OUfWLY 4St m St. C 30 *; to so 36 IO BA IO >e sc EA BA BA BA SO SC ff location or avxrr valve St IE to to IE to to IE IS O O LOCATION OTOTCAM t$AOE St IE to to IE IO IO IE to 16 0R MO&*r or return LOCATION or REAR BArRLE m MC*9*T or REAR ftCR at H St IE St IE 5i A 19 IO to O ioi of "t of Of /Si 19IE 13 to tE 8 16 El IT E3 45 E* AREA Or STACK SC re TE too at 19 *49 *94 *96 mssrum hooht or stack r% AO AO ' AO A3 AO AO AO AS AO 1sac or steam sum-Y St ' A SIZE or BATETV VALVE ' St oe 4 4 '4 'i E 4 E SOE or RETURN St *J 3 3 AA A 4* C 44 AA 4' *i A no or nme brick . NO or COMMON BtbCR CARACrry- STEAM CAKACmr-VtATER ISO soo mrt *oo |m/i MOO ISO css V noo /OOO *90 TOO MOO EEOO 400 TOO IOOo 3/00 440 OSS 4500 3TOO 9B*A0O 4000 4TOO SOO 900 3900 0400 400 <oeo 4000 OOO 300 41190TCO ' TTOO SKtRPtMO VtOCRT ' UG /OCT ' IISO IE7S I3E3 ISOO /CTO 1073 2/45 2130 nrntMMM^jMW-------THT***^!-- n--r*T*~ i--"J~rf m trir mrm T rn mot mu mrrn. irrin qnrr. strsrv nu.he. Special Constructional Features Water Tubes--Seamless steel tubing,j Yg in. thick and small diameter. The tubes' are sloped 10 deg.--positive and rapid!) circulation--can't become steam- bound. The tubes are numerous as well as small-- large heating surface contacts small water volume--quick steaming--less time--less , fuel. Two Baffle Plates--Hot gases pass 3 times over tubes (see illustration)--great heat removal--low chimney temperature. Steel Headers--Removable cover plates--easy access for tube cleaning. Steel Drum--Ample storage for steam and water: Setting--Either brick or special designed insulated sheet iron setting-- furnished in sections--easily bolted as sembly, 3 cleaning doors--full access to all parts. Easy Installation--Small, can be carried through ordinary door--light weight--strength through efficient design. No heavy castings. 389 Boilers The Frost Manufacturing Co. Ross Steel Heating Boilers 1530 Henderson Street Galesburg, 111. ROSS STEEL BOILERS Steam or Hot Water . Designed for use with Bituminous, Anthracite, Buckwheat Coal, Gas, Oil, Wood or Sawdust. Ross Boilers are quality Boilers built of steel to comply with the A.. S. M. E. Code for heating boilers. All seams are electric-. ally welded. Ross Boilers have unusual strength as they have no seams in tension. Equipped for Burning soft coal smokelessly Equipped with special grates for burning hard coal, soft coal, wood or sawdust Some points of advantage in Ross Boilers: 1. Spacious fire box and combustion chamber. 2. Long three pass travel of fire. 3. Fire box surfaces with crown sheet and bank of water tubes present unusually large amount of radiant heating surface in high temperature zone. 4. Complete, rapid and unrestricted, circulation of water accelerated by water tubes. , 5. Ample heating surface and grate surface in proper ratios. 6. Large central flue to allow complete combustion. ; 7. Liberal steam space and releasing area.-, 8. Unrestricted draft areas, correctly proportioned. . 9. Large water content for hold-over. 10. Indestructible smokeless arch. . 11. Full length self-cleaning crown sheet. 12. Every water space easily accessible^ for cleaning and inspection. 13. All tubes cleaned from outside of boiler at front. 14. Standardization of parts. . 15. Perforated angle on base for securely lacing on covering. An Oil Burning Boiler for any type of Burner wfacfc can be installed in either front or rear of boiler Ross Boilers are- quick, economical steamers, built for heavy duty and to outlast the building. They occupy but limited floor space, but arc made big enough to carry a large body of water with broad steam disengaging areas and large combustion spaces. . PH The Frost Manufacturing Co. 5SS SoSo SS 2=2 &&&& && Boilers 22 *2: :::::: : : : : : : && && : : : : : : : : : : : : Boiler No. Water 640 880 1040 1280 1500 1760 2080 : 2700 ' 3200 4000 1 4800 5750 6900 8000 1 9000 1 10,200 11,500 12,600 14,400 Rating | Water ! 1 1 Length | Diameter 1 j 1j .-- RO SS S M O K E LE S S S T E E L H E A T IN G B O IL E R S Size of Base In. Nmri om>meNe *mf >05rs0oi r*. O- ooot ^-- coonown oesnm <feNcmo 45 c t<sSC<'Ss<t*S. mmmmmmmm mmmm fmrm**rmN -m--m- rm.nm -N--N--h--.----CO--O--O aCt'-C.tO-.f*. SS3 SSSS SR SSS SSR SR SS RS2 ggS 82 Sg 2? Openings Covering Re quired Return Sq. Ft. In. Sifsmm mm mmm mm^n* mm" mm uvAin mmm mirt mm mmm. c s- NiNrt mm mm w - |1Two Boilers Diem. In. 'XStb : : : : : : : : : SSS 333 RR RR RRH RSS gg 88 =22 1 : : : : : : : : : S3S RRR SS SS RSS 288 S3 88 88S 1 SSS 8??? 88 SSS 888 S3 SS RSS RRS 88 88 88f 222 2222 22 SSS 88R SS SS RSS 888 SS SS 888 , DiamJHeight ^n> Ft. 1 : : SSS 888 SS SS 888 SS 33 888 !- Two | Boilers I . In SmokeBreeching | 1 One Boiler One | Boiler In. 1 Sq. Ft. Grate Surface 22 222S SS 222 SiKH SS RR SSS 333 88 88 888 S2S 8882 =2 RK8 gSR SS ES 388 SSS 88 88 SSS .wmw; ~=-o 2S 22 SiSR SSS 88 SS 888 8K3 R882 95 SSR RRR; 2R g 855 g;g'g |J| ' Heating Surface Sq. Ft. neignt Water Line In.' . if. Height In. SSS 8888 88 333 ESS KR SS Iss Ifs SS If r== SSS SSSS SS KKK SRR SS 88 SSS SSS SJRj RR SSS 888 wSR3 SR SSS 8S2 Ss 2R 2R8 SSS S3 S3 SSR ' Length - In. Diam. In. Steam Steam Boiler 1 Rating No. Sq. Ft. SSS 8888 88 SSS SSS 88 SS SSS SSS SS SR.SSS SSS ISII11 111 111 ii II ill III IIII III;. 2 = 2 S22 SPJ SR 838 SSS 3S8S oo 2:2!" 22 22 SRR RSR RS SS 8sS III llll ll III III ll ll III Hi ll ll III 391 Catalogue sent on request Boilers, Healing Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. ESTABLISHED 1886 General Offices: 570 Seventh Avenue, New York City PRODUCTS Fitzgibbons Copper Steel Boilers for Steam or Hot Water Heating. Table 1. Fitzgibbons (Intermediate Sized) Steel Boilers for Steam of Hot Water Heating. Table 2. Fitzgibbons All Riveted Steel Boilers for Heating and for Power. Table 3. Reputation and Performance: For forty years Fitzgibbons Boilers-have been recognized'for their economy in coal consumption, quick steaming ability, and high evaporative power. Equally well known have been their performance records for low cost operation and absence of maintenance cost. Fitzgibbons Copper-Steel Heating 'Boiler for small-sited installations, homes, churches, garages, etc. . Fitzgibbons (Small-Sized) Steel Boilers: These boilers embody all the economical and efficient features of the larger sized Fitzgibbons Boilers and are made in - sizes ranging from 300 eo 3200 sq, ft., steam rating or from 500 to 5100 sq. ft. water rating. The smallest size is 4 ft. 2 in. high. 3 ft. 3 in. long and 24 in. wide, and is particularly suited for use in small residences where space is limited. Designed for oil or coal. They are built entirely of rust-resisting copper-steel, assuring durability and a life-time of service. FITZGIBBONS COPPER-STEEL HEATING BOILERS--Ratings and Specifications--Table I Double-Electric-Welded Furnaces Sizes 300 to 3200 sq. ft. Steam Rating--Built for 15 lb. w.s.p.--A.S.M.E. Code No. of Boiler. J-6 J-8 Steam Rating.............sq. ft. 300 Hot Water Rating... .'sq. ft] 500 400 700 A-Diam. Vertical Shell, in.1 23 23 B-HeightBareBoiler, ft. in. 3-3 3-3 G-LengthBare Boiler,ft. in. 3-3 3-3 D-Diam.Horiz.Shell.. .in. 18. 18 E-Water Line-- i. .ft in. 3-5 3-5 K-Diam. Fire Box.........in. 19 19 ^1L-Diam. Bate. I........... in. M-Height Bare.............. in. 29/ lO'/zl N-Fire Door Center... .in. O-Height....... '..........ft. in. ^-Height of Stand........ in. R-Wioth of Uptake... .in. S-Length of Uptake... .in. P T--Supply Location... .in. Y-Tube Space............... in. 18 Supply Outlet............... in. Return:.'..........................in. Safety Valve............in. 3 3 I Diam. Smoke Pipe..........in. 8 Stack Height.-..........fL 35 Approx. Covering... .sq. ft. 29 Shipping Weight...... .lbs. 900 18 3 3 I 8 40 29 920 H-8 J-10 3-12 H-16 H-201 H-24j H-28] H-32 H-36 H-44] H-50 H-58 H-64 400 700 26 3-4 3-9 18 n3-7 22 30 7*4-3 Pi I J 7118 4 4 I 8 40 72 80 , 10233 1250 18534.3410023231-2m---43106004820713448850510.-A,16310434203023-12---24365400O521783052445780I'*'K4I1313444260223-3----122450190803191586324440200I.'//2i,11131065442.700223--3-23!-45109358100013582&04458<001'A!,11^{_422955_3000-233--262430m1000810957055^20W1*{,\12[2446245310022-33---2W346310000240139m525556^20m1{*\\\2,11,[326664550023-7<322--15009010772J58055400l-'*^aA1112,\I11,29748560302343-212--4l0517090017275309l835040V>'///AA/2iBJ,['\,4'{2543--75004133--3213-15800810701115983550660I*'/!i[(.j24,{5430854040-4-3221-46191000870129%3827530640VV.Ai24\ 3968564700334-3--221H4m6,3040105231S8358h0>00>>/,35,U21956o4003n34-3--21251i6oI300145523183B5o8066j20oyI/'</zi 392 Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Boilers, Heating Fitzgibbons.(Intermediate Sized) Steel Heating Boilers: This series is identical in general design with the large Fitzgibbons Boiler and is made in sizes from 3800 to 19,000 sq. ft. steam radiation. A most com pact boiler specially adaptable to limited space conditions. Construction: Fitzgibbons Steel Heating Boilers are built completely of steel without a single cast-iron part holding water. Tested under pressure before shipment, and ready for immediate installation upon arrival at job. No assembling of parts at the building; no packed joints, unions, bolts, etc. Fuel Economy: The furnace with its gas diverting arch is so large, and the heating surfaces so ample, that the direct fire and major portion of flue surface is exposed to the hottest gases, utilizing all the heat available from the fuel. This results in a saving of upwards of 40 per cent in amount of fuel required in comparison with ordinary types of heating boilers. Burn Coal, Oil or Gas: The fuel-saving results whether semi-bituminous, egg, stove, chestnut, pea or buckwheat size of coal, or oil or gas is used as fuel. Unusually efficient when burning oil owing to large furnace and rapid water circulation. Net Ratings: Ratings are net and indicate the amount of equivalent cast iron radiation . that boilers will heat on the basis of 0.25 lb. steam sq. ft. of equivalent cast iron radiation with the pressure at boiler two pounds, or 180 deg. fahr. temperature of water. Cast iron radiation equivalent is cast iron radiation plus heating loss of means, branches, risers, etc., plus hot water domestic-heating load plus heat loss of condensation not returned. Fitzgibbons-Compac Steel Healing Boiler far ' moderate-sited plants FITZGIBBONS STEEL BOILERS--Ratings and Specifications---Table Double-Electric-Welded Furnaces. Sizes 3800 to 19000 sq. ft. Steam Rating--Built for 15 lb, w.s.p.--A.S.M.E. Code No. of Boiler...... ........... B-76 B-86 H-98 R-108 B-120 H-132 B-I44 H-160 H-17H H-2QC B-220 B-256 H-270 H-310 H-33C H-360 B-380 Steam Rating............. sq. ft. A-Diam. Vert Shell, .ft. in. B-Height Bare Boiler, ft. in. C-Length Bare Boiler, ft. in. D-Diam. Horiz. Shell, ft. in. E-Water Line............ft. in. G-Overall Height....ft. in. H-Height pf Stand... ft. in. J*F-Saoke Uptake.. injcin. L-Tube Space........... ft. in. K-Ashpit Diameter.. .ft. in. M-Baae Centers......... ft. in. N-Foundation.......... .ft. in. Approx. Covering....... sq. ft Approx. Weight.............. lbs. Steam..................... Return................... Stack Diameter................ in Stack Heitrht ft 3800 4-0 5-10 9-1 3-4 6-0 7-1 ,3& 3-4 5-9 4-6 128 5250 6in 4in 20 60 4300 4-0 5-10 10-1 3-4 6-0 , 7-1 2-7 f3r/2*26 4-10 3-4 6-9 4-6 138 6500 6 4 22 65 4900 5400 6000 6600 7200 4-4 4-4 4-9 4-9 4-9 5-11 5-11 6-7 6-7 6-7 9-7 10-7 9-9 10-9 11-9 3-6 3-6 4-0 4-0 4-0 6-0 6-0 6-7 6-7 6-7 7-2 7-2 7-10 7-10 7-10 2-5 2-5 2-7 2-7 2-7 14x27 14*27 14*37 14*37 14x37 3-9 4-9 3-9 4-9 5-9 3-8 3-8 4-1 4-1 4-1 6-0 7-0 [6-0 7-0 8-0 4-10 4-10 5-3 5-3 5-3 143 154 167 180 193 6650 7400 9500 9700 10000 66 8 8 8 4 4. 6 6 6 22 22 24 24 24 65 70 70 70 70 6000 6500 10000 11000 12500 13500 15500 16500 18000 19000 541 5-0 5-4 5-4 5-10 5-10 6-2 6-2 6-6 6-6 6-11 6-11 8-2 8-2 8-9 8-9 8-11 8-11 9-6 9-6 10-10 11-10 11-10 12-10 12-2 12-8 14-0 14-6 14-3 15-2 4-3 4-3 4-6 4-6 5-0 5-0 5-2 5-2 5-6 5-6 6-11 6-M 8-3 8-3 8-9 8-9 8-11 8-11 9-6 9-6 8-2 8-2 9-5 9-5 10-0 10-0 10-2 10-2 11-0 11-0 2-8 2-8 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-5 3-5 14x44 14x44 15x49 15x49 16x58 16x58 17x58 17x58 18x63 18x63 4-9 5-9 6-7 7-7 6-6 7-0 7-10 8-4 7-9 8-8 4-4 4-4 4-8 4-8 5-2 5-2 5-5 5-5 5-10 5-10 7-0 8-0 8-0 8-10 8-0 8-4 9-5 10-0 9-6 10-5 5-6 5-6 5-10 5-10 6-4 6-4 6-8 6-8 7-0 7-0 195 208 250 265 285 294 330 338 358 375 10500 11000 13000 14500 16000 16500 18600 19000 19500 20500 8 8888 8 8888 6 6 66 666 666 26 26 28 30 30 30 32 32 34 34 80 80 80 80 85 85 100 100 125 125 393 Filzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Boilers, Healing Fitzgibbons Steel Boilers for Heating and Power The Fitzgibbons Boiler owes its high standing among architects, engineers and builders to (1) its capacity to carry its rating with ease (2) its coal-saving as with other types, and (3) its absence of maintenance cost. ' Adaptability: The boiler requires little boiler-room space. To overcome unusual-space limitations caused by irregular column or girder construction, the boiler can be specially built with the fire-door placed on any radius. Any fuel canbeburaed;semi-bituminous; anthracite; buckwheat;oil;gas; wood or sawdust. . . , ... An ever-increasing yearly production of this single boiler attests to its correctness of design, its economy in operation and its all-around efficient service. Construction: The design embodies the strongest possible construction with a minimum ofinternal bracing. The combustion chamber is concentric with the vertical obeli possessing similar strength. The interior of the boiler is readily visible and accessible in all parts for inspection and cleaning. Numerous handhole openings together with the man hole in the top head facilitate getting at all parts. Built com pletely of steel, eliminating all bnck work. Steam Pressures: The Fitzgibbons Boiler for heating is built for 15 lb. steam pressure to conform with the rigid requirements of the AS.M.E. Boiler Code and for 100, 125 and ISO lb. for power. . Combustion: Complete combustion of the fuel and its consumable gases in the combustion chamber with a minimum of excess air is a requisite of economical opera tion The Fitsgibbons Boiler has a circular grate with no dead corners. The combustion chamber, is over six feet in height, cnving the ample furnace volume now recognised as essential tor complete combustion. The lower crown-sheet of the furnace diverts the gw* into a.thorough mixture with the air admitted through the special opening over the fire-door. This mass of consumable gas is completely burned in the high combustion chamber before entering the tubes. Smokeless operation with semi-bituminous coal indicates the thoroughness of this com bustion. Furnace temperatures have run close to 3000 deg. fahr. Filzgibbons Healing Boiler Showing Furnace Circulation: The second requisite of economical operation is the rapid absorption of the heat by, the water This can be effected only by properly arranged beating surfaces over which a fast circulation is maintain^. Ihe horizontal shell with the tubes m the Fitzgibbons Boiler is completely submerged. The water-line is in the vertical cylinder immediately over the combustion chamber. As a result of this unique arrangement, the circulation is always towards the Iront of the boiler along a fixed path increasing its speed as it ap proaches the combustion chamber where the source of greatest heat exists. The perfection of this circulation ib evidenced by (1) the quick-steaming ability of the boiler (2) less than one per cent moisture in the steam regardless of overload earned and tfj unusually low flue-gas temperatures. Economy: Forty years of operation under all sorts of conditions of fuel, supervision and load require ments have placed the fuel-saving characteristic of the boiler at over 20 per cent of the fuel ordinarily required by boilers ot the rectangular-grate design. This economy results directly from the boiler's cylindrical construction, its complete combustion and its rapid water circulation. FITZGIBBONS BOILERS--Ratings and Specifications--Table 3 All-Riveted Construction--A.S.M.E. Code Sizes 4200 to 36000 sq. ft. Steam Rating--Heating Boilers Built for 15 lb. w.s.p. Power Boilers, for Kitchen, Laundry, Drying, ProceM and Similar High-Pressure Loads, Built for 100 and 125 lb. , No. of Boiler...................................... 2233 74 25 26 27 29 30 31 32 34 35 36 37 Horsepower. 40 50 60 70 80 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 350 Steam Rating...............................*9- /* A-Diameter Vertical Shell.........ft- ul B-Height Overall....................... h. in. G-Length Bare Boiler............... ft. m. D-Diam. Horizontal Shell.........ft. in. ExF-Smoke Uptake...................in^in. G-Height of Stand.................... ft. inH-Spaceto Draw Tubes............ft. in. J-Water Line............................ft.' M-Base Centers..........................ft. in. 4200 4-1 8-6 9-4 3-5 12x24 3-2 4-8 7-1 3-4 5-8 4-6 6 4 5400 4-5 8-9 10-6 3-8 12x31 3-2 5-7 7-4 3-8 6-9 4--1C 6 4 6400 4-6 9-2 10-9 3-11 13x36 3-3 5-6 7-8 4-0 6-9 5-2 6 6 7500 4-10 9-5 12-2 4-1 13x42 3-4 6-1(1 7-11 4-1 8-1 5-3 8 6 8500 5-1 9-9 12-3 4-4 13x48 3-4 6-10 8-2 4-4 8-1 5-6 8 6 11000 5-5 10-1 13-7 4-7 I4'/2x49 3-4 7-9 8-5 4-8 9-0 5-10 8 6 13500 16500 5-11 10-0 ,161--30 13-11 15-1 5-1 5-3. l5Vzk58 17x58 3-4 3-4 7-8 8-6 5-11 9-1 5-2 5-5 0-0 10-0 6-4 6-7 8 6 19000 6-7 11-11 15-4 22000 6-9 25000 6-II 28000 7-3 32000 7-8 36000 8-4 12-1 12-2 12-6 13-0 13-6 16-2 17-5 18-2 19-2 19-6 5-7 I8x62'/2 3-9 8-4 9-10 5-10 10-0 7-0 5-9 19x65 3-10 8-10 10-1 6-0 10-6 7-2 10 5-9 19x65 3-10 10-0 10-1 6-2 11-8 7-4 10 6-1 20x68 3-10 10-5 10-5 6-6 12-2 7-8. 10 6-6 24x73 4-4 11-0 11-4 7-0 12-7 8-6 12 7-1 24x80 4-4 1111--010 7-6 12-7 9-0 12 6 6' 6 . 6 6 394 Boilers Harrisburg Star Boiler Corporation 15 Park Row, New York LOW PRESSURE WATER TUBE HEATING BOILERS Standard Equipment furnished with boilers consists of shaking and dumping grates, steam gage with syphon, cast iron water column with gage glass and three brass try-cocks, pop safety valves as required, wire brushes for cleaning outside of tubes, tube scraper, for cleaning inside of tubes, hooked poker, straight poker and slice bar. Steel bases for boilers up to No. 718 inclusive. Brick Bases required for boilers Nos. 719 to 725 inclusive. Front base plate with ash pit doors, base cleanout door and frame furnished for brick bases. ' ' Approx. Weight ! L "" 1Length Ash P it "K " 1 W idth A.h P it Crate Surface, Sq. Ft. A "` Total Length, Ft. [ "B " | Total Width, In. "C " Total Height, Ft. ---------------------------Water Line, In. " G" Size Smoke Flue ! Water Evapora- Steam, Capacity, Sq. Ft. Diameter Stack One Boiler, In. -Q . E3 2 ' K. . `5 a Lbs. a CO --> ' JtSo X tion, 1 704 2750. 690 9.4 7-9 39 5-5 56 10x26 15 2-8 3-8 18 50 705 3450 862 10.6 7-0 43 6-0 61 13x22 15 3-0 VH 18 50 .706 4150 1035 12.1 8-3 43 6-0 61 13x28 15 3-0 4-2 18 60 707 5000 1242 14.8 8-3 *>2 6-4 63 13x31 15 3-8 4-2 20 60 708 5800 1449 14.8 8-3 52 6-7 66 13x31 15 3-8 4-2 21 60 709 6900 1725 18.3 9-1 56 6-8 68 13x38 15 4-0 4-8 23 60 710 8300 2070 20.3 10-10 56 6-8 68 13x42 15 4-0 5-2 25 60 711 9000, 2242 21.8 10-10 60 6-11 69 16x36 15 4-4 5-2 75 64 712 9700 2415 24.0 11-7 60 6-11 69 16x39 15 4-4 5-8 26 65 713 10400 2587 26.2 12-5 60 6-11 69 16x43 15 4-4 6-2 26 65 7I3A 11000 2760 26.2 11--7 60 7-3 Ji 19x36 15 4-4 6-2 27 70 714 11700 2932 28.3 12-6 60 7-3 73 19x39 15 4-4 6-8 28 70 715 12400 3105 30.5 13-1 60 7-3 73 19x42 15 4-4 7-2 29 70 716 13800 3450 31.8 11-10 71 7-11 76 19x43 15 5-3 6-3 30 70 717 15200 3795 34.4 12-11 71 7-11 76 19x47 15 5-3 6-9 31 70 718. 17300 .4312 37.0 14-7 71 7-11 76 19x50 15 5-3 7-3 32 80 719 18600 4657 41.3 12-6 90 9-1 83 21x46 (8 6-10 6-5 33 85 720 20700 5175 44.7 13-10 90 9-1 83 21x51 18 6-10 6-9 34 90 721 24200 6037 51.0 16-1 90 9-1 83 21x61 18 6-10 7-9 36 100 722 27600 6900 55.4 14-1 103 10-2 90 21x66 18 7-11 7-3 38 100 723 31600 7762 55.4 14-1 103 10-6 94 7.1x66 18 7-11 7-3 39 110 724 35000 8625 59.4 15-9 103 10-6 94 21x71 18 7-11 7-9 40 110 725 42000 10350 63.3 17-2 103 10-10 98 21x76 18 7-11 8-3 42 110 Height Stack One Boiler, Ft. Diameter 1 Stack Two Boilers. In. 23 50 24 50 25 60 27 60 29 65 31 65 33 70 34 70 35 70 36 70 36 75 37 75 38 75 40 80 47 80 43 90 44 90 46 100 48 110 51 M0 5? MO 54 110 60 110 Height Stack Two Boilers, Ft. Brick Required for Base Asbestos Cover, Sq. Ft. 76 5500 77 6800 91 7300 99 8000 103 9000 ! 18 10700 141 11300 148 11700 160 12000 171 12500 167 12800 178 13300 188 14000 193 15500 708 16600 234 18500 1100 244 20000 1200 260 21000 1300 304 25200 1400 302 27700 1400 31? 29300 1450 351 32700 1550 394 35600 Boiler 1 Complete 395 Boilers Hart & Crouse Company General Office: Utica, N. Y. Branch Offices in Principal Cities Manufacturers of Royal Boilers and Furnaces ROYAL SMOKELESS BOILERS Actual Steam Capacities--1670 to 16,600 Sq. Ft Royal Smokeless Boiler . The Royal Smokeless Boiler is of the water tube down draft principle. This principle,' originated by the Hart & Crouse Co. as applied to cast iron sectional boilers, has proved to be a most effective method of burning any grade of soft coal smokelessly independent of firing skill. The large amount of heating surface in Royal Boilers is retained intact as originally designed. Consequently they produce results with efficiency ______ and economy. Boiler No. Actual Actual Current Capacity Capacity Rating Steam Water Steam Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Current Rating Water Sq. Ft. Heating Surface Sq. Ft. 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 409 4J0 411 412 413 414 415 416 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 54-8 54-9 54-10 54-11 54-12 54-13 54-14 54-15 54-16 54^17 54-18 1,670 I,965 2.370 2,680 2,975 3,280 3,585 3,890 4.200 4,500 4.250 4.750 5.250 5.750 6.250 6.750 7.250 7,775 7,400 8,470 9,480 10.200 II,250 12,200 13,000 13,900 14,800 15,700 16,600 7,400 8,470 9,480 10,200 11.250 12,200 13,000 13,900 14;800 .15,700 16,600 2,680 3,140 3.800 4,290 4,760 5.250 5,740 6,225 6,720 7.200 6.800 7.600 8,400 9.200 10,000 10,800 11.600 12,450 11,850 13.550 15,170 16,330 18,000 19.550 20,800 22.250 23,700 25,150 26.550 11,850 13.550 15,170 16,330 18,000 19.550 20,800 22,250 23,700 25,150 26.550 4.800 5.400 6,000 6,600 7.200 7.800 6,600 9.200 10,000 11,000 9.000 10.000 11,000 12,000 13.000 14.000 15.000 16.000 14.000 15.800 17.600 19.400 21.000 23.200 25.000 26.600 28.800 30.800 32.600 .14,000 15.600 17.600 19,400 21.000 23,200 25,000 26.800 28,800 30,800 32.600 7.900 8.900 9.900 10.900 11.900 12.900 14.200 15.200 16.500 16.150 14,850 16.500 18.150 19,800 21,450 23.100 24,750 26,400 23.100 26,070 29,040 32,010 34,650 38,280 41,250 44,220 47,520 50,820 53,790 23.100 26,070 29,040 32,010 34,650 38,260 41,250 44,220 47,520 50,820 53,790 179 200 220 240 262 283 316 337 360 378 324 359 394 427 461 496 531 565 511 573 642 710 773 841 909 978 1046 1114 1183 511 573 642 710 773 841 909 978 1046 1114 1183 Crate Length Area Sq. Ft. Sections Inches 14.23 17.00 19.65 22.50 22.50 25.10 25.10 28.00 28.00 28.00 24.00 27.50 31.66 31.66 31.66 35.50 35.50 35.50 37.50 45.00 45.00 45.00 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 37.50 45.00 45.00 45.00 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 52.50 50% 561/, 63 69 75'/. 81'/, 87% 94 100 106'/, 65% 72% 79% 86% 93% 101 108 115 83% 93% 104% 111244%'/, 145 176 1861/2 83% 93% 104% 114% 124% 135 145 155% 165% 176 1861/, Length Boiler Inches 66 72 78 84 90 96 102</2 109 115 121 93 >00 108 H4Vi 121*/? 129 136 143 120*/, .130? Milh 151? 161 ? 172 182 1921/, 202V? 213 223'A 98/, 108$ 119(4 1291/4 139? 150 160 1701/, 1801? 191 2OP/2 Flow .Tapping No. ana Size . 1-5* .1-5' 1-5' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-6' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' 1-8' l-IO' 1-10" l-IO* 1-10" 1-10* 1-10" 1-10" 1-10" 1-10" .3-6' 4-6' 4-6' 5-6' 5-6' 5-6' 6-6' 6-6' 6-6' 6-6' 6-6' Return Tapping No. and Size Smoke 1pjL 2-3' 2-3' 2-3' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' ' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5' 4-4' 8-4' 8-4' 10-4' 10-4' .10-4' 12-4' 12-4' 12-4' 12-4' 12-4' ' 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 ` 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 . 24 24 24 24 . Push Nipple Type.' ' Series Additional Data 33' . . 40* . 54' Height of water line.................................... Height of flow outlet (Header type)....... Height of flow outlet (Push Nipple type).. ............. Inches Width at twse............................................. ............. Inches 63 90 68 40 Height from top of foundation. Add 2" for floor height. 68 '.. 68*.. 99 108. ' 89 78 97 52 62Vz 396 Hart & Crouse Company Boilers Royal New Method Smokeless Boiler ROYAL NEW METHOD SMOKELESS BOILERS (UP-DRAFT TYPE) Actual Steam Capacities-- 730 to 15,732 Sq. Ft. Actual Water Capacities--1200 to 25.966 Sq. Ft. Additional Data Series' Height of Water Line. . .. inches -Height of Mow UuUet.. Width of Boiler............ Width at Base.............. 34 46 56 36 32% 41 54 65 44 38 52 62 * 75 56 45 68 68* . 89 8OV2 62% Height to top of foundation. Add 2 in. for floor height. Boiler No. - Actual Capacity.. Steam Sq. Ft. - Actual Sq. ft. 634 734 634 934 . 1034 730 870 1010 ' 1150 1290 1200 1430 1660 1890 2120 741 1496 2468 841 1738 2866 941 1980 3264 1041 2200 3662 1141 2442 4060 752 852 952 1052 1152 1252 1352 1452 1552 2544 2940 3336 3732 4128 4524 4920 5316 5712 4195 4848 5501 6154 6607 7460 8113 8766 9419 768 868 968 1068 1168 1268 1368 1468 1568 1668 1768 1668 6017 6895 7779 8663 9547 10,431 11,315 12,199 13,083 13,967 14,848 15,732 9928 11,386 12,844 14,302 15,760 17,218 18,676 20,134 21,592 23,050 24,508 25,966 Current Rating Steam Sq. Ft. Current Rating Water Sq. Ft. Crate Area Sq. Ft. 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 2450 2950 3450 3950 4450 4.43 5.50 6.57 7.64 8.71 2950 3400 3850 4300 4750 4850 5600 6350 7100 7850 7.98 9.54 11.10 12.66 14.22 _ 5100 5900 6700 7500 8300 9100 9900 10,700 11,500 8400 9725 11,050 12,375 13,700 15,025 16,350 17,675 19,000 11.50 13.75 16.00 18.25 18.25 20.50 20.50 22.75 25.00 12,200 14,000 15,800 17,600 19,400 21,200 23,000 24,800 26,600 28,400 30,200 32,000 20,125 23,100 26,075 29,050 32,025 35,000 37,975 40,950 43,925 46,900 49,875 52,850 18.75 22.50 26.25 30.00 30.00- 33.75 33.75 37.50 37.50 41.25 41.25 45.00 Lenph Lenph Steam. Sections Boiler Inches Inches Size 39 49 2-4' 46 56 2-4' 53 63 2-4' 60 70 2-4' 67 77 2-4' 52 63 2-5' 60 71 * 2-5' 68 79 2-5' 76 87 . 2-5' 84 95 2-5' p9 73 u 82 77 91 86 100 95 109 104 118 113 127 122 136 131 145 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 3r6' 3-6' 3-6' 73 it 114? 124? 135 145 lift 176 186% 68 98/2 1081/, 119? 129? 139? 150 160 170% 191 201% 3-6' 4-6' 4-6' 4-6' 5-6' 5-6' 5-6' 6-6' 6-6' 6-6' 6-6' 6-6' Steam Size 4-3' 4-3' 4-3' 4-3' 4-3' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 6-4' 6-4' 6-4' 6-4' 8-4' 8-4' 8-4' 10r4' 10--4" KM' 12-4' 12-4' 12-4' 12-4' J2--4" .Water Size 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-4' 2-5' 2-5' 2-5* 2-5* 2-5' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 2-6' 3-6' 3-6' 3-6' 3-6' 4-6' 4-6' 4-6' 5-6' 5-6' 5-6' 6-6' 6-6' 6-6* 6-6' 6-6' Water Size 4-3' 4-3' 4-3' 4-3' 4-3' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 4-4' 6-4' 6-4' 6-4' 6-4' 8-4' 8-4' 8-4' 10-4' 10-4' 10-4' 12-4' 12-4' 12-4' 12-4' 12-4' All of the above boilers are available in Hard Coal Type. Royal Round Steam Boiler Steam No. 1035 1045 1055 1065 1075 1037 1047 1057 1067. 1077 1039 1049 10591069 1079 ROYAL ROUND BOILERS Actual Capacity Sq.Ft. Current Rating Sq. Ft. Water No. Actual Capacity Sq. Ft. 178 425 1134 ' 284 244 625 1144 390 325 825 1154 520 415 1025 1164 664 525 1250 1174 840 200 475 1136 320 280 700 1146 450 37$ 925 1156 . 600 48J 1150 1166 , 768 - 625 1400 1176 1000 218 525 1138 339 300 775 1148 480 425 1025 1158 680 575 1275 1168 920 700 1600 1178 1120 397 Current Rating Sq. Ft. 700 1030 1360 1700 2060 780 1150 1525 1900 2300 870 1275 1700 2100 2640 Royal Round Water Boiler Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Joliet, Illinois - Heating Boiler Division of James G. Heggie & Sons, Manufacturers of Steel Boilers of all Kinds for over Thirty-six Years Representatives in Principal Cities HEGGIE-SIMPLEX HEATING BOILERS For Burning Soft Coal Smokelessly For Soft or Hard Coal, Coke, Cos or Wood For Burning Oil During the thirty-six years covered by the activities of Jas. G. Heggie & Sons, boiler design has been perfected in its fundamentals. The Heggie-Simplex Boiler is the last step in this evolution. In it there is no compro mise with traditional features. It is the embodiment of a scientific study of all known .heating principles and requirements. The Heggie-Simplex Boiler combines in one portable, electrically welded steel unit* all the recognized advantages of both firebox and return tubular, double pass boilers. It has four distinctive features of fundamental importance: 1. An extra large firebox and a maximum of direct heating surface. 2. A secondary combustion chamber that provides ample room for complete com bustion before the flues are reached. 3. A "rear-front-rear'* flue passage for the gases. 4. A single, unimpeded, freely circulating body of water.' . Correct heating principles find their most perfect expression in this boiler design. It secures as complete combustion of any fuel as ever has been attained in a heating boiler, with full application of its heat units. Needless to say, Heggie-Simplex Boilers are more economical of operation than other types--in fuel consumption, number of firings, and ash handling. They are also economical of space, because of their com pactness, the rear smoke outlet, and the front tube cleaning feature. No finer materials are : a. used in any heating boilers, and none are fabricated more expertly or with greater care. While built to A. S. M. E. requirements, in a number of points they exceed these stand ards. They may be installed with unex ampled ease, requiring no bricking, packing or , other costly operations. " Heggie-Simplex Boilers are -guaranteed to develop the capacities listed on the following pages, at the point of most economical fuel consumption. They are based upon a stand- ' ard for steam of two pounds pressure at the boiler, and for water upon a mean temperature of 180 deg. fahr. as the water leaves the boiler. Send for Catalog No. 26 to obtain more detailed information and specifications. 398 Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. -- *NOCli HS -- ySO'NQO'Ofetwn 'N'AN'fe Boilers -- t> oo ^ o* pi a ArN J3 " --_ ..RS rO -- <A -- oo ^ ^ O dF) l/> -- _ <A m--O>r-. ecOcsNROOOa feMOinOl'\-(NO-- l'0A<tA'lOnNiAi\(AO> e*i *--oo (A _ TP P5J2X:S2P^?2^$2'^<'*pi?a MrOI--Ntf) 2 --'g'~3tryNoo-lfscr. 0\OiA>O(Vi --(SO> fPtMnO m--Ntfi -5P>ANpO>000'A<NA 5 0N(SVO'03iftOOiA>0(Vl-- n -- in a in fs -- a a ps - -- <A -- in isi tv> i !SaSS5*'r'"2 ^ -- r ia oo -- 2*o rt ,, <--O00AOAOINC--0--PO'SOA<| CN'e'tN~~N,0 NaiNmO PC -- OinCvOOOWOMtAO--CO--'OinOtN'OC'StOvC tN ------- o o."*p .6*.O ow o"it v *> g -5 c ,, cO c0^3-5 ssss si-sss v . S'-S SB 5 S SS.S> "tJ Q, Cj 'uv Ss ^MNt*c ?S "16 b ; 18-1=5 ----TP <0--N0-- I.SgP Cn S r=g ---- -a -c 2 s- JS-2=! oo--m SL 6 (Nv 10.4 SOOCOOf N-- -- *n -- ,*s*acoia ^co -- z *-IN CO A fA P* AON ^ A CO n ^ ia -- -- ? coo^n--- r--j---- aasRKfjssssss'0--"s 3->f ^-- NcnNiav--r--(S.jO-fNO--toOtlN - ---j- 00 oo --N5 w--m tfi NJ --Of. O ca o6 tp . a ACN^" -- O-- fOA --'O--'OOn^ ---- (A t--sN--O fC -- *2 <N in u*\ -- ai ai in. a m 35 _c ".5.5 ZS :..................... djdi.S.d d.d.d d,"_d d,*; c d ?? :............. - - -- f.^--< MS.'" TP !N P--O Tp 00 Ivf5'. IAN -- <t n tp 9gCA* * tN <S fl'NlA Qt a8 S l/B I :<s -J ST u * jU-bJ Si1* g Ej| Sy Oo . >sr `>.at:o 2X1 O sp< 5 515 5 |<oos i s&j? .OX w .< oks 'sea 8 -S-cTH c.l.s.E.a.S.S s S 1 |33n --OXZ^.3qqZQQv)<oZcocQ IZZU IOIIS^QOSQQSK^Z^iS 399 f ^>N ' 5 `.seo : SJ1 a : g & I-i ajli 'l <go*Oa.--3; *ga 'S*B*y pp g la ZioZco Boilers and Furnaces InTERn/mon/iL He/tter Coop/my Philadelphia ' "New York 641 West 59th St. Coicaoo 1933-35 Wentworth Ave. Utica, N. Y Cleveland 1419-1443 Davenport Ave., N.E. Detroit ' 1114 Dime Savings Bank Bldg. 1613 Race St. Nashau, N. H. 110 Chestnut St. GUARANTEED RADIATION LOADS International Economy Boilers for Steam or Hot Water low-pressure heating are made in three types, trie.: Round, Regular Sectional, and in both Mixing Arch and Wing-Wall patterns of Smokeless Boilers. The Regular and Smokeless Sectional patterns have many characteristics in com mon. INTERNATIONAL Guaranteed Radiation Loads make possible the immediate and accurate selection of the proper boiler size for any job. ' Alt guess work is eliminated. Proper allowance has already been made to cover piping mains and risers. These Guaranteed Radiation Loads have been de termined from tests in our Research Department. The INTERNATIONAL HEATER COMPANY supports these Guaranteed Radiation Loads ab solutely. The guarantee under which INTERNA TIONAL Economy Steam and Water Boilers are rated, reads: "We guarantee INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY steam and water boilers to maintain 2 lb. steam pressure or 180 deg. temperature at the boiler, on the guaranteed amount of direct cast iron radiation 47 in. Series Economy Smokeless Boiler sshnoowwnn fioorr eaauchj size. Add__i_ti_o_n_--al l_o_ads such as dinodmireesctticrahdoiattowrsa, tbelrasstucpopillsy,, odr irroeocmt-isndtoirebcet maanidntained below 70 deg. temperature,_ must be reduced to ;-j;--* hfact mils, or rooms to be main and included in equivalent square feet of direct cast iron radiation. "This guarantee covers two distinct ratings, with coal of 11.500 B.t.u. and coal of 13.000 B.t.u. when the chimney provides sufficient draft to pro'perly bum the fuel." ... . Both the Regular and the Smokeless types have the following distinctive features: A long fire travel and all heating surface below the water line; a low steady water line with water gage tapped directly into the section; dry steam guaranteed without a header and only one main outlet from boiler, grate bar connections of sectional boilers are outside the ashpit; all heating surface easily cleaned from front , of boiler through large flue doors. ` 1L"r.STJ1ATA ON ECONOMY SMOKELESS BOILERSt (Steam Pattern) Number Guaranteed Radiation Load*. Sq. Ft.. Guaranteed Radiation Loads. Sq.Ft., . Grate Area I Capac\ityI |Sq. Ft. Number Guaranteed Radiation Loads, Sq. Ft.. 13.000 B.t.u. Guaranteed Radiation Loads. Grate I Coal , Area Capacity Sq. Ft.. ISq.Ft. 1 Lbs. 11.500 B.t.u. 13.000 B.t.u. Fuel 11,500 B.t.u. Fuel Fuel Fuel 60-S-22 70-S-22 60-S-22 90-S-22 100^22 60-S-28 70-S-28 80-5-28 905-28 1005-28 705-34 60-S-34 . 905-34 1005-34 1105-34 1205-34 1305-34 ) 1013 1220 1431 1638 1845 1305 1580 1855 2142 2417 2620 3058 3494 3931 4369 4806 j5i2t4s3 > 837 1008 U83 1354 1525 1079 1306 1533 1770 1998 2166 2527 2888 3249 3611 . 3972 4333 6.1 7.3 8.5 9.7 11.0 7.7 9.3 10.8 12.4 14.0 11.3 13.2 15.1 17.0 13.2 15.1 15..1 460 545 630 715 590 705 820 935 1050 985 1135 1285 1435 1135 1285 1285 140-S-34 I50-S-34 6I-S-47 71-S-47 81-S-4/ 9I-S-47 IOO-S-47 II0-S-47 120-S-47 I30-S-47 140-S-47 I SOS-47 I60-S-47 170-S-47 180-S-47 190S^7 200-S-47 2105-47 5680 6116 4073 4841 5610 6378 7146 7915 8683 9450 10,225 11,253 12,100 12,959 13,824 14,671 15,500 16,335 4694 5055 3366 4000 4636 5271 5906 6541 7176 7811 8450 9300 TO,000 10,710 11,42$ 12,125 12,810 13,500 17.0 17.0 16.3 19.5 22.8 26.1 19.5 19.5 19.5 22.8 '22.8 22.8 22.8 22.8 26.1 26.1 26.1 26.1 1435 . 1435 1250 1500 1750 2000 1500 1500 1500 1750 1750 1750 1750 1750 2000 2000 2000 2000 Judgment should be used in fitting the boiler to a job. As an example: Do not attach a short boiler to a relatively high stack, or a long boiler to a relatively low stack. Suit the boiler to the job. ,, AH Economy Smokeless Boilers. 22 in. and 28 in. series. Nos. 70-S-34 to 100-S-34 and Nos. 61-S-47 to 91-S-47, inclusive, and corresponding water sizes, are built with grates extending full length of the boiler and using a mixing arch. All larger sizes are built with bridge and wing walls. ' .The Economy line of boilers does not require a header. Plug and bush tappings to size of mains. JSend for Catalog 1992-G for sectional data or 1751-G for smokeless data. 1 International Healer Company Boilers and Furnaces InTERn/mon/iL Heater CocDP/my International Sell Cleaning Carton Furnace The International Self Cleaning Carton Furnace is a sturdy, powerful heater made entirely of heavy cast iron with but five principal castings used in its as sembly. It is very economical in the use of any fuel commonly used for heating purposes because of its self cleaning radiator. Deep sealed cup joints are provided wherever castings join. The base and lower casing ring are in*one piece, feed chute and combustion chamber are cast as a unit, arid the ashpit is in one piece. Has patented herring bone triangular grate, large double feed door, and roomy ashpit. Made in six sizes. Firepot diameters: 20 to 33 in.; casing diameters: 44 to 60 in. Complete'Catalog 1818-G sent on request. Carton Furnace Economy Furnace International Economy Blue Front Furnace This is a moderate priced heater, but one of unusual efficiency. Proportions of heating surface, grate area, and air capacity check with scientific and accepted standards. ' The front is finished in a rich blue and surface grind ing assures correct fit of contact joints. The unique Economy radiator is totally different from any other and wide air spaces cause practically 50 per cent of the air to pass toward the center over the . hottest part of the fire. This heater has triangular grates, a big humidifier, large roomy ashpit, cold drop wire handles on both tight fitting feed and ashpit doors, and its ashpit, feed chute, and radiator openings extend thru the front so no smoke, gas, or dust can leak into the warm air chamber. It is made in five sizes for hard or soft coal. Firepot diameters: 18 to 26 in.; casing diameters: 36 to 52 in. Complete data in Catalog 1752-G. International Heavy Duty Heater Especially designed to warm large areas; ample heating surface and large air passing capacity, heavily constructed to withstand the stresses of intermittent heating. " Large radiator is gas tight, large feed door for easy firing, anti-clinker hexagonal grates, two- piece firepots for expansion and contraction, deep gas-tight cup joints, extra deep ashpit. . Heavy'Duty Heaters are especially designed for large residences and schools and will fill all requirements at a much lower installation cost than steam or hot water systems. These heaters are built to comply with the most rigid state school regulations and are effectively warming and ventilating schools, large homes, andjother large buildings thruout the country. " Made in two sizes for hard or soft coal. Firepot diameters: 28 and 32 in.; casing diameters: 55 and 62 in. Heavy Duly Heater Complete data in Catalog 197S-G. Other Types for Warming and Ventilating School Houses. Send for Bulletin 1757-G 401 .y' 3^? Ironton Bernhard Boiler Co. Iron ton - Ohio Boilers The Consistent Boiler The COMBUSTION from each Grate Bar being entirely taken care of in the Section directly above it, the same Ratio of GRATE Surface, FIRE Surface and FLUE Area, is always . maintained.- Note how Gases Expand at three different points.. Smokeless Boiler with the Lowest Water Line Boiler. No. Steam - . Water Rating Rating Grate Surface Sq. Pc. ' Flue' Area Through . ' Sections Sq. In. Lbs. Steam per Hour : B.t.u. . per Hour. Height ' Water.. Line Flow . Openings 20-5 20- 6 20-7 20- 8 30-7 30-8 30- 9 30-10 40-10 40-11 40-12 40-13 40-14 40-15 40-16 40-17. - 40-18 40-21 40-22 ' 40-32 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4200 4900 5600 6300 7000 7700 8400 9100 9800 10500 11200 11900 12600 13300 14000 700 * 21000 1000 1300 1650 2000 2350 2600 3250 3900 4550 5200 5850 6500 6720 7840 8960 10080 11200 12320 13440 . 14560 15680 16800 . 17920 19040 20160 21280 .22400 H20 33600 2.50 42 150 3.33 56 200 4.17 70 250 5.00 84 300 5.84 98 350 5.00 80 400 6.25 100 500 . 7.50 120 600 8.75 140 700 10.00 160 800 11.25 >80 900 12.50 200 v 1000 10.00 160 1050 11.66 185 1225 13.33 210 1400 15.00 - 235 1575 16.66 260 \ 1750 18.33 285 1925 20.00 310 2100 21.66 335 2275 23.33 360 2450 25.00 385 2625 - 26:66 . 410 . 2800 . 28.33 435 2975 30.00 460 3150 31.66 485 3325 33.33 510 3500 . 1.67 25 175 ' 50.00 . 760 5250 145,500 194,000 242,500 291.000 339,500 388,000 485.000 582,000 679.000 776.000 873,000 ' 970,000 1.018.500 1,188,250 1;358,000 1.527,750 1.697.500 1,867;250 2.037,000 2,206,750 2.376,500 2.546,250 2.716.000 2.885,750 3,055,500 3.225,250 3.395,000 169,750 5,092,500 42" . 42* 42* 42* 42* 42* 42* 42* 42" 42* 42*. 42* 46* 46* . 46* 46* 46* . 46*. 46* 46* 46* 46* 46* . 46* 46* - 46* 46* 2-3* i-y 3-3* . 2--4r 2-5* . 3--5 3-5* 4-5* .^--5 4-5* 46* . - (r-5* Add per Section. 402 Boilers and Furnaces Johnston Brothers, Inc. Ferrysburg, Michigan Established 1864 STEAM AND HOT WATER HEATING BOILERS ' OIL BURNER TYPE DESIGNED TO USE ANY OF THE TYPES OF DOMESTIC OIL BURNERS AND DELIVER AUTOMATIC HEAT ON EFFICIENT BASIS ELECTRIC WELDED STEEL In conformance to specifications given in the A. S. M: E. code. : Catalogue Number......................... : Net Steam Rating............... Net Water Rating..................................... Heating Surface, Sq. Ft.................... .. Width Overall.. Length Overall.. Height Overall.. Height of Water Line, Inches......... . OBI 1000 1600 125 24% 56% 66 59% . OB2 1500 . 2500 163 26% . 61% 66 . 59% , OB3 2000 : 3400 218 32% . 64% 68 , 61% Boilers Lebanon Boiler Works J. K. PETTY & CO., Inc., Proprietors 1210 Buttonwood Street - Lebanon, Pa. Sales Offices Koithan & Pryor, Representatives 507 Harrison Building, PHILADELPHIA 39 Cortlandt Street, NEW YORK Representatives in Other Principal Cities For Larger Buildings - Lebanon "L-O" Steel Boilers Built also for high-pressure service up to 250 horsepower. The standard unit is shipped complete with steel base, grate's, bridgewall and refrac tory combustion arch securely attached to the boiler, ready for operation. The boiler is skidded on its own base. For Oil Firing the burner is generally located in base at rear, bridgewall is omitted, and combustion arch on top of furnace water circulating tubes is extended to rear head. Boiler No. Steam Radiation Boiler Dimensions Sq. Ft. Width x Height Coal . Oil Fuel above Floor x Length LO-15 LO-16 LO-I7 LO-18 LO-19 LO-IIO LO-III LO-112 LO-113 LO-II4 LO-115 LO-II6 LO-II7 LO-II8 LO-II9 LO-120 LO-121 LO-122 3,200 4,000 4,000 5,000 4.800 6,000 5,600 7,000 6,400 8.000 7,200 9,000 8.000 10,000 9,600 12,000 11,200 -14,000 12,800 16,000 14,400 .18,000 16,000 20,000 20,000 25,000 24,000 30,000 28,000 35,000 32,000 40,000 36,000 45,000 40,000 50.000 44'x 71'*6' 44'x 71'x 7' 50* x 79* x 7' 50* x 79'x8' 50* x 79'x8/56' x 86'x 8' 56'x 86' x 9' 56'x 86'x 10' 62'x 91' x 9' 62'x 91'x 10' 62'x 91'x M' 68'* 97'xtl' 68'x 100*x12' 68'x 106'x 12' 74'x 109* x 13' 74'x 113'x 14' 74'x 117'x15' 80'x H8'x 14' For Homes and Small Buildings . Lebanon "Oil-or-Kol" Steel Boilers Steam, Vapor or Water Heating Boiler No. OK-118 OK-121 OK-124 OK-127 OK-130 OK-133 OK-136 OK-139 OK-142 Steam Radiation. Sq. Ft. \ Hard Coal Oil Fuel Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. 300 ' 400 550 375 500 700 750 <000 1300 925 1250 1625 1650 2050 2500 2050 2550 3125 Boiler Dimensions Diam. x Hgt. ' Inches 18x57. 21 x 57 24x60 27x63 . 30x63 ` 33x66 36x66 39x72 42x72 Small-doorway sizes. For Soft Coal the next larger size boiler is recommended. .404 Boilers Kewanee: B?iler. Company Kewanee, Illinois BRANCHES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES Steel Heating and Power Boilers, Water Heating Garbage Burners, Tabasco Heaters, Tanks and Radiators IfFWAMPF PtopRox Kewanee Firebox Boilers represent 35 years of !> *" intensive study and effort to make the highest D?ILcR-Brick-ut-for Heating grade equipment for heating buildings. They are adapted to the burning of any grade of fuel and will maintain high efficiency when operating to supply the variable demands of a heating load. Kewanee. Sm?keless Biler -Portable-for Heating The rated capacity is the amount of direct radiation that the boiler will carry with a firing interval of three to four hours depending upon the grade of fuel used. No discount in rating is ad vised as reserve capacity has been allowed to care for the most severe weather conditions. Kewanee Boilers are built of steel (riveted) using as a minimum basis the rules of construction adopted by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, known as the A. S. M. E. Boiler Code. Ratings The rated capacity of Kewanee Boilers, as shown, is the number of square feet of direct radiation or equivalent which the boiler will carry, if sufficient radiation is installed to heat the building to 70 degrees Fahrenheit. The ratings are based on a standard for steam of 2 lb. pressureat the boiler, and for water on a mean temperature of 180 deg. Fahr. as the water leaves the boiler. KeWanee Boiler Company Boilers ||^R3SSg"-|S2Rg=aR5gpS2335|2| 2 ||3Kj#Ba-'--s=sss2S32|as2333|s| 2 ||^|sssg--s=ss=apsssss23S=p| t> . li5*2*R*a"'^aS3SR2-H8**2=3SPI o e |S^3assR"'^:=ss2apa3H-S2|3=|S| 2 P^S2HSSS-mS23S = ail^=i=-S223=pg S |s^*3s88"''''S=3*=a=S2Is*s*'|3=|S| pT53SSSS"-''S2S52SS32SSg"|3=|S| 2 s ppjSRP!S"'ga-S5=apSg35!R"53S|Rg 5 gg!sssKRS~~^~ss=a=s!g:2s5!R"0=3ggsg |3"*aasss''r',ao,sa2g2=S5!s533_|s| 2 2 |ST5!2sjo = -='r^S!='?R'003S3gSS*'3331|S 2 gs^5!2gsss'o'r~a^5R'R2sS3pa''333|i| |g25!2SSiqs-0^~R^RR-R^S833pa''S33|l| t i2*28ss*m~-ws~=fcS3!si8Si.,'3:x3g8| | P^S32ss'"'^'RR<,'=;"RSS-:RS''3SSg| 2 lg5S32sss"'m^Re,'RR0':i,'R33Kss''333gs|. iij;...J'..S.S.E.S.E.S.S.S.E.S.E.S.S.S.S.S.S.E.E. 1 i i **?;* M M : M M'Hi M i^N:; ;: lllllllll! 'I 'S .1 Z 406 3^ 7?: Kewanee Boiler Company Boilers ONSO^lft'O^Q'PNOW'O^ grs-- "* --a CJ ?S S 2 ^ 2tSP 40 ^ ^ 22 ^2 fi ^ O'" ^^ <*4 o " 21 *" o -- |*2|2HSS?!SS,0'`>gS=SS23g2P!S3=S^J|8S ,, 2oS2SO'Uc"^<JS!S8?iSg'<'<wS:2SS2Sg"2j S(2005=0--T>c5Ormg.3gfs 2SNS'--C?OW"*! 5JS,AO'OOif.ls>frA*N(-3\C9r^t;O__0J00NUV^AN*OPO' --o----1CjON5fOtjSiXO 2 vfw iNO*ftO'OO|rt(ArVsM-'No^S00o'0^<^ftW.ANO-I^A---SON^NSOgO S 2 'sS? ^ S Jfi S 2 Q *r' *a 2 <a oo >o o e oo is, so * so co o o > -- PS --, 2-- g5**-O5CaODCO^'ptOnf'0n^rwr'l^/'cOn>P*^-(A*o.^fs|'OeOCO^--o*/>- 00300 A00 OvNfS<TiS;Mgi*-N0iS,^'f<N0"0AO'0- 0^-0'03c0-v000 2 oN2r'SSONOo<e^N^NNOww>o^c-ooo^-'0cs^<^eA-r^Ngoogo N " AA *P5ns!sS'':r"H*w8S=aa-3-*53 5!^S!:!S9Sss''''-Ma^gftS2gasr'2":>sj3fg | 5!2s-s2ssss'a'*Ma^?ftS3gss''3"5!5ssg * 'lsp5=2sas.-c--t=='?sK=sa2''3ss3|| g*-=5=2saa--ssaai5=aa5-3-*2aR| _ / |*S5 2?HS$`"'"^<;'SsR=K32r'5"Sg3!g | f*S:$==*s=*^-s*3S=-rR33iJ 8SOJOO?2;?-^R-sag3KS2^S = 33|| = gS-S^SSSS?""-2-S23?!jS2->3S33gg 407 t l fOutaide Found aStuiorfnacsentoo totea ccoTvue rde^d ........................... w space is av a i l a b l e at f r o n t , 1--i t ' i s ,1 not ' necessary at ' rear, . and . 1 ___ vice-versa. Boilers Kevoanee Boiler Company Kewanee. Boiler Company Boilers SWNO'O'ft'OlrtOO'O'J^'ArtNNirt'e --e0Ne(^rt^P0'*f**M'Npou>K Sa m ---t-. -- cA'OM'N. ri - . . - -rs - im cm t> -- o-- > ---- 0"0 -- cm -- ca -- a 2y*>*ca --ca ^-^a-Na * SS ir-t^NO--` 'c0AiAV>|xf.te>0V--'00>ON. IrS<--NO--in''Oe.--A* C----MOfSmOOD--mNrTi--OONO--Otse^.^iAcxm^a n--NoO--nMI^mrNtaC(< CM O' -- CO -- aOOoNc0Am'"O6----O ^WNiA(0^V--wx>T*^CM >' O--MoO>'3Q<--aJp_--N_ 'gi^nN--CN'C-OrOtO--"r'OtMSr5t--N?'--n~9<S"S-- SSOc*.ncCMart'd--jOO'<ca,W> ^P.Oo.0%c>A.'C-T1ort-->SC-NoO.5'SJ_--Oo~'i6A<-'NNr-tmceoOm"-'8O(Oc\r-tcNn'No--6C--OACSOMC>pA OM'>ONi/>ceoce>ftv'V,,0'r'0Nf''^ONOON('MDOni'('<Mf'f'tO'AO inMA _1 . _ . - -O vOT^'A^S .cSa^aS 35 -- O' "A 3ca-- W UA -- *M -- CA > cACM CA -- M- CM <oA --nmtA C> CM CM -- " -- OOC--OCIi> ----CM`O>0^JO--NC' wVArOt COA tAOOmW--^fA--mQ5 C--MO. ' AA'"__T,9,--'eOQOOAN--*^CCM, --O'C0-M>OC' CHAAINCAA(*^--KCM--NC--OA--COM--C--A OO-^N0MOWiACA'C<A-r*!0S':flOA'6OO'0OCJO'02'*!5'0O|fi --U>A CA u" .OJ' CM V CA -- . *A M* --* O-- N^ -- CM -- cA^A< -- ----0O0'0---0CM. OO --M- -->AM'lACDlACClfANin^'OCAO'0''>A|'OOOvO --uAQ,00''CNcMVAH^ OfMOtAN UA CM' CM 1A CA -- UAUAA M- " O'lM^ -- CM--- CMiACM -- CM'OJ'A--'M` OOUCAM M" aAo MCM" LA CCMA *JAA UA NN-MJi'!.Mt/>AoUuAA CM M-iA CM CM Nt-* iMA" ^'CCO ^UA'CCAO--OCM'--0--9N',CNM'O-0CM'C--NCMN m/>0 --r CMnUAM'CM*?,cA Q CA -*C > CM M- CA U"\ -- V** NAOCMM,<0 00"0>Oe`N --O'COc' -- -- --------- -------------------------- r ocp^rs(M(Minom'or-NNOO' --cmo>cm O'cacam-sj*o>>oo uam- o 3 M-^.CMM-CA'A -- UA M" . CA.CAaJ)r'M-CA'---- -- -- tNCM Jg-CM -- -- -- gO' --NCM. --O CMM-_2i OCM CMA-CM U*AA ^CM-- M^" McA- --N-fA~j/'O".M0'C*0'-0--0-'-- -- Rac^JnCcOm i--M-OfN UA OO gM-'OCMCMO'A'OlA\OM`CMOf' UACCAM M~ CM'TCMUA . CACA -C'^0'0000''flf'VAC>JMO' M- M- UA UA -- N ACJM OM A -- -- -- --N- N>CCO M-- M- ---- C--A SOOCCMM'CvCOA --"rTiOCMO'T-COM IaO'CANO"T'^MA- SUACM*CAUA -- ?TC^MiACA N>*MeCC O* --N ~ -- lAC~AOJLlAOM-'CCM,--OC--''--0(--ON--CM UlAA CffM'C--O--'tA CUOA-->--A A---ON.M,0'0N. -- lAffi'CA- LA CM >OCA'lAM-CM -- -- -- -- -OcMLAAl -- ~LA OO O SSS^ c.e.c 4i.e c^e.c.e .e...E.E.S .S.S.S c.S.S.S.S.S .5.E.S.S sii :4 ' ................................................ 11 si! tors ^<3,, ,,>list 1*^3 J'Ej'SJ.s S Sen : 5 & 5^4 E gO^o H |.S jiH Sii .jiwHr`-i.Sft**lao^Jto-oM3 T Wl*'51S1tf] H*j A--*Se*1S 9ga-clm-JQ 3w5<j:="<'?I1-''2"o:*cs 3.4'beQ nc/} Xc/j a - iifi| miiff J-||sJliailigl0iabua:"^JszooaiD>>xN||^2a . . 410 Boilers Molby Boiler Company, Incorporated Subsidiary of The Universal Pipe and Radiator Company GRAYBAR BUILDING. LEXINGTON AVENUE AT 43rd STREET. NEW YORK ' Plant: Lansdale, Pa. 'Molby Magazine-Feed Downdraft-Crossdraft Boilers and Heavy Duty Tank Heaters with adjustable side grate for burning No. I Buckwheat Anthracite ' Highest Medal Award of Merit and Diploma: Sesqui-Centennial. Philadelphia. 1926. Built throughout in accordance with codes of the A.S.M.E. and the A.S.H.&V.E. THE Molby is easy to operate, is self feeding, and gives a steady, even heat over long periods with lowpriced No. 1 Buckwheat Anthracite. Also burns sized free-burning bituminous with -proper chimney draft. Also coke. Maga zines need re-filling only once every 12 to 24 hours. Cast iron sectional con struction throughout. Ratings are based on the assumption that a good grade of No. 1 Buckwheat Anthracite is to be used and that the chimney is of such area, height and tight ness as to produce the required draft; also that the boiler, mains and connections shall be covered with an insulating material. These ratings, under the same conditions, may be used for sized soft coal of the free-burning and non-caking variety. Should larger sizes of good grades of Anthracite be used, a given boiler--other conditions being the same--would burn with equal efficiency, 20 per cent more coal. Thus, when such larger sizes are regularly used, the ratings shown are increased 20 per cent. The Molby will heat home--large apartment house--or commercial building --having a good chimney, just as success fully and just as easily with low-priced small coal as ordinary boilers burning the expensive sizes. Molby Boiler Company, Incorporated Boilers | Water Line | Returns Steam Rating | W idth Length Smolre Pipe Outlets C him ney Flue ` Return Water Rating STEAM Number Steam Vapor SIZES, CAPACITIES, DIMENSIONS AND PRICES STEAM AND WATER List Price _Mc i Size--Inches !" I.&-5 Number WATER Water Cipher List Price 26' Series S-4026 S-5026 S-6026 S-7026 S-6026 Adageo 46 2-3 500 % 407.00 54 Addieo 48 2-3 675 492.14 54 Admito 48 2-3 850 577.28 54 Adzo 48 2-3 1025 662.42 54 Adelo 48 2-3 1200 747.56 54 41 41 41 41 41 31' Series 35'/ 42 48V; 55 61'/ 10 10 10 10 10 2-3 8x12 1690 2-3 8x12 2230 2-3 8x12 2580 2-3 12x12 2950 2-3 12x12 3300 W-4026 W-5026 W-6026 W-7026 W-6026 Docko 2-3 850 $379.74 2-3 1125 461.99 2-3 1400 544.22 2-3 1700 626.46 2-3 2000 708.69 S--4031 S-5031 S-6031 S-7031 S-6031 S--9031 S--10031 Buko bufto bullo Uuno Bulbo Buoyo Bungo 47' Series 54 2-4 1000 681.45 62V, 61 54 2-4 1350 837.54 62V, 61 54 2-4 1700 960.99 62V 61 54 2-4 2050 1169.58 62V, 61 54 2-4 2400 1297.29 62'/ 61 54 2-4 2750 1410.81 62'/ 61 54 2-4 3100 1524.33 62'/ 61 37V, 44 soy, 56V, 63V, 69'/ 75V, 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 2-3 8x12 3320 2-3 12x12 3820 2-3 12x12 4290 3-3 12x16 4690 3-3 12x16 5100 3-3 16x16 5510 3-3 16x16 5930 W-4031 W-5031 W-6031 W-7031 W-8031 W-9031 W-10031 24 1650 658.71 24 2250 809.48 24 2850 928.73 24 3425 1130.21 24 4000 1253.57 Educeo 24 4575 1363.22 Eduxo 24 5150 1472.87 $- 5047 S- 6047 S- 7047 S- 8047 S- 9047 $-10047 S-11047 S-12047 S-13047 Calto Callo Caro Carpo Caseo Cadio Cabo Cando Gamo 67>/? 2-5 2550 1384.82 80 67J4 2-5 3200 1611.86 80 m 3-5 3850 1638.90 60 6>V; 3-5 4500 2065.94 60 aJA67/; 3-5 5150 2292.98 80 3-5 5800 2520.02 80 3-5 6450 2775.44 80 S7V? 3-5 7100 3002.48 80 67'/ 3-5 7750 3229.52 80 75V; 50'/2 14 2-4 12x16 5990 W-5047 75'/ 59 14 2-4 16x16 7150 W-4047 75'/ 67'/ 16 3-4 16x16 8310 W-7047 75'/ 76 16 3-4 16x20 9500 W-6047. 75'/ 841/, 18 34 16x20 10650 W-9047 75'/ 93 18 44 20x20 11840 W-10047 75'/ 101'/ 18 44 20x20 13000 W-11047 75'/ 110 18 44 20x24 14150 W-12047 75'/ H8>/2 18 44 20x24 15320 J W-13047 Flowo Fleigo 2-5 4250 1338.38 2-5 5325 1557.68 3-5 6400 1776.98 3-5 7500 1996.28 3-5 8575 2215.58 3-5 9650 2434.88 3-5 10725 2661.60 3-5 11800 2900.90 3-5 12925 3120.20 Note.--In ordering 26 in. boilers state whether you wish same fitted up with right hand or left hand end to the chimney. Length includes Smoke Box. Equipment.--Each steam boiler is equipped with a full set steam trimmings (26 in. series, 1 pressure regulator- 31 in. and 47 in. series. 2 pressure regulators.) 1 Water boilers are furnished with two water temperature regulators, except 26 in. series which are equipped with one. A complete set of firing and cleaning tools, together with instruction books for setting up and operation accompany each boiler. / THE cross-sectional views on this and the next page show the construction of the sections and the relative position of the reserve coal in the magazine. Note the downdraft and crossdraft travel rof the gases through the fire and into the com bustion chamber.- 412 Side grate easily adjustedfor small coal or large coal LOSS of valuable heat units is im possible because the fuel is added to the draft "side of the fire. . The air supporting the combustion enters the fire chamber through the ad justable side grate, passes through the incandescent fire and is drawn through the water grate with the gases at a flaming temperature. Air and gases mix upon entering the combustion chamber. 413 Boilers and Radiators National Radiator Companv General Offices: JOHNSTOWN-, PA. New York, 55 W. 42nd Street Philadelphia, 121 N. Broad Street Baltimore. 2622 Frisby Street Washington, 2205 Fifth St.. N.E. .. Branches Richmond, 3032 Norfolk Street . Pittsburgh, 1402 Arrott Building Cleveland, 6308 Kinsman Road _ Cincinnati. Cor. Spring Grove and Elmira Aves. Chicago, 2445 N. Keeler Ave. Johnstown, Pa. Plants New Castle, Pa, Trenton, N. J. ' Warehouses New York . New Rochelle G----a--r--d--e--n- --C---i-t--y- --Baltimore Richmond Cleveland Cincinnati Washington Chicago Manufacturers of National Smokeless, Novus Upright and Sectional, Acme Round, Radium Gas and Hot Water Supply Boilers, and Aero Radiators. Three-Column Four-Column Five-Column. Seven-Column Patents Applied For RADIATORS Awarded Gold Medal at Sesqui-Centennlal, Philadelphia, Pa., 1926 Legless Radiator ' The Aero Radiator was designed by Engineers with more than 30 years experience in radiator manufacture. In the Aero line is represented a real effort to simplify the multiplicity of radiator patterns and heights. ^. Large buildings are now warmed with the more modern, efficient, economical and easily controlled vapor and vacuum systems. These necessitate the use of a radiator pattern with top and bottom nipple connecUon--the ty^ kniwn as a water section. The demand for the straight steam section, with bottom nipple connection only, is consequently negligible. The Aero Radiator is made in one type only--the top and bottom- nipple connected section. . It is tapped top and bottom both ends. The top tappings are plugged and the bottom tappings bushed to size required. All radiators are vented for both steam and hot water. One vent is plugged. Any Aero Radiator can be used for either steam, hot water or Window Radiator VaPAero Radiators are made in four patterns--Three. Four. Five and Seven Column. A total of 18 heights comprises the entire line. Roughing-in measurements are standard. All sections measure lYi in. from center to center. ' . - _ The Three-Column pattern is in. wide, the Four Column is 6% in wide the Five-Column pattern 8% in. wide and the Seven-Column pattern 12 in. With these widths and standard roughing-in measure ments they can be used on any standard specification. Aero Radiators are authoritatively rated-by Cornell University, Ithica, N. Y. 414 National Smokeless Boiler - -' ' - - ' Patented Sectional View - ........... " SIZES, RATINGS.AND MEASUREMENTS Outlets No. and Size . Size Steam Water Rating Rating 25- 8 25- 9 25-10 25-11 25-12 2450 2775 3100 3425 3750 4000 4550 5100 5650 6200 8 9 10 11 12 31- 8 31- 9 31-10 31-11 31-12 31-13 3600 4050 4500 4950 5400 5850 5925 6675 7425 8175 8925 9675 8 9 10 11 12 13 36- 8 36- 9 36-10 36-11 36-12 36-13 36-14 36-15 36-16 5200 8600 5900 9750 6600 10,900 7300 12,050 8000 13,200 8700 14,350 9400 15,500 10,100 16,650 10,800 17,600 8 9 10 It 12 13 14 15 16 48- 9 48-10 48-11 48-12 48-13 48-14 48-15 48-16 9600 15,825 10,775 17,775 11,950 19.725 13,125 21,675 14,300 23,625 15.475 25,575 16,650 27,525 17,825 29,475 9 10 U 12 13 14 15 16 j | Number Sections Number Grates Fire Chamber Area Sq. Ft. Height Water Line Inches* Height Top Outlet Inches Height Includ ing Trim mings* Width Boiler Inches Width Length Includ Includ ing ing Trim Smokemings hood Inches* Inches Size Base Inches 5 8.43 6 9.59 7 10.75 8 11.91 9 13.07 5 II,. 93 6 13.62 7 15.31 8 17.00 9 18.69 10 20.38 5 16.00 6 18.25 7 20.50 8 22.75 9 25.00 10 27.25 10 29.50 11 31.75 II 34.00 6 28.88 7 32.43 8 35.98 9 39;53 10 43! 08 10 46.63 II 50.18 11 53.73 49 49 49 49 49 52 52 52 52 52 52 60'/, 60'/, 60'/, 60'/, 60'/, 60'/, 60'/, 60'/, 60'/, 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 57'/, 57'/, 57'/, 57'/, 57'/, 61 61 61 61 61 61 70 70 70 .70 70 70 70 70 70 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 65% 65% 65% 65% 65% 71 ft 71'/* 71'A 71`A 71'/, 71'/, 78J/, 7Vi 78%' 783/, 783/, 78?y4 783/, 783/, 783/, 89 89 ` 89 89 89 89, 8989 36'/, 36% 36% 36% 36% 50 50 50 50 50 50 56 56 56 56 . 56 56 56 56 56 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 40*/4 40Vi 40*4 4034 >/, 54 54 54 54 54 54 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 71 . 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 67% 745/, 813/, 883/, 955/, 273%, 535/, 273/,i 60>/, 27%, 675/, 273/,* 745/, 273/,, 8) yB 73 80</2 88 95y2 103 no% 33*/4* 59 3334, 66% 33*4* 74 333/,, g,!/ 33*4* 89 3334* 96% 79'4 87ft 953/, 104'/, 112*4 121 1293/, 137*4 146% 413/,, 65'/, 41*4* 73ft 4l3/, 813/, 413/,, 9014 4U/,, 985/, 41*4*107 41%, II5% 41 >/,, 1233/, 41>/,,I32'/, 109'A 119ft i3oy2 141ft 151*4 162*4 173 1835/, 53ft* 89ft 53ft* 99ft 53ft*i toy? . 553337/48*,1132113144 5374*142*4 5374*153 53'/,, 1635/, io co a CO ' 3--4* 3-4* 3-4' 3-4' 3-4' 12 12 12 12 12 3-5' 15 3-5' 15 3-5' 15 3-5' 15 3-5' 15 3-5' 15 3-5' 16 3-5' 1714 3-5' I7i4 3-5' 17ft 3-5' 1714 4-5' 17ft 4-5' I74 7144-5' 17ft 4-5' I 3-6' 20 3-6' 20 4-6' 20 4-6' 20 5-6' 20 5-6' 20 5-6' 20 5-6' 20 'Applies to steam boilers only. Sylph-Oil Air . Regulator Patents Applied For The National Up-Draft Smokeless Boiler will conform to any smoke ordinance. Burning smoke depends upon the temperature to which the air discharged over.the fire is preheated. The National Preheating Air device heats air to in excess of 1000 deg. It is discharged into the smoke and gases as they pass over the Refractory Bridge wall ` into the Combustion Chamber. .' The National Smokeless Boiler will clear to the No. 1 Smoke Screen in from 10 to 15 seconds and to a clear stack in less than one minute after firing a charge of green coal. National Smokeless boilers show an average increase of 28`per cent in evaporation on the same fuel charge and consequently are very economical in operation. The volume of preheated air necessary to burn smoke varies with the state of com- bustion. The air should be gradually decreased and cut off almost completely during a period of about 20 minutes from the time fuel is charged. Unless this is done the preheated air has a - tendency to. chill rather than increase the gas temperatures and the boiler efficiency and evaporation is decreased. . , .. ' The Sylph-Oil Regulator .operates the Preheating Air Device automatically and. ' positively can be regulated to close the air intake in any time from one half-a minute to one hour after fuel is charged. ' 415 . Newport Boiler Company General Offices: 529 S. Franklin St., Chicago Boilers Boilers The Wm. H. Page Boiler Co. 200 Madison Avenue, New York Boston, 123 Beverly Street Brooklyn, Bush Terminal .1 Cleveland, Rose Building Mbadville, Pa., Factory Makers of Boilers for more than 70 Years This boiler cuts fuel bills from 30 to 50 per cent burning No. 1 Buckwheat coal "Newport"--alone, provides these Heater essentials: r*___ _____ Coaling only necessary from once a day to once a week, depending upon Convenience the weather. It is therefore the Home Owner s choice. n _____ : "Newport" combustion is complete, conforming to all the laws of science. ELCOflOTTiy Saves from $5 to $7 per ton. burning Np. 1 Buckwheat coal. v v /___ __ _ rr__x is provided by the never varying thickness of the fuel bed. that Uniform . mmOCIT supplies heat for every nook and corner, automatically controlled. A the patented, adjustable throat, which is water cooled, insures AdOjyfClOXllZy maximum efficiencies, burning all sizes and kinds of coal, coke or oil. NEWPORT COAL BURNING BOILERS Boiler Number Steam Rating Feet 'Maximum Radiation Load Boiler Water Rating 'Maximum Direct' Kadiatton Load Length Overall STEAM S-4 S-5 $-6 S-7 S-8 S-55 S-86 S-77 S-88 S-99 S-1010 S-UII 594 750 907 1063 1219 1375 1688 2000 2313 2625 2938 3250 340 430 518 607 696 786 965 1143 1322 1500 1679 1858 W-4 W-5 W-6 W-7 W-8 W-55 W-66 W-77 W-88 W-99 W-1010 W-UU WATER 1000 12S0 1500 1750 2000 2282 2782 3313 3813 4313 4813 5313 572 714 857 1000 1143 1304 1590 1893 2179 2464 2749 3035 30*/.' W- 49* 55'/,44* 50W 56%* 62%* 69* 75%* 8I%* Overall 32" 32" 32" 32" 32" 56" 56" 56" 56" 56" 56" 56" Chimney Flue Size Inches 8x 12 8x 12 8x 12 12xi2 12 x 12 12x12 12 x 16 12x16 16x16 I6x 16 18x18 18x18 Height Feet 35 35 40 40 45 40 . 45 :45 50. 50 50 55 0-5-4 O-S-5 O-S-6 . O-S-7 O-S-8 O-S-55 O-S-66 O-S-77 O-S-88 O-S-99 O-S-IOIO O-S-llll 594 750 907 1063 - 1219 1375 1688 2000 2313* 2625 2938 3250 NEWPORT OIL BURNING BOILERS - 340 O-W-4 430 O-W-5 518 . O-W-6 607 O-W-7 696 O-W-8 786 O-W-55 965 OrW-66 1143 O-W-77 1322 O-W-88 1500 O-W-99 1679 O-W-IOIC 1858 0-W-11II 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2282 2782 3313 3813 4313 4813 5313 572 714 857 1000 1143 1304 1590 1893 2179 2464 2749 3035 ' 30'/,* 38%* 42V,' 49" ' 55'/,* V 44" W/,- 56'/,* 62*4" 69" 75'/,* 81'/,* 32" 32" 32" 32" 32" 56" 56* 56* 56" 56" 56" 56" 8x12 B x 12 B x 12 12 x 12 I2x 16 12x 16 ' 16 x.16 - 16 x 16 IB x IB IB x IB 35 35 40 40 45 40 45 45 50 50 50 55 square foot per hour. . The water line on all Steam Boilers is 40> in. Height overall Coal Boilers 62 in. 416 Monarch Water Tube Monarch Sectional Steam and Water Boilers Rating No. Sq.Ft. Steam 4-22 5-22 6-22 7-22 850 1075 1300 1525 4-28 5-28. 6-28 7-28 8-28 9-28 1600 2100 2600 3100 3600 4100 5-40 6-40 7-40 8-40 9-40 10-40 11-40 12-40 3400 4200 5000 5800 6600 7400 8200 ' 9000 . 6-60 7-60 8-60 9-60 10-60 11-60 12-60 13-60 14-60 15-60 16-60 17-60 18-60 19-60 20-60 . 6600 8200 9800 11,400 13,000 14,600 16,200 17,800 19,400 21.000 22,600 24,200 25,800 27,400 29,000 -Rating Sq. Ft. Water 1400 1775 2150 2525 2650 3475 4300 5125 5950 6775 5600 6925 8250 9575 10,900 12,200 13,525 14,850 10,900 13,525 16,175 18,800 21,450 24,100 26,725 29,375 32,000 34,650 37,300 39,950 42,600 45,200 47,850 Size of Grate Inches Full Area of Grate Sq. Fl Height Overall Inches Steam Width Overall Inches Steam Height Overall Inches Water Width Overall Inches Water Total Length Inches Water Outlets Size of Line and Smoke Inches Inlets Pipe Steam Inches Inches 22x20 3.06 39'/, 52 35 35% 41 2-3 13 22 x 26% 4.03 $ 39'/, 52 35 41% 41 2-3 13 22x32*4 5.00 22 x 39% . 5.98 60% m 39'/, 39'/, 52 52 35 35 48 41 2-3 13 54J/, 41 2-3 13 28 x 24*4 28 x 33% 28x41% 28 x 49% 28x58% 28 x 66*4 4.82 6.45 8.07 9.70 11.32 12.96 73 73 73 73 73 73 45'/, 45'/, 45'/, 45%. 45% 45'/, 641/, 64% 64% 64% 64% 64% 41 41 41 41 41 41 443/, 53% 61% 70 78>/, 863/, 51 51 51 51 51 51 2-5 2-5 15 2-5 15 2-5 15 2-5 15 2-5 15 40,33'/, 40x41% 40x49% 40x56% 40 x 66*4 40x75 40x83*4 40x91*4 60x41% 60x49% 60x58% 60 x 66*4 60 x 66% 60 x 66*4 60x75 60x75 60x75 60 x 83*4 60x83*4 60x83*4 60x91*4 60x91*4 60x91*4 9.20 11.52 13.85 16.18 18.50 20.82 23.13 25.50 17.29 20.78 24.27 27.76 .31.25 34.74 38.22 41.72 45.20 48.69 52.18 55.67 59.16 62.65 66.14 81 59'/, 81 . 591/, 81 59% 81 59'/, 81 59% 81 59'/, 81 59'/, 81 59'/, 8z% 821/, 82V, 82V, 82V, 82V, 82V, 82*4 82'/, 82'/. 82*4 82V, 82*4 82V, 82V, 85V, 85% 85% 85% 85% .85% 85% 85% 85% 853/, 85*4 85*4 85% 85% 72% 55 72% .55 72% ' 55 72% 55 72% . 55 72% 55 72% 55 72% 55 52 60% 68% 77'/, 85% 93% 102% 1103/, 74'/,' 74'/, 741/, 74'/, 74'/, 74'/, 74'/, 74'/, 74'/, ' 74% 74% 74% 74% 74% 74% 81'/, 81% 81% 81% 81% 81% 81% 81% 81% 81% 81% 81% 81% 81% 81% 643/, 72% 81% 89'/, 973/, 106% 1143/, 123 131% 139% 148% 156% 164% 173% 181s/, 58 2-5 58 2-5 58 2-5 58 2-5 58 2-5 58 2-5 58 3-5 58 3-5 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 . 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 2-d 2-6 2-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 Ratings, as given, are derived from tests made in accordance with the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers' Low-Pressure Boiler Testing Code. : . Bridgewall sections are furnished for shortening grates. Grate areas as given above are for entire length of firebox, but unless otherwise ordered, bridgewall section will be shipped with boilers larger than No. 9-28. 12-40 and 9-60. to reduce grate to length, in table of dimensions. Boilers OilCity BoilerWorks Oi7 Citx/ New York, N. Y.. 501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, Pa., 1116 House Bldg. Atlanta, Ga., 315 Glenn Bldg. Baltimore, Md., Dukehart Bldg. . Indianapolis. Ind., 117 East Michigan St. Richmond, Va., American National Bank Bldg. Shreveport, La. Detroit, Mich., 715 Donovan Bldg. . Chicago. III., 19 W. Jackson Blvd. Los Angeles, Calif.. 1003 Union Trust Bldg. Charlotte, N. C.. 225 Latta Arcade Cincinnati, O., S. W. Cor. 3rd and Walnut Sts. Oklahoma City, Okla.. P. O. Box No. 87. P. O. Box No. 29S "0*7 City" Smokeless Boiler "D" Type Boiler "OIL CITY" low pressure boilers are offered to the trade as the last word in "Heating Economy" comprising in one' unit all the elements of a modern plant for steam or hot water heating, especially The above view shows the new "D" type residential boiler built in capacities 400 to 2000 sq. ft. direct steam radiation. Send for Circular H-23. adapted for Schools, Office Buildings, ^Hotels, Churches, Club Houses, Hospitals or for any purpose where the service of a universally recognized fire box boiler of high merit is desired. Ratings--Ratings are very conservative, only such parts of the boiler coming ih actual contact with passage of the hot gases, and lying below the zone of normal water level being considered as heating "OIL CITY" boilers are designed and surface. constructed to meet all requirements of modern engineering as formulated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, . the boiler laws of the various states and cities, and are backed by 35 years of suc cessful practical experience. - Equipment--Equipment with all boilers includes, in addition to complete set o.f shaking grates, all the necessary castings, safety valves, steam gauge, water column, etc., required for a complete installation. Description--"OIL CITY" boilers are built in smokeless and straight draft types for portable and brick settings, self con tained with all steel construction thor oughly braced, stayed, inspected, and Oil Fired--Where oil is used exclusively we-recommend our new Series 1900 Port able Return Tubular Fire Box Oil Burning Boiler. Complete specifications and measurements shown in Circular H-22. tested for 15 lb. working pressure. Every "OIL CITY" boiler bears the These boilers have large fire boxes thereby insuring ample combustion space in which heat-giving gases and air freely official stamp of the A. S. M. E.~Boiler Code, indicating the pressure at which the boiler may be worked. * mix before entering tubes. At a small increase in cost "OIL CITY'.' The arrangement of tubes in relation to shell allows free circulation of water at all times, together with large steam space, insuring dry steam and steady water level. boilers are furnished, braced and stayed, for a safe working pressure of 100 lb. Complete specifications, measurements and weights shown in Catalog H-9. SPECIFICATIONS AND GENERAL DIMENSIONS ON NEXT PAGE. 418 Oil City Boiler Works Boilers Settling Plan and Measurements "Oil City" Heating Boilers "Oil City" Smokeless stnc&r croarcEX <507 <303 <509 <570 <377 <375 <3/5 <3/4 <5/3 <3/6 <3/7 <3ta <379 <390 <39/ <3X3 <393 <394 ovncrrr - stzfm 54-Fx xoo 5500 9XO 4500 5030 5500 6COO 657X 7500 3300 0X0 0XO 4000 460CO mo aax 900 joox aworr - mttek Jn.cy xco 5900 6600 MOO 3500 9700 9900 0700 '9400 *4030 6500 <3300 95/00 <600 9X0 1X00 <0X0 43000 eozex nwerex x to ft? *3 99 S4 34 34 60 60 60 60 66 <56 75 73 TV xs 34 34 oooef lf/tgtn .. a Fr&to 9-7 0-3 77-5 0-/7 //-// 79-7/ 79-77 75-7/ 73-J 0-5 <5-9 77-9 <6-7 7947 77-0 73-0 90-7 94-< 79 ouner. c Mto 3-9 J-9 9-9 J-J 5-3 4-9 4-9 4-9 4-0 *3 4-9 6-0 5-0 5-9 5-3 6-< 6-5 9-t czpae 7Z> AT7zter/ p to 79 0 79 73 /9 79 9916 996 99* 99V 93 93 93 95 95 35 93 33 ficae 7V/vmzx ere 9 to 7/ 7! 77 76 76 76 <57 37 37 37 30 JO 96 96 97 97 <05 705 TX/GT/TOEX 9XXL9X FrAto 79 7-0 70 75 75 75 <3-5 3 3-5 3-5 3-/7 5-/7 9-5 3-5 9-7 9-7 0-7 0-7 tx/gftosf xrr <s Frdto 74 74 74 74 74 74 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 xe a/Tisr 5733 937ZX// jtisr jw a/7LT to 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 to 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 to C.Jt 0,36 0,56 aic 0,49 0,49 &06 95,46 7 3 3 3 3 3 a 0 0. 3 6 6 6 6 cr . 6 6 9/36 sd 75,50 <7,54 77,54 <7.60 79*0 90^ 3S64 Cm 03330/7765 -CF9 OOZ3X to cc cc 99 94 94 94 96 96 93 93 50 59 54 54 56 56 40 49 cm cxccae/c - 7h& ockuxj to. JO JO JO 54 54 54 50 53 40 40 44 46 50 50 59 59 56 56 cm J777C/C -are atfLoe to. CD 90 90 99 99 99 94 94 96 96 90 JO 59 59 54 54 50 40 cm. J77ZX- - 7M7 00799X5 to 95 93 90 3/ 57 5/ J4 J4 56 56 <0 49 46 <6 43 43 54 54 HEASHT jrOCX-OE O0/L9X fir JO 55 55 55 55 60 60 60 65 65 65 TV TV TV 30 SO 50 00 /EJGHT JTA3C/C-7M OC4L9X5 Fx 60 65 65 65 65 TV 77 TO 73 75 75 30 30 30 SO 9X7 0O 70 xtzpzr 7u chcty iCf/sr c&otj to 96 96 96 95 93 93 59 '59 59 59 55 35 57 J7 4V 4V 45 43 "Oil CityV Direct Draft Type nuxtecx or od/lex , . 307 303 309 3/0 3// 3/3 3/3 3/4 3/3 3/6 3/7 3/<f 3/3 33V 337 09F9TC/T9 - 57979*7 owvrc/rr - toxrrcx 59 Ft 9500 9900 JSOO 4000 4300 5000 6500 6000 XXX 0/00 3700 f/000 nooo <5000 59 Fr 4700 4300 sooo 6600 9400 urn V.v 7900 <7600 <wo <5/03 6900 <7570 007/39 PtorV37EX OOfL3X C39/GT97 * 7C374X TV Ctm_T FLOO/e 7V 9717X7/ 99 to. 46 46 43 54 54 54 60 60 60 60 66 66 a Fr*to 3-F 5-6 </-< TOO //-/ 79-7 79-5 75-9 74-4 76-7 75-f 79-4 75-77 c FrJPto J-/7 4-5 4-0 4-7 4-5 4-7 4- 4-/7 5-/7 6-3 6-7 9-9 6-3 6-5 P to 73 79 73 73 73 73 336 99V 99V 99V 91 91 93 91 FZOOX 70 WF773X 9/7/9 9 : to 97- 9/ 97 96 96 96 <39 09 09 07 30 50 HEASHTCV9X OOTL9X Frito 7-0 9-0 9-0 7-5 9-5 9-5 <3-5 0-5 0-7 0-7 0-7/ 0-/7 3-5 7737S77T9757/ FTT 6 Ft4 to 74 74 74 74 74 /4 79 79 79 79 79 79 3/99 oureer 5799 9717X7/ to 6 6 6 6 6 6 9 9 9 9 O O <5 to 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 5799 57007/9 07/79.99 C7/9? 0X3397/79/0 -9F7 OCX. to 0,56 0.J6 0,56 0*9 0,49 0.49 iyou 9*06 <7,0 <5,50 <9,14 to 33 99 39 34 34 34 96 96 90 90 r> ora OX39C//797G - TM7 OLX3 to 50 50 JO 54 54 54 50 55 40 47 44 46 30 f? C*S. 5779CK -937/9 OCX. to 90 90 90 33 99 33 94 94 96 96 30 .30 39 063. 59T43X . 9X90 07X5. to 35 33 93 57 5/ jr 54 74 56 56 50 49 46 56 7/9/9777 5T97CX-CT/3 OCX. . Fr 50 50 55 35 55 60 60 60 65 63 63 TV TV 7/3/GHT 579TCX - FMD 99X5 Ft. 60 60 65 65 64 TV TV TV 95 95 95 &? 70 93X99/ X997X P93CX5 to 96 36 96 90 30 <33 53 59 53 59 55 55 59 59 40 309 397 394 5V 4J 45. 419 Boilers Orr & Sembower, Inc. Established 1885 Reading, Pa. "Knowlton `Watertoob' Steel Heating Boilers" Knowlton "Watertoob" Steel Boilers are designed for use in homes, Apartments, small factories, etc., meet all the requirements of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the boiler laws of the various states and cities, and being highly efficient, installation guarantees " Complete Heating Satisfaction/' The "Watertoob" construction of the Knowlton Boiler is very efficient and unique. The use of many copper tubes of small diameter, and the inclination of these tubes permits very rapid circulation, and heat transmission to the water. Arsenical copper tubes are used in the "Watertoob" construction because of their rapid heat absorption, and because they effectively resist corrosion from water and gases. The following are the combined features and advantages found in no other one Boiler: 1. Built of Steel. Made of % in. copper bearing steel. All electrically welded in one unit. No seams can break or crack. The copper increases the resistance of the steel to corrosion. 2. Water-Tube Type. The type found in all modern power plants. Effective water circulation. Raises steam rapidly. Tubes easy to replace. Conserves floor space. 3. "Watertoob'* Construction. The tubes are made of arsenical copper. Longer life than steel tubes, greater heat absorbing qualities, tubes placed close together on an angle, increasing water cir culation and heating efficiency. Easy to clean. 4. Long Gas Travel. Construction is such that the gas cannot take short cut to the chimney. Gas travel is equivalent to about three times the length of the fire box. heating the water to a degree that would be otherwise impossible, and making low stack temperatures. 5. Water Circulation. Construction of tubes heats water quickly and gives rapid continuous circulation. This is due to the angular position of the tubes by means of which the movement of the hot water to the top is accelerated. It is further due to the fact that the copper tubes transmit the heat to a maximum degree. 420 Orr & Sembower, Inc. Boilers 6. Fuel Saving. Requires about one-third less fuel than ordinary boilers. * Built like a stone crusher. Semi-circular construction crushes clinkers and does not allow coal to drop through. Ashes can be accumulated in rear half in mild weather to hold temperature down. 8. Easy to Install. - Comes completely assembled in one unit, making the cost of installation low. 9. Easy to Operate. _ Fires up quickly in the coldest weather. Grate Construc tion and damper control is such that temperature can be held down on milder days. Firing periods about 8 hours apart in zero weather. 10. Easy to Keep Clean. Easy access to all parts of the boiler for cleaning purposes. 11. Large Water Capacity and Steam Space. No danger of excessive moisture in steam, or rapid loss of water line due to ordinary leaks. 12. Rated Radiation. ' Rated according to the net amount of radiation they will supply. Only one' rating and this one absolutely guar anteed. Makes selection of proper size boiler possible without guesswork. 13. Maximum Efficiency with Coal, Oil or Gas. The higher heat absorbing qualities of steel construction and copper tubes make it the only logical type for use with coal, oil or gas. * 14. Cost. The cost of the Knowlton "Water- toob" Steel Boiler installed is very little more than that of a cast iron boiler of the proper size. "Knowlton Boilebs" are built by Manufacturers having 43 years of successful practical experience. "Knowlton" Heating Boiler Dimension Chart Boiler No. 2 3 4 5 6 7 Steam rating, sq. ft. 520 770 1060 1300 1620 1820 Hot Water rating, q. ft. 860 1270 1750 2150 2680 3010 mDimension* In. In. In. In. .A 53'/, 54'/, 58'/, 59% 62)4 6 B 31 37 43 49 54 54 C , 41- 4i >/, 46y. 47)4 soy, 50% D 13V. 15 16 17>/: !8>/, I8>/, E 15'/, 15'/, 17>/: I7>/: 18 18 F 4% 434 4% 4)4 4)4 4% G 4% 4% 13% 13)4 i2y, 12V, H 54'/, 55'/, 59'/, 60J/, 63% 64 j 45 46 50 51'/, 54 54'/: K 10 10 12 12 12 12 M 23'/, 23/. 25'/, 255/, 25V, 25'/, N 27'/, 30y, 3oy, 33'/. 33J/, 36/, W 30 33 . 33 36 36 39 Outlets No. and 1-3 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-* 1-6 Size Inlets No. and 2-2Vi 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-4 2-4 Size . Stack Diam. 8 9 10 11 12 12 Grate Area * sq. ft. 2.5 3.83 4.8 6.5 7.58 8.46 Fire Box 18 'X Inches' ) -20 23 23 XX 24 30 26 26 x- X 36 42 29 X 42 421 S' ' Boilers Pacific Steel Boiler Corporation Manufacturers of - Pacific Steel Heating Boilers,' Pacific Circulating Tanks Waukegan, Illinois and Bristol, Pennsylvania PACIFIC STEEL HEATING BOILERS For Burning Soft Coal Smokelessly For Soft or Hard Coal, Gas or Wood Pacific Steel Heating Boilers are built for steam or hot water heating using soft coal, hard coal, oil, gas, or wood as fuel. - They are constructed of steel accord ing to the A. 5. M. E. Code for building low pressure steel heating boilers. Every joint and seam in the Pacific is electrically welded and each boiler is built and tested to a pressure many times its normal working pressure un der the . supervision of an inspector stationed in our plant by one of the largest insurance companies. Because of the compact design, . Pacific Boilers save from 25 to 40 per cent, of the boiler room floor space required by other steel firebox boilers, (see dimensions given on opposite .page). 'J The catalog ratings on Pacific Boilers are based on heating surface withsteam at two pounds gauge pressure, hot water at 180 deg. at boiler. Any Pacific Boiler will carry its full rated load in direct cast iron radiation. Extra capacity must be allowed for exposed piping, storage tank, pipe coils or indirect radiators and for buildings where normal tem peratures below 70 deg. F. are to be maintained. .; For Burning Oil 422 Pacific Steel Boiler Corporation PACIFIC SMOKELESS BOILERS Boilers NO T LESS T H A N S IX INCHES For Pacific Oil Fired Boilers use the above specification. 52 64 33' 64 37/ 76 37'/2 76/, 39'/2 88V2 39'/, 76'/ 45/ A82'/ 88'/ 76'/ 88'/ 94'/ 5l'/2 88'/ 58'/ 100'/ 18ft 63 83'/, nz'/? 83'/ 124'/ 83'/ IIP/, 96'/ I2P/, 961/, 1373/, 96'/ PACIFIC DIRECT DRAFT BOILERS s 27'/ 27/ 4 4 39/ 39'/ 39'/ 45'/ 45'/ $ 57 n 77 77 90y2 90Vi 90V2 Pacific Boilers are constructed with smoke outlet at the rear and all of the tubes, both upper and lower banks, are cleaned or removed from the front of the boiler through the front flue doors. Space .at ` rear of boiler is not necessary. .. . Complete catalog showing all types and sizes Pacific Boilers will be furnished on request. 423 Boilers and Radiators Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. General Sales Offices 41 EAST 42nd STREET . NEW YORK, N. Y. For List of Factories and Branches, see Page 656 Cast iron water boilers 100 to 23,450 sq. ft. capacity. Cast iron steam boilers 325 to 14,200 sq. ft. capacity. Firebox heating boilers, capacity steam radiation 2,500 to 25,000 sq. ft.; capacity water radiation . 4,000 to 40,000 sq: ft. Radiators--all types PIERCE FIREBOX BOILERS Built by Ames Iron Works Division of Pierce, Butler & Pierce Manufacturing Corporation OSWEGO, N. Y. . Boilers No.* Sec tions Length BOILER AND HEADERS Width Height Height Water Line on S. B. No. and Size, Outlets No. and Size. Returns Smoke Pipe Dia. Size of Rue Chimney Height CAPACITY SQ. FT. Steam Water Boilers Boilers 214 4 47 45 715 5 55 45 216 6 63 45 561/* 401/4 40-/, 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 9v*/4f 10x10 10x10 30 30 600 1000 800 1325 56-/i 40-/4 2-3 2-3 9% 10x10 35 1000 1650 265 5 55 51 64'/i 4//, 2-3 2-3 11% 12x12 35 >400 2325 266 267 6 7 63 71 51 51 64*A '64$ 4477%# 2-4 2-4 2-4 11% 12x16 35 2-4 11% 12x16 40 1750 2100 2900 3475 268 8 79 51 ; 64Vl 97% 2-4 2-4 in/. 16x16 40 2450 4050 325 5 55 59% 67 326 6 63 59% 67 327 7 71 591/4 67 328 8 79 59*4 67 329 9 87 59% 67 3210 10 95 59% 67 49 . 2-4 2-4 14 49 2-5 2-5 14 49 2-5 2-5 14 49 2-5 2-5 14 49 2-5 2-5 14 49 2-5 2-5 14 12x16 35 1700 2825 12x16 40. 2250 3700 16x16 40 2800 4625 16x16 45 3350 5525 16x20 50 3900 6450 20x20 60 4450 7350 405 406 407 408 409 4010 4011 4012 5 6__ . 7 8 9 10 11 12 55 63 71 79 87 95 103 m 66V2 Mia m 66% 66% m 69i/4 69i/4 69% 69i/4 69i/4 691/4, 69'/4 69-/4 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 2-4 2-4 15'/, 16x16 45 2600 4300 2-5 2-5 isy. 16x20 45 3250 5375 2-5 2-5 15% 16x20 50 3900 6450 2-5 2-5 15V, 20x20 50 4550 7500 2-5 2-5 15% 20x20 55 5200 8600 2-5 2-5 ,153/4 20x20 55 5850 9650 2-5 2-5. '15% 20x20 60 6500 10725 2-5 2-5 I5i/, 20x24 60 7150 11800 466 467 468 469 4610 4611 4612 4613 4614 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 68 - 76 84 92 100 108 116 124 132 79 79 79 79 79 ' 79 79 79 : . 79 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 55-/, 2-6 2-6 191/4 24x24 65 5400 8925 55-/, 2-6 2-6 19% 24x24 70 6500 10725 55-/, 2-6 2-6 191/4 24x24 75 7600 12550 55-/, 2-6 2-6 1914 24x28 80 8700 14350 55% 2-6 2-6 193/4 24x28 85 9800 ' 16150 55% 2-6 2-6 191/4 28x28 95 ^ 10900 18000 55% 2-6 2-6 193/* 28x28 too 12000 19825 553/4 2-6 2-6 19% 28x28 105 13100 21625 55-/. 2-6 2-6 19% 28x32 110 14200 23450 Steam boilers are designated by the letter "S" before the number, as S-214, S-215, etc. Water boilers are designated by the letter *`W," as W-214, W-215, etc. ._ , All measurements are in inches, except where otherwise noted. Special sizes or location of tappings can be furnished at prices shown in discount sheet. Blank grates sections for brick fire wall to reduce size of grate will be supplied without extra charge with boiler if so ordered. . (See page 656, Valve Section) - 424 Series 800 For Description, see p. 428. Series 900 For Description, see p. 429. Series 1000 For Description, see p. 430. 425 Series 000 For Description, see p. 431. .Ames*Iron Works o% CO H 5 ^o o oa U3 ti * Boilers S3 0000050 "# " pv<S- prsst- SONNO? 'C--Of SOO5N<toO9''NTOCKOOOOO0^-OPN4 "ps'--O/%NPnN00OP"N. OS'--60N5OfS0'O't'0?IN.'6o2V rKr>, nps 35nw^\ *o p%s -- --. %o. i.1 PSfP PNt*> PSPS -- o o O' -- <osoooo - -- Q -- 3"vOoops -- p OOf<\--^<'\0'08<n*"' PS -- -- ^ Pn OO P*. OO 'S- c S<i> -- ON'rPSt O--' NPS_______________________ __ SioD(^f|--^C^sMs^noQoOoN--- ^'TNu--^--toS.a^Nr-NJtNirNS'00 --NT p0*>. r--* O5 -- ^PS tP\ C^ wN> PS U--N WNOlA 'Ng' -- . So -- gO^(Nm^rPtSVNNONCC Sps -- 2 INN'.OO'T'-S'UNOOsOOe J-oO'OP'.-S-uN'S- -- O'P' - --S-'CNON PNO' -- O'* PS NS Sfl > 26 *a 5OON~rAStPlN00>AC0 'OP'.-- PS ---- ^S-s'O-O" S?Pn SOO--itNAOSOlO'NMO'INOOO(NOON - - is - sa r=2 paooDOJP 3a' 2& |.s OfP.UNOU'iOO'OPSO PNCN -->A P> -- S6iT\0'NO>POO'Off'^-NN'0^0'Ne;'0'OIi:;>iftO'>^OtOSQO lANNI^mCOO^ --PSO -- -S-UNnOUNsO rN O' -- UN -- O* wnps O' *. - -- ' aS2OoPNSNtosoN.oNO''OO^OSOOQO'OPS ----pOs--ou-1 B2- .O s .8 8 3 -- SSo'OW'OiAOOOSSq --A^^'OfP'P^f'^'^NN'CO-->POi: UoNP<seKrSPS'OuO-\ -Os-'O - --PSO -- S-UNUNUNO PNCO -- Tv P S Iv O^JrJ OOO'OWOOOQON'fiO-P'I'll' OoOoPSff^vPSPS'OinOVp'OSs 'O ' *. .N"O* -Sf 12 f1 ^ * c :s * fcootrtsoO'COOOO'nsO--lrN(N(Pn^NmN(piNNN-5 ---OPTinc uSrs " - --oS-NNN^OO'O NO-suvnrt>n fP\uN. PS S *(V, eo -- ? -- ss, a| s8 u.~--|u. cceee S- -2=3 1-0 ca rs3 * nN =: 8a -5 S So 1& VJ N III2? Jgtiu (j gaS-S. <2* i'i^2-2 0-^2>H o io|8 ti-ssii'juwji > 8 <1 2 ^ i *8* .Sggoj S]3 ^"S --o E JS ,, -tS.Wf is. luI-Ec^QC-OIOi -eSe-&SSQftE*S?iT^3I&rf^JS i)&? tJ> iuilM pZp.SiPlx-ageJ8iJ8.38 J5z+l 426 Atries Iron Works 427 Boilers jf Safety valves w ill be furnished to conform to th e requirements of the state or m unicipality in which boiler is to be operated. *Smoke stacks and smoke connections or breechings are not furnished . unless specially ordered and at extra price. tSue-and location o f a ll steam openings shown apply for IS pounds pressure. This information w ill be given for higher pressures uponrequest. . N U M B E R O F S IZ E ..............................| Ames Iron Worlds Boilers 2 S td 2s |8 o5 * u ^0 CWSO es S OS C4O) b *c C3 fl s ^ fc r 1 018 1 1 918 1 t8 1 840 Fa vos o 8S!?::SS2gSR4,oa22SHSRS'c2M5SSSS?SS SR S "SR - " " '*'* rA ts "a XX a Urn o5kAof<>oN.^sn<Sp(>Af--oltn^8.s(t<s9S. cI>ov-&p*N----o->--waiAts,Nxtrrsicoo>e--oriA--mo/a3C3Qa <xQo--o^ ss - ss e*i *X* 3 m Ch 0S39S'6i''pitnn<MoifAtoQlANeCOrrs<e' osis.si --o"----o--<AipNhnNnP^<n'0'e--oi^vr>o--NNein'ea,tioAoYouN>M0'C(AA 8 Sft -- -- ' o fX*5 uw a Ch ooBO--e5NPMinp\---4oA)iV<mO^- 9QNNo3QriNAtN-\i\OI---,SNS0--m> e.o---<e:'4oeM<eeo<3 omN--Nua'Oeo'' Xa^tna\aipA'p\ c XtNs 0 e o * * <! girtQfsA(fOA(*S 'pAp V> QXP5OOP'*PIs.*<- P4p--)----*--*a"f9-3'4fsN. 'eIN'e^e^m9i's--NU$AXuXv^i-MQ<cfAiAA RS - sa xcX* x c a Ch OBBOr^0iA|AfrttNcPOtQO'Oams| --'P-^--iA'^0-xpsNxrQ>.'6(0rtNt' -NiA-OXf'sV|t A'N*n 2K - I?5 2 " ^ >u c oA*Oa' Ch ---- Ps. i*s (A'N -- tin (A S e X E lSRftSRSS8S65"a=o2:SSSR'0*,5'ftSC:^KSSS8 uA fSJ -- is. -- UA -- s s O' -*->0 -- tN Ch . S S X I 88S88RSSSS'"'S2gSsSSSS,"mSSi5:gSRSi X 9 Ch 1? * * ib ^ 8 Ch X u it X 0CA*0PAA"^NtXN0AN<NAOPIsS'WPT9AA Qs*'s0^.N0'--.Vl^^NtAlA,V(A^NA<YIAfA--^>NNAA(NA^<"N0A (A KUi>AnP-'iO(AANXWaAt. XURA--o^>U--Afti(ftAiA-'C^^XXf*AA^,lA--^VTsf,spm(*XAOwAjA XN N AA >h 88RS8RS2SS=82S53;853'0`0"SSr!JSSSSS X S Ch jSJ N ' "*`*N f*5 c Og gOA04 ;g-4AttPQS X0^OISt. W0A 'O^ X--9--aXA--e'PX"Qt<'t^". AAI>AIS --NT-ffloApAvOiOjjt X Ch R -- V , '. c fS a Xa . * * <! 8XUASrs 22XSSETO8A(8N SSr<A**v/,A2282SSgS38,r'OM5;S258JSRAgNa Ch a 3 X a A(O--ANiAIssA, ----MA-NNOP0OnS>SOQ0'(AtOs--'sA -- --0X. 'A--OsF^^^UNA^N-AISN---(AA4N-tA^AQON Ch t*hil*hil*hil*hi --c --dt,h^ j9o-so--d :. .:--d--d--d--dd-- e--d--d-- --d---d --d :. --c --c --c--d --c --d --d :.l.h- xxxz;i i i U M M j M M ;: \x : : : : : i-S 5 : : ; ll::: ijfij: i i<5 ii \ 1 : : : 1 :|d : : : : I I :"8 l|- iljl uc 1 *ss i?^.1 ff &=! |s |s1 r?g1311 is u'u^.5 V v J^^QJ J j_Szo (3(3o^alp^<"OQ.u-u--^-JstSi->-Nyga 1 Safety valves w ill be furnished to conform to the requirements o f the state or m unicipality in which boiler is to be operated. 'Smoke stacks and smoke connections or breechings are not furnished unless specially ordered and a t extra price. tSixe and location o f all steam openings shown apply for 15 pounds pressure. This inform ation w ill be given for higher pressures upon request. 429 Safety valves w ill be furnished to conform to the requirements of the state or m unicipality in which boiler is to be operated. 'Smoke stacks and smoke connections or breechings are not furnished unless specially ordered and a t extra price. fSize and location o f all steam openings shown apply for 15 pounds pressure. This inform ation w ill be given for higher pressures upon request. Ames Iron Worlds jJM S g g 5g #. eo w t- e* a u .5 * fcd ^ Q. Boilers OOa--C<ftOO^^ --'O'A ----'OOOrt -- OomOfNO--OfA--OaO. 5OtA v v (M CO -- --O --. OO ian NW ^ --CA'OB^'OtN OooOrsfmf'fO'ianoQooOi^n,OTo'4o'o0--ift-V-- Ov^#^in,'or>tNNN(-fiaW*--n eNo --^N^ ^--tc-aOA'oOo a* 'O 3 2 m2 ^ oo5^n^o>nirotoogc(>2S fA -o 'O OsoNoA--iAff-o*<--ACrJQAooiNeOA-of<e D...--....m......--....(9NWmOfSmO>~ o-o>-w^ NN -- tA -- Mii-|M -- OO^N<-OOONrtV-^NN->OOcewO~0 V'bwmO'ONS- 'tl^ONO oo-mNcooD'r rsrs -- oo -- n -s- c-fA csin--<*\ -- A 'O A. Q . . .-- On rs mm- 3sSmO0'-0o--otNt ^CSm-nS- --Nmtsis-r>---m-Om-.Crr 9-- so -- ca -- rs'S`1'- 00-Q'Q'QOOIS-OrNi--;yi--Nho;o----'fOAcsAONOO^m-Ay^A--JQtA''OfSm^soNO. --o<NfSA~--^^SCSs;^--aiNCf |Oq, OOiAM'mOOON*'>mNN<m--NlN.0^^'ONN5>ONNo9im-0 0> S~^Ne8^M csn> -- r camisaa. csa* . ^-nO -- a -- At'Or'-tA-ci SOOo --'r-T0<MSONOooOm'^^,'A-~C-SN' nOA" ----NrAN-. M--r' ON ^ > OoOoN--'CNN'AuiOoOomNao---fs-i-nor--NrisN. fmfl m--SQmfsS-OicNiKNS-'ONfs^bvNoN--OcfXs --NOcsu^Sn--oc-os^o Og CA NAfA -- - -- SOomrAifO-nfS--O--,mf<AM--0oiAooOonNN7OAm\ Ol---O* r-<'---o---Nrm> 0c'aOaj>-oA<a2pno_?_acO_jS_aKiS* m<AN--O0 --^AA4N--N--OnA- n--ONcANc 0ma-0000000-INSfA.O_ >_OtA'. -- OgFjfANAPS^JAAIA|NOON/ uA-.v--rs . eCN -AoOnofAm- --- --o -- a% ca a -a m f>0 -- CN -- -- tf (N IAN- -- **"! ' * * <5 <2 ^ J-t ONA A'A. NfOA --Ol/O> OQOOfAO'O^--0- --NAA.OnCQA>AAl N C--A ^> ^E> AA*l CA >A --.^F-O --ANAN-----OfrAtAS"NA<-CJ -1 An COO U.U.U.U. -- U.-QJ3 cr & cr 6* to to coco ccccccceccccccecce c---------- 6 =v3 oaw'-' .. G c * a: -n o oU sg ,, x6g__a-S_&:Z . ': cSJC-C5c3SOcg^oi-5SsSJgV3*S&euW-^J=W^s=<tjSsW0B-Kgo23JW--ws05tc."J*1!S^15S-5^o3"'*g"gI 5uSve.ug2.Su5cj-gS1g-J*S' ug1*Ca>S3gu-O. '25j|c|g|^**:2'io5^C'SfstcQ-STMS3s*8Si-j8.d.SAOS'5,,u'Qssoof^3gif>tga-wcB9-n"o SdMMSi^UQ^VX----^JSZOQ-Ott^E-^N^gyglij 430 . B O ILE R S B U IL T FOR 15 POUNDS PRESSURE O N LY . Safety valves w ill be furnished to conform to the requirements of the state or m unicipality in which boiler is to be operated. 'Smoke stacks and smoke connections or breechings are not furnished unless specially ordered and a t extra price. Ames Iron Works 431 Boilers Boilers and Radiators Richmond Radiator Company INCORPORATED Executive Office 1480 Broadway, New York Branch Offices Chicago;. 1010 Wrigley Building Boston. 460 Park Square Building Philadelphia. 2241 North American St. Cleveland. Cedar Avenue and . Harrisburg, Pa., 116 S. Second St. Ashland Road Gas Boiler Division: 2220 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Radiator, Enameldware and Heatomat Plant, Uniontown, Pa. Boiler Plant, Norwich, Conn. Richmond Radiator Co., Inc. Boilers and Radiators Richmond "DeLuxe" ' Official tests credit this boiler with a greater . heating surface and efficiency than others of equal diameter and number of sections. Made for Steam and Hot Water in fifteen sixes. ^Jltc "Richmond" A masterpiece of design. Greater heating surface and space between sections. No protruding sur faces. Tested at Frost Laboratories in accordance with code of A. S. H. Gr V. B. Three, five and seven tubes, in several heights. `Richmond" Smokeless Boilers Burn Coal Smokelessly "Richmond" Heavy Duty Smokeless Boilers Designed for Fuel Economy. Burns all grades of Hard or Soft Coal, Coke, Lignite, Natural Gas and Fuel Oils. Meets the requirements of the most rigid Smoke Ordinances. A 51 in. Boiler, 7 to 16 Sections, Steam and Hot Water. 432 "Richmond" 25 and 36 in. Sectional Boilers "Richmond" Model Sectional Boilers Burn Hard and Soft Coal, Coke, Gas and Fuel Oils. Incorporates a maximum of direct fire surface, quick internal circulation and rapid flow of , water. For Steam. Vapor. Vacuum and Hot Water i . Heating. 'I For- Steam and Hot Water. Three to twelve sections. IS, 22, 30 and 40 in. grates. Compact,, accessible, efficient heating surface and circulation system. 433 Richmond Radiator Co., Inc. Boilers and Radiators R"the ichmond engineering data book" is filled with helpful information Engineers!! Architects!! Heating Contractors!! will find "The Richmond Data Book" a useful and dependable member of their engineering and estimating Staff. It is Original -- Authoritative--Helpful-^-and gives the answer to boiler selection problems. Men who specify and buy boilers have need of such a book as this . and Richmond has compiled it. . In addition to the volume of engineering information it in cludes, there is a performance data page similar to the one shown, for every Richmond Boiler, round and square. The page reproduced is the detailed performance table of the Rich mond Heavy Duty Boiler illustrated on the second pre-' ceding page. Such data based upon Official Codes . are a ' dependable guide for Engineers, Architects and Contractors in the selection of a boiler that will perform most efficiently and economically. Contents ' Below is a skeleton list of the . contents of "The Richmond Engineering Data Book:" Foreword. Standard Requirements. - Explanatory Notes Regarding Per formance Tables. .. ' Dimensions, etc., of Round Boiler. Guarantee of Ratings. A. S. M. E. Boiler Construction Code. . A. S. H. & V. E. Boiler Testing Code. Heating and Piping Contractors' Formula for Output Tests. A. S. H. & V. E. Formula for com puting Radiation. ' Heating and Piping Contractor National Association's Formula for computing Radiation. . Buckwheat Coal Grates .for Boilers. Boiler and Pipe Covering. Chimney Data. Richmond Boilers are Code Boilers AH Richmond Boilers are Built, Tested, Rated and Ratings Certified according to the official inter pretation of Standard Codes. Ratings are based upon exact boiler outputs--that is, the exact amount of direct cast iron column radiation'boilers will carry in addition to piping uncovered, boiler only covered. Sent upon Request Address our Executive Office or nearest Branch Office for copy of "The Richmond Engineering Data Book. 434 Richmond Radiator Co., Inc. Boilers and Radiators THE RICHMOND HEATOMAT GAS BOILER For efficiency, simplicity, and construction in accordance with soundest principles of engineering Engineering skill and an exacting construction policy have produced in the Richmond Heatomat,a Gas Boiler that translates 85 per cent of the fuel value into heat. Made for Steam, Hot Water, or Vapor Systems--to be used in small or large houses, office buildings, hotels and apartment houses. Richmond y' c . . The H eatomat is modeled along 'tlife lines of the larger power plant boilers combining efficiency with utmost simplicity. v Outstanding fea tures of the Heatomat Vertical Tubular Construc tion. Preheating return water flow with flue gas heat. Water cooled walls absorb burner heat. Secondary air intake re gulated with gas flow. Heat transmission scien tifically baffled. ` Only one burner, one primary air setting for battery. The Richmond Heatomat catalog includes data on cost of gas boiler operation versus coal. Also complete description of . exclusive mechanical features sizes, ratings, cost, etc. Address:-- Richmond Radiator Company Gas Products Division 2220 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa., or Branch Offices. 435 Boilers and Radiators The H. B. Smith Company Works: Westfield, Mass. . Westfield, Mass. New York, 10 East 39th Street Cleveland, 1108 Webster Avenue, S.E. 57 Main Street Boston, 640 Main Street, Cambridge Philadelphia, 49th St. and Grays Ave. Manufacturers of Boilers and Radiators for Steam and Water Heating No. 60 Smith Boiler--Front No. 60 Smith Boiler--Back 436 The H. B. Smith Company Boilers and Radiators SMITH SMOKELESS BOILERS Nos. 27, 34, 42, 60 For Anthracite Coal. Oil. Gas. Coke and all Bituminous Coals. When Bituminous Coal contains over 22)4% volatile Oxygen Torch should be installed. With Oxygen Torch' No. of tSioencs in Boiler Nominal Size of Fire Pot, Inches Width Length Total Lerath Boiler Inches Length at Foundation. Inches Steam Rating, Feet Water Rating. Feet No. of Sec tions in BoQer Nomina) Size of Fire Pot, Inches Width Length Total Length Lcnpth at Foun Boiler dation. Inches Inches Steam Water Rating. Rating. Feet Feet No. 27 10 27 36 77 62 2.700 4.450 II 27 42 83 68 3.000 4.950 12 27 43 89 74 3.300 5.450 13 27 54 95 80 3.600 5,950 14 27 60 101 86 3.900 6,425 15 27 66 107 92 4.200 6.925 No. 36 II 36 42 87 68 4.300 7.100 12 36 48 93 74 4.800 7,925 13 36 54 99 80 5300 8.750 14 36 60 (05 86 5.800 9.575 15 36 66 III 92 6.300 10.400 No. 60 12 60 42 110 73 10.800 17.800 13 60 48 116 79 12.000 19.800 14 60 54 122 85 13.200 21.800 15 60 60 128 91 14.400 23.750 16 60 66 134 97 15.600 25.750 17 60 66 140 103 16.800 27.700 18 60 72 146 109 16.000 29.700 19 60 78 152 115 19.200 31.700 20 60 78 158 121 20.400 33.650 5 27 6 27 7 27 6 27 9 27 to 27 II 27 12 27 12 27 13 27 13 27 14 27 14 27 7 36 8 36 9 36. 10 36 II 36 12 36 12 36 13 36 13 36 14 36 14 36 15 36 15 36 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 60 66 . 66 72 66 78 .36 . 42 48 54 60 60 66 66 72 66 78 72 84 No. 27 47 53 59 65 71 77 83 89 89 95 95 101 101 No. 36 63 69 75 81 87 . 93 . 93 99 99 105 105 111 III No. 60 32 38 44 50 56 62 68 74 74 80 80 86 86 44 50 56 62 68 74 74 80 80 86 86 92 92 1.200 1.500 1.800 2,100 2.400 2,700 3.000 3.300 3.300 3.600 3.600 3.900 3,900 1,975 2,475 2.975 3.475 3.950 4,450 4,950 5.450 5.450 5.950 5.950 6,425 6.425 2300 2,800 3.300 3,800 4300 4.800 4.800 5.300 5.300 5.800 5.800 6300 6.300 3.800 4.625 5.450 6,275 7,100 7,925 7,925 8,750 8.750 9,575 9.575 10,400 10.400 . 8 60 36 86 49 6.000 9.900 9 60 42 92 55 7.200 11.900 . Additional Data Applying to Smokeless Boilers 10 60 48 98 61 8,400 13,850 II 60 54 104 67 9.600 15,650 12 60 60 110 73 10.600 17.800 13 60 66 116 79 12.000 19,800 Boiler No. 27 36 42 60 14 60 72 122 85 13.200 21.800 15 60 78 128 91 14,400 23.750 Width at foundation............ 35' 50' 72' Width of boiler, steam........ 56' 72' 68ft' 98' 'I- Width of boiler, water......... 59' 76' Height of boiler................... 80* 83' 98' 87' Height of water line............ 57' 59' 60' 69' 16 60 84 134 97 15.600 25.750 17 60 78f 140 103 16.800 27.700 18 60 84t 146 109 18.000 29.700 19 60 84f 152 115 19.200 31.700 20 60 84f 158 121 20.400 33.650 Oval smokepipe equivalent to 13'/,' !5'/2' 29'/,' Note--Additional data pertaining to No. 42 round round round boiler, furnished on application.____________________ ' Supply Drum Tappings* - Outside diameter.......................................12 in. Tapped for 2-in. lock-nut nipples. Front end tapped 2 in. Rear end tapped one 4 in. and one 2 in. Tappings oh Top No. 60 Number of Sections Size of Tappings 4' 5' 6' 8' - Number of Tappings 82 2 92 2 10 2 tl 2 . 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 2 17 . 2 18 2 19 2 20 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Return Drums* Steam Boilers ' Outside diameter :........ .................................... 8 in. Tapped for 2-in. lock-nut nipples. Front ends tapped_____ .v-..................... .......2)4 in. Rear ends tapped........._.................... .............5 in. Undersides tapped..................................... ..... 1)4 in. Fire Tools and Steam Trimmings Furnished When boiler is to be used for water warming, specify on order the size of supply and return pipe tappings. Tappings other than those listed are special. Order must specify size. 437 The H. B. Smith Company Boilers and Radiators Mills Water Tube Steam and Water Boilers Sectional cast iron boilers which are moderate in first cost, low maintenance and extremely economical in fuel. Sectional view shows large combustion chamber and vertical waterways of small area. The latter absorb the heat quickly, circulate the water rapidly and make dry steam. May be fired with anthracite coal, wood, coke or fuel gas. Size of Boiler No. 24 No. 34 No. 44 No. 48 Nominal Width Fire Pot Inches 24 34 44 48 Commercial Rating--Capacity in Sq. Ft. Steam Water 700 to 2025 2000 to 5200 3600 to 9000 4800 to 12,000 1175 to 3350 3300 to 8575. 5950 to 14,850 7925 to 19,800 Max. Allowable Working Pressure / Steam Water (Open Tank) Water . (Closed Tank) 15 lb. 151b. 15 lb. 151b. 301b. Mi lb. 301b. 601b. 15.1b. 15 lb. 15 lb. . 30 lb. . H-B Steam and Water Boilers H-B Boilers have three waterways be tween sections. They are the only boilers in which ascending and descending cur rents of water are circulated through separate connections, giving a steady water line and rapid circu lation without back pressure. Commercial Ratings 17 Hy-Test Boiler For Hot Water Supply A. S. M. E. Standard Maximum allowable working pressure, 120 lb. Open Tank; 80 lb. Closed Tank. MB Diam. tir of f Fire Pot [ Inches. Steam Rating Feet Water Rating Feet B 13 250 425 to to 27 1000 1650 The H. B. Smith Company Boilers and Radiators Princess Direct Radiators For sanitary reasons, radiators with wide spacing should be demanded. If ordinary radiators are not sanitary enough for hospitals, they are not sani tary for the home. To meet hospital specifications some manufacturers make special radiators with wide spacing and charge an increased price. Princess Radiators are the standard radiators of The H. B. Smith Co. and are sold at regular list prices. Princess Wall Radiators Suited for alhplaces where direct radiators or pipe coils cannot be used. Espe cially desirable in locations where floor space is valuable and where wall, column or ceiling space is more available. They possess extreme flexibility of size and arrangemeot. Made in two heights, 15 and 22 in. Can be furnished with heating surfaces from 5 sq. ft. up, in multiples of 2J^> sq. ft. Corresponding lengths in 22 in. radiator are from 9 in. up, in multiples of 4 in. (1 in. allowed in over all length for plugs and " bushings). In the 15 in. radiator; corresponding lengths are from 13 in. up, in multiples of 6 in. By combinations of the two heights, these radiators can be arranged in tiers, . -. either for horizontal runs or for column work. Hung horizontally, they make excellent V 'ceiling radiators. 439 Boilers Spencer Heater Company Williamsport, Pa. NEW YORK BOSTON SYRACUSE PHILADELPHIA BALTIMORE ALBANY HARRISBURG Builders of Spencer Heaters BUFFALO ROCHESTER SCRANTON SPENCER HEATERS Give uniform heat over long periods and use small size hard coal with least attention to the fire. .. The magazine-feed feature is built into the heater and requires no,adjust ment The magazine holds a supply of coal sufficient for 8 to 12 hours ip severe weather or for a proportionately longer period in milder weather. Spencer Heaters are economical and efficient. .... .. . Due to the magazine-feed feature of the Spencer Heater it is impracticable to obtain a firing period of less than 8 hours. Therefore ratings of Spencer Heaters are based upon an evaporation of 8 lbs. of water per lb. ot coal burnea, the rated evaporation having been obtained in actual test using fresh mmea No. 1 Buckwheat coal as fuel. too i iSerieis 50 Series^ s Y* 5 S S 5 S SO Series. Spencer Tubular Heater 100 Series. Spencer Tubular Heater SPENCER TUBULAR STEAM HEATERS Heater Number Rating Sq. Ft. Radia tion - Fire Surface Sq. Ft. Heating Surface Sq. Ft. krk Tapping Return Overall Length Ins. Overall Width Ins. Water Line Ins. Draft to Develop Rating Ins. H2O Size Chimney Flue 15 ,417 19 20 21 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 12.00 13.50 15.00 16.50 18.00 282 309 337 365 393 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* : 2-2%' 2-2%' 721/; 78% 84% 96% 62% 62% 62/2 S6 56 56 56 56 4.500 5.000 5.500 6.000 7,000 18.05' 20.24 22.56 24.83 27.00 389 429 468 506 547 2-5' 2-5' 2-5* 2-5' 2-5' m 2-2(4' 2-2%' 99% 105% 112 118% 124% 81% 81% 81% 81% 81% 59 59 59 59 59 8,000 9.000 10,500 12.000 14.000 16.000 30.35 34.70 39.05 43.40 47.75 52.10 560 621 683 745 607 869 1-8* 2-21/," 98 116% 66 1-8' 1-8* 2-2%' 2-2%' 104% 110% 116% 116%- 66 66 1-8' 2-2Vf 116% 116% 66 1-8* 2-2%' 123 116% 66 1-8*. 2-2'%' 129% 116% 66 .23 I8'xl8'x50' .24 18*xl8*x55' .25 18*x18**60' .26 I8*x!8*x65' .27 18*xl8*x65' .24 I8**18'x50' .25 18*x18'x55' .26 18*x18*x60' .27 20* Diam. x 65' .28 20* Diam. x 70' .27 24* Diam. x 65' .28 24* Diam. x 65' .29 30* Diam. x 65' .30 30* Diam. x 70' .32 36* Diam. x 70' .34 36* Diam. x 70' Heaters No. 8-45 to 3-160 are furnished with steel jackets and 1H in. Rockwool asbestos covering, also pipe header. ........................., Heaters No. 15-21 are furnished with steel jackets only. ^ _, *, * , cTM ^ Chimney Flue sizes are based on a maximum Flue Temperature at Boiler Smoke outlet of 500 deg. fahr. 440 Spencer Healer Company 1 SPENCER Jare adaptable for residences, apartment houses, churches, schools, public and commercial buildings, theatres, green houses garages and all other types of buildings heated by low pressure steam, vapor or hot water. ^ For over 25 years SPENCER HEATERS have been tried and tested under the most severe climatic conditions. There are thousands of successful installations throughout the entire country. Write for illustrated catalog containing complete information. Boilers rfWTir. i>. ? ii r * k k: 4 No. & Series. Spencer Sectional Heater No. I Series. Spencer Sectional Healer SPENCER SECTIONAL STEAM HEATERS Heater Number Rating So. Ft. Radiation Fire Surface Sq.Ft. Tapping Tapping Flow Return Overall Length Ins. Overall Width Ins. I--5--S 1-6-S 1-7-5 1-8-S 1-9-S 2-6-S 2-7-S 2-8-S 2-9-S 2-IO-S 2-1l-S 600 750 900 . 1,050 1,200 1,300 1,600 2,000 2.400 2,800 3,200 2.26 2.82 3.38 3.95 4.51 5.64 ' 6.77 7.90 9.03 10.16 11.28 1-4* 1-4* 1-4* 1-4* 1-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4? 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* I 66% 73% 68% 74% 81% 87% 93% 99% 37% 37% 37% 37% 37% 1% 57% 57% 1% Water Line Ins. Draft to Develop Rating Ins. H]0 Size Chimney Flue 50* 0.12 8%*il3*x35' 50* 0.13 8%*xl3*x35' 50* 0.14 8%*x13*x40' 50* 0.15 13* x13*x40' 50* 0.16 13* x!3*x40' 50* 0.17 13' x13*x40'. 50* 0.18 13* x!3*x40' 50* 0.19 13' x13'x40' 50* 0.20 13* xl3*x40' 50* 0.21 13* x18*x4S' 50* 0.21 13* x18*x45' 1-5-W 1r6-W 1-7-W 1-8-W I-9-W 2-6-W 2-7-W 2-e-w 2-9-W 2-10-W 2-11-W 1.000 1,250 1.500 1,750 2.000 2,100 2,600 3,200 3.800 4,500 5.100 SPENCER SECTIONAL WATER HEATERS 2.26 2.82 3.38 3.95 4.51 5.64 6.77 7.90 9.03 10.16 11.28 2-4* 2-4' 2-4* 2-4' 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4' 2-4* 2-4* 2-4* 2-4' 48% 343/S 60% 66% 73% 68% : 74% 81% 87>/S 93% 99% 37% 37% 37% 37% 37% 573/. 57% 37% 573/, 57>% 57/, 441 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.21 8%*x13'x35' 8%*x13*x35' 8%'x13*x40' 13* x13*x40/ 13* x!3*x40' I3*x13*x40' 13*x13*x40' I3'xl3'x40' 13*x13*x40' I3*x18*x45' 13*xl6'x45' Boilers, Gas Richardson & Boynton Co. Manufacturers of "RICHARDSON" "PERFECT" Heating and Cooking Apparatus Since 1837 Boston 94 Federal Street Chicago 3639 South Ashland Avenue New York 260 Fifth Avenue Buffalo Jackson Bldg., 220 Delaware Avenue Minneapolis 100 North Seventh Street Philadelphia 1308 Arch Street Gas-Era Gas Fired Boilers Gas-Era gas fired steam and hot water boilers are tamper-proof and free from all adjustments that are likely to get out of order. They operate properly, and dependably at extremely low gas pressure. They develop a sufficient stack tern- ; perature to prevent condensation of the moisture content of the products of .1 combustion. I They may be very easily cleaned through cleanout openings on top of boiler without disturbing the jacket. Vertical burner adjustment permits the efficient burning of any kind of gas. They have a steady water line and will not prime under high rates of combustion. Burners and mixers are of rugged con- \ struction to stand the abuse of hard service. I Constructed throughout of cast iron for durability. Capacity of Gas-Era Boilers may be increased when desired. Built on the Multiple Unit System. High efficiency, attained without com plicated construction, keeps fuel consump tion costs to a minimum. Thermostatic pilot control opens control circuit any time pilot flame is extinguished, through closing main gas valve. Gas cannot be turned on until pilots are lighted, when heat thus generated auto matically closes circuit and boiler resumes operation. Heating surface so distributed that radiant heat traveling either vertically or horizontally strikes water backed heat ing surface. Gas-Era Boilers STEAM WATER STEAM . WATER Boiler No. Approx. Rating Shipping Weight Boiler No. Approx. Rating Shipping Weight Boiler No. Approx. Rating Shipping Weight Boiler No. Approx. Rating Shipping Weight 13--S 25-S 37-S 49-S 511-S 613-S 7IS-S 817-S 919-S-1021--S 1123--S 1225-S 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 1180 1700 > 2200 2700 3200 3700 : 4200 4700 5200 5700 6200 6700 13-W 25-W 37-W 49-W 51 l-W 613-W 715-W 817-W 919-W 1021-W 1J23-W ,1225-W 650 1300 1950 2600 3250 3900 4550 5200 5850 6500 7150 7800 > 1100 1650 2150 2650 3150 3650 4150 4650 5150 5650 6150 6650 1327--S 1429-S 1531--S 1634-S 1838-S 2042-S 2246-S 2450-S 2654-S 2858-S 3062-S 5200 5600 6000 6400 7200 8000 8800 9600 10,400 t1,200 12,000 \ 7200 7700 8200 9100 9600 .10,600 11,600 12,600 13,600 14,600 15,600 1327-W 1429-W 1531-W 1634-W 1838-W 2042-W 2246-W 2450-W 2654-W 2858-W 3062-W 8450 9100 9750 10,400 11,700 13,000 14,300 15,600 16,900 18,200 19,800 7150 7650 8150 9050 9550 10,550 11.550 12,550 13,550 14,550 15,550 Standard Equipment with all Gas Boilers Insulated metallic jacket, draft hood, gas pressure regulator, electric gas valve, thermostatic safety pilot, main gas cock, pilot gas cock, draw-off cock, flue cleaning brush. .. Standard Equipment . Steam Boilers Automatic steam and vapor pressure regulator and low water cut-off; water gage and try cocks, retard steam gage, pop safety valve. Standard Equipment Water Boilers Automatic water temperature regulator, altitude gage, thermometer. Complete information will be sent upon request: . "Richardson" Boilers for Steam, Hot Water and Vapor. 1. "Perfect" Warm Air Heaters. . . "Richardson" Hot Water Heaters and Specialties. 442 Boilers New York Chicago The Thatcher Company 39-41 St. Francis St. Newark, N. J. . Boilers--Furnaces--Ranges Agencies in All Principal Cities . Thatcher Round Boiler Thatcher Round Boiler Steam or Water I Limit Gross Load of No. Rating Radiation Sq. Ft. or Equivalent J7O0-S 1701--S 1702-S 1703--S 1901--S 1902-S 1903-S 2001-S 2002-S 2003-S 2301-S 2302-S 2303-S 2601-S 2602-S 2603-S,, 2901-S 2902-S 2903-S 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 725 800 875 925 1000 1075 1150 1250 1350 140 175 200 225 250 300 325 350 400 425 475 525 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 Grate Area Sq.Ft. Coal Carrying Capacity Lbs. Height to Top Outlet Inches Height to r,,"Water Line Inches Return ^in -Z'/2 1-21/5 1-2Vi 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-2Vz 1 2-lVz 2-V/z . 2-2l/2 2-2'A 2-2IA 2-21/4 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 Thatcher Progress with Low Water Line .The Thatcher Progress has such an unusually low water line that it can be used in the shallowest kind \! 6f cellars without need of a . boiler pit. The fact that . either half of a twin boiler may be used alone is andther big advantage. The scientific construc. tion embodies the triple fire ^travel principle which forces the smoke and hot gases to go three times the length of the boiler before going-up the fiue. thus obtaining all ' their heat units. Furnished single and twin boilers to care for from 1150 to 18,000 sq. ft. of steam and from 1925 to 31,750 sq. ft. of hot water radia tion. It is especially adapted to oil burning and has proven of value to all heat ing men. Thatcher Progress Boiler 443 Boilers The Titusville Iron Works Company Titusville, Pennsylvania Manufacturers of Fire Tube Steel Boilers for Power and Heating; Fronts, Grates, Castings, Smoke Stacks, Tanks and Oil Well Boilers; Steam, Gas, Oil and Gasoline Engines; Pumping Powers and OilWell Machinery NMeew YioorrKk Oumfficcee--__.1u52: Wwest 4<2bnqd Sot. Detroit vOufifuicee------------_-2"0P4aliO'Sw.^en Bldg. Loe Angeles Office_____--_ --T9W40 --MapletAivj e. Chicago Office. 1124 Harris Trust Bldg. Pittsburgh Office-Farmers Bank Bldg. St. Lous Office. 401-2 Bit of Commerce Blag. Buffalo Office_____ Marine Trust Bldg. Washington Office___ Woodward Bldg. Philadelphia Office, 807 Liberty Trust Bldg. Titusville Vertical Tubular Boiler The Organization and Facilities We manufacture a com plete line of fire tube steam boilers to meet all general heating and power require ments. We also make a specialty of boilers built to architects' and engineers' specifications. - Our shop is one of the largest and best equipped boiler manufacturing plants in the country. It is pro vided with the latest improved machinery including hydraulic and pneumatic riveting machines, as well as hydraulic flanging equip ment. Engineering skill, careful workmanship and the best of ma terials are combined to make Titus ville Boilers better made boilers l for every purpose. Welded Type Boiler All boilers are made in strict ac cordance with the latest boiler code of the A merican Society of Mechanical Engineers and can be made, if de sired, to conform to local require ments. A large supply of material for all types of boilers is constantly carried and an adequate stock of completed Ticos and Acme Firebox Boilers is always ready for immediate ship ment. Titusville Perfection Boiler--Built in Sizes 5 H. P. to 00 Hi P. from 15lbt.tol50lbs Working Pressure. , Thorough inspections aqd tests are constantly made during the con struction and all workmanship and material is guaranteed first class in every respect. Titusville Standard Tubular Boiler and Selling ' In addition to the line of Titusville Boilers illustrated herewith we manufacture pneumatic and storage ' tanks of every description. Descriptive Bulletins will be sent on request. 444 Titusville Open Bottom Locomotive Portable boiler with Water Front Boilers and Radiators Union Radiator Company ffUNiON Johnstown, Pa. UNION ART RADIATORS Three-Column Five-Column 34 In. 31 In. 26 In. 22 In. %High 53m. High 3*4 Ft. High 2%Ft E per Sec tion tion 34 In. 31 In. 26 In. 17 In. Lengtl 2%ln High High 4/2 Ft. 3%Fl IK High 2ViFt. EE tion tion tion % $II7% 1184%% 13 16'/. ii 13!/, 191/, 16/2 i1/! ISA25% 33% 29% 24V, 36% Wi f. 40% 44 39 if4 is* ,7,'//2, 12-/2 22% 2128'V/,, u* W' SB 49V2 S* 4/2 6V, 9 II/, 13/2 15V. 18 20/, 22/j v. 47% 42'/, 35!/, 51% 45/2 38% 55 48V, 41'/, 58% 52 44 62% 55'/, 46V, u*.966 49'A 69% 68% 573/4 3/2 42/2, 471/2 50 52/2 g* 48!/, 52% 56'/, 60 76/2 81 6673-V/2, 851/2 71'/, 90 75 94'/2 78V, 29'/, 31/2 33V, 36 38'/, f. 47% Add Vi in- to length of radiator for "Add 1/2 inch to length of radiator for each each bushing. bushing. _ ' Tappings--1% in. and bushed, 4/2 in. Tappings--P/2 in. and bushed. 41/2 in. from from floor to center of tapping on water floor to center of tapping on water or steam, both and steam, both feed and return. - feed or return. Width of radiator, 5% in. Width of radiator, 8% in. UNION ART RADIATORS--Seven-Column 38 In. 32 In. 26 In. 21 In. 38 In. 32 In. 26 In. 21 In. 38 In. 32 In. 26 In. 21 In. Sec JKtion Length High 3 In. 8 Ft. High High 7 Ft. 6 Ft. per .. per E E Sec. Sec. Ks- tion Length 3 In. High 8 Ft. 7 EE High 6 Ft. per Sec. High 5 Ft E E ESec tion Length High 3 In. 8 Ft Per High 7 Ft Sec. High 6 Ft per Sec. High 5 Ft per Sec. 2 6 16 14 12 10 13 39 104 91 78 65 23 69 184 161 138 115 3 9 24 21 18 15 14 42 112 98 84 70 24 72 192 168 144 120 4 12 32 23 24 20 15 45 120 105 90 75 25 75 200. 175 150 125 5 15 40 35 30 25 16 48 128 112 96 80 26 78 208 182 156 >30 6 18 48 42 36 30 17 51 136 119 102 65 27 81 216 189 162 135 7 21 56 49 42 35 18 54 144 t26 108 90 7.8 84 224 196 168 140 8 24 64 56 48 40 19 57 152 133 114 95 29 87 232 203 174 145 9 27 72 63 54 45 20 60 160 140 120 100 30 90 240 210 180 150 10 30 80 70 60 50 21 63 168 147 126 105 .31 93 248 217 186 155 1! 33 88 77 66 55 22 66 176 154 132 MO 32 96 256 224 192 160 12 36* 96 84 72 60 Add 1/2 ifa. to length of radiator for each bushing. Width of radiator, 12'/$ in. Tappings--1/2 in. and bushed. 41/2 in. from floor to center of tapping on water radiators or supply end of two-pipe steam radiators. From floor to bottom of tapping of one-pipe steam or return of two-pipe steam, 3% in* UNION ART RADIATORS--Seven-Column Window Section 19% In. 16% In. 15 In. 19% In. 16% In. 15 In. I 19% In. 16% In. 15 In. 5K SKLength High 3 In. 5 Ft Section Length 3 In. High 5 Ft SK Section Length 3 In. Hb 5 Ft High 4 Ft High 4 Ft per Sec. per Sec. per Sec. per Sec. per Sec. per Sec. per Sec. per Sec. per Sec. per Sec. per Sec. per Sec. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6 10 8 8 It 9 15 12 12 12 12 20 16 16 13 15 25 20 20 14 18 30 .24 24 15 21 35 28 28* 16 24 40 32 32 17 27 45 36 36 18 30 50 40 40 33 55 44 44 I 19 57 95 76 76 36 60 48 - 48 20 60 100 80 80 39 65 52 52 | 21 63 105 84 64 42 70 56 '56 | 22 66 110 88 88 45 75 60 60 23 - 69 115 92 92 48 80 64 64 24 72 120 96 96 51 85 68 68 25 75 125 100 100 54 90 72 . 72 26 ' 78 130 104 104 Add y2 m. Tappings--1% in. and bushe_d. _W_idth_of _rad_iator, 12% in. The 19% n. and the 15 in. radiator measure 3 in. from floor to center of tapping on water radiators or supply end of two-pipe steam radiators. From floor to bottom of one-pipe steam or return end of two-pipe steam, 2 in. The 16% in. radiator measures 4% in. from floor to center of tapping on water'radiators or supply end of two-pipe steam radiators. From floor to bottom of tapping ort*one-pipe steam or return end of two-pipe steam. 3% in. 445 S Boilers and Radiators UnitedjStates Radiator (orporation GENERAL OFFICES: DETROIT, MICHIGAN Manufacturers of Capitol Boilers and United States Radiators Branch and Sales Offices Boston. Mass. Cambridge, Mass. Portland. Me. Springfield. Mass. Providence, R. I. New Haven, Conn. Troy. N. Y. New York, N. Y. New Rochelle, N. Y. Brooklyn, N. Y. Harrison, N. J. Philadelphia, Pa. Baltimore, Md. Buffalo, N. Y. Rochester. N. Y. Pittsburgh, Pa. Cleveland, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Cincinnati. Ohio Detroit, Mich. Chicago, III. Milwaukee, Wis. Indianapolis, Ind. Louisville, Ky. Birmingham, Ala. St. Paul, Minn. Kansas City, Mo. St. Louis. Mo. Des Moines, Iowa Omaha, Neb. Denver. Colo. Portland, Ore. Seattle, Wash. San Francisco. Calif. Los Angeles, Calif. Assembling Plants located at points indicated by asterisk Manufacturing Plants Located in Following Cities Corry, Pa.; Detroit, Mich.; Dunkirk, N. Y.; Edwardsville, III.; Geneva, N. Y.; West Newton, Pa. GUARANTEE The United States Radiator Corporation will give with each Capitol Boiler sold, an absolute guarantee in writing that it will properly heat its full published amount of direct cast iron radiation provided only that the boiler is connected to a correctly installed system and that the recognized standard requirements are followed. Should any Capitol Boiler not meet these conditions, the additional capacity necessary will be supplied without charge by the United States Radiator Corporation. Capitol Dependable Smokeless Boilers "Smokeless" simply means complete combustion. And all of the carbon which forms smoke cannot be burned without the correct amount of air, oxygen. Hie auxiliary inlets that supply air for complete com bustion in Capitol Smokeless Boilers are not dependent upon the skill, guesswork or memory of the fireman. Their size for each boiler rating is definitely determined in the Capitol Testing laboratory and permanently fixed at the factory. They need no adjusting. The intensity of the fire itself governs the amount of air drawn in. To further assure accuracy, every Capitol auxiliary inlet is always an integral part of a single boiler section and is never placed between two sections where faulty assembly will cause a . variance. . The efficiency of Capitol Smokeless Boilers is shown strikingly by the typical performance curves on these pages. ' These charts are based on many individual tests and the ratings are fixed conservatively. Notice the high volatile coal used for these tests. PERFORMANCE CURVE No. 1150 CAPITOL BOILE'r No. 1150 Capilol Smokeless Boiler 446 United States Radiator Corporation Boilers and Radiators PERFORMANCE CURVE No. 1127 CAPITOL BOILER Capitol Smokeless Boilers RADIATOR LOADS AND DIMENSIONS o "Direct Cast Ip Iron Radiator 0 it -o Min. Chim ney Sizes Loads, Sq. Ft. o g AO 0 `5 a JM> Jc Steam Water IJ Ow(j Uh s *0`G i31 H ** 'Mm c E c-% S'U 750 4700 7755 66 18.29 29.67 V5* 55 24x24 850 5350 8825 66 21.33 34.68 4-5* 60 24x24 950 5850 9655 66 21.33 34.66 4-5* 65 24x28 1050 6500 10725 66 24.37 39.69 5-5* 70 24x26 1150 7000 11550 66 24.37 39.69 6-5* 80 28x28 1250 7650 12620 66 27.41 44.71 6-5* 90 28x32 1350 8150 13450 66 27.41 44.71 6-5* 95 32x32 "See Guaranteed Heating. Height including trimmings 92 in.; width 82 in. Specify if back or top outlet smokehood is required. No. 8t7 Capitol Smokeless Boiler PERFORMANCE CURVE No. 620 CAPITOL BOILER 740 2500 4125 49 . 8.15 10.40 2-5* 50 18x 18 840 3000 4950 49 10.31 13.30 2-5* 55 18x20 940 3500 5775 49 10.31 13.30 2-5* 60 20x20 1040 4050 6680 49 12.47 16.30 3-5* 65 20x24 1140 4500 7425 49 14.63 19.25 3-5* 70 24x24 1240 4900 8085 49 14.63 19.25 3-5* 7ft 24x28 1340 5400 8910 49 16:79 22.20 3-5* 75 24x28 Height including trimmings 71 in.; width 75 in. Equipped with combination top and back outlet smokehood. 627 727 827 927 1027 1127 1227 1000 1225 1450 1675 1900 2125 2350 1650 2020 2390 2760 3135 3505 3875 45V, 43Vi 45 45/2 45% 45V? 45V, 5.32 6.55 7.78 9.01 10.24 11.47 12.70 7.93 2-4* 9.75 2-4* 11.37 3-4* 13.09 3-4* 14.81 3-4* 16:53 3-4* 18.25 4-4* 40 !2x 12 40 12x 12 45 I2x 12 45 12 x 16 45 !2x 16 50' I2x 16 50 I2x 16 Height including trimmings 68% in.; width 50% in. Specify if back or top outlet smokehood is required. No. 7SO Capitol Smokeless Boiler 520 600 990 46V, 3.48 4.32 2-3* 40 12x12 620 800 1320 46V, 4.37 5.42 2-3* 40 12x12 720 1000 1650 46% 5.26 6.52 3-3* 40 12x16 820 1200 1980 46'/i 6.15 7.62 3-3* 45 12x16 Height including trimmings 66% in.; width 45 in.Specify if back or top outlet smookhood is required. 447 Boilers Universal Smokeless Boiler Company Ravenna, Ohio 100% Water Tube Cast Iron Sectional Heating Boilers for Coal, Coke, Wood, Gas and Oil The Certified Net Allowable Load shown below is the guaranteed net capacity of die boiler as Approved and Adopted by the aiding and Piping Contractors' Association-(Cleveland branch) and used b^r them in connection with their "Certified Heating. The Piping is already figured in as a part of the load so that no allowance need be made for same except in special cases such as garages, factories, etc., that use the piping for radiation purposes. Double Grate Down-Draft "Smokeless" Single Grate Up-Draft "Smoke Preventing" Sections | | Sections | Sections Water Line. 61 in. Height, 73 in. Width. 49 in. Water Line. 48 in. Height, 60 in. Width. 49 in. Boiler No. Steam "Certified" Net Allowable Load CataRating Boiler No. Steam "Certified" Net Allowable Load Cata log Rating SQ I Boiler No. Steam "Certified" Net Allowable Load Cata log Rating Boiler No. Steam ''Certified'' Net Allowable Load CataRating S-32 S-42 ` S-43 S-53 S-54 S-64 S-65 S-74 S-7S S-84 S-85 S-95 S-96 S-97 S-106 S-107 S-108 S-II7 1190 1670 1905 2140 2400 2890 3250 3440 3640 3970 4130 4280 4510 4640 4870 5110 3800 7 S-118 5280 12650 71 S-332 4500 8 S-119 5480 13000 22 5-342 5200 9 S-IIIO 6450 15000 23 S-343 5700 10 5-352 6400 ii Water Line. 57' Height. 67' 5-353 7800 13 Width. 36' S-354 S-362 8500 14 S-432 . 675 1650 7 S-363 8850 14 S-433 735 1800 8 5-364 9200 15 S-443 920 2200 9 5-373 9750 16 S-444 1000 2400 10 10150 17 S-454 1135 2700 11 S-374 10500 18 S-455 1270 3000 12 S-375 1(000 18 S-465 1435 3250 13 S-383 11250 19 5-466 1525 3450 14 5-384 12100 20 S-476 1660 3800 15 5-385 (2250 20 5-477 1745 4000 (6 US-394 1575 1885 2215 2325 2400 2475 ` 2550 2770 3025 3250 3490 3730 3980 4260 4480 4740 4675 7 5-395 5350 8 S-396 6000 9 S-397 5020 5280 5550 12450 16 12900 17 13350 18 6650 9 7100 10 Water Line. 47' Height, 57' 7500 11 Width. Mi 8000 10 8450 11 5-532 8900 12 S-542 9350 12 S-552 525 2880 7 630 3600 6 715 3900 9 5-553 870 4200 9800 13 5-562 980 4320 10 10200 14 S-572 1090 5040 11 10650 13 5-573 1210 5400 12 1)100 14 5-582 1315 5760 12 11550 15 5-592 1430 6460 13 12000 15 S-593 1540 6830 14 UNIVERSAL GAS BOILERS FOR STEAM AND WATER With Metallic Jacket lined with Super Fire Felt. Plain Section for Steam or Water. Height of Water line 30 inches. Steam P. S. Steam Water Steam P. S. Steam Water!! Steam P. S. Steam Water Water P. W. Rating Rating Water P. W. Rating Rating Water P. W. Rating Rating No. 31 41 51 6) 32 42 52 62 72 300 480 400 665 550 905 700 1145 850 1385 1000 1625 1150 1665 1300 2105 1450 2345 No. 33 1600 2585 No. 35 43 1750 2825 45 53 1900 3065 55 63 2050 3305 . 65 73 2200 3545 75 34 2350 3785 36 44 2500 4025 46 54 ' 2650 4265 ' 56 64 2800 4505 66 74 2950 4745 76 3100 3250 3400 3550 3700 3950 4100 4250 4400 4550 4985 5225 5465 5705 5945 6185 6425 6665 6905 7145 Gat Boiler No. T. S. Special Circulating Section--For Steam _____________ Height of Water Line 33 inches_______ Steam No. Steam No. Steam No. Steam No. Steam No. Rating T.S. Rating T.S. Rating T. s. Rating T.S. Rating T.S. Steam Rating 31 41 380 32 480 42 1020 33 1920 34 2820 35 3720 36 4620 1200 43 2100 44 3000 45 3900 46 4800 51 61 660 52 840 62 72 1360 n 2280 54 3180 55 4080 56 4980 1560 63 2460 64 3360 65 4260 66 5160 1740 73 2640 74 3540 75 4440 76 5340 Steau or Vapor Boilers--Outlet, 2-3 in. Fifteen-section one extra 1H in. outlet for every 10 sections. Returns, 2-3 in. Trimmings--Safety valve, steam gage, water glass complete with try. cock, automatic gas control valve, automatic steam pressure regulator, metal bellows type; pilot, complete with lava tip and cut-off valve; gas pressure regulator, hand control ValVWiTEH Boileus--Outlets, 2-3 in. Returns, 2-3 in. Trimmings--Thermometer, altitude gage, automatic gas control valve; pilot, gas pressure regulator, hand control valve. 448 - Utica Heater Company Utica, New York Boilers Cut-away View, showing Primary and Secondary Combustion Chambers and Air Inlets Utica-Imperial SUPER-SMOKELESS Boilers Burn Soft Coal Smokelessly--Use Any Available Fuel Performance-- In Utica-Imperial SUPER-SMOKELESS Boilers, smoke, soot, heavy volatile gases, and all combustible products of distillation are consumed as fuel, on the principal of active 2-stage combustion. This is accom plished by the admission, at the proper place, of a secondary supply of air, highly healed, and delivered in jets. 'At a point where combustible matter, released in the original fire, passes closely over the bed of incandescent qoke, the heated oxygen mixes with it in blasts of high velocity. Combustible matter is at once ignited and passes into the secondary chamber as a bluish-white volume of burning gases. Results: exceptionally high temperature--heat transfer--fuel ef ficiency; clean, soot-free flues and chimney; strict compliance with the most rigid smoke ordinances. Spiral Gas Travel-- Incandescent as they enter the flues, the gases are given a distinct rotary motion in their travel forward and back through the boiler. This whirling motion greatly increases the amount of heating surface over which the gases must pass, and lengthens the time that the gases remain within the boiler. The centrifugal motion causes all of the gases to be brought into intimate "scrub bing" contact with all of the heating surface. None of the heating surface is at any time ineffective. Results: unusually efficient utilization of the neat generated. Dry Steam-- Tests made under ordinary operating conditions reveal steam entering mains 99.97 per cent dry. Construction-- Sectional. High grade cast iron, con stantly checked by chemical analysis to insure strength and durability of every casting. Operation-- Extremely simple. Long firing periods. No special skill or training required. Utilizes any heating fuel and has proved especially efficient with oil-burner. Ratings-- Conservative. Determined from tests made in accordance with requirements of. the A. S. H. 6* V. E. and the A. S. M. E. \ Our high efficiency ratings indicate output'' for average conditions with a minimum' of fuel consumption. High output ratings indicate reserve capacity of boilers and are useful for comparison with other com mercial ratings. Fully guaranteed for delivery of steam at boiler outlets under stated conditions of tests. 449 Utica Heater Company Boilers Capacities and Dimensions of Utica-Imperial SECTIONAL Boilers Designed primarily for use in localities where anthracite is the commonly used fuel. Also, owing to the high efficiency of the heat-absorbing surfaces, these boilers are ideally suited to use of oilburners. Water-filled tongues, which extend from the crown sheets deep down into the combustion chamber, provide an unusually large area of heat-absorbing surface at a point where high temperatures make such extra surface extremely valuable. Gases travel through the flues with a rotating motion similar to that described under our SUPER-SMOKE LESS Boilers. Capacities and Dimensions of Utica-Imperial SECTIONAL Boilers Boiler No. Steam Steam Ratings, Sq. Ft. High High Efficiency Output Boiler No. Water Water Ratings, Sq. Ft. High High Efficiency Output , Grate Area Sq.Ft No. and Size of Outlets Inches Diameter of Smoke Collar Inches Length Length of Sections Sections and Only ' Smoke Box Inches Inches S-423 S-523 S-623 S-723 S-823 S-923 750 1000 1250 1500 1750. 2000 1000 1400 1800 2200 2600 3000 . W-423 W-523 W-623 W-723 W-823 W-923 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 1600. 2240 2880 3520 4160 4800 3.75 5.00 6.25 ' 7.50 8.75 10.00 1-4 1-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 3-4 12 29 40'/, 12 37V, 48'/2 12 '/, 563/, 14 533/. 63'/, 14 62 71'/2 14 70'/. 79!/, S-532 1700 2750 W.-532 2/20 4400 7.32 1-5 12 37/. 49!/, S-632 2150 3400 W-632 3440 5440 9.10 2-5 12 45/2 58 S-732 2600 4050 W-732 4160 6480 10.87 2-5 12 533/. 66'/, S-832 3050 4700 W-832 4880 7520 12.65 2-5 14 62 74'/, S-932 3500 5350 . W-932 5600 8560 14.42 3-5 14 70'/, 82'/, S-642 3100 5100 W-642 4960 8160 12.03 2-5 14 45'/2 571/2 S-742 3750 6000 W-742 6000 9600 >4.38 2-5 14 53!/.. 65V, S-842 4400 6900 W-842 7040 11,040 16.73 3-5 14 62 74 S-942 5050 7800 W-942 8080 12,480 19.08 3-5 16 70'/, 82'A S-1042 5700 8700 W-1042 9120 13,920 21.43 3-5 16 78Vi 903/* S-1142 6350 9600 W-1142 10,160 15,360 23.77 3-5 16 86V, 99 S-1242 7000 10,500 W-1242 11,200 16,800 23.77 4-5 16 95 107'/, Capacities and Dimensions of Utica-Duplex SECTIONAL Boilers Boiler No. Steam Steam Ratings, Sq. Ft. High High Efficiency Output Boiler No. Water Water Ratings, Sq. Ft. High High Efficiency Output No. and Grate ^ Size Area of Sq. Ft. Outlets Inches Diameter of Smoke Collar Inches Length Length of of Sections Sections and Only Smoke Box Inches Inches S-684 S-784 S-884 S-984 S-1084 S-1184 S-1284 7200 8500 9800 11,100 12,400 13,700 15,000 11,000 13,000 15,000 17,000 19,000 21,000 23,000 W-684 W-784 W-884 W-984 W-I084 W-1184 W-1284 11,520 13,600 15,680 17,760 19,840 21,920 24,000 17,600 20,800 24,000 27,200 30,400 33,600 36,800 24.06 28.76 33.46 38.16 38.16 42.86 42.86 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 28 451/2 62'/t 28 53>/, 703/, 28 62 .79 28 70'/, *?<4 28 78'/2 95'/2 28 86!/, 1033/, 28 95 112 Water Lice: 23 series--45K in.; 32 series--53 in.; 42 series--57 in.; 84 series--57 in. Equipment Shipped with Boilers . Same as for Utica-Imperial SUPER-SMOKELESS Boilers, as given on previous page. 450 Utica Heater Company Boilers Capacities and Dimensions of Utica-Imperial SUPER-SMOKELESS Boilers Boiler No. Steam Steam Ratings, Sq. Ft. High High Efficiency Output Boiler No. Water Water Ratings, Sq. Ft. High High Efficiency. Output- Grate Area Sq. Ft. No. and Size of Outlets Inches Diameter Length Length of , of Sections Smoke Sections and Collar Only Smoke Box Inches Inches Inches S-245 S-246 S-247 S-248 S-249 S-335 S-336 S-337 S-338 S-339 S-3310 S-405 S-406 S-407 S-408 S-409 S-4010 S-40II S-4012 S-4013 S-4014 S-4015 S-4016 S-4017 S-4018 S-4019 S-4O20 S-4021 S-4022 S-4023 S-4024 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4700 2750 3500 4250 5000 5750 6500 7250 8000 8750 9500 10,250 11,000 11,750 12,500 13,250 14,000 14,750 15,500 16,250 17,000 1600 2075 2550 3025 3500 3000 3750 4500 5250 6000 6750 4125 5250 6375 7500 8625 9750 10,875 12,000 12,700 13,500 14,250 15,000 15,750 16,375 17,000 17,600 18,150 18,650 19,100 19,500 W-245 W-246 W-247 W-248 W-249 W-335 W-336 W-337 W-338 W-339 W-3310 W-405 W-406 W-407 W-408 W-409 W-4010 W-4011 W-4012 W-4013 W-4014 W-4015 W-4016 W-4017 W-4018 W-4019 W-4020 W-4021 W-4022 W-4023 W-4024 1920 2400 2880 3360 3840 2560 3320 4080 4840 5600 3200 4000 4800 5600 6400 7520 4800 * 6000 7200 8400 9600 10,800 4400 5600 6800 8000 9200 10,400 11,600 12,600 14,000 15,200 16,400 17,600 18,800 20,000 21,200 22,400 23,600 24,800 26,000 27,200 6600 8400 10,200 12,000 13,800 15,600 17,400 19,200 20,320 21,600 22,800 24,000 25,200 26,200 27,200 28,160 29,040 29,840 30,560 31,200 5.00 6.25 7.50 8.75 10.00 7.32 9.10 10.87 12.65 14.42 16.20 9.68 12.03 14.38 16.73 19.08 21.43 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77* 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 23.77 1-4 12 2-4 12 2-4 14 2-4 .14 3-4 14 1-5 ' 15 2-5 15 2-5 15 2-5 16 3-5 16 3-5 16 1-5 18 2-5 18 2-5 18 3-5 18 3-5 18 3-5 18 3-5 20 4-5 20 4-5 20 4-5 20 4-5 20 4-5 20 4-5 20 4-5 20 5-5 20 5-5 20 5-5 20 5-5 20 5-5 20 5-5 20 371/4 95'/, 53% 62 70'/, 48'/2 563/, ' 63'A 71 % . 79!/, 371/4 45'/, 53i/, 62 70/4 78<h 49/2 57% 66 721/2 80*4 89 37'/4 45'/2 533/, 62 70'/, 781/2 86% 95 103'/, 111'/! 119!/, 128 136'/, 144'A 152% 161 l69/4 17714 1853,5 194 3 49% 57% 65V, 74 82'/. 90'/2 97 105'/, 113'/2 121*4 130 13814 146'/, 154*4 163 171'/, 179'/2 I87J/, 196 204'/, Capacities and Dimensions of Utica-Duplex SUPER-SMOKELESS Boilers Boiler No. Steam Steam Ratings, Sq. Ft. High High Efficiency Output S-827 S-828 S-829 S-8210 S--8211 S-8212 S-8213 S-8214 S-8215 S-8216 S-8217 S-8218 8500 10,000 11,500 13,000 14,500 16,000 17,500 19,000 20,500 22,000 23,500 25,000 12,750 15,000 17,250 .,19,500 21,750 24,000 25,400 27,000 28,500 30,000 31,500 32,750 Boiler No. Water Water Ratings, Sq. Ft. Grate . Area High High Sq. Ft. Efficiency - Output No. and Size of Outlets Inches Diameter of Smoke Collar Inches Length Length of of Sections Sections and . Only Smoke Box Inches Inches W-827 W-828 W-829 W-8210 W-8211 W-8212 W-8213 W-8214 W-8215 W-8216 W-8217 W-8218 13,600 16,000 16,400 20,800 23,200 25,600 28,000 30,400 32,800 35,200 37,600 40,000 20,400 24,000 27,600 31,200 34,800 38,400 40,640 43,200 45,600 48,000 50,400 52,400 28.76 28.76 33.46 33.46 38.16 38.16 42.86 42.86 42.86 47.54 47.54 47.54 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 28 53% 28 62 28 70% 28 ` 78% 28 863/, 28 95 28 103% 28 Ml % 28 . II9V, 28 128 28 136'/, 28 144'/z 703/, 79 87i/* 95'/2 1033/, 112 1201/, I28V2 I36J/, 145 153'/, 16l'/z Height of water line: 24 series, 45}^ inches; 33 series, 53 inches; 40 series, 57 inches; 82 series, 57 inches... . Equipment Shipped with Boilers \-. . All Utica SECTIONAL Boilers are provided with equipment of the best type. Steam Boilers are equipped with water column with gage glass and compression cocks; Retard Steam Gage with Bourbon brass tube spring, Non-Glare Dial, syphon and cock; All-brass Pop Safety Valve, A. S. M. E. Standard, and Automatic All-metal Damper Regulator suitable for low pressure. Every boiler is furnished with a complete set of firing tools, consisting of shaker handle, hook, hoe, slice bar and flue brush with handle. Duplex Steam Boilers are equipped with Steam Header, Return Yoke, and Equalizer fitted with Hartford Connection which may be used or not, as desired. 451 Boilers: Weil M'Lain SCIENTIFIC COMBUSTION BOILERS WEIL-McLAIN COMPANY-Michigan City, Ind.- Chicago, III. Smokeless Type Weil-McLain Long Firing Period Smokeless Boilers are now making smokelessness popular with every one--for three primary reasons:-- First: They require considerably less firing attention than smokeless boilers in general. Second: They are simple to fire. Third: They are not limited to free burning types of soft coal for effective operation. STEAM WATER Size Rating Sq. Ft. Size Rating Sq. Ft. 722-S 822-S 922-S 1022-S 752-S 852-S 952-6 1052-S 11526 7826 8826 9826 10826 11826 12826 86S6 9636 10636 11636 12636 13636 8446 9446 10446 11446 12446 13446 14446 15446 . 16446 1810 2105 2400 ' 2695 2460 2995 3530 4065 4565 4210 ' 5060 5800 ' 6550 7250 7900 6300 7100 7900 8650 9400 10,150 8460 9605 10,730 11,855 12,980 14,105 15,230 16,225 17,125 722-W 822-W 922-W 1022-W 752-W 852-W 952-W 1052-W 1152-W - 782-W 882-W 982-W 1082-W 1182-W 1282-W 863-W . 963-W 1063-W 1163-W 1263-W 1363-W 844-W 944-W 1044-W 1144-W 1244-W 1344-W 1444-W 1544-W 1644-W 2990 3475 3960 4445 4060 4940 5825 6710 7530 6950 8350 9570 10,810 11,960 13,035 10,400 11.700 13,000 14,275 15.500 16,750 13,990 15,850 17.700 19,550 21,400 23.275 25,125 26,770 28,250 Area Cornpiete Firebox at . Grate Sq. Ft. 7.03 8.11 9.19 10.26 8.10 9.30 10.50 11.70 12.90 11.47 13.22 14.97 16.72 18.47 20.22 17.00 19.75 21.50 23.75 26.00 28.25 20.85 23.60 26.35 29.10 31.85 34.60 37.35 40.10 42.85 Net' Ares of Fuel Grates Sq. Ft. 4.88 5.96 5.% 7.03 5.70 6.90 6.90 8.10 9.30 7.97 9.72 11.47 13.22 13.22 14.97 x N 12.50 14.75 17.00 17.00 19.25 19.25 15.35 18.10 20.85 20.85 23.60 23.60 23.60 23.60 23.60 Water Line Height Inches 46 46 46 46 51 51 51 51 51 55 55 55 55 55 55 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 56 58 58 '58 58 58 58 58 452 Outlets and Inlets Number and Size Each Inches Overall Length 'Including Trimmings Inches 2-3*4 3-3'/ 3-31/S 4-3/i 65 72 79 86 2-3*4 3-3'/ 3-3'/ 4-3'/2 65 72 79 86 93 2-4 81 3-4 90 3-4 99 4-4 108 4-4 117 4-4 . 126 3-4 93 3-4 102 4-4 111 4-4 .120 4-4 129 4-4 . 138 3-5 96 3-5 105 4-5 114 4-5 123 4-5 132 4-5 141 5-5 150 5-5 159 5-5 168 Boiler Feeders McDonnell & Miller General Office: Wrigley Building CHICAGO Eastern Warehouse Stock Grand Central Terminal NEW YORK "Doing One Thing Welt' ' The Duplex Switch.--A combined low water cut-off and pressure control for oil fired steam boilers. Suitable for all boiler pressures up to 10 lb. Low water cut-off point is fixed. Pressure cut-off point may be varied from 9 oz. to 10 lb. Differential adjustment from 7 oz. to 5 lb. 8 oz. Installed in gage glass tappings. Makes and breaks main line motor current. The Duplex Water Feeder.--This instru ment is not an electrical control but a means of actually admitting make-up water to the boiler as necessary. 11 also disposes of excess condensate that may be returned from the system in sufficient quantities to flood the boiler. Suitable for steam pressures up to 15 lb. and city water pressures up to 120 lb. "If you keep the boiler water line where it belongs there can be no burned boilers or cracked sections." The Low Water Cut-Off.--A cut-off for industrial or non-recycling oil burner control systems. Installs in gage glass tappings. Suitable for 25 lb. steam pressure. Electrical capacity, 1 hp. TheVapor Switch.--Properly called "The Aristocrat of Vapor Controls." Pressure range 0 to 2 lb. Capable of differential adjustment as low as 3 oz. Furnished in two types--for 110 and 220 volt or three wire 12 volt. This instrument is made especially for vapor heating systems that operate on pressures too low for satis factory operation of other instruments. 453 Boiler Cleanser The Vinco Company, Inc. 75 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. Telephone--Cortlandt 1995 Cable Address--Vincomp, New York Vinco for Cleaning New, Remodeled and Old Heating Systems Copyright, 1926. by The Vinco Company, Inc. What Vinco Is Our Guarantee Vinco (Latin, "I conquer"), an insoluble powder, is a simple, safe, inexpensive and sure cleanser for new, for remodeled and for old systems. Vinco meets every performance claim; is a big money saver; contains no potash, lye, soda of any kind, oil, acid or other harmful ingredient. What Vinco Does Vinco stops foaming, priming,surging, sluggish steaming, clicking of pipes, incomplete circulation and poor radiation by removing oil, grease, scale and dirt from the internal surfaces, without having . to blow boilers over the top. Prevents cracking' of boiler sections which often results from priming and sudden slugs of cold water. - How Vinco Works Purchase price refunded if results are not entirely satisfactory. Patents are pending upon the product and' method of application. Unlawful imitation will be prosecuted. TRADE-MARK Vinco Specifications for Steam arid Vapor Systems Reg. U. S- Pat. Off. Cleaning the System---Upon com pletion of the installation, the con tractor shall clean the system by the Vinco method to remove oil, grease, rust and dirt The minute particles of Vinco powder extend throughout the boiler water. These particles attract, absorb and hold the oil. rust and dirt in the boiler, uniting to form flocculent masses of the arrested impurities. These masses settle when the fire is banked at night and are easily removed by drawing off a pail of water, than refilling to restore the level, for six mornings. The unused Vinco remains in the boiler water. from the boiler, using, *lb. - of Vinco, in exact accordancewithmanu- . facturer's directions. Thi3 compound must remain in the boiler for 36 actual steaming hours, ` ympo A few hours after Vinco is applied the foaming is checked, enabling the boiler to deliver dry steam to the radiators and piping. Dry steam entering these parts of the system emulsifies the Oil adhering to the surfaces, carrying it back to the boiler through the return piping. The rust and dirt having lost the oil binder cannot adhere and are carried back to the boiler to be disposed of by Vinco. Vinco for New and Remodeled Systems Is simple to use, gives sure results. No more blowing boilers over the lop. A great time and labor saver. For the Initial "Breaking In" Vinco gives the heating system a clean bill of health from the start. It assures positively that the internal surfaces are not and will not quickly become fouled. Treatment with Vinco puts every well-engineered system into first class operating condition before turning over to the. owner, for it quickly develops the best performance permitted by the design. The conspicuous success of Vinco comes from its ability to permanently. remove causes as well as effects, completely, at insignificant cpst and without the slightest harm to any part of the system. A first demonstration'of Vinco proves that its use. should be standard practice. which corresponds to six or seven days average operation. At the end of this period, boiler must be thoroughly drained and flushed before refilling with clean water. In writing specifi cation, insert in this space number of 7H, 3, 6, and 10 lb. cane only pounds of Vinco to be used in accordance with the following schedule. For systems having: 351 " 600 601 " 1100 1101 " 1400 1401 " 1800 1801 " 2100 2101 " 2700 2701 " 3100 3101 " 3700 " " " " a " a a ". " " " " " " " a. . .. ........... 5 " 8" .......... 10 " 13 " 15 " ...........18 n ...........20 " 23 " 1 3701 " 4200 4201 * 4600 4601 " 5000 " " " " " " " 26' * ...........28 " ..........-30 " Above 5000 sq. ft. use an .additional pound of Vinco for each additional 300 sq. ft. of radiation. Vinco for Old Systems Annual cleaning of the old system prolongs boiler life and maintain original efficiency; prevents rust deterioration; scale and dirt insulated boilers-- therefore saves your client fuel and fire attendance. For old systems use only one half quantities given in table. Vinco Distributors Vinco is stocked by the foremost jobbers in the United States and may be ordered direct from the manufacturers. In determining amount of Vinco to be used all " radiation may be taken at actual rating. Vinco Specifications for Hot Water Systems Cleaning the System--Upon completion of the installation, the contractor shall clean the system by the Vinco method using **____lb. of Vinco in exact accordance with manufac turer's special directions for hot water systems, given on their cans. **0nly one half above quantities required for hot water systems. . For safety and full benefits specify by name and see that the material comes from \Vi, 3,5 or 10 lb. lithographed cans bearing our name and registered trade-mark as shown. Send for Complete Literature 454 Burners, Oil Aladdin Utilities Corporation 157 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. -Aladdin Jf % Uniform Fuel-Oil Heat ' General Description Aladdin is an atomizing type of oil. burner. It is not restricted to special grades of volatile oil, but will satisfactorily burn a wider range of oil of heavier gravity. It is equally satisfactory for steam, hot water or warm air furnaces. Compressed Air Atomizations Aladdin admits the oil into a stream of compressed air which produces a fine spray that lights instantly and burns, cleanly. No high speed mechanism or small orifices. Nozzle is automatically cooled and scoured clean. Aladdin's compressed air atomizer will give no trouble. Uses a Centrifugal Fan To accurately measure the supply of . air, Aladdin'uses a . centrifugal fan. Circulating Oil System A positive pressure circulating pump draws direct from main storage tank ` and supplies burner, returning sur plus oil to storage. This eliminates hand pumping and the uncertainty of gravity feed. Model K--Down Draft ' Radiation up to 2000 sq. ft. Aladdin Down Draft forces flame down into boiler. Long flame travel and heat applied to bottom of fire pot, where coal boiler does about 76 per cent of its work. Secondary applica tion of volume air results in not only an effective flame but quiet combustion. Safety control is Mercoid type' "S. A." Stack Safety. Fire Brick Combustion Chamber . To maintain an oil flame of sufficient temperature for efficiency, Aladdin . uses a fire brick combustion chamber. -Lubricated Under Pressure . The air compressor of Aladdin is automatically oiled with lubricating oil circulated under pressure. This assures long life and quiet operation of motor unit. Models G and H Horizontal projection is provided for horizontal boilers. Newest Mercoid Controls Aladdin uses Mercoid equipment-- the last word in safety control. These appliances illustrate the high standard of engineering which characterizes Aladdin throughout. | .Radiation, Model G up to 2500 sq. ft., Model H up to 4200 sq. ft. Mercoid Visaflame type "L" Safety Switch--the latest development in safety appliances. Listed as standard by the Underwriters' Laboratory. Approved by the New York Board of Standards and Appeals. Approved by theMassachusetts Department of Public Safety. 455 ` Burners, Oil The American Nokol Co. 4200 Schubert Ave., Chicago, 111. Facts about New Silent AUTOMATIC OIL HEAT1NC FOR HOMES Fully automatic oil heat--for residences and other buildings--large or small General Description.--Nokol was the coal; usually less. The lowest-cost, fully first automatic oil burner practical for automatic oil heat known.. heating homes--perfected 9 years ago. Efficiency.--Orsat tests show an aver It provides fully automatic heat--governed age of 12 per cent carbon dioxide in flue by thermostatic control with maximum gas--almost instantaneously after start variation of 2 deg. above or below desired ing, and during whole .period- of Nokol temperature. Atomization is by com operation. This indicates - combustion bination of venturi and nozzle--suction efficiency of at least .85 per cent. provided by blower fan, motor driven. Ignition.--Nokol has either gas or re Combustion.--Since oil can only burn markably efficient electric ignition--the completely in high temperature zones, latter for use where gas is not available. Nokol has a combustion chamber inde The gas "pilot" light is constantly ready pendent of furnace or boiler. By this for operation. Expanded momentarily means necessary temperatures for com as combustion begins and ends--to avoid plete, clean combustion almost instantly puffing out. reached--and maintained. Noise.--The new Silent Nokol--by Cost.--In more than 35,000 homes--for . simple, effective softening of flame-- periods up to 9 years--Nokol heating costs cuts noise to the vanishing point. have been found no higher than for hard- Safety.--Nokol was the first domestic oil burner listed as standard by The Underwriters' Laboratories; approved by all leading safety boards. Equipped with double safety controls--positive in char acter. Sizes.--Nokol is made in eight basic sizes--providing the correct burner for most efficient operation in any size boilerwith total tax up to 4700 feet of steam radiation and equivalent for hot water or hot air. Two or more burners installed in larger heating plants. A concise file of data on Nokol--cover ing every question of installation and Typical Nokol Installation, healing 14-room house, Chicago, III. operation--sent upon request. It is in convenient form for reference and filing. 456 ' Burners, Oil Automatic Burner Corporation 312 North May Street - - CHICAGO, ILL. How ABC Heats Your thermostat, placed in one of your living rooms, is set at 70 deg. The temperature in your home drops to 68 deg.--automatically ABC starts. The lowering of the oil in the burner reservoir drops the float, unseating the three check balls. As the oil flows in from the wall float, which holds one pint of oil, the lowering of the float in its container automatically starts the pump. The pump draws oil from an underground tank. When enough oil has been admitted into the reservoir the dependable three balls set, stopping the automatic pump and checking the flow of oil. Observe this: At no time do you have more than one quart of oil in your basement. The armature shaft by centrifugal force draws the oil through a taper hole up to the atomizing cup. Air is taken in--always the proper amount-- through holes in the bottom of the cup. The oil and air, thoroughly mixed and broken up. are thrown into the boiler, noiselessly, as a fine atomized, instantly inflammable mist. Ignited by the pilot light, the mist of oil burns with a dean, .soft flame of circular form. Twelve Reasons Why ABC Appeals to Engineers 1. Converts coal boiler Into oil burn ing boiler: ABC is designed so that it retains the natural functions of a coal heating boiler. All boilers were designed to burn coal--and not to absorb heat traveling at a high veloc ity. The ABC horizontal circular flame heats from the grate on the water legs. Result: quick heat; low stack temperature; saving in oil. 2. Oil burned in suspension: This is the first law of efficient oil burning. 3.. Longer boiler life: Burners with a concentrated flame in time destroy, a boiler. The ABC circular' flame, evenly applied all around the boiler, adds to its life. 4. No carbon or soot: Engineers know what an immense advantage this is. 5. No fan or blower: Heat is not forced up the chimney and wasted. . 6. Less oil required: Unique means of atomization assures complete combus tion. Every particle of oil is burned. The heat rises slowly and is maxi mumly absorbed by the boiler. 7. Simple: The life and amount of service of a piece of machinery is in ratio to the number of moving parts. ABC has only one moving part sub ject to wear. It is simple. It has no complicated or delicate adjustments. 8. Burns low-priced oils: 32-36 grav ity oil is recommended. 9. Odorless: An ABC heated home is odorless. 10. No unsightly parts outside of boiler: The burner is entirely enclosed in the boiler out of the way. 11. Automatic: Heat when you want it --as you want it. 12. Quiet: The importance of quietness in a domestic oil burner cannot be overestimated. ABC is really quiet. Full Information will be Sent You Gladly No. Type E Maximurp Steam Radiation Max. Hot Water Radiation Approximate Floor Space Required Shipping Weight 3000 4500 Enclosed in Boiler 110 lbs. Price $600 to $1,000 aBc oil burner no noise ~ no carbon 457 / Burners, Oil Ballard Oil Equipment Co. Oil Burning Engineers and Contractors NEW YORK WASHINGTON PHILADELPHIA NEWARK And Agencies Throughout the United States The Ballard Oil Equipment Company offers a complete line of oil burning equipment for indus trial and domestic installation. Its organization centers about its engineering service and its long experience in the field. To the architect, heating engineer and contractor this service is available in the form of expert engineering advice, and the sale and installation of equipment which is perfectly adapted to the requirements of the individual job. Installation of Ballard Type II Rotary Mechanical Burners in two 150-H. P. Simplex Boilers Ballard equipment includes: high pressure mechanical burners, steam atomizing burners, the Ballard Type H rotary low pressure mechanical burner for fuel of 12-16 degrees Baume, the Ballard Type H rotary low pressure mechanical burner and pump unit combined for fuel of 24 degrees Baum and higher, the Ballard Type A automatic domestic and semi-industrial system, and automatic residence systems. Descriptive literature sent upon request. Ballard-TyPe A, Automatic Oil Burning System Installed in Heating Boiler and . - Hot Water Heater Ballard Type H, Rotary Mechanical Burner 458 Burners, Oil Factory Branches: Hardinge Brothers, Inc. CHICAGO 549 N. Michigan Ave. The Oil Meat Machine with a Ten-Year Guarantee" BOSTON Main Office and Factory 843 Beacon Street 4149 Ravenswood Avenue Chicago, 111. Branches and Dealers in Principal Cities throughout the United States Manufacturers of Hardinge Domestic and Industrial Oil Heating Equipment, Cataract Precision Lathes, Watchmakers and Opticians Tools and Supplies ' Features:-- 1-- Mechanical Atomization without the use of fans, blowers, compressors or steam. 2-- Applies heat at grate level, scrubbing insulating gases from water legs. 3-- It is a self contained unit independent of the Combustion Chamber and not attached to the boiler in any way. ,, 4-- Burns automatically any commercial fuel oil available between 28 and 40 deg. A.P.I. Burns manually fuel oil between 18 and 40 deg. A.P.I. 5-- Pump--an involute gear type pump which develops a 27 in. vacuum (mercury) at only 80 6r.p.m. Slow Speed means quietness and longlife. -- Fuel Feeding Valve self cleaning in its operation. 7-- Motor--Standard, horizontal, constant speed (1750 r.p.m.) motor operating under normal tem perature conditions. &--Approved by the National Board of Fire Under writers; (Tested and Approved by the New York City Board of Standards and Appeals. 9--Tested over a period of ten years by the ultimate judge of Oil Heat--the User Public who also approve. A book of users and testimonials sent for the asking. ". Hardinge Brothers, Inc., manufacture a range of Oil Heating Equipment adaptable to Heating Boiler with steam radiation loads of 500 to 25,000 sq. ft. per unit. It has been the aim of this organiza tion not just to put an Oil Burner on the market, but to build into the Hardinge the kinds of material, workmanship and design that ample capital and more than one-third century of Pre cision experience could build. Architects, Heating Engineers and Contractors should feel free to call upon our Engineering Department for information of any kind on Oil Heating problems anywhere-- for medium sized and fine homes, apartment houses, where quietness is essential, churches, halls, business houses and industrial plants. Ratings______________________HARDINGE ATOMIZER-SIZES Ratings Diam. Inches Capacity in Sq. Ft. Steam Motor R P. Diam. Inches Capacity in Sq. F^ Steam Motor H.P. 3 500 3'/2 4 800 1200 4/2 2000 5 2800 m 3500 '4 '4 Vi '4 K ; ------------------- ------ 1- THTTf If 1 W 9 m Bassist "FROM BUNGALOW TO SKYSCRAPER" ------ 6 61/2 7 8 190 4200 5000 6500 9500 14.000 25.000 il Vi Wi 459 Burners, Oil Factory Branch Offices: San Francisco Sacramento Philadelphia S T. JOHNSON CO. ------- OIL BURNERS -------MM MM KtaitTIIUP Exclusive Manufacturers of Oil Burners for 22 Years Distributors and Dealers Throughout the United States and in Foreign Countries Main Office and Factory: 948 Arlington Avenue Oakland, California Products from five to twelve rooms. Simplicity is A complete line of oil burning equip the keynote in construction, but ruggedly ment, including Rotary Oil Burners; Oil built for long, lasting service. It is easy Pumping Sets; Low Pressure Air-Oil to install and economical in operation. It Pump Sets; Johnson's Whirlwind Oil has full automatic controls (Minneapolis Burners and Oil Storage Systems. Rotary Oil Burners: Manual or full automatic control. Five sizes--600 to 20,000 sq. ft. steam radia Rotary Oil Burner--Manual or Automatic Control Heat Regu lator). An un usually attrac tive Oil Burner with its highly polished, dustproof alumi num casing. For details, write for Bulle tin 32. tion. Adapted to all kinds of boilers, using fuel oil from 14 to 34 deg. Baume. Efficient built-in oil pump, supplying oil from underground tank. Approved by Under writers' Laboratories, the New York Board of Standards and Appeals and Fire Pre vention Bureaus in principal cities. Low Pressure Air Burners and Equipment--For any kind of oil. Un usual efficiency, economy, simplicity. Designed to vaporize heavy crude fuel oil with air pressure 1 to 5 lb. per square inch. Especially recommended for large indus-. trial installations. Largely used for bakers' ovens, cooking ranges, incinerators, etc.' Rotary Oil Burners for Small and Medium-Sized Homes--The new model Johnson Rotary Oil Burner, known as the Johnson Cub, is designed for homes of Note simplified construction of the JOHNSON CUB, assuring easy installation and freedom . from ordinary Oil Burner troubles 460 \ Burners, Oil May Oil Burner Corporation Baltimore, Md. Quiet MAY automatic oil BURNER Definite electrical, mechanical and com bustion engineering effort brought about the Quiet May Automatic Oil Burner. It was built to meet definite, listed require ments. Quiet operation, combustion efficiency and economy in fuel .consump tion, as well as complete safe automatic control, were sought. . Thousands of Quiet May installations testify to the success of the effort. Sizes for any domestic heating boiler. Economy in Operation.--Quiet May burners will operate with any kind of fuel oil approved for domestic use. In com munities where the cheapest grade of fuel oil is available Quiet May owners effect a considerable economy. Simple Construction.--The Quiet May has only two moving parts--the pump and the motor-blower shaft. This simple construction" makes the need for service . less likely. Complete Combustion.--Of course it is easy to say that an oil burner burns the oil completely. And every engineer knows that it is not difficult to arrange special tests that show efficient combustion. It is much harder to make every installation as good as a test installation. But this is what factory training has taught Quiet May dealers to strive for. The list'of satisfied owners of Quiet May burners is proof that the Quiet May dealers have succeeded. ...................... . Ignition.--The Quiet May has electric ignition. Electric ignition has proved its worth conclusively in the automobile and it is this sure ignition that is used in the Quiet May. Control.--The control system on the Quiet May insures safe automatic opera tion. There is thermal control that guards against ignition failure. There is a limiting control that prevents the heating plant from developing excessive tempera tures. The thermostat is unusually sensitive. The whole Quiet May unit, whether for homes, apartment buildings, stores, churches, hospitals or schools, is a sound engineering development. It is the kind of equipment engineers like to endorse. Further information will gladly be supplied through either our local dealer or our central office. . 461 Burners, Oil Williams Oil-O-Matic Heating Corporation Manufacturers of Automatic Oil Burners Bloomington, Illinois New York, N.Y., 101 Park Avenue Chicago, III., 185 N. Michigan Avenue Authorized Dealers and Factory Trained Installation and Service Organization in all Principal Cities of the United States and Canada, also in 75 other large Cities ` throughout the Civilized World Oil-O-Matic Automatic Oil Burners Advantages--To burn oil efficiently: (1) Oil must be atomized, not vaporized. (2) Oil must be mixed with a fixed mini mum quantity of air. (3) Oil must burn in suspension. * (4) Oil must burn in the presence of a refractory material. Oil-O-Matic operation complies strictly with these well-known natural laws governing the combustion of liquid fuel, as outlined in Dyson's "Naval Engineering," and the reference works of Harding and Willard Kent, and other like authorities. The patented exclusive Oil-O-Matic metering pump permits burning cheap 28 to 30 deg. Baume fuel oil, but will handle equally well, all lighter furnace oils. Change in-fuel does not necessitate a change in burner adjustment. OiL-OMatic method of atomization eliminates all high pressure and needle valve atomiza tion. Oil-O-Matic air control permits use of a low velocity air blast, adjustable over a wide range of service, to meet the requirements of all existing types of heating plants. Continuous gas pilot is not used. Automatic intermittent spark and gas ignition operates for about ten seconds only, when burner starts. Room thermostat controls on and off operation of burner. Controls safeguard heating plant temperatures and pressures. Wear is automatically adjusted. . Domestic Hot Water Supply--The mechanically fired, automatically con trolled heating plant has permitted the development of a practical and inexpen sive, fully automatic domestic hot water supply system, which provides an in- Typical Installation of OiUO-Matic exhaustible supply of hot water at a very low cost. Complete description will be found in "Oil Heating--What It Means to the Architect." (See Catalogues). Operating Efficiency--Combustion efficiency in domestic heating systems, the equal of'industrial power plant operation; is obtainable with Oil-O-Matic. A test run by A. H. Hansen, Engineer, Metro politan Utilities, Omaha, reads: "Burner was tested for fuel consumption, gas consumption for ignition, and flue gases were analyzed for combustion efficiency. "Atmosphere was 29 deg. fahr., house was maintained at 72 deg. fahr. Burner operated 22 per cent of the time. Flue gas analysis--COs 12.2 per cent; O, 4.4 per cent; CO, none. Flue and combustion chamber was entirely free of soot."- Details of this and many other tests on request. 462 - ' ;--' Williams Oil-O-Matic Heating Corporation Burners, Oil Models--Type 1200 is designed for steam heating system serving 1500 sq. ft. JIVILLIAMS > IiI.'O'MATiI ' !,_#^ HEATINCr Contractor should also figure oil storage, consist- inR of a 60-gallon tank, direct steam radiation or less; hot water system serving 2400 sq. ft, direct hot water radiation or less; hot air furnace of 36 in. grate diameter or less. Type 1800 designed for heating systems larger than the model 1200. Will handle up to maximum of 4000 sq. ft. direct steam radiation; 6400 sq. ft. direct hot water radiation, or hot air furnace with maxi mum grate area of 14 sq. ft. . Additional load in larger boilers carried by installation of two or more burners. Model I, industrial, manually controlled oil burner. Capacity same as Type 1800 or for any furnace operation requiring not more than 14 gallons of oil per hour. Oil-O-Matic oil burners operate on. standard 110- and 220-voit:, 60-cycle A.C. or D.C. current, or other usual electrical service. - The New OIL-O-MATIC Junior-- becomes available for specifying, approxi mately January 15, 1928. Burns cheap oil' with the simplicity of gas. Highly efficient. Perfected especially for the high class, well planned smaller homes. No pressure or noise. For any type furnace or small boiler. Range of Service--Oil-O-Matic oil burners are.heating every type of building: Houses Schools Banks Theaters " Stores Hospitals Hotels Churches Garages Clubs . Apartments.. . Where questions arise regarding details of Oil-O-Matic installations, counsel of Oil-O-Matic engineers is available. or other capacity, installed to comply with local ordinance; to be in stalled in basement;ora 1000 or2000-gallon outside tank, buried not less than 3 ft. below grade and not more than 100 ft. from Oil-O-Matic; bottom of tank to be not more than 12 ft. below suction pump on burner. Installation must be made in accordance with Fire Underwriters rules, city or dinances and fire department regulations. Specification--1--The oil burner must be approved by the National Board of Fire Under writers' Laboratory to burn 28 deg. Baume fuel oil, 2--The oil burner must mechanically control, regulate or meter the flow of oil to the atomizing assembly, so that 28 deg. Baume fuel oil or any lighter oil may be burned, at will, without a change in burner adjustments. 3-- The oil burner must mechanically atomize oil and be ignited and burned in suspension, before coming in contact with any surface; in the presence of a refractory material. 4-- The oil burner installation must be provided with complete automatic controls, approved by the National Board of Fire Underwriters that--auto matically operate the oil burner so as to safely maintain the desired room temperature; control maximum temperatures and pressures in the heating plant; immediately stop the oil burner and the flow of oil to the oil burner, in the event of any irregularities in operation, such as failure or oil supply or failure of oil to ignite in boiler. 5-- The oil burner installation must comply strictly with all the National Board of Fire Under- . writers' regulations and all local ordinances and must meet available electric current requirements. 6-- The oil burner installation must be complete in every respect, tested and ready for service. 7-- The contractor shall agree that the oil burner will be of sufficient capacity to operate the boiler (or furnace) continuously, at the manu facturer's full rated capacity. For outline of specification covering oil storage tank installation see "Installation.'.' ' Detailed Oil-O-Matic specification is contained in "Oil Heating--What It Means to the Archi. tect." (See Catalogues). Installation--Grates and ash pit door Catalogues are removed. Ash pit door is closed with "Oil Heating--What It Means to the fire brick after Oil-O-Matic draft pipe is . Architect." <F< inserted, as illustrated. "Oil Heating At Its Best." A basement as originally planned (left). Alteration and improvement of same basement plan, permitted by Oil Heating (right). 463 Burners, Oil Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co. Builders of Oil Burners CHICAGO 844 Rush St. NEW YORK Show Room: 46 E. 41st St. GALESBURG Illinois A WINSLOW INDUSTRIAL BURNER sizes oi motor blower units and also ot ** installation consists of a motor-blower burners. unit and a burner nozzle assembly. In specifying burners determine whether The motor blower unit may be located at any convenient point near the boilers and connected to the burner assembly, in front of the boilers, by oil and air piping of correctly proportioned sizes. The pump pulls the oil from the storage tank and delivers it at from 7 to 10 lb. pressure to the burners. At the same time the blower is supplying the required the boilers are to carry an overload. Ordi narily, steel boilers can be provided with burners rated at the boiler rating unless overloads are contemplated. On the other hand, cast iron boilers can usually be pro vided with burners rated at about 7.0 per cent of the boiler rating. This is due to the different methods of rating steel and cast iron boilers. air at low pressure, measured in ounces, to effect a thorough atomization of the oil. This burner is complete with a strainer, pressure gage, check valve, oil relief valve, motor, blower and pump unit. Single motor blower units handle a variety of burner assemblies. Where dual units are twinned the capacities are not only doubled but the plant is insured against any shut down. There are several Sliding Type The sliding type burner is particularly adapted to bake ovens, lead melting other special industrial installations. Equipped with a flex ible oil line permitting burner to be completely removed from slide base. 464 Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co. Burners, Oil Wherever possible specify two smaller burner nozzles even though one large one will do the work, so as to assure an easier control of fuel consumption. Frequently both burner nozzles will be used to build up steam pressure and then one can be cut off entirely. Where loads are apt to be variable the double burner nozzle is ideal. . . The cut to the right shows the efficient method of attaining atomization. The oil travels down the central tube and impinges onto the rotating disc. It whirls centrifugal^ and strikes the heel of the revolving cup in a thin film. It then travels'along the inner wall of the cup to the rim where it is whirled.off at tremen dous speed, mixing with the air from the barrel and entering the boiler perfectly atomized. '/ The cut also shows* the balanced rotating cup and revolving turbine wheel. Two sets.- of ball bearings between these units- insure low frictional resis tance and high speeds. The following .partial list of Winslow Burner assem blages will be of assistance in determining correct sizes for a large scope of work. The ratings in column five are based on 100 sq. ft. of steam radiation per horse power and represent the total load the burner can handle.' .. . Designation Alexander......... Amos.............. Anthony........... Austin............... Barney.............. Benjamin........ Bernard............ blame............... Carl.................. Charles............. Lurtis. ............. Daniel............. David............... Dean................. Delbert............. Earl.................. Edward............. Elmer............... Eugene............. Frank............... Fred.................. Motor Blower Unit No. and Size. Burners B-60 B-60 B-60 B-60 1 T 10 2T 10 1 T 30 2 T 30 B-90 B-90 B-90 B-90 3T 10 3 T 30 2 T 30 2 T 40 B-120 B-120 B-120 1 T 70 4 T 10 3T30 B-180 B-180 B-180 B-180 5 T 10 4 T 30 3 T 40 2 T 70 B-300 B-300 B-300 B-300 8T 10 6 T 30 5 T 40 4 T 70 B-500 B-800 J T250 2 T 250 Maximum Steam Radiation 3500 5000 5000 7500 ` 9500 11,000 10,000 12.000 10,000 11,000 14,000 14,000 20,000 * 22,000 22,000 20,000 24,000 30.000 . 34,000 25,000 50,000 Approximate Approximate' Motor-Unit ` Shipping . R P. Floor-Space. -Weight 24'x 24' 24' x 24' 24'x 24' 24'x 24' 290 lbs. 265 lbs. 280 lbs. 285 lbs. YVii VVli 24'x 24* 24'x 24' 24'x 24' 24'x 24' 24'x 24'24'x 24' 24'x 24' 28'x 28' 28'x 28' 28' x 28' 28'x 28' 300 lbs. 315 lbs. 290 tbs. 305 lbs. 310 lbs. 320 lbs. 330 lbs. 365 lbs. 355 lbs. 370 lbs. 365 lbs. 1 1 1 1 |I|<AA i 'A 22 2 2 28'x 28' 28' x 28' 28'x 28' 28' x 28' 28'x 28' 28' x 28' 400 lbs. 425 lbs. 455 lbs. 460 lbs. ' 550 lbs. 650 lbs. 3 3 3 3 5 5 Pump ' Air . yVw*a#' 2' 2' 2' Vf 2" Vf 2' Vifif" 2' 2' Vf 2' wy#' W 2W Vf i'k Vi" VVi'f Vf 1xWliA'A-m Vi* 3' Vi' 3' Vzm 3' Vf 3' Vi" 3' 'k 3' In addition to the Winslow Industrial burner described here the Winslow Boiler & Engi neering Company manufacturers a complete line of fully automatic,-residential and apartment house burners. . - The electric ignition KLEEN-HEET.-burners. with the vacuum oil feed eliminating the usual basement auxiliary tank, are built in several sizes and are thus suitable for a great range of work. The Klebn-Heet GJ gas ignition burners, with out the vacuum feed but completely automatic in operation, are in four sizes. The No. 10 is rated at one thousand feet hot water and is suitable for the average home. The No. 6 is especially adapted to Arcolas and small domestic water heaters. Inquiries to the INDUSTRIAL DIVISION of the WINSLOW BOILER AND ENGINEERING COMPANY, 844 Rush Street, Chicago, Illinois, will be promptly answered. 465 s Control Equipment absolute<3oS-TACSs>corporation ELKHART, INDIANA Manufacturers of Temperature and Pressure-Operated Automatic Electric Controls, Mercury Switches and Safety Devices for Oil and Gas Burners No. 26A R Convoswitch on-TaoTors (Mercury Switches) and Con C tactor Quality Controls are available for the temperature or pressure regulation of almost any type of heating or ventilating installation or heating device. These switching devices, using Con-Tac-Tors, will be found long of life because of the non-deteriorating contact points wbich are.en closed within the hermetically sealed gas filled tube and because the switching action is. obtained through rolling mercury. In addition, Con-Tac-Tor instruments are designed for simplicity, depend ability, accuracy and ease of installation. . Oil Burners A complete line of operation and safety devices, lasted as Standard by Underwriters' Laboratories and widely used because of their reliability and easy installation, are available to manufacturers, distributors and dealers of full automatic or semi automatic oil burners. This line includes room temperature controls, boiler controls, safetydevices, dry boiler protection and gas and oil valves. No. Ill Warpswitch Gas and Coal Burners Motor and valve controls operated from room temperature, boiler pressure, hot water tempera- . ture, or hot air temperature, may be selected to meet each individual application on forced draft coal burners, forced feed coal burners or gas burners. . Unit Heaters Automatic operation of unit heaters adds ma terially to their value in the industrial and public building field in which this type of heating device. is rapidly gaining popularity. Con-Tac-Tor Con-, trols will make these systems efficiently and economically. fully automatic, ' No. 110 Shut-off Oil Valve Fan Controls With exhaust fans or forced draft fan control which is dependent on temperature, Con-Tac-Tor automatic regulating appliances, including the room temperature controls and Furnaceswitches, will be found ideal. Submit your fan control prob- lems to Con-Tac-Tor for solution. . Industrial Installations Special wide range temperature controls are available for industrial installations where tempera-. tures lower than those of domestic installations are demanded. .' - Other Applications Con-Tac-Tor is prepared to furnish various types of mercury switches for application to almost any type of switching mechanism to provide longer life for the unit. Many mechanisms so adapted may be made to automatically control equipment that is now functioning manually. Con-Tac-Tor also manufactures a complete line of Refrigera tion Controls for both commercial and indus trial units. No. 56 Aquaswttcn 'No. 117 Plugswitch Send for Bulletin 100--Mercury Switches Bulletin 110--Heating Controls Bulletin 120--Refrigeration Controls 466 No. 68R Furnacesmteh .V i . Expansion Joints American District Steam Company Ocmcmi. orrKCS <u> woK9 Nokih Tonawanda.N.Y , Branches and Agents in Principal Cities A few of the many types of ADSCO Expansion Joints (At Left) ADSCO 125 lb. Single SemiGuided Expansion Joint. With anchor. No service. Traverse 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in. S-2 (At Right) ADSCO Double Variator. For pressures"'up to 125 lbs. Total traverse 2 in. Not furnished with service outlets or anchorage. i' (At Right) ADSCO 250 lb. Double ExternallyGuided Expansion Joint. With anchor. With service. Traverse 4* 6, 8, 10 and 12 in. Per Slip. (At Left) ADSCO 125 lb. Single SemiGuided Expansion Joint. With Tie Rods. With anchor. With service. Traverse 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 in. 467 D-8 G Expansion Joints Established 1841 ' E. B. Badger & Sons Co. Manufacturers of Expansion Joints for High and Low Pressure OFFICE AND WORKS 63-75 Pitts Street, BOSTON, MASS. SALES OFFICE 101 Park Avenue, NEW YORK Badger Self-Equalizing Expansion Joints Made of seamless copper tubes, corrugated and fitted with cast iron or steel rings to control the expansion and provide equal distribution over each corrugation. One piece corrugated construction effectively absorbs vibration and expansion without the use of sliding surfaces which require packing. ' Space required is usually only that of any flanged fitting. Maintenance is negligible. Built in Standard and Extra Heavy patterns, furnished with standard flanges for pressures up to 125 lb. and extra heavy flanges for all pressures from 125 to 200 lb., also flangless design for welding into welded lines. Monel metal sleeves are used inside of the corrugations, to protect the copper, when used with super-heated steam and other high temperature fluids. . Mogul Machine Company WITHERSPOON BUILDING Philadelphia, Pa. Expansion Joints Fig. / This type of Joint is furnished in 4 in., and.5 in. sizes, with four and eight cor rugations to take 1 in. and 2 in. of expan sion. For smaller sizes, we furnish a 4-in. joint with companion flanges, bolts and gaskets, tapped for the size required. Fig. This type of Joint is made in sizes from 6 to 20 in. inclusive, with two, three, four or five corrugations, in. deep, each corrugation taking l/g in. of expansion. Fig. 4 Welding Expansion Joint. Fig. S . Flanged Expansion Joint with Monel metal sleeve for super-heated steam. Self-Equalizing Expansion Joints Where welded joints are preferred Bad ger Self-Equalizing Expansion Joints are now furnished with steel or wrought iron pipe ends, for welding directly into the pipe line itself. The same leakless one piece deeply cor rugated copper expansion element is re tained, with the heavy cast iron equalizing rings that distribute the stresses uniformly throughout the length of the joint. Guaranteed for 200 lb. working saturated steam pressure. Sizes 5 in. and larger. 468 "MOGUL" DOUBLE-END-GUIDED, TYPE F. L. J. (FLANGED) EXPANSION JOINTS Built in all pipe sizes from 1 ]/z" to 6' diameters, for extremely high or low pressures and temperatures, for saturated steam, superheated steam, hot or cold water, oil or gas and other fluids. They are Double-End-Guided, have extremely deep packing chambers and unusually ong packing-gland take up. They have built-in Traverse Stops and large graphite lubricating chamber. They may-be packed while the line is hot and in an expanded condition. Write for Bulletin with complete description and dimensions. "MOGUL" DOUBLE-END-GUIDED, TYPE R. S. J. (RISER) EXPANSION JOINTS Built with screwed ends, in all pipe sizes from to 4" pipe diameters. Write for Bulletin and dimensions. 469 y Fans and Ventilating Equipment American Blower Company General Offices: Detroit Branches and Sales Offices City and Address - Telephone Atlanta, Ga., Bona Allen Bldg.----- -----Walnut 5643 Baltimore, Md., Munsey Bldg-------------------------Plaaa 3774 Birmingham, Ala., American Trust Bldg.-------- .Main 1278 Boston, Mass., 10 High St.------------ ;........ ........Liberty 8347 Buffalo, N.Y., White Bldg------- ---------------- -Seneca 2668 Charlotte, N.C., 208 Piedmont Bldg------------JPbone 1254 Chicago. III., 228 N. La Salle St______ Central 1631-1632 Cincinnati, Ohio, 905 Sycamore St.--------.Canal 8161-8162 Cleveland, 0., 1302-3 Swetland Bldg. - Superior 1209-1208 Columbus, Ohio, 521 First Nati Bank Bldg--Main 3443 Dallas, Texas, 1015 Mercantile Bank Bldg---------- X-5518 Davenport, Iowa, 409 First Nat'l Bank Bldg.----- Day. 4006 Denver, Colo., 1228 California St------------------- Main 3155 Detroit Mich., 2539 Woodward Ave------- Cad. 8880-8881 El Paso, Texas, P. 0. Box 240Main 2739 Gabt, Ind., 749 Broadway---------.----------- ----Phone 5909 Grand Rapids, Mich., 604 Building and Loan Bldg.. . Citisens 51122 Houston, Texas, Post Dispatch Bldg------------Hadley 1296 Huntington, W. Va., 610-611 Coal Exchange Bldg. Phone 21213 Indianapolis, Ind., 819 Continental Bank Bldg., Main 454S Kansas Crrr, Mo., 310-312 Mutual Bldg-------- Victor 5965 City and Address Telephone Los Angeles, Calif., 40S Detwiler Bldg --TUcker 9440 . VAndike4838 Louisville, Kt., 428 South Fifth St.... Main 1881, City 1223 Milwaukee, Wis., 1418 Majestic Bldg--....... .Grand 1986 Minneapolis, Minn., 808 La Salle Ave......... --Main 0034 Newark, NJ., 79-81 Ogden St...............Branch Brook 3612 New Orleans, La., 344 Camp St..........................Main 5971 New York, N.Y., 50 Church St.... .............-Cortlandt 1010 Omaha, Nebr., 713 Peters Trust Bldg.--..... --ATlantic 6548 Philadelphia, Pa., Otis Building, 112 South 16th St. Rittenhouse 6393-94 Pittsburgh, Pa., 801'First Nat'l Bank Bldg.....Atlantic 1820 Portland, Ore., 1002 Pacific Bldg.-........-...Broadway 7866 Rochester' N.Y., 522 Cutler Bldg....... ................Main 4590 Salt TAina Crrr, Utah, Dooley Bldg.._.Wasatch 1680-1681 San Francisco, Calif., 737 Rialto Bldg.------ Kearney 2325 Seattle, .Wash., Leary Bldg.......... -.....................Eliott 0713 SchenbcTadt, N.Y., 147 Jay St...... ..........Schenectady 7503 South-Bend, Ind., 405 Platt Bldg.--............--Lincoln 5475 St. Louis, Mo., 1221 Boatmen's Bank Bldg--Garfield 1278 Stracusb, N.Y., 1620 E. Genesee St............. Warren 9167-J Tacoma, Wash., American Trust Bldg___ ______Main 3150 Toledo, Ohio, Room 302, 320 Ontario St........ .-.Main 2294 Youngstown, 0., 1008 Mahoning Bank Bldg., Phone 4-3593 "Sirocco" Fans and Blowers for heating, -ventilating, cooling, drying and mechanical draft. "Sirocco** Utility Blower--a compact, durable ventilator for installation with ducts. "ABC" Air Wash ing and Cooling Fan--an automatic, highly effective and durable unit, that provides for puri fication, humidifica tion and^cooling. Venturafin Unit Heater-- one small unit is equal to 500 feet of direct radiation -- occupies only one-fourth the space and has only one-tenth the weight. . "Ventura** Disc Fan for operation under free air delivery conditions -- a complete ven tilation system in itself. Descriptive Catalogues sent upon reguest. 470 Fans and Ventilating Equipment Bayley Blower Company 730 Greenbush Street Milwaukee, Wisconsin Branch Offices - New York Crrr--Suite 503, 30 Church Street Chicago, III.--1582 First National Bank Bldg. Cleveland. Ohio--523 Penton Bldg. Detroit, Mich.--F. C. Purcell & Co., 2847 Grand River Ave. Des Moines, Iowa--920 Hubbell Bldg. ' Pittsburgh, Pa.--Leieudecker Bros.VFuIton Bldg. Salt Lake Citt, Utah--P. W. Belcher, Dooly Block Heating, Ventilating, Air-Washing, Exhaust and Drying Equipment Separate bulletins are issued on Air Washers, B.tu. Heaters, Dryers, Chinook Heaters, Plexiform Fans, Exhaust Fans, Disc Fans. These will be furnished on request. ` The Company also furnishes engineering information in connection with the application of any of the products manufactured. Plexiform Fans A well-balanced fan for ventilating public, office and industrial buildings, mines, tunnels, etc., and for heating, drying and air washing systems. Space and power economy are some of the advantages it offers. Complete information in Bulletin No. 26. _ The Bayley Chinook Heater is a tube-within-a-tubc radiator without return bends, elbows or nipples. Circulation is estab lished from the steam chamber through the inner tube, and bock through the outer tube to the return chamber. Used in con nection with the Plexiform fan, also for indirect radiations, and for cooling water. Complete information in Bulletins Noe. 24 and 30. . Bayley Turbo-Air Washer The superiority of this washer is in the atomizer which atomizes the liquid by means of a rapidly rotating cone with pins at its periphery. As distinct from all other types of washers, it will not dog because it operates on the principle of centrifugal force breaking the water into a finely atomized spray--the. water is delivered to the revolving cone through a large or fice nozzle and at low pressure. This revolutionary' non-dogging feature assures a steady, uniform spray with intimate contact bdween air and spray. No screen in pump intake requiring deaning and no fine orifice nozzles to require attention because of dogging. The Bayley Atomizer fits .any air washer. Washers made in various sizes for washing air or gases and for use in chemical plazits. Complete information in Bulletin No. S6. 471 Fans and Ventilating Equipment Buffalo Forge Company Buffalo, New York Branches Atlanta, Ga., Candler Bldg. Los Angeles, Cali?., c/o Larmier & Lauer, 1824 S. Hope Street Boston, Maes., 10 Milk Street Minneapolis. Minn., 459 N.W. National life Bldg. Chicago. III., 562 W. Washington BlvdL - New York, N.Y., 39-41 Cortland t Street Cincinnati, Ohio, 604 Mercantile Library Bldg. Philadelphia, Pa., 1302 Land Title Bldg. Cleveland, Ohio, 368 Rockefeller Bldg. Pittsburgh, Pa.. 927 Union Trust Bldg. Denver, Colo.. 1621,17th Street San Francisco, Calif., 1006 Flatiron Bldg. Detroit, Mich., 205l.W. Lafayette Blvd. St. Louis, Mo., 515 Chemical Bldg. Indianapolis, Ino., 305 Merchant_s__B_a_n__k Seattle, Wash., 303 Alaska Bldg. Washington, D.C., 418 Washington Loan & Trust Bldg. Canadian Branch Canadian Blower & Force Co.. Kitchener, Ontaiio Carrier Air Washers One-piece eliminators and scrubbers that are easily as sembled in a few minutes and give great cleaning effect. Spray nozzles prevented from clogging by tank-width screen. Original efficiency is maintained indefi nitely by a few minutes flushing out each week. Buffalo Niagara Conoidal Fans handle large quantities of air at high efficiency under big overloads in industrial plants. Low. speed and great capacity well suited to belt .drive. Buffalo Breezo-Propeller Fans are very successfully used for removing ~~ steam, odors or foul air in shops, mills and fac tories. Belted or direct motor driven types. Buffalo Duplex Conoidal Fans, shown below, maintain steady pressures and good efficiency over a greater range of air demand than is pos sible with any other construc t i o n. Best adapted to schools, public buildings, offices, etc. ,.M o d e r a t e speed for direct connec tion to motor. Buffalo Unit Heaters Made in four types to suit every kind of building. BREEZOFIN Heaters (shown here), Vento Heaters, Hi-Pressure Pipe Coil Heaters, suitable for pressures up to 150 lb., and direct fired ui^its. Catalog 466 de scribes all types and sizes. Write for it today. Buffalo Products Conoidal Multiblade Fans Stoker Fans Carrier Air Washers Induced Draft Fans Pipe Coil Heaters Planing Mill Exhaust Fans Ventilating Sets Unit Heaters . Disc Fans Dust Collectors Humidifiers Pressure Blowers Generators Coolers Drying Apparatus Gas Scrubbers Spray Nozzles Forge Shop Equipment 472 Fans and Ventilating Equipment Clarage Fan Company Plant and General Offices: Kalamazoo, Michigan Boston. Mass. New York City. N. Y. Philadelphia. Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Charlotte. N. C. Detroit. Mich. Atlanta, Ga. Sales Engineering Offices Chicago, III. Los Anceles, Calif. Minneapolis. Minn. Omaha, Nebr. Cleveland, Ohio Birmingham, Ala. St. Louis. Mo. South Bend. Ind. Denver. Colo. Indianapolis, Ind. Portland, Ore. Seattle, Wash. Springfielo. Mass. Cincinnati. Ohio Houston. Texas Huntington. W. Va. Buffalo, N. Y. New Orleans, La. Tacoma, Wash. Consult Telephone Directory for Street Address of any Clarage Branch Office PRODUCTS--Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning Equip ment and Allied Apparatus: HV Multiblade Fans, Air Washers, Exhaust Fans, Unit Heaters, Steam Engines, Etc. HV Fan installed in Sckoolhouse Type HV Fan--for heating, ventilation, air conditioning, diying, etc. High maximum efficiency of 77 per cent saves 15 to 20 per cent in power required for drive. Complete range of sizes with capacities from 500 to 236,000 c.f.m. Furnished with dust-proof, oil-tight bear ings. Suitable for direct connection or belt drive. Clarage Washer installed in Hotel Type V Air Washer--for air conditioning of all kinds. Spray nozzles so perfected that dense mist screen is obtained at lower pump pressures, saving as high as 25 per cent in horse power for operating pump. Spray nozzles cannot clog. New design of eliminators greatly simplifies erection. Sizes to meet all requirements. Per formance fully guaranteed. Floor Type Unit Heater Ceiling Type Unit Heater Clarage Unit Heater--for heating all types of industrial plants, garages, etc. The only unit heating equipment delivering heat direct from fan radially in all direc tions in horizontal plane. Furnished with centrifugal fan that cannot overload CATALOGS ARE AVAILABLE ON EVERY motor. Sturdy, compact, light-weight and shipped ready to run. Rated at five times efficiency of equal amount of direct radiation. Built for both floor and ceiling installation as shown, in sizes to meet all requirements. GARAGE PRODUCT--WRITE FOR THEM 473 Fans and Ventilating Equipment ILG Electric Ventilating Company General Offices and Works 2850 N. Crawford Avenue Chicago, 111. Albany, N.Y.--119 N. State Street Baltimore, Md.--304 Hearst Tower Bldg. Birmingham-=-1318 Comer Bldg. Boston--136 Federal Street Chicago, III.--324 W. Monroe Street Cincinnati, Ohio--405 Union Central Bldg. Cleveland, Ohio--1314 Schofield Bldg. Columbus, Ohio--308 Commerce Bldg. Des Moines. Iowa--1143 Forty-Second Street Detroit, Mich.--415 Brainard Street Hammond, Ind.--44 Ruth Street Indianapolis, Ind.--1004 New City Trust Bldg. Kansas City, Mo.--524 Ridge Bldg. Los Angelks, Calif.--406 S. Main Street Milwaukee, Wise.--326 Metropolitan Bldg. Minneapolis. Minn.--422 Builders Exchange Bldg. New Haven. Conn.--509 Malley Bldg. New Orleans--509 Conti Street New York, N.Y.--15 Park Row . N.Y. Export--30 Church Street, Room 420 E Philadelphia. Pa.--325 Commercial Trust Bldg. Pittsburgh. Pa.--1024 Bessemer Bldg. Richmond, Va.--313 Builders Exchange Bldg. St. Louis, Mo.--1421 Syndicate Trust Bldg. Toledo, Ohio--621 Gardner Bldg. . "3^ ILG Electric Ventilator The only propellor fan made with a fully enclosed, self-cooled motor. Manu factured and carried in stock in all sizes-- 12 to 72 in., for any current or voltage. Guaranteed as a complete unit. . The motor is a built-in feature--no pedestal or support required. Shipped from factory completely assembled ready to bolt in place. Sizes ranging from 25 to 90 in. . ILG Power Roof Ventilator One ILG Power Roof Ventilator, is equal to three ordinary gravity or natural ventilators. Moreover, provides positive ventilation, winter or summer, in any kind of weather. Recommended for one, two and three story buildings. Sizes 12 to 72'in. . ILG Unit Heaters More than 10,000 in use. Recom mended for spacious warehouses, factories, garages, halls, etc. A new method of blast heating using steam or hot water heat. Made for ceiling and floor installa tion. . Ask for any or all of these New Pictorial Bulletins ILG Complete Catalog--200 pages ILG Condensed Catalog--18 pages ILG Data and Price Sheets ILG Blower Bulletin ' ILGAIR Kitchen Ventilator ILG Power Roof Ventilator Bulletin ILG Unit Heater Bulletin ILG Portable Floor Fan Circular 474 Fans and Ventilating Equipment I BLOWER )2254 S. Halsted Street CHICAGO, ILL. NEW YORK COMPANY SALES OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES Fans, Blowers, Unit-Heaters, Air-Washers, Fan Furnaces, Humidifiers, Pressure and Gas Blowers Type ME Fan Type ME Fans cover a wide range of capacities from 100 c.f.m. to 300,000 c.f.m. Sizes up to and including No; 39 made with cast iron inlet stands and are reversible, the larger sizes made non-reversible. Fans deliver large quantities of air at high efficiency. Cone Back Multi Blade Wheels with forward curved floats used exclusively. Fans are regularly made either with overhung pulley or overhung wheel of all hands and discharges. We also manufacture Fans for mechanical draft, con veying systems, foundries, gas plants and stokers. Write for Catalog No. 100 containing complete data. Comet Unit-Heaters For use with steam. Made in two sizes, as shown in table. A Heavy Duty Disc Fan direct connected to motor drives air over copper heating* coils.. Unit-Heaters using pipe coil and vento made in convenient sizes. ' Write for Bulletin 85 which gives complete data including B.t.u. capacities under various conditions. Size Heater Cu. Ft. per Minute Cu. Ft. per Hour Fan Dimensions Heater Wt. Com Size R. P. M. a p. Height Width Depth Sq.Ft. plete 24 2400 144.000 18 650 24 24 10 91 180 60 6000 360.000 30 550 xh 34 34 12 190. 485 Air-Washers and Humidifiers Peerless Air-Washers and Humidifiers, Type "D" and "E," with capacities ranging from 3600 c.f.m. to 112,000 c.f.m. of value for washing, drying, humidifying and cooling. Also for special processes as paper, textiles, tobacco, glue, leather and wood. Write for more detailed descriptive literature. Thermair Fan Furnace - Complete heat machine ready to operate, made in one size only, 6000 c.f.m. with 600,000 B.t.u.'s per hour under ordinary fuel consumption. Will heat any building with 10,000 sq. ft. floor area. Furnace has a 30 in. fire pot, self-cleaning all steel radiator with 290 sq. ft. of, prime heating surface and requires floor space 6 ft. square with 9 ft. overall height. Is furnished with a direct connected Heavy Duty Disc Fan. Easy to install as no duct work is needed. Bulletin No. 90 gives complete data. 475 X Atlanta, Ga. Boston, Mass. Buffalo. N. Y. Camden, N. J. Charlotte, N. C. Chicago, 111. Cincinnati, O. Cleveland, O. Dallas. Tex. Denver, Colo. Detroit. Mich. Hartford, Conn. Indianapolis, Ind. Kansas City, Mo. Fans and Ventilating Equipment B. F. Sturtevant Go. Hyde Park, Boston, Mass. PLANTS LOCATED IN Camden, N. J. Hyde Park, Mass. Framingham, Mass. Sthbtbvant. Wis. Galt, Ont. Berkeley, Calif, Los Angeles, Cal. Minneapolis, Minn. Montreal. P. Q. New York, N. Y. Pittsburgh. Pa. Portland, Ore. Rochester, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. Salt Lake City, Utah Ran Francisco, Cal. Seattle, Wash. Toronto. Ont. Washington, D. C. : STURTEVANT PRODUCTS The wide application of Sturtevant Products can hardly be discussed here; so for the convenience of the architect, engineer and contractor the publications listed below have been prepared to aid in the selection of proper equipment for industrial,-public, and private buildings of all types and sizes. We will gladly send you any of these publications on request. ENGINEERING SERVICE Each office, address shown above, maintains a force of trained engineers who are always ready to analyze the conditions of any prospective installation and make recommendations for suitable equipment. CATALOGS Heating and Ventilating Equipment No. 215 Heating and Ventilating Treatise. 227 Heating and Ventilating Layouts. 230 Heaters. 271 Multivane Fans. , 279 Disc and Propeller Fans. 283 Autoforce Ventilators. 290 Silentvane Fans. . 295 Air Washers. . 327 Portable Disc Fan. 329 Unit Ventilators. 332 Ventilating Sets. 337 Monogram Fans. 339 Unit Heater. 340 Ventilating Fans. . 341 Hot Job Fans. No. 344 Unit Ventilator 345 Carbon Monoxide Asphyxiation and Its Prevention. 347 Tubular Air Heater. 1011 Heating and Ventilating Picture Book, Factory Section. 1012 Heating and Ventilating Picture Book, School Section. 1013 Heating and Ventilating Picture Book, Public Building Section. 1014 Heating and Ventilating Picture Book, National, State and County Building Section. . 1016 Heating and Ventilating Watervliet, Shops D. & H. Railroad. Power Plant Equipment No. -222 Fuel Economizers in Paper Mills. 236 Forced Draft Apparatus. 275 Gear Transmissions. 288 Forced and Induced Draft with Mechanical Stokers. . 301 Cindervane Fans. 311 Steam Turbines, Type 12. 322 Coal Burning Blowers. 330 Turbovane Fans, Design 4 and 5. 331 Air Economizers.. 32& Lead Coated Extended Fin Economizers. 346 Propeller Type Forced Draft Fan. 1348 Turbovane I. D. Fan. " 309 Turbo-Transmissions. ' Vacuum Cleaning Equipment No. 320 Stationary Vacuum Cleaners. 324 Vacuum Cleaners, Heavy Duty. 342 Vacuum Cleaner, Furnace and Boiler Cleaning. 476 Fans and Ventilating Equipment Branch Offices in Principal Cities L. J. Wing Mfg. Go. 663 Hudson St;, NeW York Phone: Chelsea 0027-0030 Factory: NEWARK, N. J, Manufacturers of Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters, Wing Turbine and Motor Driven Blowers, Wing-Scruplex Fans, Exhausters, Fog Eliminators Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters - The Wing Featherweight Unit Heater, expressly designed for overhead installation, makes available for any industrial building a heating system that leaves all floor and wall space absolutely unobstructed. The success of this system has been proven by the satisfactory operation of several hundred units in industrial buildings of every kind and description. The installation of Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters is extremely simple, due to their light weight and small dimen sions. For instance, a unit equal in heating effect to 12,000 sq. .ft. of direct radiation, weighs only 332 lbs. A few advan tages attending the installation of Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters may be briefly summarized as follows: The heated air from the units, located at or near the ceiling or roof, is delivered directly downward toward the floor, heating the working level first. Chilled areas, caused by opening of doors, are almost instantly brought back to normal temperature by this downward method of heating. Since the air recirculated by the heaters is taken from the upper spaces and delivered to the lower levels, it is evident that an active circulation of air from the ceiling to the floor is continuously maintained and that, therefore, excessive heat is not allowed to accumulate in the upper spaces, as is the case with any system of heating that allows the heat to rise to the ceiling immediately, as it does in the case of direct radiation. : The steam and return lines are carried entirely overhead, eliminating costly pipe trenches which are necessary when radiation is placed at or near the floor. All vertical type heaters are furnished with ball bearing motors that do not require attention more than once a heating season. Low Ceiling Type High Ceiling Type Medium Ceiling Type Horizontal Type Law Ceiling Healer in Furniture Factory 477 High Ceiling Heaters in Car Repair Shop y L. J. Wing Mjg. Co. Fans and Ventilating Equipment Methods of Installation The drawings below show a typical high ceiling and low ceiling installation, together with a plan view illustrating the general distribution and diffu sion of the heated air from the unit heaters. The first illustration shows the high ceiling type heater installed 30 or more feet from the floor, above the travelling crane, the heater arranged so that the left, the lower portion of the building is also heated. The third illustration shows a typical multi-story building heated with Wing low-ceiling type Unit heaters. The column of heated air leaves the heater, with sufficient velocity to strike the floor with considerable force from this point, but by the Five Wing Healers in this Shop aid of adjustable diffusers the column is divided . and directed so that no objectionable velocity is felt at the head line. The best and most economical installation of Wing Featherweight Unit Heaters is when they are placed close to the roof or ceiling. . xf=^\N!/b'1Xi7:7 % f1 fl S/' t r --------rr--ri 'd 'V' 'V' 'V' 'V' ^ f L. A /V g Condensed Table of Engineering Data Unit Size "Ax A" . B Inches Inches 13-4-12 17-3-12 22-3-12 22-4-12 22-3-12 25-4-12 25-5-12 30-4-85 30-5-85 36-4-85 36-5-85 19V. 22% 27% 27% 27V. 32>/, 32% 40% 40% w/, 25 27yi 27% 27% 27% 28J/, 283/, 37% 37% 39% 39'/, c Inches 25 27% 27% 27% 27% 283/, 283/, 37% 37% 39% 39% D Air Inches CJ.m. 6 1150 6 1950 6 3200 6 2800 6 2600 7 4800 7 4500 8 . 6900 8 6500 8 9600 8 9000 Motor Hp. % X X X X Vi Vi 1 1 2' 2 Temperature Room 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Leaving 110 110 112 122 133 122 133 122 133 122 133 B.t:u. per Hour Available Approximate Shipping Weight Lb. 69,500 96.900 162,000 169,000 180,000 289,500 311,400 416.000 450,000 579,000 623,000 185 212 270 280 288 320 332 360 365 504 528 . Space does not permit complete table for other room temperatures but this data will be gladly furnished on application. . -' Wing Fog Eliminators . Wing Fog Eliminators supply tempered fresh air tp completely de-fog dyehouses, bottling, preserving and pasteurizing plants, paper mills, and in general any building or room where steam, fog or fumes are liberated in manufacturing processes. Wing-Scruplex Exhauster Wing-Scruplex Exhausters Wing Scruplex Exhausters consist of the highly efficient "screw propeller" fan encased in appro priate manner with a motor on the outside where it is clean, cool and easy of access. They are used in duct work where the resistance is low and being de signed in the form of an elbow fit snugly in any line. The accompanying diagrams show the methods of installation. . (continued on next page) 478 7 L. J. Wing Mjg. Co. Fans and Ventilating Equipment - Proper Selection of Exhausters Where particularly quiet operation is desired, as in offices, residences, hospital wards, v churches, theatres, etc., use lowest speeds in all sizes. For toilet rooms, laboratories, Li motion picture booths, stock rooms, etc., use any speed in sizes 1 and 2; low and medium speeds in all other sizes. In industrial plants, Boiled it diredly to Ceiling Vertical Bolted to Side Wall hotel and restaurant kitchens, engine-rooms, workshops, etc., use any speeds. "Wing-Scruplex" Exhausters Inlet Sq. In. Outlet Round, In. The accompanying Free Air .15 in. .25 in. .40 in. .50 in. table gives perform ances at static pres- E ures up to X in. Com plete table up to 1 in. .lO I* Cu. coCC f. m. Hp. Cu. f. m. Hp. Cu. f. m. Hp. Cu. f. m. Hp. Cu. f.m. Hp. static on request. l-A 10 10% 1750 850 0.052 630 0.054 330 0.060 2-A 13% 14H 1150 1440 0.060 950 0.069 395 0.090 2-B 13% \4H 1750 2050 0.195 1895 0.208 1695 0.216 1155 0.248 750 0.285 3-S 16% 17% 85(1 2130 0.090 1250 0.110 3-A 16% 17% 1150 2700 0.180 2150 0.195 1550 0.221 3-C 16% 17% 1750 4000 0.600 3720 0.635 3510 0.655 3150 0.700 2810 0.720 4-S 21 21% 850 2850 0.100 2200 0.125 1610 0.150 4-A 21 21% 1150 3575 0.170 3150 0.200 2775 0.220 1950 0.245 1550 0.280 4-C 21 21% 1750 5400 0.540 5160 0.600 4990 0.650 4670 0.710 4440 0.750 5-A 25 25 1150 5200 0.330 4720 0.380 4250 0.440 3300 0.530 2610 0.600 S-B 25 25 1/50 8000 1.330 7740 1.360 7540 1.400 7175 1.480 6900 1.540 6-A 30 30 600 5500 0.210 3725 0.250 7375 0.330 6>B 30 30 850 7400 0.550 6280 0.600 5450 0.7.40 4000 0.830 3400 0.960 Wing-Scruplex Fan 6-C 30 30 1150 10250 1.500 9520 1.550 8950 1.570 8000 1.620 7340 1.760 Wing-Scruplex Fans Wing-Scruplex Fans are built in the following sizes: 10 in., 13 in., 17 in., 22 in., 25 in. 30 in., 36 in., 42 in., 54 in., and 60 in. Capacities from 950 c.f.m. to 33,000 c.f.m. Up to 25 in. diameter, propellers are made of cast aluminum alloy while the larger sizes are of pressed steel. Wing Type E M Motor-Driven Blowers Wing motor-driven Blowers are installed in heating boilers so that low cost Buckwheat coal can be burned with great savings in fuel bills and with better heating results. They are also used in industrial plants where motor drive is preferred to turbine drive. The Wing E M Blower is a simple compact unit of motor, fan, and casing, of the same general design as the Wing Turbine Blower, the first individual forced draft fan-blower ever built. Wing units are either set directly in the boiler brick base or are equipped with mount ing feet or base and con nected to the ashpit by a Wing E M Blower short duct in the case of cast iron boilers. Motors are fully enclosed and dustproof. Because of this feature they stand up for years in the dusty atmosphere of boiler rooms without repair. Another feature is variable speed control; this permits of regu lation without the use of dampers and saves power. Wing Blowers are cutting down fuel bills in hundreds of schools, apartment houses, lofts, hotels, churches and institutions throughout the country. Booklet 46 describes Wing motor-driven units. Information on-Wing turbine-driven units in Bulletin 87. The Wing Blower in foreground supplies forced draft to hot water; supply heater; while blower in background serves two return tubular heating boilers 479 Foundations, Cork Armstrong Cork & Insulation Company Pittsburgh, Pa. Albany Atlanta Birmingham Boston Buffalo Charlotte, N.< Chicago Cincinnati Offices Cleveland Columbus Dallas Denver Detroit Grand Rapids, Mich. Hartford, Conn. Houston Indianapolis Jacksonville, Fla. Kansas City Louisville, Ky. Memphis Milwaukee Minneapolis New York Omaha Pittsburgh Rochester St. Louis Tulsa, Okla. Montreal, Qub., Can. Toronto 2, Ont., Can. Baltimore____ Los Angeles.. New Orleans Philadelphia.. Portland_____ Representatives ' .......................... John R. Livezey ............ ^ay Engineerin8^^ San Francisco__ Van Fleet-Freear Company Seattle.......................... D. E. Fryer & Company ""Zl'"Z'l`~John rI Live&ey ................. Gilien-Cole Company Spokane......... ...............D. E. Fryer & Company Tacoma................ ......,,.D. E. Fryer & Company Detailed information, samples, and descriptive literature may be obtained on application to any of these offices or representatives. Armstrong's Cork Machinery Isolation is a special grade of. corkboard for absorb ing noise and vibration under moving machines such as fans, motors, etc. The natural resilience of cork and the fact that it does not "set" under pressure^ nor harden with age make it especially suitable for this use. Another advantage of Armstrong's Cork Machinery Isolation is that, being a manu factured product, its density can be varied to suit different conditions. Armstrong's is made in'six grades, or densities, from 1.1 to 1.66 lb. per board foot. By adapting the grade to weight and type of machine, much better results are obtained than by using a single grade for all installations. Armstrong's Cork Machinery Isolation is made in boards 12 by 36 by 1, 1V, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 in. thick. The standard boards may be sawed or cut into the desired shape or size as readily as lumber, and where large pads are required, they can be made in sections and cemented together. The density and thickness to be used cannot be determined accurately until such factors as the weight, speed and character of the machine to be isotated are known. Generally speaking, the grades which should be used under different classes of machines are as follows: Small fans, motors, generators, etc........ 1.10 to 1.20 Large fans, medium size motors and - generators, light machines and ma chine tools, etc......................... ................. 1.25 to 1.33 Heavy motors and generators, large machines and machine tools, en gines, etc.-- 1.50 to 1.66 Two methods of installing Armstrong's Cork Machinery Isolation are usually fol lowed. In the first, the foundation pits are lined with Armstrong's Cork Ma chinery Isolation on the bottom and sides. The foundation proper is then poured in on top of the cork. In the second, the cork is placed between the base of the machine and the foundation, floor or ceil ing, to which it is fastened. See figures below. \ 480 Furnaces, Warm Air Langenberg Manufacturing Co. 4549 No. Euclid Aye. St. Louis, Mo. Dealers in all parts of the United States A Quality Combination A FURNACE; Twin Sirocco Fan with S K F Bearings; New Design Casing. All assembled into the FRONTRANK UNIT HEATER Fuels-- - _ Any coal, coke or oil. Operates by fan or gravity. No by-pass dampers necessary. Churches, schools, stores, auditoriums, small factories, residences and garages where these plants have been installed and now operate successfully are our best references. We design and install our own systems anywhere in the United States or Canada. Diameter Inlet........................... 29* Height............'........................ --- 37* Length ........... .............. 38" Width....,....:...... .*...................... 48" Size of Outlet-............... .......... 23 x 45 Cu. ft. per min.--} in. static 7000 R.p.m--....................................... .275 Hp. of Motor.................................... 1 .481 Gages, Draft Lewis M. Ellison 214 West Kinzie Street Chicago, Ill- Products : ELLISON POINTER DRAFT GAGES, INCLINED DRAFT GAGES, VERTICAL DRAFT GAGES, INCLINED-VERTICAL DRAFT GAGES, IN CLINED PITOT TUBE GAGES, INCLINED AIR FILTER GAGES, SATURATOR PRESSURE GAGES, AND STEAM CALORIMETERS. DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED BY LEWIS M. ELLISON. Ellison Pointer Draft Gage: Straight-Line Vertical: This improved pointer draft gage, converting an arc into a straight line, is of remarkable accuracy and repeats precisely. It is of unusual sub stantial construction and is made in 1 to 12 readings with color code system of drafts. It has a powerful bell of 10 cu. in. displace ment. The bell and fulcrum knife edges are Ellison Tube Draft Gages: The famous Ellison Inclined Tube Gage, the recognized standard of accuracy in draft gages, was introduced in 1896. Water having a variable movement, a petroleum oil is used. Nearly all the gages have sliding scales for setting zero, re quiring no refilling for several years. The stationary gages have white enameled scales, and the open type inclined gages are equipped with micrometer levelers. Inclined Draft Gage: Made in .8 in. range for domesticfurnaces and in $4,1,8, 8, 4, 5,6 and 7$4 in. range, and in mm., for power boilers,suction.pressure or differential. Combination Inclined Draft Gage: By turning the handle, this gage reads furnace, flue or differential draft in 1 and 1$4 in. range, and in mm. secured against displacement with straps. The fulcrum knife edges are of hardened steel, 34 in. long. The bells have a common pan, with drain, and the liquid used is kerosene. The pan is filled thru a large tube, combining a filler and liquid level indicator. It is made for wall and panel mountings-- panel projection 1 in. The scales are of unusual visibility, 10 in. long, of uniform spacings, and are illumi nated from the back with a standard 15 watt bulb, one for nine pointers, which, with the casing white enameled inside, makes a most efficient lighting system. Multi-Tube Inclined Draft Gage: Made in 8, 8 and 4 tubes in 1 to 7$4 in. range, and in mm. suction, pressure or differential. 482 Lewis M. Ellison iS Gages, Draft Inclined Air Filter Gage: Indicates differential thru air filters and the time for cleaning filters, by setting the pointer at the highest reading that will dean the air properly. Made in $4 and 1 in. range, and in mm. Vertical Draft Gages: The open type is for portable use and is made in 5 and 10 in. range, and - in oz. The single tube cover type is for station ary use and is made in 4. 7. 18 and 80 in. range, and in cm. and oz. In multi-lube it is made in- 7 and 10 in. range, in 8 to 18 tubes, with back ..connections and with casing around the frame for panels. Inclined Draft Gage--Open Type: For technical institutions and power plant testing. With sliding scale and micrometer leveler. Made in 1, 1V4. 8, 8 and 6 in. range, and in mm., suction, pressure or differential. . Ellison U Path Steam Calorimeter: In this recently improved steam calorimeter, a remarkable performance of 2 degrees within the theoretical temperature is obtained. Differential System: For Pilot tubes and differential readings, preventing the liquid from blowing out in static pressures in excess of the scale . ,, range. A pplied to any of the inclined gages. Portable Inclined Draft Gage: ' For traveling engineers, light and compact. Made in $4, l, and 8 in. - range, with attachments and pressed aluminum carrying cases. Inclined-Vertical Draft Gage: The low. readings are multiplied in the indined tube, reading in .01 in. and in lfye vertical tube in .1 in. Made in 1 and 8 in. indined range and in 6,'8, 18,16 and 80 in. combined range, ' suction, pressure or differential. Steam enters and escapes at the top of the steam chamber, forming a U path. Momen tary excess moisture is separated and re-evaporated by the superheated steam, lowering the temperature on the superheat thermometer in direct proportion. This cycle forms a throttling, separating and re-evaporating calorimeter in a single steam chamber, which is steam jacketed by the down-flow escaping steam. The jacket steam is protected against chilling by a 1 in. insulating jacket on the sides and 134 in., on the top of the jacket, which is filled with lamp black and encased by a bright nickel plated casing. 483 /  --------- ;............... Grates = Economy Grate & Equipment Company, Inc. General Offices 410-412 East 34th Street, New York, N. Y. TELEPHONE, Vanderbilt 3397 A Typical Economy Water-cooled Grate Installation PRODUCTS.--Economy Water-Cooled Grates and Equipment for high and low pressure steam boilers and hot water boilers is an apparatus for reducing heating costs by burn ing the cheapest grades of coal, such as No. 3 buckwheat and anthracite screenings (which contains as many heat units per pounds as the larger sizes); will satisfactorily burn any of the coal substitutes such as screenings, coke breeze, dust or culm. Construction.--The Economy Equip ment is made of indestructible watercooled grate bars, 4 in. wide, 3 in. deep, and of the length required for the boiler furnace. The sides of the grate bars have vertical semicircular grooves extending from the top to the bottom. The grate bars are placed side by side, in an abutting position, so that the adjoined grooves form tubular channels and in each of these chan nels is placed an air distributor. The grate bars are cast with tongue and groove so that, when snugly fitted together, no air can come through the grate except through the air distributors which are perforated radially, causing the air to sweep across the .grate instead of blowing straight up. Thereby the fire burns evenly over every inch of grate surface eliminating dead spots at the end and sides. The grate bars are hollow, forming a waterway which is so shaped as to entirely surround each distributor, thus preventing it from ever burning out. Each grate bar has a screw head opening at either end, and is connected with manifolds by extra heavy wrought iron connections. By this means the water from the boiler circulates through each grate bar. All pipe con-; nections are outside of the firebox. This prevents leakage from expansion and contraction. The ashpit of the boiler is sealed, making an airtight chamber into which air is forced by an electric motor driven blower from whence it passes upward through the air distributors. . Guarantees.--If at any time within a period of ten years from date of installa tion, the Economy Grate Bars shall burn out, or prove defective or faulty in work manship, they are to be replaced without charge to purchaser. If at any time within a period of one year the motors shall prove. defective, they shall be replaced without charge. It is further guaranteed, ton for ton,, to deliver as much heat from a good grade of No. 3 buckwheat coal as was previously received from the larger sizes of anthracite coal. ` 484 Heat Cabinets i (See Trane Heating Specialties on pages 624 and 625; Trane Pumps on pages 564 and 565; and Unit Heaters on page 503.) The Trane Company Za OrossG, Wis. Heat Cabinets and Concealed Heaters Trane Heat Cabinets and Concealed Heaters take the place of exposed radiators on all types of heating systems. The Heat Cabinets are installed in the room and finished to match the furniture. The Concealed Heaters are entirely hidden in the wall with the exception of an air inlet at the baseboard and a grilled heat outlet in the wall. The Heating Unit The heating unit consists of two copper tubes to which a multiplicity of copper sheets are connected by a special process to increase the heating surface. There-are no soldered or welded joints in the entire heating unit and it will stand extremely high pressures. Heat By Convection Both the Heat Cabinet and Concealed Heater operate on the principle of convection. Cold air enters at the floor under the heater and is drawn up over the heating unit by the chimney effect of the cabinet or wall stack. The temperature of the room is controlled by a damper arrangement that regulates the amount of air flowing over the heater. . Capacities Capacities vary with height of wall stack or cabinet and length of heater. The Heat Cabinets are made in two widths--Standard and Double Capacity. The Standard is in. wide the Double Capacity is 12 in. Capacities range from 17 sq. ft. to 125 sq. ft. of equivalent direct radiation. Both are furnished in four heater lengths and three cabinet heights. . The Concealed Heaters are furnished in four lengths and four widths-- 4, 6, 8 and 12 in. Heat Cabinets are furnished complete. Concealed Heaters are furnished with shutter-grille, boot for con necting wall stack and grille, and heater. The Wall Stack is made up on the job from sheet metal according to specifications furnished. The Heating Unit Complete Details and Catalogs will be Furnished on Request 485 Heaters, Air Circulating Circulair Heat, Inc. 50 Church Street New York 215 Central Avenue Louisville, Ky. 1916 Builders Building Chicago CIRCULAIR We announce a new Method of Heating which economically achieves uniform, comfortable* healthful warmth by scientifically utilizing Induced Circulation of Air. ClRCUtAIR! ' . A Concealed Type which does not intrude upon the Decorative Scheme nor usurp Floor Space. Cabinet Types which afford all the advantages of the Scientific Method and readily lend themselves to any Decorative Treatment desired. . . We announce, coincidentally, the development, under the direction of Willis H. Carrier, of highly-perfected equipment which realizes the full possibilities of the method. . Fig. 1 Circulair is now available in heater lengths from 12 to 48 in. in increments of 6 in., representing heating capacities, in equivalent square feet of cast iron radiation of from 8 to 105 per Unit; in the Concealed Type, Figs. 1 and 2; the tall shallow Cabinet Type (which extends but 4 in. from the wall),.Fig. 4; or the short, deeper Cabinet Type, Fig. 5. Circulair Method By housing the heat-element in the base of a stack a strong upward convection current is induced. The stream of warmed air from the upper grille is deflected horizontally into the room, moving gently across it, to be reversed and drawn back into the lower grille. This effects a continuous draftless circulation which warms the zone of occu pancy above the floor and avoids excessive overhead overheating. The result is uniform comfort throughout the room. Above the heater is an easily adjustable air-tight damper (See Figs;) which regulates the volume of air pass ing through the Circu lair and thus flexibly and instantaneously regulates the quantity of heat admitted to Fig. the room. Real heat . '' . Fig. S 486 Circulair Heat, Ihc. Heaters, Air Circulating control at last, independent of the heating medium, infinitely variable at will, between none and full capacity, and instantly responsive. Contemplate the manifold advantages of this--in comfort, health, convenience and economy! Then note, Fig. 3, that Circulair provides means of introducing Fresh Air, through any desired Unit, with out drafts, without opening windows, without dis turbing the uniform temperature of the room! (Patents pending.) Note, further, Fig. 4, that Circulair provides a tall, shallow Cabinet (Patents pending) which makes avail able to existing buildings all the advantages of the Concealed Type itself, salvaging most of the space heretofore occupied by a "radiator," not only, but all of the adjacent space which the "radiator" rendered untenable. This is a boon to those forced to sit or stand near a "radiator," as in an office, a small. - Fig. 4 room of any description, or in a restaurant, since the tall Circulair Cabinet, replacing the "radiator" discharges its warmed air overhead and does not "radiate" from its front panel. . Circulair Equipment The heat-element, a scientific conductor, rather than a "radiator," since air is heated almost wholly by conduction, is designed for maximum heat transmission and built to outlast the enclosing structure. It is entirely non-corrosive and absolutely freeze-proof. The Figures afford some conception of its many advanced features and of the care and study expended in the design of the grilles and cabinets. Figs. 6 and 7 show dimensions of heater units. Stack heights vary from 15 to 85 in. The largest Circulair Heater Unit, capacity 105 sq. ft. equivalent cast iron "radiation" weighs but 53 lbs.! ' Complete Information is contained in a beautifully illustrated Booklet (A.I.A. File 30c4) which will be mailed gratis upon request. Fig. 5 j lI i Fig. 6 487 Fig. 7 Heaters, Concealed ROME BRASS RADIATOR CORPORATION 1 East 42nd Street, New York City BOSTON PHILADELPHIA PITTSBURGH CHICAGO K A -welded brass radiator 20 per cent the size and 20 per cent the weight of cast iron radiators. What It Is: Each section of the Robras 20-20 is made up of two pressed sheets of brass welded together over two shouldered nipples, one at each end. Flat brass fins are attached at right angles to both sides. The sections are fastened together by hexagonal spacers into which are threaded the shouldered nipples. The usual traps and fittings for hot water, steam and vapor are used. How It Works: Because of this high conductivity of brass, hot water, steam or vapor heat is rapidly changed into room heating by this Robras 20-20. The fins on both sides of each section accel erate the speed of this heat transferred be cause they offer unobstructed surface. The arrangement of these fins form numbers of tiny flues, between the sections through which the hot air rises rapidly, thus speeding up the room heating. One method of in stalling Robras SO-SO * the walls. How They Are Installed: Robras radiators can be had inanynumber of sections in lengths ranging from 18 to 70 inches. . They can be had connected laterally or tiered. An 18 inch section contains 5.5 sq. ft. A 70 inch section contains 25 sq. ft. This allows almost any desired amount of radiation to be installed'in almost any given space. In walls, in base boards, under stairs and in any sort of cabinets. Where The Saving Lies: The saving in installing Robras 20-20 radiators is in the installation cost. A steamfitter and helper can in a day, set up three times as many feet of this radiator as they can cast iron radiators. The light weight makes carrying and handling charges so much less. Robras 20-20 never needs painting. It can not be harmed by freezing and it is practically indestructible. Our trained engi neers are competent, to send proper in formation on any heating or venti lating problem. We will send Robras dimensions, ratings, prices and dis counts. 488 Heating and Humidifying Unit, Air C. G. Shipp & Company Indianapolis, Indiana, U. S. A. AUTOMATIC Trade Mark J)- J Reg. U. S. Pat. Office SANITARY VENTILATING AND HUMIDIFYING UNITS* . for ` SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS AND OTHER PUBLIC BUILDINGS Three vital and important factors are assured by the use of any Standard Column Legless Radiator when equipped with Automatic D-I Sanitary Ventilating .. and Humidifying Units HEAT.......................... Distributed properly and automatically to every corner of the room. MOISTURE.............. In just the proper percentage assured automatically and without noise. ' VENTILATION____Controlled automatically by the temperature within the room, . without drafts and without the use of mechanical appliances of any kind, or the services of an expert operating engineer. Thus it will be seen that the D-I System is a natural, easy, simple, efficient and economical way of obtaining heat, ventilation and humidity for old and new buildings See Pages 490, 491, 492, 493. *Copyrighted, 19S7, C. C. Shipp & Company 489 C. C. Shipp & Company Heating and Humidifying Unit, Air CAPACITIES OF THE AUTOMATIC D-I SANITARY VENTILATING UNITS No. of Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Size of D-I Wall Box Inches 8x20 8x24 6x30IOi/2 s 20 IOV2* 24 10/2*30 Cu. Ft. Air per Min. 180 240 300 270 330 420 ' C.f.m. Air per Pupil 30 30 30 30 30 30 Kadiators Covered 8 10 12 10 12 14 (1) D-I Ventilating Wall Box with Storm Louvers, Insect Screen, Special Ad justable Extension Sleeve and Adjust able Controlling Fresh Air Damper with dust-proof and non-corroding hinges. (2) D-I Adjustable Controlling Fresh Air Damper. . (3) 2 x 4-inch Wood Frame around ends, . top and bottom of Sleeve, room side --Edge to set flush with finished plastering. (4) D-I Adjustable Sanitary Ventilating Box Base. (5) Recirculating Air Damper. (6) D-I Adjustable Air Diffusers with Removable Rolls. (7) D-I Adjustable Fresh Air Damper Indicator. Patented August 23, 1921 Patented December 15, 1925 Patented March 9, 1926 (8) D-I Automatic Fresh Air Damper Control. (9) Bottom of Sleeve to set not less than 8 in. from the finished floor. Automatic D-I Sanitary Ventilating Unit for Legless Radiator showing Air Recirculating Feature Furnished for any standard make or* Height, one,- two-, three- or four-column radiators', covering as many sections as required, not including two sections at each end. (10) Three-Column 38 in. D-I Legless Radiator, bracketed from wall. (11) Back of radiator to set 1% in. from finished wall to. provide sufficient space for D-I Automatic Fresh Air Damper Control. ' (12) From center of tapping to extreme top of radiator--33 H in.. Note.--(G) When requesting quotations, this measurement should be given overall, together with thickness of finished wall. ' (13) From finished floor to center of radia tor tapping--11in. Copyrighted, 1927; C. C. Shipp & Company 490 C. C. Shipp & Company Heating and Humidifying Unit, Air CAPACITIES OF THE AUTOMATIC D-I SANITARY VENTILATING UNITS No. Size of D-I Wall Box ' of Series . Inches 2 3 4. 5 6 8x20 8x24 8x30 IO>/2 x 20 lO'A x 24 loft x 30 Cu. Ft. Air per Mia. 180 240 300 270 330 420 C.fjn. Air per Pupil 30 30 30 30 30 30 Sections of Radiators Covered 8 10 12 10 12 14 Model S Patented August 23, 1921 Patented December 15. 1925 Patented- March 9, 1926 Automatic D-I Sanitary Ventilating Unit for Legless Radiator showing Air Recirculating Feature Furnished for any standard make or height, one,- two-, three- or four-column radiators, covering as many sections as required, not including two sections at each end. Note.--When requesting quotations, thickness of finished wall should be given. . (1) D-I Ventilating Wall Box with Storm Louvers, Insect Screen, Adjustable Extension Sleeve and Adj ustable Con trolling Fresh Air Damper with dustproof and non-corroding hinges. (2) D-I Adjustable Controlling Fresh Air Damper. (3) 2 x 4-inch Wood Frame around ends, top and bottom of Sleeve, room side --Edge to set flush with finished plastering; (4) D-I Adjustable Sanitary Ventilating Box Base. (5) Recirculating Air Damper. (6) D-I Adjustable Air Diffusers with Removable Rolls. (7) D-I Adjustable Fresh Air Damper Indicator. (8) D-I Automatic Fresh Air Damper Control. (9) Bottom of Wall Box to set not less than 8 in. from finished floor. (10) Three-Column 38 in. D-I Legless Radiator, bracketed from wall. (11) Back of radiator to set 1% in. from finished wall to provide sufficient space for D-I Automatic Fresh Air Damper Control. (12) From center of tapping to extreme 1 top of radiator--33H in. (13) From finished floor to center of radia tor tapping--1134 in. Copyrighted, 1927, C. C. Shipp & Company 491 C. C Shipp & Company //eafmg an</ Humidifying Unit, Air AMERICAN AUTOMATIC VENTILATORS Diameter Inches 32 42 48 54 58 60 Area in Sq. In. 78 113 153 201 254 314 380 452 530 615 706 804 907 1017 1134 1256 1385 1520 1661 1809 1963 . 2123 2290 2463 2642 2827 Shipping Weight 20 25 35 45 48 60 70 78 94 110 140 155 165 197 225 250 275 300 350 378 400 425 450 500 575 660 . List Price $23.24 28.24 33.74 43.74 45.00 46.88 51.24 54.38 61.24 65.00 68.74 81.24 87.50 92.50 112.50 125.00 130.00 142.50 152.50 162.50 175.00 . 187.50 '200.00 217.50 230.00 245.00 NOTE.--Furnished in galvanized iron only unless otherwise ordered. Base extra. - AMERICAN STATIONARY VENTILATORS Diameter Inches 12 16 24 30 54 60 A ' Area in Sq. In. 113 153 201 254 314 380 706 1017 1385 1809 2290 2827 . Shipping Weight 40 50 60 70 90 100 150 210 350 450 570 700 List Price $ 7.12 10.24 15.74 19.36 25.00 31.24 42.50 67.50 90.00 115.00 137.50 168.74 Note.--American Ventilators are received by all transportation companies under Classification One, double rate. !. Shipp & Company METHOD OF CALCULATION FOR D-I SANITARY VENTILATING AND HUMIDIFYING UNITS The following method of calculation for amount of air required is based on. State requirements of Indiana, and will naturally vary in states where the requirements are different: However, the general principles of the method will apply to all cases. 1. The amount of Direct Radiation installed, which is not enclosed with the 492 C. C. Shipp & Company Healing and Humidifying Unit, Air.- Air Diffusers, is that required for the ex times as much steam as ordinary direct posed wall and glass. This Radiation is radiation. Therefore, the four radiators in determined in the following manner: | the room will be equivalent to 2^ X 240 = 2. Multiply square feet of glass surface in room by 89, if from zero to 70 deg.; or by 99 if from --10 deg. to 70 deg. 3. Multiply the net wall by 27, if from zero to 70 deg., or by 37 if from --10 deg. to 70 deg. 4. Add results of 2 and 3, and divide by 250. This will give you the square ieet of direct radiation necessary to overcome heat losses through glass and walls, which in the average school room is 120 to 140 sq. ft. Add 10 per cent to above figures for north or west exposures. 5. To determine the number of Wall Boxes required, first determine the number of pupils for the room. This can be ob tained by dividing the cubical contents of the room by 225 (allowing 225 cu. ft. of contents per pupil). 6. Multiply the number of pupils by the amount of air required for each pupil per minute, which, for Indiana, is 30. Thisgives the total amount of the air required for the room per minute. 7. Divide the total amount of air re quired per minute by the capacity of the Wall Box to determine the number of boxes required. 8. Example: Assemble a room designed for 34 pupils; then, 34 X 30 (cu. ft. of air per minute per pupil) equals 1020 cu. ft. per minute; 1020 c.f.m. divided by 300 (capacity of 8 x 30 in. Wall Box) equals 3.4, or it will be necessary to use four 8 x 30 in. Wall Boxes. 600 -f- 120, or a total of 720 sq. ft. of direct radiation. 12. If the building is an eight-room school house, it will require 8 X 720 plus' whatever direct radiation there may be required in the halls, toilets, offices, etc. 13. Say there are 500 sq. ft. of radiation in the halls, etc. Then 8 X 720 -- 5760 sq. ft.; 5760 sq. ft. + 500 sq. ft. -- 6260 sq. ft. The size of the boiler, together with the supply and return piping, should be based on an equivalent of 6260 sq. ft. of radia tion, making due allowances for mains and risers. We recommend, on account of better air distribution, the use of four Wall.Boxes for the ordinary class room, the size de pending, of course, upon the requirements. Do not use tube radiation. Do not use radiation less than 26 in. high. All Ventilating Radiators should be legless. Ventilating Radiators for one pipe steam should be tapped 1% in. up to 70 sq. ft., inclusive, all above 70 sq. ft. 2 in. Ventiiating Radiators for two-pipe steam should be tapped lH in. Each class room should be provided with a suitable foul air vent-flue, constructed on the opposite side of the room from the ventilating radiators. The size of this foul air vent-flue is based upon the number of pupils in the room. The State of Indiana requires 16 sq. in. in the foul air vent-flue 9. Therefore, there will be required in the room four radiators, with a Wall Box for each radiator. Since, when , using an 8 x 30 in. Wall Box, twelve sections of 3-column 38 in. radiator are enclosed by the air diffusers, there will be 60 sq. ft., of radiation enclosed in each radiator, or a total of 240 sq. ft. for ventilation. 10. To the preceding amount must be added the direct radiation required for wall and glass. Assume this to be 120 sq. ft. There would then be a total of 240 sq. ft. plus 120 sq. ft., making 360 sq. ft. in the room. . for each pupil. Aspirating Radiators should be installed in each foul air ventflue, allowing % sq. ft. per pupil on the first floor and sq. ft. on the second floor. AH Foul Air Ventilating Flues should be connected to a foul air collecting chamber or chambers constructed in attic. The size of collecting chamber or.chambers should be 10 per cent larger than the combined free area of all ventilating flues connecting into same. The foul air collecting cham ber or chambers should be connected to a revolving automatic ventilator on the roof of the building of sufficient size and ca pacity to meet all requirements. . 11. In designing the boiler, take special notice that the 240 sq. ft, of indirect radia tion, or those sections enclosed in the Air Diffusers will condense two and one-half In determining size of American Auto matic Ventilator one-half sq. in. free area in ventilator should be allowed to each one sq. in. of free area in foul air vent-flue. Copyrighted, 1987, C. C. Shipp &: Company 493 Heaters, Air Home Office 1490 S. Vandeventer Avenue, St. Louis, Mo. Eastern Office 1013 Flatiron Bldg., New York, N. Y. Baltimore.. Boston______ Buffalo........ Chicago........ Cleveland. Detroit....... .2 E. Lexington Street Indianapolis.......................................... G21 Illinois Bldg. ........... .723 Little Bldg. Kansas City.................................................Mutual Bldg. -310Walbridge Bldg.. Philadelphia........................1011 Pennsylvania Bldg. ........170l Fisher-Bldg. Pittsburgh..............................................715 Magee Bldg. ..612 Marshall Bldg. Seattle.................................. 929 Dexter Horton. Bldg. .............W...*.a..sEEh,aaini-tOgo-Unto-T1-nW-o..Ww....Ce..1..r...UB...il.ud..g.g............w.S..r.p.w.o..c..wk..aw...n..wo3e1--i.o,,2_...T.......i..v.......o......l...i........rB.......il..dh.....g..<....................................409 First Avenue Sales Offices in Principal Cities Factories at ST. LOUIS, MO. and ELIZABETH, N. J. Sole and exclusive manufacturers of Skinner Bros. (Baetz Patent) Air Heater, Skinner Bros. Direct Fired Heater, Skinner Bros. LightweightCopper Heater, Skinner Bros. Revolving Siphon Ventilator, Skinner Bros. Slow Speed Low Power Dust Collecting System, Skinner Bros. Patent Fan Blast Dryer Outfit, and exhaust heads, blow piping, slow speed fans, buffing and emery wheel systems, machine guards. SKINNER BROS. STEAM COIL HEATER Recommended for heating, ventilating, air conditioning industrial buildings, regardless of size, whether of permanent or temporary con struction, sawtooth or monitor, single or . multistory. In paper and pulp mills, dyehouses, packing plants, laundries, dairies and buildings in which steam vapor, condensation and drippage are troublesome, Skinner Bros. Steam Coil Heaters are installed to eliminate these conditions. Installations in thousands of buildings throughout the country demonstrate their versatility and ability to heat buildings of any type of construction.. Skinner Bros. Steam Coil Heaters are built in eight standard sizes and three models deliver ing from 75,000 to 4,630,000 B.t.u. per hour, . and ranging in floor space occupied from 2 x 2 ft. to 7 x 7 ft. However, they are con- \ Il.aUr structed in sizes and dimensions to fit the requirements they are called upon to fill in capacity and space occupied. For use where floor space is at great premium we supply an inverted type for overhead suspension. Outlet hoods are designed, to accommodate the conditions found in the buildings, one-, two-, three-way, round or rectangular, being supplied. Skinner Bros. Steam Coil Heaters function equally well with either live or exhaust steam, and high or low pressure may be used. The coils of every heater are tested with 150 Jbs. of hydraulic pressure before leaving the factory. Whatever power is available may be used to propel the fans. . The performance of the heaters is guaranteed when they are installed as directed by our engineers. 494 Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Healers, Air DIMENSIONS AND CAPACITIES Skinner Bros. Two-Fan Four-Inlet Steam Coil Heaters Heater Designation `Height* Floor Space Covered ' H.P. Motor R. P. M. C. F. M. B.ui per Hour. Air Entering at 0" F. 5 lbs. Steam | 100 lbs. Steam 224f 336 336B 448 4488 560 672 784 y 3>/2* y WiK V Wz' 6' 3* V 0>/2' V 2V 6* 8' 2" i 2' 4**2'-' 4* ( V y Vx3> v 1/2 y 4'j3/ 4' l 4' 4U4f V ( 2 V2 4' 4'x4' 4' f l y 5'x5' 5* 2 2/z 6' 6'x6' 6* i i \ 5. 7' 6*x7' 6* / Wl l 10 j 490 635 620 490 620 544 600 525 600 400 480 460 500 Not including outlet which is made to fit requirements. fMade in 1 fan. 2 inlet style only. ,1,850 2,450 4,500 5,800 4,500 5,800 5,200 6,000 6,000 7,000 8,300 10,000 12,000 14,400 26,000 28,500 125,000 159,000 352,400 460,000 429,000 544,000 612,500 668,000 736,000 803.000 995,000 1,166,300 1,453,000 1,727.000 2,780,000 2,960,000 206,000 265,000 589,000 770,000 716,000 910,000 935,000 1,020,000 1,125,000 1.230,000 1,538,000 1,825,000 2,222,800 2,560,400 4,400,000 4,630,000 Designed for use in buildings in which steam is not available. A heater that burns bituminous or anthracite coal. coke. wood, gas or oil. It is the pioneer of its type and not only has proved performance in factories, mills, shops, garages and industrial buildings of all kinds, but has been widely recommended by contractors for preventing the freezing of concrete, plaster and other materials during winter construction. Skinner Bros. Direct Fired Heaters are built in sizes, delivering from 150,000 to 1,000,000 B.t.u. . SKINNER BROS. REVOLVING SIPHON VENTILATORS A roof ventilator designed to embrace the last word in efficiency and at the same time be so simple in construction that the possibilities of getting out of order are entirely eliminated. Skinner Bros. Revolving Siphon Ventilators, therefore, have shown themselves to require no attention whatsoever, once they are installed. - . ' a,')03)t`0n m which the open face is at right angles with the direction of theZind.Inthis wSSon f the ^mrable or 1uv7es putting into operation the siphon principle which ventifator * fumes in the room below to be siphoned up the stack and but through the face of the Rain falling directly downward runs off the top. and when the rain or snow is blown in a slanting direction the face of the ventilator is automatically turned from the windward. Ball bearings and a . hardened steel pivot bearing minimize all possible friction. A counter-balanced damper in the stack closes the ventilator when desired. Stocked in galvanized iron in 26 standard sizes, and made of sheet copper .on order. . ... The following table is based upon the capacities of Skinner. Bros. Revolving Siphon Ventilators operating in the average wind velocity of the ten largest cities in the United States. The wind velocities used are those reported by the U. S. Weather Bureau. Therefore, these figures are accurate for normal weather conditions in various parts of the country. Size 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 . 44 46 48 50 52 54 . 56 58 60 Gauge 24 24 24 22 . 22 22 22 22 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 .20 18 18 18 18 18 16 18 16 16 16 Cu. Ft. per Hr. 29,040 41,400 56,460 73,920 93,240 115,200 139,380 165,840 194,400 .225,720 259,200 294,840 332,880 373,200 415,800 . 460,800 507,960 557,520 609,360 660,000 720,000 778,800 839,760 903,000 968.760 1,036,800 495 i i . ' . '^ . t Healers, Unit Modine Manufacturing Co. Racine, Wisconsin Sales Offices in Principal Cities - Manufacturers of Unit Heaters, Cabinet Heaters, Concealed Radiation Unit Heaters This heating unit is the result of years of effort to produce a heater combining great heat transfer capacity with minimum weight and simplicity. One TherModine Unit Heater weighing 125 lb. will deliver more effective heat than 5,000 lb. of ordinary cast iron radiation depending upon gravity circulation. Construction---Consists of three major parts: the condenser assembly, manifold and frame assembly, and the fan and motor assembly. Condenser is of copper construction that cannot leak, rust or corrode. Is so attached to manifold and frame assembly that full allowance is made for expansion. Flexibility--Exclusive directional advantage. Unit can be rotated in any direction on vertical axis after loosening union in feed and return connections. , Vertical control is provided by adjustable deflectors. Will deliver.a stream of heated air to the floor from a maximum height of 12 ft. Light Weight--Easily Installed--Light weight makes it possible to suspend all models from steam main. A 2 in. main is sufficient to support it- No other brackets or rods are necessary. CAPACITIES Heat Deliveries In B.t.u. per Hour with 5 lb. Steam Room Temperature Degrees 50 60 65 70 Model 101 26,800 24.900 23.900 22,800 Model 201 43,700 42,400 41,200 40.500 Model 301 66,700 61,300 60,000 . 57,000 Model 50! 139,100 . 131,300 126,000 121,900 - Model 701 178,800 167.000 160.000 153.100 With Water at 170 deg. fahr. Average Temperature Room Temperature Degrees 50 60 65 70 Model 102 14,600 13,400 12.300 11,800 Model 202 28.300 26,000 24,700 24,000 Model . 302 Model 502 35.600 32,100 30,000 28.600 79,500 70,900 .. 68,000 ' 64,000 Model 702 99.100 89,700 82,500 . 79,500 Model 701. 702. 501. 502 301. 302. 201. 202 101.102 Height Inches 24s/, I6>/. 12 OVERALL DIMENSIONS Width Inches 20'/z 1336 12 Depth Inches 17 11 11 Inipt Tapped Outlet Tapped Inches Inche* 2 I'A . i'/. % % l'/4 Weight LM< 125 75 40 496 Modine Manufacturing Co. Healers, Unit Cabinet Heaters The TherModine Cabinet Heater consists of a copper condenser so placed at the bottom of a metal cabinet that air coming in con tact with the condenser is quickly heated. The Cabinet acts as a stack causing the heated air to rise and be discharged through a grille near the"top of the Cabinet. The TherModine Cabinet Heater is composed of two parts: the TherModine Heating Section Type H, and the Cabinet. The Heating Section or condenser consists of a series of flattened copper tubes held rigidly in place by copper fins perpendicular to the tubes. Metal tanks or headers receive the ends of the tubes, acting as manifolds for the entering steam and returning condensation. The condenser is of unusual heat transfer capacity, cannot leak, rust or corrode and is built to outlast cast iron radiation. The Cabinet, substantially constructed of auto body steel, sets over condenser, entirely free of any connections to condenser, floor or wall. Because of its light weight, Cabinet . may easily be removed by simply lifting it from condenser. This greatly facilitates cleaning around the condenser. Cabinets are furnished with a priming coat and may be finished to harmonize with the decorative scheme of the room. As the top of the Cabinet never becomes excessively warm, it may be used as a shelf for books, bric-a-brac, etc. TherModine Type C Humidifiers are furnished with all cabinets. The Humidifier is a water pan extending the full width of the Cabinet and is so arranged that there is a slight circulation of air over the surface of the water. Convenient means of filling are provided. TherModine Cabinets are supplied with a close fitting damper for modulating the flow of heat into the room. The heat flow is controlled manually by setting the damper. The damper can also be operated by automatic temperature regulating systems. A radiator valve is not necessary but is advisable for the purpose of shutting off the.steam. The light weight of the TherModine Heating Section is best exemplified by a com parison with cast iron radiation. A TherModine Section weighing 11 lb. is equivalent . to 50 sq. ft. of cast iron radiation weighing approximately 350 lb. The TherModine Cabinet for this section weighs about 25 lb. . TherModine Cabinet Heaters are manufactured in a wide range of sizes to meet the requirements of rooms of various dimensions. ; 497 Heaters, Unit Established 1894 John J. Nesbitt, Inc.. Manufacturers of The Universal Heating and Ventilating Unit . ' Executive Offices and Factory . State Road and Rhawn Street, Holmesburg Junction, Philadelphia, Pa. 405Branch Office, Lexington Avenue, New York City Sales and-Service Through Offices of the American Blower Co. . In all Principal Cities of United States and Canada Products Manufacturers of the "UNIVERSAL" combined Heating and Ventilating Unit (Portable'Unit Ventilators), also "UNI VERSAL" air filters. "UNIVERSAL" Unit System of Heating and Ventilating A mechanical system of ventilation for supplying fresh warm air directly from out of doors for use wherever good- ventilation is required and par ticularly suitable for school house ventilation. "UNIVERSAL" Combined Heating and Ventilating Unit The Unit is built in sizes ranging from 500 to 4000 C.f.m. . . .^ Capacity ' Ci.m. - Height Inches 400- 750 ~~ 900-1500 2000 . 36 36 48 Length Inches 27 43 43 All sizes can' bearranged for floor or ceiling mounting. Depth Inches 14 14 18 Radiator Standard " UNIVERSAL " Units are supplied with a radiator which consists of horizontal seamless copper tubes, the ends of which are connected to a cast iron header by means of ground joints. Over these tubes are hydraulically pressed thin copper plates or fins properly spaced. Hydraulic pressure insures abso lute heat transfer from tube to fin. making the whole a highly efficient unit. This type is particularly sturdy arid rigid and will give permanent service. Tested at 100 lb. pressure. . "UNIVERSAL" Air Filters The use of air filters is especially recommended for buildings located in congested .manufacturing dis tricts. or where the air is heavily laden with dust or soot. "UNIVERSAL''airfiltersare the adhesivejm- . pingement type, designed to fit in the fresh air intake of the "UNIVERSAL" Unit. In this location the . velocity of air over the entire surface of the filter is uniform with the result that an equal amount of work is imposed throughout its entire area. Com bined with this ideal location is a set arrangement, which provides ease and simplicity of removal and replacement, when cleaning is necessary. Fans "UNIVERSAL" Fans are of the multi-blade low speed double inlet type, designed to operate at 800 r.p.m., plus or minus 5 per cent. The fans are rigidly constructed of aluminum with special care given to balance. Fans are mounted on doubleextended ends of the motor shaft. ' Motor . The "motor of the "UNI VERSAL'* Unit is supplied for quiet operation on any character of current. The use of a motor generator set is no longer necessary with this system, but will be furnished upon request. Volume Control . When a fine adjustment is desired for obtaining either a larger or smaller volume of air than a given set of fans discharge from a given line voltage, air volume regulators will be furnished. Air volume regulators con sist of curved plates, which may be readily adjusted to further open or close the fan discharge opening. The re duction of the air delivery results in a corresponding reduction of current con sumed. Three-Point Lead Mounting The motorand fanassembly of the "UNIVERSAL" Unit is mounted in the cabinet on three steel ball points. These points rest on lead liners, supported by angles from the side of the casing. This three-point lead mounting has made possible the use of alternating current motors with a permanent and rigid supporting device. Verticalsection, end removed, UNIVERSAL UNIT. Series No. J4-3643- Fresh air intake through wall box arid grille near bottom of Unit. This Unit can be recessed to depth of 4 in. as shovm, recess be 60 in.' long by 36 in. high, or can be recessed 2 in. in 42 in. long recess 36 in. high. Standard practice places the Unit Aush urith the inside wall 498 Catalogue and Engi neers' Data Book A copy of our "Catalogue and Engineers' Data Book" containing complete engi neering data, specifications, etc., on "UNIVERSAL" Unit Ventilation' System, will be furnished upon re quest toourexecutive office. Healers, Unit Pecco Incorporated . Main Office and Factory 2957 North Market Street St. Louis, Missouri, U. S. A. , Davenport, Iowa . Columbus. Ohio District Sales Offices Cincinnati, Ohio New York, N- Y. Baltimore, Md. Boston, Mass. Pecco Steam Units Pecco Unit Heaters are built in two types, Steam Coil and Direct Fired. The advantage of these units as illustrated, is in the fact that they are designed to operate in accordance with natural laws. The cooler air is drawn off the floor and the warm air discharged out in a horizontal direction above the working zone. In this way a constant circulation is maintained in the working zone which produces more uniform temperatures and keeps the heat down where it is wanted. This circulation prevents excessive loss of heat to the upper levels.* ~ ,. Pecco Heaters are built to- the highest kind of standards. The steam coils are guaranteed for any steam pressure up to 125 lb. and the fan units are of the very best design, carefully balanced and operating on ball bearings. .Capacities range from 130,000 B.t.u. to 1,700,000 B.t.u. when recirculating air at 60 deg. Chicago, III. Pittsburgh, Pa. Direct Fired Type Direct Fired Type The Pecco Direct Fired Heater, which burns either coal, coke, gas, wood or oil, is built on the same principle as the Steam Unit and is just as effective in maintaining proper temperatures near the floor over large areas. We also manufacture .a light weight copper tube fin type heater for smaller buildings or special conditions. We maintain an organization of experienced heating engineers who are ready to serve you in working out your heating problems. Ask for catalogs or for the assistance of our engineers. 499 Heaters, Unit Peerless Unit Ventilation Company, Inc. Heating and Ventilating Systems Industrial Heating Units 718-34 Crescent Avenue, Bridgeport, Conn. New York. N. Y.. 369 Lexington Avenue Boston. Mass., 100 Boylston Street Buffalo. N.Y., 135 University Avenue r Cleveland. Ohio. 1836 Euclid Avenue _ Sales ` Offices j Chicago, III., 808 Monadnock Building Detroit, Mich., 1214 Lafayette Building Minneapolis. Minn.. 240 Seventh Avenue. S. Harrisburg, Pa.. 705 Telegraph Building [Portland, Ore., 927 Board of Trade Building Canada: Darling Brothers, Ltd., 77 York Street. Toronto. Ont. Products "PeerVent" and "Peerless" Heating and Ventilating Units, for Schools, Hospitals, Libraries, Churches, Dormi tories, Club Rooms, Theaters, Banks, Offices, Auditoriums and other Buildings where many people con gregate. fc,"peerless" Industrial Heating Units (used in place of cast iron radiators), for Factories, Garages and other Industrial Buildings. "PeerVent" and "Peerless" Heating-Ventilating Units This Company makes two types of heat ing and ventilating units--"PeerVent" and "Peerless"--both intended for the same service but differing in design and construction. Only the PeerVent Unit is illustrated in these pages. Information about Peerless Units will be sent on request. Units of various sizes and capacities are furnished. For schools, the usual standard of ventilation is 30 cu. ft. of air per minute for each pupil. A radiator large enough to heat this volume of incoming air to any desired degree, from very low outdoor temperatures, is provided in each PeerVent Unit. Ordinary direct radiation is commonly installed in addition to the PeerVent Units, but the direct radiation is used only for extreme conditions--such as ex ceptionally cold weather. Cold rooms can be heated quickly with PeerVent Units, before being occupied, by means of recirculation. The recircula tion damper (operated by hand at the unit or pneumatically from a remote point) shuts off the flow of incoming air from outdoors, and allows the fans to draw in air from within the room through a grille near the bottom of the unit. Thus the air in the room is recirculated through the unit until it is warmed to the required temperature. Then the recirculation and fresh air damper moves back to the position which allows fresh air to enter from outdoors. When a room is unoccupied, the fresh- air and recirculation damper can be closed and the radiator in the unit used for such limited heating as is then desirable. The motor and fans need not be operated Operation of "PeerVent" Units The illustrations on the following page show clearly how the PeerVent Heating and Ventilating Unit operates. The system consists of a series of units--one unit usually for each room requiring ventilation. Each unit operates in dependently and each room gets exactly the required amount of heat and fresh air --without waste of fuel. . . The standard unit is usually placed beneath a window--it is only 36 in. high and 14 in. deep--but many adaptions are available, including concealed and semi-concealed types, for a wide range of architectural requirements. PeerVent Heating and Ventilating Unit 500 Peerless Unit Ventilation Company, Inc. Heaters, Unit during periods of vacancy, or until shortly before the room is to be used, when the temperature can be raised to normal by starting the fans and recirculating the air in the room as explained above. Advantages Each PeerVent Unit is entirely in dependent, and the operating expense is per room, proportional to the demand of that room only,.regardless.of condition's in other parts of the building. Rooms which are naturally cold get the extra heat required. Opening windows in one room cannot affect any other room, and each unit can be operated at the lowest possible cost for the work to be done. Because the discharge of heated air from the PeerVent Unit is vertical, desks can be placed close to the Unit without discomfort. There are no drafts. PeerVent Heating and Ventilating Unit with Front ' Plate Removed The motor and fans are wholly enclosed, space than ordinary radiators. The unit and mounted in a way that eliminates system reduces structural costs, eliminates vibration and insures noiseless operation. large and expensive apparatus and appar There is nothing in the PeerVent Unit atus rooms, boiler pits, etc. to cause trouble. The only wearing parts Ventilation can be stopped instantly are the motor bearings, which are of when a unit-equipped room is unoccupied. phosphor-bronze, sleeve type. All parts One or two rooms used after hours can be .of the unit are easily accessible; in fact, it ventilated separately and economically. can be dismantled entirely and reas The cost of ventilating rooms not used is sembled in a few minutes, without tools. completely eliminated. No user has ever encountered mechanical The PeerVent System requires no trouble with PeerVent Units. . built-in or sheet metal ducts or warm air PeerVent Units occupy little more 1 passages of any kind to waste heat through radiation and collect dust, germs and vermin; no passage for smoke to cause fire panic. Catalogues Catalogues of PeerVent Heating and Ventilating Units and Peerless Industrial Unit Heaters will be sent on request. Otecfeargtjprflte Uek.rtieJd whr* 'ftaiiafer-iaiWe- Cross Section of Standard PeerVent Unit 501 Waif box wiih<[ .stationary kxnrrei. Peerless Unit Ventilation Company, Inc. Healers, Unit Engineering Data--PeerVent Heating and Ventilating Units Entering Air +10 Wofe.--B.tn. valu 3, B.tu. aTObUeior hrata- pojpcara,< 2' With fans stooped ments for heating indicated C-f-Oi- to 70 deg. Where valuM &charge temperature is lower than we woold reconunena and we snggest the use of next larger te PeerVent. --------------- :--------------- - ----- Dimensions * Unit No. Maxi- I Maxi mum ! mum Number Cu. Ft. of per Pupils Minute Height. Depth. Length Overall Outside .36' ..14' Fresh Air Intake 8>/2xB ! Approxi mate Shipping Weight Lb. Power Con sumption in Watts PIPING DATA Steam and Return--5*/$ in. from Back of Unit Steam Size (see note) Return Size (see note) { Gravity System Vacuum Gravity [ Vacuum System I System System 36331 36332 36333 36334 36335 36336 36337 36338 13 60 20 23 26 30 33 35 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1050 33%* 27Vi' 65 75 1I1/'/2/' iv/ iv/ t85 100 113 126 142 146 w. IV/ 27%' w w 2' I'// 2' w 2' w 36421 36422 36423 36424 36425 36426 36427 36428 36429 30 33 35 36 38 40 41 '43 45 900 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 42%' 36*/2' 115 .132 V2' IV/ IV/ 141 2' IV/ 150 2' 1*// 159 275/4' 2r I*// 168 2' 2' 177 2' 2' 185 195 2' 2' 22'" 36511 36512 36513 36514 36515 36516 36517 36516 36519 1 40 43 45 46 48 50 51 53 5"7 1200 1300 J350 1400 1450 1500 51%" 1550 1600 1 1700 1 > 45%' 1 400 162 178 186 194 200 208 215 222 230 1* 2' 2' 2' 273/,* 2' 2' 2' 2' 2' 2' 2' 2' 2'' 2' 22'' 2' 2' V/ ______ Holt.--Peerfin Radiators are tapped 2 in. for both steam and return connections but can be reduced to sixes given in table. Eccentric reducers must be used. Peerfin Radiators can be connected with either right or left hand Bteam supply. 502 . T . Heaters, Unit The Trane Company i/<a C*possg; Wis. Manufacturers of Trane Heating Specialties, Pumps, Heat Cabinets, Concealed Heaters and Blast Heaters Unit Heaters UNIT HEATER DIMENSIONS Unit No. 121 181 224412 243 ABc D 12V/ 18%' 21V 22' 22V 15' 20'// 2'// v/C 9* 12' 15' 18' 2'// ripe Tap w Pipe Tap 2'// Pipe Tap ** . . . *5? : : : ' S.S.S EFG H w 8' 22J// The Trane Unit Heaters are of the extende.d surface type using a heating unit similar to that used in the Trane Heat Cabinets. No soldered or welded joints. Guaranteed for pressures up to ' 150 lb. Unit Heaters for higher pressures can be furnished. Steam Pressure Room Temperature 50 F. rH Lbs. per Sq. In. Output Cone. Lbs. per Hour Final Temp.. 6 5 112,500 117 91 10 126,000 132 96 20 137,000 . 146 100 30 145.000 156 103 40 153,000 167 106 50 162,000 178 - . 109 uJ 60 70 171,000 180,000 189 . 113 201 116 X 80 189,000 212 119 90 .197,000 223 122 100 207,000 235 126 Room Temperature 60 F. Output Cond. Lbs. per Hour Final Temp. 109,500 119,500 130,500 138,500 146,500 155,500 164,000 173,000 182,000 190,000 200,000 114 125 139 149 160 171 182 193 204 215 228 100 104 108 III 114 117 120 123 127 130 134 n 5 10 20 30 - 40 cC TtV 50 60 70 h" < 80 90 100 a: rvC* 5 10 20 2* 30 40 ar rsl 50 60 >70 80 90 100 a: 169,000 176,000 191,000 203.000 216,000 228,000 240,000 251,000 264.000 275.000 265,000 231,000 250,000 276,000 297,000 313,000 329,000 341,000 354,000 364,000 376,000 386,000 177 183 204 219 235 250 266 280 297 311 324 241 263 294 320 340 361 377 395 409 425 438 116 118 125 . 129 134 139 144 149 153 158 162 . 160,500 167,000 181,500 194,000 207,000 219,000 231,000 242,000 254.000 265.000 275,000 - 146 218,000 155 237,000 165 263,000 174 284,000 181 300,000 188 315,000 193 328,000 198 340,000 202 351,000 207 362,000 212 372,000 167 123 175 125 193 131 209 136 225 141 241 146 256 150 270 155 285 159 300 164 314 168 227 151 249 159 280 170 306 179 326 185 346 192 362 197 379 202 394 207 408 . 211 423 216 Room Temperature 70 F. B.t.u. Output Cond. Lbs. per Hour Final Temp. 103,000 107 108 113,000 112 124,000 132 116 132,000 142 119 140,000 152 121 148,000 124 157,000 128 I66;000 185 131 175,000 196 134 183,000 207 137 193,000 220 141 151,000 158 129 158,000 166 132 172,500 184 137 (85,000 200 142 198,000 216 147 210,000 231 152 222,000 246 157 - 233,000 260 161 245.000 275 166 255.000 289 170 265,000 301 174 205,000 214 156 224,000 235 164 250,000 266 175 271,000 292 183 287,000 312 190 302,000 332 196 315,000 348 202 327,000 364 207- 338,000 379 211 349,000 394 216 359,000 408 220 To find Unil Heater capacity in equivalent sq. ft. of direct radiation divide B.t.u. per hour by 240. Capacities for other sizes of Unit Heaters is contained in Trane Bulletin 3-A. . 503 Healers, Unit York Heating and Ventilating Corp. 1518 Locust Street, Philadelphia Branch Offices and Representatives in All Principal Cities York Heat-Diffusing Units for Heating Factories, Shops, Garages, Etc. YORK , ) HEAT-DIFFUSING > UNIT 4. Rise in temperature in average building from floor to roof is less than one degree per foot of height. 5. A single Unit of correct capacity will heat uniformly a floor space up to 60 ft. by 200 ft. Comparatively few Units are required even for large plants. 6. The work of installation is reduced. Mains are shortened and fewer branches and fittings are needed. 7. Cost of complete installation ordinarily runs from 10 to 60 per cent below cost of direct radiation, pipe coils or central blower system. ' Specifications: Four sizes and capacities of Units are standard. No. 25 and No. 35 Units are but 18 in. wide, while the No. 50 and No. 55 are but 36 in. All Units are 7 ft. long in floor plan except No. 25, which is 3V ft. AU Units can be used on steam or water pressures frorh 0 to 200 lbs. All are tested to 1000 lbs. hydrostatic pressure. - Fresh air intakes and regulating dampers Operating Economies: can be furnished at a slight extra charge.. By their use the Units may be made to 1. High-velocity heat diffusion holds heat operate wholly on air drawn from outside, in the working zone until its principal or on any proportion of outside and energy has been utilized. 2. Reduces overheating of upper areas. recirculated air. Note.--Light weight suspended heaters can be fur- 3. Heats large floor areas quickly. Saves . nished where it is impossible to use floor fuel by reducing time. mounted heaters. CAPACITIES Sire Unit C.f.m. R-p.m. at Temp, in the Hp. Motor Fans Recirculating Air at 606 F. Enter ing Unit tnd St*m tt 2 LbGauge Pressure on the heat ing Surface. (See footnote.) B.t.u. Final Lbs. Cond. Equiv. Direct per Hr. Temp. per Hr. Rad. Air at 0 F. Entering Unit and Steam at 5 Lb. Gauge Pressure on the Heating Surace. B.t.u. per Hr. Final Temp. Lbs. Cond. per Hr. No. of Air Outlets Pipe Connections Supply Return 25 1750 1160 2780 1800 l 197.000 133* 204 139.000 141*1 144 620 281,000 104 198,600 116 294 207 2 wm 35 1750 >160 5480 3620 8 389.000 133 261.000 141 403 291 1620 555.000 105 401.000 116 579 418 4 y 2" 50-S 1160 870 11,000 8400 3 V/t 590.000 114 487.000 118* 610 505 2460 842.000 696.000 77 84" 876 725 3 y 2" 1160 10,250 3 870 7700 2 758.000 137 600.000 142 784 621 3160 1,081,000 858,000 110 117 1121 894 3 y 2* Note.--It is understood that the specified steam pressure is to-be maintained on the heating surface. A suitable pipe line drop must be added in determining the pressure to be carried at the boiler.' When air is to enter the unit at a temperature below freezing the steam pressure on the heating surface should be maintained at not less than 5 lb. ' See Chapter XI of this issue of the' Guide for B.t,u. constants for other steam pressures and enteFrinogr 2te5m-cpyeclreatsupreese.d and other ratings ask for complete Catalog. 504 York Heating and Ventilating Corp. Heaters, Unit York Air-Conditioning Units for Air Conditioning in Industrial Plants of All Kinds YORK , > AIR-CONDITIONING^ UNIT water from a simple water pipe connection. The air passes through two spray cham bers and a series of baffle plates, which humidify or dehumidify automatically according to the desired standard. It is then heated and blown out horizontally at high velocity above the heads of the workers. Simple regulating controls, easily set, govern both temperature and degree of humidity. An effectively conditioned atmosphere results. ' PRODUCTS--Air-Conditioning Units, Heat-Diffusing Units. Unit System of Air Conditioning: Complete air conditioning--heating and humidification in combination--is now available to Industry in a compact, highlydeveloped unit. The basis of operation is the universally known York Heat-Diffusing Unit, ampli fied and developed to include the functions of scientific air conditioning. The expensive, immobile distributing sys tem such as is an essential part of a central air conditioning installation is entirely eliminated. Any floor, any par titioned department * may now be con trolled effectively as to atmospheric con ditions, without reference to any other floor or department. . Operation: '' The York Air-Conditioning Unit receives steam from the regular steam line, and Advantages: . No expensive central system is needed. Awkward, bulky ducts are eliminated. Every Unit is mobile--can be shifted as needed in a few hours. The work of instal lation is as nothing compared with the setting up of a central system. Complete flexibility of operation is possible. The cost of the Unit System is but a fraction of what has been the accepted standard for air conditioning in the past. Installation: As these units are shipped completely assembled, the installation consists only in making ordinary connections to steam, water and electric lines. Installations are personally inspected by York experts. Data Required: . Blue Prints and full information as to size and construction of building or depart ment into which the Units are going; full information as to material to be condi tioned and amount handled; available locations for Units and location of steam, water and electric lines. Information: Full information concerning York Air Con ditioning Units in general, or for specific conditions, will gladly be sent on request. Cooperation with Heating Engineers, Contractors and others will gladly be given. 505 Heaters, Water Alberger Heater Company HOWARD IRON WORKS 218 Chicago St. BUFFALO, N. Y. REPRESENTATIVES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES Heaters -- Condensers -- Coolers -- Economizers -- Expansion Joints Alberger-Buffalo Heaters are built in several types to meet a large range of standard and special water heating requirements. The stand ard instantaneous water tube type with floating heads is a highly efficient device embodying economy in space and maintenance cost. The storage water heater is used where the steam supply is intermittent or insufficient to take care of peak water demands. The swimming pool heater is especially designed for the purpose and is also exten sively used with air washer equip ment. All of these heaters are built in either horizontal or vertical arrange ment. Alberger-Buffalo equip ment is widely used for many special requirements involving the heating or cooling of water and other liquids, and for the interchange of heat from one liquid to another. Instantaneous Water Heater Furnished in Vertical or Horizontal Type Swimming Pool Heater Single Pass Furnished in Vertical nr Horizontal . Type Storage Type Heater If you have not already done so, send immediately for a copy of the ALBERGER ARCHITECTS HEATER DATA BOOK which gives complete information regarding capacities ENGINEERS and dimensions of our various types, as well as service and installation data.' CONTRACTORS I Also remember that our experience in designing and building special heaters [and coolers is available to prospective clients. The Howard Guided Expansion Joint is a most satisfactory means for taking care of expansion in pipe lines because it is designed with only one object in view--100% service. The construction is mechanically correct--deep stuffing box--bronze sliding sleeve--totally enclosed construction to eliminate accumulation of dirt--exterior adjustment of packing gland-- ready accessibility when packing is renewed. It is the most economical joint to use because it stays on the .gob and leaves a satisfied customer. Send for--Bulletin XJ-3 for full details. 506 Howard Expansion Joint Heaters, Water Davis Engineering Corp. 90 West Street, New York, N. Y. Cable Address: " Paracoil, New York" Factory: Elizabeth.-N.J. Manufacturers of Paracoil Steam Traps, Steam Specialties, Water Storage Heaters and other Heat Exchangers Paracoil Products ST&Atf TRAPS, FEED WATER HEATERS, FEED WATER PH.TEBS AND ORAE EXTRACTORS, STORAGE WATER HEATERS, OIL HEATERS, EVAPORATORS, EXHAUST GAS-STEAM GENERATORS, OtL COOLERS, DISTILLERS. Paracoil Steam Trap hi this trap there is only one moving part, the solid recessed sphere which rotates over the valve seat. The trap is designed for all pressures, but 30 lb. steam pressure, 125 lb. and 200 lb., are carried in stock. 7%e oscillating action of the valve makes possible a constant c_ow o,f cond,ensa,te and, the _ v, . Pa' racotl Valve Paracoil Steam Trap gauging action of. the re cessed ball keeps foreign matter from lodging be tween the valve and its seat. Capacities up to 75,000 lb. per hour. Tbe Paracoil Trap is guaranteed free from repairs for two years, providing' installation and operating instructions are followed. Write for CatalogueA-12. Paracoil Instantaneous Water Heater, U Tube Tank Heater, Preheater and Condensation Cooler Connected below water level of boiler, heats water supply when fire is banked; Unexcelled for indirect heating ofpri nwOMttfriwij | vate garages and conserva tories. Paracoil Instantaneoiis Water Heater ' Paracoil Steam Trap Trap In. Capacity So. Ft. Radiation Height Length Width In. In. In. List Price Wght Lb. . . - , - , j * t I z/Al sNhoesll..200.to 1250cast ironshell, and No.s. 1500 to 12,500 steel $ 800 1800 'A special pi-2 4800 8000 12,000 23,000 m 12V. !f/ 20 8 ioy. m 12 16 19 20/4 8 *y. y/i 6'/e WA II Vz n</2 $15.00 .20.00 25.00 35.00 68.00 100.00 125.00 50 U2 185 212 Paracoil U Tube Type Tank Heater larger sire traps on application. Paracoil Storage Water Heater. For heating and storing hot water for laundries, factories, hospitals, etc. The utilization of exhaust steam in this water heater effects a big fuel saving. Has steel plate shell for .water and copper heating coils'for steam. Pressures, 100 lb. standard and up. Sizes. 200 to 20,000 gallons per hour,-heated to 180deg. fahr. Fully described in Bulletin 74. Paracoil Storage Water Heater - ------ - uir/2iru Larger sixes on application. Capacity rating, 100 deg. temperature rise in 3 hours (40 io 140 deg.). Capacity rating with live steam based on ^ lb. steam pressure. Paracoil Feed WaterFil ter and GreaseEstractor Utilizes the affinity of cocoa - ' fiber for particles of oil, grease, scum and dirt for the removal of these floating impurities from exhaust steam condensation and raw make-up water. The filter ing area is over twenty times the size of inlet and outlet connec tions. Filter body may be by-passed and removed without cutting off the boiler supply. A steam jet and blow-off permits steaming out and further efficient use of the fiber before removal for thorough cleaning. Sizes, 2 to 6 in. Fully described in Paracoil Feed Water Filler . Bulletin A-4. * and Grease Extractor 507 | Ml Heaters, Water Excelso Products Corporation 65 Ctyde Ave., BUFFALO, N. Y. Excelso Indirect Water Heaters, Phaeton Heaters, Fire Pot Generators, Rotary Hack Saw Tools EXCELSO INDIRECT WATER HEATERS Dimensions--Price List--Capacities Single Coil Double Coil Triple Coil Size................. Length............ II 17 13 14 15 25 26 8/2 "HA 14 "'A 15 W, izy7 15 27 19 28 23'/, 3251 36 25 Diameter........ Shell Open'gs,. Coil Open'gs. . s1 >/, 5 1 y. 5 1 /. <HA m 1 O'A i'A i i'A 1 9 2 l'/z 29 I'A 92 i'A 92 13V, 13% 33 I'A ?/2 2'A Weight . .Lbs. List Price........ II n $1150 $30 16 $40 29 $50 37 $60 42 $70 $61520 73 $150 88 $180 $211006 185 $310 210 $400 Connect below water line of any Steam or Vapor Boiler, or use with live steam. Boiling water in the shell heats water circulating through copper coil. Heating Water Below Water Line of Steam or Vapor Boilers Size.......... ................. II 12 13 14 15 25 26 27 28 35 36 Tank Capacity........... 30 30 45 60 90 120 160 200 300 400 600 800 Temperature rise 100 deg. in 3 hours. . Heating Water With Live Steam Jr. 11 12 13 14 15- 25 26 27 28 35 36 Tank Capacity........... 45 50 75 too 150 200 250 300 450 600 900 1200 Temperature rise 100 deg. in 3 hours at 5 ib. pressure. THE EXCELSO PHAETON HEATER Dimensions--Price List--Capacities Diameter............... in. Height................... In. Tappings............... In. Center to Center of Outlets............... In. Capacity............ Cab. 68 3'/2 ' 4'/j 11 m 30 2`A 45 10 12 S'/, 6 I'A 2 15 18 7 8 2'A 3 3 3'/2 4'A 5'/2 80 100 150 250 Sq. Ft. Direct Water Radiation...........Ft. Shipping Weight..Lb. 40 6 75 100 150 250 400 II .18 30 60 85 List Price.............Iron $7.50 $12,00. $20.00 $24.00 $50.00 $70.00 L't Price...........Brass $15.00 $28.00 $45.00 $54.00 $115.00 $160.00 The highly efficient firepot heater, suitable for hot water supply or auxiliary radiation, transfers 80 per cent of heat to water. . Excelso Firepot Generator Generator fits any type of hot water boiler or hot air furnace. Made in both cast iron and brass. Size No. 1, up to 40 gals, capacity. Size No. 2, over 40 gals, capacity. 508 Excelso Rotary Hack Saw Tool Boilers may be quickly and easily tapped by means of the Excelso Rotary Hack Saw Tool. ' Each tool cuts three sizes: 1 in., 1H *n. and 2 in. Pipe Tap size. ' Price $7.50- net, with six blades; two of each ' size. Healers, Water O. E. Frank Heater and Engineering Co., Inc. A**ociated with FARRAR <& TREFTS, fnc. Branch Offices BUFFALO, N. Y. New York Philadelphia Detroit St. Louis Tulsa Birmingham Indianapolis Kansas Cm Charlotte, N. C Calgart. Alta. Baltimore Toronto ^ UFF Branch Offices Boston Mass. Minneapolis Chicago San Francisco Pittsburgh Cleveland Halifax Vancouver Washington Harrisburg, Pa. Los Angeles Portland, Ore. O. E. F. Products.--U-Tube and Straight Tube Storage Heaters, U-Tube and Straight Tube Instantaneous Heaters, U-Tube and Straight Tube Feed-water Heaters, U-Tube and Straight Tube Swimming Pool Heaters, Bleeder Turbine Heaters, Domestic Service Heaters, Power Plant Heaters, Oil Coolers, Special Heat Exchange Equipment for Industrial Plants. . either the U-Tube or Straight Tube types to meet your requirements. Tanks are made of high quality flange boiler steel. Tube Sheets of rolled steel, Castings of heavy gray iron, and Tubes of heavy gauge copper. Alt Heaters, unless otherwise specified are constructed for a working pressure of 100 lb. Information for higher pressures furnished on request. When it is necessary to use both high and low pressure steam, the steam chamber and tubes can be so arranged as to eliminate installation of a separate tube bundle. All tube bundles or heating elements are removable from the tank for ease in inspection, cleaning, or repairing. O. F. U-Tube Storage Heater O. E. F. STORAGE HEATERS For heating water from 50 to 180 F. with steam at 212" F. Note.--The letter given in the above table of the square feet of heating surface. sizes indicates the size of the tank and the numerals, Example.--A G5 Heater consists of a 24 by 72 in. Storage Tank (length and contains 5 sq. ft. of heating surface. not including dished heads) Write for information on sizes other than listed above, special conditions such as corrosion, and pressures 509 Heaters, Water The Whitlock Coil Pipe Company Manufacturers and Engineers Baltimore, Md. Boston. Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Charlotte, N. C. Chicago, HL Cincinnati, 0. Cleveland, 0. Mta.Te, Denver, Colo. Detroit, Mich. Grand Rapids, Mich. Houston, Tex. - Indianapolis. Ind. Knnftaa City, Mo. HARTFORD, CONN. Products Memphis, Tenn. New Orleans, La. New York, N. Y. Omaha, Neb. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Ore. . Rochester, N. Y. San Antonio, Tex. San Francisco, Calif. Seattle, Wash. St. Louis, Mo. St. Paul, Minn. Tacoma, Wash. Troy, New York Tulsa, Okla. Darling Bros. Montreal, Manufacturers of Whitlock Heaters in Canada See Telephone Directory for Local Address Whitlock type " K" storage heaters are manufactured in both horizontal and vertical types. The table shows sues of the horizontal heaters only. We will gladly furnish dimensions of horizontal heaters and vertical heaters upon request, lhat this type of heater is of particularly sturdy construction is evidenced by the increasing number of prominent engineers and architects who are specifying their use in aU types of buildings, including many of the largest and finest buildings constructed Whitlock Type K Storage Heaters, Horizontal SHELLS To be used with Type K Heating Section Shell Prices include Cradle. Manhole 1 l',xl5*r Gallons Diam Length Thick Thick Weight Number One eter of ness ness of Filling of Shell Shell of Shell of Head Shell HEATING SECTIONS Capacity based on Heating from 40 to 180 with Steam at 0 lbs. pressure. For other tempera tures and Steam Pressures see Bulletin No. 27 Number Gallons lEIix Maximum Size Steam Pipe Indies Smallest Shell into which Section will Fit Inches Weight Entire Heating Section Lbs. 3 4 5 6 9 10 12 i13 116 17 28 31 65 80 118 141 164 185 220 255 290 365 420 475 525 575 720 860 1000 950 1140 1310 1480 1190 1430 1670 1900 1420 1710 2000 2300 746ft 2880 18 18 24 24 24 30 30 30 36 36 36 36 42 ' 42 42 42 48 48 48 - 46 54 54 54 54 60 60 60 60 72 72 60 Va - Vt 400 72 Va Vt 450 60 Va Vt 600 72 Va Vt . 700 84 Va Vt 800 60 Va 72 Va ft Vi 750 850 84 Va Vt 950 96 \ Va Vt 1050 84 Vz 1300 96 & Vi 1450 108 % 1600 120 % j 1800 % %. Yt 1850 120 Vt 2150 144 Vi 2500 168 % 120 Vi V'z 2900 2850 144 % 168 Vt Vz 3250 3700 192 % Vi 4100 120 Vt Vi 3250 144 Vt Vi 3700 168 Vt Vz 4200 192 Vt Vi 4700 120 % % 4300 144 % % 4900 168 'A % 5600 192 % % 6200 144 % % 5700 168 % % 6400 H0 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 Hll H12 HI-3 HI4 HIS HI6 H17 H18 H19 H20 H21 H22 H23 H24 H25 H26 H27 H28 H29 H30 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5400 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 2 2 2 % 3V5 3'/z 3Vi IV? 5 3/z 5 5 5 .6 6 6 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 12 12 . 12 12 18x 48 I8x 60 I8x 72 Ihx 48 18x 48 Itix 60 ' I8x 60 I8x 72 18x 72 18x 84 24x 60 I8x- 96 18x108 18x1ZU 24x84 24x108 24x120 30x 96 30x120 30x132 36x 96 . 36x108 36x120 36x132 36x % 36x108 36x120 42x 96 42x % 42x108 42x108 75 80 90 175 185 190 200 210 215 220 300 260 270 285 370 425 450 570 620 670 860 920 950 1020 I2UU 1300 1380 1950 2000 2300 2460 ~ DIRECTIONS FOR USE--Select the size storage you require and combine its designating number with the number which designates thedcsired hourly ouiput. Assuming a required storage of 1000 gallons (No. 17 shell x 168) and a required hourly output of 1750 gallons (No. H16 Heating unit) you would specify a Whitlock Type K, No. 171116. 510 The Whitlock Coil Pipe Company Heaters, Water WHITLOCK TYPE R INSTANTANEOUS HEATERS . This type of heater is used extensively as an instantaneous heater in connection with a separate storage tank, as a swimming pool heater, as a hot water convertor for use with a heating system as well as for various special conditions. . -. Standard sizes of the 2 and 4 pass heaters are shown in the table. Dimensions on multi-pass heater will be furnished on request. - - Standard Sizes, Capacities, Dimensions and Weights 2 PASS. TEMP. RANGE. 40 F. to 80 F. 4 PASS TEMP. RANGE 40 F. to 120 F. Capacity * Diam- Size Gallons Over-all eter No. per Length of Hour Shdl Size Size Water Connec Steam Connec Weight tions tions Capacity Gallons Over-all iE, Length eter of Shdl Water Connec Steam Connec Weight tions tions 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 lb 17 18 wVi 19 I9l/z 20 21 22 23 24 25 150 350 650 1100 1600 1900 2550 3200 3800 5100 6350 7950 9550 12700 15900 19100 25600 31700 38200. 44400 50700 57100 .63450 79300 95100 126900 158400 191000 . 19% % 293/, 343/, 241/, 303/, 353/4 433/4 553/4 45 52 67 51'/, 59'/, 59 71 61% 70% 78% 59% 643/, 76% 66 83 78 69 7 7 7 7 7 7 9/z 9/z 9'/z 9'/z 9'/z >2 12 12 15 15 17 17 20 20 20 26 26 26 30 30 36 36 >/4 ' 1% l'/4 V/z 1vV/zi 22 2 ivi 23 2Vf 3 3'/z .4 35 35 46 46 48 58 58 6 10 6 10 8 12 6 12 8 12 10 14 10 14 10 16 12 18 12 20 14 24 14 24 80 90 110 130 145 170 240 270 300 360 420 610 670 810 930 1040 1320 1510 1940 2100 2300 2870 3020 3500 4250 4780 6550 7060 Sizes 0 to 10 indusive, have Va* O. D. No. 18 B W. G. Copper Tubes.' Remainder have r O. D. No. 17 B. W. G. Copper Tubes. 80 150 300 480 650 800 960 1350 1600 2100 2600 3300 4000 5300 6600 8000 10500 13300 16000 16500 21000 24000 26700 33300 40000 53300 66700 80000 i1t6'/$. 21$ 26% 31% 24V4 303/4 353/4 433/4 553/4 52 61 79 55% 65% 71 83 ' 72% 62% 92% 625/8 67% 82% 73 92 83 95 7 7 7 7 7 7 91/, 9% 9% 9% 9% 12 1212 15 15 17 17 20 20 20 26 26 26 30 30 36 36 Va Va 1 1 1% 1% 1% 2 2 2 2% 2% 3 3 3% 4 5 5 5 5 6' -6 6 6 8 8 10 10 1 1% 2 2 2Vz 2% 3 3V/2 4 5 5 6 6 8 8 10 1to0 12 12 12 12 14 14 16 20 22 80 100 115 135 150 170 220 270 300 350 420 620 700 860 940 1070 1390 1580 2020 2230 2430 2600 3000 3480 4015 ' 4600 6100 6900 Sizes 0 to 10 indusive. have Va* O. D. No. 18 B. W. G. Copper Tubes. Remainder have 1' O. D. No. 17 B. W. G. Copper Tubes. Whitlock Heat Transfer Products include the following types of apparatus in addition to the Storage and Instantaneous Heaters shown above: Feed Water Heaters; Heat Exchangers; Fuel Oil Heaters; Superheaters; Condensers and Coolers for all kinds of liquids; Also pipe coils of any kind of pipe or tubing and Air and Ammonia Receivers. ' . . . Additional information and quotations covering any of this apparatus will be gladly furnished upon request. ; 511 Heaters, Water The Patterson-Kelley Co. 99 Park Avenue - New York City Hot Water Heaters for all purposes. Pool Heaters and Converters. Preheaters, Heat Exchangers, Heaters for Chemicals, Gases, Oils. Coolers for Brine, Chemicals, Gases, Oil and Water. The Patterson Combined Hot Water Service and Storage Heater, Type B, is for any service where require ments for hot water are not constant, or where a large volume must be stored for sudden heavy demands. We guarantee to furnish heaters that will deliver the quantity of hot water called for. Without obligation our Engineering De partment will be glad to give engineers the benefit of our 46 years' experience. General Specifications Constructed like a high grade boiler--of heavy steel plate. Steam inlet and outlet chamber is a heavy, grey iron casting. Tube head is a heavy, steel forging into which both ends of each tube are expanded. Tubes are of pure, cold drawn seamless copper and 1U ' shaped to provide against contraction and expansion strains. No. Dimensions in Inches | 2 3 4 5 6 Ssssss 7 8 9 10 II 12 Ssssss 13 14 Ss . 15 S"-- 16 S s17 S - 18 ** 19 s - 20 S': " 24 x 48 24 x 60 24 x 72 24 x 84 30x. 60 30 x 72 30x 84 30x 96 30x 120 36x 72. 36 x 84 36x % - 36x-108 36*r20 36 x. 144 42 x 72 42x 84 ,42* % 42*108 *2x120 STORAGE CAPACITIES Capacity Approx. in Gals. Wt. m Lbs. No. Dimensions in Inches 94 650 21 S 42x144 118 750 22 S ,42x 168 141 850 23 S 42x192 164 950 24 S 48 x 96 160 875 25 S 48x120 215 1000 26 S 48x144 255 1150 27 S 48x 168 285 1300 28 S 48x192 360 1500 29 S 54x120 310 1250 30 S 54x144 365 4IS 475 500 640 430 500 575 650 720 1400 1550 1700 1850 2100 1500 1650 1800 1950 2200 . 31 32 S s 33 s 34 s 35 .s 36 .s 37 s 38 39 s s 40 s 54x168 54x192 60x 120 60x144 60x 168 60 x 192 72x174 84x168 96x168 96 x 192 Capacity in Gals. 860 1000 1155 750 940 1125 1300 1500 1190 1425 1665 1900 1400 1700 2000 2240 3000 4000 5200 6000 Approx. Wt. tn Lbs. 2450 2800 3100 2600 2925 3350 3840 4200 3500 3900 4300 4700 4300 4950 5600 6200 7000 8700 10000 11000 r1 >HEAXING CAPACITIES--40 F. to 180 F.--Steam at Atmospheric Pressure . No. Gallons per Hour Approx. * Wl in Lbs. No. ^ Gallons per Hour Approx. Wt. in Lbs. 1H 2H 3H 4H 5H 6H 7-H 8H 9H 10 H 11 H 12 H 13 H 14 H 100 200 , 15 H 150 215 16 H 200 235 17 H 250 255 18 H 300 285 19 H 400 315 20 H 500 350 21 H 600 370 22 H 700 400 23 H 800 ' 425 24 H 1000 450 25 H 1250 500 26 H 1500 550 ` 27 H 1750 600 28 H 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 6000 7500 10000 12500 15000 20000 25000 700 800 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1750 2000 3200 3800 4500 5100 5800 NOTE.--To specify Type B. Heaters, combine the numbers of the required storage and heating capa cities. For example, "One Patterson Type B. Heater with No. 22 S. and No. 17 H. has 1000 gallons 'storage with 3000 gallons hourly heating capacity. 512 Heating and Piping Systems Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. ` Executive Offices PROVIDENCE, R. I. BRANCHES AND PLANTS Albany. N. Y. Dallas, Texas Nashville. Tenn. Atlanta, Ga. (Plant and Foundry) Denver. Colo. * Newark. N. J. Auburn, R. I. (Plant and Foundry) Des Moines, Iowa New Orleans, La. Baltimore, Md. Detroit, Mich. New York, N. Y. Boston, Mass. Hartford, Conn. North Charlotte, N. C. (Plant) Buffalo. N. Y. Indianapolis, Ind. Orlando, Fla. Charlotte, N. C. Kansas City, Mo. Philadelphia, Pbnna. (Plant) Chicago. III. (Plant) Kearny, N. J. (Plant) Providence, IL I. (Plant and Foundry) Cincinnati, Ohio . Memphis, Tbnn. Rochester, N. Y. Cleveland, Ohio ' Milwaukee. Wis. St. Louis, Mo. .' Columbus, Ohio M innbapolis, Minn. (Plant) Warren, Ohio (Plant and Foundry) GRINNELL COMPANY OF THE PACIFIC Los Angeles. Cal. (Plant) Oakland, Cal. (Plant) San Francisco, Cal. (Plant) Seattle, Wash. GRINNELL COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD. Montreal, Que. (Plant) Toronto, Ont. (Plant and Foundry) Vancouver. B. C. (Plant) Winnipeg, Man. Cooperative Engineering and Contracting Service on Heating Systems--Seventy. years' experi ence in piping installation puts Grinnell Company, Inc., in an especially advantageous position to render service of the highest order to heating engineers and their clients. This not only includes a cooperative advisory service which is frequently used by engineers who - desire authoritative practical infor mation when working on problems more or less out of the ordinary, but also a complete and expert contractings service as well. . Close'contact with power and industrial piping enables Grinnell Engineers to approach questions of heating with full realization of their relationship to other factors. In formation supplied by members of the Grinnell Staff regarding the utilization of waste heat through the agency of hot water systems, ^the utilization of exhaust steam, etc., has proved of invaluable assistance in working out more efficient heating. . Grinnell Engineering or Con- . tracting Service is equally satis-' factory on the remodeling of old heating systems--a type of work with which the Company is thor oughly familiar. A Revolu tionary Developmen t in Forced Hot Water Heating-- One of the chief difficulties in the way of a broader use of forced hot water heating systems with their many important advantages has been the determination of pipe sizes by the complex and arduous method of calculating frictional re sistances. Failure to do this, plus easily possible installation mistakes has resulted in many unsatisfactory installations of this type of heating system. This whole complication has now been simplified by the invention of the Grinnell Equiflo Valve. . The Grinnell Equido Valve for forced hot water heating permits: 1. The calculation of pipe sizes for this system by simple tables, similar to those commonly used in connection with the design of vacuum steam systems. 2. Change in locations of radiators or piping during installation to take care of local construction conditions without recalculation of pipe sizes. 513 y Grinriell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems The Grinnell Equiflo Valve for types of Power Plant and Indus forced hot water heating accom trial Piping including Automatic plishes: Sprinkler Systems, piping for Acids, 1. More perfect equalization of flow to Alkalis, etc., Compressed Air every radiator than has ever been practical by even the most careful calculation of pipe sizes. Size or location makes no difference. 2. The introduction of sufficient fric tional resistance to completely over Cleaning Systems, Humidifying Systems. A contract placed with Grinnell Company is carried out to the satisfaction of all concerned. Materials of the highest quality are come that trouble so pronounced in most forced hot water heating sys tems which is due to the well-known war between pump head (a constant) and the gravity on temperature head (a variable). This insures absolutely equalized circulation at all tem peratures. 3. Lower pumping costs. The Grinnell Equiflo Valve: 1. Serves as the regular shut-off valve for each radiator. It is of the pack less type. used. Grinnell Adjustable Hangers and Grinnell Fittings, for instance, save work in installation and make for cleaner, more satisfactory fin ished jobs and lower maintenance costs. ' Pipe Bends, Welds, Etc.-- Grinnell facilities for making Pipe Bends, Welds and Lap Joints are second to none. Three plants-- Warren, Ohio, Auburn, R. I., 2. Is so designed that after the instal Atlanta, Ga.,--equipped with lation is completed a multipleorifice cartridge or tube, having a definite resistance pre-determined by Grinnell Co., is dropped into place in the valve. special modern machinery and operated by the most skillful work men make possible unusually prompt and efficient service on this In order to obtain all the ad important work. vantages of this new development, Grinnell Fittings--After years it is only necessary for the Con of buying cast iron fittings on the sulting Engineer to specify that each open market Grinnell Company radiator shall be equipped with a concluded that the best way to Grinnell Equiflo Valve. This device obtain clean accurate fittings of is marketed through the regular uniformly high quality was to cast heating trade, and proper results them in Grinnell Foundries. Grin are guaranteed by the standing of nell Cast Iron Flat Band Fittings Grinnell Company in the hot water made to conform to the American heating field.- standard adopted by the Manu Power and Industrial Piping facturers Committee on Standardi --The advantages of placing con zation of Fittings and by the tracts for all necessary piping with N. F.\P. A. can now be obtained one reputable company are ob by other users. Impartial pur vious. Responsibility is centralized chasers agree that accuracy of and a saving in cost is often/ threading, freedom from sand holes, effected. Grinnell Company, Inc. and smoothness of core speed, up is prepared to submit bids and installations and reduce replace render expert, personally super ments wherever Grinnell Fittings vised construction service on all are specified. . GRINNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. ' 514 Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems GRINNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding* Piping Supplies, Etc. Grinnell Adjustable Hangers - ONE of the chief advantages of Grinnell Adjustable Hangers is that they permit adjustment of pipe lines after installation, thus obviating the necessity of turn buckles or the removal of hangers. And their time and trouble-saving qualities during installation are equally exceptional. On this and the two following pages are shown a few Grinnell Hangers of particular interest to heating engineers. The Grinnell Hanger Blue Book, however, illustrates and describes the complete line and carries mechanical drawings and dimensional tables on practically every hanger shown. This feature alone makes the Grinnell Hanger Blue Book invaluable to Engineers, Architects and Draftsmen. As many copies as you require will be sent on request. Adjustable Swivel Ring--Solid Ring Type (Patented October 4, 1921) THIS Malleable Iron Adjustable Swivel Ring can be used with Coach Screw Rod or Machine Threaded Rod in connection with practically any type of Ceiling Flange, Expansion Case, Insert, etc. . The unusual feature of this ring is the Swivel Shank. An adjustment of at least 1^ in* is secured by simply turning the nut on the shank. No temporary support of the pipe line is necessary while making adjustments. By means of a unique locking device the Swivel Shank automatically locks, preventing loosening due to vibration in the pipe line. Fig. No. 104 Adjustable Swivel Ring--Split Ring Type (Patented October 4, 1921) . THE Split Ring Type of the Adjustable Swivel Ring was also designed for use with Coach Screw Rod or with Machine Threaded Rod. The Swivel Shank allows the same adjustment as in Fig. No. 101, either before or after the hinged section is bolted in place. ' The off-center hinging of the Ring provides sufficient seating to hold the pipe before closing the Ring. By means of the same locking device as in Fig. No. 101, the Swivel Shank is automatically locked, preventing loosening due to vibration in the pipe line. . Fig. No. 85 Universal Side I-Beam Clamp . (Patented April 6. 1915) . ADAPTABLE to many uses, this Side I-Beam Clamp has ample strength for hanging % to 12 in. pipe from I-Beams. This Clamp in different sizes will fit all sizes of Standard and Bethlehem I-Beams, and most sizes of Bethlehem Girder Beams. Under conditions requiring vertical adjustment of the pipe line, this Side I-Beam Clamp is used with an Extension Piece . or an Extension Eye Bolt. Fig. No. 86 Universal Channel Clamp (Patented April 6, 1915) DUE to the adjustability of the Grinnell Channel Clamp, three sizes of these clamps, with varying lengths of clamp rods, will meet most of the conditions encountered' in practical installation work in connection with'channels. We know, of nothing else on the market which will obviate,,the necessity for the making of specials for Channel Iron work. 515 Grinnell Company, Inc. - Heating and Piping Systems GRINNELL COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Adjustable Wall and Column Radiator Brackets . (Patents Pending) THE bracket on the right, Fig. 190, is designed to support a single tier of wall radiation. A similar bracket, No. 191, is designed to support a double tier, one in front of the other. The bracket on the left, Fig. 189, is designed to support the legless ___IIII type of column radiation. Only one bolt is necessary to securely fasten these brackets to the wall. This means low installation cost and it cuts drilling holes down to a minimum. Cost of installation can be further reduced by spacing these hangers farther apart than ordinary type of weaker construction, especially where Fig. No. 189 hook bolts are set in the wall. When hook bolt is used, it can be set without extremely accurate measurements, due to the liberal range of vertical and horizontal adjustment, and as only three points of the bracket touch the wall, the difficulty so often experienced with rough brickwork is practically eliminated. Adjustable Wall Coil Hangers (Patented May 20, 1913) THE Adjustable Wall Coil Hanger can be furnished with four separate brackets--two for single coils and two for double coils. The brackets locate the center of the coils 2]/\ or 6)4 in. from back of bracket. Where double coils are used the second hangs 3)4 in. in front of the first. Besides the adjustable advantages of these hangers which permit the hanger plate to be raised or lowered to secure perfect pipe alignment, it is only necessary to fasten the individual bracket in place by two bolts. This saves labor. :. No. 160 Saddle Hangers-- Standard Type Fig. No. 169 GRINNELL - Saddle Hangers ` are unique inasmuch as the hanger bar is.of steel in stead ' of cast iron. This feature not only reduces the height of the hanger but also re duces its cost. Hex-nuts at bottom of rods support the hanger and allow liberal adjust ment. These Saddle Hangers are excep tionally strong and will not sag. Labor cost of installation is considerably less than with Branch Rolls and Rods. The Saddle Hanger is used in connection with in. rods and~hex-nuts on 2 to 8 branch hangers --^ in. rods and hex-nuts on 9 to 12 branch hangers--and with Expansion Cases, Grin nell Hanger Flanges, or with Side I-Beam Clamps to steel work, for supporting overhead coils. 516 Grinnell Company, Inc. Heating and Piping Systems GRINNELL. COMPANY Heating, Industrial and Power Plant Piping, Fittings, Hangers, Valves, Pipe Bending, Welding, Piping Supplies, Etc. Pig. No. 174 Adjustable Swivel Pipe Roll (Patented October 4,1921) rI ''HE Adjustable Swivel Pipe Roll supplies the need for any ad justable type of pipe roll hanger with single hanger rod. It is unique inasmuch as vertical adjustment can be made by use of the Swivel Shank at the top of the hanger. As in the Swivel Pipe Ring, Fig. No. 101, the Swivel Shank automatically locks, preventing loosening due to vibration in the pipe line. Branch Pipe Rolls /^JRINNELL Pipe Rolls are especially designed to take care of expansion and con traction. The rolls are made hollow so that only a small surface is in contact with the rod whereas the surface in contact with the pipe is made as large as possible. This allows the roll to take care of expan sion and contraction properly. Through a specially designed socket, vertical adjustment is allowed at the bottom of each vertical rod as-well as at the Ceiling Flange. Furthermore, the nut at the bottom of the hanger rod fits into a recess of the socket preventing loosening or turning from vibra tion. 1i Fig. No. 178 Fig. No..199 & Adjustable Pipe Stand--Anchor Chair-- Pipe. Seat--used with Welded Steel ' . No. 196 ' ` Bracket YIELDED Steel Bracket Fig. No. 199 is light in weight ' ' as compared with the usual cast iron brackets. It was designed primarily for use with the Grinnell Adjustable Pipe Stand Fig. No. 196, Anchor Chair Fig. No. 197 and Pipe Seat Fig. No. 198, here illustrated. These combine the strongest type of brackets and pipe sup ports procurable. The Adjustable Pipe Stand as used with the Steel Bracket has excellent adjustment features,, it being possible to obtain vertical adjustment by simply ad justing bolts on the roll stand. A lateral adjustment or movement is possible with the Adjustable Pipe Stand and Pipe Seat by sliding the Stand or Seat on the bracket. With the Anchor Chair, lateral adjustment is also possible if Chair is moved before the nuts on the anchor yoke are tightened. { Fig. No. 197 . 517 Fig. No. 198 Healing Surface Aerofin Corporation 750 ^relinghuyBan Avenue Newark. N.J. L. C. Soule, Sec'y and Chief Engineer Manufacturers of Fan System Heating and Cooling Surface Aerofin . Aerofin is a modern Fan System Heating Surface developed by Fan Engineers to meet the present-day requirements of this highly specialized field and to-afford an' adaptability which permits the new and advanced applications of tomorrow. Low and High Pressure Aerofin Aerofin is built in two distinct types: Low Pressure Aerofin, tube-plate construc tion, for pressures from 2 to 50 lbs. gauge; and High Pressure Aerofin, continuous seamless tubes, for pressures from 25 to 350 lbs. gauge (Temp. 500 F.) Design and Construction The heat-transfer surface, in Aerofin, is a plurality of seamless copper tubes about which is wound a helix of copper ribbon, crimped on its inner edge to permit winding and to afford maximum contact between tube and fin. The extended fin surface is applied, and tinned while held in position, by highly-developed automatic machines, being accurately crimped and spaced. The tinning of the tube and the extended surface makes them metallicly integral, affording maximum heat transmission and permanent effectiveness. The thickness and width (height) of the extended surface, the crimping and the pitch of the helix were determined by careful experiment, to afford maximum heat transfer, uniform air flow and minimum resistance thereto. The copper tubes and fins of Aerofin transmit heat eight times as effectively as iron. So scientifically is Aerofin designed that air is heated more in passage through a single row of its tubes, a travel of 1H in., than in passage through an entire section of cast iron surface, a travel of 9 in. In Low Pressure Aerofin the tubes are set into flexible tube-plates by means of a highly developed joint which is tight and permanent. See Fig. 1. In High Pressure Aerofin the seamless tubes, with their extended fin surface, are continuous. See Fig. 2. .- , Both Low and High Pressure Aerofin are fur-' nished as completely encased units, ready for pipe and duct connections. The casings are built of pressed steel and are exceptionally strong and rigid, protecting the unit from all the strains of pipe con nection and expansion or contraction' in service. The casings are flanged on both faces, top and bottom, and template punched for bolting together adjacent units, or for duct connection. Fig. 1 Standard Casings The casings of all Low Pressure or High Pressure Aerofin Units, whether comprising one, two or three rows of tubek, are 29 in. wide, across tubes, from outer edge one flange to outer edge opposite flange, and 10 in. deep in direction of air flow. Length of casing is tube length plus 83^ in. 518 Aerofin Corporation Heating Surface Sizes of Low Pressure AEROFIN Low Pressure Aerofin is made in fifteen standard tube lengths, either one, two or three staggered rows of tubes per Unit. There are thus forty-five standard Units available, a range which adequately meets all re quirements. Tubes are furnished of any length between 2 ft. 0 in. and 6 ft. 0 in., in increments of 6 in., and between 6 ft. 0 in. and 12 ft. 0 in. in increments of 1 ft. Complete Tables of Sizes and Capacities are shown in our Bulletin G7, mailed gratis upon request. Sizes of High Pressure AEROFIN High Pressure Aerofin is made in five Fig. 9 standard tube lengths (i.e. length of straight section of tube, between the 180 deg. bends), 2 ft. 0 in., 2 ft. 6 in., 3 ft. 0 in., 3 ft. 6 in., 4 ft. 0 in., either one, two or three staggered rows of tubes per Unit. There are thus fifteen standard Units now available, meeting practically all requirements. Since the Supply and Drip Connections of High Pressure Aerofin are located on the same end, Fig. 2, Units may be placed end-to-end thus affording battery widths of twice the Standard tube-lengths. Complete Tables of Sizes and Capacities are shown in our Bulletin GHP-1, mailed gratis,upon request. Steel Supporting Legs Standard Steel Supporting Legs, 18 in. high, template punched to same bolt hole centers as standard casing, are furnished when ordered. These legs may be attached quickly and obviate necessity of any other foundation. Advantages Aerofin weighs but 9 to 16 per cent as much as equivalent cast iron, and occupies but 35 per cent of the space required by equivalent cast iron (3-row units). Two men can easily carry any Aerofin Unit. Expensive foundations are unnecessary, building reenforcement is not required and the Units may readily be suspended from beams or roof trusses, or installed snugly in any out-of-the-way corner. The light weight and remarkable compactness of Aerofin permit design heretofore impossible, bringing a new era in Fan Engineering,--enabling the Engineer or Architect to exercise his highest skill, undeterred by the weight and bulk which have limited him in the past. The encasing, of Aerofin, complete, ready for pipe and duct connections, is the most important advance in Heating Surface since the inception of Fan Engineering. It avoids all the old familiar uncertainties and delays, insuring installation in the shortest possible.time and at the lowest possible cost. Best of all, the cost of installing encased Aerofin may be calculated with great accuracy.. It isn't necessary to "guess at it " as of yore,--and probably discover that the "guess" was low enough to wipe out the profit on the job. The cost of installing Aerofin is usually about one-fifth that for equivalent cast iron or "pipe-coil." - \ Whatever you've wished for in a Fan System Heating Surface you'll find in Aerofin! Publications .. For complete Data on Low Pressure Aerofin ask for Bulletin G7, containing eighteen Piping Diagrams in four colors, representing the coordinated experience of the foremost Engineers in America. , Bulletin GHP-1 covers High Pressure Aerofin and contains large Temperature Effects Chart on linen. , .. Either or both Bulletins will be mailed promptly upon request. . Sales . . ^ Aerofin is sold only by Manufacturers of nationally advertised Fan Heating Apparatus. 519 s Heating and Cooling Surfaces American Radiator Company 40 West 40th Street New York City venTo division 816 S. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois VENTO Cast Iron Heaters Twenty-five years of successful operation of Vento Heaters in thousands of installations in private and public buildings throughout America, Europe and Australia, disclose no failure of any kind. > ' Vento has a unique construction which breaks up the air currents and assures rapid steam circula tion, both of which features in sure full heating efficiency of all the surfaces of the heater. Being made up into stacks which are easily handled, and having far less joints per hundred square feet than pipecoils, there is less liability to leaks. Vento requires less labor to install, and calls for about 15 per cent less space. Vento is made of cast iron, which does not rust by action of air, gases, water or summer dampness, and is much more durable than pipe-coils. Vento Heaters do not freeze, split or corrode, nor is there any effect from electrolysis. Vento does not call for any new or special conditions in either housing or steam supply and drip connections. Both live and exhaust steajn may be used at the same time. In blast and plenum chamber work the net installed cost of Vento is less than that of lighter forms of heaters. A copy of the new revised edition of Engineer's Data on Vento Heating will gladly be sent on request. 520 American Radiator Company Heating and Cooling Surfaces IDEAL ARCOBLAST HEATERS For Unit Heater Work Only The Arcoblast Heater, de signed to meet the most exacting demands of the Heat ing Engineer, presents the following commendable fea tures : 1. Rugged Unit Design. 2. No soldered Steambacked Joints. 3. Non-corrosive. 4. Ample Tube Steam Carrying Capacity. IDEAL ARCOBLAST HEATER For Unit Heater Work only 5. Minimum Weight without Impairing Strength. The heater is composed of staggered rows of metallicly ' attached fin-wound copper tubes expanded into two cast iron tube sheets which, with the tapered design cast iron header bodies flange- connected to the tube sheets, form the supply and 'return headers. The. copper tubes are three-quarter inch outside diameter with a copper, helical-wound, flat, continuous fin three-eight inch in depth, metallicly attached to each tube. The materials of construction, copper for tubes and fin and cast iron for headers, offer a product which is non-corrosive. A new Catalog containing complete technical data on Ideal Arcoblast Heaters will be gladly sent on request. < 40 West 40th St., New York, N.Y. 816 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. 521 S Heating Surface The Rome-Tumey Radiator Go. Rome, N. Y. Exclusive Manufacturers of ROME HELICALFIN COPPER RADIATION High Efficiency Extended Surface Type Blast Heaters, Unit Heaters, Radiators, Condensers, Coolers, Etc. Products Standard Heater Units complete with steel casings for fan type heating and ventilating systems, ready for installation. Standard and Special Heater Cores without Casings for manufacturers of Heating and Ventilating Apparatus. Standard Copper Radiators for concealed direct radiation. Condensers for Electric Refrigerators. Helicalfin Seamless Copper Tubes in all sizes from i"V in. O.D. to 154 in. O.D. for any type Heat Transfer Equipment. Cooling Systems and Radiators for Diesel Electric Locomotives, Gasoline Engines, Heavy Duty Trucks and Aeroplanes. Construction Helicalfin Products are made of heavy gauge Seamless Copper Tubes which are encircled with a contin uous flat copper radia ting fin, free of corruga tions, which is formed under power around the tubes so tightly that there is a copper to copper contact. The tubes are joined to brass header plates by improved methods which insure an abso lutely tight union. The headers or tanks are made of a special quality of brass suit able for this type of work. 522 w The Rome-Turney Radiator Co. ! ! I Heating Surface Heater Sections before assembly with Headers or End Tanks. Note trouble proof type of stiffening element used in heaters with long tubes Engineering Data, Capacities, Etc. Reliable performance data covering tests made with Rome Helicalfin Heaters has been prepared by a nationally known test engineer. Complete tabulation of this data is _ available upon request. . Advantages Rome Helicalfin Heaters offer great advantages in high efficiency extended surface Copper Radiation.. Rome. Helicalfin Heaters are compact and sturdy! Considerable saving in installation costs may be made over costs of handling and installing cast iron radiation. *. High Pressure Heaters Special sizes of Rome Helicalfin Tubing are now manufactured for assembly into coils, and heaters for high pressure work, drying equipment, etc. Direct Radiation Rome Helicalfin Tubing in sizes suitable for direct Radiation, Radiator Cabinets and Concealed Radiation, available for prompt shipment. . For modern heating equipment in schools, factories, and homes , Specify ROME HELICALFIN COPPER RADIATION THE ROME-TURNEY RADIATOR CO. { ROME, N. Y. 523 Good Radiators since 1905 Heating Systems D. & T. Manufacturing Company 3001 La Salle Street St. Louis, Mo. ORIGINAL TANK IN BASEMENT SYSTEM Placing the expansion tank in the basement on hot water installations is destined to become the one general method. WHY NOT GET INTO THE GAME? Eleven years' experience and up wards of 100,000 D. &T.Tank-in-theBasement Systems in successful opera tion throughout the United States and Canada, should be sufficient proof of the success of this system to the most skeptical heating engineer or contractor. ' The D. & T. System is efficient, simple and foolproof. Send for booklet entitled, "Pro gress in Hot Water Heating." As a logical sequence to the development of the tank-in-basement idea, came the growing demand for a specialization of this tested and proved idea--for a basement expansion tank to be used in buildings where extreme simplicity and economy are of paramount importance. To sup ply this need, we offer and guarantee the Simplex Air-Sealed Tank-in-Basement Equipment. The Simplex Air-Sealed Tank-in Basement Package Equipment con sists of: 1 Specially Constructed Airtight Expansion Tank 1 Relief Valve 1 Thermometer 1 Gauge 1 Vacuum Breaking Valve for automatically charging Tank with air. 524 Heating Systems MUELLER CO. Decatur, 111. BRANCHES E. 135th St and Walnut Ave., Bronx, New York 1072-76 Howard St. San Francisco 901 McKinney St, Dallas, Texas . 2468 Hunter St. Los Ang PRODUCTS Mueller Automatic System of Hot Water Heat Control . - --Reducing-and Regulating Valves for-water. Reducing and Regulating Valves for steam. Relief Valves. Water Strainers. Complete line of High Grade Plumbing Brass Goods Mueller Automatic System of Hot Water Heat Control--This is a closed system operating automatically without an expansion tank. It can be quickly installed on either new or old jobs. The water in the system is always kept fresh. This promotes good circulation. Just enough water is admitted by the re ducing valve to supply the amount re leased by the relief valve: A very considerable saving in fuel is effected due to the automatic control of Reducing and Regulating Valves--For dampers and rapid circulation. ' steam, water, air, gas, oil, etc. All are Perfectly safe as both reducing valve and relief valve are operated by the pressure of the water in the system. These valves are especially constructed and tested for use on this system. The reducing and relief valves are positive in action and durable, the working parts being made .of bronze with phosphor diaphragm operated and positive in action. Their reputation for sustained accuracy is known wherever regulating valves are used. Brass Goods--Everything in the line of brass faucets, stops, etc., for lavatory and bath room, and also complete line of laboratory faucets adopted and approved by leading universities such as the Mas sachusetts Tech. bronze diaphragms. Relief Valves--Mueller Relief Valves are Boiling point of water raised to higher point than with open system! The damper regulator is a very important part of this system as it is not only a fuel saver but also is a safety featurej checking . the fire when the desired temperature is reached. . absolutely dependable. They have been approved by the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel inspectors and corre spond to the code of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Tests in the Underwriters' Laboratories have proved the Mueller Relief Valve safe. Mueller Co. has been in business from The Mueller System can be readily used ' 1857 and has an acknowledged reputation with a thermostatic control, operated by for quality goods. a motor in the basement. Mueller posi tive control of pressure in the system assures permanent safety.' Specific information regarding any Mueller product will be cheerfully given upon re quest. 525 Heating Systems and Relief. Valpes Neptune Meter Company 50 East 42nd Street, NEW YORK Branch Offices Atlanta, Ga.................... 1173 Virginia Avenue, N.E. Denver, Colo____ ,,_________ 1700 Fifteenth-Street Boston. Mass.................... .................... 141 Milk Street Los Angeles. Cal701 East Third Street Chicago. Ill_____ ___ ___130 North Jefferson Street San Francisco, Cal--.. 320 Market Street St. Louis, Mo1912 Pine Street Portland, Ore.................................................... ........... ....... ...474 Glisan Street Neptune Meter Co., Limited, 345 Sorauren Avenue, Toronto. Ontario RED TOP PRESSURE SYSTEM OF HOT WATER HEATING This type of heating system, is proving increasingly popular throughout the country. It is easily installed at a price which attracts the owner, builds good will for the heating engineer and allows a worthwhile profit. Owners appreciate the high efficiency and the economy effectedby.the Red Top Pressure System. RED TOP RELIEF VALVE MODEL No. 2 This valve and an airtight expansion tank, to be located in the basement near the apparatus, are the only special pieces of equipment needed for the Red Top System. Red Top Relief Valves act on the dead weight or gravity principle, and are approved by the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. . , * In the Model No. 2 a special nickel weighted piston is forced off the seat when pressure reaches 30 pounds. Non-corrosive metal is used throughout, and there are no springs, levers or other complicated parts to get out of order. They are 6^ inches high, 5% inches wide, with inlet threaded for standard 1 inch fitting and male outlet threaded for 1 inch fitting. , Sectional View, Red Top Relief Valve Model No. RED TOP MODEL No. 1 protects domes tic hot water supply, and prevents range. boiler explosions and other ruptures. It is made with inlet threaded for standard % inch pipe fitting and outlet*drilled and tapped for H inch connection. It may be adjusted to relieve automatically at 50, 75, 100. and 130 lbs. pressure. Its measurements are 4)^ inches high and 4 inches ;wide. 526 Heating Systems Thrush Differential Pressure Relief H. A. Thrush & Company Makers of Thrush System Factory and Offices Peru, Ind. Thrush Automatic Damper Regulator Thrush System comprises equipment to be added to any unregulated gravity hot water heating plant to make it a "Closed System" operating under slight added pressure and with automatic control of dampers. * Thrush Differential Pressure Relief Valve A large flexible diaphragm which places a thrust against the Valve member making1 it certain that the Valve will open. Valve seat is at all times subr - merged in water, won't corrode because it has no contact with atmosphere. Dirt and sediment will' not collect at the valve seat. Design is such that heavier solids fall away from seat. Regularly set to open, at 26 lb. pressure for 1. 2 and 3 story buildings. For higher buildings, adjustments made at factory. Non- adjustable and not easily tampered-with. No small restricted openings. Fig. 1 Thrush Automatic Temperature Damper Regulator Its operation depends upon the tempera ture change of the water circulating through the heating system and not upon - pressure. Maintains different water tem- _. Fig. t, peratures by simple adjustment of sliding weights on lever. Multiple disc thermo stat sets in dry well permitting easy in spection. Afuel saver. Easily connected with one short nipple as shown in Fig. 6. Thrush . Pressure Tank Serves two purposes--conserves hot water and return^ it to system--and being closed to the air, it maintains pressure on the system by compression and expansion of the air in the tank. Thrush Tanks are made of copper bearing steel, welded and tested, coated with enamel. Connect as shown in Fig. 6. Fig. S Thrush Pressure Tank Fig. 4 Thrush . Thermometer and Special Gauge furnished with Thrush System simplify operation. Fig. 5 Benefits of Thrush System of Hot Water Heating Thrush Pressure System actually in creases rate of heat transmission,--faster circulation and hotter radiators. Therefore lower water temperatures may be carried. Installation is easy, requiring but 6 ft. of % in. pipe and eight fittings. A further reduction of pipe sizes makes for lower cost and higher efficiency. DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS Class "A" Equipment Consists of Thrush Automatic Temperature Damper Regulator, Differential Pressure Relief, Air Tight Pressure Tank, Special Gauge and Thermometer. . Class "B" Equipment Consists of Thrush Differential Pressure Relief, Air Tight Pressure Tank, Special Gauge and Ther mometer. . SIZES Size No. 0 up to 350 sq. ft. of radiation Size No. 1 up to 750 sq. ft. of radiation - Size No: 2 up to 1250 sq. ft. of radiation Size No. 3 up to 2000 sq. ft. of radiation For larger job use additional pressure tanks of proper capacity. 527 : Instruments, Recording American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. 338 Berry Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Atlanta, Ga Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Chicago, III. Cleveland, Ohio Detroit, Mich. Houston, Texas Los Angeles, Cal. Minneapolis Minn. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Salt Lake Citt, Utah San Francisco, Cal. St. Louis, Mo. Seattle. Wash. ' Tol8a, Okla. Manufacturers of Indicating and Recording Gauges; Draft Gauges; Indicating and Recording Thermometers; Tachometers; Pressure and Temperature Con trollers; Pop Safety and Water Relief Valves; Gauge Testers; ."U". Gauges; Steam Traps; Engine Indicators; Counters; Calorimeters; Locomotive and Engine Room Clocks; Barometers; Steam Whistles; Hydraulagraphs; Gauge Boards ' American Temperature Controller American (formerly Honeco) self-operated Temperature Con troller, type 2205, is exceptionally well adapted for maintain ing any desired tem perature of the water in hot water tanks. It has a wide range and close control at the setting point, giving a 50 per cent safety factor even at the maximum point of range without damage. Adjust ing device p.-- locks the controller against unauthorized interference. No expensive pipe lines, compressed air or auxiliary force is required for operation. The motive power needed to open and close valve is supplied by the controller itself. The patented motor is unusually strong and durable and the instrument itself is extremely rugged throughout. The American Controller is guaranteed to' accurately perform its function for the purpose sold American Indicating Gauges A complete line of American pressure, vacu um and draft gauges for all purposes. Write for Catalog A-59. American Recording Gauges and Thermometers The recording systems of American (for merly Columbia) Recording Gauges and Thermometers are interchangeable. A separate recording system can be kept in stock at small cost and quickly inserted while the old one is being repaired, should repairs be necessary due to accident. . Instructions are lithographed on the chart plate, so they can not be lost. Time punch shows when and how often readings are taken. Any slight inaccu-. racies due to rough handling can be ... quickly corrected by means of the adjusting device. The chart' is held in ' place by a non-removable clamp, preventing loss of clamp. Automatic pen release lifts pen arm away from chart automatically when the door is opened, preventing arm from being strained. Fitted with an inverted Monel metal pen arm with tension adjusting device and non-corrosive glass pen. Has 10-in. chart with extra large recording area. Write for Catalogs E-59 and H-59. American Air Duct Thermometer Designed especially for both warm and cold air ducts. Fitted with polished brass or nickel plated ."V" shaped case, glass front. Furnished with 9-in. or 12-in. scale gradu-' ated 0-160 deg. fahr. Write for Catalog F-59. American Pop Safety and Water Relief Valves Complete line for all applications. Mod ern design. Finest construction. Each valve guaranteed to properly perform its functioh. Send for Catalogs U-59 and V-59. American Ideal Steam Trap Built on extremely rugged lines and ' guaranteed for all pressures. Valve dis charge orifice is much larger than in ordinary traps, which means larger capac ity. Valve seat can be renewed without disconnecting trap. The heavy float is made of seamless, non-corroding copper. It resists pressures up to 600 lbs. per sq. in. and is guaranteed for life of trap. Valve seat is under continuous water seal, thus cannotleak live steam. * Send for Catalog S-59. % 528 Instruments A New Product that has every desirable feature of other gauges, and several new ones. An unbreakable glass front. Removable and re placeable gauge glass. All parts accessible by the removal of one thumb screw. A display card back of the scale, bearing the filter manufacturer's name and his directions. ' TELTRUSLANT GAUGE for chimney draft determinations. Complete vnth static lip and carrying case. TELTRU PITOT TUBE GAUGE The standard portable gauge and tube outfit' for general air velocity determinations. Write for descriptive circulars of other gauges and air testing instruments No obligation A TRADE MARK WITH A MEANING 529 .X Insulation, Pipe and Boiler Insulating Products Corporation 280 Madison Avenue at 40th Street, New York Insulating Products Company 1553 West Madison Street, Chicago . Factory--Aurora, Illinois . Webers No. 48 Insulating Cement A recently invented Heat Insulation involving an entirely new principle of manufacture, producing a material of exceptional insulating value as proven by results of actual, practical installations. Webers No. 48 Insulating Cement is dielectric and unaffected by acid fumes, therefore adaptable for use in chemical and manufacturing plants where condi tions are unfavorable to other insulations. Webers No. 48 Insulating Cement is easily applied to hot or cold surfaces, is exceptionally adhesive and requires no reinforcement under normal conditions. Webers No. 48 applied to pipes, valves, etc. --is reclaimable for re-mixing without loss of insulating value. --withstands vibration. --responds to normal expansion. --in actual service, is the most durable of any insulation on the market. --is extremely economical to install. --readily takes a paint or waterproof finish. The covering capacity is approximately 1000 sq. ft., one inch thickness, per ton. Webers No. 48 applied to flat surfaces Webers No. 48 Insulating Cement is especially suitable for insulating the following types of equipment: Accumulators Boilers Breechings Ducts Evaporators Economizers Flanges Fittings Furnaces Heaters Tanks Valves Shipped in bags weighing 50 lbs. net. Our engineering service is at all times available for consultation and we are equipped to undertake installations of any description. 530 Insulating Materials Johns-Manville Corporation Miners of Asbestos, Manufacturers of Asbestos and Allied Products EXECUTIVE OFFICES 292 Madison Avenue, at 41st Street - Branches In all large cities NEW YORK, N. Y. DIVISION SALES OFFICES Boston 9. Mass.. 55-61 High Street Chicago, III., Michigan Avenue at 18th Street Cleveland, Ohio, 6300 Euclid Avenue New York, N. Y., 292 Madison Avenue at 41st . Street (Executive Offices) Philadelphia, Pa.. 1315-1317 Race Street St. Louis, Mo., Locust Street at Seventeenth San Francisco, Cal., 159 New Montgomery St. Toronto, Ont., Canadian Johns-Manville Co., Ltd., 19 Front Street, East Please Communicate with Nearest Division Sales Office INSULATION SPECIFICATIONS . (Abbreviated Form) Superheated Steam Piping (Temperatures above 600 deg. fahr.)--All superheated steam piping shall be insulated with Johns-Manville Superex Combination Insulation of thicknesses shown below: Steam Condition Tempera ture Deg.'Fahr. Thickness of Insulation Pipes Pipes -Pipes Larger 2 in. to Smaller than 4 in. 4 in. than 2 in. Johns-Manville 85% Magnesia High Pressure and Intermediate Pressure Steam Lines--All high pressure ahd intermediate pressure steam lines indoors, and high pressure drip piping, including connections to all engines, turbines, pumps, auxiliaries, water columns, safety valves, superheaters and soot blowers, shall be insulated with Johns-Manville 85 per cent Magnesia of the following thickness: High Superheat 600 to 700 High Superheat 700 to 600 w 4" y 2** 2'* Single layer Superex Insulation on lines llA inch and smaller. Steam Pressure or Condition ' Tempera ture Deg. Fahr. Thickness of Insulation Pipes Pipes Pipes Larger 2 in. to Smaller than 4 in. 4 in. than 2in. 25 to 100 lbs. 100 to 200 lbs. Low Superheat Superheat 267 to 338 338 to 388 388 to 500 500 to 600 w Std. 2* 1 Vi* Dbl.Std. 2* 3* DM. Std. Std. Std. w 2" Johns-Manville Improved Asbesiocel ' Insulation Low Pressure and Exhaust Steam and Feed Water Piping--All low pressure, exhaust steam and feed water piping shall be insulated with 4-ply Johns-Manville Improved Asbestocel Sectional Insulation, _ Johns-Manville Superex Combination Insulation Steam Heating Supply and Return Mains, Risers and Radiator Branches--All steam heat ing supply and return mains and branches, and all risers, shall be insulated- with 4-ply JohnsManville Improved Asbestocel Insulation! All con cealed radiator branches shall be insulated with 3-ply Johns-Manville Improved Asbestocel Insulation. 531 V* Johns-Manville Corporation Insulating Materials shall be enclosed in an extra jacket of S-oz.- canvas sewed over rosin sized paper. Where insulation is concealed the light canvas fur nished in manufacture is to be pasted down over the joints and the insulation additionally secured by means of brass lacquered bands applied at least two to a section. Johns-Manville Asbesto-Sfionge Felled Insulation High Pressure Steam Lines in Manufacturing Buildings--All high pressure steam piping and high pressure drip piping used in connection with distribution of steam for manufacturing purposes shall be insulated with Asbesto-Sponge Felted Sectional Insulation of the following thicknesses: Steam Pressure or Condition Thickness of Insulation Tempera ture Deg. Fahr. Pipes Pipes Pipes Larger 2 in. to Smaller than 4 in. 4 in. than 2 in. Oto 25 lb. 25 to 100 lb. 100 to 2001b. Low Superheat Superheat High Superheat 212 to 267 267 to 338 338 to 388 388 to 500 500 to 600 600 to 700 r I'/z' 2' w 3' 3'/l" |* w w 2" i'/i y r r r i'/i' 2* 2' . - Fittings, Valves and Flanges--All pipe fittings, valves-and flanges shall be insulated with block and plastic insulation to the same thickness as the adjacent pipe insulation. Block insulation shall be of the same material as the adjacent pipe insulation and plastic material used shall be hard finish Asbestos Cement. Block insulation may be omitted on pipe sizes smaller than 4 in., or where total thickness of insulation is less than 1H in. and the entire thickness of insulation in such cases may be made up of hard finish Asbestos Cement. . Johns-Monville Asbestocel (/ flexible Roll Form) Warm Air Ducts--All warm air ducts, flues, heater casings and fan housings in the ventilating system shall be insulated with 4-ply Improved Asbestocel sheet insulation finished with hard finish Asbestos Cement H inch thick, applied over hexagonal wire reinforcement. The cement finish shall be troweled to a smooth and uniform surface. Where this insulation is exposed to view it shall be finished with a jacket of 8-oz. canvas, glued to the insulation and sewed in place. Painting--AH insulation exposed to view and en closed in a jacket of 8-oz. canvas is to be painted with one coat of glue sizing and two coats of first quality lead and oil paint of a color selected by the architect.. Underground Lines---All high and low pressure steam lines and hot water lines running under ground outside of buildings shall be installed in Johns-Manville System of Underground Insulation. This system shall be instaUed in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. AH of the above insulation is to be furnished and applied by the manufacturer of the materials used, or by his approved- contractor, in accordance with the manbfacturer's standard specifications. Johns-Manville is prepared to furnish detailed standard specifications on any of the above items, as well as on the following and many others: Johns-Manville Anti-Sweat Insulation Cold Water Piping--All cold service water piping, including risers and concealed fixture connections or exposed soil or waste lines, shall be insulated with Anti-Sweat Insulation 1 in. thick applied in two. layers with all joints broken, fittings with Hair Felt and hard finish Asbestos Cement to the same thickness. . Finish of Insulation--AU insulation on pipes, fittings, valves and flanges which is exposed to view ( ` 532 Boilers, Boiler Settings, . Tube Doors, Breechings and Smoke Flues, Stack Lining, Stack Insulation, Feed Water Heaters, Pump Cylinders, Hot Water Piping, _ Ice Water Piping, Refrigeration. Piping, ` Pipes Exposed to Freezing. . Johns-Manville Corporation__________ . Insulating Materials Siiace limitations do not [Krmit the insertion of complete efficiency tables, pipe sizes, insulation thickss. etc. If you do not find the size you want, write to the nearest Johns-Manville Division sales office. JOHNS-MANVILLE 85 PER CENT MAGNESIA INSULATION An efficient insulation for steam lines to 600 deg. fahr. ______________;_______________ EFFICIENCIES Pipe Size Inches 1 2 3 4 6 8 Rat Surface Nominal 1 c*^S^ature Difference Between Pipe and Surrounding Air, Deg. Fahr. Insulation _ 100 300 400 500 Thickness Inches * em?S^ture * lPe* Deg. Fahr. (Temperature of Surrounding Air, 75 Deg.) ,, J,75 BJ* 375* 475" 575* Heat losses per linear foot of bare pipe per hour and FArimriA nf in<iil*i!nn 0 Std. 2 0 Std. 0 Std. 0 Std. 2 3 0 Std. 0 Std. 0 1 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u... Efficiency %................... %....................... %....................... Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... Efficiency %.................. ` %................... %.................. Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u... Efficiency %.................. ; %....................... Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... Efficiency %................... " %....................... %.................... .. Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... Efficiency %................... " Vo....................... %....................... Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... Efficiency %................... : &..................... (Bare Surface) B.t.u.... Efficiency %.................. -` %....................... %....................... 74.0 68.7 78.4 81.4 133.9 76.7 83.3 86.2 197.3 78.8 85.2 88.2 253.5 81.7 86.4 89.3 371.9 82.7 87.8 90.4 485.7 83.7 68.4 91.1 215.2 82.36 90.16 93.22 183.4 73.7 82.0 84.6 331.5 80.5 85.9 88.5 488.8 82.3 87.7 90.2 627.9 84.5 88.7 91.1 923.7 85.4 89.6 92.1 1203.0 86.2 90.3 92.7 533.0 85.20 91.85 94.37 337.4 77.7 84.8 87.0 608.3 83.3 88.2 90.2 . 896.8 84.8 69.6 91.7 1152.1 86.9 90.5 92.4 1694.9 87.6 91.3 93.3 . 2207.3 88.4 91.8 93.7 978.0 87.60 93.12. 95.25 . 555 2 81.1 87.3 89.1 1003 9 85.7 90.2 91.9 1480 0 87.1 91.4 93.0 1901 3 89.1 92.1 93.7 2797.1 89.7 92.8 94.4 3642 8 90.2 93.1 94.8 1614.0 89.64 94.27 96.06 89.5 90.9 88 2 91 7 93.3 89 3 92.9 94.2 90 8 93 4 94.8 4488 5 91 3 94.0 95.3 91 9 94.3 95.6 2590.0 91.48 95.31 96.75 JOHNS-MANVILLE ASBESTO-SPONGE FELTED INSULATION For insulating high pressure and superheated steam lines to 750 deg. fahr. ____________ .___________________ EFFICIENCIES pip. Size - Inches 1 2 3 4 6 Flat Surface Nominal Insulation Thickness Inches Temperature Difference Between Pipe and Surrounding Air. Deg. Fahr 100" 200" 300" 400" 500? 1 Temperature of Pipe. Deg. Fahr. (Temperature of Surrounding Air, 75 Deg ) u `i750 . 27r (1 ,375 475 575" Heat losses per linear foot of bare pipe per hour and Efficiencies of insularinn 0 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t,u... 74.0 1 Efficiency %................... 76.5 * %................... 80.7 %.................. 83.5 0 . Bare Pipe-Loss, B.t.u... V 1 Efficiency %................... 2 ." 3. %.................... %.................... 133.9 80.4. 85.1 87.7 . 0 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u.,. 197.3 1 Efficiency %.................. 82.2 86.8 - %................... ` 89.5 0 Bare Pipe Loss. B.t-u... 253.5 1 Efficiency %.................. 83.3 2 : %.................. 87.9 3 90.5 0 Bare Pipe Loss,- B.t.u... 371.9 . 1 Efficiency %................... 84.2 2 : %.................. 89.1 91.5 0 Bare Pipe Loss. B.t.u... 485.7 Efficiency %.................. 84.8 2 : %................... 89.6 Vo................... 92.1 0 (Bare Surface) B.t.u.... 215.2 1 Efficiency %................... 84.17 ` %................... 91.32 3 %.................. 94.02 183.4 79.9 83.6 86.1 331.5 83.3 87.2 89.6 488.8 84.9 88.8 91.2 627.9 85.8 89.7 92.0 923.7 86.5 90.7 92.9 1203.0 87.0 91.2 93.4 533.0 86.50 92.61 94.90 337.4 82.6 85.8 88.0 608.3 85.5 89.0 91.0 896.8 86.8 90.3 92.3 1152.1 87.6 91.1 93.0 1694.9 88.3 91.9 93.8 2207.3 88.7 92.4 94.2 978.0 88.38 93.61 95.59 . 555.2 85.2 87.8 89.8 1003 9 87.6 90.6 92.4 1480.0 88.8 91.7 93.5 1901 3 89.5 92.4 94.1 2797 1 90.1 93.1 94.8 3642.8 90.4 93.4 95.1 1614.0 90.10 94.55 96.23 87 4 90.0 91.5 89 3 92 1 93.7 90 3 93.2 94.6 90 9 93 7 95.1 91 4 94 3 95.6 5845 6 91 7 94.6 95.9 2590.0 91 73 95.44 96.85 533 Johns-Manoille Corporation Insulating Materials JOHNS-MANVILLE IMPROVED ASBESTOCEL INSULATION For insulating pipes conveying hot water or steam at medium and low pressure. EFFICIENCIES Pipe Sizes Inches Ply Temperature Difference Between Pipe and Surrounding Air. Deg. Fahr. 100 150 200 250 300 Temperature of Pipe. Deg. Fahr. (Temperature of Surrounding Air. 75 Deg.) 175 225 275 325 375 Heat losses per linear foot of bare pipe per hour and efficiencies of insulation 1 Bare Pipe Lou. B.t.u........ Efficiency %....................... " %....................... 4-ply %.............. .... 2 Bare Pipe Low, B.t.u........ Efficiency %....................... " %....................... 4-ply * %....................... 3 Bare Pipe Lou, B.t.u........ Efficiency %....................... 4-ply * %..................... * %....................... 4 Bare Pipe Lou. B.t.u........ Efficiency %....................... " %....................... 4-ply %....................... 6 Bare Pipe Lou. B.t.u........ Efficiency %............... 4-ply * %....................... %............ : 6 Bare Pipe Loss, B.t.u........ Efficiency %........ .............. 3-ply %:.................... 4-ply %....................... 74.0 57.8 . 62.9 66.4 133.9 64.5 69.7 73.0 197.3 67.2 72.6 75.9 253.5 68.6 74.0 77.4 371.9 70.0 75.6 79.0 485.7 70.9 76.4 79.8 123.8 59.8 64.8 68.1 223.9 66.1 71.3 74.5 330.1 68.7 74.0 77.2 424.2 70.0 75.3 78.5 623.9 71.4 76.8 80.1 - 812.5 72.2 77.6 80.9 183.4 61.6 66.6 69.7 331.5 67.6 72.6 75.7 488.8 70.0 75.3 78.3 627.9 71.3 76.5 79.6 923.7 72.6 77.9 81.1 . 1203.0 73.3 78.6 81.8 253.7 63.2 68.2 71.2 458.7 68.9 73.9 76.9 676.3 71.2 76.4 79.4 868.8 72.4S 77.6 80.6 1278.1 73.7 79.0 82.0 1664.5 74.4 79.6 82.7 337.4 ' 64.8 69.7 72.6 608.3 70.1 75.1 78.0 896.8 72.3 77.4 80.3 1152.1 73.4 78.6 81.5 1694.9 74.7 79.9 82.8 2207.3 75.3 80.5 83.5 JOHNS-MANVILLE UNDERGROUND SYSTEM OF INSULATION A specially salt glazed and highly vitrified tile conduit is used as a waterproof envelope to protect the insulation--JohnsManville Asbesto-Sponge Conduit Filling, is packed around the piping to be insulated and completely fills the conduit. The cast iron roll frame used is installed in a mortar or concrete bed and is set at the proper elevation from an overhead batter-board line. This method prevents uneven alignment of the pipes by irregular ity in the manufacture of the conduit, etc. The insulation used to surround the pipe is made of asbestos fibre and material of a sponge-like nature, which when properly mixed with the asbestos, forms the most efficient and durable insulation for under ground work. The underdrain laid , with open joints carries away the water that rapidly filters away from the system through the broken stone or gravel in which the lower half of the system and the underdrain itself is laid. Shutters for sealing the ends of the system, manhole and anchor pits are incidental but necessary, and are placed according to conditions and requirements as recommended by our engineers. 534 Johns-Manoille Corporation Insulating Materials JOHNS-MANVILLE RADIATOR CONTROL VALVE Hot Water Heating With Steam The Johns-Manville Radiator Control Valve is used for controlling radiator temperature and thereby obtaining, with steam, the desirable effects heretofore only obtained from hot water heating systems. The Johns-Manville Radiator Control Valve, on account of new and unique patented design, not only gives positive control or regulation of radiator tempera tures, but causes complete circulation of the heating medium and uniform distribution of temperature over the entire surface of the radiator, heating coils, etc. It is intended for use in vacuum and atmospheric return line systems of heating. ' RADIATOR TRAPS (Bronze and Nickel Finishes) For steam pressures to 10 lbs.--on open (atmospheric) or vacuum return line heating systems. For use on cast iron heating radiators only. WEIGHTS Style Pipe Connection w H" Standard 2 lb., 5 oz. Straight way 2 lb., 3 oz. Corner 2 lb., 4 oz. 2 lb., 7 oz. 2 lb., 6 oz. JOHNS-MANVILLE STEAM TRAPS Type A (Cast Iron) The simplicity of the Johns-Manville Steam Trap practically eliminates all possibility of its getting out of order. It has and requires no adjustments, and consists of only three parts--the body, discharge bushing and rolling ball, the latter being the only part that moves. Trap No. Pipe Size Inches ' 4 Capacity Pounds --oi Water per Hour A Dimensions in Inches (See Diagram) Weight Lbs. B c D E. >>>>> s*700 1000 6 8% 2% 3>4 3% 4% I4'/4 23 1% 1700 3500 tvl8*4 11'/. 5% 10% T'/l 12% 47 85 6000 14% 13 <% 8'/. 14% 126 Cast Iron Model JUNIOR MODEL (Bronze) For steam pressures to 50 lbs. ^ in. inlet and outlet pipe connections. Bushings for pressures from 1 to 10 lbs. and 10 to 50 lbs. . Trap Junior Pipe Size. Inches Pressure Range Pounds Capacity, Pounds of water per Hour . % ' 1-10 ' 10-50 250 4/4 inches long by 3Va inches high; weight. 2 pounds, 6 ozs. 535 Insulation, Underground Telephone Main 1736 The Ric-wiL Company Established 1910 UNDERGROUND COND-U----I--T----SY--ST.E..MoSr.FrtOnRlIHCEtTAfTMINr.GPPIPIPPEQS Union Trust Building CLEVELAND, OHIO Agents in Principal Cities--Refer to Local Telephone Directory Products--Ric-wiL Conduit, which includes Base Drain, Pipe Supports, insulation and other acces sories for underground steam, hot water and fuel oil pipes. Cast Iron conduit for extra heavy duty. Ric-wiL Conduit--Hard burned and glazed tile, bell and spigot type, which splits on the job for easy installing. Special Loc-Lip Side joints seal top and bottom halves together again after pipes and in sulation are installed, a strong water-tight joint. Sections 2 ft. long, sizes 1. D. 4 to 24 in. Ric-wiL Base Drain--Hard burned and glazed tile designed to be a base for supporting and lining up con duit and drain for carrying away moisture. Slotted sections interlock with conduit bells to form a strong construction. No concrete foundation necessary in solid ground. Three sizes: No. 1 for 4 and 6 in. conduits. No. 2 for 8 to 15 in.. No. 3 for larger sizes. Ric-wiL Pipe Supports-- Planned to carry one to five or more pipes and ordinarily spaced 12 ft. apart. Made of cast-iron, rust proofed, and interlocked with the base drain, imposing no load on the conduit itself. Ric-wfL Conduit Systems lor All Uses--Type SPC system for steam heating and power pipes and superheated steam. Insulation provided by standard pipe covering applied directly to pipes. Type F system for steam heating and power pipes. . Unlined Ric-wiL conduit with filler packed around pipes. Dry-paC Waterproof Filler if desired. Type DA system for hot water, fuel oil and condensation returns. Sil-o-cel insulation moulded to inside of tile and keyed in. Pipes insulated from outside earth hut not from each other. Type DF system for steam heating and power pipes. Type DA with addition of RiowiL Conduit filler packed around pipes. Dry-paC Waterproof Filler if desired. Cast Iron Ric-wiL Conduit--For extra heavy duty under railroads or other places where conduit is subject to abnormal strain. Similar in design to tile Ric-wiL. Special reinforced base drain. Engineering Service--Maintained for the con venience of customers. Inquiries answered promptly. Catalogs and special information on request. Ric-wiL Type F is an unlined conduit like this SPC, insulation being a loose Uller packed around the pipes. Ric-wiL Type DA is like this DF with insulation moulded to tile but without loose filler. 536 Insulation and Sound Proofing Samuel Cabot, Inc. 141 Milk St., Boston, Mass. 101 Park Avenue, New York 5000 Bloomingdale Avenue, Chicago Philadelphia Kansas City Minneapolis Los Angeles San Francisco Portland CABOT'S HEAT-INSULATING Cabot's "Quilt" is the original flexible insulator. It is made in three thicknesses--single, double and triple--is 36 in. wide and shipped in rolls covering 250 sq. ft. each. It is made of cured eel-grass, and will not rot. wilt not burn and will not harbor insects or vermin. QUILT" (Trade-mark) "Quilt" Insulation in Roof and'Wail Construction U. S. Government Bureau of Standards Letter Circular No. 227. reporting tests of numerous Insulating Materials, gives Cabot's "Quilt" a Thermal Conductivity rating'of 0.25 which was equalled by only two other insulators, regardless of cost. - Tests conducted by Prof. Gordon B. Wilkes, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, show the following savings in heat leakage in different methods of construction: WALL CONSTRUCTION Conductivity^Uninsulated Clapboard, studding............................... ........................... Clapboard, studding, lath, plaster.................................... Clapboard, sheathing, studding, lath, plaster................ 6 in. brick.............................................................................. 8 in. brick, furring, lath, plaster....................................... 4 in. tile, stucco, outside, plaster inside.......................... 12 in. concrete...................................................................... Corrugated iron.......... ........................................................ 12 in. stone............................................................................ 12 in. concrete, furring, lath, plaster............................... Stucco, studding, plaster.................................................... 0.70 0.44 0.28 0.40 0.27 ' 0.40 0.46 1.50 0.49 0.40 0.45 Conductivity Insulated 0.26 0.21 0,16 0.20 0.16 0.20 0.21 0.32 0.22 0.20 ' 0.21 Percentage Saving 63 52 43 50 41 50 54 79 55 50 53 ROOF CONSTRUCTION . Conductivity Uninsulated Conductivity Insulated Percentage -H" Saving 0.60 0.42 1.80 0.82 0.26 0.30 0.64* 0.32 0.27 0.16 0.17 0.24 52 82 67 39 43 63 - *Average value from Jones' tables. The Heating and Ventilating Magazine. The cost of Cabot's "Quilt" is so low. for material and application, that reduction in Heating Equip-' ment warranted by above figures more than pays for entire insulation. The annual fuel saving is pure velvet. Fire-resistant: "Quilt" is a real fire-resistant. It will not smoulder or carry fire. Will not Rot: "Quilt " will not rot. It will last as long as the house. Flexible: "Quilt" will fit any surface, or around corners or jogs. Lowest labor cost. Insulating Materials Armstrong Cork & Insulation Company Pittsburgh, Pa. Branches and Representatives 1 See Complete List on Page 480, Under Section "Foundation, Cork" Something over 50 per cent of the heat supplied to an uninsulated residential building is lost by conduction and radiation through the walls and roofs. But when the house is insulated with the recommended thicknesses of Armstrong's Corkboard this loss is so materially reduced that it can be heated comfortably with a smaller plant and on less fuel. The following figures for heat transmission through standard wall constructions are accurate and can be depended upon as a basis for heating capacity calculations. Heat transmission through insulated and uninsulated construction expressed in B.t.u. per hour, per square foot, per degree difference in temperature. Not O-insulated Insulated TV with Corkboard A inches 2 inches .218 ------ .105 --- .090 (A) Beveled siding, waterproof paper, sheathing, studding, lath and plaster. (B) Beveled siding, waterproof.paper, sheathing, studding, Armstrong's .Corkboard, -plaster. Not Insulated A. TV-INSULATED XV with Corkboard \]/2 in. 2 in .200 ------- .101 ------- .087 (A) Brick veneer, waterproof paper, sheathing, studding, lath and plaster, (B) Brick veneer, waterproof paper, sheathing studding, Armstrong's Corkboard; plaster. THICKNESS T NOT 1NSULATED A- B y--V-INSULATED with Corkboard V/2 inches 2 inches 8 in. -- .234 --.222 ----------.105 .090 12 in. -- .197 -- .189 .097 .084 16 in. -- .170 --.164 ------ -.090 .078 20 in. -- .150 --.145 --.084 --- .074 24 in. -- .134 -- .130 ------- .079 ------- . .070 (A) Brick, hollow brick or tile (4 in.). (B) Brick, hollow brick or tile, plaster (C) Brick, hollow brick or tile, Portland Cement mortar backing, Armstrong's Corkboard, plaster. .538 Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Insulating Materials The heat loss through roofs is even greater than through walls for the reason that roofs are generally thinner in construction and more exposed to extremes of temperature. . Moreover, in many buildings where high humidity is maintained, condensation, or sweating, on the ceilings is a serious problem. Excessive heat loss and sweating are eliminated by insulating the roof with the proper thickness of Armstrong's Corkboard. The figures below show the heat loss and the effect of insulation on several types of standard roof construction. Not Insulated A XVTV-insulated with Corkboard 1 Yi inches 2 inches .262 -------. .114 -- ------ .097 (A) Standard built-up roofing, mill construction plank roof. (B) Standard built-up roofing, Armstrong's Cqrkboard, plank roof. NOT INSULATED A| B -INSULATED with Corkboard 1 y2 inches 2 inches .384 -- .224 4----- .108 ---- q91 (A) Wood shingles, waterproof Paper, roof boards, rafters. (B) Wood shingles, waterproof paper, roof boards, rafters, lath and plaster. . (C) Wood shingles, waterproof paper, roof boards, rafters, Armstrong's Corkboard. plaster. (A) (B) THICKNESS T . Not Insulated A XV-INSULATED XV with Corkboard 1^ inches 2 inches 2 in.------ .400 ------- 3 in. ------- .376 ------ 4 in. ------- .356 ------- 5 in. ------- .336 ------- 6 in. -------. ,319 ------- 7 in. .303 ------- 8 in. ------- .290 ------- .135 ------- .110 .132 ------- .108 .129 ------- .106 .126 --- .105 .124 ------- .103 121 ------- .101 119 .------- .100 (A) Standard built-up roofing, reinforced concrete slab. ' (B) Standard built-up roofing, Armstrong's Corkboard. reinforced concrete slab. 539 *A mshir. Insulating Matoialv The Gelotex Company Branches in Principal Cities General Office 645 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, 111. Mill New Orleans. La. ^W' I 'H NSUI-^TIHO LiJMBgK GELOTEX is a structural material made from the tough fibres of cane. deg. fahr., per inch of thickness, which ranks it among the best of commercial Its physical properties give it a remarkinsulating materials. able resistance to the passage of heat, and because of its strength it replaces other building materials in most of its uses while providing effective insulation. Celotex has made practical the insula tion of all types of structures. Used throughout in combination with other materials its cost is seldom more than 1 or All materials provide some measure of 2 per cent of the total cost of the building. insulation, but unless the ability to resist the passage of heat is present in a sufficient degree, the material is not an effective insulation. Celotex has a conductivity of 0.33 B.t.u. per hour, per square foot, per In fact, Celotex is an actual economy, for a smaller heating plant and less radiation is required when Celotex has been built into roof and walls. Properly used, it can save from 25% to 35% of the fuel expense. Fuel and Radiation Savings; also Percentage of Heat kept out in Summer by Walls Insulated with Celotex (Based on Net Wall Area of 1000 Sq. Ft.) Wt>^D SIDING, WALLS ORDIMAQ.'f WAU CtLOTE* (l L*TlV) (.3Wall Insulated with Wall. Insulated wiih CELO-tl)l tMWs) Ueat Transmission (M U. pcv Me Cm. ft. Qu Ions of Coal SAVinq* G&Uorrs of Ot\ &aoist<o1 Waiter Meal; SAvinq* n Ueat Yapor Meat (Me Ctffiotex m Siimmei 26, SCO o. i M H.\ 4o.A Based on heating season of 210 days and average temperature difference of 35 deg. fahr. Based on temperature difference of 70 deg. fahr. -. ' fCompared with wall not insulated with Celotex. 540 The Celotex Company Insulating Material Fuel and Radiation Savings; also Percentage of Heat kept out in Summer by Roofs Insulated with Celotex (Based on Net Roof Area of 1000 Sq. Ft.) Aspualt Sulrlqix aoors UtATtD ATTICS 9- a oof Qaor Mmxrto with CEL Te* Cl tAVCtt) b UMMEATtD &TTICS - OteiHotv woof Cdvrijt ( Imim) ^ yjt/f// (iwtU^ jdjBjrJfyw Uat T emmiveio n" (6.10. peril* per ptr l*r) Annual Fuel 9Avmq* Cu.fr. of Gas Ton* ^ Coo) Gallons ef 0%\ QaoiatioH UotwATcr UeaC S_aving* Sfeoirv Meat (s,.rx) Vapor Heat Percentage cf Ueat Kept Ovt Celofex in Summer t 0. 5 >e 6. 2 11 136.ooo 4. St 547 n.i 47-7 54.6 5S% ' Mtirn!} O. 231 ^ i4rtv^/ o. i IS 41, Soo l.*>5 210 26.1 1X4 70 46% Based on heating season of 210 days and average temperature difference of 35 deg. fahr. Based on temperature difference of 70 deg. fahr. fCompared with roof not insulated with Celotex. ' The advantages of Celotex may be obtained in houses already built, as well as new houses, by lining attic and basement with Celotex. Since a large percentage of the heat loss in most houses is through the roof, lining he attic with Celotex gives protection where it is most needed. The U. S. Bureau of Standards has this to say about insulation applied to walls and roofs of dwellings: "The application of insulation results in a certain absolute saving which is independent of heat loss through windows and doors. The approxi mate fuel saving in dwelling houses with half inch insulation may be 20 per cent (or over) and with one inch insulation from 30 to 40 per cent." The broad strong boards of. Celotex are used instead of wood sheathing under wood siding, brick veneer, stucco or shingles; under plaster replacing lath; as roof sheathing; as interior and exterior finish, as attic and basement lining. For best results, at least two layers of Celotex should be used in walls and roof and in some instances a greater thickness will prove economical. These should prefer ably be distributed, one layer on each side of the framing. ' Thecharts reproduced here show typical savings of fuel and radiation and the percentage of summer heat kept out when Celotex has been properly used in walls and roof. Figures are given for one and two layers in roofs and two.and three layers for walls on the basis of 1000 sq. ft. of wall or roof area. We will be glad to send you special literature that will be very helpful to the heating and ventilating engineer--"Coef ficients of Heat Transmission." "RooF Insulation with Celotex," "Radiation Saving with Celotex," "Fuel Saving with Celotex" and the: Celotex Building book containingthegeneral story of this product. Write for any or all of these pamphlets. 541 Insulating Material Flax-li-num Insulating Company Chicago Office 228 North La Salle Home Office and Factory St. Paul, Minnesota Manufacturers of FLAX-LI-NUM New York Office Architects Building, 101 Park Avenue Fiax-li-num is a thermal insulation and sound control material used for many years in various industries to meet existing insulation requirements. Flax-li-num is a semi-rigid board felted from the long tough fibres of the flax plant and naturally Flax-li-num is durable and assures the user that the insulation will last as long as the building stands. frame, brick, hollow tile or veneer con structions, and to give the user the full benefit of its heat- insulation and sound proofing qualities. Flax-li-num was introduced in 1909, first, to insulate railroad refrigerator cars, and has extended its application in the past fifteen years to a variety of insulating services in residences and industrial build ings and in many specialty markets, such as icelcss shipping containers and kindred products. The use of Flax-li-num in buildings, brings definite economies in fuel and radia tion required; as well as the production and maintenance of healthful conditions. Heat transmission coefficients are given for various types of walls and roofs. Flax-li-num is vermin and rodent proof and is guaranteed by the manufacturers never to fall down or become displaced in a building wall. As the material is of semi-rigid type it cannot warp, break or crack, and it should not be considered as a substitute for ordinary wood or metal lath, sheathing or other parts of a building construction. The Flax-li-num insulation method has been developed for roofs and walls of To get the best service from Flax-li-num specify the exact place where insulation is to go. The effectiveness of insulation is increased if applied between studdings, midway between the sheathing and lath and plaster for frame construction, or furred out on masonry construction. Flax-li-num for walls should be at least % in. thick and for roofs 1 in. thick. The Flax-li-num method of application of insulating material to all types of con struction is fully covered in our booklet, "Heat Insulation for Houses"--A.. I. A. File 37-b-l. There is also contained in this booklet the Flax-li-num radiation chart' which greatly simplifies the accurate com putation of radiation where heat loss factors are known. A copy of this publica tion should be in the files of every engineer and architect, and will be sent on request. 542 Flax-li-num Insulating Company Insulating Material Heat Loss factors for various insulated and uninsulated walls of stucco, brick and frame construction are fully covered in the publication "Heat Insulation for Houses." Frame Walls A-3. Standard frame construction. Sheathing, paper and siding outside. Lath and plaster inside............................................................ 255 These walls are listed below with their K values, showing how these values are B-3. Same as above with ^ in. Flax-li-num added............................. 151 substantially reduced by the addition of * Flax-li-num in accordance with our standard specification which calls for }/& in. Flax-li-num in side walls and 1 in. ceilings or roofs. Stucco Walls C-3. Standard frame construction, same as A-3, except plastered on lumber substitute........................ 216 D-3. Same as above with in. Flax-li-num added................... 136 E-3. Standard frame construction, same as A-3, except lumber substitute used for sheathing........229 A-l. Standard frame construction furred out over sheathing, metal lath and stucco. Lath and plaster inside.............................. 242 B-l. Same as above but with ^ in. Fiax-li-num added................... ,........146 C-l. Standard frame construction with Byrkett sheathing. Stucco directly on sheathing. Lath and plaster inside................. 287 D-l. Same as above with. 3^ in.Flax-li-num added.......-..................... 161 E-l. Frame construction. Metal lath directly on studs. Stuccoed outside and back-plastered. Lath and plaster inside_____,.......... 357 F-l. Same as above with in. Flax-li-num added............................. 181 Brick and....Tile Walls F-3. Same as above with 3^ in. Flax-li-num added............................. 141 Roofs and Ceilings A. Standard frame construction. Wood shingles, attic floor. Lath and plaster...... ......................... 179 B. Same as above, with 1 in. Flax-li-num under ceiling joist furred down for lath and plaster .104 C. Standard frame construction, same as A, without attic floor. .284 D. Same as B, without attic floor. .132 E. Standard frame construction, attic floor, tile roof.TM..................163 F. Same as E, with 1 in. Flax-linum under ceiling joist furred down for lath and plaster............... 098 A-2. Standard frame construction. Lath and plaster inside. Face brick veneer.................. 210 B-2. Same as above with 3^ in. . Flax-li-num added..... ........................133 C-2. 8 in. hollow tile. . 4 in. Face Brick, plastered directly on tile .255 .D-2. Same as above, but furred in side with 1 by 2 in., plastered on Flax-li-num Keyboard....!.........141 One of the fields in which Flax-li-num finds extensive use is in the insulation of industrial roofs, where it serves to reduce heat losses, secures greater comfort for workers and corrects condensation dif ficulties which hamper production in many instances. It is also extensively used for sound control and acoustical correction. E-2. Standard 13 in. solid brick wall, furred inside, lath and plaster .191 F-2. Sameasabove with Flax-li-num Keyboard as plaster base................. 146 All details pertaining to the above uses are covered in the aforementioned publica tion, "Heat Insulation for Houses." . 543 Insulating Material. MacAndrews & Forbes Company 200 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. Maftex PRODUCTS: . Maftex Structural Insulating Board. Maftex Roof Insulating Board. The Company: Maftex is made by MacAndrews & Forbes Co., of Camden, N.J., whose business was established in the U.S.A. in 1870, and for many years makers of Fiberlic Wall-Board and other licorice root products, nationally known for toughness, strength and rigidity. Properties of Maftex: Maftex is the result of twenty years development. Fig. 1 shows a section of experimental board fabricated from roots of licorice. After nineteen years it shows no trace of disintegration, no inherent change, no loss of tensile strength. Note the "cleanness" of the saw cut. Fig. 2. shows the ripple side (approxi mately one-tenth actual size) of a typical Maftex board, ready for roof or side wall sheathing and insulation, or as a base for plaster to take the place of lath--or as interior finish. Maftex is made from the roots of licorice toughened by five-year root growth through stubborn soil. When prepared and processed these form a mass of densely interlaced, reinforcing and stiffening fibres. Maftex affords effective thermal non conductivity, because it is composed of millions of "dead air" cells that become a barrier to the passage of thermal units. Maftex may be applied without the supplementary use of roof or side wall sheathing. It has the strength and resili ency that withstands windstrain, vibration, atmospheric change and other conditions to which construction is subjected after com pletion. Maftex undergoes no change in in herent structure. It will not buckle, crack, warp, nor disintegrate after applica tion. . Maftex forms a solid base for gypsum plaster in place of lath. It is easily and quickly applied. It requires no forcing of ground coats through to key. The float of the surface forms a bond that resists 1000 lb. pull to the square foot without being budged. Maftex does not attract rats, ants and other vermin. Though thousands of tons of licorice root waiting to be made into Maftex boards--and thousandsof finished boards awaiting shipment--are stored in the Company's warehouses, no rats or vermin are ever seen there. Maftex is handled easily and swiftly. It has the structural qualities desired, saws and nails cleanly, and reduces con struction time, effort, and cost. General Uses: Maftex is used as: Structural sheathing and insulation for exterior walls; Structural sheathing and insulation for sloping roofs; Sound deadening for floors and walls; Plaster base to replace interior lathing; Interior finish when not plastered; Exterior finish when left exposed; and Thermal-Insulating sheets for flat roofs. Sizes, Thickness and Weight: Maftex Structural Insulating Board is xV in. in thickness, 4 ft. wide and 8, 9, 10 and 12 ft. long. Weight is approximately 750 lb. per 1000 sq. ft. Maftex Roof Insulating Board is made in 4 ft. by 4 ft. sizes, approximately in. in- thickness. Figure I Figure 2 MacAndrews & Forbes Company Insulating Material Lengths and widths are cut scant to obviate "crowding" of the joints between boards. Processing of the Root Fibre: In the manufacture of Maftex Insulat ing Board, the root is first "cured" and then shredded. It is next given a prolonged and vigorous boil, which serves a double purpose. First, the boiling removes ingredients which are not fibrous. Second, the boiling effectively sterilizes the fibres. Following this the fibres are thoroughly washed with two hundred times their weight of water. Any sand or fine particles which might lessen the strength of the board are thus screened out. There remain then only the long fibres--tough, elastic, reinforcing, durable, clean, sterile. Fabricating the Sheets: The fibres are next waterproofed and felted, and the mass is passed through many presses and formed, in one process, into a single-ply continuous sheet without laminations. When given the Maftex texture, cut to standard sizes and dried in kilns there results a staunch board com posed of interwoven^ tough root fibres which enclose millions of minute dead air-pockets, upon which the thermal insulating properties, the strength and the durablity of the board so large.y depend. Authoritative Results of Tests: Thermal-Conductivity--The coeffi cient of heat transmission of Maftex is expressed as 0.326 B.t.u. per hour per square foot, per degree Fahrenheit diff erence in temperature per inch thick ness. As illustrative of the fact that the lower the conductivity the better the insulating value, such well and favorably known species o/ wood as Yellow Pine and Maple have,- respectively, thermal con ductivities of 1.045 B.t.u. and 1.10 B.t.u. The thermal conductivity of concrete is 6 to 9 and that of granite 13 to 28. The value of Maftex for its lack of heat and cold transmission can be readily recognized from these figures. Structural Strength--Distortion Tests clearly indicate the strength of Maftex for sheathing compared with wood . as ordinarily used for the same purpose. * Similar panels; each 8 ft. by 8 ft., sheathed respectively with two sheets of Maftex and with % in. by 12 in. wood sheathing, tested by tightening a turnbuckle between the panels show Maftex to be only 2& in. out of plumb when the wood panel is \2% iii. from the perpendicular. This extreme resistance to twisting and distortion enables the architect to secure insulation plus structural strength in one material. Sheathing for Walls and Roofs: Maftex is not only a waterproofed insulating material of high type but its structural strength adds to its desirability in place of the usual sheathing for frame walls and sloping wood rafter construction. The large sheets 4 ft. wide by 8, 9, 10 and 12 ft. long, provide a stiffening action to the framework, resisting twisting; and distortion whether clapboarded, shingled or stuccoed as in the best work, or left exposed. As a roof sheathing on rafters under any type of roofing material, the large sheets of Maftex afford added rigidity plus high insulating value. Ordi narily the roof is one of the most pro-, nounced places at which occurs heat infiltration in the summer and heat leakage in the winter. Insulation for Roofs: On flat roof slabs of concrete, hollowtile or other materials, including roof decks of wood planking or steel forms, Maftex Roof Insulating Board, in the 4 ft. by 4 ft. sheets, laid in one or two layers in combination with bituminous or asphaltic compounds, makes a base for any type of roof covering that insures insulation against heat or cold, prevents condensation, conserves fuel, lessens radia tion and size of heating plant, and reduces contraction and expansion of the sup porting roof construction. Base for Interior Plastering: . The use of Maftex as a plaster base, or lathing, for gypsum plaster adds insulation to the structure and at the same time provides a plaster bond stronger than with ordinary lath. So firm is the bond formed between the Maftex and gypsum plaster that, in tests conducted, a load of about 1000 lb. per sq. ft. has been neces sary to cause rupture, and even then the tearing apart did not occur at the contact of the plaster with the Maftex face. Finished Interiors Without Plastering: For decorative effects without plaster, the distinctive Maftex surface places at the disposal of the designer possibilities in texture practically unobtainable here tofore. The surface may be painted, Kalsomined, left natural, or treated with one coat of special preparations for textural effects. .. Sound Deadening: . As a sound-deadening material Maftex is most effective, for the same intrinsic qualities which provide thermal insulation guarantee its sound-absorbing value. Insulating Material UNIVERSAL GYPSUM & LIME CO. New York, N. Y. Jacksonville, Fla. Offices Chicago, 111. MILLS--Akron, N. Y., Fort Dodce. Ia., Rotan.j Texas Fort Dodge, Iowa Kansas City, Mo. Reg. U. S. Patented Office Insulex is a gypsum insulating material for building construction and is used to prevent the passage of heat, cold and sound. When mixed with water Insulex expands and hardens into a cellular mass in partitions, floor and ceiling spaces. It is especially adapted for use in homes, apartment. A Block of Insulex Showing Cellular Structure houses, schools, commercial and industrial buildings where the saving of heat is a vital necessity. The use of Insulex reduces the size of heating plants and amount of radiation installed so that in estimating the heating requirements of a building using Insulex insulation special conductivity factors are required. Method of Providing Complete Insulation of House Complete A. I. A. Specifications, reports of tests and engineering data on Insulex will be furnished on application. Our staff of heating engineers will help solve your problems on reduced radiation. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION* SIDE WALL (FRAME) Clapboard. Paper, Sheathing. Stud. Lath and Plaster...... Brick Veneer. Paper, Sheathing, Lath and Plaster......... Cement Stucco. Paper. Sheathing, Lath and Plaster.... SIDE WALL (MASONRY) Brick Wall--Plastered Inside: 12- * .............................................................................. 16- "........................... ;................................................ Terra-Cotta Wall--Stucco Exterior--Plastered Inside: 12- * .............................................................................. 16- " .............................................................................. CEILING Ceiling Joists, Lath and Plaster.......................................... UNINSULATED INSULATED By Filling Stud Space With No. 12 INSULEX .345 .263 .251 .255 Lath and Plaster .082 .076 .075 .075 Gypsolite Plaster Board and Plaster .079 .073 .073 .073 By Using 2-Inch Furring Strips and Filling Space with No. 12 INSULEX No Furring With Furring Strips Strips .379 .272 .296 .228 .243 .196 Lath and Plaster .III .103 .096 Gypsolite Plaster Board and Plaster .105 .098 .091 .291 .225 .184 .224 .183 .155 .692 .102 .093 .095 .0% .088 .081 Filling Space Between Joists 4-Inches With No. 12 INSULEX Lath and Plaster : .082 Gypsolite Plaster Board and Plaster .079 New Heating Constants--For use in determining house heating radiation requirements when insulated with Insulex, according to Universal Gypsum.* Lime Co.'s specifications. The Armour Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, have prepared the above figures based on tests and years of experience showing the amount of heat lost through various kinds of construction. Prepared by Professor J. C. Peebles. _- The figures given are in B.t.u.'s per square foot per hour per degree temperature difference and show heat loss or conductivity. These figures can be used in figuring reduced size of heating plants and radiation required in an Insulexed home. `- 546 J K Insulating Material United States Gypsum Company General offices 3QQ West Adams Street Chicago Description: nence. Thermofill fits tight against joists, Thermofill is a combination of specially studs, and rafters to form the most effec processed gypsum and short pulp fibre. tive barrier to heat and cold it is possible The gypsum is forced into the fibre by a to obtain. rolling and shredding process, making the Thermofill light, fluffy and fire-resisting in addition to the splendid insulating value which it has. In the side walls of a house Thermofill is placed between the studs 3^ in. thick. Over the ceiling, with side walls fully insulated, ThermofiU is. placed 4 in. deep. It provides bulk insulation at low cost. Or, it may be filled between the rafters These two properties are of first impor when the attic space is finished off in tance in considering an insulating material. rooms. It is put in place as it comes from Other desirable properties of Thermofill are its high fire, moisture, and vermin resistance and its perma THERMOFILL The Dry Fill Insulation the mill without cutting, fitting or mixing, to form the most practical type of insulation. INSULATING EFFICIENCY ON TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION Description Siding. Paper:-- (Water-proof.) Sheathing. 2 by 4 in. studs. Wood lath. 3 coats plaster. Description Stucco-cement. C2-14 wire mesh. Building paper (Water-proof.) Yellow Pine sheath ' ing. 2 by 4 in. studs. Wood lath. ' 3 coats plaster. Description Brick, 4 in. - 1 in. air space. Building paper. in. wood sheath ing. 2 by 4 in. studs. Wood lath. 3 coats plaster. USE CONSTANTS SHOWN BELOW FOR ESTIMATING RADIATION "U" Calculated Insulated 5y/& in. 1 hermohli.. .26 .085 "U" Actual l est .32 .13 "U" Calculated .27 .09 "U" "U" Actual i est . Calculated .36 .24 .14 .08 "U" Actual 1 est .30 .13 Note.--"U" (Calculated) is B.t.u.'s per hr.--per sq. ft.--per degree difference in temperature F. They ' are calculated from Surface and Conductivity factors of each material making up the construction. "U" (Actual Test) is B.t.u.'s per hr.--per sq. ft.--per degree difference in temperature F. as obtained by actual tests, using equipment and method as recommended by a committee of the' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers and conducted under the supervision of Prof. J. C. Peebles of-Armour Institute, Chicago, 111. Description Joist--Lath and Plaster (no flooring) INSULATING EFFICIENCY ON CEILINGS Uninsulated ThermofiU Insulated "U" Calculated .60 . <60 " U" Actual Test .76 .76 "U" Calculated 2* .13 4" .07 "U" Actual Test .24 .12 547 Insulating Materials Wood Conversion Company General Office and Factory at Cloquet, Minnesota District Sales Offices: * Chicago, III., 1320 London Guarantee Bldg. Detroit, Mich., 503 Stephenson Bldg. . New York, N.Y., 101 Park Avenue St. Paul, Minn., 1955 University Avenue . Manufacturers of Balsam-Wool House Insulation Sound Absorbent Steel Car Insulation Refrigerator Car Insulation Section of BALSAM-WOOL Insulation Showing wood fibres're-arranged.into a fleecy substance, matted together in blanket form, packed, without stitch ing, between two coverings of tough kraft paper lined with waterproof films of asphalt coating. Balsam-Wool is a fire resisting, rot and vermin proof insulation. Balsam-Wool comes in three widths, 17, 25 and 33 in., wrapped in rolls. These widths are available in both and 1 in. thicknesses. The latter thickness is recommended for roof and ceiling insulation. Half-inch BalsamWool weighs 200 lbs. per 1,000 sq. ft. Details of Application 8*t s*f* Woet.^ L#Tn PunTcrt' 17 in. Balsam-Wool flanged between studding. 8eAS*r1\v&/je I 1 , 3/u.. LAsu #/roPutsrza ^----- 38 in. Balsam-Wool outside of sheathing--brick veneer. ShccyShc*thih*-i S/omf <v d < Aastt* S3 in Balsam-Wool on inside face of studding. The illustrations above show the method of placing Balsam-Wool in the walls of a building.' Balsam-Wool acts as a blanket around a house and will hold in the heat and keep out the cold. 548 Wood Conversion Company Insulating Materials Thermal Conductivity^ The following hot plate test by Professor J. C. Peebles gives the thermal conductivity of. Balsam-Wool per square foot, per inch thickness, per degree difference in temperature, per hour, and shows the extremely high insulating value of the material. Material Thickness Inches Density Lbs. Cu. Ft. Conductivity Per Inch Thick Thickness as Tested Balsam-Wool Plain Paper 0.63 3.62 .229 .364 Radiation Reduction In a building properly insulated with Balsam-Wool, 25 per cent less radiation and boiler capacity, as well as relatively smaller pipe sizes will be required and the saving is usually enough to pay for the cost of the insulation. . In computing the heat losses from a building and the radiation required, the following coefficients of wall sections should be used. TYPE OF WALL B.t.u. Transmission per Sq. Ft., per Hour, per 1 deg. fahr. Difference in Temperature. . Uninsulated Insulated with Yi Inch Balsam-Wool Insulated' with Inch - Balsam-Wool Frame Wall Stucco on Metal Lath Brick Veneer 8 In. Brick Wall with Furring Strips . Ceiling, Lath and Plaster, no Floor Ceiling, Lath and Plaster, Single Floor Roof, Wood Shingles on Sheathing Asphalt Shingles on Sheathing .25 .26 .23 .27 .60 .34 .43 . .55 . .127 .13 .125 .132 .18 .15 .163 .175 .10 .10 .095 .102 .129 .11 .120 .127 549 Metal Weather Strips Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Company Incorporated General Offices: Detroit, Mich. Factories Detroit^ Mich. . Peru, Illinois Over 100 Sales-Service Branches Throughout the United States In figuring radiation for a and door cracks, In-Dor- building it is imperative that you investigate the heat saving effected by weather strips and calk ing. Consider, for ex CHamberUN Weather strips SINCE re93`Tnt STAHMKO * Seals for sealing cracks at bottom of interior doors, Sill-Dor-Seals for sealing cracks at bottoms of ex terior doors, Pulley Covers ample, this one fact alone. for stopping inleakage of An unstripped window of air at pulley holes of sliding average size will leak 124 cu. ft. windows, and Plasti-Calk for of air per hour per foot of sealing cracks around window crack when the wind is blowing and door frames. . only 15 miles an hour. The uncalked cracks around door and window frames leak an Chamberlin Weather Strips additional 22.6 cu. ft. of air per hour per foot of crack .at the same wind velocity. Rigid air leakage tests on ten to thirtythree year old Chamberlin installations have proved that Weather stripped win dowsshould bePractically airtight yet easy . to operate. Chamberlin covers entirely the run ways of sliding windows but raised track-like cor rugations reduce sliding friction to a minimum. These Weather Strips are furnished in zinc, cold-rolled bronze or spring bronze. Thirty-four years of perfor mance and over 20,000,000 Chamberlin equipped doors Chamberlin Weather Strips and windows have demon and Calking prevent over 90 per cent of strated their efficiency and the correctness this infiltration and consequent heat loss. of their design. These Weather Strips This means that when computing the B.t.u. delivery of your heating plant you can make considerable reduction and effect substantial economies both for the seal the cracks around doors and windows thereby barring out rain and the inleak age of cold or dust laden air at these vulnerable points. building owner and future occupants if you can prevail upon those most inter ested to include Chamberlin equipment in the building plans. Many heating and ventilating engineers are today recognizing the relationship of weather stripping equipment to heating efficiency and are insisting that for economical and efficient heating a building must be weather stripped. Naturally the preferred weather stripping is Chamberlin --the standard for over thirty-four years. Chamberlin In-Dor-Seals This outstanding Chamberlin equipment effectively seals the cracks at the bottoms of inside doors thereby preventing the spread of cdld air from bed rooms or other unheated rooms throughout the remainder of the building. Chamberlin In-Dor-Seals are ingeniously hidden in the bottoms of inside doors. A thick but soft felt strip rises automatically to clear rugs or runners the instant the door is opened and lowers snugly to the floor, sealing the under-door Chamberlin furnishes complete weather crack an instant before the door is entirely stripping equipment for every type of closed. In-Dor-Seals are essential in opening. This equipment includes preventing heat loss particularly at night Chamberlin Weather Strips for window.. when bed room windows are open. 550 Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Co., Inc. Metal Weather Strips Chamberlin Sill-Dor-Seals factory branches and installed exclusively i Chamberlin Sill-Dor-Seals effectively seal the cracks beneath entrance doors and prevent rain and air leakage at this junction. They are made of extruded brass, highly polished and artistically formed and are an chored securely to wood, stone or metal sills. The effect of their presence is quickly noticeable in halls or corridors. Chamberlin Pulley Covers by Chamberlin mechanics trained and supervised to work to the rigid Chamberlin standard. And as final assurance of per manent satisfaction, Chamberlin posi tively guarantees and services its equip ment "for the life of the building." The following is a brief summary of why Chamberlin equipment will best serve the interests of heating efficiency, why you can safely recommend Cham-, These Pulley Covers cover pulley holes in lower sash runways and fit snugly around Illustration above shows how cracks around window and door frames in masonry walls are effectively sealed with -Chamberlin Plasti-Calk. It adheres Per fectly and will not chip or crumble. berlin equipment and why you will gain the lasting good will of your clients by the cord, thereby practically stopping any air leakage at these points. Chamberlin Plasti-Calk doing so. Ten Reasons Why Chamberlin Should Be Your Choice As An Aid To Heating Efficiency Chamberlin Plasti-Calk permanently seals the cracks between window or door frames and the surrounding masonry. PlastiCalk does not crack or crumble away but remains semi-plastic and adheres to metal, wood or .stone. Cracks between frames and" masonry constructed walls are always present despite the most expert workmanship, and are too often neglected. Yet they allow considerable infiltration of air and dust, and a con siderable loss of heat when the weather is cold. Since 1893 Chamberlin equipment has been considered the leading Weather Stripping equipment. Tests show that Chamberlin equipment continues to give as good service as when fitSt installed. A Chamberlin installation involves a scientific and complete weather stripping service. It is sold only through Chamberlin 1. Complete line of weather proofing equipment. 2. High Quality of heavier gauge ma terials. 3. All Installations factory supervised and made by Chamberlin's own Trained Craftsmen. . 4. Exacting Attention to Installation Details. . 5. Proved by Test of Time. 6. Product and Guarantee nationally advertised and therefore dependable. 7. Ranked as Standard for thirty-four years. 8. Specialists in Weather Strip Develop ment to meet all requirements. 9. Installations freely Serviced-Guaranteed "for Life of the Building." 10. Nation Wide Service Organization--. an established million dollar corpora tion with more than one hundred factory branches. 551 Metal Weatherstrips The Higgin Manufacturing Go. Newport, Ky. Manufacturers of Metal Weather Stripping for Windows and Doors Representatives in Principal Cities Access Panel Higgins All Metal Weatherstrip Equipments efficiently reduce to a minimum infilteration losses around windows and doors. . The Higgins rib track and spring tempered bronze insert for double hung windows, forms a metal to metal contact that drafts will not pass. The efficiency of this two member equipment is not'Effected by shrinkage of the sash. If the sash should draw away from the frame the insert will snugly contact with the rib at any point of its projection. Air leakage through the pulley holes is prevented by the insert dividing as it does into a separate chamber the cut out for sash cord. A double hung window model is illustrated. Note rib. track and insert at sides, head and sill and interlocking strips at the meeting rail. (At Right) Note how snugly the spring tempered Insert hugs the rib, even though the sash has shrunk since installation. . There is also an All Metal equipment for every type of casement window and for doors, too. * Higgin Weatherstrips are installed by only thoroughly trained mechanics, assuring the proper functioning of the sash and a perfectly fit job. Write for Complete Literature. 552 \ The metal'to metal contact insures a perfectly tight fit, yet an easy sliding sash. Metal Weatherstrips The Higgin Manufacturing Co. Newport, Ky. Manufacturers of Metal Access Panels for Heating and Plumbing Systems Representatives in Principal Cities Jl ALL METAL JL Weatherstrips Illustration below shows panel used for access to concealed valve. Plaster is shown broken to expose metal lath and method of fastening. Lid is shown hanging below frame well out of the way. Note how frame provides ground for plasterer. (In Oval) Lid is shown in place. Note how inconspicuous the panel is. The Higgin All Meta! Access Panel was designed to meet a pressing need for an inconspicuous flush panel for access to critical places in Heating, Plumbing and Refrigerating systems. The panel is entirely of metal. They are made as a unit. No m 123^ 14M 1834 assembling at the job. Installation is simple and no special framing or grounds are necessary. The panel is composed of a frame and lid. The frame is in one piece with a con Measurements tinuous angle on the inside, forming a in rabbet. rabbet for the lid. Perforated angles are spotwelded to outside of frame for fastening and plaster key. On the smaller panels friction catches hold the lid in place. For the larger sizes, retaining clips and special cam fasteners are used. Concealed hinges may be provided if desired in place of the retaining clips. Panels may be installed in walls faced with piaster, tile or marble. They can be painted, decorated or papered over. Higgin All Metal Access Panels are ideal for use in Hospitals, Apartment Houses, Hotels, Residences, Offices and other Buildings. Write for Complete Descriptive Literature 553 Motors and Controllers GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY SCHENECTADY, N. Y. Sales Offices in Principal Cities Motor Drive and Control For Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems Methods of Drive Fig. 1 Fig. 1. Silent chain drive can frequently be employed to advani ge, with a lowering of the motor cost as compared with direct-connected drive. The illustration shows a 25 hp., 500/900 r.p.m.. Type CD, adjustable speed, motor driving an American Blower Fan at the Port land (Oregon) Journal Building. The chain drive is enclosed in an oil-tight housing. Fig. ft Fig. 2. " Texrope" drive makes pos sible the placing of the motor very close to the fan pulley, and saves space. The ill straiion shows a 60 hp., 850 r.p.m. motor driving a Buffalo fan. The maximum an speed is 140 r.p.m. ' Fig. 4. With fans of moderate size driven by alternating-current motors, the simple belt drive is efficient and economical. This illustration shows a Type KT, 3 hp., 860 r.p.m., con stant speed motor controlled by a CR7005 magnetic switch, operating a Buffalo fan in the Plaut Store, Newark, N. J. Fig. S Fig. S. The directconnected, slowspeed direct-current motor has long been a standard drive for ventilating and ex haust fans in large buildings. It is quiet and compact in operation, and has the lowest pos sible maintenance for a long period of years. The illus tration shows a Type CD, 15 hp., slow-speed, adjust able speed motor driving an Ameri can Blower fan at the Detroit Masonic Temple. Fig: 5. The center distances on a belt drive can be shortened by using the " Lenix" idler to insure a larger arc of contact at the motor pulley. The illustration shows a 10 hp.. Type MT, slip-ring induction motor driving a fan at the Washington High School, New Rochelle, N.Y. Fig. 5 This Company wilt gladly assist in the solution of any electrical problem in relation to heating and ventilation 554 General Electric Company Motors and Controllers Motor Drive and Control For Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems Controllers for Use with Varying Speed, 3- or 2-phase, Alternating-Current, Slip-Ring Motors for Driving Fans Remote Indicating Control Fig. 1.--CR7761-FI, 20-50 Hp. HP. Dimensions in Inches (Approx.) Height Width Depth Net Weight in Lb. (Approx.) 5- 7i/2 10-15 20 25 30 40 50 *67</i *671/2 *67'/2 67`A 67</, 67V? 67V? 36 36 36 36 39'/2 391/2 39'/2 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 ^ 360 375 475 575 650 725 850 All sizes mounted on 64-in. angle supports. Equipment includes one CR7761-F1 control panel, one BS-15-F four-speed indicating station, one BS-31-A start-safe-run station and one CR1924, 3-pole, fused switch. Dimensions of BS-15-F are 8 in. by 153 in. Sizes 5-15 hp. have self-contained resistors; Larger sizes have separate resistors. Four Speeds--CR7761-FI Remote indicating control, four speeds, operated by remotely located push-button station with bull'seye lights of different colors indicating speed selected or attained. 5-15 hp. CR7761-F1 and BS-15-F. CR7761-F1 enclosed contactor panel includes four speed-controlling or accelerating contactors with three relays. Remote located push-button station BS-15-F has four speed buttons marked (1) Slow Speed, (2) Second Speed. (3) Third Speed, (4) Full Speed, and one "stop" button. On pressing any "speed" button the motor accelerates auto matically to that speed and the corresponding bull'seye is illuminated. Speed can be changed while run ning to any other value by pressing button corre sponding to speed desired. An additional control sta tion BS-31-A with three buttons, "start." "safe," and "run," may be pro vided adjacent to the motor to start the equipment at the motor for test purposes. When the "safe" button is pushed the equipment is not only stopped but Fig. 2.--BS-15-F cannot be started from the remote indicating station. The "run" button on the BS-31-A station adjacent to the motor is pressed to release the "safe." When started by the BS-31-A station ad jacent to the motor, the motor can be run at slow speed only. If it is desired to arrange this controller so that the motor can only be started in the fan room, add a CR7002 and a BS-79-J Start-Stop station. With this arrangement the BS-31-A station will not be required. Speed control and stopping may be secured from the remote station as before. Fig. S Installation of 3 BS-15-F, Remote Indicating Control Stations for CR7761-F1 Controllers operating Exhaust Fans tn the Pent House of the Salaam Temple, Newark. At right is shown a Type MT Motor belted to Supply Fan and Controlled by a CR7764 Controller This Company will gladly ass electrical problem in relation 1 555 Fig. 4 Installation of Type MT Motor belted to Exhaust Fan at Salaam Temple, Newark. Motor is con trolled by a CR7761-F1 Remote Indicating Control Panel operated from a Remote Point by one of the Control Stations shown in Fig. 2 t in the solution of any heating and ventilation Motors and Controllers The Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company EAST PITTSBURGH, PA. Abilene, Kan. Abilene. Tex. Akron. Ohio Albany, N. Y. Atlanta. Ga. Bakersfield, Calif. Baltimore. Md. Beaumont, Tex. Birmingham, Ala. Bluefield, W. Va. Boston, Mass. Bridgeport, Conn. Buffalo. N. Y. Burlington, Iowa Butte, Mont. Canton, Ohio Cedar Rapids. Iowa Charleston. W. Va. Charlotte, N. C. Chattanooga, Tenn. Chicago, 111. Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio Columbus. Ga. Columbus. Ohio Dallas, Tex. Davenport, Iowa Dayton, Ohio Denver, Colo. Des Moines. Iowa WESTINGHOUSE SALES OFFICES Detroit, Mich. Dubuque, Iowa Duluth. Minn. Elmira. N. Y. El Paso, Tex. Erie. Pa. Evansville. Ind. . Fairmount.,W. Va. Fergus Falls, Minn. Fort Wayne. Ind. Fresno. Calif. Gary, Ind. Grand Rapids, Mich. Hammond, Ind. Houston. Tex. Huntington, W. Va. Indianapolis. Ind. Ishpeming, Mich. Jackson, Mich. Jackson, Miss. Jacksonville, Fla. Johnstown* Pa. . Joplin, Mo. Kansas City. Mo.. Knoxville. Tenn. Louisville, Ky. Los Angeles, Calif. Madison, Wis. Marshall, Tex. * Memphis, Tenn. Miami, Fla. Middlesboro. Ky. Milwaukee. Wis. Minneapolis, Minn. Nashville. Tenn. Newark, N. J. New Haven, Conn. New Orleans, La. New York. N. Y. Niagara Falls, N. Y. . Norfolk, Va. Oklahoma City, Okla. ' Omaha, Neb. Peoria, 111. Philadelphia, Pa. Phoenix. Ariz. Pine Bluff, Ark. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Maine Portland, Ore. Poughkeepsie. N. Y. Providence. R. I. Pueblo, Colo. Raleigh, N. C. Richmond, Va. Rochester, N. Y. . Rockford, 111. Salt Lake City. Utah San Antonio, Tex. San Diego. Calif. San Francisco, Calif. Seattle. Wash. Shreveport, La. . Sioux City. Iowa South Bend, Ind. Spokane. Wash. Springfield, III. Springfield. Mass. St. Louis, Mo. Stockton, Calif. Syracuse, N. Y. Tacoma, Wash. Tampa. Fla. Terre Haute. Ind. Toledo, Ohio Tulsa, Okla. Utica. N. Y. Washington, D. C. ' Waterloo. Iowa Watertown, N. Y. Wichita, Kan. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Worcester, Mass. Youngstown, O. The Hawaiian Electric Co.. Ltd., Honolulu. . T. H.--Agent. _ Warehouse located in this city. MOTORS AND CONTROL FOR HEATING, VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Type CS, Squirrel-Cage Motor Type SK, Direct-Current Motor Class 10700 Auto Starter Class 7S10-B Regulator Motors--Westinghouse motors and control can be supplied for practically all demands within the heating and ventilating engi- neer's field of activity. Noiseless operation, close speed regulation, and dependability in service are their recognized character istics. Motor' Control--Westinghouse Electric manufactures manual and magnetic starters and speed regulators to control motors in all applications. By specifying Westinghouse starters and regulators to operate Westinghouse motors, the responsi bility for the successful operation of the in stallation is placed upon one manufacturer. 556 . n: Ozone Equipment 4' United States Ozone Company Engineers -- Manufacturers -- Chemists Pacific Coast 1 Montgomery Brothers 61 Fremont Street. San Francisco 500 North Dearborn Street Chicago, U.S.A. Canjiitfl Darling Brothers, Ltd. 120 Prince Street Montreal PRODUCTS Complete Ionizing and Ozone producing Plants for all Purposes Service We maintain well equipped Chemical Laboratories for the scientific solution of problems, both of a general and specific nature. Our Research Staff and Engineers will gladly consult with you. This service entails no obligations. For General Ventilation we provide two types of assembly. The Type TU, United States Ionizer is a self-contained unit, all apparatus being mounted on one base, and is built for requirements up to 120,000 c.f.m. . Where there, is a multiplicity of fans, all operated quite independently, we provide our. type TM Assembly, which comprises a number of Ionizer units mounted on a common base and employing a common blower and dehydrator. For Cold Storage Plants we provide-United States Ozone Apparatus for maintaining the air pure, and fresh, oxidizing odors and inhibiting mold growth, etc. .' For Water Purification 1 we provide United States Ozone and other Apparatus for treating potable waters, destroying all pathogenic bacteria, odors and tastes, particularly the odor and taste of chlorine. Special attention is given to swiMMiNG POOLS. Hotels Office Buildings Schools Theatres, Etc. ALL USE OUR EQUIPMENT 557 .. / Pumps American Steam Pump Company Plant and General Offices: Battle Creek, Michigan NEW YORK: 17 Battery Place CHICAGO: 926 Monadnock Bldg. Sales and Service Agencies Throughout the World Manufacturers of High Grade Centrifugal and Steam Pumps of All Approved Types to Meet Every Industrial and Public Building Requirement Automatic Combination Unit American-Marsh Condensation Units:--Combination unit shown above is patented development extensively used on heating systems where there is wide variation in steam pressure between day and night service. When pressure falls below 15 lb., motor driven pump starts automatically and keeps lines open until enough pressure is again generated to operate steam pump. Economical unit insuring rapid heating on cold mornings. Bulletin 58. Condensation units equipped with either steam or centrifugal pumps are also furnished in sizes covering all needs. Bulletins 27, 32 and 52. * American-Marsh Sump Pumps: -- Designed for auto matic operation, ele vating sewage and drainage to sewer levels, for cellar drains, etc. Current used only when pump runs; pump always submerged ready to start. Sizes to handle all jobs. Simple design for faithful service with ! out attention. Also built as duplex units, similar, in construction except that two complcte pumps are mounted on one cover plate. Bulletin 41. simp Pump Steam Vacuum Pump Multistage Centrifugal Pump American-Marsh Centrifugal Pumps:--Built single or multistage, single or double suction, with split or'solid cases. Adaptable for air washer service, pressure boosting, boiler feed, as fire pumps, etc. Designed for any type of drive. Dependable and highly efficient. Many sizes. Bulletins 33, 38, 44 and 53. American-Marsh Vacuum Pumps:-- Standard equipment includes bronze fit tings throughout. Designed for all vacuum heating needs with sizes to handle up to 200,000 sq. ft. radiation. Motor driven if desired. Bulletin 24. Guarantees and Engineering Service:-- Every pump is rigidly tested and guaran teed to meet conditions specified. It is further guaranteed against any defects in material and workmanship. Write for the coToperation of our engineers. Our forty years' experience is at your disposal. 558 s f, 0/ Pumps Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Buffalo, N. Y. BRANCH OFFICES New York. N. Y., 39-41 Cortlandt St. Philadelphia. Pa., 1302 Land Title Bldg. Boston. Mass., 10 Milk St. Cleveland. O., 368 Rockefeller Bldg. Pittsburgh. Pa.. 927 Union Trust Bldg. Detroit, Mich., Coon-DeVisser Co. Chicago, III., 562 W. Washington Bfvd. Washington, D.C., 418 Washington Loan & Trust Bldg. Atlanta, Ga., Candler Bldg. Indianapolis, Ind., 725 St. Louis, Mo., 515 Chemical Bldg. - Cincinnati, O., 604 Mercantile Library Bldg. Minneapolis, Minn., 459 N. W. National Life Bldg. Los Anceles, Calif.. Buffalo Forge Co., c/o Larimer & Lauer, 1824 So. Hope St. Charlotte. N. C., J. W. Fraser & Co. New Orleans, La., Woodward Wight & Co. San Francisco, Calif., 1006 Flatiron Bldg. Seattle, Wash., 303 Alaska Bldg. . Canadian Blower and Forge Co.. Kitchener, Ont. Products Centrifugal Pumps For All Purposes--Single and Double Suction, Single and Multistage, Horizontal and Vertical. Steam Pumps--Duplex and Simplex, Inside Packed and Outside Packed. Vacuum Pumps and Condensers. * Class S Double Suction Centrifugal Pump Horizontally divided casing. Exten sively used with air washers, and for circulating systems and booster service. Centrifugal Condensation Return Pump and Receiver ' .- Also built vertical with receiver pit. Especially adapted for low pressure boilers. Automatic in operation. * * f Duplex Steam Pump and Receiver , Automatic Sump Pump . Entirely automatic. Can be furnished for high or low boiler pressure. Self contained. Ball bearing thrust with automatic oil lubrication. . B UComplete Catalogs.Will e Furnished pon Request 559. I * Economy Pumping Machinery Co. General Sales Offices 3431 West 48th Place, Chicago, III. DISTRICT SALES OFFICES Amsterdam. N.Y., 447 Guy Park Avenue Baltimore. Md.. 522 Park Avenue * Boston, Mass., 141 Milk Street DBTROrr, Mich.. 517 E. Larned Street Grand Rapids. Mich., 301 Peninsular Building- Miami. Fla.. 938 N.E., First Avenue New Orleans, La.. 901 Carondelet Street Wichita, Kans., 1100 New York City. 39 Cortlandt Street Oklahoma City, Okla., 710 Hudson Street Philadelphia. Pa.. Bourse Building Pittsburgh, Pa., Fulton Building St. Louis, Mo.. 2741-Washington Boulevard St. Paul, Minn., 308 Metropolitan Building San'Francisco, Calif.. Monadnock Building Douglas Avenue Economy Pumps and Receivers Economy pumps and receivers are made in a variety of types for every-pressure and capacity conditions. The present line is the result of a long study and improvement by this Company which was one of the pioneers in the manufacture of Electric pumps and receivers. . The use of these pumps to improve circulation with a reduction in boiler pressure usually results in large fuel economies. The savings are particularly striking in the case of medium pressure plants where it' is desired to work at low pressure during dull periods of'the day. The table below gives a partial list of sizes which are available in either solid shell or horizontally split fag* designs. Complete specifications and descriptions will be found in Bulletin No. 405. ' All Economy pumps are substantially mounted on cast iron bases with machined pads. Either cast iron or steel receivers are used. The automatic control is assembled as a unit and is easily accessible for inspection at all times. The most important features of individual standard designs are given below. Type CSS--A single suction solid shell unit with oil-less stand bearing and outboard ring oiling or * radial ball bearing. The most popular of all Economy pumps and receivers; a thoroughly dependable unit at a moderate price. Type CSM--A double suction horizontal split case unit with enclosed bronze impeller with ring oiling bearings. This unit has been designed for use where the service is unusually severe as where equip ment of the highest grade is desired. . Type CST--Multi-Stage Pumps for pressures above 40 lb. They are bronze fitted with ring oiling bearing at the driving end and radial ball bearing at the outboard end. . - . . t Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Pumps -----------,,-----------------* M*"F . Economy Double Suction Single Stage Pumps, for hot water circulation, brine circulation, water supply, etc., are made in a complete range of capacities up to 3500 g.p.ra. They embody the newest hydraulic developments which give them an unusually high efficiency over a broad range. The mechanical design is rugged and simple so that reliable per formances and long life is assured. A head capacity table is given in Bulletin No. 408. Type M i - Economy Centrifugal Return Line Vacuum and Boiler Feed Pumps .^ 'Economy Vacuum Pumps have been designed for the rapid removal of air and water from heating systems and discharge of the water to the boiler. They are made in a wide range of sizes, a partial list of which is given below: Bronze Fitted Pumps, Air Eliminator. Vacuum Receiver and Automatic Control are standard equipment. Sizes over 5000 sq. ft. . capacity are of a double suction horizontal split case construction. . Standard units' are supplied with bronze suction strainer and scale \ pocket. Entire apparatus is shipped completely assembled and wired in accordance with National Electric Code. Economy Centrifugal Vacuum Pump Type 88S4 Duplex Units consisting of single tank, two pumps, motors and control can be furnished in any size. A test with calibrated orifices is made on each unit before shipment. ' Standard Pumps are - designed for operation against 20 lb. pressure but reasonably prompt delivery can be made on units .for discharge pres sures up to 150 lb. - Unit No. Capacity in Sq. Ft. Direct C; I. Radiation Motor Horse Power Cubic Feet Air per Min. Size DU. charge to Boiler Size Re turn Inlet CV-I CV-2 CV-3 CV-4 CV-5 CV-6 CV-7 CV-8 CV-9 CV-10 2.500 5.000 8.000 16.000 20.000 27.500 40.000 65.000 100.000 150.000 V* iy< Vi 141 I'/z 6 i 10 3 15 5 19 5 24 41. I'A 1% f' 3 3.4 7>/2 40 2 5 10 60 15 90 A2'/2 6 6 Ship ping . 650 750 900 1.025 1.150 1.300 1.550 1.800 3.100 Economy Multi-Stage Pumps Made in the horizontal split type in sizes and larger, smaller sizes are vertically split. In these pumps the head per stage has been limited to a figure at which high efficiency and long life is obtained. Distinctive features of Economy Horizontally Spot design aresolid one piece hroose diaphragms, the volute in every stage and the hydraulic balancing device. The table Type EMF shows* maximum head at 17S0 r.p.m. Higher pressures are obtained with 3600 re-v-o--lutTMion units. uSypveucuiifAicuautiounqsaarereggiviveennuini sBulletin No. 406. Multi-Stage Pumps tor High Pressure House Supply Boiler Feeding. Etc. Capacity, gallons per minute. Pump number.............................. Horsepower for each 100 ft. head Maximum head at 1750 r.p.m.... 25 50 100 160 250 350 1% n2.5 300 400 600 750 3 11 0 750 3 17.0 550 Economy Underground Pumps and Receivers--Type CU Underground pumps and receivers are designed for use where radiation is placed on the floor with returns underground or in any other places where it would otherwise be necessary to install horizontal pumps in a pit. ... .- The underground pump consists of special vertical pump which b bronze fitted and controlled by a special mechanism which prevents binding and sticking of float rod. Lower bearing b of the oil-less type which has given such excellent service in these pumps for the last twelve years. When necessary to use an underground pump on high pressure jobs we recommend the use of a low pressure underground pump discharging into the receiver of a high pressure horizontal pump. Our engineering department will be pleased to work oat the details of such installations. Capacity Hp., 101b. Sq. Ft. Discharge Pressure 2000 3500 5000 7500 % % A Type CU. Underground Pumps and Receivers Type CU Motor Pump Receiver Disch. Hp. Capacity Capacity Size 201b. C.p.m. Inches Inches V, ,2* 24x30 1 .* 24x30 1 1 15 24x30 1% 20 24x36 l'/4 Capacity Hp.. 10 lb. Sq. Ft Discharge Pressure 10,000 15.000 25.000 50.000 'A 3 Motor Pump Receiver Disch. Hp. Capacity Capacity Size 20 lb. C.p.m. Inches Inches P<I'AA 25 24x36 37 30x36 60 30x48 5 no 36x48 2'4 561 X Pumps [ Chicago Pump Company Office and Works . [ 2330 Wolfram Street - - CHICAGO, ILL. Representatives in Principal Cities Quality Centrifugal Pumps- _/Condensation, Vacuum, Sump, \Sewage, House Circulating, Fire HORIZONTAL CONDENSATION PUMP AND . RECEIVER Horizontal condensation pumps and receivers are designed for capacities up to 150,000 sq. ft. of direct radiation and boiler pressures to suit any job. All units are mounted on . one base and are assembled at the factory. Simple construc tion. quiet operation, and low operating costs are a few of the outstanding features. ' VERTICAL CONDENSATION PUMP AND . RECEIVER The vertical condensation pump and receiver is designed particularly to collect the return from heating coils, etc., that come back below the floor leveL No concrete pit is required, the unit being adaptable to ground installation, thus using a minimum of floor space. ASK for Bulletin 133. Pumps The Nash Engineering Company South Norwalk, Gonn., U. S. A. ATLANTA--G18 Atlanta Trust Co. Bldg. BIRMINGHAM--2224 Comer Bldg. BOSTON--Nottingham Bldg., Copley Square BUFFALO--317 Chamber of Commerce CHATTANOOGA--1104 James Bldg. CHICAGO--925-928 Monadnock Block CLEVELAND--1629 Union Trust Co. Bldg. DALLAS--1020 Mercantile Bank Bldg. . DENVER--1226-1228 California Street DETROIT--Kerr Building INDIANAPOLIS--821 Hume-Mansur Bldg. KANSAS CITY--208 Mutual Bldg. LOS ANGELES--1824 S. Hope Street LOUISVILLE--901 Realty Bldg. MEMPHIS--1714 Exchange Bldg. MIAMI--938 N.E. First Avenue , SALES OFFICES 'MINNEAPOLIS--808 La Salle Avenue MONTREAL--807 New Birks Bldg. NEW ORLEANS--344 Camp Street NEW YORK--Graybar Bldg OMAHA--801 World-Herald Bldg. PHILADELPHIA--254 South 15th Street PITTSBURGH--1430 Oliver Bldg. PORTLAND--224 Pine Street RICHMOND--301 American Natl. Bk. Bldg. ST. LOUIS--4200 Forest Park Blvd. SALT LAKE CITY--204 Dooly Bldg. SAN FRANCISCO--Sharon Bldg. SEATTLE--901-902 L. C. Smith Bldg. TORONTO--1123 Bay Street . VANCOUVER--406 Hornby Street . ;WASHINGTON, D. C.--805-806 Hill Bldg. / U nit No. J > Maximum Sq. F t. D irect Radiation 1 Lbs. Press. Pump |w ill Disch. Against [Horsepower |M otor Furnished | [Capacity Pump in jGals. per M in . . [Dia.Receiver, In.; (also Floor Space || "Sure Return " Condensation Pump Tbe "Sure Return" condensation pump and receiver is especially designed for low and medium capacities and boiler pressures up to 10 lbs. All parts are standard and . interchangeable. Delivery can be made on this unit in 24 hours. Bulletin 131. *. 1650 1651 1652 3,000 10 " 17 " 22 V, 5 >A " 1" 24 " " 1654 1655 1656 6,000 10 17 " 22 Vi 10 >A " \" 24 * " 1658 10,000 10 'h 15 24 1659 " - 17 y. " " - 1660 " 22 1 1662 15,000 14 y. 21 24 1663 " 18 1 " " 1665 25,000 12 y. 35 30 1666 . " 16 1 " 1668 .40,000 10 y. 55 30 1669 . 1670 " a 14 1 21 Wi " " Vertical Condensation Pump RETURN LINE VACUUM HEATING PUMP AND RECEIVER The "Condo-Vac" return line vacuum pump and re ceiver for maintaining a vacuum on the return line of a heating system and collecting and returning the condensa tion to the boiler, is constructed with separate motors and individual automatic control. The entire outfit is mounted on one base. Units for capacities from 5000 to 6500 sq. ft. of direct radiation, low and high boiler pressures. Bulletin 137. F. C. Condensation Pump The F. C. or Float Controlled type condensation pump and recover is designed for low, medium and high boiler pressures and capacities up to 150,000 GPM. Bulletin 129. Horizontal Condensation Pump Capacities, Horsepower and Floor .Space Unit No. R 650 H. 651 R 652 R 653 H. 654 R 655 H. 656 H. 657 Max imum Sq. Ft. Direct Radia tion 3.000 6.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 35,000 50.000 Horse power Motor '/ Vi 'h % % 1 1 l'/2 Approximate Floor Space Required Indies 43x28 43x30 55x30 57x32 59x32 59x32 61x34 65x36 Highest Water Level in Receiver from Floor Line ' - Inches 26 26 30 30 30 35 39 . 41 . Return Line Vacuum Pump ENGINEERING SERVICE The cooperation and advice'of skilled engineers will be gladly given to Engineers, Architects, and Contractors in the solution of their pump problems. Complete data are available in bulletins on ali types of pumps. ' 562 1 . Motor-Driven Return Line Vacuum Pump. Jennings Vacuum Pump and Receiver for Return Line Heating Systems This pump removes air and water from the heating system, discharges the air to the atmosphere without back pressure, and automatically returns the water under pressure to the boiler or hot-well. Air and water are handled independently, often resulting in a 50% saving in horsepower required for pump operation. Occupies on^-third the space of other apparatus of equivalent capacity. Interior parts bronze. Moving parts revolve without metal-to-metal contact and are supported On radial ball bearings mounted outside casing.' Furnished direct connected to standard electric motors, for belt drive, or for steam turbine drive:. Motor-Driven Condensation Pump Jennings Condensation Pump and . Receiver, Unit Type No piping between the pump and receiving tank is necessary. The only connections are main return,. water discharge, and air vent. Companion flanges are furnished. r The pump has an .integral cast bronze impeller mounted on motor shaft sup ported by large motor bearings. Motor-Driven Return-Line Vacuum Pump, Size M Literature, Recommendations and Proposals on Request Bulletin 37--Return Line Vacuum Heating Pump. Bulletin 25^--Return Line Vacuum Heating Pump Size M. Bulletin 63--Condensation Pump. Bulletin 17--Air-Line Vacuum Heating Pump. Bulletin 10--Air and Gas Compressors. Bulletin 11--Air and Gas Vacuum Pumps. Bulletin 52--Centrifugal Pump. . Bulletin 67--Sewage Ejector' STANDARD SIZES AND CAPACITIES, JENNINGS VACUUM PUMPS Size Square Feet equivalent direct radiation surface Air Capacity cubic feet per min. at 10 tn. vacuum . . Water Capacity gals. per min. against 10 lbs. pres. 180 F. R. P. M. ' -Horse Power - of Motor for (0 lbs. Discharge ' M 5,000 A 8,000 B 16,000 C 26,000 D 40,000 E 65,000 F 100,000 G 150,000 H 300,000 38 5 II 9 22 15 ` 35 19 60 34 90 52 140 90 200 180 400 1800 1800 1600 1800 1200 1200 1200 1800 1800 Vi .t V/2 1 2 3 5 7i/2 10 15 563 Pumps TRANE PUMPING EQUIPMENT (See Trane Heat Cabinets on page 485; Unit Heaters on page 503; and Trane Heating Specialties on pages 624 and 625.) ' The Trane Company Za Crosse* Wis. Branch Offices New York, Chicago, Boston, Cincinnati, Newark, Philadelphia, Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Seattle, Los Angeles, Albany, New Orleans, San Francisco, Houston, Louisville, Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, Greensboro, N.C., Zanesville, Ohio, Tampa, Fla., Baltimore, Md., Des Moines, Iowa, New Haven, Conn., Shebpygan, Wts., Kansas City, Mo., Atlanta, Ga., Portland, *0re., St. Louis, Mo.; England: 22-23 Clerkenwell Close, London, E. C. 1; Canada: The Trane Co., 21-23 River St., Toronto, 2; 108 Union Trust Building, Winnipeg; 604 McIntyre Bldg., 751 Victoria Sq., Montreal: 942 Pender St., West, Vancouver, B.C.; Japan: Mitsubishi Shoji Koisna, Ltd., Tokyo; China: C.J. Doughty & Co., 30 Brenan Road, Shanghai. The Trane Systems of Vapor and Vacuum Heating, Patented Heating Specialties, Trane Heat Cabinets, Unit Heaters, Blast Heaters and Trane Automatic Electric Pumps, For All Purposes Fig. 1. (Center) Corf Iron Tank Style Condensation Pump Fig. t. (Left) Pedestal Tank Style Condensation Pump Fig. S. (Bipkl) Duplex Type Condensation Pump with Pedestal Tank THE TRANE LINE Trane Vacuum Pumps* Trane Multistage Pumps Trane Vacuum Pumps are furnished in capacities ranging from 6000 to 100,000 sq. ft. There are at this time over three hundred and fifty (350) sizes, styles, and combinations of Trane Vacuum Pumps, divided into the following general classifications: - The Two-Motor Trane Return Line Special. "* The Four-Motor Trane Duplex Special. The Trane Air Line Vacuum Pump. Trane Multistage Pumps were par ticularly designed for use on high pressure boiler Teed service and pneumatic water supply systems. They are built with from one to six stages, each directly con nected to the other. Trane General Service Pumps Trane General Service Pumps are the standard Trane centrifugals used with or without receiving tanks. Capacities range between 5 and 5000g.p.m. against pressures ranging from 0 to 200 lb. There are miany sizes, divided into two broad classifica' tions: Trane Condensation Pumps Circulating Pumps. Booster Pumps. ' (Boiler Feed) Trane Boiler Feed Pumps are furnished in capacities ranging from 4000 to 100,000 sq. ft. There are 101 standard sizes, divided into two classifications: Single Units. Duplex Units. Special Air and Gas Pumping Apparatus Trane Air and Gas pumps handle from 3 to 125 c.f.m. They are classed as Compressors Agitators Core-Suckers Exhausters Gas Pumps Priming Pumps 564 The Trane Company Pumps TRANE VACUUM PUMPS Fig. 4. Two-Motor Return Line Style. Fig. 6. Four Motor Duplex Return Line. Fig. 6. Multistage Pumps. Fig. 7. A ir Line BOOSTER AND CIRCULATING PUMPS Fig. 8. Trane Vertical Split Shell PumP, Capacities available up to 1500 g. p. m. Fig. 9. Trane Horizontal Split Shell Pump. Capacities available between 100 and 6000 g. P. m. Fig. 10. Interior of Trane Horizontal Split Shell Pump. GUARANTEE Every Trane Pump is guaranteed to deliver its rated capacity against the head or pressure for which it is sold; In addition it is guaranteed against all mechanical defects for a period of one year. 565 Pumps Skidmore Corporation General Offices and Factory: . 1535'Dayton Street, Chicago, U.S.A. ' Standard Type Furnished for continuous service or when vacuum control only is desired Interceptor Tank Base Type . Furnished when vacuum and float centred is desired The pump in its construction, materials used and operation remains the same as shown for our standard type. . ' The object of the design is to have a unit compact in arrangement, combining the vacuum pump with an interceptor tank, thereby saving floor space, and securing a low water line in the system when operating on float control. In the arrangement shown a hollow base has been used on which the pump, motor and electrical equipment are mounted. A float operated switch is installed in the base to control the pump from water level in same. . All wiring between the starter, vacuum switch and float switch will be installed at the factory. With this construction the unit arrives complete, ready to set in place, and by simply connecting the return and discharge pipes to flanged openings and wiring to starter the pump is ready to run. The use of a cast iron tank as a base eliminates the necessity of a concrete base for mounting. We feel sure that the low operating water line secured in this design will appeal to Architects and Engineers as it will in many installations eliminate the placing of the pump in a pit to secure drainage of low radiation and returns. The operating point on these units will be from 10 in. on the smaller sizes to 12 in. on the larger, from floor level. Where a self-contained unit reliable and quiet in operation is desired the Skidmore will be found. Positive removal of air and water from the heating system and the return of water to the boiler. , A unit of pleasing design of large ca pacity and maintained efficiency, occupying less than half the floor space of pumps for similar service, self-contained all on one base with return connections close to floor with strainer arranged so that connections can be made to one or both sides as desired. Furnished with direct connected motors for 10 and 20 lb. pressure, or up to 60 lb. if desired. For continuous service or with automatic vacuum control. A strictly high grade product, bronze rotors and bronze fitted throughout, shaft carried on oversize ball bearings, no close clearances or rubbing parts. . Size of Pump 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 CAPACITIES FOR 10-ln. VACUUM--10 and 20 lb. Pressure Capacity Sq. Ft. of Radiation Gallons of Water per Minute Motor H orsepower 101b. 201b. Size of Companion Flanges for Returns Size of Discharge to Boiler 5000 8 y. 1 v/l" 1' 8000 11 1 l'/2 2" W.' 16,000 22 \'/i 2 2" Wa* 26,000 35 2 3 V tyf . 40,000 60 3. 5 3* 2* 65,000 90 5 - V/i 4* 2* 100,000 150 m 10 y 2>A' 566 Rpm- 1800 1800 1800 . 1800 1800 1800 * 1800 Publications, Trade The Heating and Ventilating Magazine Associated Business Papers, Inc. 1123 Broadway, New York . Chicago Office: 105 So. Dearborn Street Audit Bureau of Circulations Tho A Monthly Journal of Engineering Progress The Direct Route to the Specifier and Buyer of Heating and Ventilating Equipment The Heating and Ventilating Magazine offers the manufacturer and distributor of heating and ventilating apparatus and material a direct medium of sales contact to the men who specify, direct and install the heating and ventilating equipment in major construction work. Wherever an office building, apartment house, hotel, school, home, church, hospital ol factory is planned, there you will find the heating and ventilating engineer in consulta tion with the architect and the heating contractor. These are the men who direct, buy and install the heating and ventilating equipment. These are the men who read The Heating and Ventilating Magazine. _. A partial list of heating and ventilating equipment advertised in each issue: Air Conditioning Apparatus' Air Cooling and Drying Systems Air Filters Air Washers Blowers Boilers ; Covering. Pipe Exhaust Heads ' Exhaust Systems Expansion Joints Fans " Feeders, Boiler ' Gas Burners Gages ` Grates Heat Cabinets Heaters Heating Systems Instruments, Recording Insulating Material . Meters Motors, Electric Oil Burners Oil Burner Equipment Ozone Apparatus Pipe Pipe Hangers Pipe Threading Machines . Pumps Radiators ' / Radiator Hangers Regulators Temperature Controls Thermostats Traps . Underground Pipe Conduits Ventilating Systems Ventilating Units Weather Strips Subscription Price $2.00 per year 567 Publications, Technical JOURNAL of American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 29 West 39th Street NEW YORK, N. Y. THE JOURNAL of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers is the official organ of the Society, whose purpose is to promote the art of heating and ventilating, to act as a medium for the exchange of engineering experience, to standardize the industry by means of codes of design and testing, and to conduct research investigations for ascer taining the uncertain factors in the art. The Journal appearing* monthly, is read by 3,000 consulting engineers, architects and contractors actively en gaged in heating and ventilating work. It gives them technical articles on important subjects, makes a permanent record of discoveries, experiments and other develop ments in the industry and thereby keeps them in. constant touch with the best thought in the profession. The Society's meetings, news of the local Chapter events, and other happenings in the heating and ventilating field are also reported. An exclusive service to Journal readers is the presentation of the reports, made by - the Society's Research Laboratory, reference data which is invaluable to the engineer, contractor and manufacturer in his daily work. The Journal offers manufacturers the opportunity of placing their equipment before a large' group of discriminating buyers at a minimum cost. The fact that it is devoted exclusively to heating and ventilating engineering in all its branches makes it a most desirable advertising medium and especially so because of its class circulation. In addition to its proven merit as an advertising medium, its use by manufacturers indicates their desire to co operate with the Society in advancing the interest of heating and ventilating. ADVERTISING RATES PER ISSUE Space One Year Six . - Insertion Contract Single Insertion Page........................... $40.00 $47.00 Half-page................... 25.00 ' 35.00 Quarter-page.............. , 15.00 17.50 $55.00 45.00 20.00 Rates for colors. Inserts, cover and other pre' ferred positions on application. Subscription Rates, U. S. $3.00; Canada $3.25; Foreign $3.50 per year. Radiator Hangers Healy-Ruff Company St. Paul, Minn. , AGENTS IN THE FOLLOWING CITIES UNITED STATES Atlanta, Ga.. Charlotte, N. C.. Richmond; Va., Pittsburgh, Pa., Indianapolis. Ind., San Francisco. Calif.. Seattle. Wash., Spokane, Wash., New York City Denver Colo.. Des Moines, Iowa., Detroit. Mich., Amsterdam, N. Y., Chicago. III., Cincinnati, Ohio. Toledo, Ohio. St. Louis. Mo.. Birmingham. Ala.. Kansas City. Mo., Omaha. Neb., Wichita, Kan., Dallas. Texas, Milwaukee, Wis., Buffalo. N. Y.. Davenport Iowa * Philadelphia. Pa.. Boston. Mass., Cleveland. Ohio, Columbus, Ohio. Los Angeles Calif.. Baltimore. Md., Washington. D. C.. Memphis, Tenn., Chattanooga. Tenn.. Ironwood, Mich.. Nashville, Tenn., Butte, Mont. CANADA Toronto, Vancouver. Halifax, Montreal, Winnipeg, Ottawa. Calgary Manufacturers of E-Z Radiator Hangers Write 791 Hampden Avenue E-Z Radiator Hangers are designed to hang all Wall and Column Radiation of any make including all new types of radiators. They have both vertical and horizontal adjustments, and are designed to anticipate the use of temperature control valves. Only one bolt per hanger. No accu rate placing of anchor bolts required. Hanger absolutely invisible, including washer at top. Style,"R",shown below, places radiator in. from wall, but is not adjustable for baseboard. Convertible, with parts No. 5 and No. 8, into Style "H", which places radiator 2l/i in. from wall and provides for baseboard adjustment. TYPICAL SPECIFICATIONS Where Baseboards Are Used All radiation, unless otherwise noted, shall be supported on wall by means of E-Z Radiator Hangers, Style "H" as manufactured by the HealyTRuff Co., St. Paul, Minn., or equal and approved in writing by the Architect arranged to support the radiator 2%. in. from the wall and with baseboard adjustment. Where Baseboard Adjustment is Not Desired All radiation, unless otherwise noted, shall be supported on wall by means of E-Z Radiator Hangers, Style "R,M as manu factured by the Healy-Ruff Co., St. Paul, Minn., or equal and approved in writing by the Architect, arranged to support the radiator in. from the wall. 569 Shaw-Per\ins Manufacturing Company Radiators Works: West Pittsburgh, Lawrence County, Pa. General Offices: Pittsburgh, Pa. TmltSLW mWWML HIGH CONVECTION For Steam and Hot Water Heating, Cooling, Drying and Industrial Application Shaw-Perkins Radiation is an original and distinctive type of heat exchanging surface, containing desirable features not found in other forms of radiation. It is neither experimental nor new, as Shaw-Perkins radiation has been manufactured for the past twelve years. During this period large quantities have been furnished through out the United States and foreign countries, all of which is giving entire satisfaction. . Shaw-Perkins Radiation is made from heavy gauge iron of great durability. The use of this highly refined iron; the design, which provides for tube drainage; the welded construction which eliminates mechanical joints and produces a solid, one-piece radiator; are important factors which contribute to the many years of perfect service built into every Shaw-Perkins radiator. All of the surface of a Shaw-Perkins radiator is prime heating surface and the oval tube is employed which presents a most effective form of heat exchanging surface for radiator purposes; The ingenious arrangement of oval tubes in the Shaw-Perkins radiator ' allows the air to pass freely over the tubes, unimpeded by fins, bafflesor top and bottom hub connections, consequently the Shaw-Perkins radiator has a high heat emission by ' convection. Above view shows a 14 tub* Shaw-Perkins radiator on legs. Shaw-Perkins Radia-. tion is made in radiators'from 4 to 14 ft. in length and in several heights and tube arrangements. They are light in weight, heat and cool quickly, occupy less ' space than conventional types of radiation, andi are absolutely sanitary. They are especially suitable for installation upon walls, under windows, in recesses, upon ceilings, columns or pilasters, in greenhouse heating systems, etc. . Abote view illustrates the high convection feature. Arrows indicate air travel. Note absence ofany impediments tofree air circulation. Radiators can be furnished with legs or brackets for floor, wall or ceiling installation. AH radiators are furnished in gray, dull gloss finish, subject to change without notice. .. Shaw-Perkins radiation is particularly adapted to various drying and cooling purposes. In* quiries are invited upon its application to various industrial requirements. Catalog and complete information gladly sent upon request 570 Registers, Grilles, Etc. Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co. . Established 1846 441 Lexington Avenue, New York . Boston--36 Portland St. Chicago--1137 West 37th St. . Kansas City--704 East 18th St. Los Angeles--Central Bldg. TUTTLE & BAILEY MFG. CO. of Canada, Ltd., Bridgeburg, Ontario, Can. Registers and Grilles for Heating and Ventilating Our Eightieth Annual Catalog fully illustrated, with technical descriptions, suggestions, tables and list prices--on request Tuttle & Bailey Radiator Cabinets The logical and rapidly growing demand for radiator concealment should have the sympathetic attention of Engineers and Architects. T & B Radiator Cabinets are designed to overcome the frequently expressed objec tions to covering radiators. Circulation can be readily controlled with the adjustable tops, and the full heating efficiency of the radiator assured by opening them during extreme weather. These Radiator Cabinets are made entirely of fine furniture metal and expertly finished to simulate the different woods, or furnished in priming coat. Backs and tops are solid to prevent the usual radiator soiling of walls and curtains. Tops open up on hinges, giving easy access to radiator, valve and humidifying pan. The strong and rigid construction permits all styles to be used for seats and consoles. Villa and Gramercy styles have, square ends, the Raleigh has curved ends. Frames of these three styles are of re-inforced steel tubing, with mitre joints. Tubing and moulding around panels are slotted to hold securely the . grilles, ends and back--and all welded together. . Antoinette style is made of heavy sheet steel, the ends being formed to give pilaster and panel effect. Sufficiently strong and rigid to make practical seat. Construction allows of lower prices than for styles above. Cut shows hinged top held part-way open by "catch" and humidifying pan--important features of all our styles. 571 Specialties, Healing American Radiator Company . General Sales and Eastern Executive Office 40 West 40th Street, New York Western Executive Office and Accessories Division 816 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois Manufacturers of Ideal Boilers, American Radiators, and other Heating, Ventilating, and Refrigerating Products PACKLESS VALVES ' Arco Packless Valves Quick Opening Leakless feature consists of special moulded ring with metallic core held under compression .by a spring. Re quires no repack ing. Opens or closes with one turn. Does not ' stick or bind. Fur nished with either No 988 round or lever com- ` position handle. No. 988 Angle. No. 955 R.H. Corner. No. 960 L. H. Corner. No. 970 Globe. No. 968 Fractional Type with indicator and .graduated dial. ' PACKED VALVES Detroit Steam Valves Metal well distributed --strong and heavy where strength is needed. Regularly equipped with composi tion handle, black hard rubber finish. No. 72 Angle. No. 32 R. H. Corner, No. 37 L. H. Comer. No. 57 Globe. No. 373 Gate. Ideal Packless Valves Bellows Type Metallic bellows surrounds the stem and working parts, which prevents passage of steam, water or air around the stem opening. Equipped with round composition handle. No. 850 Angle. No. 851 R. H. Cor ner. No. 852 L. H. Corner. No. 860 Globe. Also furnished in Quick Opening type --one turn. Nos. 878, 879. 880, 870. No. 101 Detroit Hot Water Valve The No. 101 Hot Water Valve will not stick or turn hard. The narrow edge of the plate presents a small area of contact so that corrosion is easily broken away. Concave plate gives true elbow shape when valve is open, reducing friction of water flow. Made in Angle pattern only. Union Elbow. No. 132. No. 846 Thermostat MERCOID CONTROLS Patents Pending All Mercoid Controls employ the Mercoid Switch which carries the full line current at 110 or 220 volts without arcing or corrosion of con tacts. Mercoid instruments give automatic control of temperature, pressure or vacuum. The various models provide a wide field of ap plication. The No. 845 Mercoid Thermostat is especially adapted for use with Unit Heaters--starting or stopping the fan as the air tem perature changes. The No. 847 Arco Motor Valve, for high or low pressure steam, water, air, etc., can be used with any Mercoid Control. . Write for full details of this com ' plete line. 572 No. 848 Type For temperature, pressure, or vacuum American Radiator Company ... : Specialties, Heating Guaranteed for five years. For Vacuum Jobs.--No. 510 Vac-Airid is self sealing against the return of air. No. 800 Arco Water Regulator For damper control on hot water heating boilers. Adjustable for temperature between 100 and 220. All metal. . Length of Bulb, 2J* in. Connections, 2 in. No. 816 Ideal Quick Vent All metal. Very sensitive. For venting mains, long runs of pipe, indirect stacks, drop risers, etc. No. 816--$* in'; No. 820--$* in. No. 801 Arco Junior Water Regulator For damper control on Hot Water Supply Boilers. Temperature range 130-180. Length of Bulb, 2 in. Connection, 1$* in. No. 881 Patent Pending Ideal Float Quick Vent For free venting mains, indirect stacks, Vento, etc. Closes against water. No. 821--$* in. For-Vacuum Heating.-- No. 822 ..Vac-Vent is self sealing against the return of air. No. 822----$* in. Patent Pending , .. Noises,. ' . . ' Arco Tank Regulator . For temperature control of liquids* heated by steam. (Also made in flexible tube type No. $26). Range 140 to 180 F. For use on steam pres sures up to 15 lbs. -. ; Send for complete catalog of Ideal Heating Specialties 573 S Specialties, Heating * Jfarnes lJones 128 Brook'side Avenue, Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass. New York Office: 126 East 44th Street Modulating Vapor and Vacuum Steam Heating Apparatus--Modulation and Thermostatic Return Valves--Condensators, Blast Traps, and Vent Traps Barnes & Jones modulation sys tems, either pressure or vacuum, are applicable to every heating problem from the smallest house to the largest office building.. They have many special advantages in construction and design which have been developed as a result of our 25 years of experience with steam heating problems. Barnes & Jones Modulation Valve Barnes & Jones modulation valve completely controls the heat of each radiator, allowing it to be heated wholly or partially, independently of every other radiator. It can be opened in less than a full revolution of the handle, and can be forcibly closed to the seat so as to be tight under any operating condition. It does not require repacking. Has renewable disc seat. Sixes and Models--Made in the angle type, in sizes from H to *n* Standard model has lever handle. Other models include: Wheel Handle--With indicating dial. Extension Stem--With indicating dial, for use with enclosed or concealed radiators. Chain Operated Type--Modulation valves on radiators and coils located overhead on walls, ceilings, and in skylights can be equipped with chain extensions to permit operation from floor. ' , Lock Shield Model--For corridors, toilets, etc. efficiency of the radiator traps. These must be sensitive, so as to close in the presence of steam and open as soon as air or water of condensation begins to accumulate. Their action must be independent of pressure conditions. Barnes & Jones radiator trap is of the Ther mostatic diaphragm type, its moving power being obtained by the expansion and contraction of a volatile liquid enclosed in a hermetically sealed diaphragm. Its double diaphragm of tempered phosphor bronze allows wide range of travel with minimum strain. Each trap is factory adjusted and tested to rigid standards. Types and Sixes--This valve is made in W, 1" and 1 sizes. The and %" sizes are made in four types--angle, straightway, right hand corner and left hand corner patterns. The 1" and 1%" are made in the angle pattern only. The size, unless otherwise specified, is made with $i" outlets, thus avoiding the use of all pipe and reducing fittings. Construction Details Barnes & Jones Thermostatic Radiator Trap The successful operation of open return line vapor systems and vacuum systems depends on the Both valves made of best grade cast composition throughout. Cover arid- trimmings are highlypolished.' Tail piece and union nut extra heavy to prevent breakage; tail piece made long for easy connection. Lugs located under threads. Modulation Valve - DIMENSIONS Size VAuve 1 */4 A. 3 .C 3% /' 3 /% 3% 3'4> ii 3% 3% 1% 4% Capacity in jeadiran D radiatho \ .60 | too | !h too \ /% 250 | /% Thermostatic Radiator Trap CAPACITIES Size Liscud* VAtve >/z' 30 125 too W r 30 200 320 Q00 240 600 >''4 Aoo 1600 1200 DIMENSIONS Zjzc VALM A 3 C O F 3ti i% 3% h 2 3tt fc' 3% / 3% % 3* 3% n si % \>v n 4% 3% 574 Specialties, Heating The Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. ' General Offices 4901-4915 Hamilton Avenue, N.E., Cleveland, Ohio Atlanta, Ga., The Bishop A Babcock Sales Co., 250 Mitchell, S.W. Amsterdam, N. Y..........,,F. E. Dwyer, 447 Guy Park Ave. Baltimore, Md_____ Building Service Co., 404 St. Paul St. Boston, Mass.....................Tierney Wilson Co., Little Bldg. Chicago, III., The Bishop A Babcock Sales Co., 112 W. Austin Ave. Denver, Colo................. ,,The Daly Co., 1425 Sixteenth St Detroit, Mich., Wolley Eng. Sales Co., 506 Donovan Bldg. Ltnchburg, Va.....................Cleland Eng. Co., 208--5th St. Minneapolis, Minn., Continental Sales Co., 924 Metropolitan Life Bldg. Nashville, Tenn.____Ryan Sales Co., 922 Stahiman Bldg. New York, N. Y., The Bishop A Babcock Sales Co., . ^^ 444 Lafayette St. Oklahoma Citt, Okla., Federal Steam Specialty Co., ,, 120-2 E. Main St Philadelphia, Pa., Alexander A McDevitt, 1725 Ransom St Richmond, Va-----------Virginia Equipment A Supply Co. San Francisco, Calip., Walter S. Lcland. 532 Natoma St Spokane, Wash., R. L. Nelson, .507 Empire State Bldg Heating Specialties--Temperature Control--Ventilating Equipment-- . Unit Heaters Special Modulation Valve Bishop & Babcock manufactures a complete line of Heating and Ventilating Equipment. Its products comprise all devices and apparatus used in up-todate vacuum and vapor Heating Systems, Tem perature Control and Ventilating Systems. It is entirely practical for an engineer and architect to standardize with Bishop . & Babcock apparatus, thus insuring a uniformity in design and operation not to be found in equip . ment of varied manu facture. Multiplex Pneumatic Radiator Valve Bishop & Babcock has been manufacturing heat ing, ventilating and tem perature control apparatus . for many years, its. installations including many of the most prominent buildings in all parts of the country. Our Engineering Data Book, pocket edition, will be mailed upon request. All Metal Thermostat 575 B. 6* B. Multiflex Trap . No. 6 Type B Massachusetts Air Washer . Specialties, Heating- Combustion Specialties Corporation 250 West 54th St., New York Manufacturers of DRAFT BALANCERS a d COMBUSTO for Burning Buckwheat Coal Gas Burner (I i--j; X._____ r1-- For all types of heating plants in Homes, Stores, Institutions, Garages, Churches, Schools, Buildings and Apartments. THE DRAFT BALANCER-- The Draft Balancer is a device that utilizes and increases present draft facilities with a resultant increase in efficiency and economy. * It enables you to burn lower priced fuels with no more attention than with Egg, Stove or Nut anthracite and thereby effect a 50 per cent saving (at least); if you're now burning buckwheat coal, it will save between 10 and 20 per cent on your fuel cost. It produces a quicker and hotter heat and a more even tem perature--a finer, lighter ash to eliminate the back-breaking "ash days"--and the reduction of clinkers to a minimum. The Draft Balancer This unit is unique in that it creates a balanced air supply over the fire as well as under it. It is.because of this feature, together TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES: All aluminum --consequentlyabsorbs vibration and sound; G. E. Motors--unquestionably superior; Fans are multivane American Sirocco type; blowers mounted on the ash pit in such a way that they can't be blocked with ashes; motor is high--away from dust, dirt, and dampness, and more convenient for oiling, cleaning, etc; unit is available with or without automatic control; the flexible steel tubing from the blower to the device in the fire door doesn't interfere with the operation of the door. It is this tubing which introduces the proper amount of air over the fire for consum ing the monoxide gases distilled out of the coal. with the carefully studied-out engineering principles which assure positive, accurate, quiet operation, that the saving in money, time and labor is so great. . . and so certain. PROMINENT USERS Pennsylvania Railroad Co. Stanley Co. of America (Theatres) 494 Dumont Ave., Corp. Bklyn. (Apts.) Weinstein & Feinstein, Jersey City (Apts.) S. Bernstein, Newark (Apts.) Stonehorn Realty Co., New York (Apts.) . Van Kannel Revolving Door Co., New York WHAT COMBUSTO IS: To quote Walter S. Timmis, past president of the American Society ofHeating & Ventilating Engineers. "Combusto is a system carefully studied, tested and developed for each individual different case and provides means for supplying the necessary diffused and heated air (oxygen) over the fire to properly complete in the second 6tage the combustion begun in the fuel bed by distillation of gases." WHAT COMBUSTO DOES: "Combusto is of cast iron cellular structure, the air is heated on passing through this structure and is then discharged through a large number of small apertures over the fire bed. The amount of air thus admitted having been carefully computed for the required conditions, the result is practically perfect combustion, which to the user bf Combusto results in-- Economy of fuel . . Fewer firings Complete combustion of fuel, hence-- A finer ash and reduction of clinker Elimination of coal gases Means for producing a steady even heat." STYLES: Combusto is manufactured in 28 basic styles--each style is capable of adjustment to meet specified conditions. Suitable styles are manufactured for practically any type of heating plant and for all sizes and grades of fuel. . '' COMBUSTO PRICES: Prices range from $25.00 on small house-heating: .plants to $200.00 on largest low pressure heating boilers. Definite estimates can at once be submitted if manufacturer's name and number of boiler is sent to us. NOTABLE INSTALLATIONS. Saves coal and labor--maintains even heat with less draft Daniel Guggenheim Estate Clarence H. Mackay Estate Otto Kahn Estate U. S. Department of Labor D. L. & W. R. R.. 40 installations Bank of Manhattan Co.. 26 inst. 576 ;? Specialties, Heating G. M. Davis Regulator Company 407 MILWAUKEE AVENUE CHICAGO, ILL. New York Office, 71 Fulton Street Manufacturers of Automatic Valve Specialties Fig. 318--Float Valve, Globe and Angle Fig. 881--Back Pressure Valve Horizontal and Vertical Fig. 805--Pressure Regulator Piston Type . EVERY problem in automatic pressure regulation finds a solu tion in Davis Valve Specialties. Engineers and con tractors specify and use them because of their well earned reputation for unusually good and long reliable service. On the next job that you expect to get par ticularly good results from the pressure regu lating devices, let the Davis have a chance to prove their worth. Fig. 888--Stop and Check Valve Globe and Angle Fig. 311--Pressure Regulator Diaphragm Type 577 Fig. 888--Steam Trap. Continuous Flow s' Specialties, Heating C. A. Dunham Co. Administrative and General Offices: 450 East Ohio Street, Chicago Factories at Marshalltown, Iowa, and Toronto, Ont., Canada BRANCH SALES OFFICES: Birmingham, Boston, Charlotte (N.C.), Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus (Ohio), Dallas, Davenport, Denver, Des Moines, Detroit. El Paso, Indianapolis, Kannaa City, Los Angeles, Louisville, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, New Orleans New York, Omaha, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland (Ore.), Rochester, St. Louis, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Seattle, Troy, Washington (D.C.) . C. A. DUNHAM CO., LTD., General Offices and Factory, Toronto., Ont. . 1523-41 Davenport Road BRANCH SALES OFFICES: Calgary, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, Vancouver, Halifax. FOREIGN SALES OFFICES: 18 St. Thomas Street, S.E.I., London, England; St. John's, Newfoundland Distributors: Munsing & Co., Paris, France, 47 Rue Fontaine-au-roi Manufacturers of The Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating System and Specialties , Cheating . service This Service is delivered through over 70 Branch and Local Sales Offices throughout the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. These Branch and Local sales offices bring Dunham Heating Service as close to your office as your telephone. Consult your telephone directory for the address of our office in your city. An engineer will counsel with you on any project. DUNHAM DIFFERENTIAL VACUUM HEATING SYSTEM U. S. Patent No. 1644114 (Additional patents in the United States, Canada and Foreign Countries applied for, and pending) This system will heat properly any building without the usual fuel and heat waste caused by overheating and by excessive window ventilation. It furnishes steam to the radiators at the rate they are using it, by circulating it at a high degree of vacuum or sub-atmospheric pressure, with correspondingly low radiator tem perature; or by operation of a control valve it can be operated as a mechanical vacuum return line system at the pressure above atmosphere, which the weather condition calls for.' A fixed differential with' the return pressure always lower than the radiator pressure is maintained. This produces circulation with sub-atmospheric pressures (vacuums) on the steam side of the system. Economical operation is the. natural result of such perform ance. The system is simple in design, durable and flexible to meet vary ing weather conditions. The outstanding feature of economy of operation is accomplished by sup plying heat to the radiators at the rate the building is using it, by; . Condensate in Lbs. per 100 Sq. Ft. of Net Radiation per Hour Regulating the subatmospheric pressure, or . 578 . C. A, Dunham Co. Specialties, Heating the degree of vacuum, at which the steam circu lates in the supply piping and radiators. Controlling the vacuum in the return piping so that a substantially con stant difference in pressure is maintained between the radiators and return piping at all pressures. Briefly the operation of the system is as follows: The generation of steam, when starting with a cold boiler under vacu um, begins at a much lower temperature due to sub-atmospheric pressure Temperature Difference. Degrees Fahrenheit because of the vacuum produced by the pump. Cost of Healing 100 Sq. Ft. Net Radiation per Hour based on ' Gas at $1.00 Per 1000 Cu. Ft. This results in an ap preciable saving of fuel. radiators function under these wide The steam expands under this vacuum ranges of pressure. All air and water is condition and fills the radiators (just as it released from the radiator, but steam is does when generating on pressures above not released. See Chart 1060A on page 581 atmosphere) with the result that sub for explanation. stantially the entire radiator surface In severe weather the pressure can be works at temperature corresponding to the regulated to supply steam at such a rate vacuum maintained in the system. The that in the boiler, supply piping and Differential Controller on the pump main radiators, pressures at or greater than tains the condition in the return at a atmosphere will be maintained while pressure less, or a vacuum greater, than in . operating as a mechanical vacuum return the radiator. Circulation is thereby line system. maintained irrespective of supply pressure . During the Fall, mild Winter and or vacuum. The system fills with steam Spring weather, the steam is circulated at the various sub-atmospheric pressures. under the sub-atmospheric pressures and The Dunham Radiator Traps on the vacuum condition necessary to provide The Heat Emitted by a Radiator Depends on the Temperature Difference Between Radiator and the A ir of the Room - Radiator Temperature Depends on Pressure of Steam in Radiator 579 C A. Dunham Co. Specialties, Heating C. A. Dunham Co. Specialties, Heating Showing how heat output of radiator must be decreased as the outside temperature increases, if the room temperature is to remain constant :' 'f.51 the heat at the desired rate without overheating. It is common knowledge that there is a definite steam temperature corresponding to every steam pressure. In the Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating .System this principle is utilized. Steam is used at the sub-atmospheric pressures for mild weather thereby securing large fuel economies, comfort and convenience. Relative Healing Surface filled by the Required Weight of Steam at Various Pressures 580 . Fig. 819 Sectional View of Dunham Thermostatic Radiator Trap The users of Dunham Traps have long been aware of its ability to operate uniformly over a wide range of pressures and vacuums. The accompanying graph, visualises the performance of a Dunham No. 1 Radiator Trap operating from a vacuum of 25 in. by gauge to 25 lb. pressure gauge. The outlet temperature in this test bore the same relation to the inlet temperature of the radiator over the entire pressure range of 25 in. vacuum to 25 lb. gauge, a pressure substantially 37H lb. higher than the 25 in. vacuum. The temperature difference between inlet and outlet was between 4 and 5 deg- Graph shows the constant uniformity of temper ature between radiator ami return lines throughout the entire range of pressures. The radiator efficiency was consistently high (almost 100 per cent) and there was no steam leakage or water accumulation. The condensation rate in the 5.0 lb. gauge test increased due to air movement in the room and a low room tempera ture, the trap responded immediately by passing the increased condensate- under this condition without leakage of steam. Hie test was conducted on a 3 coL 38 in.--100 sq. ft. radiator. .30 T5 Off jo 03 Fig. 1060A The Dunham traps conform with the standard dimention of V/i in. from center of trap to end of union nipple, as adopted by The HeatinQ and Piping Contractors' No/tonal Association for Yi in. radiator traps. Fig. 8S7B Sectional View, Type 105, Dunham Packless Radiator Valve The valve is made packless by means of the bellows construction, consisting of a series of corrugated phosphor bronze diaphragms which permit the free up and down, movement of the spindle ana valve disc. This construction obviates the use of springs, packing or stuffing boxes of any kind and entirely prevents the leakage of steam, air or water. The prevention of the leakage of air into the radiators of vacuum systems is a most important factor, for such leakage will destroy the vacuum when operating the steam side of the system below atmospheric pressure. The holding of such vacuum is an important factor in economical operation and is especially to be desired in mild weather. It further has the advantage that no steam, water or dirt can come in contact with the thread of the valve spindle. The impor tance of this will be appreciated. It assures easy turning of handle at all times. This construction prevents leakage of steam and water into the room, marring the walls, fur- By means of the Regulating Plate (Type 190) the correct pro portion of vapor necessary to properly heat each radiator is provided. The plate is inserted in a recess in the neck of the valve, the plate orifice being calibrated to the number of feet of radiation in each radiator. The use of - the Regulating Plate simplifies many things which have been serious barriers to progress in Type 190 the art of heating, for , ( without this plate the resistance which vapor encounters in flowing from the boiler to the radiator cannot be tile same for each raditor. The resistance opposing the flow of condensate and air from the radiator to the boiler is Dot uniform for each radiator, because the size and length of the pipe through which the vapor flows to each radiator cannot be exactly proportioned to the supply required by the radiator accord ing to its size. Under conditions either of pressure or of vacuum a 26 sq. ft. radiator should heat no more rapidly than a 100 sq. ft radiator irrespective of the relative location of the two with reference to the boiler, but in usual actual practice and with no provision for interposing resistance to the steam vapor flow, there will be irregularity in heating of each respective radiator. . During the milder days of the heating season, there are times when a radiator should give off omy a fraction of the heat required under cold weather conditions. To secure this result high vacuum low temperature steam is utilised. Dunham Packlcss Valves are made in both lever and wheel handle type in the following rises: Lever *A, 1, 1 1H Wheel H. X, I, lM. 2 in. Lever handle made only in angle pattern. Wheel handle made in angle, straightway and comer patterns and can be supplied with wheel or lever handle. - The valves can be supplied with lock and shield, and special - extension stems for use on radiators behind grilles, seats, etc., or on ceiling of the room 581 C. A. Dunham Co. Specialties, Heating TYPICAL HEATING SPECIFICATIONS "D" Series System for Office Buildings, Hotels, Apartments, Etc. 1. General Conditions. The general condi tions governing this work shall be those established as standard by the American Institute of Architects. 2. Construction and Material. The heating apparatus proposed includes the furnishing, de livery, and erection on the premises of all necessary material and labor, which shall be first-class in alt particulars, and in accordance with specifications and plans. 3. Boiler. The steam boiler shall be a... ........ with guaranteed rating for............sq. ft. of radiation installed upon suitable foundation, and equipped with all necessary connections and trimmings, including a safety valve set to blow at 10 lb. pres sure, a Dunham Compound Gauge 15 lb. x 30 in. vacuum and a 7 in. Dunham Damper Regulator. (Omit Regulator on gas fired and automatic oil fired installations.) ' 11. Risers are to be run concealed or in the open as directed by the architect. Each down feed steam riser must be dripped into the return through a Dunham Trap. Install traps as instructed by manufacturer. All concealed piping must be tested at 15 lb. water pressure before being concealed. 12. All union connections, flanges, packing nuts on gate and globe valves and on gauge glass of boiler must be drawn up tight so as to prevent atr leaking into system when under a high vacuum. This work should be performed after system is com pleted and while it is working with a vacuum in both steam and return lines. 13. The System when finished shall be tested for tightness. When system is filled with steam, drop the fire when 20 in. of vacuum is secured and stop pump. After an hour there shall be at least 10 in. of vacuum remaining on the gauge. 4. Smoke Pipe. Connect boiler to chimney with suitable iron smoke pipe same size as boiler smoke outlet. Provide Check Damper and hand stop damper between check damper and boiler. 5. Reducing Pressure Valve. On all systems not equipped with full automatic control, install two Sub-Atmospheric Dunham Reducing Pressure Valves, Type 302 (of proper size), with necessary gate valves and a Dunham 15 lb. x 30 in. compound . gauge, all in accordance with manufacturer's details and instructions. (Engineers and Architects will be furnished on application with suitable specification designed to meet conditions where Centralized Thermostatic Control is to be used or when it is desired to divide up the mains so as to carry more heat on one side of the building than on the other.) 6. Pipe and Fitting. Furnish and erect with tight connections all necessary piping of sizes, shown on plans and run as indicated, supported and properly graded to insure free and noiseless circu lation, using fittings of cast iron of standard quality. The ends of all pipes shall be reamed or filed. Proper provision must be made for expansion. 7. All steam tappings in boiler shall be connected full size of tapping into a steam header which shall be dripped to the return header through a bleeder. Install horizontal swing check valve with brass disc in bleeder.' All spring pieces to steam and return mains shall be taken off the top of mains at 45 deg. On down-feed systems take the spring pieces from the bottom of steam main at 90 deg. 8. The end of each steam main shall be dripped as indicated on the plans through a Dunham Trap into the return main; a full sized scale pocket must be provided and the Trap shall be installed at least 4 ft. from the scale pocket, and located above the return piping, into which they discharge by gravity. All drip points must discharge into return piping without the use of lift connections. A gate valve shall be installed on the inlet side of each Dunham Trap used for dripping purposes. All in accord with details furnished by manufacturer. 9. Grade steam mains H in. in 10 ft. Grade return mains 1 in. in 10 ft. All steam supply branches such as spring pieces, offsets in steam risers and runouts to radiators shall in each case be. installed one size larger than the vertical pipes to which they connect and shall be given as much grade as possible. H in. per foot is preferable. 10. Return mains shall be connected to the Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump as shown in detail furnished by manufacturer. . 14. Floor Plates, Sleeves. Furnish proper floor and ceiling plates, and protecting sleeves on all pipes passing through floors or finished partitions. 15. Differential Vacuum Pump. Furnish and install one . (or duplex) Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump of "D" Series, size -............ having a rated capacity of............sq. ft. of direct radiation. The pump (or pumps) shall be installed and con nected in accordance with manufacturer's instruc tions and details. 16. Check Valves. Check valves shall be of the horizontal swing type with brass disc and of the best grade and make obtainable. They shall be installed as called for by the plans, and in accordance with details supplied with pump. 17. Radiation. Furnish and install radiation as shown on the plans. It shall consist of........... sq. ft. of direct radiation of approved make. All radiators must be of hot water pattern provided with ^ in. top inlet tapping and with H in. eccentric bushing in the return tapping. All air valve tappings shall be plugged.. 18. Radiator Traps and Valves. . Each radiator shall be provided with a Dunham Ther mostatic Radiator Trap of suitable capacity installed at the return outlet and with a Dunham Packless Radiator Valve with Regulating Plate" installed at inlet connection. The plates shall not be inserted in the valves until after the system has been cleaned, but before final test is made. 19. Painting. All exposed piping in finished rooms, and all radiators shall be painted a priming coat of flat paint and thereafter painted or enameled as directed by architect. All uncovered piping in basement, \boiler front and other exposed, parts shall be painted one coat of black asphaltum. The finishing coat of paint must be applied when the entire system is under vacuum, so that paint will fill up air leaks. ' 20. Covering. Cover all steam piping in base-, ment (and in roof space on down feed systems) with four-ply, 1 in. thick asbestos sectional cover ing, fittings with asbestos cement. Cover all steam and return risers and also other piping run con cealed in outside walls with two-ply, H in. thick asbestos sectional covering. Cover boiler as specified by boiler manufacturer. 21. Finishing Up. Thoroughly blow down and clean out system under a steam pressure of 5 lb., allowing condensate to be wasted to sewer. Operate system a week, using Dunham Tem porary Caps on traps, or Dunham Temporary 582 C. A. Dunham Co. . Specialties, Heating Elbows on the return of radiators. .Surface blow-off the boiler, as follows: ` Remove the safety valve and connect a tem porary blow-off pipe to the safety valve tapping, extending it outside or to some ' suitable drain. Shut-off all radiator valves or valves in main. Fill the boiler with water to top of gauge glass. Build a very hot fire and blow steam and water out through the safety valve tapping and pipe connected thereto. Raise and keep pressure up to 10 lb.; fire hard, supply cold water con stantly in at bottom of the boiler, main taining water line at top of gauge glass; keep up continuously for six hours; during the last two hours of the period fill boiler full of water, allowing the hot water to flow from it under the said pressure through and out of the top blow-off. At the end of the period, close the water feed valve, bring the pressure up to 10 lb., open blow-off at bottom of boiler, draw the fire quickly, and entirely drain the boiler. Allow the boiler to cool, replace the safety valve, and fill the boiler slowly. :. 22. Guarantee. The Heating Contractor shall guarantee the apparatus installed to circulate steam thoroughly through every radiator without noise, under a pressure differential of. 1 in. mercury be tween steam and return mains, with a'vacuum of 10 in. in steam main. . If the apparatus shall fail to accomplish this guarantee'by reason-of any defect developing within the period of one full heating season and that defect is due to faulty material or poor workmanship, the Heating Contractor shall remedy such defect at his own cost: within reason able time after notice thereof. ' , 23. Finally. Nothing herein contained can be construed to relieve Heating Contractor from making good and perfect-work in all usual details of construction, and he will be held responsible to provide and furnish necessary material and to perform all necessary labor and to bear all expenses , incidental to the satisfactory completion of the work. Type 105 Oe Type 145 , Dunham Radiator Valve -- With BeGULATiNe Plate Fig. 106SC Method of Installing Dunham Differential Vacuum Healing System--"D" Series--: as applied to the healing of office buildings, hotels, apartment houses,'etc. 583 y C. A. Dunham Co. ntATiNG Data - DunH&m OulOmg Specialties, Heating Heating Data from a Nine-Story Office Building in Chicago Averages per Day of Heating Season, October, 1926 to May, 1927, inclusive Room Temperature......................... 71.2 Fahr. Outside Temperature................................................................................................. 40.3 Fahr. Return Pressure........................................................................................... 16.85 in. Vacuum Boiler Pressure.......................................................................... -.... -............. 15.17 in. Vacuum Boiler Water Temperature (Steam Table) corresponding to Boiler Pressure.. 178.69 Fahr. Return Water Temperature...................................................................................... 104 Fahr. Fuel Oil Consumption (18-20 Baume)....... ............................................................ 101.5 Gal. Oil Burner in Operation......... *.................................................................................. 11*6 hours Power Consumed by Differential Vacuum Pump............................................. 13.98 K. W This system is a Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating System with semi automatic control and "D" Series Dif ferential Vacuum Pump. There is approximately 7704 sq. ft. of radiation, supplied with heat from two fire box boilers, each having a catalog rating of 6000 sq. ft. The boilers are equipped with an in dustrial type oil . burner supplying heat from the front end of the boiler. Each boiler is valved in such a way that either one can be cut out from the heatingsy stem. The steam main located on the base ment ceiling, is divided into two branches. The radiation is divided approximately equally between them. The end of each branch is dripped through a Dunham Float and Thermostatic Trap into the vacuum return line (also located on the basement ceiling). The steam and return risers extending up nine floors are concealed in the walls. The radiators are of the Corto type with Dunham No. 105 Inlet Valve at the top of each radiator. Each valve is equipped with a Regulating Plate. The chart of performance shown at the top of this page, is not a special test, but is merely the record of each day's opera tion taken from the regular daily records kept by the operating engineer. Two marked results (gained over the ordinary vacuum return line system for merly operated) have consistently ob tained (1) Appreciable fuel economy (2) Comfort thru the absence of overheating in mild weather. ' 584 C. A. Dunham Co. Specialties; Heating TYPICAL HEATING SPECIFICATIONS "DH" Series System for Residences 1. General Conditions. Same as "D" Series, (page 582.) 2. Construction and Material. Same as "D" Series. 3. Boiler. The steam boiler shall be a................ with guaranteed rating for................ sq. ft. of radiation installed upon suitable foundation, and equipped with all necessary connections. and trimmings, including a safety valve set to blow at 10 lb. pressure, a Dun ham Compound Gauge 15 lb. x 30 in. vacuum and a 10 in. Dunham Damper Regulator. (Omit Regulator on gas fired and automatic oil flred installa-* tions.) 4. Smoke Pipe. Connect boiler to chimney with suit able iron smoke pipe same size as boiler smoke 'outlet. Smoke pipe must be provided with approved Dunham Check Damper and hand stop damper between check damper and boiler. (On gas and automatic oil flred installations omit Dunham Check Damper). 5. Boilerstat. Furnish a Dunham Boilerstat, Type 360. Contractor shall drill and tap an opening in the boiler for this instrument, locating same with its bulb 2 in. below boiler water line. This Mercury Switch shall be in stalled and wired to pump in ac cordance .with instructions furnished. 6. Pipe and Fitting. Same as r< D " Series. 7. All steam tappings in boiler shall be connected full size of tapping into a steam header which shall be dripped to the return header through a bleeder. All spring pieces to steam and return mains shall be taken off the top of mains at 45 deg. 8. The end of each steam main shall be dripped as indicated on the plans by means of a wet drip line to boiler, properly vented through Dunham Trap No. 1 in accord with details furnished by manufacturer. 9. Grade steam mains in. in 10 ft. Grade return mains and drip mains . 1 in. in 10 ft. All steam supply branches such as spring pieces, offsets in steam risers and runouts to radi ators shall in each case be installed one size larger than the vertical pipes to which they connect and shall be given as much grade as possible. 3^ in. per foot is preferable. 10. Return mains shall be connected to the Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump as shown in detail furnished by manufacturer. 11. Risers are to be run concealed or in the open as directed by the architect. All concealed piping must be tested at 15 lb. water pressure before being concealed. 12. All union connections, flanges, pack ing nuts on gate and globe valves and on gauge glass of boiler must be drawn up tight so as to prevent air leaking into system when under a high vacuum. This work should be performed after system is completed and while it is working with a vacuum in both steam and return lines. 13. The System when finished shall be tested for tightness. When system is filled with steam, drop the fire when 20 in. of vacuum is secured and stop pump. After an hour there shall be at least 10 in. of vacuum remaining ` on the gauge. 14. Floor. Plates, Sleeves. Furnish proper floor and ceiling plates, and protecting sleeves' on all pil>es passing through floors or finished partitions. 15. Differential Vacuum Pump and Air Eliminator. Furnish and install a "DH" Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump having a rated capacity of 2000 sq. ft. of direct radiation. The pump shall be in stalled and connected in "accordance with manufacturer's instructions and details. Furnish and install in accordance with manufacturer's instructions a Dun- 585 C. A. Dunham Co. Specialties, Heating ham Air Eliminator, Type 220-B. Install a Dunham Air Check, Type 222, on vent opening of Eliminator; also install Air Check on top of vent pipe of Differential Pump. 16. Check Valves. Same as " D" Series. 19. Painting. Same as "DM Series. 20. Covering. Same as "D" Series. 21. Finishing Up. Same as "D" Series. 17. Radiation. Same as " D " Series. 22. Guarantee. Same as "D" Series. 18. Radiator Traps and Valves. Same as 11D" Series. 23. Finally. Same as "D" Series. 1 Type 105 Radiator Valve With Regulating Plate On-- Each Radiator. .' ' Fig.l059B ' ". Method of Installing Dunham Differential Heating System--"DH" Series--as applied to residences. Illustration shows Gas Boiler, however. System uses Coal, Gas or OU fuel 586 Dunham Differential Vacuum Pump DUNHAM DIFFERENTIAL VACUUM PUMP--"D" Series (Illustration shows Principal Parts Only) Manufactured under Young and Dunham Patents (Ask for Bulletin 115) . The Pump is a reliable vacuum system pump for handling both gases and liquids efficiently as well as returning the condensate to Boiler. . The unit is completely assembled (including electrical equipment) at the factory and thoroughly tested before shipment. They are ready to run when the feed wiring is connected. The unit consists of a centrifugal pump, bronze fitted, of enclosed impeller high efficiency type, an approved make of motor and electrical equipment, mounted with a heavy welded tank on a substantial cast iron base. It includes a vacuum 1producing element of highest efficiency, which easily prodJu..c.e..s...a* h: igh..v..a..c.uu-m. 'TTThLe---o-p--e--ra-t-i-o--n--o--f-t-h--e---p-u--m---p*is PRODUCTS controlled by the Differential Controller which is Specialties for use in connection with The Dunham System of governed by the difference in pressure in the steam Heating, known according to its several adaptable formB as mains and radiators, and the return lines, a method not "The Dunham Differential Vacuum Heating'System." The utilized in vacuum heating prior to the Dunham Differential Vacuum Steam Heating System. The motor used is of 40 deg. rating, of more than ample power for the maximum load that will come Dunham Home Hearing System; The Dunham Return System' - and The Dunham Vacuum Return Line System--all two-pipe systems, and The Dunham Air line System for use in connection with one-pipe steam systems. on the unit. A safety factor insuring freedom from These specialties are Radiator Traps; Float and Thermostatic . motor trouble. Standard Units in several sizes are built to discharge against a pressure of not more than 20 lb. at the pump. Trap; Air line Valve; Return Traps; Medium Pressure Traps; Packless Radiator Valves; Pressure Reducing Valves; Vacuum Pump; Condensation Pump; Vacuum Pbmp Governors; Air Special pumps are furnished to discharge against 35 lb. Eliminators; Air Check; Chi Separators; Dirt Strainers; Air pressure at the pump. Vents; Damper Control; Gauges. The Dunham Vacuum Return Line System Simplicity of the key note of Dunham design. Steam may be' supplied direct from boiler, or through a Dunham Reducing Valve, where boiler pressure is too high for direct' service. Or, exhaust steam may be used, supplemented by live steam through a Reducing Valve. - Dunham Differential Pump, "DH" Series Manufactured under Dunham patents. Ask for Bulletin 1M The Dunham Return Line System This System makes use of the Dunham Return Trap or Con densation Pump, which provides a positive automatic return of water to the boiler when it is desired to raise the steam pressure. This Dunham System is particularly adaptable to apartment houses, small hotels and medium size commercial buildings, schools and churches. This System makes possible the modern izing of old one-pipe and two-pipe gravity systems, and eliminates the sputtering, leaking air valves which are such trouble makers in these old heating jobs. The Dunham Home Heating System This is specially for the small home. It uses steam at very. low pressure. The design is such that a partial vacuum can be obtained on receding fire, with water continuing boiling which will prolong the heating period. . ' Bulletins Bulletins of standard architectural size with detailed information covering each Dunham Product and System, including roughing- in dimensions, will be furnished on request. .' 587 Specialties, Heating The Fulton Sylphon Company new york Hudson Terminal Bldg. 50 Church Street Knoxville, Tennessee SALES OFFICES: Chicago Wrigley Bldg. Michigan Boulevard PHILADELPHIA Drexel Bldg. 4th and Chestnut Streets DETROIT General Motors Building Representatives in All Principal Cities Boston Federal Bldg. 136 Federal Street Patentees and manufacturers of Sylphon products. Sylphon Automatic Air and Vent Valves; Packless Expansion Joint; Thermostats for regulating tem peratures of homes by warm air furnaces, steam, vapor or hot water boilers; Temperature and Pressure Regulators, Temperature Regulating Radiator Covers; and other Heating Specialties. Advantages. All Sylphon devices em body the seamless, one-piece bellows of drawn metal shown at right. There is riot a bit of solder throughout its length --no chance for leaks or breaks. It is a feature found exclusively in Sylphon Prod ucts. Sylphon diaphragms or bellows are made in sizes rang ing from 1H to 12 in. O. D. No. 410 Sylphon Air Line Valve An automatic. Ron-adjustable air line valve that will silently expel air and condensation, but close against steam. Has as its basic principle the Sylphon thermostat, which will quickly and effectively distinguish between steam and air. freely allowing the . air and con densation to pass, but pre venting the passage of steam. This.means that every inch of radiating surface becomes 100 per cent efficient. Ask for Bulletin RRAV-3. SPECIFICATION--All radiators to be equipped with Cut Open View . Sylphon Air Line Valves known as (either No. 410 or No. 410-A), as manu- . factured by The Fulton Sylphon Company. Knox . ville, Tenn. . No. 510 Sylphon Vent Valves for Primary Heating Coils For venting air from large heating coils used in stacks and in indirect heating with fan blowers, where low-pressure steam is used. Venting port % in. dia. Has a powerful Sylphon bel lows as * thermostat which closes valve immediately ' steam reaches it. Does hot close against water. Can be installed in any position. Made entirely of cast brass; ruggedly constructed. Ask for Bulletin RRAV-3. . SPECIFICATION--Heating Coils, where shown on plans,-shall be vented with No. 510 Sylphon Vent Valves as manufactured by The Fulton Sylphon Company, Knoxville, Tenn., and installed in accordance with instructions furnished by the manufacturer. No. 527 Quick Vent Valve For venting mains, long runs of pipe, indirect stacks, drop risers, and all low-pressure steam jobs where a large amount of air must be expelled quickly. Contains Sylphon bellows as thermostat. Vents entire piping system and thereby heating radiators quicker under less pressure.. No adjust ment. Does not close against water. Venting port A in. diame ter. Valve connection % in. pipe I thread. Ask for Bulletin RRAV-3. I SPECIFICATION--The ends of long runs of pipe, risers or loops shall be vented with a No. 527 . Sylphon Quick. Vent Valve, as manufactured by the Fulton Syl- _ ^ ~ phon Company, Knoxville. Tenn. Ctd Open View No. 110 Sylphon Packless Expansion Joint for Low Pressure Steam Heating Risers The Sylphon Packlesa Expansion Joint eliminates all packed type expansion joints, scissors, swing loops and similar devices generally used in in stalling low pressure steam heating risers. The pipe movement b taken op in the joint oy. the expansion of a Sylphon bellows so utilized as to provide, a continuous sealed line. Sylphon Packless Expansion Joints are designed for use on steam pressures up to 15 lb. per so. in., but may be tem porarily subjected to steam pressures up to 25 Id. per sq. in. They should never be tested with steam pressures in excess of 25 lb. per sq. in., or water pressures in excess of 50 lb. per sq. in. Sylphon Joints should be located near the floor or ceiling. If concealed in walls, access doors or removable panels should be provided. It b important to install them with the end marked "top" in the correct position. Piping should be instailed_xin a true vertical position, but the guides on the outside casing insure correct alignment, and prevent torsional or eccentric strains on the No. HO Sylphon bellows. Ask-for Bulletin RREJ-100. Pipe size. in..__ % 1 i% ,i% 2 2% 3 Lengths: A--Extended.... 12 ii% "% 13% IP/4 14% 13% ssti--Compressed.. I0/i 10% 10% 11% 12/4 13% D--Width............ 3% 3% 4% 4% 5% 6 E--Installed.....' iiy. 11% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% Shipping vrt., lb.... 15 15 18 25 35 50 60 List prices................ 812 12 14 16 20 23 27 Using 1 in. joint fitted with face bushings. SPECIFICATION--Install where shown oa riser plans No. 110 Sylphon Packless Expansion Joint, as manu factured by The Fulton Sylphon Company.'Knoxville, Tenn., with end marked "top" in proper position; the joint to be of------in. pipe size and for steam (water) pressure of not over 15 lb. (50 lb.) per sq in. 588 The Fulton Sylphon Company Specialties, Heating No. 22 Steam Damper Regulator Used to control the dampen oo steam heating boilers. A simple, accurate regulator which will control the draught so as to maintain a con stant steam pressure up to 5 lb. Thb regulator b sensitive, positive in action and will last a life time, due to the Sylphon one-pieoe, seamless, -solderless, flexible metal bellows which it contains as dia phragm. Ask for Bulletin RRDR-8. SPECIFICATION--The boiler shall be equipped with a No. 22 Sylphon Steam Damper Regulator, as manu factured by The Fulton Sylphon Company, Knoxville, Tenn., and installed in accordance with instruction of the manufacturer. No. 22-J Steam Damper Regulator Thb Regulator b identical in construction with No. 22 except that it contains a smaller Sylphon bellows as its diaphragm and b therefore suitable for small steam boilers or those having light dampers which do not require much power for their op eration. Will main tain a constant steam pressure up to 8 lbs. ______ gauge. Ask for Bulletin RRDR-8 SPECIFICATION---The boiler shall be equipped with a No. 22-J Sylphon Steam Damper Regulator, as - manufactured by The Fulton Sylphon Company, Knoxville, Tenn., apd pgfa>llwl -in accordance with instructions of the manufacturer. No. 924 Steam Damper Regulator For low pressure steam boilers where extra sensitiveness and greater power are required to op erate the damper. Is identical in con struction with No. 22 except that it con tainsa larger Sylphon bellows as its dia phragm, and dis tance between rocker pivot and plunger pivot b greater. Will operate with pressures up to 3 lbs. gauge. Ask-for Bulletin RRDR-8 SPECIFICATION--Boiler shall be equipped with a No. 924 Svlphon Steam Damper Regulator as manufac tured by The Fulton Sylphon Company, Knoxville. Tenn.. and installed in accordance with instructions of the manu facturer. No. 925 Vapor Damper Regulator Specially designed to control dampers on boilers used with vapor heating systems. Extremely powerful and sensitive. Has extra large flexible Sylphon bellows as dia-' phragm. One ounce change in vapor pressure produces a 6K ibe. force to open or close dampera. Operates from 2 ozs. to 1 lb. gauge, perfectly smoothly and will not "flutter" under any condition. Ask for Bulletin RRDR-8 . SPECIFICATION--The boiler shall be equipped with' a No. 925 Sylohon Vapor Damper Regulator, as manu factured by The Fulton Sylphon Company, Knoxville, Tenn., ana installed in accordance with instructions of the manufacturer. No. 45-A Hot-Water Damper Regulator Used to control the dampers on hot-water heating boilers Contains Sylphon Bellows as diaphragm. A simple, accurate regulator which will control the draft so as to maintain a constant temperature of the water at any point between 120 deg. and 220 deg. fahr. Prevents the tempera ture of the water from rising higher than necessary, installed on -domestic hot-water heaters, insures faucet water of even tem perature every hour of the day. Prevents the generating of steam in the system, thus eliminating disagreeable spattering and blowing-off when faucet b open. Ask for Bulletin RRDR-8. No. 45 Hot-Water Damper Regulator Same as No. 45-A exceptbulb b 4 in. instead of 2 in. long and rocker does not have adjustment. The longer bulb permits the use of thb regulator in a pipe fitting. Ask for Bulletin RRDR-8 No. 46 Hot-Water Damper Regulator Thb regulator with bulb 1 in. long, b designed especially for small hotwater-heating boilers, or those having light dampers, also, domestic hotwater supply heaters. Construction same as No. 45 except that it contains a wmidlw Sylphon bellows as its diaphragm, as it requires less power to operate the light dampers of such heaters. Also suitable for laundry heaters, garbage burners, garage heaters, etc. Ask for Bulletin RRDR-8. SPECIFICATION--(Boiler, beater, or tank heater whftll be equipped with a No. (45,45-A, 45-B or 46) Sylphon Hot-Water Damper Regulator, ss manufactured by The Fulton Sylphon Company, Knoxville, Tenn., the regulator to have a temperature range of (specify temperature range. No. 45 and 45-A have temperature range of 120 deg. to 220 deg. fahr.; No. 45-B has temperature range of 100 deg. to 200 deg. fahr.; No.46 has temperature range of 130 deg. to 200 deg. fahr.) and to be installed in accordance with instructions furnished by the manufacturer. Nos. 42, 45, 44, Hot-Water Damper Regulators These regulators are used where conditions require side instead of direct connections. The hot-water circulates `around an inner bulb containing a volatile Canid, which in turn causes the Sylphon - bellows to expand or contract as the temper ature of the water rises or falls, thus closing or opening the draft dampers. Ask for bulletin RRDR-8. SPECIFICATION--(Boiler heater or tank heater) shall be equipped with a No. (42, 43, or 44) Sylphon Hot-Water Damper Regu lator, as manufactured by The Fulton Sylphon Company, Knoxville, Tenn., the regulator to have a temperature range of (specify--No.'42 controls from 120 deg. to 180deg. fahr.; No. 43 from 160 deg. to 220 deg. fahr.; No. 44 from 190 deg. to 240 deg. fahr.) and to bo installed in accordance' with instructions-furnished by manufacturer. 589 The Fulton Sylphon Company Specialties, Heating No; 930 and No. 931 Temperature No. 932 Sylphon Temperature Regulator Regulators, for Control of Liquids Used to automatically control temperatures of liquids heated by steam, and especially for hotwater supply, tanks in apart ments, hotels, clubs, etc., and regularly furnished with a tem perature range of 140 deg. to 180 deg. fahr. No. 930 has lever and weight method of adjustment and is made in valve sues H to 8 in. in clusive. No. 931 has spring type adjustment and is made in valve sises 34 to 234 in. inclusive. Upon application a chart will be furnished showing how to . determine size of regulator needed for any given condition. Ask for chart and Bulletin RRTR-110. Detachable Tube Type: This is the latest development in self-contained regulators, and on account of its flexibility of installation is very popular with the beating trade. This regulator is composed of three distinct and separable units: Assembled valve, bulb, Unassembled tubing. Each unit may be separately in stalled, re moved or re placed.' By loosening two lock nuts, the tubing part b moved or slip ped into place. Movement b transmitted by liquid pres sure acting between two small Sylphon bellows and b frictionless. Liquid is non-freezing. No. 980 and No. 981 for Control of Air These features are patented and possessed by no other regulator. One transmission unit fits all regulators having valve sizes 34 in. to 13i in. inclusive; another unit for valves When used to automatically 134 in. to 4 in. inclusive. Ask for Bulletin RRTR-110. control temperature of air in dry SPECIFICATION---Install where shown on plans rooms, etc., these regulators are . No. 932 Sylphon Temperature Regulator as manufactured equipped with our special '`star by The Fulton Sylphon Company. Knoxville, Tenn.; shaped" bulb, which gives regulator to have a temperature range of (specify) deg. fahr.; greatest area of exposed surface ana valve of (specify) inches in size, ground for steam, to mam of any design known. pressure of (specify) lbs. with tubing. (specify) ft long. Furnished in either lever and weight type (No. 980) or spring No. 942 Sylphon Temperature Regulator adjusting type (No. 981). No. Separable Transmission Type: For control of air tempera Star 980 b made in valve sises 34 in. tures in ducts of fan and blower heating systems where valve Shaped to 5 in. incl. and No. 981 in must be at some distance from thermostatic head. Easily Bulb sises 34 in. to 2)4 in. inclusive. installed, as valve, transmission unit and thermostatic head are separable parts. , Temperature Ranges Nos. 930, ' Standard length of 931, 934, 935, 980, 981 ' No. 931 stem b 12 in., made longer on order at ad No.___________Range No,___________ Range 21................. 10 to 22 ................. 20 to 23 ................. 40 to 24 ................. 60 to 25.................. 100 to 26.................. 140 to 27................ .160 to 50F. 28..................180 to 220 F 60F. 29...................... 190 to 230"F* 80F. 30......................210 to 250F100F. 31.............. .220 to 260 F* 140F. 32......................230 to 270"F* 180F. 33......................245 to 285"F` 200F. 34......................275 to 315F- ditional cost. Regulator may be in stalled in any position -- either from top, bottom orsideofduct. . Thermostatic "For service water heating. Nos. 932 and 942 are 10 deg. higher. ' ' On special order at $2.50 net additional cost, regulators Nos. 930, 931, 932, 935, 942, 980 and 981 will be furnished a____ 1.1.J Assembled head remov able from 1 stem, so that hole cut thru QUct wall need Unassembled with reversed valve mteriowfor controlling cooling mediums. be only large enough to pass a % in. pipe. Made in valve Valves--Double-seated, balanced type, bronze disc and seats. Bronze bodies fitted with bronze unions, in sizes 34 to 134 in. inclusive. Sizes 2 in. and above have iron bodies, bodies flanged and drilled stendard. Companion flanges furnished at extra cost. Flexible metal tubing 8 ft. long. Supplied longer on order, at 30 cents per ft. net. SPECIFICATION--Install where shown on plans, sizes 34 to 4 in., inclusive. Ask for Bulletin RRTR-110. Valves--Double seated balanced type, with bronze discs and seats. Bronze bodies fitted with bronze unions in sizes 34 to 134 in., inclusive. Sizes 2 in. and above have iron bodies, bodies flanged. Fitted with companion flanges on order atadditional cost. -- '; SPECIFICATION--Install in duct where shown on 'plans No. 942 Separable Transmisa:on type Sylphon Tem a Sylphon Temperature Regulator (Nos. 930, 931, 980 or 981) as manufactured by The-Fulton Sylphon Company, Knoxville, Tenn.; regulator to have a temperature range of (specify) deg. fahr.. and valve of (specify) inches in size, ground for steam pressure of (specify), lbs. with tubing perature Regulatea- as manufactured by The Fulton Sylphon Company, Knoxville. Tenn. Regulator to have a tempera ture range of (specify) deg. fahr. with valve of (specify) inches in size ground for steam pressure of--lbs., a trans mission tubing of (specify) ft long and extension stem of (specify) ft long. (specify) inches long. . Principal Dimensions and List Prices Nos. 930, 931, 980 and 981 Sylphon Regulator Valve Sizes, Inches . 'h y. I1/. l'/2 2 2'/i 3 3'h 4 5 6 8 List prices 930 ' List prices 931 List prices 980 List prices 981 $60 $65 $70 $75 $80 $ 90 $ 95 $100 $110 $120 $175 $225 $275 . $60 $65 $70 $75 $80 $ 90 $ 95 $70 $/5 $80 $85 $90 $100. $110 $125 $140 $150 $225 $70 $75 $80 $85 tvo $100 1 $110 Bulb thread IK) 930 Bulb thread 1PS93I Bulb length 930 Bulb length 931 and 981 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" l" 1 1 1" IW IW IW IW IW IW IW IW 2W 2W 16" 16" 16" 16" 16" 16" 16" 24" 24" 24" 24" 24" 24" 16" I6U 16" 16" 16" 16" 16" Bulb length 980 Lever bar length 930 Lever bar length 980 16" 16" 16" 16" 16" 16" . 16" 16" 16" 16" 16" 24" 24". 24" 24" 24" 24" 24" 36" 36" 36" 36" 36" 36" 41" 41" 41" 41" 41" 41" 41" 43" 43" 43" 43" 590 The Fulton Sylphon Company Specialties, Heating No. 934 Sylphon Temperature Regulator For control of liquids. Made in valve . sizes of 34 and 34 >n- only, and for steam pressures under 100 lb. For controlling temperature of steam tables, pasteurizing and sterilizing apparatus, size box on slashers, tempering tanks, percolators, ghie kettles, and small tanks of all kinds where a minimum amount of steam, ac curacy of control, and compactness of instrument are required. Valves are all bronze, single seated, needle type with screw ends right-hand threads. Ask for Bulletin RRT-110. SPECIFICATION--Install where shown on plans for control of (specify) No. 934 Sylphon Temperature Regulator, as manufactured by The Fulton Sylphon Company, Knoxville, Tenn. Regulator to have a temperature range of (specify) deg. fahr., with valve of (specify) inches in size, ground for steam pressure of (specify) tubing (specify) ft. long. The power trans mission unit consists of two Sylphon bellows joined together by flex No. 11 Regitherm. Assembled ible tubing of the de- ' sired length, completely filled with a non-freezing liquid. Tubi`ng regjuutLa.rl,,y furn. is.hed 25 ft. in length, but can be made any length required. Made in valve sizes 34 to 234 in., incl. Regularly furnished to operate from 60 to 80 F. Other ranges on application. No. 935 Sylphon Tempera Valves--Double seated balanced type, bronze discs and seats. Bronze bodies fitted with bronze unions in sizes 34 ture Regulator For control of liquids or air. Made in valve sizes 34 to 134 in., inclusive. (Sizes 34 and 34 in. are for steam pressures under 100 lb. only.) For controlling temperatures, of open to 134 in., inclusive. Sixes 2 and 234 in. have iron bodies; bodies flanged, and drilled standard. Companion flanges furnished at extra cost. Ask for Bulletin RRR-102. No. tl-Z for Control of Cold Storage Rooms liquor vats, tanks, dryers, dry rooms, warming ovens, proofing rooms, etc. May be installed in any position. Extension stem is regularly furnished 12 in. long, but can be made any length oh special order. Valves are double seated balanced type with bronze discs and . For control of calcium chloride brine furnished with fol* lowing temperature ranges: 20 to 40; 35" to 55; 40" to 60; 45 to 65; 55 to 75" F. Ask for Bulletin RRT-106. SPECIFICATION--Install where shown on plans . for control of (specify) No. 11 (or No. 11-Z) Sylphon Liquid Transmission Regitherm as manufactured by The Fulton Sylphon Company. Knoxville, Tenn. Regitherm to have a seats and fitted- with unions, except 34 and 34 in. sizes, which are all-bronze; single seated, needle type, with screw ends right-hand threads. Ask for Bulletin RRT-110. No. 935 temperature range of (specify) deg. fahr., a valve of (specify) . inches in size, ground for steam (or brine) pressure of . (specify) lbs. and transmission tubing of (specify) ft. long. . The Ja-Nar Radiator Cover - No. 935-Z lor Control of Cold Storage Rooms and Made of fine furniture steel, lined with beat insulating material. Completely covers either high , or low hot water Boxes and Drinking Water and steam radiators. Can be installed in old homes as easily' When used for control of calcium chloride brine, valves are 34 to 134 in., incl.. balanced piston type made entirely of bronze and fitted with rrtmf.QtfTir as in new. Furnished in light or dark oak, mahogany, walnut ami various tinted enamels, or to match wood work. Furnished in three types: 1st, Automatic Temperature Control; 2nd, Manually Operated Temperature Control; bronze unions. Temperature ranges: 10 to 50; 20 to 60; 40 to 3rd, Uncontrolled Type. __ The controlled type is equipped with a thermostatic device' which automatically opens or closes the shutters to regulate tbe heat sent out into the room. Can be set to operate at temperature desired. Ask for Pamphlet on the Ja-Nar. 80 F. .Ask for Bulletin RRT-106. SPEOF1CATION , --Install where shown on plans for control of (specify) No. 935 (or 935-Z) Sylphon .Tem perature Regulator as manufactured by The Fulton Sylphon' Com pany, Knoxville. Tenn. Regulator to have a temperature range of (specify) degrees fahr. with valve of (specify) inches in size, ground for steam (or brine) _ ___ pressure of (specify) t&u lbs. and extension stem No: 935-Z--Sylphon Regulator on of (specify) inches long. open type water cooler The Ja-Nar cut away to show Radiator and thermostat No. II SylpkoD Transmission Regitherm The latest development in automatic control of air tem peratures for industrial uses. A simple, self-contained, sturdy instrument without complicated mechanism to con tinually get out of order. Valve is mounted in steam line, Regitherm placed on wall or column 5 ft. above floor, power transmission unit is joined by means of T-slot connections. SPECIFICATION--Install where shown on plans, a Ja-Nar Radiator Cover as manufactured by The Fulton Sylphon Company, Knoxville, Tenn. The contractor will ' famish to the manufacturer information as to size of radiator and other measurements necessary to build the Ja-Nars. (Specify finish for each room. State whether to be of auto matic control type, hand control type or uncontrolled type.) 591 Specialties, Heating Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Waterbury, Conn. GENERAL SALES DEPARTMENT 25 West 45th Street : New York, N. Y. Hoffman Valves and Controlled Heat Equipment HOFFMAN VENTING VALVES In the Hoffman line there is a specially designed venting valve for every type of steam heating system. The basic principle used in the design of all Hoffman venting valves is that of an all-metal thermostatic member, with one or more flexible diaphragms, containing a volatile or heat sensitive fluid which causes valve action upon slight tem perature changes. Hoffman valves have a wide pressure range in which they operate with the same degree of accuracy, for the internal fluid pressure in the thermostatic member maintains a constant relationship with the external steam pressures throughout the whole range of pressure for which each valve is intended. Hoffman valves are automatic, non-adjustable and guaranteed to properly function for a period of five years from date of installation when installed and operated under norma! conditions for which designed. VENTING P0RT(5)r FLOAT VALVE PIN(g> <D AIR CHECK FLOAT (3> <) RIBS FLEXIBLE DIAPHRAGM FLOAT SUPPORT CHAMBER PORT BASE ATMOSPHERIC CHAMBER No. Hoffman Siphon Air and'Vacuum Valve HOW THE NEW HOFFMAN No. 2 VACUUM VALVE OPERATES In ordinary one-pipe systems, when fire is banked, generation of steam ceases due to intake of air through vent port. With the No. 2 Valve the Air Check (1) prevents return of air to radiator while con tinued condensation of steam causes a slight vacuum to form in the radiator and valve. When a vacuum of 1 in. is reached inside the valve, atmospheric pressure acting through Chamber Port (10) in bottom of valve pushes the Vacuum Diaphragm (S) and Float (4) upward, thus positively closing the Venting Port (2). The pressure exerted on Vacuum Diaphragm (8) is in direct relation to degree of vacuum obtained by condensation of steam in radiator. With absolute vacuum inside, there would be approximately 15 lb. dead. weight holding Valve Pin (3) on its seat against intake of air at that point. By closing the port when pres-. sure goes below atmosphere, vapori zation continues under vacuum and . heat is given off by the radiator for long periods after fire is. banked, also when drafts are applied vaporization starts at temperatures below 212 deg. fahr.; the vaporizing temperature being dependent on the vacuum present in the system. This action results in a very even radiator temperature. 592 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating HOW TO VACUUM-IZE A ONE-PIPE STEAM SYSTEM To enjoy the comfort and economy of this new heating system all that is neces sary is to equip the radiators all over the house with these new No. 2 Hoffman Air and Vacuum Valves, and if there are one or more air valves on the piping in the cellar, these must also be changed. The No. 6 Hoffman Vacuum Valve is best suited for this purpose as it allows those radiators furthest from the boiler to heat up just as quickly as the nearest one. - The use of evgri a single No. 2 Hoffman Vacuum Valve on the worst radiator will enable that particular radiator to stay warm after steam pressure has diminished, but with air leaking in at other points complete heating comfort and economy will not be secured unless every radiator air valve is a No. 2 Hoffman. Heating contractors and engineers appreciate that while the big air leak in any steam heating system is through the air valves (this leak is stopped by the No. 2 Hoffman) there are liable to be other leaks which must be stopped if the system is to be fully efficient. Complete instructions as to what to do and how to do it are sent with the valves and should be carefully observed to get the best service. 0Tms P IHT MUST K HOI LESS THRU icr nsovc watch Lint or soilch. Write for Descriptive Circular--Locking the Door Against the Heal Thief 593 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating ALL METAL--NON-ADJUSTABLE--THERMOSTATIC The No. 1 Hoffman Siphon Air Valve is designed for systems of the one-pipe gravity type, to vent all air from radiators without loss of steam. After contact of water with the valve the siphon drains all water from the valve and venting occurs without the slightest "spit" even if the radiator is under pressure. Radiator connection. y$ in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. The No. 2 Siphon Air and Vacuum Valve is similar in con struction to the No. 1, but in addition, when the radiator is once freed from air, return of air through the vent port is prevented. Through its use an ordinary one-pipe steam system may be changed into a vacuum type. See page 506. Radiator connection,' M in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure. 10 lb. No. 1 Hoffman Siphon Air Valve The No. 3 Hoffman Air Line Valve is specially designed for Air Line, or as they are frequently termed "Paul" Systems. It is sensitive in action and closes the instant steam fills the radiator. . Radiator connection, % in.; Air Line connection, K in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure. 10 lb. The No. 4 is used in venting mains, risers, vento stacks, coils, etc. All air is freely vented through a Y in. vent port without steam loss. . '` Standard connection, ^ in., can also be supplied with X in. connection. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. No. 3 No. 4 The No. 5 is particularly adapted for use in venting; Ends of steam mains; Ends of dry return mains; Indirect radiators; Blast or "Vento" stacks; Hot-water gen- ators; Dryers and drums, etc. . . The basic principle is the same as the No. 1 Valve, having separate channels for air and water which are only found in Hoffman Valves. Pipe connection, % in.; vent port for less than.3 lb. is %, in.; for 3 lb. and over is % in. Unless otherwise ordered, will be shipped with ^ in. port. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. '' The No. 6 is similar in design and application to the No. 5 with the additional feature of the Air Check or Vacuum starter above-vent port and vacuum diaphragm in base. This Valve is similar in operation to the No. 2 valve and is used on return mains when No. 2 valves are used on the radiators. ^ Pipe connection, $$ in.; vent port for less than 3 lb. is % in.; for_3 lb. and over is in. Unless otherwise ordered,'will be shipped with % in. port. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 10 lb. The No. 10 Hoffman Vapor Valve is used for venting the return mains-in vapor systems or for other conditions where a large venting capacity is required. The vent port is % in. in diameter. Pipe connection, % in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 15 lb. The No. 11 Hoffman Vapor Vacuum Valve is similar in appear ance, construction and application to the No. 10 valve with the addition of a vacuum check on the vent port which prevents the return of air to . the system through the vent port. Pipe connection, % in. Maximum guaranteed operating pressure, 15 lb. Write for Descriptive Circular--The Watchman of the Coal Pile 594 < Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating NO. 19 QUICK-OPENING HOFFMAN RADIATOR VALVE The No. 19 Hoffman Valve is of the quick-opening, semi-packless type intended for vacuum pump installation or for vapor systems where modulation is not required. Valve is made in % in. size only, having a capacity up to 200 sq. ft. direct cast iron radiation; Valve stem is in one piece, the end engaging in disc holder having a quadruple thread which allows full port openingwith three quarters of a turn of handle. The No. 19 Hoffman . Radiator Valve Valve body is a steam metal casting; bonnet nut and tail piece are hot brass forgings; coupling nut, stem and disc holder made of rod brass. Valve is heavily nickelplated with polished trimmings. Stem packing is lubricated, compressed asbestos fibre that will last indefinitely and require no attention other than an occasional take-up of the packing nut. Valve handle is hard black fibre that withstands severe service without breakage. Valve disc is genuine Jenkins Bros, composition. The disc holder has a wide , lug sliding between two vertical guides in valve body which prevent rotation"of. the disc as valve is opened or closed. This insures the same seating surface on the disc after each operation and also causes disc pressure to be exerted uniformly over entire seat, thus reducing possibility of leakage. The No. 19 Valve is regularly furnished in Lever Handle pattern but, where required, Wood Handles, Lock Shields or Closed Tops are furnished without extra charge. Ex tension Stems with either Lever or Wood Handles can be supplied at an extra charge. NO. 18 HOfFMAN RETURN LINE VALVE OR RADIATOR TRAP * This valve is similar in basic principle to the No. 8 Hoffman Return Line Valve (or Trap). It is used where radiators contain not over 100 sq, ft. of direct cast iron radiation and the pressure at the trap is not in excess of 15 lb. It effectively differentiates between steam, air and water. Holding steam--passing air and water. The thermostat consists of one chamber made by two No. 18 Hoffman Return Line ' Radiator Trap . diaphragms separated by a space ring to which they are fastened. In the center of the bottom diaphragm, the valve pin is attached, the joint being expanded and made absolutely tight. The thermostat is held in its cage by a pin expanded and attached to the top diaphragm, this pin extending through the cage and engaging with the boss on the cap. Thermostat contains a small quantity of thermostatic fluid, sealed under vacuum, insuring extremely sensitive Valve action. The fluid is such that its pressure maintains constant relationship with steam pressure and consistency of valve operation under varying pressure is thus obtained. '. The thermostat is made of Special Hoffman Diaphragm Metal that will not soften under repeated action. It will not stretch causing permanent elongation of thethermostat and resultant premature closing of the valve port. The thermostat is held in a three-legged cage, the feet of which rest on a shoulder in. the valve body. The distance from shoulder to valve seat and the distance from feet of cage to seating surface in valve pin, is accurately controlled in machining the body, making all thermostats have uniform valve travel. The thermostats are thus made interchangeable without adjustment and all valves operate with the same degree of sensitiveness. ' . . Write for Descriptive Circulars . 595 . Hoffman Specially Co., Inc. Specialties, Healing HOFFMAN "CONTROLLED HEAT" EQUIPMENT Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating For use in Vapor or Vapor Vacuum systems, is made in % in. size, angle pattern only, having a range of adjustment up to 200 sq. ft. of direct cast-iron radiation. . After installation, whether the system is in operation or cold, the port of each valve is adjusted for the size of the radiator to which it is attached. Adjustment is simple; loosen a locknut; turn valve handle until proper number of graduations are visible on the dial plate; then tighten locknut. The valve handle may then be moved to admit sufficient steam to heat a quarter, half, three-quarter, or entire radiator. The valve stem stuffing box has a frictionless metallic fibre packing that will last indefinitely and require no attention, giving at the same time, a valve action so free that the pressure of only one finger is required to open the valve. .' The No. 7 Valve is regularly supplied with lever handle. On special orders, it can be furnished with wood wheel, lock shield, closed top, extension stem and handle, or chain pull. , POSITIONS OF TOP DIAL PLATE FOR VARIOUS SIZES OF RADIATORS DialselfortOOsq.fi. Dial set far 160 sq. ft. Dial set for 100 sq- ft- Dial set for SO sq. ft. r CORRESPONDING POSITIONS OF ROTARY SLEEVE SHOWING PORT AREAS FOR ABOVE GRADUATIONS The visible adjustment enables the designing engineer and heating contractor to make a final accurate adjustment which compensates for slight irregularities in pipe sizes, failure to ream pipe, installation of extra fittings not forseen in original layout, etc. The advantages of an adjustable port in forced hot water systems to secure proper balance makes the No. 7 Valve especially adaptable for such use. ' Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman Controlled Heal 596 The Nos. 8 and 9 Hoffman Return Line Valves These valves are automatic, non-adjustable, thermostatic and relieve all air and condensation without the loss of steam from radiators, pipe coils, indirect radiation, steam mains and risers, steam kettles, sterilizers and other devices where it is desired to'get full efficiency and economy without waste of steam. In service, they have established a reputation for efficiency and consistency of opera tion with the same degree of sensitiveness under either high or low pressure. The body of the valve is made of cast steam metal; cap and tail piece are hot brass forgings; nut of rod brass; the thermostat of a special Hoffman alloy. In continued operation the thermostats will not break, stretch'or lose their tension, giving long life and perfect operation. Chief Features The valve consistently operates under a pressure range from 13 in. of vacuum to 50 lbs. steam pressure. Water at a temperature of approximately 12 deg. less than the temperature corresponding to the steam pressure causes full valve opening and free discharge of condensation. The thermostatic member is removable and may be changed from one valve to another of the same size without adjustment* This feature is appreciated by engineers who require the removal of the thermostat from the valves, until the system is thoroughly cleaned, and likewise by contractors complying with this practice. The No. 8 Valve has H in. pipe connections, % in. port and is furnished in Angle, Straightway, Right and Left-hand Offset Patterns. The normal capacity is 200 sq. ft. of cast iron radiation. The No. 9 Valve with in. connection is made in Angle and Straightway Patterns only, and is suitable for 600 sq. ft. of cast iron radiation. For pressures up to 15 lbs. valve has % in. port, for higher pressures in. port. No. 7 or 19 Angle Pattern No. 8 or 9 Straightway Pattern No. 8 Right or Left Offset Pattern STYLE . DATA AND DIMENSIONS Size Inches Diameter Maximum Valve Port Capacity - Inches Square Feet DIMENSIONS ABc No. 7 Angle................... No. 19 Angle................... 8No. 0 Angle................... No. Straightway........ No. 8 Offset..................' 18No. 16 Angle................... No. Straightway........ No. 18 Offset................... No. 9 Angle..;............ No. 9 Straightway.......... y. Vs 'A V> V<Ai . n Vs Vs y. Vs Va V Vs Vs. Vs W '/.* 200 200 200 200 200 m ij/ m 7 2 ?U IA HM too IVs iy. too 100 600 2V. 2Vs HH 3* H 600 3 Vt * No. 9 Valve furnished with % in. port for pressures above 15 lb. IH. 1J4 w> 1 Vi Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman Controlled Heat 597 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating The No. 12 Hoffman Blast Trap is especially adapted for draining condensation from the following types of steam appliances: Indirect Radiators Dryers and Drums Blast or "Vento" Stacks Hot-Water Generators Ends of Steam Mains and Risers Unit Heaters, etc. Where the operating pressure is not in excess of 30 lb. In functioning this trap distinguishes between steam, heated air and water of condensation giving free discharge of air and condensation. The Trap embodies the desirable feature of open No. is Hoffman Blast Trap 'bucket or float traps because it relieves condensation immediately upon its arrival at the trap regardless of the water temperature. Coupled with the float is a thermostatic member which positively overcomes the chief difficulty with float traps by automatically relieving air as well as condensation from the system. . Normally the vent port is open and remains open until steam reaches the thermostat when closure takes place. If small quantities of condensation flow to the trap.the thermostat opens and discharges the water but if large amounts of condensation, beyond the capacity of the thermostat accumulate, the float lifts the thermostat from its seat and maximum discharge capacity is obtained. Table of Nominal Capacities No. 12 Hoffman Blast Trap Pressure, lbs. per sq. in.......... Capacity, lbs. per hr.:..................... Capacity in sq: ft. of radiation on the basis of % lb* of condensation per hr. per sq. ft.......................... Vi . 800 3,200 1 1,000 4,000 2 1,500 3 (.800 6,000 . 7,200 4 2,000 5 2,500 8,000... 10,000 Maximum Operating Pressure, 30 lb. Capacities for over 5 lb. pressure, fumished^on application. With Strainer; inlet connection, 1 in.; outlet, 1 in. Without Strainer; inlet connection, 1*4 in.; outlet, 1 in. HOFFMAN THER-KOMPO-GAGE Measures pressure up to 30 lb., vacuum, to 30 in., and temperature to 225 deg. Pressure is registered in ounces up to 5 lb. Vacuum is shown in half inches up to 10 in. Temperature of steam or vapor being generated in the boiler is indicated on the thermometer, . Used in Hoffman "Controlled Heat" installations or in one-pipe gravity vacuum systems equipped with No; 2 valves; indicates efficiency of the apparatus when a warm house is maintained with vapor at a temperature considerably below 212 deg. . Hoffman Ther-Kompo-Gage Hoffman Valve Lock THE HOFFMAN VALVE LOCK Prevents theft of No. 1 and No. 2 valves in public buildings, etc. No extra tapping is required as lock is easily applied when valve is inserted in radiator. By using set screws, valve is locked in position and can only be removed by a special key. Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman Controlled Heat 598 Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. : Specialties, Heating Hoffman Damper Regulator . One of the most important features of the Hoffman Damper Regulator is the accurate control of the dampers so that only sufficient pressure is maintained at the boiler to insure adequate circulation to all radiators: It is extremely sensitive in its action and accomplishes control so efficiently that when radiator inlet valves are opened or closed, the fire is accelerated or retarded to meet the change in demand for vapor. . The compensating or balancing plate is like a pair of scales. It is practically frictionless, remarkably sensitive and operates on slight changes in pressure. It has an additional feature for the convenience of the installing fitter, in that the fulcrum on which the lever is suspended may be turned at different angles, permitting a straight chain connection with the dampers instead of at an angle, which might cause the dampers to bind. . Fig. 1 shows Damper Regulator under no pressure. Compensating plate is in its uppermost position, the bottom of the plate being in line with bottom of inlet. The space above diaphragm is filled with water up to the inlet. Weights on lever are to be so placed that they will hold the diaphragm against the perforated plate.' Drafts are held open until the predeter mined pressure is generated, when through diaphragm action which in turn is transinitted to the lever, drafts are closed. Fig. 2 shows position of Damper Regulator when drafts are closed. Vapor pressure has overcome upward force exerted by the weights on lever arm and forced diaphragm downward. The water on the diaphragm lowers with it and.like wise the compensating plate until top of. the plate is level with the bottom of the inlet, thus preventing any addition to the water above the diaphragm. . With a slight drop in vapor the weights force the diaphragm upward and drafts are opened. In making steam connection to boiler, locate Damper Regulator so that chain to "E" and "F" operate freely. Regulator should be set level. Remove plug on top of Regulator and fill with water. With no pressure on boiler and weight "B" in position on lever, connect chain between " D " and " E " so that draft " E" will be open as wide as required for sufficient draft. Connect "G" over pulleys to "F" leaving just enough slack to chain "G" so check draft "F" is closed. Set weight "B" so lever " D" tilts when steam is raised to pressure to be main tained. If pressure increases, draft "E" will close and check fire. If fire is clean and pressure continues to increase, lever "D" moves downward, opening check draft "F," completely checking fire. As pressure decreases, "F" will gradually close and if pressure falls below the desired amount "E" will open. Connections should be made so that draft "E" opens slightly andxcheck draft. "F". opens wide. . J ' . Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman Controlled Heat . 599 ' Hoffman Specially Co., Inc. Specialties, Healing Hoffman Differential Loop The Differential Loop is the safety device for maintaining a steady water line in vapor and vapor vacuum systems. It is entirely automatic, non-adjustable and has no moving parts to stick at a critical moment. In operation the water rises in the return main only to a certain pre-, determined height. The loop then functions, blowing over a small quantity of steam, which closes the No. 10 or 11 Valve used for venting the system and then compresses the air which is "bottled up" in the return main and builds up a pressure which prevents further rise of water in the vertical part of the return beyond the predetermined amount. As soon as this is accomplished, and the action is almost instantaneous,, the loop reseals and no more steam is blown over until the differential pressure is lost. It will be readily seen that, by the alternate blowing over and resealing of the Hoffman Differ- loop, a constant differential pressure will be 'maintained between the entuU Loop , steam main and return main. Also by the main Hoffman Differential Loop. tenance of this differential no matter how high the boiler pressure goes, circulation will start in a radiator as soon as the inlet valve is opened even though the return main vent is closed through loop action. Standard Differential Loops are made in four sizes, to handle systems up to 15,000 sq. ft. of radiation. For larger systems the No. 4 Loops can be installed in a battery. No. 1 and No. 2^Loops should not be used where the low point in the dry return is less than 24 in. above boiler water line; with the No. 3 and No. 4* Loops this distance must be at least 30 in. DIMENSIONS AND CAPACITIES OF HOFFMAN DIFFERENTIAL LOOPS Loop No. A B c D E F Capacity C j K L Sq. Ft. Rad. 1 y.' iy.' iy,* w IS/.' 26' 30H' 7H' . 3' 2000 2 y.' iy.' iy.* ivi" >/.' IS/.' 26' 7M' 3' 3500 3 y.' w 1 w 2' r 25' 32' 37'/.' nr 3y,' 7500 . 4 y.' r . 1" 2? r 25' 32' 3P/.' nr S/2' ` 15.000 Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman Controlled Heat ' . 600 Hoffman Specially Co., Inc. Specialties, Heating TYPICAL INSTALLATIONS HOFFMAN "CONTROLLED HEAT" EQUIPMENT SUPPLY MAIN SUPPLY TO LOOP OPYRSTUJTN MAM GRAOUIG OOWN FROM MBLR ALLOWANCE . GRADE OF MAM HOFFMAN >' Mil--7 OOTCRENTUL LOOP . / SIZES 6c CAPACITIES LOOP CAMCtTT AmCNffTfo FlPMC Silt soriuo. i tnm lcor*CT0ff N9| eooo 24" j ijfc* M*t 3500 24 l'/4 N*3 7500 so iy% Nt4 15000 SO 1 2 Blow off valve1 Write for Descriptive Circular--Hoffman Controlled Heal 601 Specialties, Heating William S. Haines & Company 12th and Buttonwcfbd Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Manufacturers of Equipment for Vapor and Vacuum Heating Systems Haines Vento Thermostatic Trap. Haines Medium Pressure Ther mostatic Trap. Haines High Pressure Thermostatic Trap. ' Haines Float and Thermostatic Blast Trap. Haines Vent Trap. Haines Modulating Valve. Haines traps pass all of the air and the water of condensation without permitting the escape of steam. The Haines trap is operated by a spring tempered bourdon tube in which a volatile liquid is hermetically sealed. The thermostatic member is mounted out board the valve seat closing the valve piece against the flow of steam. A variation of 1 deg. fahr. is sufficient to open or close the valve. Due to the horizontal seat and the placing of the thermo HAINES .VENTO TRAPS stat in the re turn line Haines traps do not be No. of Trap Center to Inlet Center to Outlet Capacity Sq. Ft. come inoperative from scale, or other foreign matter and they cannot freeze. ; Haines thermostatic traps are made in sizes from 34 to 1 34 in. Every trap is factory tested and adjusted before shipment. ^ 1 2'/.' 1 XT 125 2 y/s 154' . 200 2E W i 3 \%* 250 400 3E w \%r 500 HAINES MODULATING VALVES They are suitable for pressures from below atmosphere to 100 lb. per square inch. Haines modulating valves never need repack ing. They seat tightly and open on less than a full turn of the lever or wheel handle. Made in sizes from 34 to 2 in. in angle, globe, or corner pattern. ; Size of Valve Vf w \" \w \</i' 2* Center to Inlet 1w . w IB' 194' 2W . 2s/." Center to - Outlet 2/2' 2%' . y 3s/.' .w 494' 602 Specialties, Heating Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Manufacturers of Specialties for Steam, Water, Air, Oil and Gas 34 West 13tH Street Agents in all Principal Cities NCW York City , The Kieley Special 98 Reducing Valve, is suitable for reducing steam for Vapor and Vacuum Heating. This valve will reduce 100 lb. pressure to a range of 0 to 15 lbs. Kieley Auxiliary Operated Regulating Valve is suitable for reducing high pressure steam to atmospheric pressure. The Pilot Control operates the main valve on pressure fluctuations of less than 34 lb. This Rapid Direct to Boiler Water Feeder is furnished when required with an electric cut-out switch, and is readily adaptable for oil burning boilers. Made in sizes 34 to 2 in. Maximum water pressure 100 lb. The Climax Junior Damper Regulator is hydraulically operated, and suitable for low pressure heating systems operating from 0 to 15 lbs. This regulator will function on pressure changes of less than 34 of a lb. Steam Traps suitable for all purposes and pressures. Bucket type for high pressure service, and Ball Float type for low pressure suitable for drying kilns and blast coils. Other Specialties Mfg. ^ ' The Kieley Duplex Boiler Water Feeder' is a safeguard against boiler damage and flooding, due to uncontrolled water feed. Made in sizes 34 to 1 in. Other Specialties--Return Traps, Air Traps, Temperature Controllers, Oil Sepa rators, Steam Separators, Strainers, Pump Governors, Water Columns and Balanced Valves. .. 603 Specialties, Healing Illinois Engineering Company General Offices and Factory: CHICAGO Atlanta BiLTlMOaB Boston Buffalo Cedar Rafids Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Dallas Denver Detroit Grand Rapids Harrisburg Houston Indianapolis Branches and Representatives Kansas Cm Los Angeles Memphis Milwaukee Minneapolis Montreal New Orleans New York Citt Oklahoma Cm Omaha Peoria Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland Providsncb Richmond (Va.) Rochester St. Louis St. Petersburg San Francisco Scranton Seattle Shreveport South Bend Spokane Toledo Toronto Youngstown PRODUCTS--Illinois Heating Systems--Eclipse Steam Specialties Illinois Heating Systems Successfully installed in thousands of buildings--the result of over 25 years of special work in this tine, and the ultimate in efficiency and economy. Illinois Thermo Trap The original vertical seat trap. Dirt does not lie on seat--self cleaning, non- adjustable, posi tive in opera tion ; durable, will stand 50 lb. Thermo Trap I steam pressure | which shows the -great strength of the diaphragm, .which is the reason for the long life and durability of these Traps. Thousands in operation for over 15 years without diaphragm replacements. - Illinois Modulating Supply Valve Quick Opening--only a half turn of handle from open to dosed position. Packless, Bake- 1 i t e handle, steam tight on 50 lbs. pressure. Large diameter of thread spool, and machine cut threads make valve easy of operation. Modulating Valve The improved Bakelite handle insulates the hand from heat. r The graduated dial shows the open or closed or any position of the valve. Furnished with Lock Shield and Key, or with Bakelite Wheel handle, upon order. Illinois Vapor Systems Illinois Vapor Systems are capable of operating automatically on any pressures possible in a low pressure heating system --from 10 lb. to 20 in. of vacuum. Our improved equipment actually insures oper ation under vapor--less than atmospheric pressure--with only two or three firing periods per 24 hrs. The advantages are healthful, modulated heat, and a fuel sav ing of 85-80 per cent over other systems of heating. This result is secured by the ILLINOIS HEAT RETAINOR--Browne Patent, a device which marks an epoch in the heating art. Illinois Heat Retainor This improved device not only vents air from the System on ^ oz. pressure, but it abso lutely pre vents air pull ing back into the System, thus allowing the System to remain under vacuum for Illinois Heat Retainer hou r s at a time. Nodirtorscalecan reach the valve of the Retainor, and even the air passing through same is washed, so this device wilt remain in operative condition over long periods.. Our Bulletin No. 22, describes the opera tion in detail--Copy sent upon request. Illinois Return Trap or Altera*tine Receiver This device automatically puts the water back in the boiler against any boiler pressure possible in a low pressure heat ing system. The float trips the weights which in turn positively operate the valves. The operation is Illinois Return Trap forceful and posi tive and this mech anism cannot be caught on dead centre by water half filling the tank. No external parts to be adjusted or tampered with. No stuffing boxes--all working parts enclosed in the tank. Our Sales-Engineering Organization will be glad to give detailed technical infor mation regarding our products and to advise as to their proper installation. 604 Illinois Engineering Company, , Specialties, Heating ILLINOIS PRODUCTS--Eclipse Steam Specialties Eclipse Steam Specialties The old John Davis Co. Eclipse Steam Specialties have been on the market for over 40 years, and embody the improvements and refinements sug gested by this long period of service. These Specialties are quality products, having bronze and monel metal pistons, seat rings and valve parts, the bodies are extra heavy, and every piece of apparatus is carefully steam tested--under working pressure where same is given--before shipment. Pressure Reducing Valves, for all pressures and services. Back Pressure, and Atmospheric Relief Valves. Separators, Oil and Steam, Cast Iron and Steel. Steam Traps, all pressures. Non-Return or Slop and Check Valves. Pump Governors, Balanced Valves. Float Valves, Expansion Joints, Pipe Strainers. Reducing Valves. In general use on Vacuum or low pressure Heating Systems. Will reduce to 4 oz. pressure from even 150 lb. initial pressure. The large diaphragm insures sensitive opera tion. Made in both straight way and expanded outlet -bodies. Reducing Valve Sizes ? in. to 12 in. Eclipse Master Reducing Valve Eclipse Steam Trap Something Jnew in Steam trap design. 3 The valve and 1 stem are sepa1 rate from the bucket and only operated by the bucket at its extreme top and bottom travel --Result-- Valve is always either full open or tight dosed. No wire draw ing or cutting of valve and seat. c. .... . , which are of Monel metal. Steam tight and long tasting. Bulletin No. 33 describes in detail. Horizontal Oil Separator A pilot type valve will reduce from any pressure up to 250 lb. down to 10 lb. and hold reduced pressure constant at all times --even against a "dead end" pipe. Made of Bronze with monel valves and trimmings. . Sires H in. to 6 in. These Separators have a baffle removable with out disturbing the piping. Occasional cleaning is necessary for proper elimination of oil. The port areas are over 3 times the diameter of the pipe area, hence these separators are effective. tion Relief Valves Illinois Expansion Joints - Single and Deubfe Trmrse Heavy duty joints, the liners are cast bronze-- not brass tubing. The bolts are through bolts, no stud bolts used. Tapped for service connections in anchor section if desired. O Made in Vertical and Horizontal types, straight way or angle pat tern, for condensing and non-condensing engines. It is noiseless and works equally well on pressure or va cuum, air cushioned by back pressure in dashpot. Con structed entirely of metal with no springs; wearing parts of special bronze. * Size 4 in. to 36 in. Catalog and Bulletins-- Illinois Heating Systems--144 pages No. 14--Heating Specialties. No. 22--Vapor System Details. No. 45--Non-Return Valves bulletins No. 103--Pressure Reducing Valves. No. 33--Steam Traps. No. 203--Back Pressure, and Relief No. S3--Separators--Oil and. Steam. Valves, Exhaust Heads. No. 203--Float and Balanced Valves. 605 Specialties, Heating Complete Satisfaction Kelly Brass Works 226 West Ontario Street Chicago, 111. Scientific Construction "Kelly" Valves are made especially for steam-heating service and have many fea tures which recommend their use by the engineer, architect and heating contractor; The interior construction of "Kelly" Air Valves are identical. The float shown in the sectional views is sealed with a phosphor bronze diaphragm at the bottom. A definite amount of volatile liquid is placed in the float before sealing which vaporizes from the heat of the steam causing the diaphragm to expand and raise the float thereby closing the escape port in the.top of the valve. , . No adjustment is required. They will operate under all pressures venting the radiator of the accumulated air and closing against steam and water. .Any water of condensation in the valve will be drained back to the radiator through the syphon tube. The outer shell of the valve is threaded into a cast brass base and the valves are substantially constructed and are all GUARANTEED FOR FIVE YEARS. All "Kelly" Air Valves are so con . structed that no one can possibly tamper with them and prevent perfect operation under all conditions. "Kelly" Air Valves are made in four styles. ' The No. 1 is made with a H in* side connection and the No. 3 is made with a % in. bottom connection. The No. 2 and No. 4 are identical in construction as the No. 1 and No. 3, the only dif ference that they are made with a vacuum top. The sectional view shows the vacuum feature at the top of the valve. The small bronze ball is loosely encased at the top, resting over the escape port in the top of the valve. When the steam is turned on in the radiator the slightest pressure will raise the ball permitting the escape of all the air until the steambegins to enter the valve causing the volatile liquid in the float to expand the diaphragm which raises the float and forces the float pin against the seat and closes off the escape port. When the steam pres sure goes down a vacuum is immediately created and the small ball resting . over the escape port in the top of the valve will prevent anycold air.from being drawn into the 11 Sj ; . 'fi \ ' i Jb ; radiator and as soon as the steam pressure rises again, it will be quickly ^ I ' drawn into the radiator onaccountofthevacuum having been created therein. fi"We call your par ticular attention to the "Kelly" No. 2 Vacuum Valve illustrating the bronze ball feature, a single vacuum control. Showing Vacuum Feature at ToP of Valve fiSTEVERY "KELLY' VALVE IS SUBJECTED TO A PRACTICAL VACUUM TEST BEFORE SHIPPING 606 Kelly Brass Works Specialties, Heating "KELLY" Syphon Non-Adjustable Steam, Air and Vacuum VALVES Made with H *n. Pipe Thread Connection List Price SI.50 No. S Made with K *. Pipe - . Thread Connection List Price Si.75 ; For years we have said that when better Automatic Air Valves are made they will bear the name of the Kelly Brass Works. This is entirely true. The models of the "Kelly" Syphon Nonadjustable Automatic Steam Air and Vacuum Valves shown are the most effective valves we have ever designed and manufactured. Always striving for simplification, we have been able to make a remark able valve, reducing the number of parts to a minimum and making them of the best material obtainable. Then we entirely eliminated the adjustments that have proven superfluous. "Kelly" Air Valves are manufactured --not merely assembled. They cannot be tampered with. There are no adjustments to be made. Each valve is scientifically constructed, carefully tested, tried and sealed. The result is, that there is nothing to get out of order. This means long life and satisfactory service to the user. Made with H in. Pipe Thread Connection List Price S2.50 No. 4 Made with % in. Pipe Thread Connection List Price S2.75 Showing Vacuum Feature at Top of Valve . Specialties, Heating Klipfel Manufacturing Co. 2641-2659 West Harrison Street Chicago, 111. Manufacturers of Automatic Valve Specialties Nos. 1 and 2 Pressure Regulators Piston Type Automatically reduce any initial steam, air or water pressure to any desired reduced pressure down to 2 lb. and maintain reduced pressure constantly re gardless of fluctuations in initial pressure, or changes in the demand for steam. Working No. I Pressure Regulator. parts removable while valve re Piston Type mains in pipe line. No. 2 Pressure Regulator. . Sizes: to 14 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes 1)4 in. and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in*sizes 2 in. and above; 2 to 6 in., inclusive, screwed or flanged ends but screwed ends will be furnished unless other wise specified; sizes 7in. and above, flanged ends, only. No. 2 Pressure Regulator, Piston Type, Expanded Out let--Similar to No. 1 Regulator except have expanded outlet, allowing use of low pressure pipe of larger size than high pressure supply pipe. Piston Type, Expanded Outlet Sizes: 1x2 to 12 x 24 in., in clusive. Bronze bodies, screwed ends only in sizes 1% x 2)4 in. and under. Iron bodies with bronze inner valves and trim mings in sizes above. Unless otherwise specified. Nos. 2 and 4 will be shipped with inlet screwed and outlet flanged in Nos. 3 and 4 Pressure Regulators sizes 1^x3 to 4 x 6 in., in clusive. although they can be Diaphragm. Type furnished with other style ends; sizes 4x8 in. and above, both Automatically reduce any initial steam pressure to any ends flanged, only. desired reduced pressure, either below atmosphere or up to 10 lb. above atmosphere, and constantly maintain reduced pressure regardless of initial pressure fluctuations or changes in the demand for steam. No. 4 Pressure Regulators, Diaphragm Type, Expanded Outlet--Similar to No. 3, except have expanded outlet. Sizes, same as No. 2 Pressure Regulator. . No. 3 Pressure Regulator, Diaphragm Type Sizes, same as No. 1 Pres sure .Regulator, Piston Type. No. 48 Vapor Thermostats Automatically maintain hot water in steam heated tanks at any desired temperature \ be tween 140 and 180 deg., but can be made special for other temperatures at an extra price. The sensitive all-metal bellows will move the inner valve farther on a given temperature-pressure change than any competing bel lows of the same diameter and length. No. 49 (Spring Type) is made in sizes to 2% in., inclusive, for use where space does not permit the use of the frictionless roller bearing lever with weight. No. Vapor Thermostat Sizes: )4 to 8 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes 1)4 in. and' Under, union connections only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above, flanged ends only. 608 Klipfel' Manufacturing Co. Specialties, Heating No. 28 Noiseless Back Pressure Valve Sizes: 2 to 24 in., inclusive. All sizes made flanged ends; sizes 2 to 8 in., inclusive, also- made screwed ends. Unless otherwise specified, sizes 6 in. and under will be shipped screwed ends; sizes 8 in. and above, flanged ends. No. 28 Noiseless Back Pressure Valves Automatically and noiselessly main tain any desired back pressure on exhausts of non-condensing engines. Because of the patented construc tion, inner valve is effectively stabilized and cannot pulsate in unison with the stroke of the engine. Operative in either horizontal or vertical positions. Iron bodies, bronze inner valves and trimmings. Preferable installation is in hori zontal pipe line. No. 25 Improved Pump Governors Automatically control any type of steam pump and maintain discharge at constant pressure. Simple; direct acting; bronze semi-balanced taper seated inner valves and sdats; Monel metal stems. Sizes: H to 12 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes 1)4 in. and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; 2 to 6 in., inclusive, screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be shipped unless ordered flanged; sizes 7 in. and above, flanged ends, only. " Made angle and globe patterns in all sizes, and for any steam or water pressure. Angle pattern will be shipped unless globe is specified. No. 25 Improved Pump Governor No. 6 Balanced Float Valves Automatically control the supply of hot or cold water to open tanks and maintain practically constant water level. Angle and globe patterns, with seamless copper float, for working pressures up to 200 lb. Swivel guide yoke can be turned to any position. No. 6 Balanced FJoarValve Sizes: % to!'20 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes 1)4 in. and under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; 2 to 6 in., inclusive, screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be shipped unless specified otherwise; sizes ' 7 in. and above, flanged ends, only. All sizes 14 in. and under made angle or globe patterns, but angle pattern will be shipped unless specified globe. Sizes 16 in. and above made globe patterns, only. No. 7 Single Seated Float Valves Automatically maintain a constant level of hot or cold water in open tanks. Single sekted, auxiliary operated. Seat area equal to pipe size. Will not leak. Swivel guide yoke allows float to be turned to any position. Angle and globe patterns for working pressures up to 200 lb. All working parts of bronze. Our 80 page Catalog No. 26 with new sectional illustrations, roughing-in dimensions and -valuable engineering data is ready for distribution. , Write for your Copy--TODAY! No. 7 Single Sealed Float Valve Sizes: H to 12 in., inclusive. Bronze bodies in sizes 1)4 *nand under, screwed ends only. Iron bodies in sizes 2 in. and above; 2 to 6 in., inclusive, screwed or flanged ends, but screwed ends will be shipped unless specified otherwise; size 8 in., flanged ends only. Sizes 8 in. and under made angle or globe patterns, but angle pat tern will be shipped unless specified globe. Sizes 10 and 12 in. made to order, flanged ends, globe pattern only. Specialties, Heating Jas. P. Marsh & Company Established 1865 114-124 S. Clinton St. - CHICAGO, ILL. Sales Agencies In Most Principal Cities Thermodisk Thermodisk No. 7 Thermodisk A ir Eliminator Free and unlimited vent of all air, hot or cold, cannot water-log, do not spit or leak water, and close instant ly for steam or vapor. Sizes and capacities for every requirement. No. 5 Thermodisk Rapid Vent ' Marsh Reflux Traps for instal lation on return of radiators of any two-pipe, re turn steamneating system. Also for pipe coils in Refining, Cook ing and Drying apparatus. No. 3 THcrmodisk . Air Line Vdtve. Marsh 3000 Sq. Ft. Boiler 'Return Trap for returning water of condensation to Boiler. Also furnished in larger sizes 610 No. S Reflux Trap No. 4 Reflux Cast Iron Body Thermostatic Drip Trap Jas. P. Marsh & Company Marsh Indicating Gauge Marsh Gauge Board Specialties, Heating Marsh Recording Gauge Low Pressure Ounce Gauge Marsh Gauges for every requirement of indicating Pressure, Vacuum, Altitude, etc. Marsh Recording Gauges where a high grade, accurate instru ment is required and where it is desired to match other instru ments on Gauge Boards, etc. We .specialize in Gauge Board outfits complete with all in struments. Show exact pressure in ounces and pounds. A necessity for the intelli gent, economical and proper operationof"Vapor," "Vacu um," "Semi-Vacuum," and "Atmospheric" Heating Sys tems and for any low pressure boiler. Compound Ounce Gauge Marsh Altitude Gauge and Hot Water Thermometer Combined Alti tude Gauge and Hot Water Thermometer. The two indica tions, altitude and tempera ture, at a glance. The ideal and logical instru ment to specify - forany hot water , F^any hot water heat . mg boiler where the sepaheating boiler. rate Altitude Gauge and Hot Water Thermometer are preferred. Architects and Heating Engineers will find illustrated arid described a Marsh Gauge, Radiator or Steam Trap, Automatic Air 'Valve, Vent and Heating Specialty for each service requirement--in literature which we will be pleased to send upon request. 611 Specialties, Heating Marine-Galligan Go., Inc. 1830 Ludlow Street Philadelphia : -: Penna. Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 27 37 47 8 28 38 48 58 68 9 29 39 49 59 10 210 310 410 510 610 11 12 212 14 15 215 315 415 515 16 216 17 18 218 318 19 219 319 419 20 101 102 M-G PRODUCT Inch Siphon Air Valve. }/% Inch Siphon Air and Vacuum Valve. Inch Quick Vent Float Air Valve. x 34 Inch Air Line Valve. M Inch Vapor Vent Valve. % Inch Vapor Vacuum Vent Valve. Y Inch Lever Handle Modulating Radiator Valve. ' % Inch Lever Handle Modulating Radiator Valve. 1 Inch Lever Handle Modulating Radiator Valve. \x/i Inch Lever Handle Modulating Radiator Valve. Inch Round Handle Packless Radiator Valve. Y Inch Round Handle Packless Radiator Valve. 1 Inch Round Handle Packless Radiator Valve. \x/i Inch Round Handle Packless Radiator Valve. IY Inch Round Handle Packless Radiator Valve. 2 Inch Round Handle Packless Radiator Valve. Y Inch Packless Radiator Gate Valve. % Inch Packless Radiator Gate Valve. 1 Inch Packless Radiator Gate Valve. \% Inch Packless Radiator Gate Valve. IY Inch Packless Radiator Gate Valve. ^ Inch Lock and Shield Packless Valve. % Inch Lock and Shield Packless Valve. 1 Inch Lock and Shield Packless Valve.Inch Lock and Shield Packless Valve. l}/ Inch Lock and Shield Packless Valve. 2 Inch Lock- and Shield Packless Valve. Y Inch Thermo Radiator Trap. Y Inch Thermo Radiator Trap. % Inch Thermo Radiator Trap. ' % Inch Thermo Drip Trap. % Inch Float and Thermo Drip Trap. 1 Inch Float and Thermo Drip Trap. 1}4 Inch Float .and Thermo Drip Trap. \Y Inch Float and Thermo Drip Trap. 2 Inch Float and Thermo Drip Trap. 5 Inch Diameter Retard Compound Gauge. 8 Inch Diameter Retard Compound Gauge. 10 Inch Vapor Damper Regulator. 1000 Square Feet Capacity Alternator. 3000 Square Feet Capacity Alternator. 6000 Square Feet Capacity Alternator. - 1800 Square Feet Capacity Direct Return Trap. 3600 Square Feet Capacity Direct Return Trap. 6000 Square Feet Capacity Direct Return Trap. 9000 Square Feet Capacity Direct Return Trap. Duplex Water Feeders. M-G Boiler Cleaning Compound per pound M-G Boiler Mending Liquid per quart . . Specialties, Steam Mason Regulator Company Boston, Mass. San Francisco, Calif. Montreal, Canada Manufacturers of Pressure Regulators and Steam Specialites No. t9. Spring Type Sum W No. tl, Lever Type Sum *"-16" PRESSURE REDUCING VALVES FOR HEATING SYSTEMS Vacuum Regulating Valve Sizes W-k" - For regulating the amount of vacuum on separate branches of a main vacuum system. The new Mason Re ducing Valves for heating systems are rapidly at taining the same popu larity as the well known Mason high pressure reducing valves so widely used industrially. These valves are up to the Mason standard of qualitybut are exceedingly moderate in price. For economy as well as lasting satisfaction it is very much to your advantage to specify Mason. Vacuum Pump Regulators . Sues Vi'-k" For regulating the supply of steam to the requirements of a steam driven vacuum pump and thereby automatic ally maintaining a uniform vacuum on the system. Household Water Pressure Regulator Sizes W'-l" Designed for domestic service where the city water pressure is too great for economical house .use. 'Eliminates noise in bathroom fixtures, leaking faucets and splashing in bowls and tabs. Standard Reducing Valve Sizes W-" For High Pressure Service. Damper Regulator Made in various rises for handling damper equipment on both high and low pressure boilers, operating on forced, induced, or natural draft. CATALOG--Write for Pocket Catalog.and Handbook 62. It contains complete-information about these and other Mason Regulators. . 613 Specialties, Healing The McAlear Mfg. Co. 1901-1907 So. Western Avenue .. CHICAGO Power and Heating Specialties for Controlling Pressures and Flow of Steam, Water, Air or Gas Pressure Reducing Valves--used in Low Pressure, Vacuum or Vapor heating systems or any other service where close regulation and control are required. USE Fig. 165 for ini tial pressures up to 150 lb. and re ducing to service pressures 0-10 lb. Fig., 185 Single Seated Valves on dead end service where reduced pressure is below 10 lb. Fig. 235 Spring Weighted type for initial pressures up to 200 lb. arid reducing to service pressures above 10 lb. Fig. 255 Single Seated Valves for dead end service such as cooking tables, kitchen utensils, laundry mangles, etc. Steam Traps--For draining water of condensation from any steam apparatus or steam mains. No. 781--Low Pressure, up to 15 lbs. Air Elimi- nato r and Return Traps-- De signed for automatical ly . returning water of con densation from low. pressure steam or vapor sys tems direct to boiler and to exhaust the air to at- mosphere. CAPACITIES Size Inlet Outlet Steam Vent Capacity No. In. In. In. In. Sq. Ft. 0 I'A I'A 'A . 1000 1 2 2m 1 Vi 2 1 'A 14 2000 4000 3 2'A 2}A 4 2'/z i'A 1 V* : 6000 y. 12,000 53 3 I'A y, 18,000 63 I'A % 24,000 McAlear Direct-to-Boiler Water Feeders . For maintaining constant water line in steam boilers. McAlear Automatic Water Feeders prevent boiler fractures from low water, decrease fuel consumption and reduce maintenance expense. r C SPECIFY ' Fig. 685 for pressures up to 250 lb. Fig. 715 for special low pressures. D For oil burner installations--Feeders are equipped if desired, with LOW WATER ELECTRIC CUT-OUTS. The McAlear line of Power, Heating, Gas and Oil Specialties include: Thermo static Radiator Traps, Packless Radiator Valves, Air Vents, Grease Extractors, Dirt Strainers, Vacuum Pump Governors, Damper Regulators, Back Pressure Valves, Water Regulating Valves, Tank Controllers, Gas Regulating Valves, Liquid Level Controllers and many other devices. General Catalogue No. 28 illustrating our com plete line, will be gladly furnished upon request. 614 Specialties, Heating Milwaukee Valve Company "MILVACO" Heating Specialties Burrell and Chase Streets Milwaukee, Wis. New York, N.Y. Washington, D.C. Spokane, Wash. Reading, Pa. Los Angeles. Calif. Pittsburgh, Pa. Chicaoo, III. Representatives in all Principal Cities Newark, N.J. Seattle, Wash. Portland, Orb. . Minneapolis, Minn. Detroit, Mich. Cleveland, Ohio Winnipeg, Canada Louisville, Kt. Cincinnati, Ohio Datton, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Denver. Colo. t St. Louis, Mo. Indianapolis. Ind. Helena, Ark. Duluth. Minn. Kansas City, Mo. Baltimore, Md. Fort Worth, Texas Omaha, Nebr. Toledo, Ohio San Francisco, Caup. CONNBLLSVILLE, Pa. Richmond, Va. Boston. Mass. Dallas, Texas Philadelphia, Pa. Packless Valves "Milvaco" Air Eliminator Note.--In addition to types illustrated, Dole-Milwaukee Packless Valves can be fur nished in the following patterns: Lock and Shield Angle. Lock and Shield Graduate. Union Gate. Union Globe and Right and Left Hand Corner. Always specify steam or water. Send for Bulletin No. 24 Fig. 209- M Lever Handle Graduate A heavy substantial float vent for use on heating systems or apparatus where rapid elimination of air is necessary, and where passage of both steam and water must be prevented. Made in H and % in. sizes. Send for Bulletin No. 26 "Milvaco" Quick Vent For use at high points on any installa tion where a large volume of air must be rapidly vented. A large substantial vent for heavy duty service. Vents completely at high or low pres sures. and the check valve prevents the return of air into the system.. Fig. 216-M Quick Opening Angle All patterns made in sizes M to 2 in. inclusive. Construction the same as Air Elimi nator, eliminating the float. Made in M and % in. sizes. . Send for Bulletin No. 26 Thermostatic Trap Without an equal for Vacuum, . "Milvaco" Boiler Return Vapor and Modulating Heating Systems. ' An ideal trap for use on vapor Illustrated below is a sectional view showing construc tion of '`Milvaco'' Thermostatic Traps. . systems for returning water ' of condensation to the boiler. Positive in action; noiseless in operation; and mechanism .not dependent upon action of springs. ,, Embodying every Capacity 4000 sq. ft. direct ""desirable feature of successful radiation. radiator return traps and incor porating features exclusive in "Milvaco" traps, this product is a most desirable asset to a heating system. Send . Pipe connection 2 in. Steam and Vent connec- . tions M-in* for Bulletin No. 23. Send for Bulletin No. 25 Trap Roughing-in Dimensions and Capacities' AB Fig. Capacity Pipe Center Line Face of No. Sq. Ft. Rad. Conn. Outlet to End Outlet to Center of Spud of Spud 0 75 1 200 2 500 'A' 2<A" 'A' VA" VA' i%" 2* I'A' Note.--The standard roughing-in dimension, "A" for in. traps as adopted by the Heating and Piping Contractors'. National Association, is 3% in. which standard we adhere to. We can, however, upon special request, supply traps with this dimension any length from 2fi to 4 in. Send for Bulletins showing complete line of specialties. "Milvaco" Drip Trap "Milvaco" Drip Traps are a combination float and thermostatic trap which drip any main or riser on any heating sys tem or apparatus where it is necessary to posi tively eliminate both air and water and close against steam. Not dependent upon tem perature for action. Guaranteed to eliminate drip troubles. Made in and 1 in. sizes! Send for Bulletin No. 27: 615 Specialties, Heating [MONASH Monash-Younker Co., Inc. ESTABLISHED 38 YEARS CHICAGO NEW YORK MONASH THERMOSTATIC RETURN LINE TRAPS No. 8S-A-\4 in. Made in Angle only. Made in Angle. Right, Left and Straightway. Made in Angle only. The working parts or "ELEMENT" of MONASH Thermostatic line of Traps are described on foliowing page. ^Designed to overcome the various faults of ordinary return line traps, the MONASH have proven their efficiency in rigid tests in actual operation over a period of Thirteen Years in many large buildings. . When MONASH Traps are specified the responsibility of the heating engineer ceases because they are Guaranteed in Writing for Ten Years--for pressure not to exceed Ten (10) lbs. .- The u' 35 Trap Can be furnished with either, a vertical or horizontal seat as illus- ate a o e. No. 35 A or B ^ in. 200 sq. ft. 65 lbs. water per hour No. 36 B No. 36 B V4 in. 350 sq. ft. 108 lbs. water per hour 54 in. 590 sq. ft. 160 lbs. water per hour No. 36 BX H in. 800 sq. ft. 280 lbs. water per hour Monash Thermostatic Heavy Duty or Drip Traps for 25 lbs. Pressure MONASH thermostatic special heavy duty or drip traps are made with dirt- pocket, clean-out and by-pass. Vertical seat and diaphragm outside the steam chamber. Especially suitable for blast colls, dry kiln coils, main drips, dryers, laundry machinery and all points where large quantities of condensation is to be handled. ' No......................... 40 Size.................. Sq. Ft. of Radiation % Water per Hour___ pounds 108 Net Weight............ pounds 3.25 42 Vs 1500 475 5.00 44 1. 4000 1250 7.50 Monash Guaranteed Automatic Air Valves MONASH No. 1, all metal, MONASH No. 6, four- non-adjustable automatic air way-drain, lock-shield, valve in w.hich the base and automatic air valve with nipple are in one castingno soldered or sweated joints all working parts above opening to radiator. Seif cleaning; no flooding of to come apart. floors and other damage, No. 1 . . Specify Monash Valve holder with valve. No. 6 Monash Quick Venting Valves .^ No. xr For .mains and risers the MONASH No. 27 thermostatic quick venting valve is desirable. Has heavy brass body and cover, phosphor bronze thermo static diaphragm. Operates automatically at all pressures up to 10 lb. _ Insures rapid steam circula tion. Closes against steam, but does not close against water. Connections are % in., I lb. net weight. Monash Thermostatic Air Line Valves for drip or air line systems; also for venting vento stacks and blast coils. Is rapid in action and positive in results, passing all air but closing tightly against steam. Made of brass, white plated; the No. 2 is fgxK in., the No. 3 is in. 1 lb. net weight. No. S 616 Monash-Yotinker Co., Inc. Specialties, Healing A WORD TO HEATING AND VENTILATING ENGINEERS Obsolete and defective Return Line Radiator Traps can be recon structed and made BETTER THAN NEW by inserting the MONASH THERMOSTATIC TYPE "C" ELEMENT Into the old Trap Bodies. Have your client send us an old (half-inch) Radiator Trap complete with nut and tail piece attached and if it has a screwed-in seat, we will replace it with our own seat and insert our MONASH Thermostatic Type "C" Element into the Trap Body and return it to your client for test on consignment, postpaid. _ This MONASH Element consists of a Diaphragm, which is the heart of. the Trap, and the construction of same is illustrated and described herewith below. If the Trap, sent us by your client, is one that we cannot reconstruct, then we will gladly furnish a MONASH Ten Year Guaranteed Trap Complete with the proper length tail piece so that it will fit into the roughing-in dimensions of the old Trap and no pipe fitting need be done. This will give you an opportunity to learn first hand all about the virtues of. the MONASH Element in the old Trap Body or the MONASH Trap complete. We feel confident that once you know more about the MONASH Product you may want to specify it in your work. MONASH THERMOSTATIC DIAPHRAGM This Diaphragm is as sensitive to the various changes of temperature as the most delicate instrument, yet, `so sturdy in construction that we do not hesitate to Guarantee it in Writing for Ten Years. , ' Cover (No. 1) is cast in one piece with the guide,- which permits the plunger. (No. 4) to be in perfect alignment with the seat (No. 5) when closing. Diaphragm (No. 3), the heart of the Trap, is... held securely in place between the adjusting screw (No. 2) and the plunger (No. 4). It is therefore a separate and independent unit not attached to any part of the Trap Body, permitting the Dia phragm to be removed without disturbing the adjustment, as this can be done from the exterior of the Trap. These exclusive features in the MONASH Trap are covered by United States and Foreign patents. 617 ' ..f Specialties, Heating k Specialties, Heating Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. 502 West 126th Street "MUESSCO" New York City Steam, Water, Air, Oil and Gas Specialties for Heating and Power Plants Pressure Reducing Valves--Straight Pattern and With Increased Outlet f'i No. 11--For Vacuum. Vapor and Low Pressure Heating Systems.' Initial Pressures, up to 200 lb.* Reduced Pressures. 0 to 10 lb. ,. No. 17 and 21--For automatic control of reduced pressures on dead-end service, requiring a tight closing valve, such as tank heaters, kitchen utensils, sterilizing apparatus, laundry equipment, kettles, cookers, driers, etc. Initial Pressures up to 200 lb. Reduced Pressures 0 to 150 lb. ' Constructed with full globe bodies. Center guide eliminates the wings on discs, and increases efficiency, assures minimum noise and prolongs the life of the seats and discs. Lever and weight operates on a steel roller bolt, assuring a most sensitive valve. Spring type furnished with special long springs for sensitive operation and wide ranges of reduced pressures. No. SOI Junior up to 6000 Sq. Ft. No. Sit for IndustrialService No. 517 Duplex up to St,500 Sq. Ft. Automatic Water Feeders with a powerful leverage to control the water line in steam boilers, etc. .They supply make up water to compensate for evaporation, leaks, steam utilized in process work and eondensatwn wasted. Where condensation held up in the system eventually returns in large quantities, opr Duplex _type protects the boiler against flooding. All working parts of non-corrosive metal, are accessible without breaking pipe connections. Provided with an integral strainer. For steam pressures up to 100 lb., water pressures up to 120 lb. No. SIS upto 15 lb. Pressure No. 317 up to 150 lb. Pressure . Simple, Positive and Compact Air Eliminators and Re turn Steam Traps for returning the condensa tion from any type of low or high pressure heating system or ap paratus, direct to boiler at high temperatures and discharging the air to the atmosphere. No.tldupto 30lb.Pressure No. SSI upto 1601b. Pressure Simple, Sturdy and Compact Steam Traps for draining water of con densation- from steam apparatus and steam mains. Powerful compound leverage enables them to take care of large quanti- , ties of condensation. Equipped with strainer, water gages,' air cock. blow-off and integral by No. Inlet Outlet Steam Vent Sq. Ft. Rad. . pass-valve, when desired. 11 i'/ 2 1% 'A y. 'h 3000 6000 All working parts accessible without disturbing any pipes. 3 l'/2 2 1 V,, 8000 Valves sealed with several inches of water, making 42 m . VA V. 13,000 . the escape of steam impossible. ' 5 2'/j 3 \'A >A 25,000, Made in sizes from H to 3 in. Catalogue and Bulletins covering our Complete Line gladly furnished on application. 615 O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. 5-7-9 Keefe Ave., MILWAUKEE, WIS. sSBr Packless Graduated Valves, Ball-Check Return Elbows, Thermo-Nickel Return Traps, Air Exhausters, Vacuum Valves, Vacuum Pressure Gages, Differential Return Traps and Balanced Swing Check Valves. Attention Engineers! Let us post you on the "O-E" Venturi H.W. Circulation Fitting, and "O-E" H.W. Flow-Control Return Fitting. The operation of the "O-E** Perfect Vapor Vacuum-Pressure Sys tem is very simple: vapor generated at boiler passes up through main supply pipe and is admitted to radiator at top through the "O-E * * Packless Grad uated Valve. Water of condensation is returned to boiler through a ^-in. "O-E" Elbow. In pass ing through the Elbow the water is first trapped by means of a wall or diaphragm cast in the Elbow, outside of the radi ator, making a water seal which holds the vapor in radiator and prevents it from short circuit- ingintothereturamain. Should the Supply Valve of radiator be closed and condensation form a vacuum any water that might be in the return pipes is prevented from returning to radiator by the"O-E" Patent Elbow, which is equipped with a small brass ball operating on a smooth guide or track, and so arranged that when a vacuum takes place in radiator ball will immediately roll against port and close it. Elbow is noiseless in operation, as water seal is below ball, which is an important feature. As soon as Supply Valve is again opened ball rolls off of seat-allowing condensation and air to pass easily and freely into return main. An air vent is tapped in the slot of the screw stop in the return elbow which not only allows air to es cape freely into return system when Supply Valve is open, but also equalizes the pressure on both sides of Water Seal, thus preventing it from syphoning out, which it might otherwise do. All air and condensation pass through main return pipe in basement to a point above boiler where air is separated from water by means of "O-E" Patent Air Exhauster and Vacuum Valve. The "OE" Perfect Ball-Check Water Seal Union El bow with Adjustable Air Vent is made in two sizes, H-in- Ca pacity 250 sq. ft. %-in. Ca paci t y 500 sq. ft. The "O-E" Improved Perfect Packless Gradu ated Valve is absolutely packless and never requires packing. It is tested by air and water test before, ship ment. It is quick opening, little more than one-half turn fully opens or closes it. Sand blasted and nickel plated. The handle being made of hard rubber, will not crack and is always cool and' easy to operate. The graduated dial and pointer admit of partial opening so that just the amount of heat desired can be obtained. All valves are fitted with composition disc on a swivel seat without extra charge. Graduated Supply Disc will be attached when specified, at slight additional cost. |aowx ooov ] joaowo tb*ck ] |wow<owoit a The "O-E** Improved Air Exhauster and Vacuum Valve is simple and very sensitive, operating as follows: Being connected at a'high point above where the return main enters boiler, all air in the system seeks outlet at the Air Exhauster, which is open when there is any air in the system, and as soon as all air is exhausted and heat comes in contact with the Expan sion Member in Exhauster, same expands and forces the Special Bronze Ball against the seat, closing the port. When closed system will cool slightly causing a vacuum which will hold ball on seat. As soon as vacuum is lost ball will roll away from seat and permit air to escape freely and quickly. The Improved cap locks the expansion post after it is properly adjusted and also holds post in a rigid hori zontal position. All Exhausters are set for ordinary use, but can be adjusted to suit any particular system to which they are attached. All Exhausters are threaded for 1-in. I. P. both inlet and outlet. Made in one size only, 1 in. x 1 in. Capacity 2,000 sq. ft. . We also announce the O-E Thermo-Nickel ReturnTrap, a combination thermostatic trap with a ball-checkandmany newfeatures. Ask for descriptive bulletin and general catalog. 619 Specialties, Heating CHICAGO W. A. Russell & Company Grand Central Terminal Building, New York City BOSTON . PITTSBURGH' LOS ANGELES ESTABLISHED 1890 (All Valve Cuts one-quarter actual size) " Warco" No. t in. Side-Outlet Air _ Voice for Radiators ' " Warco" No. t--Vacuum yi in. Side-Outlet Vacuum Air Voice for Radiators " Warco" No. S yi in. Bottom-Outlet Air Voice for Mains, Coils and Risers "Warco" No.$-V-- Vacuum y in. Boltom-Oullet Vacuum Air Voice for Mains, Coils and Risers " Warco" No. 5 % in. Bottom-Outlet Quid Vent Air Votes for Mains and if V Stadt* The Complete Line of Seven Improved "Warco" Airand Vacuum Valves, was developed throughout by Mr. W. A. Russell, who, 37 ': years ago, invented the volatile liquid Air Valve principle and whose inventive genius is the basis of all successful Air Valves in use today. " Warco" No. 6--Vacuum 5^ in. Bottom-Outlet Quid Vent Vacuum Air Voice for Mains and HV Stacks Every one of the seven "Warco" Valves is manufactured under Mr. Russell's personal supervision; every one is tested, before shipping, under actual steam conditions; ana, when properly installed and operated, they are all guaranteed to give five full years of satisfactory service. Warco'' Automatic Air and Vacuum Valves Specialties, Heating Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Main Office and Works, INDIANAPOLIS, IND. New York Office 48 E. 41st St. Boston Office 52 Sudbury St. Manufacturer of the STICKLE Open Coil Feed Water Heaters and Purifiers, STICKLE Steam Traps high and low pressure and vacuum, Pressure Regulators, Damper Controls,. Back Pressure Valves, Standard Balance Valves, Vacuum Heating Specialties, Blast Coil Heaters, Heating and Ventilating Equipment, ' Triplex Oil and Steam Separators. STICKLE THERMOSTATIC RADIATOR TRAP The special feature of the STICKLE Thermostatic Radiator Trap is the dia phragm; with box shape inverted heads, side walls reinforced with seamless drawn brass tubing, a solid disc protecting each head and so constructed that the diaphragm cannot get out of place. The `diaphragm is so reinforced that there is no possible chance for it to become distorted or ruptured. The flat leaf bronze spring makes a positive opening action; supplementing the spring action of the diaphragm. STICKLE THERMIC VACUUM TRAPS Designed for draining steam headers and risers on low pressure heating systems. A Thermostatic trap will close on hot water and for this reason they will not drain a steam header. This trap is mechanically operated with positive air release. No matter what the temperature of the water this trap will handle it. This is the ideal trap for Blast Coil Service, made in sizes up to 2 inch. Send for the descriptive matter. STICKLE VAPOR VACUUM HOT BLAST HEATER Primarily designed to operate with the condensation from the dryers of a paper machine, for heating air to ventilate the machine room. When connected to the return line of a vacuum heating system it will maintain from 10 to 15" of vacuum on the pump without the use of cooling water. Write us regarding this heater. It has no equal. Cold air is heated and used, instead of using cooling water which goes to the sewer, the heat being lost. Specialties, Heating Boston Buffalo PACKLESS INLET Sarco Co., Inc. 183 Madison Ave., New York Chicago Cleveland Detroit Philadelphia RADIATOR, BLAST AND STEAM TRAPS, VALVES, TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND Los Angeles STRAINERS SARCO STEAM TRAP No. 9 ' ' For pressures 0 to 100 lbs. ' . For industrial purposes, hospitals, laundry and kitchen equipment. Sarco Steam Trap No. 9 consists of a heavy bronze body with a powerful motor element of helical seam- . less bronze tubing containing an expansion fluid.:. Is of the balanced pressure type, suitable for any steam pressure from 0 to 100 lbs. without readjustment. ' Has unusually great capacity, large valve area and quick, high lift when discharging. Closes instantaneously. No live steam can escape. Cannot air bind. Small in size and low in price. Write for Booklet No. 261. . List Price* ' F. 0. B. Bethlehem'. Pa. ' . Dimensions Capacity VS rvs $ 8.50 . \VS inlet to outlet . 11.50 \*/S inlet to outlet 14.50 ' ' 2" inlet to outlet 500 lbs. of water per hour 600 lbs. of water per hour 800 lbs. of water per hour For Steam Pressure from 0 to 30 lbs. Type 9-1 can be used. It has the same capacities as Type 9--2 but is furnished with brass composition valve heads and seats at H"-*7.50; K"-S10.50; l"-*13.50 list. SARCO HIGH AND LOW PRESSURE BLAST TRAPS This Heavy-Service or Blast Trap is for draining steam coils of hot-water tanks, vento stacks and main drip lines; also where a large capacity trap is required such as for draining coils in dryers, vacuum pans, heating coils, cooking vessels, etc. Will handle great flows of.condensation without loss of steam. Is entirely thermostatic, so removes the air as well as water. '- Operates on the same principle as the Sarco Steam Trap No. 9-2. No. 9-3, Pressures 0-30 Lbs. Brass Composition Valve Head and Seat . No. 9-4. Pressures 0-100 Lbs; Monel Valve Head and Seat List Prices * F. O. b. Bethlehem. Pa. r - $25.00 wwss 27.50 30.00 2' . 37.50 Capacities Lbs. per Hour 1,000 1,000 1,500 2,000 . List Prices ' Capacities F. 0. B. Bethlehem, Pa. - Lbs. per Hour 1' , \/S WS 1" $30.00 32.50 35.00 42.50 . 1,250 1,250 - 3,250 5,000 Can be furnished in offset patterns at same prices. Write for Blast Trap and Heavy Service Booklet. SARCO TEMPERATURE REGULATOR . For hot-water service tanks, and cold storage plants; also for manufacturing purposes and dry room or kiln control. Write for Booklet No. 91. .. SARCO SELF-CLEANING STRAINER For Steam, water and oil lines. : 622 Write for Booklet No. 204. .. Specialties, Heating Sarco Co., Inc. Boston Buffalo 183 Madison Ave., New York Chicago Cleveland Detroit Philadelphia Los Angeles RADIATOR, BLAST AND STEAM TRAPS, PACKLESS INLET VALVES, TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND STRAINERS Sarco Radiator Traps For vacuum, vapor and low- pressure heating systems. The Sarco is of the thermostatic type,' using Seamless Helical Bellows and a .volatile liquid filling. Its positive - action keeps radiators thoroughly drained, preventing water hammer and Type E air binding. Helical Bellows is phosphor bronze. It has a high lift, insuring free discharge, a maximum closing TypeH pressure and an unusually long life. Body is heavy brass, nickel plated. Is factory adjusted and can be used on all pressures up to 25 lbs. without adjusting. ' Write for Booklets Nos. 116 and 303. List Prices F. O. B. Bethlehem. Pa. Type E TypeE TypeE TypeH Vz" $ 6.00 VS 8.00 r. - 15.00 x/g Angle type only 5.00 Dimensions. - A3VS a y/s A3VS 3VS BH// b v/s Br V/S CAPACITY--DIRECT RADIATION Vapor System Vacuum System 200 Sq. Ft. 600 Sq. Ft. 1500 Sq. Ft 125 Sq. Ft 250 Sq. Ft 800 Sq. Ft. 1800 Sq. Ft 150 Sq. Ft Angle, straightway and offset types are furnished in Type E at same prices. For use on vapor and vacuum heating systems. This valve cannot leak as it is of the true ' Packless type. By the use of the Sarco Helical Tubing it eliminates the neces sity for packing of any kind. Valve opens or closes with a three-quarter turn Section of Valve and the pressure is always even, smooth and regular. Easy to turn. Dial is distinctly marked. Has heavy brass, well-nickeled body. . Fur nished with lever or round moulded handles. Write for Booklet No. 151. List Prices F.O. B. Bethlehem. Pa. Vl' VS 1' 1 VS $5.50 6.00 7.50 9.50 Center Inlet to Outlet CAPACITIES Feet Direct Radiation Vy . y/i w up to 40 sq. ft. 41 to 75 sq. ft. 76 to 125 sq. ft. ' 126 to 200 sq. ft 623 * Specialties, Heating TRANE HEATING SPECIALTIES (See Trane Heat Cabinets on page 485; Unit Heaters on page 503;- and Trane Pumps on pages 564 and 565.) The Trane Company Lex Crosse* Wis. Branch Offices cvntema of Vaoor and Vacuum Heating. Patented Heating Specialties, Trane ^tt C?binets Uni? Ilearar8, Blast Heaters and Trane Automatic Electric Pumps, For All Purposes The Trane Company Specialties, Heating J Trane Offset Pattern Traps . are standard Trane 14 corruga tion bellows trap with a special offset fitting on the outlet that can be swung to any position desired. No. 4 Trane Bellows-Packless Valves are packless in every respect. Contain genuine Trane bellows. Brass body. Nickeled, highly polished trimmings. Practically indestructible handle. Especi ally designed as companion product for use with Trane Bellows Traps (No. 7) in connection with Trane Vacuum Pumps. (See Trane Pumps in Pump section of this Guide). Valves furnished in % in., % in., 1 in. and 1)4 in. sizes. No. 7 Trane Bellows-Type Radia- . tor Traps have 14 corrugation bellows. These bellows are made without seams or joints of any kind. Trap bodies are made of steam brass. Sizes and styles are as listed below. Guaranteed range is from 15 in. vacuum to 25 lb. pressure with out adjustment of any kind. These same traps are also available for high pressure service up to and including 125 lb. No. 8 Trane Quick Vent Valves do the work of Float Vent Valves (see No. 1), except that they are designed to close against steam only. % in. pipe connection. Contain Genuine Trane 14 corrugation bellows. -g Trane Vapor Regulators are sensitive to ounces pressure instead of pounds. No. 6 Trane Pressure-Vacuum Gauges register to 30 lb. pres sure and 18 in. vacuum. Also furnished to register to 30 in. vacuum only over entire scale. 4J^ in. face. in. pipe connec tion. 9 TraneHeavyDutyBlastTraps take the place of the bulky steam trap. They are used on blast coils and on large steam mains where a large amount of condensation is encountered. No. 10 Trane Strainers are made with a perforated metal strainer which is removable for cleaning. Made in 1 and 1 in. sizes. Qaidk Veni Volte. (9) Trane Bloet Trap. (10) Trane Strainer. TRANE HEATING SPECIALTIES VTn 1 Trane Float Vent Valve vents 1>u` air but closes tightly against steam and water. Capacity unlimited for practical purposes. Full M in, venting ports. % in. pipe connection only. Weight 4 lb. Contains genuine Trane bellows. No.. 2 aTnrad nebroDkeirnecbt oiRleerstuarnre Traps never found oh the same vapor heating or straight steam job. Two sizes:. 2,000 and 4,000 sq. ft. Multiples used for larger requirements. 624 ' ' Kh Straightway ...__ SIZES, CAPACITIES, ETC., OF TRANE RADIATOR TRAPS Style Size ' Inches Capacity in Sq. Ft. at Various Pressure Differences 4 oz. 8 oz. 1 lb. 21b. DIMENSIONS. INCHES Size L I K No. B2 No. B3 No. B4* 14 . 200 375 395 560 Angle Vl .nd V, 1 % .400 585 770 1080 Offset Vl and J/4 High Pressure Vl and V* l . 800 1125 1700 2250 High Pressure 1 1)4 2 )4 1)4 1'/. )'/. --V 3)4 -- m IVi 194 2-- Made in angle pattern only. Write for information on Trane large capacity traps. Sizes conform to recommendations of Heating and Piping Contractors' National Association. 625 * Specialties, Heating ESTABLISHED 1888 WARREN WEBSTER & COMPANY Pioneers of the Vacuum System of Steam Heating Camden, N. J. Branches in 52 Cities Manufacturers of Webster Systems of Steam Heating and Webster System Equipment--More Than 41,000 Installations--Webster Series 78 Traps for "Process" Steam Pressures--Also Webster Feed Water Heaters of Genuine Puddled Wrought Iron, Steam and Oil Separators and Expansion Joints Webster Products ' Webster Vacuum and Modulation Systems or Steam Heating. _ Webster System Apparatus: Including Sylphon Traps; Diaphragm (No. 7) Traps; Modulation Supply Valves; Sylphon Quick-Opening Packless Valves; Dirt Strainers; Dirt Pockets; Drip Traps; Heavy-Duty Traps; Double Service Valves; Water Accumulators; Expansion Joints; lift Fittings; Suction Strainers; Vacuum Governors; Hy-lo Traps and Controllers; Damper Regulators; Vent Traps and Vent Valves; Boiler Return Traps; Air Separating Tanks. Webster Feed Water Heaters, Webster Lea-Heater- Meters, Steam and Oil Separators. - Weboteb Series 78 Traps for "Process"steam pressures (10 to 100 lb. per sq. in.). escapes through the Webster Vent Valve. The Webster Boiler Return Trap - provides positive equalization -of pressure assuring return of water to boiler. Webster Service Is an integral part of every Webster System delivered through 52 branch offices. Webster Service places the accurate, comprehensive information resulting from the extensive experience of this organisation at the disposal of engineers, architects and heating contractors. Webster Service in printed form includes: Service Details, a loose-leaf service showing correct connections and saving a substantial amount of the designer's time; Catalogue Bulletins describing Webster apparatus from the standpoint of the engineer. ' Webster Vacuum Systems Operate on exhaust or live steam at very low pressure. Used with direct radiation or in combination with blast coils or unit heaters. Particularly suited for. large buildings or where process steam is used. The Webster organization was the pioneer in the field of vacuum steam heating systems. The present type of Webster Vacuum Systems incorporates the experience gained in thousands of installations and the results of years of specialization and perfection of quality apparatus. Full details on request. - Webster Boiler Return Traps Mads in five sizes for use io Webster Type "R" Systems. The superior design of this perfected device may be seen in Fig. 2. Entire mechanism is suspended from and operates around a single monel metal shaft. Stainless steel leaf springs together with large surface fin assure complete silence of operation. No tight joints in mechanism to be affected by dirt or foreign matter. Steam is deflected on entering, preventing boring and reducing condensation. Positive acting, self-seating valves. Shipped completely assembled, ready to install. Webster Type "R" Modulation Systems A low pressure steam heating system suitable for hnilHingn having little or no demand for "process" steam and a basement or other means for plating low pressure boiler below the lowest radiator. For installations from 500 to 32,000 sq. ft. of equivalent direct cast iron radiation. Can be operated safely and satisfactorily by unskilled labor. Operation: Steam pressure is controlled by the sensitive Webster Damper Regulator. Steam is admitted to radiators through Webster Modulation Valves or Webster Sylphon Valves. Condensation and air are freely discharged past Webster Return Traps which close on contact with steam, thus avoiding waste. Air and condensation are carried to the basement apparatus consisting of the Webster Boiler Return Trap and Vent Trap in combination. All air Fig. 2. Webster Boiler Return Trap 025 Size, for 1501-2500 tq. ft. Warren Webster & Company Specialties, Heating Webster Sylphon Packless Quick Opening Supply Valves Fig. S. Webster Sylphon PackUse Quick-Opening Valve ' Open with less than- a turn of lever or wheel handle. Positively packless, having flexible laminated Sylphon bellows completely enclosing stem. Body of steam brass, composition disc, hard rubber handle. Made in H to 2 in. sizes. Ask for Bulletin 705-51. Webster Heavy Duty Traps A' heavy-duty trap for handling unusually large volumes o f ' condensation and air at pres sures up to 15 lbs. per sq. in. Rating from 700 to 31,000 lbs. of condensation per hour depending bn size of trap and pressure difference. Fiy. S. Webster Heavy Doty Trap Webster Modulation Supply Valves Provide by means of scientifically curved modu lating plug, close heat control of each radiator. Particularly well-suited for residence, apartment and hotel, as it permits heating any desired portion of radiator. Sizes H to lHin. Ask for Bulletin 705-3. Fig. 4. Webster Modulation Supply Valve Webster Sylphon Traps Fig..5. WAster Sylphon Trap . Effectively discharge all con densation and entrained air from radiators or coils without permitting passage of steam. Operation is by means of a sensitive volatile liquid con tained in a rugged Sylphon bellows. Factory adjusted, and made in sizes from H to lj^ in. Rating from 14 to 750 lbs. of condensation per hour depend ing on size of trap and pressure difference. Ask for Bulletin 701. -Webster No. 7 Traps A multi-diaphragm trap-- wholly automatic--Webster quality throughout--provided to meet requirements of those having personal preference for diaphragm type of thermostatic element. Same ratings as Pig. 6 Webster Sylphon Trap. WAster No. 7 Trap ' Webster Drip Trap, Size 026 A heavy duty trap, capable of handling large volumes of condensation and air. Compact and light in weight for mount ing in pipe line without other support. For drip points, blast stacks, unit heaters, etc. Ratings from 500 to 1800 lbs. of condensation per hour depending on pressure difference. Webster Series "78" Traps Webster Series 78 Traps have been developed to meet the needs ofusersof " process" steam at 10 to 100 lb. per sq. in.. When installed in accordance with the recommendations of Webster Service, they provide Fig. 9. Webster Series 78 the answer to a multitude of . - Trap problems of efficient discharge of air and water of condensation from process-steam using equipment Increased production through quicker heating up and higher maintained tern- . perature of heating surfaces result. ' Design and Construction: Unusual construction fea tures include automobile-type copper-asbestos gasket, heavy-gauge monel metal diaphragm, renewable stainless steel valve piece and seat, expanded opening for quiet operation, cast steam brass body and hot forged brass cap bolted on with monel metal tap bolts. Sizes and Types; . Webster Series 78 Traps are made in H. % and 1 in. sizes and in two pressure classes. Class 2 Traps are designed for pressures from 10 to 50 lb.; Class 3 for 50 to 100 lb. Ratings: The range of application of Series 78 Traps is limited only by the following three factors: 1. Pressure--10 lb. (or less) to 100 lb. per sq. in. 2. Volume of Condensation--60 to 1210 lb. water per hour (at 100 lb. per sq. in.). 3. Temperature--No superheat. Applications: Webster Series 78 Traps may be used to advantage in hundreds of different applications. Most of these fall into three groups. - . 1. To discharge both air and water of condensation from single pieces of apparatus within its capacity. 2. For installation on each unit of a battery--as for example a battery of kettles instead of-the old fashioned method of trying to handle the entire battery through one "master" trap. . 3. For venting air only from apparatus formerly provided with a handcock or similar inadequate means, and where the volume of condensation is handled by a "bucket type" trap. . ' Where Used: Webster Series 78 Traps are used in heating systems; Sterilizers;'Cooking and Laundry Ap paratus and in the process industries. Ask for 4-page data form to use in analyzing your "process steam" problem. Webster Series 78 Dirt Strainers The Webster Series 78 Dirt Strainer has been provided to be placed ahead of every Webster Series 78 Trap located at a drip point in the supply piping or attached to apparatus which is likely to oontain core, sand, pipe scale or sediment. - 627 Specialties, Heating Vapor Engineering Company 489 Fifth Avenue New York City Chas. E. Scott--R. C. Willis 10 South 18th Street Philadelphia, Pa., J. W. Glassey--M. S. Buck VECO VAPOR SPECIALTIES Non Mechanical and Positive in Operation Engineers for the design of "open-to-atmosphere" vapor heating systems for factory, public and Residential buildings, regardless of size, construction or location. Veco Vapor specialties' are the result of 21 years of speciaUzation in vapor heating work Full cooperation is offered to Architects, Engineers ,and Contractors in the planning of Veco Systems which are fully Guaranteed as to material--arid satisfactory operation. 628 Stokers CoKal Stoker Corporation 1010 Wrigley Bldg., Chicago, 111. PRODUCTS.--CoKal Hand Operated Stoker Grate; CoKal Hopper Feed Stoker (Hand Operated); CombustiKator, Hand Operated; CombustiKator Mechanical Drive; CombustiKator, Automatic Mechanical Drive; CoKal Hopper Feed Mechanical Drive; CoKal Pulverzone Semi-Mechanical Stoker; CoKal Automatic Puiverzone Semi-Mechanical Stoker; CoKal Hangover Back Boiler Arches; CoKal Hangover Ignition Arches; Automatic Fireman For the Hopper Feed Mechanical Drive--Pulverzone Semi-Mechanical and Full-Mechanical Stokers, automatic control is furnished for electric, steam engine, or hydraulic head operation. For ten years this company has been designing and installing coal burning equipment. It has perfected apparatus suitable for all classes of coal, and lignite. Its equipment is suitable for all types of boilers, all types of loads. It has special ized, in particular, in equipment suitable for that vast class of plants having one boiler or more from 50 hp. and up. CoKal Puiverzone Semi>Mechanical and Mechanical Stokers These two types of coal burning equip ment undoubtedly represent the latest word in design. The Pulverzone com bines the three approved methods of burning coal in one: Pulverized coal burning, spread method, coking method. Outstanding features of the Pulverzone are that it enables the fines to be burned in suspension, the larger lumps upon the stoker bars, while tur bulence before, at and after ignition is maintained in the furnace. Consequentlyfurnace volume is fully utilized, resulting in smokelessness at all loads, extremely high efficiencies and enormous overload Front View of Full-Mechanical Pulverzone, showing Electric Drive with Automatic Coal Feed, Ash Removal and Stoking Mechanisms ' with Co-ordinated, Synchronized Air and Fuel . Supply According to the Load. capacities with marked freedom from fuel bed, ash and ctinker troubles. Maximum combustion rate is very much increased for a given draft because there is no clogging of the (uel bed due to the fines. Less ash removal results, due to complete combustion and less fuel bed troubles, with smaller-ash pit loss. By maintaining two combustion zones it is possible to burn the cheapest sizes of coal--screenings--with an efficiency ap proached only in the very largest plants. The CoKal Pulverzone Full-Mechan ical stoker can be operated with full automatic control to vary the rate of coal feed, supply of air and rate of stoker bar travel. It also automatically cleans the fire, removes the ashes and resets ash dump plate. Drive can be by electricity, steam or water. * CoKal CombustiKator Designed especially to develop high combustion efficiency and smokelessness without skilled supervision for low-pressure heating plants. The CombustiKator (hand operated or automatic) consists of the CoKal inside hopper and standard mechanical stoker. All coal is coked before reaching the furnace proper. The volatile is distilled and pre-heated before being burned in the furnace. No cleaning of fires is required. No care or skill is needed for firing. All the fireman does is to throw coal through the firingdoor against the refractory hopper wall. The coal is automatically spread evenly over the stoker bars as it is advanced over them. The fireman cannot interfere with the fuel bed nor cause smoke. No rush of cold air occurs when firing doors are opened. This apparatus is ideal for all types of firebox, fire and water tube boilers for low-pressure work where the firing is done by unskilled labor yet freedom from smoke is important. It is as easy to operate as the old-fashioned domestic magazine stove. The automatic CombustiKator auto matically feeds the coal and removes the ash according to the demands for steam. Stokers and Automatic Furnaces "RHsEST" Underfeed Stokers `tJOPTES" Underfeed Stokers "HARRINGTON" Traveling Grate Stokers . <<ikrC7JW>/*JirWAutomatic Furnaces Pulverized Coal Installations .. 9 Neponset Street. WORCESTER. MASS.. U.S. A. BOSTON CINCINNATI NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ST PAUL PITTSBURGH KANSAS CITY BUFFALO DENVER CLEVELAND CHARLOTTE OETROIT OALLAS : Riley Engineering and Supply Co., Ltd., Toronto COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT FOR EVERY NEED Riley Stoker Corporation manufactures Riley Multiple-Retort Stokers, Jones Side Dump, Lateral Retort and Standard Stokers, Harrington Traveling Grate Stokers, Murphy Automatic Furnaces, and the Atrita Unit Pulverizer. These stokers are suitable for different types of .boilers and can take care of large or small boilers burning anthracite coal, coke breeze, Eastern bituminous, Pittsburgh, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, coals and lignites. . Write for catalogues covering each of these types for your reference files. MURPHY AUTOMATIC FURNACE The Murphy Automatic Furnace is -of the overfeed, natural draft type and is particularly adapted for use in office buildings, hotels and schools.. It saves 15 to 25 per cent over handfired methods, it saves labor, it is smokeless in operation, it does not emit gases to circulate '' up through the building. All ash and refuse are removed automatically,. This means a clean fire and high efficiency at all times. The Murphy Furnace does away with'the necessity of opening fire doors and thereby' eliminates the admission of cold air. The coal supply for the furnace is under absolute control and * automatic regulation. It is a natural draft " furnace and requires no fan or blower equip ment. JONES SIDE DUMP UNDERFEED STOKER The Jones Side Dump Stoker is of the forced draft, underfeed type and is very widely used for both heating and power loads in all . types of buildings thruout the country. It is of the side cleaning type, ashes being, dropped into a shallow ashpit, permitting easy removal. Only slight excavation is required for the two shallow ashpits, therefore the installation cost is low. The stoker gives high efficiency, and responds very quickly to load demands. It has a fuel burning capacity of 1200 to 1800 lbs. of coal per hour. This stoker is made in steam driven type and also mechanically driven type. ' Where bigger boilers are used Riley Stokers, Harrington Traveling Grate Stokers, Atrita Unit Pulverizers and Lateral Retort Stokers can be used. . Jones "Side Dump" Underfeed Stoker THE DEPENDABILITY AND ECONOMICAL OPERATION OF RILEY STOKER CORPORATION ! EQUIPMENT PARTICULARLY ADAPTS IT TO HEATING REQUIREMENTS . A few well-known Installations Neil House, Columbus, Ohio Blackstone Hotel, Chicago, 111. ' Seventy-six Schools in Detroit, Mich, Maxwell House, Nashville, Tenn. University of Chicago, III. Sixteen Schools in Buffalo, N. Y. Detroit Masonic Temple, Detroit, Mich. Union Central Life Bldg., Cincinnati, Ohio . Statler Hotel. Detroit, Mich. New Willard Hotel, Washington, D, C. Gibson Hotel, Cincinnati, Ohio Phoenix Hotel, Lexington, Ky. ` Thirty-three Schools in Cleveland, Ohio Intersouthern Life Bldg,, Louisville, Ky. . Syracuse Hotel, Syracuse, N. Y. Ohio Masonic Home, Springfield, Ohio Wade Park Manor, Cleveland, Ohio Hamm Bldg., St. Paul. Minn. Highland Hospital, Rochester, N. Y. Chicago & Northwestern Bldg.. Chicago., 111. 630 Regulators, Temperature Honeywell Heating Specialties Company Wabash, Indiana Manufacturers of Honeywell Temperature Regulators for Residential or other Heating Plants--Hot Water, Vapor, Steam, or Warm Air. The Honeywell Tem perature Regulator is an automatic device which opens and closes the dampers of the heater (any type) whenever the room temperature varies one degree from that for which the Regulator is set. The Honeywell Tem Fifleen-Day Jeweled perature Regulator has Balance Clock but two parts, the ther Thermostat mostat and the motor. The thermostat is placed on an inside wall at some central location and elec trically controls the op eration of the motor, which is located near and . connected to the heater. "The automatic regula Plain Pattern Thermostat tion so effected insures a constant temperature, day and night, minimum fuel consumption and maximum comfort and health. The cost of op eration, even with the electric motor models, is negligible. The exclusive Honey well Wall Plate is stand Wall Plate Used on ard with all Honeywell All Honeywell Thermostats Thermostats. Its use simplifies installation to such a point that the novice mechanic finds it easy. : The Regulator is made in three types, Gravity Motor, Spring Motor, and Electric Motor; and nine models, three of each New Type Electric Regulator Motor .p type. The first model of each type is equipped with plain thermostat, requiring manual adjustment for day and night temperatures. The second model of each type is equipped with one-day clock pattern thermostat which auto matically brings the room temperature to the degree for which the Regulator is set,, at any predetermined hour. The third model of each type is equipped with 15- day automatic clock thermostat which automatically regulates both the day and night temperatures, at any predetermined degree and hour, without manual adjust ment of any kind. LIST PRICES--(Subject to Discount) Type DR, Electric Motor--15-Day Jeweled Clock Thermostat............$80.00 Type DS, Electric Motor--OneDay Clock Thermostat.................. 68.00 Type DQ, Electric Motor--Plain Thermostat....................................... 60.00 Type SR, Spring Motor--15-Day Jeweled Clock Thermostat............ 64.00 Type SS, Spring Motor--One-Day Clock Thermostat....................... _ 52.00 Type SQ, Spring Motor--Plain . Thermostat................................... ,, 44.00 Type GR, Gravity Motor--15-Day . Jeweled Clock Thermostat--........ 57.00 Type GS, Gravity Motor--OneDay Clock Thermostat.................. 45.00 Type GQ, Gravity Motor--Plain Thermostat....................................... 37.00 (Above prices include necessary installation materials). Honeywell Type A Masterstat Oil Burner Manufacturers and Dealers have long felt the need of and will appreci ate such a device as the Honeywell Type A Masterstat. .. Designed for use with the intermittent type oil burner, it is a safe means against firing a dry boiler and in addition limits the pressure or temperature of the heating plant to the desired point. The Masterstat is applicable to steam, vapor, vacuum, hot water or warm air systems. . Details will be supplied upon request. 631 ,, v-v/* 'TS*"T;v.-- Regulators, Automatic Heat Minneapolis Heat Regulator Go. Established 1885 Offices and Factory Minneapolis, Minn. Branch Offices ' In All Principal Cities ieArffUMNSAPOLIS y'\ Heat Regulator Refer to Telephone Directory for Local Agency Address For Coke -- Coal -- Gas -- Oil -- Steam The "Minneapolis" Heat Regulator provides fully automatic control for all types of heating plants burning any kind of fuel. Economy of operation, improved Health, added Safety, more Comfort, greater Convenience are insured when the "Minneapolis" is installed. House Heating Plants are successfully regulated by the "Minneapolis" whether the system is Steam, Hot Water, Vapor, Vacuum, or Warm Air.. Large heating plants such as used in Factories, Apartments, Hotels, can be kept at predetermined temperatures or pressures with the "Minneapolis." Hot Water Supply Systems can be controlled by the "Minneapolis" Limit Control. Applications where the require ment is a dependable accurate means of controlling temperature--heat or cold-- can be handled with complete satisfaction by the "Minneapolis." The "Minneapolis" Unit Heater Control is an outstanding advancement in Unit Heating. Three methods of control are provided, meeting every condition or demand, namely: Fully Automatic Control is provided by a combination of "Minneapolis" Units consisting of: ' One Room Thermostat--Standard SeriesClock Type recommended - One Limit Control--Standard Series:..................................Reverse hook-up One 3 P. S/S Electric Motor--Standard Series..'...........Circuit selector and switch built in One Balanced quick-opening lever type valve Low Voltage Wiring simplifies installation. The room thermostat controls the Unit Heater operation in accordance with the temperature conditions in the area being heated. The Limit Control prevents blowing unheated air from the Unit Heater. It insures the proper temperature of the heating coil before the fan is started. The 3 P. S/S Electric Motor opens the valve in the steam line when the thermostat calls for heat. It closes off the steam line when the proper temperature has been established in the area being heated. Automatic Control without Steam Shut-off is provided in two ways. three unit system of control consists of: One Room Thermostat--"Series 10". ............................Clock type recommended One R. A. Limit Control--"Series 10":--------------------------Reverse action One Relay Switch--"Series 10" ....................................-.Controlling 110 volt line ' The _ Low voltage wiring between operating units induces installation costs. "Series 10" principle of operation requires the making or breaking of only one circuit, a safe and positive method of control. The two unit system of Control consists of: ' One Room Thermostat--"Series 10"_. -----------------.dock type recommended One Relay Switch--"Series 10"_.........................................-Controlling 110 volt line The fully automatic and the three unit systems are recommended where outside air intakes are used. When air is recirculated and no outside air intake is used, the two unit system is entirely satisfactory. Complete description of the operation of each system together with installation- diagrams are'available in pamphlet form. Catalogs describing in detail the Standard Series and Series 10 Units in addition to the Unit Heater Control pamphlet will be sent upon request. . ' ) 632 Temperature Control Johnson Service Company Milwaukee, Wis. BRANCHES ALBANY. N. Y., 4 Ramsey Place ATLANTA, GA., 210 Bona Allen Building ' BALTIMORE. MD.. 911 Cathedral Street BOSTON. MASS.. 31.Waltham Street BUFFALO. N. Y., 503 Franklin Street DALLAS, TEXAS, 431 Fidelity Union Bldg. CHICAGO, ILL., 1355 W. Washington Blvd. CINCINNATI. OHIO. 1113 Race Street CLEVELAND. OHIO. 2028 East 22nd Street DENVER. COLO- 1230 California Street DES MOINES. IOWA, 1118 Grand Avenue DETROIT, MICH- 427 Brainard Street INDIANAPOLIS. IND- 312 E. Ohio Street KANSAS CITY. MO- 411 East Tenth Street MILWAUKEE, WIS- 149-159 E. Michigan Street LOS ANGELES, CAL- 607 Van Nuys Bldg. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN- 922 Second Ave- South NEW YORK, N. Y- 28 East Twenty-ninth Street PHILADELPHIA. PA- 258 a Van Pelt Street PITTSBURGH, PA- 10 E. North Diamond St- N. S. PORTLAND, ORE- 404 Failing Building SALT LAKE CITY. UTAH. 610 McIntyre Bldg. SAN FRANCISCO. CAL., 417 Rialto Building SEATTLE, WASH- 473 Colman Building ST. LOUIS. MO- 2328 Locust Street GREENSBORO, N. C- Daily News Building, P. O. Box No. 617 CANADIAN REPRESENTATIVE. Johnson Temperature Regulating Company of Canada. Limited - OFFICES CALGARY. ALTA, 605 Second Street, West TORONTO, ONT- 100 Adelaide Street. East VANCOUVER. B. C- 550-6th Avenue, West WINNIPEG, MAN- 259 Stanley Street MONTREAL, 119 Youville Square Products and Services Engineers and Contractors for the Control of Temperature or Humidity for any purpose and over every range used in manufacturing purposes or buildings, furnishing and installing: . Temperature Controlling Apparatus for any and all kinds of heating and ventilat ing systems. . ' Temperature Controlling Apparatus for any industrial process requiring the medium of heat. Control of Humidity in industrial pro cesses requiring artificial humidity. Temperature Control of hot water tanks and all liquids. . Control of Temperatures of refrigerating and cold storage plants. . Thermostat Control of electric motors on automatic refrigerating machines. Manufacturers of Thermostats and Other Apparatus for the Control of Temperatures and Humidity, including: Pneumatic Room and Insertion Ther mostats and Humidostats. - Electric Room and Insertion Thermo stats and Humidostats. "Sylphon" Metal Diaphragm Valves. High Grade Dampers of all Shapes and sizes. ' Low Pressure, Limited Capacity, Elec tric Air Compressors. Low Pressure, Limited Capacity, Hy draulic Air Compressors. " Air and Water Reducing Valves. Pneumatic Switches or Push Buttons. ' Johnson Service Company Temperature Control Specific Applications of Temperature Control Bake ovens for enamels, japans, etc. Core drying ovens. Drying room for paint, varnish, patent leather, etc. Storage room for tobacco, rubber or similar goods. Cold storage rooms, fur vaults, etc. Canning machinery, cookers, exhaus ters, processors. Corn and oats drying apparatus. Fruit drying apparatus. Johnson All-Metal Thermostats Every Johnson Thermostat is ALL METAL throughout, having no soft or hard rubber parts to deteriorate and become inoperative. Every thermostat exquisitly made and thoroughly tested for accuracy, efficiency and durability. Johnson Positive Thermostat Has a snap action for closing and open ing valves quickly, positively and fully, thereby assuring their durable and satisfactory opera tion. Has an indica tor showing at a glance whether the heat' is "'ON" or "OFF." Has a con venient means for shutting off the heat when desired. Johnson Compound Thermostat The Johnson. All-Metal Compound Thermostat combines the feature of both the Positive and Intermediate and is applicable for control of valves or dampers where certain units are to be operated positively and others inter mediately at an interval of a few degrees in temperature. Johnson Dual or Two-Temperature Thermostat The Dual, or two-tempcrature Thermo stat provides for a daytime temperature (usually 70) and a night-time temperature (35 to 50), as desired, for all or some of the rooms in a building, simply by the manipulation of a single push button by the engineer or other person in authority. It is a factor for the greatest economy in school buildings, a number of rooms of which are occupied at night as well as day, and for any buildings in which some of the rooms are occupied only at certain times, such as churches, auditoriums, masonic temples and lodges. Thermostat Covers The covers which conceal the thermostat proper are small, incon spicuous and very neat in design and workmanship. There are two distinct styles: one called the R typeandone called the P type. . Johnson Inter mediate Thermo stat Has all-metal Model Positive Metal movement, giving Diaphragm Thermostat true graduated motion to mixing dampers for "Blast Heating Systems" and, where desirable, can be used to operate steam valves on a ``Vacuum Heating System." The R type is a die-casting, very beautifully de signed and used generally in resi dences and Other Model R. I. Cover handsomely dec- deep orated buildings. The P type is a pressed metal cover, very finely finished but not as orna- 634 Johnson Service Company Temperature Control mental and artistic as the R cover, and used more generally in schools, office buildings, hospitals and places where simple and neat design is desired rather than artistic and ornamental. change frequently the adjustment to op erate at different temperatures. It is operated by compressed air at 15 lb.'per sq. in., and used to control temperatures of liquids and air by automatically open Johnson Pneumatic Insertion Thermostat Designed to control temperatures with in- closed air chambers or ducts. The ing and closing a diaphragm valve or damper. Graduations made to meet re quirements, limited to a total range of 60 deg. body of thermostat is a dust-proof case containing the two working parts and extending outside the chamber. Multiple Insertion Thermostat This thermostat is made either positive Similar to the insertion duct thermo or graduated acting. stat, excepting that one multiple thermo stat takes the place of a number of sepa Applications Adaptable for_use in bake ovens for enamels, japans, etc.; drying rooms for paints, varnishes, patent leather, etc.; storage rooms for tobacco, rubber or similar goods; ster ilizers or pasteur izers; cold storage rooms, fur vaults, etc.; refrigerator mac,hi.ne contro,l; ,hu - Thermostat midity control for air washers; flue gas temperature con trol; hot blast heating plants; combi nation tempered ventilation and hot blast systems; greenhouses, turkish bath rooms, etc.; tempered ventilation for buildings. rate duct thermostats set for dif ferent tem peratures. The 4-point multiple thermostat shown will operate four separate dia- phragm valves at as many differ , ent tempera tures. It has Multiple Insertion Thermostat become very popular with heating engi neers for the control of heating and tempering coils where. it is desired to have these coils turn on. at different temperatures. It is made to work with positive action when controlling valves; Johnson Calibrated Thermostat This is an especially high grade insertion thermostat for use where it is desired to with graduated action when controlling dampers; or with both positive and graduated action when controlling valves and dampers. 635 Johnson Service Company Temperature Control Tank Thermostat Humidity Control Designed for insertion through 1-in. tapped hole in tank and controlling, in the case of hot water tanks, a diaphragm valve on the supply pipe to the steam coils in the tank. It can be used to control the temperature of any liquid, either hot or cold. It is especially adaptable for con trolling the temperature of water in hot water heating plants by its control of the The supplying of moisture to the heated air in buildings and the automatic control of the percentage of moisture in this air are recognized by authorities to be as important as maintaining proper tem peratures. Pneumatic Switch Control boiler draft doors. Remote valve and damper control plays, by means of our pneumatic switches, Humidostats and Humidifiers a very important part in the economical The humidostat automatically controls* the supply of moisture delivered to the air by a humidifier and maintains a con stant percentage of relative humidity. operation of the modern heating plant especially in It operates a diaphragm valve on the schools. It steam coils in the pan humidifier. The saves the pan is provided with float box to maintain constant water level and is located in the ventilating air duct leading throughout the building. Steam jet and water spray types of humidifiers are also furnished. janitor's time for other duties, and makes it pos- I sible to ac- . Pneumatic Switch complish re `Sylphon" Metal Diaphragm Valves suits in the operation of the heating plant This valve having an in which can not be obtained in any other way. It makes it easy to operate the destructible 1- fresh air, return air and vent dampers, piece metal with the corresponding assurance that diaphragm, is permanent and | requires no these dampers will be economically op erated as intended by the heating engineer. repairs. Its Thri -following types of pneumatic value for the switches for different purposes and dif control of steam is ob vious and par ferent-conditions are made: ./ ' Lever Handle Switch, ' ticularly so in con riection Push Button Switch, with steam Indicating Switch, 'to open and close coils, radiators in wall' boxes where exces Sylphon" Metal Diaphragm Valve s i v e heat would destroy rubber diaphragms. dampers partially as desired. Electro Pneumatic Switch, to open arid close dampers, automatically--with the starting and stopping of fan motors. ` 636 Johnson Service Company Temperature Control How to Specify Furnish and install a complete system of automatic temperature regulation arid humidity control, furnishing all neces sary thermostats, valves, dampers, hu midifiers, special devices, air compressors, piping and fittings, and labor of installing system, except setting valves and dampers Air Compressors--Specify kind of air compressor (steam, hydraulic, electric or power driven), requiring that the air com pressor shall be of sufficient size to operate the system, with a factor of safety not less than 3, and requiring that it be provided with all necessary governing devices, fit tings, gage, etc. in position--all in accordance with the following schedule and detailed speci fication : ' Schedule--State the rooms to be con trolled and number of thermostats in each; the manner in which the tempered air, if there is any, is to be controlled; the manner in which the drafts of the boiler are to be controlled; and specify the manner of the control of any fresh air, vent or return air dampers, stating the location and number of switches. Thermostats--Where the greatest economy of fuel and the most flexible handling of the heating system is desired specify the Johnson Dual or Two-Temper ature thermostat and that it shall operate . at .all times at one set pressure not less than 15 lbs. per square inch. If dual thermostats are not desired specify Johnson Metal Diaphragm Model Ther mostat, size, -4'J x 2 x 1 in.; and state whether it is to have residence or school ioVer, indicating device, positive shut-off, and whether it is to be positive or inter Humidostats--Specify Johnson Hu midostat and Humidifier, stating the kind of humidifier, whether perforated steam or copper evaporating pan. Dampers--Specify that dampers shall be made by the heat regulating contrac tor, but installed by the galvanized iron contractor, and that dampers shall consist of wrought iron frames, sheet steel blades, strongly cleated, with brass bearings. Guarantee--Require that system be complete in every respect, and- that all necessary material and special fittings shall be furnished whether specifically mentioned or not. Require that entire system be guaranteed free from all orig inal defects in material and workmanship, and that any parts proving defective or wearing out within 2 years from date of completion shall be replaced free of charge. Require that thermostats shall operate the valves or dampers to which they are at tached, at a variation of not to exceed 1 deg. above or below any given point. mediate motion. Specify the number and kind of inserted thermostats: . Valves--Specify Johnson Metal Dia phragm Valve having the . "Sylphon" Metal Bellows for its diaphragm. State whether valves are to be plain or nickelplated with or without unions; add: Valves to be placed in position by heating contractor. Contracting ` . This company contracts to furnish and install in complete working order the Johnson System of Temperature Control, including thermostats, valves, piping, etc., and gives annual inspection and prompt service to all plants constantly. 637 Temperature Control National Regulator Go. niinnfiimminnnti TRADE . META PH RAM MARK IH M If H M PIHMH HM PI I Factory and General Offices 2301 Knox Avenue Chicago OFFICES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES Manufacturers of Temperature and Humidity Control Apparatus of all de scriptions and for all purposes; contractors for the installation of Temperature Control Systems in connection with heating and ventilating plants and indus trial processes; patentors and sole manufacturers of. Metaphram Diaphragms. National Regulator Company's products are all characterized by a marked simplicity and strength as well as by sensitiveness, and by the absence of complications and over-elaboration that necessitate expert and frequent operating attention. The National Policy The policy of the National Regulator Company is to accomplish the best obtainable results in the simplest possible way, avoiding compli cated piping and intricate valve arrangements. Expert service is available in every part of the country. The National Thermostat The thermostatic element is the most durable and the most sensitive material obtainable--a special vulcanized rubber in the foTm of a tube. This material is not subject to corrosion or any other adverse chemical or physical change, and there is no known limit to its effective life. Inside the tube, entirely protected from dust or tampering, is the simple system of levers which constitute the working parts. The National Thermostat does not require minute air ports, special seats of mica or patent leather, or any easily affected material. It is adjusted quickly, stays in adjustment, while its principles are easily grasped by the ordinary caretaker. ' Gradual Operation Cutaway View of Na"onat ThTMMt In practically every process of control of modern heating apparatus, whether it be 638 National Regulator Co. Temperature Control of steam and water by valves, or of air by dampers, better thermostatic results are obtained by gradual than by positive action. Steady intermediate regulation gives far better results than a succession ofopen and shut movements. National Thermostats meet this condition with a "floating" action that is unique in its effectiveness. This istrueof the room thermostat and also of the insertion type for control of air in ducts. . National Humidity Controllers are positive and not affected by temperature changes. They are made in both room and insertion type. Metaphram Diaphragms The Metaphram Separable Dia phragm is an important product of the National Regulator Company, by Metaphram Diaphragms whom it was developed and patented. The sections are constructed of a high grade of spring brass which is not spun or heated in the manufacturing process and so retains all its original resiliency and strength. The sections are built up into units by means of finely threaded integral studs. Metaphrams are self-collapsing. The actuating force (compressed air, steam, etc.) is applied on the inside of the diaphragm. So large a surface is pre sented to its action that the maximum of power is obtained with a minimum of travel. The result is a diaphragm unit that has not been equaled either in effective power or in durability. Metaphram diaphragms are widely used in damper regulators by leading boiler manufacturers as well as in the various functions of thermostatic con trol; and have met with an extra- _ ordinary success. 3 ` Metaphrams assembled into motor operating National Louvre Damper Metaphram Damper Regulators A complete line of Low Pressure Steam Boiler Damper Regulators, employing the Metaphram Diaphragms, is manu Type ` Size factured. The varying requirements of steam boilers cannot be met by one style of Regulator. The National line supplies the right Regulator for every conditfcn. They are the most power ful Regulators made, and will last A-Junior...................... A................................ B................................. C................................. D............................. 4-in. 4-in. 5'/2-in. 7-in. ' 10-in. indefinitely. List Price F.o.b., Chicago $12.00 15.00 18.00 : 20.00 27.00 . 639 National Regulator-Co. Temperature Control Damper Regulator I Construction Note that the diaphragms are entirely enclosed and the moving parts protected from accidental injury. The self-collapsing fea Type D-10 in. for Vapor or Vacuum ture of the Metaphram Sections ' helps to operate the lever and close the damper. The diaphragms are not injured by the highest vacuum. Type F Damper Regulator Metaphram Type F Damper Regu lator for hot water boilers and do- ( mestic water heaters. Price $18.00 f.o.b. Chicago. A sensitive and powerful device that accurately and continuously apportions the draft required to maintain a given temperature. The Metaphrams are in the form of twelve separate wafers, each containing a volatile fluid. The wafers operate in a dry, brass well so that they may be inspected or renewed without drawing the water. This Regulator has advantages that have been quickly and widely recognized. Type F-2 in. for Hot Water and Domestic Water Heater Cage assembly of separable Metaphrams A-Jacks High Pressure ' Steam Damper Regulator Price $145.00, f.o. b. Chicago Maintains the best conditions for combustion automatically. The A-Jacks operates from the steam ` pressure and requires -no hy draulic supply or waste lines. . It is simple, all metal, gives .graduated action, and has posi tive adjustment. It is adapted for use with stoker or blower engines or electrically operated devices. Is being widely used ' under all conditions.' Corre spondence is invited. 640 Temperature Control The Powers Regulator Co.. 36 years of specialization in temperature control GENERAL OFFICES AND FACTORY CHICAGO, ILL. 2719 GREENVIEW AVENUE GENERAL EASTERN OFFICES new YORK, N. Y. 126 EAST 44th STREET ATLANTA. GA. BALTIMORE, MD. BOSTON. MASS. BUFFALO. N. Y. BUTTE. MONT. CHARLOTTE. N. C. CHATTANOOGA. TENN. CINCINNATI, OHIO CLEVELAND, OHIO DENVER, COLO. BRANCHES AND SERVICE STATIONS DES MOINES. IOWA DETROIT. MICH. EL PASO. TEXAS HARTFORD. CONN. HOUSTON. TEXAS INDIANAPOLIS. IND. KANSAS CITY, MO. LOS ANGELES, CALIF. LOUISVILLE.' KY. MILWAUKEE, WIS. MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. NASHVILLE. TENN. NEW ORLEANS. LA. PHILADELPHIA. PA. PITTSBURGH. PA. PROVIDENCE. R. I ROCHESTER, N. Y. ST. LOUIS. MO. SAN FRANCISCO. CALIF. SALT LAKE CITY. UTAH SEATTLE. WASH. THE CANADIAN POWERS REGULATOR CO.. LTD., TORONTO, ONT. BRANCHES CALGARY, HALIFAX. MONTREAL. VANCOUVER, WINNIPEG (sso.a) Products Automatic Temperature Controlling Systems, applying theni^ under the super vision of Powers engineers, to the heating plants, new or old, in residences, offices, factories, schools, institutions, and to any other conditions of artificial heating where uniform temperature is desired. Automatic Regulators for.ACCU RATELY controlling temperature of . Liquids, Gases and Air, Pressure Reducing Valves,. High Pressure Steam Traps, Humidity Control Devices, Shower Mix ing Valves, Etc. sure, with gradual or positive action, as conditions require. Diaphragm radiator valves, diaphragm motors, mixing dampers and other equip ment are especially rugged in construction, dependable and durable; built regardless of expense, for efficiency and long service. Motive power used in these systems is compressed air. The company builds its own air compressors, operated by steam, or electricity, and characterized by their reliability, noiseless operation, perfect control and long life. Temperature Controlling Appliances : Powerj thermostats are accurate in their working and will maintain their adjust ment. They are of the vapor disc type, exclusive with Powers regulators, and are not thrown out of adjustment by extremes of temperature or long disuse. . For oyer 35 years the accurate control obtained by this method has been the standard of thermostatic control by which all other methods are measured. In design, Powers thermostats are .second to none in beauty and perfection of finish; in size, as small as is consistent with the reliability so neces sary in such instruments; in 'operation, 641 The Powers Regulator Co. Temperature Control r The Powers Regulator Co. t" Temperature Control Application of Powers Control to Combination (Split) System of Heating--Direct radiation supplies the heat; fan supplies-warm air for ventilation. Thermostats control valves on radiators to maintain proper room temperature. Ventilating colls are controlled by a thermostat placed in the fan discharge duct. Installations device to meet special requirements, Installations of Powers systems are taking no account of the conditions invariably made by the company. At peculiar to the situation to be treated. each branch office is maintained a com For these reasons we believe special petent engineering and erecting force, study should be given each case. We sparing no expense to maintain the highest shall be glad to submit to any Architect or efficiency. Powers special devices, how Engineer a detailed Specification, accom ever, are easily installed by any engineer panied by a guaranteed price, to cover or contractor. complete system of temperature control Prices Price for Powers regulation covers the system installed complete, and is only named after a careful study of the require ments. Our price is not lowest, but no other system will be found so efficient and economical. Customers are served with the sole aim of getting results for them; and experience shows that satisfactory service from a temperature control ling system is of much more impor tance than its first cost. installed, the price to hold if specification is used. This guarantees full protection to the client against advantage being taken of a close specification. This com pany will gladly collaborate with Architect or Engineer in preliminary plans. As specialists in temperature control, The Powers Regulator Company has unusual facilities for solving problems in this particular field. Engineers, Architects, and others who wish further information regarding the Powers System, will find it in the following Specifications books: Elimination of Heat Waste shows Heating systems, and the requirements applications in schools, churches, and other for temperature control, vary widely in public buildings, residences, etc.; Shop and detail. Much of the dissatisfaction ex Office Temperatures shows applications in perienced with some systems of tempera shops, offices and workrooms, also presents ture regulation is due to the attempt to proof of fuel savings and increased pro force a ready-made inflexible system or duction due to its use. ' 'M 642 Spring Adjustment The Powers No. 11 Tank Regulator Used on steam heated hot water service tanks in hotels, apartment buildings, offices, schools, shops, hospitals, factories, laun dries, etc. Because this regulator prevents overheated water, it saves fuel and pro longs the life of valves and- packings. , Self-operating; easily installed. Of great durability, guaranteed accurate and posi tive in action. In ordering, always give size .of tank, - steam pipe size, steam pressure, and tem perature wanted. The spring type regulator is commonly used for this work, except in sizes larger than 4-inch,.when the lever type is used. Smaller sizes will b^ furnished in lever type if preferred. , . Specification In connection with the (steam heated) hot water storage tank, furnish and install Powers No. 11 Tank -Regulator with (..... .. inch) standard valve with standard length of flexible tubing. Regulator shall maintain the temperature of the water at (------ deg.) with steam pressure at (.....-- lbs.). Note--Where installation Is to control steam coil and auxiliary coal burning heater, specify No. 12 Regulator with chains, pulleys, etc., for the control of dampers on auxiliary heater (see Bulletin No. 129). For coal burning heaters without steam coils, use Powers No. 13 Regulator (see Bulletin No. 136). For Dimensions, Prices, etc., See Next Page it B The regulator will be furnished to operate at 160 deg. fahr., with adjust ability 20 deg. above and below that point, unless otherwise specified. Flexible connection tube is 6 ft. long for sizes I^-inch and smaller; 8 ft. for 2-inch to 4-inch, inclusive; and 10 ft. for larger sizes.. Additional lengths of tubing will be furnished at 30 cents net per ft. A net charge of $2.00 is made for flexible tubing shorter .than.standard. Flanged valves will be drilled standard unless otherwise ordered. 643 Iron Body Lever and Weight Adjustment Brass Body Spring Adjustment y The Powers Regulator Co. Temperature Control THE POWERS No. 11 TANK REGULATOR--Prices arid Principal Dimensions Valve Size......................................Inches List Price (Standard Valve).................. Liat Price (Monel Valve)...................... Style of Body............................................. Material of Body...................................... Dimension A..................................Inches B................................. * C................................. ` D................................ * A $60 $67 Union' Brass 1 10 5H II V* $65 . 972 Union Brass to 6 11% 1 *70 *78 Union Brass 1 12 6% IIM I'A *75 *83 Union ' Brass 1 14 m 11% I'A $80 $92 Union Brass 1 14 m I2>4 " J ! ------------------ 2 T/i $95 $110 Screwed Iron 1 16 9 15% VJvsSixe......................................................... Inchci 3 List Price (Standard Valve)......................................... list Price (Monel Valve).............................................. Style of Body........................................................... Material of Body.................................................. Dimension A......................................................... Indies B........................................................ c *........................................................ D........................................................ * $100 $118 Screwed Iron 18 9% I5K 3'A $110 $135 Flanged Iron 1 20 m 15H 4 $120 $150 Flanged Iron 1 20 10H 15 H 5 $175 $215 Flanged Iron 1*4 20 12 2IM 6 $225 Flanged Irdn m 20 13x 23 8 $275 Flanged Iron l'4 24 m 24 A Self-Operating Regulator for Control of Compartment Temperatures Between 60 Deg. and 100 Deg. Fahr. The Powers No. 18 Regulator shown above is a self-contained unit, not as sensi tive in operation as the' air pressure types but inexpensive ' and capable of gobd general control between the limits of 60 deg. and 100 deg. fahr., where such control can be obtained by the operation of a single valve regulating the heat supply. The control of this valve is gradual and' an efficient return line vacuum system is essential. This regulator is used in shops, offices, warehouses, storage rooms, low tempera ture drying rooms, small ventilating units, greenhouses, etc. It is easy to install and is very DUR ABLE. Gives true gradual control. By changing the position of the adjusting weight; different temperatures over a 20 deg. fahr. range at the thermostat may be secured. . The flexible connecting tube may be of any length up to 75 feet or with the smaller, valves 100 feet, and is usually of lead closely armored with galvanized steel wire. Armored copper tube can be furnished where conditions of vibration require its use, as in the control of fan ventilating units. - Standard flexible lead connecting tube of 50 feet will be sent unless otherwise speci fied; excess if any, can be coiled up near 644 The Powers Regulator Co. Temperature Control HEAT SUPPLY Powers No. 18 Regulator applied to Direct Heating System valve or damper motor. Additional tube length will be furnished at 20 cents net per foot. For control of ventilating units or under other conditions of vibration, copper tube, armored, must be used instead of lead-- such armored copper tube will be fur nished at an extra net charge of 20 cents per foot for first 50 feet, and 30 cents per foot for excess. , Always specify desired operating tem perature and steam pressure, and state whether latter is constant or fluctuating. Bulletin 145 gives complete infor mation. PRICE LIST AND SHIPPING WEIGHTS OF No. 18 REGULATOR AND VALVE COMPLETE Size Price--Low Pressure;... Price--High Pressure... Shipping Weight (L&s.). vs $50 60 45 . VS $55 65 48 r w I'A' Y T>/S r 3'A' V $60 $65 $70 70 75 80 $90 $125 $145 $175 $185 50 55 60 65 110 120 160 170 No. 15 Regulator, self-contained, for the con trol of drying rooms, dry kilns, ovens, etc. Bul letin No. 138. Dial Thermometers for air ducts and hot water tanks. Accurate, easy to read, reasonably priced. Bulletins No. 140 and No. 155. . High Pressure Steam Trap, % inch and inch sizes only, for pressures from 5 tbs. to 125 lbs. Used on restaurant fixtures, hospital sterilizers, heating coils, cooking kettles, etc. Bigger capacity than any other trap its size. Acts quickly, closes tight. Gives years of dependable service without replacement of thermostatic element. Bulletin No. 115. Hospital Sterilizer Control Valve--Makes sterilizer noiseless and saves steam. Bulletin No. 122. ' Thermostatic Steam and Water Mixer-- Automatically heats cold water with high pressure steam and delivers warm water at any temperature up to 120deg. fahr. Bulletins No. 137 and No. 137-A. Style D Steam and Water Mixer--Small, non-thermostatic mixer; supplies warm water for 'wash sinks, shower baths, and processes requiring a low cost warm water supply. Safe against scalding, easy to install, noiseless. Heats only the amount of water desired at the time. Capacity 10 gals, per min. with 40 lbs. pressure pn supply lines. ' Bulletin No. 137-A. . Pressure Reducing Valve for steam, air and water. Simple, durable, accurate. Bulletin No. 118. Complete set of bulletins describing the e lire Powers line will be sent upon request. 645 Heat Regulators, Automatic Simplex Heat Regulator Company, Inc. 2938 Pillsbury Avenue, Minneapolis, Minnesota PRODUCTS--Thermostats complete with Motors, for all types of Warm Air, Hot Water, or Steam Heating Systems, and also for Hot Water Supply Systems, whether equipped with Oil, Coal, or Gas Furnaces. Separate Items Include Thermostats, with or without clocks; Hydrostats; Electric Motors; Spring Motors; Gravity Motors, ELECTRIC MOTOR THERMOSTATS Every Simplex thermostat is equip ped with a large and very sensitive coil of thermostatic metal, the expansion or con traction ofwhichacts on an extremely simple and direct mechanism, with platinum contact points, making -- circuit with the No. 50 Simplex motor. Regulation is Room Thermostat accurate to within 1 deg. fahr. variation. A)i thermostatsareequipped with the finest grade thermometers, which are given aquadruple tost to insureabsolute The Simplex Electric Motor has been designed primarily for heat regulator use. Great care has been taken to insure strength, con venience, and reliability. Ex haustive testa of six weeks con tinuous running, night and day, without lubrica- tion.bavesbown' no overheating or of efficiency. (Equal to 50 years service opera ting 10 times a day). This motor is built throughoutof the finest materials, and is assem bled in adustanddamp- . proof aluminum housing. Arranged for .mounting horizon . correlation betweenthe thermostatic coil tally on shelf or vertically on wall, with basement switch andthermometer. The standard finish is blast bronze, which is durable conveniently placed in either case. and attractive, blending well with any intEeqriuoirpdpeecdorwatiitohn. high-grade dock which automatically The Simplex SPRING MOTOR ; raises the temperature to the desired degree at any pre- Spring Motor determined hour. HYDROSTATS Simplex hydro derives its power from a heavy duty stats are equipped steel spring, with sensitive ther which operates mostatic coils, work the lever arms ing through a through balanced mechanism bronze reduc with dial indicators. tion gears. It Regulation is accu is provided rate to 1 deg. fahr. Made in tube and flush types for regu with base ment switch, winding indicator, and safety lation oftemperature switch to insure furnace' on boilers, furnaces, drafts being closed on and closed or open the last operation. hot water supply Assembled in a gal tanks. Also used in vanized steel case, Dual Control with black enameled and any Simplex ther- absolutely rust-proof. _ mastat. . SPECIFICATIONS--Temperature Control Furnish and install in a neat and workmanlike manner complete Simplex Temperature Control for the heating plant and domestic hot water supply system herein specified. Locate thermostat for heating plant at point designated by architect and owner,and leavetneentiremechanism inperfect performing order. Furnish owner with letter of guarantee. Units together with all necessary appurtenances, connec tions, controls, etc., to be furnished with this installation, are: \ Jj No. 30 Thermostat \ Select one No. 31 Thermostat with Clock Model If desired with Dual-Control or for Hot Water Supply. One Simplex Hydrostat j New Simplex Electric Motor ) One Ii SSiimmpplleexx SGprrainvgityMMoototor r )) Model . GRAVITY MOTOR Simplex .Gravity Motor operates by an iron weight on i-Latn. 'Fan governor provides smooth and silent operation, and a safety stop prevents furnace drafts being left open on last operation. Assembled flame as Spring Motor Unit. All installed according to Manufacturer's instructions, inisstallation charts anda darawinugBs.. ., , Please write (or cop^ o/o^^ 646 "d typical installatioIls- Values . The Dole Valve Company 1913-1933 Carroll Avenue, CHICAGO, ILL. Manufacturers of High Grade Radiator Valves and Brass Specialties (HVENTING SEAT THE DOLE SYPHON AIR VALVE (7JVALVE CASING (non adjustable, automatic) For venting low pressure steam radia (2)SEATING PIN tors. Fully guaranteed for five years. It has the Venting Seat (1) of heavy con (3) FLOAT- struction, threaded and brazed into the valve casing. The Seating Pin (2). of finely machined hard metal is hydraulically (4HNNER CHAMBER pressed to a perfect radius, while the OF FLOAT Float (3) is of light but strong annealed brass, which rises when water enters the 15) DIAPHRAGM valve, positively preventing leakage. The Inner Chamber of Float (4) contains the 16) FLOAT proper amount of thermostatic liquid which forms a powerful gas when steam comes in contact with the float, thus the diaphragm is expanded and the valve closed against the escape of either steam or water. The Diaphragm (5) is made from special J rugated. The Float Rest (6) is one sides to permit water to drain (7) of beautiful dodecagon, design, presents an attractive exterior and . inside the valve. heavy drawn brass threaded on the interior to meet exterior threading on the casing is firmly brazed to insure great strength and durability. The Connecting Nipple .(9)--one piece of extra heavy drawn brass has in. standard iron pipe thread, which conforms to the requirements of all radiators. A Syphon Lock Collar (10) made from extra heavy brass firmly brazed to the syphon prevents either accidental or intentional removal of the syphon from the valve. (Note, the valve can be removed from the radiator without the syphon becoming detached). The Syphon (11)--one piece of annealed brass.tubing, is perfectly formed to fit inside the radiator column. Assembled into the valve free from obstruction, thus preventing interference when the valve is attached to the radiator. Regarding the finish, the entire valve is .finely nickel plated, of an artistic design and highly polished. A real "beauty" and it works. The Base .. List Price...... .............................:......................................$1.50 THE DOLE STRAIGHT SHANK QUICK VENT AIR VALVE For quick venting the ends of steam mains, specially useful for venting hot water generators and low pressure feed water heaters where a straight shank valve is required. Made from similar material, constructed in like manner and operates on the same principle as the Dole Syphon Air Valve. Made in three sizes--l/i and % in. List Price $2.00 and the % in.-List Price $3.00. 647 /< j Valves and Fittings CRANE CO Manufacturers of Valves, Fittings, Fabricated Piping, Steam Specialties, Plumbing and Heating Materials 836 S. Michigan Avenue Chicago, 111. Branches In All Principal Cities Write for catalogues and full information about any materials in which you are interested Radiator Valve No. 80 .Brass. For steam or vacuum systems. Self-adjusting packed stuffing box. Crane renewable disc. CranetiU 8-Valve Trap No. 100 For lifting condensation to a higher point, for vacuum or pressure lines, for lines of varying pressure, for draining oil separator, for metering. Crane Co. Valves and Fittings Cast Iron Elbow Standard, screwed. For steam working pressures to 125 lbs. and water working pressures to 175 lbs. Wedge Gate Valve No. 460 Standard, non-rising stem. __ Iron body, brass trimmings. Screwed orflanged. Cast Iron Tee Standard, screwed. For steam working pressures to 125 lbs. and water working pressures to 175 lbs. . Wedge Gate Valve No. 488 Standard, brass. Non rising stem. With gland in stuffing box. Elbow No. 686 Standard, cast iron. Flanged. For steam working pressures to 125 lbs. Elbow No. 688 Standard, cast iron. Double branch. Flanged. For steam working pressures to 125 lbs. Check Valve No. 87 Brass. Horizontal or angle patterns. Crane renewable disc. Union bonnet. Oil Separator No. 01 ' Cast iron. For elimination of oil and water from exhaust or vacuum lines. Relief Valve No. 4I6H Back pressure and exhaust. Iron body, brass mounted, For condensing or non-condensing engines. Dashpot cushions the disc and prevents pound or hammer. 648 . - Double Expansion Joint No. 409 Iron body, brass sleeves. Flanged. Furnished with screwed ends when so specified. For steam working pressures up to 125 lbs. 649 Globe Valve No. 7 Brass. Many purpose ` valve. Crane renewable disc. Union bonnet. The Fairbanks Company New York, N. Y. Boston. Mass. Pittsburgh, Pa. London, England Factory: Binghamton, N. Y. Valises Fairbanks Bronze Globe Valves Fig. 01 Simple in construction; parts quickly and easily renewed; stuffing box packed with, specially moulded vuicabeston ring which is durable and can not be blown or washed out; valves can be packed under pressure when wide open. Made in sizes H to 3 in: Fairbanks Iron Body Valves Fig. 0101 Globe and Angle Types with Renewable Vuicabeston . Ring Disc Embody the most modern re newable features. Have a raised round seat upon which scale, grip or other sediment will not lodge. Disc Rings will not crack or flake; easily and quickly renewed. ` Valve so constructed as to eliminate all rattling or tilting when open. Fairbanks Bronze Radiator Valves Globe and Angle Types Embody all good points of the Fairbanks Fig. 01 Valve. Fur nished with Wood Wheels or lock shield r and T handles. Made in sizes to 2 in. *. Fig. 012 Fairbanks Standard Bronze Gate Valves For general service. Stuffing boxes can be repacked under pressure when wide open. Guides in wedge and ribs in. body ^o fitted as to insure true and .easy movement;' prevent wedge from touching seats ex cept at point of closing. Made in sizes from % to 3 in. Fig. 0205 Fairbanks Standard Iron Body Gate Valves Designed for a maximum steam working pressure of 125 lb. Guides in wedge and ribs in body so finished and fitted as to insure true and easy movement; prevent wedge from touching seats in body, except at point of closing. Made in sizes from 2 to 12 in. Flanged type up to 20 in. Fig. 0402 Fairbanks Iron Body Swing Check Valves \ Fig. 0701 .Designed with a 45 deg. Angle seat making it possible to use the valve in either a hori zontal or a vertical position. Regularly equipped with Bronze Disc; can be furnished with Rubber Disc for water service. Made in sizes 2 to 12 in. Fairbanks Bronze Swing Check Valve As perfect a check valve as ever constructed. Has full* area equal to pipe connection and straightway, passage. The rotating disc works freely, never sticking on the seat. Made in sizes to 3 in. Fig. 0601 Fairbanks Sphero Ball Valves An entirely different prin- ciple,--de signed and built to meet . the need of an easily operated, quickly repaired valve.- Con struction is simple and sub , stantiat. Has straight through passageway, renewable seats, interchangeable parts. ' and is ' easily opened or closed. Made in sizes from H to 8 in. Fig. 0828 650 a Vatoes Jenkins Bros. Manufacturers of Valves and Mechanical Rubber Goods PRINCIPAL STORES AND OFFICES ' NEW YORK. N. Y. 524 Atlantic Avenue BOSTON. MASS. 133 North 7th Street 646 Washington Boulevard PHILADELPHIA, PA. CHICAGO. ILL. Factories in ELIZABETH. N. J. and BRIDGEPORT, CONN. JENKINS BROS.. LIMITED o Canadian Works and Head Office: Montreal, Que., 103 St. Remi Street London Office: 6 Great Queen Street, Kingsway. W. C. 2 The New Modulating Valve--with a vertical seat A notable improvement over present day modulating valves lies in Fig. 700 Jenkins Modulating Valve which has a vertical instead of a horizontal seat, affording these particular advantages: Fig. 700. Jenkins Modulating Valve ' Foreign matter cannot lodge on seat and prevent tight closing of valve. .. , Vacuum is under disc holder, which is fitted with Jenkins Rubber Composition Disc, with a tendency to draw disc to the seat. Spring holds disc against seat. Seating and tightness do not . depend on threaded spindle that needs to be turned down tight to prevent leakage. This valve cannot leak around spindle. Handle of red Bakelite does not get hot, will not crack or chip. . Made of bronze, nickel plated, inch size, suitable for 100 square feet of radiation. The center to end dimensions conform to the recom mendations of Heating and Piping Contractors National Association and Manufacturers Standardization Society. Write for Bulletin 105 for complete details. - PRODUCTS ' ' Jenkins Globe, Angle, Cross, Check,. Hose, Blow-Off, Safety and Gate Valves; Radiator Fig. 700, Supply Valves; Automatic Radiator Air Valves. Sectional View Also, Rapid Action Valves; Steam Traps; Gage ' Cocks; Marine Valves, Needle Valves--Valve Discs; Jenkins '96 and Jenarco Sheet Packing, Gaskets, Pump Valves; Compressed Asbestos Joisting; and Moncrieff Scotch Gauge Glasses. RADIATOR VALVES Regularly furnished - with black composition wheels, or, if desired, with bronze, wire or iron wheels. Lock shield valves, to be operated with key,' designed to prevent tampering, can.be supplied in all the different patterns. Fig. 180, Bronze Offset Corner, Radiator with Union Comer valves are made in two patterns--regular and 'offset. Regular styles of finish follow: '' Rough body, finished trimmings. No. 1 screwed. No. 6 with union. .. . Finished and polished-all over. No. 2 screwed. No. 7 with union. Rough body, nickel-plated trimmings. No. 3 screwed. No. 8 with union. ' Rough body, nickel-plated all over, No. 4 screwed. No. 9 with union. .. Finished and nickel-plated all over. No. 5 screwed, No. 10 with union, CATALOG A catalog of all the Jenkins valves, giving sizes, styles and list prices, mailed on request. Fig. 851, Bronze Radiator Gate, Screwed . Fig. 168, Radiator Angle, with U'.iion Fig. 170, Bronze Lock Shield Radiator Angle, with Union Fig. 142, Iron Body Globe, - Flanged 651 Fig. 825, Iron Body .Gate, Screwed Fig. 370, Bronze Gate, Screwed . Valves Marsh Valve Company Plant and General Offices: DUNKIRK, NEW YORK Exclusive Sales Distributors: APPLETON & LIPTROTT, INC.* 1480 Broadway* New York City Edward T. Hetherington, 1718 Sansora Street, Philadelphia, Pa. United States Radiator Corporation, General Offices. Detroit, Mich. All territory east of West lines of Michigan and Ohio and . north of Virginia, except New York and Philadelphia John W. Mabbs, 431 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago. III. Jas. P. Marsh & Company, H8 S. Clinton Street, Chicago, III. All territory south of Ohio River and wet of Michigan and Ohio, except Cook County, Chicago, 111.' We specialize on high-grade Radiator Valves and make the largest line of any company in the world. .' The re-enforced packless feature of our Packless and Modulated lines both steam and water and the upper seat features of our Union Bonnet, Special and Gate lines are distinctive, sclen- tific, mechanical principles, used with these lines exclusively. MARSH RE-ENFORCED PACKLESS RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel or Lock Shield All sizes and patterns . . Globes, Angles Corner and Back Offsets Flat-Disc Fig. 183 We call particular attention to the scientific mechanical construction of the Re-enforced Cone Metal Packless Feature of our Modulated and Packless Valves. These are the only Packless Valves in which the Packless feature is re-enforced' or in any way protected against leakage due to wear or cracks of so-called Packless parts and are GUARANTEED against wear or defects.of Packless construction and leakage through bonnets. QUICK opening - . A three-fourths turn will fully open a three-quarter inch valve, and from this up to one and one-quarter turns for balance of line through two inches. These halves, account of low pitch of thread due to large diameter of cylinder, will seal and lock against any pressure. . MARSH RE-ENFORCED MODULATED LEVER HANDLE RADIATOR VALVES These Valves may be hadwith Oval Wheel in place of Lever Handle same as Fig. 147 Fig. ise The Modulation or Graduation is accomplished by a cone disc.nut. regulating volumejof steam, ac cording to pressure, until indicator registers valve about two-thirds open, when the further turmngot lever handle until indicator registers open, will give full valve capacity; a feature of ^ valve in which volume or capacity for modulating purposes is choked down, and to meet extreme weather conditions, full pipe capacity is required. ` .652 m Marsh Valve Company Valves MARSH RE-ENFORCED PACKLESS CONE DISC RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel or Lock Shield Cone-Disc These Discs will not crack or leak through valve seat. No clogging or water hammer from return condensa tion Fig. 141 Marsh Cone Discs are without question the greatest improvement in radiator valve construction in the past fifty years or since the composition disc replacing the old style metal-to-metal disc and seat. This Cone Disc construction combined with the Marsh Re-enforced Packless Feature is the last word in completing radiator valve maximum efficiency at popular price; all of which will check 100 per cent true upon investigation. . i V*. in. Full Size Positive Seal The above views showing cone disc and beveled seat are to actual size of a % in. valve and are made to full size to show the following advantages of this construction - over the old style flat disc and seat: First: Through design of disc and protection afforded from disc nut covering under surface they will not warp and crack as will a flat disc which overhangs vaive scat. . , 653- Marsh Valve Company Valoes Second: The compression is at right angles to face of seat, forcing disc com pound inward to center, making disc more compact and harder instead of scoring and extruding over seat, opening cracks or seams if any, as with a flat disc. . Third: While the life of these cone discs because of construction, as proven by tests, is three to five times the life of a flat disc, and a CRACKED DISC IS IMPOS SIBLE, the matter of exchange if desired is very simple, as to remove disc nut the disc will drop from disc-holder, while with a flat disc it must be dug out, often destroying disc-holder. Further, these cone discs are reversible and can be turned over or replaced with new at the same cost as for a flat disc. Fourth: The beveled seat is low in valve body, giving perfect drainage and will wash free from sand or scale in system, positively providing against leakage through scale or grit imbedding in disc AS IS COMMON with a raised flat seat and flat disc construction. Fifth: Through this low beveled seat, to return condensation through valve for a one-pipe system, the flow will hold to the outer wall leaving center of valve throat and pipe free rather than shoot out over a raised seat to the center of pipe as is common with a heavy flow over a flat seat, clogging flow of steam, causing hammer or pounding of system. . The foregoing are all, each and every one, practical points which will prove out in test and practice. Positively a better valve at a less cost than can be had from any other source. . . MARSH RE-ENFORCED MODULATED CONE DISC RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel, Lever Handle or Lock Shield Cone-Disc Mod. - Fig. J47 . \- The Modulation feature of our Cone Disc Line is the same as with our union bonnet flat disc Figure 132. . Our Cone Disc Modulated valves unless otherwise ordered are fitted with Oval Wheel. When Lever Handle is preferred, Fig. No. is 148. With our Oval Wheel Handle you have the same dial and indicator control as with Lever handle and a much stronger and more serviceable CONSTRUCTION than is possible with a Wood wheel as this composition won't break or split as will wood. Further, this wheel is removable and interchangeable with our Lever handle, effecting a material advantage to customer in matter of convenience of changing from one to the other on job if for any reason change is desired. 654 Marsh Valoe Company Valoes MARSH RE-ENFORCED PACKLESS WATER RADIATOR VALVES -. Oval Wheel or Lock Shield A Genuine Pack less Water Valve Guaranteed to hold any pressure required for forced circulation Packless Fig. 137 - Marsh re-enforced packless Hot Water Radiator Valves are not only a boon but the answer to hot water heating problems, permitting the same ease of operation and com plete temperature control as with steam. These hot water valves are quick opening, can be operated--opened and closed-- with perfect ease by a child and positively will not stick or leak. They will hold high pressure suitable for forced circulation up to any pressure radia tion will stand, and cost no more than the cheap competition valves. MARSH RE-ENFORCED GRADUATED WATER RADIATOR VALVES Oval Wheel, Lever Handle or Lock Shield Water Graduated SOMETHING ENTIRELY NEW IN WATER HEAT REGULATION We have made a special study of hot water heat regulation and control and are pioneers in the matter of individual radiator control, through a graduated valve, em ploying the same principle as with steam. If you can modulate, graduate, or regulate individual radiator vapor or vacuum steam heat through a valve (and you can), then why not by the same principle regulate water heat, and, for that matter more consistently than steam, as with water you have something to regulate, while with steam, to allow fire to drop below a given point, you have nothing. / For sleeping rooms, heat regulation with the Marsh Graduated water valves may be controlled with the same ease of operation and certainty of results as is possible with a Modulated valve on a steam system, and at a much less cost than for a vapor or vacuum system installation. Further, water circulation for each radiator, graduating for same or balancing of system, can be increased from nothing to full pipe capacity and held or locked at any intermediate point, if desired, by simply turning dial so that stop on same will register against indicator or pointer and locking dial in this position, preventing further opening of valve or turning of wheel or lever handle to the left. . These valves cost but little more than our regular water valves and much less than steam modulated valves. . 655 s 1 ;< Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Gorp. 41 East 42nd Street, New York City ' Factories . Eastwood and Oswego, N. Y.; Huntingdon. Pa.; Zanesville. Ohio Akron, Ohio Baltimore, Md. Boston, Mass. Cleveland, Ohio Detroit, Mich. Branch Offices and Show Rooms Dover. N.J. Forest Hills, N.Y. Jacksonville, Fla. Newark, N.J. New Haven, Conn. New London, Conn. New York, N.Y. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Providence. R.I. Richmond, Va. Roanoke. Va. Savannah. Ga. Syracuse, N.Y. Worcester, Mass. Radiator Valves, High Pressure Valves, Hot Water Valves, Hot Water Thermometers, Pressure and Altitude Gages - Ventilators The John Gall Company VENTILATING SPECIALISTS 128 North Franklin Street Philadelphia, Pa. BRANCHES IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES ROOF VENTILATORS AND WINDOW VENTILATORS UBERTY~*-- Products The Liberty Ventilator. A roof ventilator for any type building or enclosure, such as Schools, Hospitals, Foun dries, Barns, Churches, Armories, Residences and similar structures. . Also highly efficient for increasing draft in chimneys, flues, stacks, etc. Back drafts impossible, regardless of wind conditions. Rain or snow cannot penetrate. No moving parts to rattle or require attention. Substantially and staunchly built of any metal desired. Large stocks for prompt shipment. The Pul-Air Impingement Ventilator The Pul-Air Ventilator A good practical roof ventilator of the mushroom type, consisting of a double cone top. Scientific storm band and im pingement band. Made in every size and of any metal. Strongly built. Large stocks carried. Will not back draft; maximum of free areas. THE LIBERTY VENTILATOR Fig. 1S6. Angle Valve with Union (With Genuine Jenkins Bros. Disc) PIERCE PACKLESS VALVE--Improved Pattern HE Pierce Packless Valve is now Toffered in a much more compact and attractive pattern than ever before. decidedly superior both in thickness and finish^ The parts are plated separately and washed thoroughly before assembly. . . . Consequently the insides of Pierce Pack- The handle is of highly polished Bakelite, , ya[ves are never fouled with corrosive a most effective heat insulator; it is always ^ 6{ nickel> ^ is the ^ when valves cool and comfortable to the hand. are plated ajter belng assembled. The closing pressure is transmitted through a coiled spring. No extra powerful wrist is required for closing the valve, and the elastic pressure follows up and keeps it tight. The nickel plating is, as it always has been, The Pierce Packless is not a cheap "cornvalve. Nevertheless the price is ^ modfest that the amount it adds to the cost of a radiator installation is insignificant as compared with the satisfaction it gives. 656 LIBERTY VENTILATOR Good architectural lines and symmetry ANATOMY OF LIBERTY VENTILATOR-- showing positive venturi action. White arrows indi cate outside winds. Black arrows foul air being pulled out Embraces all four principles of scientific ventilation;--1st, Impingement; 2nd,, Positive and Negative sides of Ventilators; 3rd, Siphonage; 4th, Stack Action. A positive and complete venturi action. The Liberty Ventilator combines the principles of siphonage and air impingement. This in conjunction with the positive and negative sides of the ventilator creates a vacuum to which the air is naturally sucked regardless of the direction of the wind. Stack action, also, is so accommodated as to accelerate this movement. The free areas of the Liberty ventilator create no resistant constant. Send for copy of tests conducted by Carnegie Institute of Technology, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mechanical and Engineering Data, Service Talks, Catalogues and Prices gladly sent on request. 657 Index to Modem Equipment American Society o/ Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide 1928 AIR COCKS (See Cocks, Air) Buffalo Forge Co. Fan AIR CONDITIONING American Blower Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. ` Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Call. John, Co., The Carrier Air Conditioning Corp, of America Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Call, John, Co., The Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. General Air Filters Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. New York Blower Co. Reed Air Filter Co.. Inc. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. American Blower Co.' ` Bayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. General Electric Co. Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. Nesbitt, John J., Inc. Cooling and Air Conditioning New York Blower Co. Corp. General Air Filters Corp. Grinnell Co., Inc- AMMONIA COILS (5 Coils, Ammonia) Pecco, Inc. - Sturtevant. B. F.,.Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. ASBESTOS AND INSULATING York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. Modine Mfg. Co. National Air Filter Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco. Inc. . PeerlessUnitVentilation Co., Inc. Reed Air Filter Co., Inc. Shipp, C. C.. & Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. *1... Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Go. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. AIR COOLERS . Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. . Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. General Air Filters Corp. Modine Mfg. Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. - PRODUCTS Forced Draft Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Samuel Cabot, Inc. - Celotex Co. . Flax-li-num Insulating Co. Insulating Products Corp. Johns-Manville Corp. ' American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Co. MacAndrews & Forbes Co. Pressure National Radiator Co. (Note American Blower Co. National Radiator Corp.) Ric-wiL Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. United States Gypsum Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Universal Gypsum & Lime Co. Nash Engineering Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. i New York Blower Co. Wood Conversion Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Co. ASBESTOS--Sheet Turbine - Johns-Manville Corp. American Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. AUTOMATIC FURNACES (See Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. . . . Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Furnaces, Automatic) Ventilating American Blower Co. AIR DIFFUSERS (See Diffusers, AUTOMATIC STARTERS Air) . Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Bayley Blower Co. * Bishoo & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. AIR DRYING (See Drying Ap paratus) BAKING EQUIPMENT Clarage Fan Co. General Electric Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. AIR ELIMINATORS (See Elimi nators, Air) AIR FILTERS (See Filters, Air) . Clarage Fan Co. - Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco. Inc. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. AIR HEATERS (5< Heaters, Air) BLAST GATES (See Gates. Blast) Reed Air Filter Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. AIR PUMPS (See Pumps, Air) BLOWERS--Centrifugal Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co., The AIR TESTING INSTRUMENTS American Blower Co. Hill, E. Vernon, Co. AIR VALVES (See Valves, Air) American Blower Co. Bayley Blower. Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. . General Electric Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Wing, L. J.. Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. BOILER -- Compounds (See Compounds, Boiler) AIR WASHERS American Blower Co. . Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Nesbitt, John J., Inc. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Skinner Brothers Mfg. Co. Sturtevant, B: F., Co. Cleanser Vinco Co., Inc., The Controllers (See Controllers) . Bayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Coverings (See Asbestos and York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Insulating Products) Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 659 Index to Modern Equipment Feeders Kieley & Mueller. Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller Mueller Steam Specialty Co.. Inc. .Efficient Heating Boiler Co. Fitxgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Frost Mfg. Co.. The General Air Filters Corp. Hart & Crouse Co. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Water Supply, Hot {See Heaters, Tank) - BRACKETS {See Hangers, Pipe and Radiator, and Radiator Brackets) Feed Pumps {See Pumps) Ironton Bernhard Boiler Co. Headers (See Headers) Insulation Johnston Bros.. Inc. BREAKERS Kewanee Boiler Co. National Radiator Co. {Now Westinghouse Electric Sc Mfg. Co. National Radiator Corp.) Insulating Products Corp. Johns-ManviUe Corp. 'Protecting Devices Neptune Meter Co. Newport Boiler Co. Oil City Boiler Works Orr & Sembower, Inc. BREECHINGS CoatesviUe Boiler Works Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Hoffman Specialty Co. Pacific Steel Boiler Corp. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Marsh. Jas. P.. & Co. McDonnell & Miller' Neptune Meter Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Scale Remover {See Seale Re mover, Boiler) Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Richmond Radiator Co. Spencer Heater Co. Titusville Iron Works U. S. Radiator Corp. Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Weil-McLain Co. BURNERS--Oil {For Heating Boilers and Furnaces) American NoKol Co. Automatic Burner Corp. Ballard Oil Equipment Co. Hardinge Bros., Inc. Johnson, S. T., Co. May Oil Burner Corp. BOILERS--Furnace Heat American Gas Products Corp. CoKal Stoker Corp. Heating {Automatic Heat) American Gas Products Corp. Molby Boiler Co., IncNewport Boiler Co. Heating {Oil Fired) American Radiator Co. Ames Ironworks Bigelow Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. CoatesviUe Boiler Works Continental Heater Corp. {Now National Radiator Corp.) Efficient Heating Boiler Co. Williams Oil-O-Matic Heating Corp. .. Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co. CABINETS--Heat Circulair Heat. Inc. ' Modine Mfg. Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Trane Co., The Heating {Coal Fired) American Radiator Co. . Ames Iron Works Bigelow Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. CoatesviUe Boiler Works . Continental Heater Corp. {Now National Radiator Corp.) , Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Frost Mfg. Co., The Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Hart & Crouse Co. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. International Heater Co. Ironton Bernhard Boiler Co. Johnston Bros., Inc. Kewanee Boiler Co. Lebanon Boiler Works Molby Boiler Co., Inc. ` National Radiator Co. {Now National Radiator Corp.) - Newport Boiler Co. Oil City Boiler Works Orr & Sembower. Inc. Pacific Steel Boiler Corp. . Page, Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Petty, J. K., & Co., Inc. v Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Richardson & Boynton Co. Richmond Radiator Co. Smith. H. B., Co.. The Spencer Heater Co. Thatcher Co.. The Titusville Iron Works U. S. Radiator Corp. Universal Smokeless Bbiler Co. Utica Heater Co. {Now National Radiator Corp.) Weil-McLain Co. Heating {Gas Fired) American Radiator Co. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. Frost Mfg. Co., The General Air Filters Corp. Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Hart & Crouse Co. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. International Heater Co. Ironton Bernhard Boiler Co. Johnston Bros., Inc. Kewanee Boiler Co. Lebanon Boiler Works Newport Boiler Co. Oil City Boiler Works Orr & Sembower. Inc. Pacific Steel Boiler Corp. Page. Wm. H., Boiler Co. Petty. J. K., & Co.. Inc. Pierce, Butler St Pierce Mfg. Corp. Richmond Radiator Co. Smith, H. B., Co., The Spencer Heater Co. , Sturtevant. B. F.. Co. Thatcher Co.. The ' Titusville Iron Works U. S. Radiator Corp. Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Utica Heater Co. {Now National Radiator Corp.) Weil-McLain Co. Tubular \ Ames Iron Works Bigelow Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. CoatesviUe Boiler Works Fitzgibbons Boiler Co.,'Inc. Frost Mfg. Co., The Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Heggie-Simplex BoUer Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Lebanon Boiler Works Oil City Boiler Works CALORIMETERS--Steam Ellison. Lewis M. CEMENT--Asbestos and Insu lating {See Asbestds) Insulating Products Corp. Johns-Manville Corp. Fire Brick . Johns-Manville Corp. Insulating % Insulating Products Corp. High Temperature Insulating Products'Corp. Pipe Joint Crane Co. - Grinnell Co.. Inc. Johns-Manville Corp. . Water Proof Johns-ManviUe Corp. CENTRIFUGAL DRYERS {See Drying A Pparatus) ' CLEANSER, BOILER AND HEATING SYSTEM . Vinco Co., Inc., The ' COAL SAVER American Blower Co. ' Combustion Specialties Corp. Economy Grate & Equipment Co., Inc. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Ames Iron Works Bigelow Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Continental Heater Corp. {Now. National Radiator Corp.) Orr & Sembower. Inc. Petty, J. K., & Co., Inc. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Spencer Heater Co. TitusviUe Iron Works COCKS--Air - . Bishop & Babcock Sales Co- The Crane Co. Mueller Co. . Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 660 Index to Modern Equipment Boiler Drain Crane Co. MueUer Co. . Boiler Supply Crane Co. MueUer Co. 1. Gage Bishop & Babcock Sales Co- The Crane Co. Jenkins Bros. CONDENSERS Alberger Heater Co. American Steam'Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Davis Engineering Corp. Frank, O. E- Heater & Engi neering Co- Inc. General Air FUters Corp. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Fan Engine American Blower Co. Clarage Fan Co. Frost Mfg. Co- The Kieley & Muller, Inc. Kiipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Marsh, Jas. P- & Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. CONDUIT--Underground Feed Water American Radiator Co. t COILS--Ammonia Badger. E. B., & Sons Co. Crane Co. Grinnell Co.. Inc. . Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. American District Steam Co. Johns-ManviUe Corp. Ric-wiL Co.. The Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. Burnham Boiler Corp. Davis. G. M- Regulator Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Blast Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. ' Pecco, Inc. . Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Rome-Turney Radiator Co- The Stickle Steam Specialties Co. CONTROL EQUIPMENT Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. General Electric Co. Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Johnson Service Co. Kiipfel Mfg. Co. McDonnell & MiUer Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. MueUer Co. Fulton Sylphon Co- The Kieley & MueUer, Inc. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller MueUer Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co- Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F- Co. Trane Co- The York Heating & Ventilating Corp. National Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. Trane Co., The Gas Burner Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Pipe - American Blower Co. Badger. E. B., & Sons Crane Co. ' Motor CONTROL SWITCHES {See Switches, Control) Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Grinnell Co- Inc. Pecco, Inc. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. CONTROLLERS--Automatic Air American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Tank Badger. E. B., & Sons Crane Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Boiler Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- General Electric Co. Honeywell Heating SpecialtiesCp. Mason Regulator Co. Trane Co.. The Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. berg Corp. Pump COLLECTORS, DUST {See Dust Collectors) COLUMNS--Water American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. American--Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Crane Co. Kieley & Mueller Co. Oil City Boiler Works Page. Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Titusville Iron Works COMPOUNDS--Boiler Davis, G. M-Regulator Co.. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co- Inc. Honeywell HeatingSpecialtiesCo Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Kiipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co- The McDonnell & MiUer Marine-Galligan Co- Inc. MueUer Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co- Inc. ' Simplex Heat Regulator Co- Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Davis, G. M- Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. General Electric Co. - Kieley & MueUer, Inc. Kiipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Richardson & Bovnton Co. Vinco Co- Inc., The Electric Heat Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. Mueller Steam Specialty Co- Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The . COMPRESSORS American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. American Steam Pump Co. berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co- The ' Johnson Service Co. General Electric Co. . Kiipfel Mfg. Co. Shower Bath Nash Engineering Co. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. berg Corp. Powers Regulator Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Crane Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Simplex Heat Regulator Co- Inc. MueUer Co. TraneJCo- The Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 661 . Index to Modern Equipment Tank Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. . American Schaeffer. & Buden- berg Corp. Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Fulton Sylphon Co., The Kieiey & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Powers Regulator Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. General Air Filters Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. ' Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Shipp, C. C., & Co. . Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. DUST FILTERS Drying Systems, Inc. General Air Filters Corp. Midwest Air Filters. Inc. National Air Filter Co. Reed Air Filters Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. DUST SEPARATORS (See Sep arators, Dust) ELBOWS--Radiator American District Steam Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Simplex Heat Regulator Co., Inc. DIFFUSERS-Air Stickle Steam Specialties Co. American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Crane Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Fulton Sylphon Co., The Unit Heaters Cooling and Air Conditioning U. S. Radiator Corp. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Corp. ' Knowles Mushroom Ventilator ELECTRIC HEATING Temperature (See . Regulators, Co. . APPARATUS Temperature) National Air Filter Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Shipp, C. C., & .Co. CONVEYING SYSTEMS (See Spray Engineering Co. ELECTRIC MOTORS (See Mo Systems, Dust Collecting and Ex Sturtevant, B. F., Co. tors, Electric) haust) ELIMINATORS--Air COOLING EQUIPMENT-- Building American Blower Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Buffalo Forge Co. DRAFT GAGES (See Cages. Drajt) DRYING APPARATUS American Blower Co. American District Steam Co. Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Call, John, Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. ' Call, John, Co.. The _ Carrier Air Conditioning Corp. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. General Air Filters Corp. Bayley Blower Co. . Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. of America Carrier Engineering Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Kieiey & Mueller, Inc. , Buffalo Forge Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and. Air Conditioning Call, John. Co., The Carrier Engineering Corp. McAlear Mfg. Co. Milwaukee Valve Co. - Corp. General Air Filters Corp. Clarage Fan Co. \. . Cooling and Air Conditioning Monash-Younker Co.. Inc. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Sturtevant. B. F.. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Corp.. Economy Pumoing Machinery Co. General Air Filters Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. New York Blower Co. -O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Skinner Bros., Mfg. Co. COOLING TOWERS American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Spray Engineering Co. . Cooling Ponds Spray Engineering Co COUPLINGS Mogul Machine Co. COVERING--Boiler (See Asbes tos and Insulating Products) Langenberg Mfg. Co. , Lebanon Boiler Works ' Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Petty, J. K., & Co.. Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co. ' ' Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. Trane Co.. The Wing, L. J.. Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Trane Co., The ENGINES--Fan American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. ' Frost Mfg. Co., The " New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Steam (Automatic.' High Speed, Throttling, Una-Flow, and Ver tical) :. Magnesia . DUST COLLECTING SYSTEMS American Blower Co.' Ames Iron Works . Johns-Manville Corp. (See Systems, Dust Collecting) Clarage Fan Co. Pipe and Tank Johns-Manville Corp. DUST COLLECTORS ^ Frost Mfg. Co., The Herbert Boiler Co. ' Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Ric-wiL Co., The DAMPER--Quadrants York Heating &. Ventilating Corp. American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Call, John, Co., The Carrier Engineering Corp. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Titusville Iron Works * EXHAUST FANS (See Fans, Ex DAMPER REGULATORS (See Regulators, Damper) General Air Filters Corp. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. New York Blower Co. haust) EXHAUST HEADS - Pecco, Inc. Buffalo Forge Co. DEHUMIDIFYING APPARA Reed Air Filter Co. Call, John, Co., The . TUS Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Crane Co. American Blower Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieiey & Mueller, Inc. Buffalo Forge Co. Call,- John, Co., The Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. . DUST COUNTERS. Hill, E. Vernon, Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. . Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 662 .. ' Index to Modern. Equipment EXHAUST SYSTEMS American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Call, John, Co., The ' Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. r Davis Engineering Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing, L. J.. Mfg. Co. EXPANSION JOINTS (See Joints, Expansion) Wa ter American Gas Products Corp. Kieiey & Mueller. Inc. McDonnell & Miller Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. FILTERS--Air American Blower Co. Call, John. Co.. The General Air Filters Corp. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. National Air Filter Co. Reed Air Filter Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F.f Co. . FIRE BRICK CEMENT (See Ce ment, Fire Brick) Warm Air American Gas Products Corp. Hart & Crouse Co. . International Heater Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Thatcher Co.. The Utica Heater Co. (Now National Radiator Corp.) GAGE--Boards American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. . Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Warren Webster & Co. FANS--Blower (See Blowers, Fan) Booster American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Reed Air Filter Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. . FITTINGS--Flanged American District Steam Co. Crane Co. . Grinnell Co., Inc. Furnace International Heater Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Pipe Cooling Tower American Blower Co. Exhaust Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. International Heater Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. American Blower Co. Bayley Blower Co. . Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. ' Clarage Fan Co. General Electric Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. ' Pecco, Inc. . . Peerless Unit Ventilation Co.. Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co., The Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Ventilating FOG ELIMINATORS American Blower Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Pecco, Inc. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. FORCED DRAFT Economy Grate & Equipment Co., Inc. FURNACE CEMENT Insulating Products Corp. Johns-Manville Corp. Cocks (See Cocks, .Gage) Glasses (See Glasses, Gage) Valves (See Valves, Gage) GAGES--Draft American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Combustion Specialties Corp. Ellison, Lewis M. Higgin Mfg. Co. Hill, E. Vernon, Co. ' Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc. . Warren Webster & Co. . Compound American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc.' Trane Co., The Pressure American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.,-The Dunham, C. A., Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Thrush. H. A., & Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. American Blower Co. ' Bayley Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.; The Buffalo Forge Co. Call. John. Co., The Clarage Fan Co;' . General Electric Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. - Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. . Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co., The ' Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. FEEDERS (See Boiler Feeders) Boiler Crane Co. Kieiey & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co., The McDonnell & Miller Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. FURNACES--Automatic New York Blower Co. Riley Stoker Corp. . Boiler CoKal Stoker Corp. ' Electric Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Filters Reed Air Filter Co. Gas American Gas Products Corp. Insulation Insulating Products Corp. Pipeless Hart & Crouse Co. . International Heater Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Thatcher Co'., The - Utica Heater Co. (Now National Radiator Corp.) Smokeless ' ' CoKal Stoker Corp. Steam American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. Burnham Boiler Corp. Dunham, C. A., Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. ' Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. . Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Vacuum American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Haines, William S., & Co. ' Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co Marsh, Jas. Pi, & Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 663 Index to Modern Equipment Water American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Crane Co. Marsh. Jas. P., & Co. National Radiator Co. (Now National Radiator Corp.) Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Hot-Water Alberger Heater Co. American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Excelso Products Corp. Frank. O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co.. Inc. Generat Air Filters Corp. Honeywell Heating SpecialtiesCo. Water Cooled Economy Grate & Equipment Co.. Inc. GRILLES AND REGISTERS (See Registers and Grilles) HANGERS--Adjustable Pipe Crane Co. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co.. Inc. Grinnell Co... Inc. Furnaces (See Furnaces, Gas) Heaters--Room (See Heaters,Gas) Mueller Co. Page. Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Patter8on-Kelley Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Smith, H. B.. Co., The Pipe Crane Co. Heating Systems (See Heating Systems, Gas) Turbines Water Heaters American District Steam-Co. . General Electric Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. American Radiator Co. Alberger Heater Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Frank. O. E., Heater & Engineer ing Co., Inc. Genera) Air Filters Corp. Page. Win. H.. Boiler Co. Smith, Hi B., Co.. The Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Vacuum Dunham. C. A., Co. Haines. Wm. S., & Co. . Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Trane Co., The Thatcher Co.. The Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. GLASSES--Cage GASKETS--Asbestos . Crane Co. Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Corp. Boiler . Johns-Manville Corp. Crane Co. Jenkins Bros. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. GOVERNORS--Condensation Davis. G. M., Regulator Co Dunham, C. A., Co. ,, Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Grinnell Co., Inc. Kewanee Boiler Co. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. National Radiator Co. (Now ' National Radiator Corp.) Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co. York Heating 8c Ventilating Corp. Radiator American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Grinnell Co., Inc. . Healy-Ruff Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. McAlear Mfg. Co., The Modine Mfg. Co. National Radiator Co. (Now National Radiator Corp.) Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co. Smith, H. B., Co.. The Thatcher Co.. The U. S. Radiator Corp. York Heating Sc Ventilating Corp. HEADERS Metallic Johns-Manville Corp. Rubber Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Trane Co., The Alberger Heater Co. Crane Co. General Air Filters Corp. Grinnell Co., Inc. Jenkins Bros. Warren Webster & Co. HEAT EXCHANGERS Johns-Manville Corp. GATES--Blast American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Pump (See Regulators, Pump) Vacuum (See Regulators, Vacuum) American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Crane Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Oarage Fan Co. GRATES--Dumping Frank. O. E.. Heater & Engi New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Economy Grate & Equipment Co.. Inc. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. neering Co.. Inc. Patterson-Kelley Co. Rome BraS3 Radiator Corp. GENERATOR COOLING SYSTEMS Frost Mfg. Co.. The Kewanee Boiler Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. . American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Oil City Boiler Works . Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Heat Insulating (See Insulating) Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. General Air Filters Corp. Reed Air Filter Co. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant. B. F., Co Rocking Economy Grate & Equipment Co., Inc. Frost Mfg. Co., The \ Kewanee Boiler Co. Oil City Boiler Works Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Regulators, Automatic * Honeywell HeatingSpecialties Co. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co.' HEATERS--Air American Blower Co. Bayley Blower Co. Generating Equipment Shaking .. Buffalo Forge Co. Circulair Heat, Inc. General Electric Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. GENERATORS--Electric General Electric Co. _ , Honeywell HeatingSpecialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., CoWestinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. CoKal Stoker Corp. Economy Grate & Equipment Co., Inc. Frost Mfg. Co., The Kewanee Boiler Co. Oil City Boiler Works Titusville Iron Works Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Clarage Fan Co. Frank. O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co.. Inc. General Air Filters Corp. General Electric Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Nesbitt, John J.. Inc. Heat (See Boilers, Furnaces and Stationary ' Heaters) CoKal Stoker Corp. * New York Blower Co. - Pecco. Inc. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 68# 664 Index to Modern Equipment Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Gas Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Spencer Heater Co. American Gas Products Corp. Instantaneous Hot Water Alberger Heater Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co., The American Radiator Co. Crane Co. Davis Engineering Corp. * Frank. O. E,, Heater & Engi- Warren Webster & Co. Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. neering Co.. Inc. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. General Air Filters Corp. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. Hot Water Service York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Alberger Heater Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Powers Regulator Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. ` Automatic Hot Water American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. ' Room American Radiator Co. Crane Co. Excelso Products Corp. Davis Engineering Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Mueller Co. Neptune Meter Co. ' Blast Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co.. The Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Co. York Heating Sc Ventilating Corp. Crane Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Excelso Products Corp. Frank, O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co., Inc. Frost Mfg. Co., The Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. International Heater Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. . Molby Boiler Co., Inc. Neptune Meter Co. Oil Citv Boiler Works Orr & Sembower. Inc. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Richardson Sc Boynton Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Smith, H. B.. Co.. The Spencer Heater Co. Thatcher Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Weil-McLain Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Indirect Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Circulair Heat. Inc. Clarage Fan Co. General Air Filters Corp. International Heater Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Pecco. Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Thatcher Co.. The Trane Co.. The Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. School (See Room) Space . Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Tank Alberger Heater Co. American Radiator Co. - Burnham Boiler Corp. Davis Engineering Corp. Frank. O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co.. Inc. Cabinet American Blower Co. American Gas Products Corp. International Heater Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Circulair Heat. Inc. Modine Mfg. Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Trane Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Excelso Products Corp. General Air Filters Corp. Molby Boiler Co., Inc. National Radiator Co. (Now National Radiator Corp.) Neptune Meter Co. Page. Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Combination. Water and Steam with Warm Air Modine Mfg. Co. Newport Boiler Co. Smith, H. B.. Co.. The Spencer Heater Co. International Heater Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Pecco, Inc. Thatcher Co., The , Thrush, H. A., & Co. Fan System Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. United States Radiator Corp. Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. ' Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. ' Clarage Fan Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. ' Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co--- New York.Blower Co. Pecco. Inc. . Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co., The Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Co. York Heating 8c Ventilating Corp. Feed Water ` Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. Smith, H. B., Co., The Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co.. The Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Industrial American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Clarage Fan Co. Davis Engineering Corp. General Air Filters Corp. General Electric Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Lebanon Boiler Works Modine Mfg, Co. . Weil-McLain Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Unit Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Buffalo Forge Co. Circulair Heat, Inc. Clarage Fan Co. General Air Filters Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. . Modine Mfg. Co. Nesbitt. John J.. Inc. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp.. Alberger Heater Co'., Davis Engineering Corp. Frank, O. E.. Heater & Engi neering Co., Inc. Frost Mfg. Co., The Patterson-Kelley Co. , Rome Brass Radiator Corp. * Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Warren Webster & Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Pecco, Inc. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Petty, J. K.. & Co.. Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant. B. F,, Co. Trane Co., The Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Wing, L. J.. Mfg. Co. . York Heating Sc Ventilating Corp. Rome-Turney Radiator Co.,' The Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co'. Trane Co., The . Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Wall Type Circulair Heat, Inc. Trane Co.. The Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 665 Index to Modern Equipment Water (Incinerator) Alberger Heater Co; General Air Filters Corp. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Lebanon Boiler Works Oil City Boiler Works Petty, J. K., & Co., Inc. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Clarage Fan Co. ` Combustion Specialties Corp. Crane Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pecco, Inc. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F,, Co. Thatcher Co., The . Trane Co.. The Wing. L. J,, Mfg. Co. . HEATING AND VENTILATING Dunham. C. A., Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. APPARATUS Fulton Sylphon Co., The Aerofin Corp. General Air Filters Corp. Hot Water American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. . Grinnell Co.. Inc. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. . Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. American Blower Co. American Gas Products Corp. Barnes & Jones Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Call. John. Co.. The Carrier Air Conditioning Corp. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc.. Davis Engineering Corp. Fitzgibbons Boiler Co. of America Carrier Engineering Corp. Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. Mason Regulator Co. Grinnell Co.. Inc. Hart & Crouse Co. , Clarage Fan Co. Coatesville Boiler Works Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Crane Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A.. Co. ' Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Monash-Younker Co.. Inc. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Nash Engineering Co. National Radiator Co. (Now National Radiator Corp.) Honeywell HeatingSpecialties Co. International Heater Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Mueller Co. National Radiator Co. (Now National Radiator Corp.) Neptune Meter Co. Newport Boiler Co. General Air Filters Corp. General Electric Co. Hart & Crouse Co. Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co. Newport Boiler Co. OE Specialty Mfg. Co. Page, Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Page, Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Pecco, Inc. Richardson & Boynton Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. . _ Honeywell HeatingSpecialties Co. Powers Regulator Co. Russell, W. A., Co. Richmond Radiator Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. International Heater Co. . Kelly Brass Works Sarco Co.. Inc. Simplex Heat Regulator Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sarco, Inc. Smith, H. B., Co., The Spencer Heater Co. ' Kewanee Boiler Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. ' Thatcher Co.. Th* Thrush. H. A.. & Co. . U. S. Radiator Corp. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. . HEATING SYSTEMS--Gas Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co.. American Blower Co. Steam Modine Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. American Gas Products Corp. Barnes & Jones American Blower Co. American District Steam Co. Neptune Meter Co. Newport Boiler Co. . Carrier Engineering Corp. Circulair Heat, Inc. . Barnes & Jones ' Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The New York Blower Co. OE Specialty Mfg. Co. Page. W. H.. Boiler Co. Clarage Fan Co. Coatesville Boiler Works Dunham. C. A., Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Carrier Engineering Corp. ' . .. Pecco, Inc. : _ Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Hoffman Specialty Co. Marsh, James P:, & Co.. Clarage Fan Co Cooling and Air Conditioning Reed Air Filter Co. Richmond Radiator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Corp. Davis Engineering Corp. i Rome Brass RadiatOT Corp. Neptune Meter Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Sarco Co.. Inc, Newport Boiler Co. Fitzgibbons Boil6r Co. ' Simplex Heat Regulator Co., Inc. New York Blower Co- Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. . Hart & Crouse Co. Smith, H. B., Co., The Spencer Heater Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Spencer Heater Co. Sturtevant, B. F.,` Co.. . * Spray Engineering Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The ' Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Warren Webster &- Co. Thatcher Co.. The Trane Co., The Hot Blast U. S. Radiator Corp. Utica Heater Co. (Now National Radiator Corp.) Warren Webster & Co. .. - Weil-McLain Co. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Aerofin Corp. ' American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning HEATING SPECIALTIES Corp. Grinnell Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering;Co. International Heater Co. Kelly Brass Works Kewanee Boiler Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. . National Radiator Co. (lYotff National Radiator Corp.) Newport Boiler Co. . Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Pecco. Inc. ._, Peerless Unit Ventilation Co.. Inc. Richardson & Boynton Co. Richmond Radiator Co. American Blower Co. American District Steam Co. American Gas Products Corp. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Sarco Co.. Inc. . Smith. H. B.. Co., The Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 Index to Modern Equipment Spencer Heater Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Thatcher Co.. The Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Steam (Exhaust) American Blower Co. American District Steam Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. . Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. . Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Davis Engineering Corp. Dunham. C. A.; Co. Grinnell Co.. Inc. Haines, William S.. & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. . Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Pecco. Inc. - Peerless Unit Ventilation Co.. Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Sarco Co., Inc. ^ Smith, H. B., Co., The Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The Warren Webster & Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Steam (.Vapor) American District Steam Co. Barnes & Jones . Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Dunham, C. A., Co. Grinnell Co.. Inc. Haines, William S.. & Co. Hart & Crouse Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. International Heater Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc- Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. . Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co. . Newport Boiler Co. OE Specialty Mfg. Co. Page. Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Pecco, Inc. . -. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Sarco Co., Inc. Smith, H. B., Co., The Spencer Heater Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Warren Webster & Co. Wing; L. J.. Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Tank in Basement HOT WATER HEATERS. IN STANTANEOUS (See Heaters, Instantaneous Hoi Water) HOT WATER HEATERS, SERV ICE (See Healers,Hot Water Service) HOT WATER HEATING SYS TEMS (See Heating Systems, Hot Water) HYGROMETERS Grinnell Co.. Inc. HUMIDIFIERS American Blower Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Call. John, Co.. The Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. ' Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. . General Air Filters Corp. Grinnell Co., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Service Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Midwest Air Filters. Inc. New York Blower Co. Pecco. Inc. Powers Regulator Co. Reed Air Filter Co. . Shipp, C. C., & Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F.* Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. HUMIDITY CONTROL Steam (Vacuum) D. & T. Mfg. Co. Neptune Meter Co. ' . American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. American Blower Co. American District Steam Co. Mueller Co. Thrush, H. A.. & Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. - Barnes & Jones Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Warm-Air Bishoo & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Dunham, C. A., Co. Grinnell Co.. Inc. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kelly Brass-Works . Kewanee Boiler Co. ' Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. ' Monash-Younker Co. Mueller Co. American Blower Co*. Buffalo Forge Co. - Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Hart & Crouse Co. ' Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. International Heater Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. . Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Thatcher Co., The Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. Grinnell Co., Inc. Johnson Service Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. - Midwest Air Filters, Inc. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Powers Regulator Co. . Sarco Co., Inc. Shipp, C. C., & Co. Spray Engineering Co. . Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. Inc. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. - York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Nash Engineering Co. Newport Boiler Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Page. Wm. H.. Boiler Co. HOT BLAST HEATING SYS TEMS (See Heating Systems. Hoi Blast) INCINERATORS, Hot Water (See Heaters, Water, Incinerator) Pecco, Inc. Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc. HOT PLATES INSTRUMENTS--Air Testing (See Air Testing Instruments) ' Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Sarco Co., Inc. . Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Indicating Smith, H. B.. Co., The HOT WATER CIRCULATING American Schaeffer & Buden- Spencer Heater Co. PUMPS (See Pumps, Circulating) berg Corp. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Combustion Specialties Corp. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. HOT WATER HEATERS, AUTO Ellison, Lewis M. Trane,Co., The MATIC (See Heaters, Automatic Hill, E. Vernon, Co.. ' U. S. Radiator Corp. Hot Water) Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 Index to Modern Equipment Recording American Schaeffer & . Buden- berg Corp. . Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. INSULATING MATERIALS (See Asbestos and Insulating Products) Boiler llg Electric Ventilating Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Mason Regulator Co. New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Wing, L. J.. Mfg- Co. METAL WEATHER STRIPS (See Weather Strips, Metal) Controls, Temperature Honeywell Heating Specialties Co'. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. PACKING--Asbestos Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Corp. New York Blower Co. Samuel Cabot. Inc. Johns-Manville Corp. METERS--Feed Water Johns-Manville Corp. Metallic Johns-Manville Corp. Cold Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Samuel Cabot, Inc. Celotex Co. Flax-li-num Co. . Johns-Manville Corp. MacAndrews ft Forbes Co. Universal Gypsum ft Lime Co. Wood Conversion Co. Flow American District Steam Co. Spray Engineering Co. Water Johns-Manville Corp. . Neptune Meter Co. * MICA Rubber . Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Corp. PIPE--Bending Badger. E. B., & Sons Co. Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. . Heat . Armstrong Cork ft Insulation Co. Samuel Cabot, Inc. Celotex Co. Flax-li-num Co. Johns-Manville Corp. MacAndrews ft Forbes Co. Ric-wiL Co.. The United States Gypsum Co. Universal Gypsum ft Lime'Co. Wood Conversion Co. Sound Deadening Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Sameul Cabot. Inc. MacAndrews & Forbes Co. Wood Conversion Co. JOINTS--Expansion Alberger Heater Co. Badger. E. B., & Sons Co. Crane Co. Fulton Sylphon Co., The Illinois Engineering Co. Mogul Machine Co. Warren Webster ft Co. Pipe Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc.- KILNS, DRY American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. . New York Blower Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co., The LIQUID, BOILER (See Boiler Liquid) MACHINES, REFRIGERATING (See Refrigerating Machinery) MAGNESIA PRODUCTS (See As bestos and Insulating Products) MECHANICAL DRAFT APPARATUS American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. . Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Combustion Specialties Corp. Westinghouse Electric ft Mfg. Co. MIXERS, STEAM AND WATER (Thermostatic) Fulton Sylphon Co., The ' MIXERS, WATER (Thermostatic) Fulton Sylphon Co., The MOISTENERS, AIR (See Humidi fiers) MOTOR CONTROLLERS (See Controllers, Motor) . MOTORS--Electric General Electric Co. Honeywell Heating Specialties llg Electric Ventilating Co. Johnson Service Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. NOZZLES--Brine Spray Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Buffalo Forge Co. General Air Filters Corp. Spray Engineering Co. ' Spray American Blower Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Badger, E. B.. & Sons Co. ' Bayley Mfg. Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Co. Clarage Fan Co. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. General Air Filters Corp. Jenkins Bros. \ New York Blower Co. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. Warren Webster Co. OIL BURNERS Aladdin Utilities Corp. American NoKol Co. ' Automatic Burner Corp. Ballard Oil Equipment Co. Hardinge Bros., Inc. Johnson, S. T., Co. . May Oil Burner Corp. Williams Oil-O-Matic Heating Corp. Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co. Cast Iron Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. Colls (See Coils, Pipe) Covering (See Covering, Pipe and Tank; also, Conduits) Fittings Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. Westinghouse Electric ft Mfg. Co. Hangers (See Hangers, Pipe) Joint Cement (See Cement, Pipe Joint) Plugs (See Plugs, Pipe) Wrought Iron and Steel Crane Co. ' Grinnell Co., Inc. PIPELESS FURNACES (See Fur naces, PipdesS) PITOT TUBES AND GAGES American Blower Co. Clarage Fan Co. Higgin Mfg. Co. Hill, E. Vernon, Co. * PLATES--Floor American Radiator Co. Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. National Radiator Co. (Nov National Radiator Corp.) PLUGS--Fusible Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. Pipe Crane Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. ' POWER PLANT SUPPLIES American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. . . Buffalo Forge Co. , Clarage Fan Co. Crane Co. . Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. . Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 668 Index to Modern Equipment Economy Pumping Machinery Co. . General Air Filters Corp. General Electric Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Johns-Manville Corp. Kieley ft Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Sarco Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co., The Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co PRESSURE GAGES (See Cages Pressure) PROTECTORS--Radiator American Radiator Co. Fulton Sylphon Co., The Modine Mfg. Co. Reed Air Filter Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. General Air Filters Corp; Nash Engineering Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co., The . Circulating American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. General Air Filters .Corp. Nash Engineering Co. Trane Co., The Condensation . American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. General Air Filters Corp. Nash Engineering Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co., The Differential Vacuum PSYCHROMETERS Dunham. C. A., Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. Electric Higgin Mfg. Co. Hill, E. Vernon, Co. American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. PUBLICATIONS Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery American Society of Heating and Co. Ventilating Engineers General Air Filters Corp. Heating & Ventilating Magazine Nash Engineering Co. Hill. E. Vernon, Co. - ^ Skidmore Corp. Warren Webster ft Co. Trane Co., The ` Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. PUMPS--Air American Steam' Pump Co. Bishop ft Babcock Sales Co., The Fuel Oil Johnson, S. T., Co. Chicago Pump Co. ' High Pressure Steam Fuel Oil Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Johnson, S. T., Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Rotary Nash Engineering Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Trane Co., The Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Automatic Electric * Nash Engineering Co. Trane Co., The American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Steam American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Nash Engineering Co. ' General Air Filters Corp. General Electric Cor Nash Engineering Co. Skidmore Corp. ' Trane Co., The Westinghouse Electric ft Mfg. Co. Sump ` American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. ' Chicago Pump Co Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Boiler Feed - Nash Engineering Co. American Steam Pump Co. Trane Co., The Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Triplex Buffalo Steam Pump Co. . Co. Turbine Nash Engineering Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co., The American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Centrifugal Co. General Air Filters Corp. American Steam Pump Co. General Electric Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Nash Engineering Co. Chicago Pump Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co., The _ Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Vacuum American Steam Pump Co. Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Kieley ft Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Nash Engineering Co. . O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Skidmore Corp. Trane Co., The Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. RADIATOR --Air Valves (See Valves, Air) Brackets ' American Radiator Co. Continental Heater Corp. (Now National Radiator Corp.) Grinnell Co., Inc. Healy-Ruff Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. McAlear Mfg. Co., The National Radiator Co. (Now National Radiator Corp.) Pierce, Butler ft Pierce Mfg. Co. Smith. H. B., Co.. The Thatcher Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. York Heating ft Ventilating Corp. Covers American Radiator Co. Fulton Sylphon Co., The Reed Air Filter Co. \J. S. Radiator Corp. Elbows (See Elbows, Radiator) Electric--Steam Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Trane Co.. The Enclosures Fulton Sylphon Co., The Reed Air Filter Co. Hangers (See Hangers, Radiator) Humidifiers (See Humidifiers) Return Line Valves (See Valves, Return Line) Shields (See Protectors, Radiator) Traps (See Traps, Radiator) Valves (See Valves, Radiator) * RADIATORS--Fan System Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Circulair Heat, Inc. Clarage Fan Co. ' Modine Mfg. Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The Shaw-Perkins Mfg. Co. .. Smith, H. B.. Co., The Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co., The Electric Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 669 Index to Modern Equipment Gas Page. Wm. H., Boiler Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. American Gas Products Corp. ' Grinnell Co., Inc. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Reed Air Filter Co- Richmond Radiator Co. Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Hot Water Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Aerofin Corp. Smith. H. B,, Co., The Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. American Blower Co. Thatcher Co., The Marsh, Jas. P., 8c Co. American Radiator Co. Trane Co., The Mason Regulator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Union Radiator Co. {Now McAlear Mfg. Co. Clarage Fan Co. National Radiator Corp.) Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Continental Heater Corp. (Now National Radiator Corp.) U. S. Radiator Corp. Utica Heater Co. {Now National Mueller Co. National Radiator Co. {Now Hardinge Bros., Inc. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. International Heater Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Radiator Corp. Weil-McLain Co. RECEIVERS--Air . National Radiator Corp.) National Regulator Co. . Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Modine Mfg. Co. National Radiator Co. (Now Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Shipp, C. C., & Co. . Simplex Heat Regulator Co., Inc. National Radiator Corp.) Frost Mfg. Co.. The ' Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. General Air Filters Corp. Thrush, H. A., & Co. Pierce. Butler 8c Pierce Mfg. Corp. Reed Air Filter Co. ' Richmond Radiator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Warren Webster & Co. . Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The McAlear Mfg. Co., The Wing, L. J-, Mfg. Co. Shaw-Perkins Mfg. Co. Smith, H. B., Co.. The Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Thatcher Co.. The Union Radiator Co.. (Now National Radiator Corp.) U. S. Radiator Corp. Utica Heater Co. (Now National Titusville Iron Works Trane Co.. The Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Ammonia Crane Co. General Air Filters Corp. Titusville Iron Works . Feed Water American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & . Buden- berg Corp. Davis, G. M.P Regulator Co. Fulton Sylphon Co., The Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Radiator Corp.) Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Weil-McLain Co. . York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Condensation American District Steam Co. Steam American Gas Products Corp. Mason Regulator Co. . McAlear Mfg. Co. . McDonnell & Miller Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. American Gas Products Corp. American Radiator Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Buffalo Steam Pump Co. Chicago Pump Co. Crane Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Sarco Co., Inc. . Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Warren Webster & Co. Humidity American Radiator Co. . Clarage Fan Co. Continental Heater Corp. (Now National Radiator Corp.) International Heater Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Modine Mfg. Co. National Radiator Co. {Now National Radiator Corp.) Page. Wm. H., Boiler Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Co. ' General Air Filters Corp. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. . Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Nash Engineering Co. Titusville Iron Works American Schaeffer 8c Buden- berg Corp. Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. . Grinnell Co.. Inc. Johnson Service Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. ' National Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. * Reed Air Filter Co. Richmond Radiator Co.. Trane Co., The . Pressure . Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The REFRIGERATING MACHINERY Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. Shaw-Perkins Mfg. Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. American Schaeffer & Buden- Smith, H. B., Co.. The berg Corp. Sturtevant. B. F.. Co. REFRIGERATING SECTIONS Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Thatcher Co.. The -. Union Radiator Co. (Now National Radiator Corp.) American Radiator Co. . Rome Brass Radiator Corp. U. S. Radiator Corp. . REGISTERS AND GRILLES Utica Heater Co. {Now National Radiator Corp.) Weil-McLain Co. . . York Heating & Ventilating Corp. - Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. Crane Co. . Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham. C. A., Co. Fulton Sylphon Co.,.The Hoffman Specialty Co. # Honeywell HeatingSpecialtiesCo. Illinois Engineering Co. . Johnson Service Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. ` Wall Tuttle & Bailey Mfg.vCo. Klipfel Mfg. Co. .' American Radiator Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. Circulair Heat. Inc. ' REGULATORS--Damper American District Steam Co. Mason Regulator Co. . ' McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller , . Clarage Fan Co. Continental Heater Corp. {Now National Radiator Corp.) American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. , International Heater Co. Kewanee Boiler Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sticlde Steam Specialties Co. Modine Mfg. Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Thrush, H. A., & Co. National Radiator Co. {Now National Radiator Corp.) Fulton Sylphon Co., The General Electric Co. Trane Co., The ' Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 670 Index to Modern Equipment Pump American Radiator Co. -` Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Illinois Engineering Co. .. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. . McAlear-Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The Steam Chicago Pump Co. . Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C- A., Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. - Fulton Sylphon Co., The Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Honeywell HeatingSpecialtiesCo. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Kieley 8c Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. General Air Filters Corp. Ilg.Electric Ventilating Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. . Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. -` York Heating & Ventilating Corp. RELAY SWITCHES {See Switches, Control and Relay) ROOF INSULATION MacAndrews & Forbes Co. ROOF VENTILATORS (See Ven tilators, Roof) . Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales .Co., The Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Fulton Sylphon Co., The Honeywell Heating Specialties Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. McDonnell & Miller Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. . Simplex Heat Regulator Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co.. The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. Wing, L. J., Mfg. Co. National Radiator Co. {Now National Radiator Corp.) O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co.. The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. ROTARY DRYERS (See Drying Apparatus) " ROTARY HACK SAW TOOLS Excelso Products Corp. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Vapor Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. SCALE REMOVER--Boiler O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Vinco Co., Inc., The Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. . Dunham, C. A., Co. 7' Fulton Sylphon Co.. The ; Haines. William S., & Co. , Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc. SCRUBBERS, AIR American Blower Co. . Buffalo Forge Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. . Honeywell HeatingSpecialtiesCo. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. . McDonnell & Miller SEPARATORS--Dust American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Call, John, Co., The . Carrier Engineering Corp. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. . ' Temperature . Minneapolis Heat Regulator CoMueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Steam and Oil Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. . Bishop 8c Babcock Sales Co.; The Burnham Boiler Corp. . Carrier Engineering Corp. Cooling and Air Conditioning . Corp. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Fulton Sylphon Co.. The General Electric Co. . Honeywell HeatingSpecialties Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Johnson Service Co. . Kieley & Mueller, Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Simplex Heat Regulator Co.. Inc. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Water American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Fulton Sylphon Co., The Honeywell HeatingSpecialtiesCo. Jenkins Bros.- American District Steam Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Crane Co. - Davis Engineering Corp. Dunham, C. A., Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. Patterson-Kelley Co.. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Warren Webster & Co. SHEETS--Asbestos Johns-Manville Corp. New York Blower Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. National Radiator Co. {Now Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. SHIELDS (See Protectors, Radi ator) National Radiator Corp.) National-Regulator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg.-Co. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. SHOWER BATH Mueller Co. . .... ; CONTROLLERS Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. (See Controllers, Shower Bath) Sarco Co.. Inc. Simplex Heat Regulator Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Thrush, H. A., & Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Westinghouse Electric 8c Mfg. Co. Powers Regulator Co. Simplex Heat Regulator Co., Inc. U. S. Radiator Corp. Water Level (See Controllers) Sound Deadening (See Insulation) SMOKE CONSUMER Combustion Specialties Corp. Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. Vacuum Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp.American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The REHEATERS--Air Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. Buffalo Forge Co. . SOFTENERS, WATER (See Water Softeners) - SPECIALTIES, HEATING (See Heating Specialties) `- Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 ` 671 Index to Modern Equipment SPECIALTIES--Sheet Metal Call. John, Co.. The Sturtevant, B. F.. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. SPECIALTIES. STEAM (See Steam Specialties) SPRAY COOLING SYSTEMS American Blower Co. Atmospheric Conditioning Corp. Badger, E. B., & Sons Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. . Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. General Air Filters Corp. New York Blower Co. Spray Engineering Co. SPRAY NOZZLES (See Nozdes, Spray) STEAM CALORIMETERS (See Calorimeters, Steam) STEAM ENGINES (See Engines. Steam) STEAM HEATING SYSTEMS (See Heating Systems, Steam) STEAM AND WATER MIXERS (Thermostatic) (See Mixers) STEAM SPECIALTIES Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Crane Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham. C. A.. Co. Fulton Sylphon Co., The General Air Filters Corp. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Johns-Manville Corp. . Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh. Jas. P., & Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co.. Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg: Co. Powers Regulator Co. Russell, W. A., Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. . U. S. Radiator Corp. Trane Co.. The Warren Webster & Co. STEEL RADIATORS Shaw-Perkins Mfg. Co. STOKERS--Automatic CoKal Stoker Corp. Riley Stoker Corp. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Hand Operated CoKal Stoker Corp. ' Mechanical . CoKal Stoker Corp. Riley Stoker Corp. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Pulverized CoKal Stoker Corp. Riley Stoker Corp. STRAINERS--OH American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Crane Co. CoKal Stoker Corp. Davis, G. M.. Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co.. Inc. Sarco Co.. Inc. Trane Co., The Steam American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop fk Babcock Sales Co., The Crane Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Mason Regulator Co. ' McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Sarco Co., Inc. Water Crane Co. Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Illinois Engineering Co. ' Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Sarco Co.. Inc. Spray Engineering Co. STRUCTURAL INSULATION Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co. Samuel Cabot, Inc. Celotex Co. Johns-Manville Corp. Flax-lUnum Co. . MacAndrews & Forbes Co. . United States Gypsum Co. Universal Gypsum.& Lime Co. Wood Conversion Co. SUPPLIES--Power Plant (See Power Plant Supplies) SUPPORTS (See Hangers, Pipe and Radiator) SWITCHES--Control-Relay Absolute Con^tac-tor Corp. General Electric Co. . Honeywell HeatingSpecialties Co. McAlear Mfg. Co., The McDonnell & Miller Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. Trane Co., The Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Thermostatic-Relay . Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Safety Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. SYSTEMS--Domestic Hot Water Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. Davis Engineering Corp. Excelso Products Corp. Honeywell Heating SpecialtiesCo. . -International Heater Co. Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Smith, H. B., Co., The Spray Engineering Co. Spencer Heater Co. Thrush, H. A.. & Co. U. S. Radiator Corp." Dust Collecting American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Call. John, Co.. The Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. National Air Filter Co. New York Blower Co. Pecco, Inc. Reed Air Filter Co. . Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Spray Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Exhaust (See Exhaust Systems) Hot Blast Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. ' Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Langenberg Mfg. Co. Modine Mfg. Co. New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pecco, Inc. ' Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Sturtevant. B. F., Co. Trane Co.. The Wing, L. J.. Mfg. Co. York Heating & Ventilating Corp. Spray Cooling (See Spray Cooling Systems) ' Temperature Control Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. American Blower Co. American Radiator Co. , American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.-, The Buffalo Forge Co. ' Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. Fulton Sylphon Co.. The Honeywell HeatingSpecialtiesCo. Illinois Engineering Co. Johnson Service Co. ' Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. , Mueller Co. National Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co.. Inc, Simplex Heat Regulator Co., Inc. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 672 Index to Modern Equipment terns) Ames Iron Works TANK--Coils (See Coils. Tank) Coatesville Boiler Works Davis Engineering Co. Covering (See Covering, Pipe and Tank) Frank. O. E., Heater & Engi neering Co. Heaters (See Heaters. Tank) Regulators General Air Filters Corp Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Kewanee Boiler Co. Lebanon Boiler Works Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. National Radiator Co. (Now American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. National Radiator Con>.) Oil City Boiler Works Page, Wm. H.. Boiler Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co. The Patterson-Kelley Co. Davis. G. M.f Regulator Co. Petty, J. K.. & Co.. Inc. Fulton Sylphon Co., The Titusville Iron Works Johnson Service Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. - TEMPERATURE REGULA TORS (See Regulators. Tempera ture) Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Mueller Co. THERMOMETERS American District Steam Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Dunham, C. A,, Co. Haines. William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering CoJenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Corp. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh. Jas. P.. & Co. . McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Mueller Co. National Radiator Co. (Now National Radiator Corp.) O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc. . Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. ' Warren Webster & Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. National Regulator Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Simplex Heat Regulator Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. American Radiator Co. . American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Hill, E. Vernon, Co. March. Jas. P.. & Co. Return American Blower Co. American District Steam Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Crane Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. TANK--Heating Systems National Radiator Co. (Now National Radiator Corp) General Air Filters Corp. Haines. William S.. & Co. TANKS--Blow-Off Coatesville Boiler Works Economy Pumping Machinery' Co. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Powers Regulator Co. Simplex Heat Regulator Co.. Inc. Thrush, H. A.. & Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Corp. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. General Air Filters Corp. Lebanon Boiler Works ^ Oil City Boiler Works Petty. J. K.. & Co., Inc. Titusville Iron Works Cast Iron Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Davis Engineering Corp. D. & T. Mfg. Co. Economy Pumping Machinery Co. Excelso Products Corp. Frank. O. E,, HeateT & Engi THERMOSTATS Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Fulton Sylphon Co.. The General Electric Co. Honeywell HeatingSpecialtiesCo. Johnson Service Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh. Jas. P. & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Milwaukee Valve Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co.. Inc. Trane Co.. The U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Warren Webster & Co. Return (Siphon) neering Co.. Inc. Mueller Co. Neptune Meter Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Marsh. Jas. P., & Co. Steam Thrush, H. A., & Co. Whitlock Coil Pipe Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. American Blower Co. American District Steam Co. Hot Water " *" Coatesville Boiler Works Pressure TRAPS---Air Blast Barnes & Jones Davis, G. M.. Regulator Co. Gnnnell Co., Inc. American Schaeffer & Buden- * berg Corp. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Crane Co. Ames Iron Works * Davis Engineering Corp. American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp. Coatesville Boiler Works General Air Filters Corp. Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp. Kewanee Boiler Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. . . . Lebanon Boiler Works ' Oil City Boiler Works Petty. J. K,, & Co.. Inc. Thrush. H. A., & Co. Titusville Iron Works Steam Coatesville Boiler Works Float American District Steam Co Barnes & Jones Crane Co. Davis Engineering Corp. Davis. G. M.t Regulator Co Dunhara. C. A., Co. General Air Filters Corp Haines. William S.. & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. Marine-Galligan Co.. Inc McAlear Mfg. Co.. The Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Sarco Co., Inc. Trane Co.. The Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Dunham. C. A.. Co. General Air Filters Corp. Grinneii Co.. Inc. Haines. William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc. . Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Johns-Manville Corp. Kieley & Mueller. Inc Klipfel Mfg. Co. Marine-Galligan Co.. Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Milwaukee Valve Co. Monash-Younker Co.. Inc. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. ' Catalogue Data of Manufacturer, Hated can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 673 Index to Modern Equipment O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Patterson-Kelley Co. Powers Regulator Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Specialties {See Heating Special ties) Traps {See Traps, Vacuum) Jenkins Bros. . Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. U. S. Radiator Corp. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. .Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. VALVES--Air American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. ;. Bishop & Babcock Sales'CoV, The Float . American Radiator Co. Crane Co. Davis,-G. M., Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Thermostatic Burnham Boiler Corp. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. American District Steam Co. Barnes & Jones Dunham, C. A., Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Jenkins Bros. McAlear Mfg. Co., The Milwaukee Valve Co. ' Crane Co. Davis, G. M.. Regulator Co. Dole Valve Co., The Dunham. C. A., Co. Fulton Sylphon Co., The Healy-Ruff Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. . Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. / Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The - Sarco Co., Inc. Trane Co., The Jenkins Bros. Kelly Brass Works Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Gage Bishop & Babcock Sales Go., The Vacuum Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Crane Co. American Blower Co. American District Steam Co. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Mueller Co. Grinnell Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Crane Co. Dunham, C. A., Co. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Go. Johns-Manville Corp. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. ' Klipfel Mfg. Co. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Milwaukee Valve Co. Monash-Younker Co.. Inc. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. National Radiator Co. {Now National Radiator Corp.) O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Page, Wm. H., Boiler Co Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Powers Regulator Co. ' Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Russell. W. A.; Co. Smith, H. B., Co., The Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Angle, Check and Globe American Radiator Co. Gate American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Crane Co. Dole Valve Co.. The Fairbanks Co., The Jenkins Bros. Marine-Galligan Co.. Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Marsh Valve Co. Milwaukee Valve Co. National Radiator Co. {Now National Radiator Corp.) O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc. , Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. Warren Webster & Co. TURBINES--Steam - General Electric Co. . Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. Crane Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Graduating Dole Valve Co., The Gnnnell Co., Inc. American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Barnes & Jones Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Marsh Valve Co. Crane Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. Dole Valve Co., The Dunham. C. A., Co. National Radiator Co. {Now National Radiator Corp.) Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. TURBO-BLOWERS . O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. . Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. American Blower Co. Powers Regulator Co. Buffalo Forge Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. New York Blower Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Automatic Gas Shut-off Marsh Valve Co. Wing. L. J., Mfg. Co. Universal Smokeless Boiler Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Milwaukee Valve Co. UNDERGROUND PIPE CON DUIT (See Conduits, Underground Pipe) UNIT HEATERS--(See Heaters, Unit) VACUUM--Cleaning Apparatus Back-Pressure American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Crane Co. ^. Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. National Radiator Co. {Now National Radiator Corp.) O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco Co., Inc. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. , Warren Webster & Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Nash Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Dryers {See Drying Apparatus) Gages (See Cages, Vacuum) Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co.' Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Hot Water American Radiator Co. American, Schaeffer & berg Corp. Barnes & Jones .. Burnham Boiler Corp. Buden. Heating Systems (See Heating Systems, Steam Vacuum) ' Pumps {See Pumps, Vacuum) Regulators {See Regulators, Vacuum) ' Blow-Off American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Crane Co. ' Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Fairbanks Co., The . Crane Co. '_ Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. Dole Valve Co.. The- Fairbanks Co., The Jenkins Bros. Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 674 Index to -Modern Equipment Marsh Valve Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Safety National Radiator Co. {Now Marsh Valve Co. National Radiator Corp.) McAlear Mfg. Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. U. S. Radiator Corp. ' Monash-Younker Co., Inc. National Radiator Co. (Now Magnetic . ' National Radiator Corp.) <>E Specialty Mfg. Co. Absolute Con-tac-tor Corp. Pierce, Butler& Pierce Mfg. Corp. Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co. Modulating Powers Regulator Co. Russell, W. A., Co. Sarco Co., Inc. . American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Trane Co.. The U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. ' Warren Webster & Co. Crane Co. Reducing Dole Valve Co., The American District Steam Co. American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Burnham Boiler Corp. Crane Co. Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. Jenkins Bros. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Mueller Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. National Radiator Co. {Now National Radiator Corp.) O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Titusville Iron Works Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. Dunham, C. A., Co. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. - Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. ` Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Marsh Valve Co. American Radiator Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- berg Corp. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Davis, G. M., Regulator Co. . Dunham. C. A., Co. Illinois Engineering Co. . Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. Steam Feed Crane Co. Fairbanks Co., The Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. ' McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Mason Regulator Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Mueller Co. . Thermostatic American Radiator Co. . Barnes & Jones . Sarco Co., Inc. , Trane Co.. The U. S. Radiator Corp. Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Warren Webster & Co. __ Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. ' Powers Regulator Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co., Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Dole Valve Co., The Dunham. C. A., Co. Fulton Sylphon Co., The* Packless Regrinding - _ - __ Crane Co. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. American District Steam Co. Fairbanks Co., The Illinois Engineering Co. . American Radiator Co.. Jenkins Bros. Jenkins Bros. ' Barnes & Jones Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Relief Klipfel Mfg. Co. Burnham Boiler Corp. American Radiator Co. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. Crane Co. American Schaeffer & Buden- McAlear Mfg. Co. Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. berg Corp. Milwaukee Valve Co* Dole Valve Co., The Crane Co. . Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Dunham, C. A., Co. Davis, G- M., Regulator Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Haines, William S., & Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Powers Regulator Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. - Sarco Co., Inc. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Simplex Heat Regulator Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. . McAlear Mfg. Co. Stickle Steam Specialties Co.' Marsh Valve Co. . Mueller Co. Trane Co., The , McAlear Mfg. Co. Milwaukee Valve Co. Mueller Steam.Specialty Co., Inc. Neptune Meter Co. Vacuum Monash-Younker Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. American District Steam Co. National Radiator Co. {Now Powers Regulator Co. American Radiator Co. National Radiator Corp.) Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Barnes & Jones O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Thrush, H. A., & Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp. Titusville Iron Works Burnham Boiler Corp. Sarco Co.. Inc. Trane Co., The Return Line Crane Co. Davis. G- M., Regulator Co. U. S. Radiator Corp. American Radiator Co. Dole Valve Co., The Warren Webster & Co. Barnes & Jones Dunham. C. A., Co. Radiator - American District Steam Co. ' Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Dunham, C. A., Co. Fairbanks Co., The Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. ' American Radiator Co. Haines, William S., Co.- Jenkins Bros. ' Barnes & Jones . Hoffman Specialty Co.. Inc. Klipfel Mfg. Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Illinois Engineering Co. Jenkins Bros. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. . Crane Co. Kieley & Mueller. Inc. . Marsh Valve Co. Davis. G. M., Regulator Co. . Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. McAlear Mfg. Co. ' Dole Valve Co., The Dunham. C. A.. Co. Fairbanks Co., The . Marsh, Jas. P.. & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. . National Radiator Co. (Now Monash-Younker Co., Inc. Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Fulton Sylphon Co., The Haines, William S.. & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Illinois Engineering Co. International Heater Co. Jenkins Bros. National Radiator Corp.) O-E'Specialty Mfg. Co. Sarco, Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co-, The U. S. Radiator Corp. Russell, W. A., Co, , Sarco Co., Inc. Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Titusville Iron Works Trane Co., The , U. S. Radiator Corp; , . Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. . Warren Webster & Co. Warren Webster & Co. Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 675 Index to Modern Equipment Vapor Knowles Mushroom Ventilator American District Steam Co. American Radiator Co. Barnes & Jones Co. Midwest Air Filters, Inc. - Nesbitt, John J., Co. New York Blower Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co.. The Burnham Boiler Corp. Pecco. Inc-; PeerlessUnitVentilation Co., Inc. Crane Co. Davis, G. M.. Regulator Co. Reed Air Filter Rome Brass Radiator Corp. Dole Valve Co., The Dunham, C. A.. Co. Shipp. C. C., & Co. Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc. Haines, William S., & Co. Hoffman Specialty Co. Illinois Engineering Co. Sturtevant, B. F., Co. Trane Co., The Westinghonse Electric & Mfg. Co. Jenkins Bros. Kieley & Mueller, Inc. Marine-Galligan Co., Inc. Wing. L. J.. Mfg. Co. York Hearing & Ventilating Corp. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. VENTILATORS--Mushroom Marsh Valve Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. Monash-Younker, Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. , Sarco Co., Inc. ` Stickle Steam Specialties Co. Trane Co., The U. S. Radiator Corp. American Blower Co. Call, John. Co.. The Clarage Fan Co. . Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co. New York Blower Co. Sturtevant. B. F., C0.3 Vapor Engineering Co., Inc. Warren Webster & Co. Roof Buffalo Forge Co. VAPOR HEATING SYSTEMS (See Heating Systems, Steam). Call. John, Co.. The Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Johns-Maoville Corp. (Vapor) New York Blower Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. VENTILATING--Blowers (See Pecco. Inc. Blowers, Ventilating). Skinner Bros.. Mfg. Co., Inc. Sturtevant. B. F.. Co., Fans (See Fans,. Ventilating) York Hearing &.Venrilating Corp. Dole Valve Co.. The Dunham, C. A., Co.. Fulton Sylphon Co., The Higgin Mfg. Co. Hoffman Specialty Co., Inc. Marsh, Jas. P., & Co. McAlear Mfg. Co. O-E Specialty Mfg. Co. Russell, W. A., Co. Trane Co., The WARM-AIR FURNACESKSw Furnaces, Warm Air) WARM-AIR HEATING SYS TEMS (See Heating Systems, Warm Air) WATER COLUMNS (See Columns, Water) WATER COOLED GRATES (See Crates) WATER GAGES (See Cages. Water) WATER FEEDERS (See Feeders. Water) WATER HEATERS (See Heaters and Gas, Water Heaters) ' WATER METERS (See Meters, Water) . Systems Aerofin Corp. American Blower Co. Buffalo Forge Co. Carrier Engineering Corp. Clarage Fan Co. .. . Cooling and Air Conditioning Corp. General Air Filters Corp. General Electric Co. Ilg Electric Ventilating Co. Window Call. John. Co., The Reed Air Filter Co. Sturtevant, B. F,, Co. VENTS--Air American Radiator Co. Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The Burnham Boiler Corp. Call, John, Co.. The Crane Co. WATER MIXERS (Thermostatic) (See Mixers). WATER-PROOF CEMENT (See Cement. Water Proof) WEATHER STRIPS--Metal Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Co. Higgin Mfg. Co. \ Catalogue Data of Manufacturers listed can be located by referring to pages 677 to 680 676 Index to Advertisers American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide 1928 Page Absolute Con-Tac-Tor Corp., Elkhart, Ind....................................................................... 466 Aerofin Corp., 750 Frelirighuysen Ave., Newark, N. J..,,....................................... 518-519 Aladdin Utilities Corp., 157 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, III......................................... 455 . Alberger Heater Co., 218 Chicago St., Buffalo, N. Y...................................................... 506 American Blower Co., Detroit, Mich.................................................................................. 470 American District Steam Co., N. Tonawanda, N. Y........... ......:.................................... 467 American Gas Products Corp., 376 Lafayette St., New York, N. Y........................... 383 American Nokol Co., The, 4200 Schubert Ave., Chicago, III........................................ 456 American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., New York, N. Y520-521,572-573 American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp., 338 Berry St., Brooklyn, N. Y................... 528 American Steam Pump Co.', Battle Creek, Mich............................................................. 558 Ames Iron Works, Oswego, N. Y................................................................................ 425-431 Armstrong Cork & Insulation Co., 24th St. & Allegheny River, Pittsburgh, Pa., 480,538-539 Automatic Burner Corp., 312 N. May St., Chicago, III ............................................ 457 E. B. Badger & Sons Co., 75 Pitts St., Boston, Mass..................................................... 468 Ballard Oil Equipment Co., 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y...................................... 458 Barnes & Jones, 128 Brookside Ave., Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass............................ 574 Bayley Blower Co., 730 Greenbush St., Milwaukee, Wis............................................... 471 Bigelow Co., The, 92 River St., New Haven, Conn........................................................ 384 Bishop & Babcock Sales Co., The, 4901 Hamilton Ave., N.E., Cleveland, Ohio..... 575 Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, Buffalo, N. Y............................................................ 472 Buffalo Steam Pump Co., 490 Broadway, Buffalo, N. Y............................................... 559 Burnham Boiler Corp., Irvington, N. Y....... -........................ ................. g....................... 385 Samuel Cabot, Inc., 141 Milk St., Boston, Mass............................................................. 537 John Call Co., The, 128 N. Franklin St., Philadelphia, Pa--....................................... 657 Carrier Engineering Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J..................... 374-375 Celotex Co., The, 645 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111....;........................... ........... 540-541 Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Co., Inc., 1644Lafayette Blvd., Detroit, Mich... 550-551 Chicago Pump Co., 2330 Wolfram St., Chicago, III......................................................... 562 Circtflair Heat, Inc.,. 215 Central Ave., Louisville, Ky..... ...................................... 486-487 Clarage Fan Co., Kalamazoo, Mich................................ ................................................... 473 Coatesville Boiler Works, Coatesville, Pa...................................................... ................... 388 Cokal Stoker Corp., 1010 Wrigley Bldg., Chicago, III....... .......................... .................. 629 Combustion Specialties Corp., 250 West 54th St., New York, N. Y............................576 Continental Heater Corp., Dunkirk, N. Y. {Now National Radiator Corp.)____ 386-387 Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp., The, 31 Union Sq., New York, N. Y............... 376 Crane Co., 836 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, III........................................................ 648-649 677 . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Page D. & T. Mfg. Co., 3001 La Salle St., St. Louis, Mo......... v............................................ 524 Davis Engineering Corp., 90 West St.( New York, N. Y--..................................... - 507 G. M. Davis Regulator Co., 407 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, 111.................................... 577 Dole Valve Co., The, 1913 Carroll Ave., Chicago, III................. .................................. 647 C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., Chicago, III.................................................. 578-587 Economy Grate & Equipment Co., Inc., 410 East 34th St., New York, N. Y--.... 484 Economy Pumping Machinery Co., 3431 West 48th Place, Chicago, III-- - 560-561 Efficient Heating Boiler Co., 4116 S. Halsted St., Chicago, III--............ ..........:......... 389 Lewis M. Ellison, 214 W. Kinzie St., Chicago, 111--............................................. 482-483 Excelso Products Corp., 65 Clyde Ave., Buffalo, N. Y............r.................................... 508 Fairbanks Co., The, 393-399 Lafayette St., New York, N. Y----------;.....:................... 650 Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., Inc., 570 Seventh Ave., New York, N. Y....................... 392^394 Flax-li-num Insulating Co., Hampden and Wabash, St. Paul, Minn.:................ 542-543 O. E. Frank Heater & Engrg. Co., Inc., 20 Milburn St., Buffalo, N. Y..................... 509 Frost Mfg. Co., The, 1530 Henderson St., Galesburg, 111--............................... -- 390-391 Fulton Sylphon Co., The, Knoxville, Tenn.................................... _.........'.............. 588-591 General Air Filters Corp., 365 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y...... ............ ............ 378 General Electric Co., 1 River Road, Schenectady, N. Y............................. -......... 554-555 Grinnell Co., Inc., 275 W. Exchange St., Providence, R. I--- ------- ------.............. 513-517 Wm. S. Haines & Co., 12th and Buttonwood Sts., Philadelphia, Pa....................... .. 602 Hardinge Brothers, Inc., 4149 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, 111..--....... ....................... 459 Harrisburg Star Boiler Corp., 15 Park Row, New York, N. Y--......................-......... 395 Hart & Crouse Co., 301 Turner St., Uti<a, N. Y..........................................------ -396-397 Healy-Ruff Co., 791 Hampden Ave., St. Paul, Minn..,...... ................................... ........ 569 Heating & Ventilating Magazine, The, 1123 Broadway, New York, N. Y--............. 567 Heggie-Simplex Boiler Co., Joliet, 111................................. .........-....... --1 --------- 398-399 Higgin Mfg. Co., The, Newport, Ky................ -............................................... ...... 552-553 E. Vernon Hill Co., 121 N. Clark St., Chicago, 111..............--...............................-- 529 Hoffman Specialty Col, Inc., 25 West 45th St., New York, N. Y........:.............. 592-601 Honeywell Heating Specialties Co., Wabash, Ind..........................................................- 631 Ilg Electric Ventilating Co., 2850 N. Crawford Ave., Chicago, 111.................. ............ 474 Illinois Engineering Co., 21st St. and Racine Ave., Chicago, 111.......................... 604-605 Insulating Products Corp., 280 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y............ .........-----....... 530 International Heater Co., 101 Park Ave., Utica, N. Y.............................. ..........- 400-401 Ironton Bernhard Boiler Co., 1114 Second St\, Ironton, Ohio...................................... 402 Jenkins Bros., 80 White St., New York, N. Y..,,............................................................. 651 Johns-Manville Corp., 292 Madison Ave., at 41st St., New York, N. Y...:....... 531-535 Johnson Service Co., 149-159 E. Michigan St., Milwaukee, Wis................-- ...... 633-637 S. T. Johnson Co.,.948 Arlington Ave., Oakland, Calif.....-..............'................ .......... 460 Johnston Bros., Inc., Ferrysburg, Mich...........................................-................................ 403 Kelly Brass Works, 226 W. Ontario St., Chicago, III......................................-- --- 606-607 Kewanee Boiler Co., Kewanee, 111................ --T--...................................................-- 405-411 Kieley & Mueller, Inc., 34 West 13th St., New York, N. Y.--......................... . 603 . Klipfel Mfg. Co., 2641 W. Harrison St., Chicago, 111--................................. .......... 608-609 Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co., 202 Franklin St., New York, N. Y--.......... -..... 377 678 Index to Advertisers Page Langenberg Mfg. Co., 4549 N. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Mo.......... 1.............................. 481 Lebanon Boiler Works, 1210 Buttonwood St., Lebanon, Pa.......................................... 404 MacAndrews & Forbes Co., 200 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y..i.................. 544-545 Marine-Galligan Co., Inc., 1830 Ludlow St., Philadelphia, Pa.......................... 612 Jas. P. Marsh & Co., 114-124 S. Clinton St., Chicago, 111...................................... 610-611 Marsh Valve Co., Dunkirk, N. Y............................................................................... 652-655 . Mason Regulator Co., Boston, Mass................................................................ .................; 613 May Oil Burner Corp., 3500 E. Biddle St., Baltimore, Md...._........ ............................ 461 McAlear Mfg. Co., The, 1901 S. Western Ave., Chicago, III......................... :............-. 614 McDonnell & Miller, Wrigley Bldg., Chicago, 111................................_........................... 453 Midwest Air Filters, Inc., Bradford, Pa................. .........................................................__ 379 Milwaukee Valve Co., Burrell and Chase Sts., Milwaukee, Wis.............,,................... 615 Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co., 2747 Fourth Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn............ 632 Modine Mfg. Co., 17th and Racine Sts., Racine, Wis............ .............................. . 496-497 Mogul Machine Co., 608 Witherspoon Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa...................................; 469 Molby Boiler Co., Inc., Graybar Bldg., New York, N. Y....... ............................. 412-413 Monash-Younker Co., Inc., 1315 W. Congress St., Chicago, 111....................... . 616-617 Mueller Co., Decatur, III....... ............................................................................................. 525 Mueller Steam Specialty Co., Inc., 502 West 126th St., New York, N. Y.... *........... 618 Nash Engineering Co., The, S., Norwalk, Conn............................... .............................. 563 National Air Filter Co., 5130 Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, 111...................................... 380 National Radiator Co., 221 Central Ave., Johnstown, Pa. (Now National Radiator Corp.)...................................................................................... ..................................... 414^415 National Regulator Co., 2301 Knox Ave., Chicago, 111............. ............................ 638-640 Neptune Meter Co., 50 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y......... ..................................... 526 John J. Nesbitt, Inc., State Rd. and Rhawn St., Holmesburg Jet., Philadelphia, Pa... 498 Newport Boiler Co., 529 S. Franklin St., Chicago, 111................ .........:......................... 416 New York Blower Co., 2254 S. Halsted St., Chicago, 111 ......................................... 475 -O-E Specialty Mfg. Co., 5-9 Keefe Ave., Milwaukee, Wis .................................... 619 Oil City Boiler Works, Oil City, Pa.............................. .......^...............J.................... 418--419 Orr & Sembower, Inc., Reading, Pa........ ............................ ....................... ............ 420--421 Pacific Steel Boiler Corp., Waukegan, III................................................................. 422--423 Wm. H; Page Boiler Co., The, 200 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y......................... 417 Patterson-Kelley Co., The, 99 Park Ave., New York, N. Y... ...... 512 Pecco, Inc.,.2957 N. Market St., St. Louis, Mo............ -........... 499 Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Inc., 718-34 Crescent Ave., Bridgeport, Conn. 500-502 Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 41 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y........... 424, 656 . Powers Regulator Co., The, 2719 Greenview Ave., Chicago, 111....... ..........641-645 Reed Air Filter Co'., Inc., 202 Central Ave., Louisville, Ky........... ............................... 381 Richardson & Boynton Co., 260 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y............. 442 Richmond Radiator Go., Inc., 1480 Broadway, New York, N. Y......... ,............. 432-435 Ric-wil Go., The, Union Trust Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio...............-................................... 536 Riley Stoker Corp., 9 Neponset St., Worcester, Mass.................................................... 630 Rome Brass Radiator Corp., 1 East 42nd St., New York, N. Y................ 488 Rome-Turney Radiator Co., The, Rome, N. Y........ ..................... ......................... 522-523 W. A. Russell & Co., Grand Central Terminal Bldg., New York, N. Y..................... 620 ; . 679' . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 . . Page Sarco Co., Inc., 183 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y...................................... .....: 622-623 Shaw-Perkins Mfg. Co., Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa................................................... 570 C. C. Shipp & Co., 230 E. Ohio St., Indianapolis, Ind.......................................... 489-493 Simplex Heat Regulator Co., 2938 Pillsbury Ave., Minneapolis, Minn...................... 646 Skidmore Corp., 1535 Dayton St., Chicago, 111...................... _........................................ 566 Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc., 1490 S. Vandeventer Ave., St. Louis, Mo--..... . 494-495 H. B. Smith Co., The, Westfield, Mass................................................................. -- 436-439 Spencer'Heater Co., Williamsport, Pa--............................................. .................... 440-441 Spray Engineering Co., 60 High St., Boston, Mass..-........................ .............................. 382 . Stickle Steam Specialties Co., 2215 Valley Ave., Indianapolis, Ind............................. 621 . B. F. Sturtevant Co., 36 Hyde Park, Boston, Mass....................................................... 476 Thatcher Co., The, 39-41 St. Francis St., Newark, N. J... ............................................ 443 H. A. Thrush & Co., Peru, Ind........................---....... -..............;....................................... 527 Titusville Iron Works Co., The, Titusville, Pa............................................................... 444 Trane Co., The, La Crosse, Wis.................................................. 485,503,564-565, 624-625 Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Co., 411 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y............................... 571 Union Radiator Co., Johnstown, Pa. (Now National Radiator Corp.).--....................... 445 United States Gypsum Co., 300 W. Adams St., Chicago, III...... ................................. 547 United States Ozone Co., 500 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, III........................................ 557 United States Radiator Corp., 133 E. Grand River Ave., Detroit,Mich............ 446-447 Universal Gypsum & Lime Co., Ill W. Washington St., Chicago, 111....... 546 Universal Smokeless Boiler Co., Ravenna, Ohio._............................................ .'.............. 448 . Utica Heater Co., Utica, N. Y. (Now National Radiator Corp.) ......................... 449-451 Vapor Engineering Co., 489 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y ......................................... 628 Vinco Co., Inc., The, 75 Vesey St., New York, N. Y--................................................ 454 Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sts., Camden, N. J............................. 626-627 Weil-McLain Co.. 641 W. Lake St., Chicago, 111..--.. ............................................. 452 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., The, E. Pittsburgh, Pa......................................... 556 Whitlock Coil Pipe Co., The, 20 South St., Hartford, Conn................................ 510-511 Williams Oil-O-Matic Heating Corp., Bloomington, 111.......................................... 462--463 L. J. Wing Mfg. Co., 663 Hudson St., New York, N. Y....................................... 477-179 Winslow Boiler & Engineering Co., 844 Rush St., Chicago, 111............................ 464--465 Wood Conversion Co., Cloquet, Minn............................. ......................................... 548-549 York Heating & Ventilating Corp., 1518 Locust St., Philadelphia, Pa................._ 504r-505 ' \. .. 680 Roll of Membership American society of HEATING and VENTILATING ENGINEERS 1928 ' Contains Lists of Members Arranged Alphabetically and Geographically also Lists of . Officers and Committees, Past Officers and Local Chapter Officers Corrected to July 1927 Published at the Headquarters of the Society 29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y. Officers and Council American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1927 President..... ................................ ........................ ...........F. Paul Anderson, Lexington, Ky. First Vice-President............. ................................... ................... -A. C. Willard, Urbana, III. Second Vice-President...................................................Thornton Lewis, Philadelphia, Pa. Treasurer.................................................... ............ ...... W. E. Gillham, Kansas City, Mo. Secretary.......... -..........:........... ........................ ............A. V. Hutchinson, New York, N.Y. Council One Year H. H. Angus W. H. Driscoll Roswell Farnham H. H. Fielding F. B. Rowley F. Paul Anderson, Chairman A. C. Willard, Vice-Chairman Two Years J. J. Kissick E. B. Langenberg J. F. McIntire H. Lee Moore Three YearsW. H. Carrier John Howatt W.. T. Jones C. V. Haynes Committees of the Council Executive: A. C. Willard, Chairman; ]ohn Howatt, Thornton Lewis. Finance: Thornton Lewis, Chairman; W. H. Driscoll, E. B. Langenberg. Membership: W. E. Gillham, Chairman; C. V. Haynes, W. T. Jones. Publication: F. B. Rowley, Chairman; W. H. Carrier, A. C. Willard. Advisory Council W. H. Driscoll, Chairman; Henry Adams, Homer Addams, R. P. Bolton, S. E. Dibble, H. P. Gant, John Gormly, John F. Hale, H. M. Hart, E. Vernon Hill, J. D. Hoffman, S. A. Jellett, D. D. Kimball, J. H. Kinealy, S. R. Lewis, J. I. Lyle, J. R. McColl, D. M. Quay, C. L. Riley, W. G. Snow, C. B. J. Snyder, F. R. Still, W. S. Timmis. . \ . ' Research Department Committee on Research: S R. Lewis, Chairman; F. C. Houghten, Director; O. P. Hood, Ex-Officio Member. Wm. H. Driscoll, H. M. Hart, C. V. Haynes, J. I. Lyle, Perry West (1 year); W. H. Carrier, S. E. Dibble, C. F. Eveleth, H. P. Gant, E. B. Lan genberg (2 years); Philip Drinker, S. R. Lewis, F. D. Mensing, W. A. Rowe, A. C. Willard (3 years). . Technical Advisory Committees Executive Committee: S. R: Lewis, Chairman; S. E. Dibble, H. M. Hart, A. C. Willard. Committee on Infiltration: A. C. Willard, Chairman; D. Knickerbacker Boyd, L. A. Harding, E. B. Langenberg, A. P. Kratz, W. S. Timmis. ' V 2 Committees--1927 Committee on Pipe Sizes: H. M. Hart, Chairman; C. W. Kimball, T. M. Dugan, C. F. Eveleth, C. V. Haynes, J. H. Walker. Committee on Radiation: F. D. Mensing, Chairman; R. V. Frost, J. C. Lewis, F. B. Rowley. . ^ Committee on Temperature, Humidity and Air Motion: W. H. Carrier, Chairman; F. Paul Anderson, W. L. Fleisher, E. S. Hallett, E. Vernon Hill;. W. A. Rowe, Perry West. Committee on Heat Transmission Through Building Materials: L. A. Harding, Chairman; - F. R. Ellis, E. W. Legier, E. F. Mueller, P. Nicholls, S. A. Pope, F. B. Rowley, A. E. Stacey, O. N. Walther, A. J. Wood. Committee on Codefor Testing Building Insulation: A. P. Kratz, Chairman; G. L. Larson J. K. Peebles. Committee on Air Cleaning Devices: F. B. Rowley, Chairman; H. C. Murphy, E. Vernon Hill, Albert Buenger, D. M. Forfar. Committee to Determine Maximum Boiler Output: F. Paul Anderson, Chairman; D. S. O'Bannon, L. E. Seeley, Thornton Lewis. Guide Publication Committee: Perry West, Chairman; W. H. Carrier, C. V. Haynes. Sectional Committees: Heating--W. H. Driscoll, Chairman; Ventilation--S. R. Lewis, Chairman; Catalog Data--Esten Bolling, Chairman. Committee to Cooperate with Rochester School Board: Perry West, Chairman; W. H. Carrier, Vice-Chairman; A. R. Acheson, E. Vernon Hill, John Howatt, Alfred Kellogg, S. R. Lewis, C. L. Riley. . * Committee on Increase of Membership: C. V. Haynes, Chairman; C. W. Farrar and ,C. P. Lichty, Vice-Chairmen; Foskett Brown, O. E. Davis, E. O. Eastwood, G. B. Larimer, and the presidents of all chapters. Committee on Rating Low Pressure Boilers: Alfred Kellogg, Chairman; F. C. Houghten, " P. Nicholls, L. E. Seeley, S. R. Lewis. Committee on Code of Healing & Ventilating: L. A. Harding, Gen, Chairman. Sub-Cora. I. Definition of Terms...................... .......................F. Paul Anderson, Chm. Sub-Corn. II. Ventilation Requirements for Public Buildings..........E. Vernon Hill, Chm. Sub-Corn. III. Requirements for Heating Buildings.,,........... ............A. C. Willard, Chm. Sub-Corn. IV. Direct Steam or Hot-Water Radiation........... ..... ..........R. V. Frost, Chm. Sub-Com. V. Indirect Steam or Hot-Water Radiation..........................L. C. Soule, Chm. Sub-Com. VI. ' Heating Boiler Capacity...................... ........ _......... }. F. McIntire, Chm. Sub-Com. VII. Warm Air Furnace Heating..... .................................J. D. Hoffman, Chm. Sub-Com. VIII: Design of Chimneys and Flues......... .......................... J. R. McColl, Chm. Sub-Com. IX. Pipe Sizes for Steam Heating... ............. ................... J. A. Donnelly; Chm. Sub^Com. X Pipe Sizes.for Hot-Water Heating............................... W. S. Timmis, Chm. Sub-Com. XI. Air Ducts for Ventilation.............1............................... .C. A. Booth, Chm. Sub-Com. XII. Air Washers and Humidifiers........ _____;.................. W. H. Carrier, Chm. Sub-Com. XIII. Pumps for Heating Systems.......*.....................................Perry West, Chm. Sub-Com. XIV. Standard Symbols for Drawings................ '.................. J. H. Walker, Chm. . 3 Officers of Local Chapters 1927-2,8 Cleveland . Headquarters, Cleveland Meets: Second Friday in Month President, J. J. Kissick 1768 Wayside Road Secretary, W. C. Kammbrbr 1301 Union Mortgage Bldg. - Illinois ' Headquarters, Chicago Meets: Second Monday in Month President. Albert B. Martin 822 West Washington Blvd. Secretary. H. G. Thomas . 649 W. Washington Blvd. ' . Kansas City Headquarters, Kansas City, Mo. Meets: First Monday in Month President, L. W. Maxis 3534 Wabash Ave. Secretory, Frank W. Wise 207 Davidson Bldg. '. . , , Massachussetts Headquarters. Boston Meets: First Monday in Month President, D. S. Boyden 39 Boylston Street Secretary, J. W. Brinton ' 10 High Street ' - Michigan Headquarters, Detroit Meets: First Monday after the 10th of the Month President, N. W. Calvert 2000 Second Ave. Secretary, W. G. Boales Webster Hall New York' Headquarters, New York Meets: Third Monday in Month President, R. A. Wolff 222 East 41st St. Secretary, E. B. Johnson .3 . 154 Wardwell Ave., W. New Brighton, S. I. Western New York Headquarters, Buffalo Meets: First Monday in Month President, Marshall Jackson 232 Delaware Ave. Secretary, O. K. Dyer 490 Broadway Ontario ' Headquarters, Toronto. Can. Meets: First Monday in Month ' President, A. J. Dickey 1523 Davenport Road Secretary, M. W. Shears 53 Sylvan Ave. . Philadelphia Headquarters; Philadelphia Meets: Second Thursday in Month President, R. E. Jones 2013 Sansom Street Secretary, S. S. Whitby 2019 Rittenhouse Street * Pittsburgh Headquarters, Pittsburgh Meets: First Monday in Month President, T. M. Dugan Fourth Ave. and Locust Street. McKeesport Secretary, Margaret Ingels A. S.- H. & V. E. Laboratory U. S. Bureau of Mines \ St. Louis - ' * Headquarters, St. Louis Meets: First Wednesday in Month President, A. E. Humphreys 504 Victoria Bldg. Secretary, C. G. Buder 314 North 4th Street . Minnesota Headquarters, Minneapolis Meets: Second Monday in Month President, Albert Buenger 360 Robert St.. St. Paul Secretary, A. J. Huch 312 South 3rd Street Wisconsin Headquarters, Milwaukee Meets: Third Monday in Month President, H. M. Miller 6089 Plankinton Bldg. Secretary, F. G. Weimer 1308 Stowell Ave. 4 Roll of Membership American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1927-28 HONORARY MEMBERS BALDWIN, WM. J. (1915), New York, N.' Y. (Deceased May 7, 1924.) BILLINGS, DR. J. S. (1896),'New York, N. Y. (Deceased March 10, 1913.) GORMLY, JOHN (Charter Member), Norristown, Pa. NEWTON, C. W. (Charter Member), Baltimore, Md. (Deceased August 6, 1920.) LIST OF MEMBERS IN GOOD STANDING Arranged Alphabetically--All Grades (Asterisk indicates authorship of papers) (Junior 1916; Associate 1918; 1923) indicates. Elected Junior Member 1916: Elected Associate Member 1918; Elected Member 1923. (Pres. 1923) indicates, Elected President in 1923 and is now a Presidential Member. (A AHLFF, Albert A., (Associate 1918; 1923). ABBOUD, Alfred, (Junior 1924), Pres, and Treas., (for mail), Alfred Abboud & Co., Inc., 45 Brom' held.St., Boston, and Greendale Ave., Needham, Mass. ABRAHAMSON, Paul, (1927), Secy., (for mail). Advance Heating Co.. 117-19 N. Desplaines St., ' and 1440 Rosemont Ave., Chicago, III. ABRAMS, Abraham, (Junior 1924), Secy, and Treas., (for mail), Berman Rathe Corp., 155 East 128th St., and 640 West 153rd St., New York. N. Y. . . Br. Mgr., Spencer Heater Co., 433 Jackson Bldg., and (for mail), 521 Crescent Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. ALEXANDER, Alfred D., (1915), Consulting Engr., 19 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, and (for mail), 168 Marion St., Oak Park, 111. ALEXANDER, Charles H., (1926). Br. Mgr. and Mfgr's. Agent, 101 Campau Ave., N.W., and 532 Paris Ave., S.E., Grand Rapid9, Mich. ALGER, Richard W., (1911), Vice-Pres. and Treas., (for mail), Marye, Alger & Alger, Inc., ' Archts., 801-6 Walton Bldg., and 15 Penn Ave., ACHERSON, AlbertR., (1919). Prof. Mech. Engrg.. Atlanta. Ga. Syracuse University, and (for mail) 601 Eckel ALLAN, Chas. D., (1920), Consulting Engr., (for Theatre Bldg., Syracuse, N. Y. mail). 127 N. Dearborn St., and 4526 Dover St., ADAMS, Benjamin, (1919), Dist. Mgr., (for Chicago. 111. mail), American Blower Co., 612 Otis Bldg., ALLEN, Harry D., (1917), Htg. and Vtg. Con Philadelphia, and 3006 W. Coulter St., Queen tracting., (for mail), Harry D. Allen 2940 W. Lane Manor. Philadelphia, Pa. Lake St., and 1640 N. Tuna Ave., Chicago, III. ADAMS. Charles W., (1920), Vice-Pres., (for ALLEN, LeRoy E., (1921), Contracting Engr., mail). The Daly Co., 1425 16th St., and Denver Athletic Club. Denver, Colo. . ADAMS, Henry, (Charter Member; Presidential . Member), (Pres. 1899; ' Board of Managers 1894; Council 1895:' 1898 ; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1897). Consulting Engr., (for mail), 1263-1269 Calvert Bldg., and 609 West 40th St., Baltimore, Md. . ADDAMS, Homer, (Charter Member; Presidential Member), (Council 1915-1925; Treas. 1915-1922; 1st Vice-Pres. 1923: Pres. 1924), Pres.; (for mail), Kewanee' Boiler Co., Inc.. 570 Seventh Ave., New York, N.' Y. and 405 High St., German town, Pa. ADDY, Edward, (1923). Supervising Engr., Board of Education, 155 College St., and 31 Deloraine (for mail), Grinnell Co., Inc., and 15 N. Elm St.. Warren. O. ALLEN, W. Harwell, (Junior 1910;-1911), Pres., . `State Htg.' & Power Co.i 272 Walnut St., and (for mail), 1346 Goodbar Place, P. O. Box 331, . Memphis, Tenn. . ALL1NSON, Orrie H., (1915). Jobstown, N. J. ALMIRALL, Juan A., (1897), Pres., Almirall & Co., Inc., 53 Park Place, New York, N. Y. ALT,-Harold L.,* (1913), Htg.-Engr., (for mail)-, Larkin Co., 1457 Broadway, New York, and 1571 East 16th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. . ALVORD, Arthur M,, (1926), Pres., (for mail), Alvord & Swift, Grand Central Terminal, New York, and 240 Hamilton Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y. St., Toronto,'Ont:, Can. ` ADLER, Alphonse A.,* (1921), Consulting Engr., (for mail)', 9 Murray St., New York, N. Y., and 35 Stewart Ave., Arlington, N. J. ADRIANSE, Paul R.,.(1923), Sales Engr., Buffalo . Forge Co., 368 Kirby Bldg., Cleveland, O. AMMERMAN, Charles R:, (1916), Consulting Engr., (for mail). 925 Continental Bk. Bldg., ana 3908 Guilford Ave., Indianapolis,' Ind. . AMSTEIN, Albert W.`, (1924), Western Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Buckeye Blower Co-, 608 S. Dearborn St., and 8314 S. Paulina St.. Chicago. 111. AHERN, Thos. L., (Junior 1923), Vice-Pres., (for ANDEL, Frank J.,'(1922), Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). John F. Ahern Co., 80 S. Portland St., and 157 Sixth St., Fond du Lac, Wis. ' mail). Andel & Co., 4630 N. Lamon Ave., and 7512 Eastlake Ter.,` Chicago, 111. 5 S i jJ: '4' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 ANDEREGG, R. H., (1920). Chief Engr. and AUSTIN, Frank L., (1914). Archt., 240 College Mgr. Pump Dept., Trane Co., and (for mail). . St.. Burlington, Vt. 625 S. Eighth St., La Crosse, Wis. AUSTIN, William E., (1909), Br. Mgr., (for mail), ANDERSON, Claude A., (1916), Dist. Mgr., (for Natl. Radiator Co., 3032 Norfolk St., Cor. mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co., 325 Commercial Tr. Summit, and 107 Overbrook Rd., Richmond, Va. Bldg., Philadelphia, and 5025 Pulaski Ave., AXEMAN, James E., (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., Germantown. Pa. Spencer Heater Co., Williamsport. Pa., and (for ANDERSON, F. Paul* (1921), (Presidential mail), 346 Brooks Ave., Rochester, N. Y. Member). (2nd Vice-Pres. 1925; 1st Vice-Pres. AYERS, Archie E., (1921), Member of Firm, (for 1926; Pres. 1927; Council 1924-26), Dean, mail), Rautman Plbg. & Htg. Co., 109 Jackson College of Engrg., and Prof. Mech. Engrg., (for St., and 3437 Belvedere Ave., Seattle, Wash. mail), Univ. of Kentucky, and 409 E. Main St., Lexington. Ky. ANDERSON, H. J., (1919), Whitlock Coil Pipe B Co.. 149 Broadway. New York, N. Y. BABBITT, Edward C., (1923), Engr., (for mail), ANDERSON, Phil Emanuel, (Associate 1926), Snyder, Babbitt & Mathews, 16 E. Broad St., Buyer, Htg. Dept., Wholesale Hardware & and 1157 E. Mound St., Columbus. O. Heating, (for mail), Farwell. Ozmun, Kirk & Co., BABBITT, Edward F., (1923), Engr., Snyder, Second and Jackson Sts., and 1160 Orange St., Babbitt & Mathews, 16 E. Broad St., Columbus, St. Paul, Minn. O. ANDERSON, S. A., Jr., (1909), (for mail). 1307 Adams Ave., and P. O. Box 486, 908 North Ave., LaGrande, Ore. ANDRESEN, A. W., (1926), Crane Co., 400 Third Ave., N., and (for mail), 5311 Penn Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. ANGUS, Harry H., (1918), Consulting Engr., 2 Bloor St., W., and (for mail), 34 Farnham Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. ARCHER, Frank Sibley, (Junior 1926), Sales Engr., (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 303 Crosby Rd.. and 12 Amherst St,, Rochester, N. Y. BACHLER, Harry C., (Junior 1921), Htg. Engr., (for mail), C. F. Bachler & Sons, 139 N. Fourth St., and 836 Kenmore Rd., Philadelphia. Pa. BACHLER, Leonard J., (1918), Engr., (for mail), Central Foundry Co., 420 Lexington Ave., and 55 West 49th St., New York, N.Y. BACKUS, Theodore H. L., (1916), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail). Schumacher & Backus, 308-12 - S. Main St., and 1018 Vaughn St., Ann Arbor, Mich. BAETZ, Henry,' (1919), (for mail), Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co., Inc., 1424 S. Vandeventer St., and 5854 Etzel Ave., St. Louis, Mo. BAGNALL, George A., (1926). Mgr. Htg. Dept., ARENBERG, Milton K., (Associate 1920), Sales (for mail), Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Supply Engr., (for mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co., 32.4 W. Co., 1635 17th St., and 4601 East 26th Ave., Monroe St., and 1380 Hyde Park Blvd., Chicago, Denver, Colo. III. BAHNSON, Frederic F,,* (1917), Chief Engr. and ARKLEY, L. M.,* (1922). Prof. Mech. Engrg., (for Partner, (for mail), The Bahnson Co., 1001 S. mail). Queen's University, and 22 Kensington Marshall St., and 28 Cascade Ave., Winston- Ave., Kingston, Ont., Can. Salem, N. C. ARMAGNAC, Arthur S., (Associate 1907; 1914). Editor, Htg. and Vtg. Magazine. 1123 Broadway. BAIER, Walter P., (Associate 1924), Pres., (for mail), Baier Bros., Inc., 4452 Cass Ave., and New York, N. Y.. and 375 Upper Mountain Ave., Upper Montclair, N. J. ARMSPACH, Otto W.,* (1919). Mech. Engr., (for ' mail), E. Vernon Hill Co.. 121 N. Clark St., and Villa Park, Chicago, 111. ARNOLD, Robt. S., (Junior 1922; Associate 1926), Mgr. Philadelphia Dist., (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1502 Locust St., Philadelphia, and Hamilton Court Apts., Ardmore. Pa. ARONWITS, Wilfred, (Junior 1924; Associate 1925; 1926), Consulting Mech., Engr., 552 Wellington Ave.. and (for mail), 1171 Park Ave., Rochester, N. Y. ARTHUR. Harry W., (Associate 1920), Htg. Engr., (for mail), Arthur Service Co., 842 1968 Gladstone Ave.', Detroit. Mich. BAILEY, Edward P,, Jr., (1925), Pres., (for mail). The Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co., 17825 St. Clair Ave., and 10510 Park Lane, Cleveland. O. BAILEY, Jos. II., (Junior 1923), Carrier Engrg. Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark. N. J. BAIRD, F. X., (Associate 1925), 26 Boyden Ave., S. Orange. N. J. BAKER, Edward V,, (1923). Silent Partner, J. H. Olson, 4012 State St.-, and (for mail), 3654 Wentworth Ave., Chicago. 111. ^ BAKER, Emerit E., (1910), Pres., Kewanee Boiler Co., Kewanee, 111. . BAKER, H. W. H., (1918), Sanitary and Htg. Engr., J. Twyford & Co., 20 British Bund, Tientsin. China. BAKER, Howard C., (1921), Pres., (for mail), N. Olive Ave., Alhambra, Calif., and 1411 , The Howard C. Baker Co., 213 Michigan St., Federal St., N.W., Pittsburgh, Pa. and 15 Columbia St., Toledo, O. ARTHUR, John M., Jr., (1923), Industrial BAKER, Irving C., (1921), Dist. Engr., American Engr., Kansas City Power & Light Co., Kansas Blower Co., 614 Bona Allen Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. City, Mo., and 3311 State Ave., Kansas City, BAKER, Roland H., (Associate 1924), Pres, and Kan. Treas., (for mail), R. H. Baker Co., Inc., Kendall ASHENHURST, Harold S., (Associate 1926), Sq. Bldg., Cambridge, and 50 Washington St., insulation Engr., Universal Gypsum & Lime Co., Newton, Mass. Conway Bldg., and 6519 Algonquin Ave., BALDWIN, William H., (1921), Sales Engr.. (for Chicago, HL mail), C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd.,-229 College St., ASHLEY, Edward E., (1912), Starrett & Van and 600 Windermere Ave.. Toronto. Ont.. Can. Vleck, 393 Seventh Ave., New York, N. Y., and BAMPTON, C. Morton, (1919), Vice-Pres. and (for mail). P. O. Box 118, Noroton Heights, Conn. Secy., (for mail). Ideal Htg. Co., 915 Gates Ave., ASTON, James, (1919). Metallurgical Engr., (for Brooklyn, N. Y. . mail), A. M. Byers Co., 235 Water St., Pitts BARKER, Arthur H.,*(1906), Consulting Engr., burgh, and 50 Forest Ave., Ben Avon, Pa. (for mail), 100 Victoria St..Westminster, London. ATKINSON, R. E., (Junior 1923), Engr., (for S. W. 1, and Oakhill House. Beckenham, Kent, mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 230 E. Ohio St., and Eng. . 4508 N. Kilpatrick Ave., Chicago, 111. BARNES, Arthur F,, (1921). Mech. Engr. and ATKINSON, Robert E., (1897), (Board of Gov ernors 1907), 6 Trafalgar Rd., Birkdale, South Owner, (for mail), Texas Engr. Co., 925 Elec. Bldg., and 3406 Graustark St., Houston, Tex. port. Eng. BARNES, Arthur R., (1924), W. E. Hulse & Co., ATWATER, Lyman W,, (1923), Htg. Engr., Win. P. O. Box 183. Hiawatha, Kan. H. Curtin Mfg. Co., 331 Adams St., and (for BARNES, Ralph B.f (1927). Barnes Heating Co.. mail), 552 Rugby Rd., Brooklyn, N. Y. 210 W. Harrison St.. Oak Park. 111. . 6 Roll of Membership BARNSTEINER, Alphons, (Associate 1926), Elec. Engr., (for mail). Appliance Engrg. Dept., _ Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., and 212 Rowland ' Ave., Mansfield, O. BARR, George W., (1905), Associate Mgr. of Sales, Fitzgibbons Boiler Co., 570 Seventh Ave., New York, and (for mail). 24 Chatfield Rd., Bronxville, N. Y. BARRE, Louis S., (1925), Rue Denfert Rochereau, Decize--Nievre, France. BARROWS, Charles E., (Associate 1921), Mgr., (for mail), City Sales Dept., Crane Co., 156 N. Jefferson St., Chicago, and Orrington Hotel, Evanston. 111. BARRY, Patrick I., (1920), Managing Director, (for mail), M. Barry & Co., A Marlboro St., and 2 Clarence Ter., St. Luke's, Cork, Ireland. BARTH, Herbert E., (1920). Dist. Mgr., (for mail), American Blower Co., 2539 Woodward Ave., and 554 Webster Hall, Detroit, Mich. BARTLETT, Amos C., (1919), N. E. Dist. Mgr., (for mail). B. F. Sturtevant Co., 555 Massa chusetts Trust Bldg., Boston, and 10 Dunbarton Rd., Wollaston, Mass. BARTLETT, Clarence D., (1923), Purchasing Agent. Raisler Htg. Co., 129 Amsterdam Ave., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 852 Broad St., Bloomfield, N. J. .' BARTLETT, C. Edwin, (1922). Pres., Bartlett & . Co., Inc., 1938 Market St., Philadelphia, and 209 Creswell St., Ridley Park, Pa. BARTLEY, John S., Jr., (1924) Archt., (for mail), 903 L. and J. Natl. Bk. Bldg., and 908 ' Elm St., Waterloo, la. BARTON, Royal Elton, (1922), Engr., (for mail). McLean & Cousens Co., 65 Chandler St., Boston, and Fernald Ter., Dorchester, Mass. BARWICK, Thomas, (1920), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Buchman & Kahn, Archts.. 49 West 45th St., New York, N. Y., and 408 Rutland Ave., W. Englewood, N. J. BASSLER, Edwin M., (1923), Gen. Mgr., (for mail), D. J. Murray Mfg. Co., 1002 Third St., and 905 First St., Wausau, Wis. BASTEDO, Albert E., (1919), Vice-Pres. and Treas., (for mail). Burnham Boiler Corp., ' Irvington, and 12 Wilson Place, Hastings-on- Hudson, N. Y. BATEMAN. William H., Jr., (1921), Htg. Engr., (for mail), C. J. Doyle, 2056 Pine St., and 2519 South 19th St., Philadelphia,`Pa. BAUM, Albert L., (1916), Member of Firm, Jaros ' & Baum, 116 West 39th St., and (for mail), 562 ' JWest 113th St.. New York, N. Y. BAYSE, Harry V., (1923), Pres., American Fur nace Co., 2725 Morgan St., and 6959 Hancock Ave.. St.. Louis, Mo. BEAHM, Robert B., 2nd, (1919), Treas.. Eagan & Beahm, Inc., 304-6 Stephen Girard Bldg., Philadelphia, and Haverford. Pa. BEASOM, George Reynold, (1927), Htg. Dept., Crane & Co., 200 South Ave.. and (for mail), 51 Brookdale Ave., Rochester, N.Y. . BEATTY. David J., (1918), Engr.. (for mail), Chas. Schneider Co., 492 East 163rd St., New York, and 1274 New York Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. BEAURRIENNE, Auguste,* (1912), Contracting and Consulting Engr., 25 Rue. des Marguettes, Paris, 12th Arr., France. BEEBE, Frederick E. W., (Associate 1915), Sales Engr., (for mail)', Johnson Service Co.. 118 East 28th St.. New York, N. Y.. and 543 Chilton St.. Elizabeth. N. J. ' BEERY, Clinton E., (1913), Sales Engr., Kewanee Boiler Co., 822 Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111. BEGGS, William E., (1927), Supt. and Engr., University Plbg. & Htg. Co., 3939 University Way, and 3639 Palatine Ave., Seattle, Wash. BELING, Earl H., (Junior 1925), Htg. Engr., Warren Webster & Co., 549 W. Washington St., . and (for mail), 5604 S. Carpenter St., Chicago, III. BEMAN, Myron C., (1926), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Beman & Candee. 607 White Bldg.. 55 Granger Place., Buffalo, N. Y. BENDER, Charles P., (1923), Partner, (for mail), C. and J. Bender, 1734 Flatbush Ave-. and 21045 East 19th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. BENEDICT, Everett R., (1926), Construction Engr., (for mail), American District Steam Co., N. Tonawanda, and 245 Elmwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. . BENNETT, Irving T., (Junior 1927), Htg., (for mail). Metropolitan Engrg. Co.. 1250 Atlantic Ave., and 234 East 42nd St., Brooklyn, N. Y. BENNETT, Prescott D., (1926), Div. Sales Engr., (for mail). The Trane Co.. 844 Rush St., and 7600 Bosworth Ave., Chicago. I1L BENNITT, George E., (1918), Utilization Dept., Consolidated Gas Co., 130 East 15th St., New York. N. Y. BENTZ, Harry, (1915), Pres., (for mail), Bentz Engrg. Corp., 661 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and 18 Holland Ter., Montclair, N.J. BERCHTOLD, Edward Win., (Associate 1925), Industrial Engr., Boston Consolidated Gas Co.. 149 Tremont St., Boston, and (for mail), 266 Columbian St., S. Weymouth, Mass. BERG, A. Herman, (1919). Pres., (for mail), Berg Htg. & Vtg. Co., 742 Laura Ave., and 140 N. Stafford, Huntington Park, Calif. BERGER, Clyde D., (1922), Gen. Supt. and Mech. Engr., H. E. Crook Co., Inc., Contractors and Engrs., 28 Light St., and 2604 Overland Ave., Baltimore. Md. BERGHOEFER, Victor A., (Junior 1926}. Secy Sterling Engrg. Co., 1640 Holton St., and (for mail), 1104 Island Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. BERGNER, William G,, (Associate 1923). Mgr. and Secy., Natl. Trade Extension Bureau, Mercantile Bk. Bldg., and (for -mail). 720 Washington Ave., Evansville, Ind. BERMAN, Louis K., (1908), Secy., (for mail), Raisler Htg. Co., 129 Amsterdam Ave., and 221 West 82nd St., New York. N. Y. BF.RR1NGER, Sidney H., (1926), Sales Engr., Hoffman Specialty Co., Waterbury, Conn., and' (for mail), 1217-50th St., Milwaukee, Wis. BEVERLEY, R. Carter, (1905), Pres, and Treas., R. C. Beverley Htg. Co., Inc., 308 E. Main St., and (for mail), 3812 Chamberlayne Ave., Richmond. Va. BEVIL, Alexander Thomas, (Junior 1927), Asst. Htg. Engr., Crane Co., 254 Court, and (for mail), 353 Walker Ave., Memphis, Tenn. BEYER, Jack E., (Junior 1924), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., The Weiss Htg. & Plbg. Co.. 5604 Cedar Ave., and (for mail), 1317 East 112th St., Cleveland, O. BIDWELL, Raymond E., (Associate 1924), Vice . Pres, and Local Mgr., (for mail). The Kellogg- Mackay Co., 2030 Walnut St., and 7310 Madison, Kansas Citv. Mo. . BILYEU, William F., (1927), Eastern Div. Mgr., The Trane Co.. 600 S. Delaware Ave., Phila delphia, Pa., and (for mail), 110 Midway St., Riverton. N. J. BINDER, Charles G., (1920). Mgr. Htg. Dept., Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sts., Camden, and (for mail), 115 Oak Ter., Merchantville, N. J. BINDER, Irving, (Junior 1920; 1922), Estimator, Keasbey & Mattison, 131 Cedar St., and (for mail), 106 West 47th St., New York, N. Y. BIRCH, Herbert R., (1922), Sales Engr., U. S. Radiator Corp.. 101 Park Ave., and 875 West 181st St.. New York, N. Y. BIRKHOLZ, Harold A,, (Junior 1926), Htg. Engr., L. H. Prentice Co., 1048-50 W. Van Buren St., and (for mail), 3731 N. Irving Ave., Chicago, 111. BIRKHOLZ; H. E., (Associate 1925), 512 Ravens- wood Ave., Ravenswood Sta., Chicago, 111. BIRRELL, Allan Lloyd, (Associate 1925), Equip. Engr., (for mail). Chapman & Oxley, 1608 Northern Ontario Bldg., and 201 Pacific Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. BISHOP, Charles R,, (1901), (Council 1916), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Caloroil Burner Corp., 250 Park Ave.. New York, and 412 Locust St., Lockport, N. Y. 7 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 BISHOP. Frederick R., (1021). Salesman and Engr., Furnace Dept., Michigan Stove Co.. 3306 E. Jefferson Ave., and (for mail), 40lS Pingree < Ave., Detroit, Mich. ' .. ' - BJERKEN, Maurice H:,- (Associate 1927), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co.. 200 Builders Exchange Bldg., and 4952-17th Ave., S., Minneapolis. Minn. BLACK, Edgar Newbold, 3rd, (1922). Br. Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co., Inc., Rm. 442. Land Title Bldg.. Philadelphia, and (for mail), 108 Woodside . Rd., Haverford, Pa. - BLACK, Fred C., (1919). Pres., (for mail), F. C. . Black Co., 28 N. Desplaines St., and 4535 N. Ashland Ave., Chicago. III. . BLACK, George E.. (1915), Factory Mgr.. H. H. Robertson Co.. Ambridge, and (for mail), 709 Broad St., Sewickley. Pa. BLACK, Harry G., (1917), Htg. Contractor, (for mail), P. Gormly Co., 155 N. Tenth St., and 927 North 65th St., Philadelphia. Pa. ` BLACK, John J. A., (Junior 1922; Associate 1925), Pres., (for mail), John Black & Son, Inc., 134 Prospect St., and 21 Prospect St., Trenton, N. j: BLACKHALL, Wilmot R., (1922). Sales Engr., Gurney Foundry Co., Ltd., 500 King St., W,, and (for mail), 332 Waverly Rd., Toronto, Ont., Can. BLACKMAN, Alfred O., (1911), Consulting - ` Engr., (for mail). 527 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y., and 48 Hillcrest Ave., Stamford, Conn. BLACKMORE, Frederick H., (1923). Plant Mgr., U. S. Radiator Corp., and (for- mail), 526 E. Vandalia St., Edwardsville, 111. BLACKMORE, George C., (Charter Member), 435 Maple Ave., Edgewood Park, Allegheny Co., Pa. BLACKMORE, J. J. ,* (Charter Member). Council 1896; Bd. of Gov. 1904; Secy. 1914-15), 32 West 40th St.. New York. N. Y. ' BLADON, James B., (1909), Chief Engr., Darling Bros., Ltd., 120 Prince St., Montreal, and (for mail). 33 Holton Ave., Westmount. Que., Can. BLAKE, Albert Henry, (1926), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Sheldons, Ltd., 119 Pender St.. W., and 3261 Second Ave., W., Vancouver, B. C. BLANDING, Ceo. H., (1919), Sales Engr., Johnson Service Co., 1355 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, and (for mail). 729 Hayes Ave., Oak Park. 111. BLANEY, Charles A., (1914), Wheeler-Blaney Co.. 223 N. Burdick St., Kalamazoo. Mich. BLANKIN, Merrill F., (Junior 1919; Associate 1926), Vice-Pres., Haynes Selling Co., Inc., 2013 Sansom St., and (for mail), 3328 W. Penn St., Philadelphia. Pa. BLESSED, William Arthur, (Junior 1927), Draftsman, Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, 800 Marquette Bldg., and (for mail), 250 W. Margaret Ave., Detroit, Mich. BLEST, Frank S., (1923), Treas.. (for mail. Blest & Emery Co., Inc.. 784 Coney Island Ave., and 226 Argyle Rd.. Brooklyn. N. Y. -BLISS', Sherwood C., (Associate 1926), 30 Argonne Drive, Kenmore.-N. Y: BLOMFELDT, Allen A., (1914), Sales Mgr., (for mall), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co., 405 Union Central . Bldg., Cincinnati, O.. and 100 Mayo Ave., Newport, Ky. . BLOOM, Samuel C., (1915), Sole Owner, (for mail), S. C. Bloom & Co., 53 W. Jackson St., and 1953 East 72nd St.. Chicago. 111. BOALES, William G., (Associate 1923), Sales man, Hoffman Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St., . New York, N. Y., and (for mail), Webster Hall, Detroit. Mich. . BODDINGTON, William PM (1927), Mgr., (for mail), Canadian Powers Regulator Co., 106 - ; Lombard St., and 214 Indian Rd., Toronto, Ont.. Can. .^ ,BOEKER, Carl Herman, (1926), Vice-Pres. and . Htg. Engr., Central Supply Co;, Inc., 838-856 . Main Ave., and (for mail), 39 High St . Passaic, BOGARDUS, George W., (1925), Br. Mgr., (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., 707 Hubbell Bldg., and 215 Foster Drive. Des Moines, Iowa. BOGATY, Hermann S., (1921), Chief Engr. (for mail), Proctor & Schwartz, Inc., Seventh and Tabor Rd., and 5243 N. Tenth St., Philadelphia. - Pa. BOISCLAIR, Hugh Cappes, (1926), Dist. Repr., . (for mail),.Warren Webster & Co., 342-3 Brown Marx Bldg., and 127 Pine St.. Birmingham. Ala. BOLLING, J. E. * (Junior 1918; 1921), Publicity Engr., 100 Chestnut St., East Orange. N. J. BOLSINGER, Raymon C., (1916), Secy., (for mail), Fowler & Wolf Mfg. Co., 521 Bulletin Bldg., PhUadelphia, Pa., and 238 E. Madison Ave.. Collingswood. N. J. BOLTON, Reginald Pelham* (1897), (Presi dential Member), (Pres. 1911), (Board of Governors 1901; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1903; 1st Vice- Pres. 1905-1910; Board of Governors 1912-1913), Pres., (for mail), R. P. Bolton Co., 116 East 19th St., and 638 West 158th St.. New York, N. Y. BONDY, Winfield S., (Junior 1926). D. D. Kim- ball, 15 West 38th St., New York, and (for mail), 1154--52nd St., Brooklyn. N. Y. BOON, George, (1915), Pres., (for mail), Boon & Sample. Inc.. 3008 Ludlow St., and 6428 Morris Park Rd.. Philadelphia, Pa. BOOTH, Charles A., (1917), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co.. 490 Broadway, and 142 Summit Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. BOOTH, Harry N., (Associate 1917; 1924), Mgr., (for mail). New York Br.. U. S. Radiator Corp., 101 Park Ave., New York, and 40 Manursing Ave.. Rye. N. Y. BORNEMANN, Walter A., (Junior 1923; 1924), Sales Engr.. (for mail), Carrier Engr. Corp., 2021 Land Title Bldg., PhUadelphia. and 123 W. Wharton Ave., Glenside, Pa. BOSTAIN, James C., (1923), Sales and Service Engr.. (for mail). Williamson Heater Co.. 337 W. Fifth St.. Cincinnati, O., and Kenton Hills, Covington, Ky. BOSTW1CK, CUnton G-, (1924). Siipt., (for mail), Braman Dow & Co., 239 Causeway St., Boston, and 20 Wedgemen Ave., Winchester, Mass. BOSWIN, George A., (1917), Secy., (for mail). R. B. Haywood Co.. 1714 Sheffield Ave., and 902 Diversey Parkway, Chicago. 111. BOWDEN, Frank, (Associate 1924), Chief Engr. and Instructor., (for mail). Windsor & Walkerville Tech. School. Giles Blvd., and 1609 Dougall Ave.. Windsor, Ont.. Can. BOWERS, A. F., (Associate 1919), Pres, and Treas., (for mail). Industrial Htg. & Engrg. Co., 490 Broadway, and 697 Hachett Ave., Mil waukee, Wis. BOWERS, J. Sylvan, (1921), J. Sylvan Bowers Htg. Specialty Co., 2525a W. St. Louis Ave., St. Louis. Mo. ` . BOWMAN, Howard A., (Associate 1926). Sales Engr., (for mail), American Radiator Co.. 339 Second Ave., and 5599 Baum Blvd., Pittsburgh, Pa> BOYD, D. Knickerbacker,* (1921), (for mail). Otis Bldg., 112 South 16th St., and Coronado Apts.. 22nd and Chestnut Sts.. Philadelphia, Pa. BOYD, William R., (Junior 1924; Associate 1926), Htg. Sales Engr., Turner Supply.Co., 8 W. Sixth . St., and 320 East 19th St., Chester, Pa. - BOYDEN, Davis S.,* (1909), (Council 1917), Supt. Steam Htg. Service Dept., (for mail), Edison Elec. Illuminating Co.. 39 Boylston St.; Boston, and 72 Gardner St., Allston, Mass. * BOYNTON, Daniel Wilcox, (Associate 1927),. Boston Repr., (for mail). International Heater Co., 27 State St., Boston, and 46 Powder House , Rd., Medford, Mass. ' BRABBEE, Chas. W.,* (1925); (for mail). Ameri can Radiator Co., 675 Bronx River Rd., Yonkers. and DeWitt and Marguard Aves., Bronxville. N. Y. . . ( Roll of Membership BRADBURY, George L., (1921), Co-partner and Mgr., (for mail), Bradbury Bros. Htg.'Co.. 1219 Stout St., and 1254 Race St., Denver, Colo. BRADFIELD, William W., (1926), Enpr., 909 Michigan Trust Bldg.. Grand Rapids, Mich. BRADFORD, H. H., (Associate 1927), Salesman, Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co., 2753 Fourth Ave., and (for mail), 3504-14th Ave., S., Min neapolis. Minn. BRADLEY, Eugene P.,* (1906). Pres., (for mail), Hester, Bradley Co., 4200 Forest Park Blvd., St. Louis, and 6935 Pershing Ave., University City, Mo. ' BRADLEY, John T.f (1908), (Bd. of Gov. 1911), Pres., (for mail). Bradley Htg. Co., 3834 Olive St., St. Louis, and 4 Yale Ave., University City, Mo. BRADLEY, Royal H.. (1915). Pres., (for mail). Kelsey Htg. Co., 277 James St., and 400 Oak St., Syracuse, N. Y. BRADY, James L., (Associate 1925), (for mail). J. L. Brady Co., 551 15th Ave., and 1912 Third St.. E. Moline. 111. BRAEMER, William G. R., (1915). Vice-Pres.. (for mail). Universal Humidifying Co., 2013 Sansom St.. PhUadelphia, Pa., and 213 Warwick Rd., Haddonfield. N. J. ' BRANDELES. H. J., (1921), Pres, and Mgr., (for mail), H. J. Brandeles Corp., 1602 Lincoln Ave., and 66 Prospect St.. Utica. N. Y. BRANIGIN, Harry L., (1926). Sales M$r., (for mail). The Air Conditioning & Engineering Co., 2914 S. Jefferson Ave., and 4526 Shenandoah, St. Louis, Mo. BRASCH, Harry Kenneth, (Associate 1926). Dist. Mgr., The Trane Co., La Crosse. Wis., and (for mail), 330 Central Bldg., Seattle. Wash. BRASSINGTON, Arthur F., (Associate 1918). Htg. Engr., 520-24 West 41st St.. New York, and (for mail), 337 Richmond Ave., Port Richmond, N. Y. BRAUER, Roy, (1926), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail). The Schley & Nash Co., 712 Columbia Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh, and 2880 Glenmore Ave., Darmount, Pittsburgh, Pa. BRAUN, Louis T., (1921), Secy., Chicago Master Steam Fitters Assn., 1213 Chamber of Commerce, and (for mail), 1418 Jonquil Ter., Chicago. 111. BRAY, Daniel S., (Associate 1920), Local Mgr., - (for mail), Peerless Heater Co., 1235-45 St. Clair Ave.. and 9925 Olivet Ave., Cleveland, O. BRAYTON, William M.f (1926), Sales Engr., (for mail), Robert Gordon. Inc., 22 W. Austin Ave., - Chicago, and 1320 Chicago Ave., Evanston, 111. BRECKENR1DGE, L. P.. (1920), Prof. Mech. Engrg. (Emeritus). Sheffield Scientific School, Yale Unlv.,'New Haven. Conn., and (for mail), "The Brackens." N. Ferrisburg. Vt. BREEN, Jos. W., (1916), Htg. Engr., Wyaliising Ave. and Fallon St., and (for mail). 957 FaUon St., W. Philadelphia, Pa. * BRENDER, Peter E., (1920), Chief Engr., Univ. of Mich. Hospital, and (for mail), 13272 Geddes . Ave., Ann Arbor, Mich. BRESNAHAN, James J.. (1919). Pres and Treas.. James J. Bresnahan, Inc.,-.37-41 Pearl St., and ' 92 Linwood Ave.. Buffalo. N. Y. BREWSTER, Donald R., (1926), Consulting Dry Kiln Engr., (for mail), 327 Whitewater Ave., Ft. Atkinson. Wis., and 349 Hawthorne St.. Memphis, Tenn. BRICKEY, Joel P., (Associate 1924), 665 S. Pearl St., Denver, Colo. ` BRIDE, W.T., (Junior 1925), Supervising Engr.. (for mail). Bride, Grimes & Co.. 526 Essex St., and 116 E. Haverhill St., Lawrence, Mass. BRIDGES, Frank G., (1919), 433 Dundee Drive. Cleveland, O. . BRINTON, Joseph W.; (1920), Mgr. Boston Office, (for mail), American Blower Co., 10 High St.. Boston, and 9 Summit Ave., Brookline, Mass. BRODERICK, Joseph F., (Junior 1914; 1918). Engr., Thompson-Starrett Co., 245 Hunters Point Ave., Long Island City, N. Y., and (for mail). P. O. Box 388, Springdale, Conn. BROGAN, James J., (Associate 1917), Brogan & Co., (for mail). 810 Race St.. Philadelphia, and 6142 Lebanon Ave.. Overbrook. Pa. BRONSON, Carlos E., (1919), Mech. Engr., (for maU), Kewanee Boiler Co., and 311 McKinley Ave., Kewanee, 111. BROOKS, Thomas C., (1923), Pres, and Treas., T. C. Brooks Co.. 101 W. Dedham St., Boston, Mass. BROWN, Aubrey I., (1923), Asst. Prof. Htg. and Vtg., Ohio State University, and 45 E. Lakeview Ave., Columbus, O. BROWN, Alfred Porter, (1927). Pres.. B. F. Reynolds & Co.. 118 W. Ohio St., Chicago, 111. BROWN, Foskett* (1926), Pres., (for mail), Foskett Brown Mfg. Co.. 1608 Harrison St., P. O. Box 722, and Vanderbilt Campus, Nash ville, Tenn. BROWN, John H., (1920), Mgr., (for mail), Keasbey & Mattison Co., 429 N. Washington Ave.. and 3704 BlaisdeU St., Minneapolis, Minn. BROWN, Robert H., (1926), Research Engr., (for mail), Parks-Cramer Co., 1102 Old South Bldg., Boston, and 75 Glen Rd.. Jamaica Plain, Mass. BROWN, William H., (Associate 1923). Mgr. Plbg. and Htg. Dept., Brown Bros.. 3412 North Ave., and (for mail), 1367-38th St., MUwaukee, Wis. BROWNE, Alfred L., (1923). Repr., (for mail). Illinois Engrg. Co.. 3514 Grand Central Terminal, New York, N. Y., and 253 Highland Rd., S. Orange, N. J. BROWNELL, Chester D.t (1923). Mgr. and Engr., (for mail). Reliable Plbg. & Htg. Co., 109 W, University Ave.! and 307 W. White- St., Chamoaign. 111. BROWNING, Hilbert K., (Junior 1926), Dist. Sales Rep., (for mail). A. M. Byers Co.. 412 Shell Bldg., and 5841 Cabanne Ave., St. Louis, . Mo. BRUEGGEMAN, Arthur R,, (1920), Pres., (for mail). The A. R. Brueggeman Co., Keith Bldg., Cleveland, and 17220 Aldersyde Drive, Shaker Heights. Cleveland, O. BRUNETT, Adrian L., (1923). Mech. Engr., P. O. Box 16. RockviUe. Md. BRUNNER, Herbert, (1924), Consulting Engr. and Pres., (for mail). Brunner Engr. Co.. Inc., 320 West 48th St., and 41 West 69th St.. New York. N. Y. BRUNT, T. Bayard, (1917), Chief Engr. and Mgr.. Mechanical Equipt. Co., 214 South 12th St.. Philadelphia, Pa., and (for mail). 405 Eighth St.. Riverton, N. J. BRUSMAN, Harry M., (1923). Htg. and Sanitary Engr., Natl. Cash Register Co., Dayton, O. BRYANT, Alice G. * (1921), 502 Beacon St.. Boston. Mass. BRYANT, Percy J., (1915), Chief Engr.. (for mail), U. S. Military Academy, West Point, and 231 Carpenter Ave., Newburgh. N. Y. BRYCE, Stephen D., (1921), Partner, (for mail). Bryce Htg. & Vtg. Co., 415 Spitzer Bldg., and 2907 Rockwood Place, Toledo. O. ' BUDER. Chas. G.,* (1919), Western Sales Mgr., (for mail). Donk Bros. Coal Co.. 314 N. Fourth St., St. Louis, and North Drive and Pine Ave., Forest Hills Park, Webster Grove, Mo. BUEL, H. G., (Assodate 1921), Vice-Pres., Tilghman Moyer Co., 141 N. Ninth St., and (for mail). 2135 Chew St., Allentown. Pa. ' BUENGER, Albert,* (Junior 1917; 1920). Mech. Engr., C. H. Johnston, Archt., 360 Rober St., and (for mail), 1666 Stanford Ave., St. Paul, Minn. BUENSOD, Alfred C., (1918). Mech. Sales Engr., (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp.. 39 Cortlaodt St.f and 125 West 12th St.. New York. N. Y. BULKELEY, Claude A.,* (1923),, Supt. and Mech, Research Engr., (for mail), Niagara Blower Co., 673 Ontario St., Buffalo, N. Y. BUMSTEAD. Francis Edwin, (1925), Owner, (for mail), Bumstead Htg. & Plbg. Co., 414 E. Dale St., and 803 N. Wohsatch Ave., Colorado Springs, Colo. 9 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 BUNNELL, Ercell W., (Junior 1923; 1924), CAMPBELL, Everett K. * (1920). Pres, and Consulting Engr.. (for- mail), American Trust Treas., (for mail), E. K. Campbell Htg. Co., Bldg., and 2214 13th Ave., N., Birmingham, Ala. BURGER, John C., (1919), Estimator and Supt., (for mail). Geo. A. Henrich Co.. 702 N. Wells St., and 7201 Chaplain Ave., Chicago, 111. BURKE, Fletcher H., (1925), Consulting Engr.', (for mail), Fletcher H. Burke--John C. Wright, Associate. 6S1 Ellicott Sq., and 276 Sterling Ave.. Buffalo. N. Y. .. BURKE, George B., (1926), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Sarco Co., Inc., 53 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, and 611 Ninth St., Wilmette, 111. BURNAP, Charles W,, (1922), Herman Nelson Corp.. 724 Commercial St., Emporia, Kans. BURNETT, Earle S- (1920), Mech. Engr.. (for mail). Bureau of Mines, U. S. Helium Prod. Plant. P. O. Box 602, and 4005 Oakland St., Ft. Worth, Tex. . BURNS, Edward J., (1923). Htg. Engr., (for mail), H. Kelly & Co., 925 Plymouth Bldg., and . 4716 Aldrich Ave- S- Minneapolis, Minn. BURNS, Willard A., (1924), Collins & Burns Co.., 1728 Farwell Ave:, Chicago, 111. 2445 Charlotte St., and 3717 Harrison Blvd., Kansas City, Mo. - CAMPBELL, John Packard, (Junior 1927), Htg. Engr., The James Robertson Co., Ltd., P. O, Box 1000, St. John, and 18 Lancaster Ave., Fairville. N.B., Can. CANTWELL, William T,, (1920), Plbg. and Htg. Contracting, (for mail). 306 Bleecker St- and 1302 Brinckerhoff Ave., Utica, N. Y. CARDER, William W., (Associate 1923), Br. Mgr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co., 210 Bona Allen Bldg., and 249 Peoples St., Atlanta. Ga. CARLE, William E,, (1926). Pres., (for mail), Carle-Boehling Co., 1641 W. Broad St., and 2220 Floyd Ave., Richmond, Va. CARNAHAN, Glen C., (1924), Mgr., (for mail), Htg. Section, Peoples Gas. Light & Coke Co., 122 S. Michigan Ave., and 5428 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago. 111. ' CARPENTER, Randolph H., (1921), Mgr., New York Office, (for mail), Nash Engr. Co., Graybar Bldg., 43rd and Lexington Ave., New York, and ' 10 Jefferson Ave., White Plains, N. Y. BURR, Ralph J., (Associate 1919), Htg. Contract ing, Standish, Mich. CARR, Clifford H., (Associate 1924)? Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). C. H. Carr Mchy. Co., 411 BURRITT, Charles G., (Associate 1916). Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 922 Second Ave., and 1425 LaSalle Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. Mutual Bldg., and 5108 Main St.. Kansas City, Mo. CARRIER, Willis II.,* (1913), (Council 1923-26), BURT; Henry Jackson, (Associate 1926), Con Pres., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen - suiting Engr., (for mail), 645 N. Michigan Ave., . Chicago, and 416 Ellis Ave., Wheaton, 111. Ave., Newark, and (for mail), Rensselaer Rd., Essex Fells, N. J. BURT, John E., (1924), J. E. Burt & Son. 2442 South 16th St., Philadelphia, Pa. - BURTON, Clarence A., (1919), Mgr., (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., 2020 Wyandotte St., and 3534 Virginia Ave., Kansas City, Mo. BUSHNELL, Carl D., (Associate 1921), Pres., (for mail). Bushnell Mchy. Co., Century Bldg., Pittsburgh, and 94 Pilgrim Rd- Rosslyn Farms, Carnegie. Pa. BUTLER, Charles, (1920). 108M W. Second St., Oklahoma City, Okla- and Hotel Sherman, Fourth and Hill Sts., Los Angeles, Calif. BUTLER, Charles Willis, (Junior 1927), Sales man, The American Blower Co., 1221 Boatmens - Bk. Bldg.. St. Louis, Mo. CARROLL, W. J., (Associate 1925), Br. Mgr;, Kewanee Boiler Co-.402H Mich. Trust Bldg., and ^ (for mail), 339 Burton St., S.E., Grand Rapids, Mich. . CARSTEN, W. H,, (1923). Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). Majestic Furnace & Mfg. Co., Inc., 1723 Westlake Ave., N., and 102 W. Canal St,, Seattle, Wash. , CARSTENS, Emil, (Junior 1922; Associate 1925), Htg. Engr., H. B. Smith Co., 49th and Grays Ave., and 4615 N. Rosehill St., Philadelphia, Pa. CARTLAND, Silas, (Junior 1923), Sales Engr:, (for mail), 30 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, and P. O. Box 84, Pentwater, Mich. CARTY, Thomas, (1924), Pres., Carty Htg. BUTLER, Peter D., (1922), Salesman, U. S. Radiator Corp., 101 Park Ave., New York, N.Y. and (for mail), 127 Edgewater Ave., Grantwood, - N. J. BUTLER, Thomas F., (Associate 1919), Htg. Vtg. and Plbg., (for mail), 545 Broadway, and W. Erie and Madison Aves., Lorain, O. ; Corp., 29 Audubon Ave., and 635 West 174th . St., New York, N. Y. CARY, Albert A.,* (Charter Member), (Bd. of Mgrs. 1894-1899; Council 1896), Consulting Engr., 95 Liberty St., New York, N. Y. CASE, Edward W., (Associate 1916), Chrm. of Bd., W.-A. Case & Son Mfg. Co., 220 Delaware BYRNES, Thomas F., (Junior 1924; Associate - 1925), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., The Frederick Raff - Co., 164 State St.,` and (for mail), 31 Clifford St., Hartford, Conn. Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. -' CASEY, Byron L., (1921). Sales Engr., (for mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co., 324 W. Monroe St., Chicago, . and 501 Clifton Ave., Park Ridge. 111. CASH, Tidie T,, (Associate 1925), Pres., (for mail). Cash Co.. 240 Seventh Ave., S- and 20, , C - . Groveland St,, Minneapolis, Minn. " N CADWELL, William H., (1916), Pres., (for mail). The Beaton & Cadwell Mfg. Co.. P. O. Box 1012, and 130 W. Main St., New Britain, Conn. CALAIIAN, John J., (1915), Supervising En^r., (for mail). Board of Education, Administration Bldg., 2 Harrison Ave., and 78 Bartholdi Ave., Jersey City, N. J. CALEB, David,* (1923), Engr.. Kansas City Power & Light Co., (for mail), 1330 Grand Ave., and 141 Spruce St., Kansas City, Mo. CALLAHAN, Michael J., (1914), Pres, and Treas- Peerless Unit Ventilation Co.. Skillman Ave., and Hulst St,, Long Island City, N.'Y. CALLAHAN, Thomas H., (Junior 1924), Pres., (for mail), Callahan Engrg., Co.; Inc., 20 Grove St- and 248 S. Lexington Ave., White Plains, N.Y. - CASSELL, John D.,* (1913), Supt. of Bldgs., (for mail). Board of Public Education, Keystone School Bldg., 19th and Chestnut Sts., and 2007 Chestnut St.,' Philadelphia. Pa. . CASSERLY, T, D,, (Associate 1923), Mech. Engr., ' Weil-McLain Co., Michigan City, Ind,, and (for mail), 5339 Winthrop Ave., Chicago. 111. CASTIN, Laurence N., (1927), Htg. Contracting, 1212 Michigan Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. . ' CAVILEER, James V., (Associate 1921), Sales Engr., (for mail), York Htg. & Vtjf Corp., 1502 Locust St., and 2938 North 27th St., Philadel phia, Pa. > CHADEAYNE, George D,, (Junior 1924; As sociate 1926), Engr.. Gorton & Lidgerwood Co- 96 Liberty St., New York, and (for mail), 187 Sixth Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. . CHADWICK, John Beaghen. (1926), Htg. and CALVERT, Norman W.,* (1921), Engr. of Steam ' Vtg. Engr- Calico Printers Assn., Ltd., Bldg., Distribution, (for mail), The Detroit Edison Co., Dept. P. O. Box 52. St. James Bldg., Oxford St.. 2000 Second Ave:, and 3297 Clements, Detroit, Mich. and (for mail), 11 Orville Drive, Burnage Hall Rd- Burnage, Manchester, England. - 10 Roll of Membership CHAISSON, Clarence H., (Junior 1926), Drafts CLARKE, Samuel S'., (1909). Htg. and Vtg. man, C. S. Cox Engrg. Co., 625 Putnam Ave., Engr- (for mail), Imperial Radiator Co- and Cambridge, Mass. Canadian Sirocco Co- 605 Second St- W- CHALLMAN, Samuel A., (1919), Director of Calgary. Alberta. Can. - School Bldgs., State Dept, of Education, State CLARKSON, Robert C., Jr,, (1921). Asst. Engr., Capitol, St. Paul, and (for mail), 1107 Seventh Turner Construction Co- 1713 Sansom St- and St., S.E.. Minneapolis, Minn. 821 South 49th St. Philadelphia. Pa. CHAMBERS, William E,, (Associate 1923). CLARKSON, William B., (1919), Director of Htg. Contractor. 1025 Franklin St., Williams Research, King Vtg. Co- 251 Broadway. Owaton- port. Pa. ` na, Minn. CHAPMAN, D. Witt, (1914), Consulting Engr., CLEGG, Carl, (1922), Mgr., (for mail). American (for mail), 208 Stovall-Professional Bldg., and Blower Co- 310 Mutual Bldg- and 3433 Homes 2803 Eserilh St., Tampa, Fla. St- Kansas City, Mo. CHAPMAN, Frank T., (1909), (Board of Gov CLELAND, James E., (1925). Owner, (for mail), ernors 1913; Council 1914-1916; 2nd Vice-Pres. Cleland Engrg. Co., 208-19 Fifth St- and 73 N. 1915; 1st Vice-Pres. 1916), E. Davey Dodd, 137 Princeton Circle. Lynchburg, Va. Forest Ave., Glen Ridge, N. J. .. CLEMENT, E. R., (Associate 1924). Salesman, CHAPPELL, Temple Archer, (1926), Pres, and Hoffman Specialty Co., 2450 Main St- Bridge Gen. Mgr., (for mail), Weldon Sheet Metal ... port, Conn. Works, Inc., and P. O. Box 143, Weldon, N. C. CLIFTON, Wm. F., (1923), 313 Brook Ave., CHASE, John M., (Associate 1916), Vice-Pres. Toronto, Ont- Can. and Eastern Repr., (for mail), W. A. Case & Son CLOUD, Oscar E., (Associate 1924), Mgr., (for Mfg. Co.. 50 East 42nd St., and 468 Riverside mail). Western Sheet Metal Works, 450 N. Main Drive, New York. N. Y. St- and 529 Madison Ave- Wichita, Kan9. CHENOWETH, William H,, (1911), Dist. Mgr., CLOUGH, Leslie, (1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. (for mail). Warren Webster & Co., 549 W. - 80 Boylston St- Boston, and 203 Pierce Rd,, Washington St., Chicago, and 256 Keystone Weymouth, Mass. Avp.'. River Forest, 111. CLOW, Milton T,, (1926), Research Engr- (for CHERRY, Lester A., (1921), Industrial Planning ' mail), James B. Clow & Sons. 201 N. Talman Corp., (for mail), 45 Court St., and 155 Euclid Ave- Chicago, and 930 Columbian Ave- Oak Ave., Hertel Sta., Buffalo, N. Y. Park. 111. CHERVEN, Victor W,, (Associate 1920), Chief COE, Ivan B., (1918), Pres., (for mail). Blower Engr., (for mail), Holland Furnace Co., and 326 Systems Corp- 362 Plymouth Ave- S- and 122 Maple Ave., Holland, Mich. Penhurst Ave- Rochester, N. Y. CHESTER, Thomas,* (1917), Consulting Engr., 1318 Cordova Rd., Pittsburgh, Pa. COE, Ralph T., (1917), Senior Partner, (for mail). The R. T. Coe Companies, 522 Cutler Bldg- and CHEYNEY, Charles C., (Junior-1913; Associate 235 Chili Ave- Rochester. N; Y. 1925), (for mail). Buffalo Forge Co., 562 W. COHAGEN, Chandler C., (1919), Archt- (for Washington Blvd.,. Chicago, and Glencoe, III. mail), Mclver E. Cohagen, P. O. Box 1305, CHILDRESS, Worthie Lee, (1925), Partner, Heddin Bldg- and 127 Wyoming Ave- Billings, E. G. Harris & Co., 3312 W. Cary St., and 609 Mont. . West 27th St. Richmond, Va. ' COLBY, Clyde W,, (1015). Pres- C. W. Colby &. CHITTENDEN, F. J.t (Associate 1925), Mgr., Co- 2341 Carnegie Ave- Cleveland, and 1755 (for mail), Walworth Co., Inc., 43 Carolina.StBuffalo, and 151 Pierce Ave., Hamburg, N. Y. CHOFFIN, C. C., (1919), Secy, and Treas., W. J. Scholl & Co., Mahoning Ave. and Hogue St.,- Youngstown, O. . CHRISTIAN, Charles W,, (1913), Owner, (for. mail), Chas. W. Christian, Htg. & Vtg. Engr. & Contr., P. O. Box 292, 935 Providence Rd., and Myers Park, Charlotte, N. C. CHURCH, Herbert John, (1922), Mgr., (for mail), Darling Bros., Ltd., 77 York St., Toronto, , and 358 Main St., Weston. Ont- Can. Northfield Ave- E. Cleveland, O. COLE, Grant E., (Associate 1925). Mgr., (for mail). The Trane Co., 21-23 River St- and 128 Grenadier Rd- Toronto, Ont- Can. COLEMAN, John B., (1920), Chief Engr- (for mail). Grinnell Co- Inc- 260 W. Exchange St and 237 Cole Ave., Providence, R. I. COLLAMORE, Ralph, (1904), (Bd. of Gov. 1913), Secy., Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, 800 Mar , quette Bldg- and (for mail). 679 Pingree AveDetroit, Mich. COLLIER, William I., (1921), Consulting Engr- CLAFFEY, Edward J,, (1913), Pres., (for mail), E. J. Ciaffey Co.. 10 W. Illinois St., and 439 Melrose St.. Chicago, 111. CLARE, Fulton Warren, (1927), Mgr., (for mail), . Clare & Co- 354 Marietta St- and 1316 North (for mail), W. I. Collier & Co- 15 E. Fayette StBaltimore, and Ellicott City, Md. COMSTOCK, Glen Moore, (Associate 1926), Engr., (for mail). Rush Mchy. Co- 932 Oliver Bldg- Pittsburgh, and 154 College Ave- Beaver, Ave- N.E- Atlanta, Ga. CLARK, E. H,,( 1922), Br. Mgr., J. D. Swartwout Co- 482 Penobscot Bldg- and (for mail). Apt. 26, 132 Pingree St- Detroit, Mich. . Pa. CONES, Benjamin, (1911), Secy, and Treas., Natl. Engrg. Co., (for mail), 2607 E. Washington St- and 420 N. Keystone Ave- Indianapolis, CLARK, Fred C., (1923), Pres., F. C. Clark Htg. Ind. ' Co- 5941 Baum Blvd- and 505 N. Sheridan Ave- Pittsburgh. Pa. ' CONNELL, Richard F,, (1916), Mgr., (for mail), Capitol Testing Lab- U. S. Radiator Corp., 127 CLARK, Homer J., (1919), Dist. Mgr., B. F. Campbell Ave-. and 2970' Burlingame Ave- Sturtevant Co- 1042 Wrigley Bldg- Chicago, I1L Detroit, Mich. ' CLARK, W. Chas. M,, (1915), Consulting Engr- CONNOLLY, Charles I- (Associate 1925), Sales (for mail). 130 Engrs. Bldg- and 2165 Cottage . Repr., Hoffman Specialty Co- Waterbury; Grove Drive, Cleveland, O. ' Conn., and (for mail), 758 South 10th St- CLARK, William D,, (1908), Htg. and Vtg. Newark, N. J. Engr- Richardson & Boynton Co- 260 Fifth COOGAN, Jesse, (1915), Chief Engr- (for mail), Ave- New York, and (for mail), 8613-110th St., Jesse Coogan Engrg. Co- 404 Boston Bldg- ' Richmond Hill, N. Y. and Commercial Club, Salt Lake City, Utah. CLARK, W. H., (1921), Htg. Engr., Anchor COOK, Benjamin F- (1920), -Member-of Firm, Sanitary Co- 123 Third Ave., and 1018 Wood- Cook & White, 308 Mutual Bldg- Kansas City, bourne Ave- Pittsburgh. Pa. and (for mail), Route 6, P. O. Box 452, Indepen CLARKE, Howard W., (Associate 1923), Htg. dence, Mo. and Vtg. Engr- Jas. Spear Stove & Htg. Co., COOK, Chester D- (1921), Co-partner, (for mail), 1823 Market St- Philadelphia, and (for mail), D. F. Edwards Htg. Co- 2340 Pine St- and 512 Yale Ave., Swarthmore, Pa. 4264 Botanical Ave- St. Louis, Mo. ' 11 X' American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 COOK., Harris R., (Associate 1924), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), American Foundry & Furnace Co., 805~36th St., and 1121-44th St, Milwaukee, Wis. COOLEY, Maxwell S.,* (1911), Bureau of Yards and Docks, Navy Dept., Washington, D. C., and (for mail), 5 E. Irving St, Chevy Chase, Md. COON, Thurlow E,, (1916), Pres., The Coon DeVisser Co., 2051 W. Lafayette, and (for mail) 826 Edison Ave., Detroit, Mich. COOPER, Albert W,, (Associate 1925). Mgr., Salt Lake Office, (for mail). Johnson Service Co., 610 McIntyre Bldg., and 2543 Highland Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah. COOPER. Frank Irving, (1911), (Council 1914 1916), Pres., (for mail), Frank Irving Cooper Corp., 172 Tremont St, Boston, and Concord Rd., Wayland. Mass. ' COOPER, Harry. (Associate 1924). Pres., (for mail), Harry Cooper Supply Co.. 223 Water St, and 590 E. Walnut St, Springfield, Mo. COOPER, John W. (Junior 1921; Associate 1925), Repr., (for mail). Buffalo Forge Co., 515 Chemical Bldg., and 4305 Lindell Blvd.. St Louis. Mo. COOPER, Thos. R., (1923). Shanghai Water Works Co., 69 Kiangse Rd., and 339 Yu Yuen Rd.. Shanghai, China. - COOPER. Thomas W., (Associate 1922), Mgr., (for mail), Utica Heater Co.. 629 Chestnut St., and 5117 N. Mervine St., Philadelphia. Pa. CORNELL, Harold, (Associate 1925), Salesman, Davies Supply Co., 6601 Grand Ave., Chicago'. 111. CORNWALL, George T., (1919), Mgr.. Boiler Dept, (for mail), Hitchings & Co.. Spring and Louisa Sts.', and 633 Madison Ave., Elizabeth, N. J. COSGROVE, Wallace M., (1923), Mgr., (for mail). American Radiator Co.. 40 West 40th St, New York, N. Y., and 240 Ridgewood Rd., S. Orange, N. J. COUGHLIN, R. J., (1925). Dist. Mgr.. B. F. Sturtevant Co., 1042 Wrigley Bldg., Chicago. HI. COUSENS, Walter S,, (1924), Treas.. McLean & Cousens Co., 65 Chandler St, Boston, and (for mail). 46 Shornediff Rd., Newton, Mass. COWARD, Herbert, (1921), Wash. Rep., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 418 Washington Loan & Trust Bldg.. Washington, D. C., and E. Falls Church, Va. COWLES, Benjamin E., (1919), Htg. Engr.* (for mail). Kellogg-Mackay Co., 824 S. Fourth St, Minneapolis, and 3711 Colfax Ave., N., N. Minneapolis, Minn. COX, Christopher J., (1919), (for mail). C. J. Cox Engrg. Co., 625 Putnam Ave., Cambridge, and 1412 Commercial Ave.. Allston, Mass. COX, W. F., (1924), Specialty Engr., (for mall), Crane Co., 1532 Grand Ave., and 5212 Rockhill Rd.. Kansas City, Mo. ` COX, William W,, (1923). Consulting Engr., (for . mail). Warren Webster & Co., 326 Columbia St, and 5416 Kirkwood Place. Seattle, Wash. CRANNELL, Chas A., (1922), Charles A. Crannell Co., (for mail), 7253 Cottage Grove Ave., and 8336 Paxton Ave., Chicago, 1U. CRAWFORD, William B., (1921), Mgr. Specialty Dept., (for mail), J. P. Marsh & Co., 114 S. Clinton St, and 1516 N. Mayfield Ave., Chicago, 111. CRIQUI, Albert A.,* (1919), Chief Engr., Htg. and Vtg. Dept, Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broad way, and (for mail). 250 Blaine Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. CROFT, Terrell, (1924), Directing Engr., Apartado 275, Merida. Yucatan, Mexico. CRONE, Charles E., Jr., (1922), Secy, and Treas., (for mail), Wendt & Crone Co., 1131 N. Wells St. and 5432 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago. III. CRONE, Thomas E., (1920), Dist Sales Mgr., W. A. Russel) & Co., 5037 Grand Central Terminal Bldg., and (for mail), 235 West 71st St., New York. N. Y. CRUTCHLEY. Edward, Jr., (1920), Htg. Con tractor., (for mail), Edward Crutchley, Jr., 477-83rd St, and 78-S9th St.. Brooklyn, N. Y. CULBERT. Warren G., (Associate 1911). Phila. Mgr., Hart & Crouse Co.. 3118 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, and 38 Chester Pike. Ridley Park Pa CULLEN, Harry J., (1923), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., . Warren & Wetmore, 16 West 47th St., New York, and (for mail). 15 Scott Place, Jamaica, N. Y. CULLYFORD, Francis S,, (1915). Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). Cullyford Plbg. & Htg. Co., 1210 California St, and 517 Josephine St, Denver, Colo. CUMMINGS, Carl K., (Junior 1926), Mgr., .Industrial Appliance Co. of N. E., 126 High St, ' Boston, Mass. - CUMMINGS, Charles A., (Junior 1926), (for mail), Capitol Testing Laboratory, U. S. Radiator Corp., 127 Campbell Ave., and 1554 W. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Mich. ' CUMMINGS, G. J., (1923). Supt., Scott Co.. 113 Tenth St., and 4100 Lyon Ave., Oakland, Calif. CUMMINS, George H., (1919), Sales Engr.. (for mail). Morgan-Gerrish Co., 800 LaSalle Ave., and 4944 Logan Ave.. S., Minneapolis, Minn. CURRIER, Charles H., (1919). Vice-Pres., (for mail). Drying Systems, Inc., 50 Church St, and 322 West 72nd St., New York. N. Y. CUTHBERT, Ivan Norman, (1925), (for mail), Cuthbert & Cuthbert, 327 E. Huron St., and Rural Route Number 6, Ann Arbor, Mich. CUTLER, Joseph A., (1916), (Council 1917 1926), Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 1355 Washington and Belden-Stratford Hotel, Chicago. 111. CUTTER, Edward H., (Associate 1923). Special Distributor, Hoffman Steam Specialties, (for mail). 179 W. Washington St., Chicago, and Elgin, 111. CUYLER, David H,, (1917), Chicago Mgr., Natl. Radiator Co., 1038-1106 S. Kolmar Ave., Chicago, and 536 Hinman Ave., Evanston, 111. D DAILEY, Jas .A., (Associate 1920), Htg. Con tractor, 50 Jane St., New York, N. Y. DAILEY, James-F., (1924). Vice-Pres., Typhoon Fan Co., 345 West 39th St., New York, and 25 Wilson Drive. New Rochelle. N. Y. DALTO, Frank J., (Associate 1926). Plbg. & Htg. Contr., (for mail), 7901-13th Ave., and 1349 74th St., Brooklyn. N. Y. DALY, John H,, (1915), Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). Daly Co., 1425~16th St., and. Denver Athletic Club. Denver. Colo. DALY, Robert E., (1927), Sales Engr., American Radiator Co.. 400 Barium Bldg., and 843 E.; * Strathmore, Detroit, Mich. DAMBLY, A. Ernest, (Junior 1921; 1924). Asst., (for mail), H. B. Hackett, 505 Chestnut St.. Philadelphia. Pa. DANE,. Irving S., (1925), Mgr., Boston Office. The Trane Co., 15 School St., Boston, and (for mail), 9 Mason St., Medford, Mass. DANFORTH, Newman Lorlng, (1919). Pres., John W. Danforth Co., 72 Ellicott St., Buffalo, N. Y. . DANNIES, F. R., (Associate 1925), Salesman. American Radiator Co., 1801 St. Paul Ave., and 465 Fourth Ave., Wauwatosa. Wis. DARTON, Arthur W., (Associate 1925), Htg. Contractor, 314 Fulton St., Union Hill, and (for mail). 331 Brown St., Union Hill, Union City, N. J. . DARTS, John A,, (1919), Sales Mgr., (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., Inc., 570 Seventh Ave., and 272 Manhattan Ave., New York, N. Y. ' DAUCH, Emil O., (1921), Detroit Repr., Con tinental Heater Corp., 400 Penobscott Bldg., Bldrs. and Traders Exch., and (for mail). 81 Montana Ave.. W., Detroit, Mich. 12 Roll of Membership DAVIDSON, II. MacD., (Junior 1924; Associate 1926), Br. Mgr., (for mail). C. A. Dunham Co., 1820 St. Marys Ave., and 2118 Locust St., Omaha. Nebr. DAVIDSON, LUburn Clifford, (1927), Sales Engr.. (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co.. 1302 Land Title Bldg., and 916 S. 49th St., Philadelphia. Pal DAVIDSON, Philip L,, (1921; 1924). Sales Engr., Camer Engrg. Corp.. 2021 Land Title Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. DAVIES, George W., (1918). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., G. W. Davies & Co., 79 McLaggan St., Dunedin, New Zealand. DAVIS, Arthur C.( (1920). Mech. Engr., N. Y. Ad ministration Bldg., Canal, Varick and Vestry Sts., New Ybrk, N. Y. DAVIS, Benjamin West, (1927), Owner, Plbg. & Htg.. 113 Russell St., Ridley Park, Pa. DAVIS, Bert C., (1904), Pres, and Treas., (for mail). American Warming & Ventilating Co., 317 Pennsylvania Ave., and 603 W. Church St., Elmira, N. Y. DAVIS, Jas. H., (Charter Member ), (Board of Governors 1911), 816 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago. DAVIS, Joseph, (Associate 1926), Htg. Engr., and Estimator, W. E. Shaddock. 295 Oak St., and (for mail), 72 W. Northrup Place., Buffalo, N. Y. DAVIS, Leo J., (1917), Vice-Pres., (for mail), John J. Davis & Sons. Inc., 2728 Baker St., Detroit, and Philbrick Ave., Reford, Mich. DAVIS, Otis E., (Associate 1925), Salesman, Hoffman Specialty Co., and (for mail), P. O. Box 231. Scottsbluff. Nebr. DAVIS, Rowland G., (Associate 1921), Sales Engr., Herman Nelson Corp., 1900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, and (for mail), 887 Nela View Rd., Cleveland Heights, O. '. DAVIS, William A., (1925), Htg. Engr., Davis & Son, 2648 Palm Grove St., and (for mail), 1661 West Blvd.. Los Angeles. Calif. DAY, Vincent Stephen,* (1924). Asst. Research Prof.. Univ. of Illinois, 104 M. E. Lab., and 1008 S. Busey Ave., Urbana. 111. DECKER, Edward M., (Associate 1917), (for mail), American Radiator Co., 400 Barium Bldg., and 197 Rhode Island Ave., Detroit, Mich. DEEX, Charles J., (1920), Secy., (for mail), Mouat-Vapor Htg. Co.. 1246 W. Fourth St., and 4364 Rocky River Drive, Cleveland, O. DEGAN, James E., (Associate 1916), Pres., (for . mail), James E. Degan Co., 622 First St., and 2428 Blaine Ave., Detroit, Mich. DELAND, Charles W., (Junior 1923; 1924), Secy., (for mail). C. W. Johnson, Inc.. 211 N. Desplaines St., and 2021 Estes Ave., Chicago. 111. DeLONG, Maj. Harry B., (1915), (for mall), H. B. DeLong Co., 409 First Ave., and East 231-24th Ave., Spokane, Wash. DEMPSEY, Harry P.f (1919), Consulting Mech. Engr., (for mail), 34 Delaware Circuit, 232 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, and 394 Pleasant Ave., Hamburg, N. Y. DeNEILLE, J. Lawrence, (1920), Secy, and Treas., (for mail). Eichler Htg. Co., Railway Exch. Bldg., and 7227 Maryland Ave., St.,-. Louis. Mo. k DENNIS, C. K., (Junior 1923; Associate 1926), Dist. Sales Mgr., (for mail). Standard Heater Co., 309 O. C. S. Bk. Bldg., and 4 Onondaga Place, Syracuse. N. Y. DENSON, Walter, (1922), 151 E. Fourth St., Jacksonville. Fla. DERANLEAU, Raymond L., (Junior 1922; 1924), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), W. N. Bowman Co., Archts. and Engrs., 612 Insurance 'Bldg., and 1464 Josephine St., Denver, Colo. .' DeROSA, Angelo, (1925), Htg. Engr., (for mail), DeRosa Htg. Cbrp., 662 Bleecker St., and 519 Blandina Ave., Utica. N. Y. DESPAROIS, L. J,, (1925), 12th and Eastern Ave., Kansas City. Mo. DEVENDORF, Wm. F., (1910). Prop., (for mail), Wm. F. Devendorf & Co., 70 Exchange St., and *737 East Ave., Rochester, N. Y. ' DEWAR, John G., (1920), (for maU), Dewar & Carrington. 153 N. Desplaines St., Chicago, and 797 Pine St., Winnetka, 111. DeWOLF, Roger D., (1915), Asst. Supt., (for mail). Elec. Dept., Rochester Gas & Elec. Corp., 89 East Ave., and 330 Barrington St., Rochester. N. Y. DEXTER, Mac. D., (1924), Pres, and Treas.. Dexter Ventilator Co., Columbus. Ga. DIBBLE, Albert B., (Associate 1922), Pres, and Mgr., (for mail), S. E. Dibble & Son, Inc., 521 525 Grand Ave., and 44 Pendleton St., New Haven, Conn. DIBBLE, Samuel E., (1917), (Presidential Mem ber), (Pres. 1925;Council 1921-1926; 2nd VicePres. 1922; 1st Vice-Pres. 1924), Consulting Engr., and Prof. Htg. and Vtg. Dept., (for mail). Carnegie Institute of Technology, and 514 Hastings St., Pittsburgh, Pa. DICKEY, Arthur J., (1921), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr., C. A. Dunham Co.. Ltd., 1523-41 Daven port Rd., and (for mail), 9 Mossom Place, Toronto, Ont., Can. DICKINSON, Charles E.# (1926), Owner, (for mail); Dickinson Heating Co., 2814 West 55th St., Chicago, and 1210 Central St., Evanston, 111. DICKSON, Robert B,, (1919). Sales Mgr., (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., and 409 E. Prospect St., Kewanee. I1L DIGBY, Homer Evans, (Junior 1922; Associate 1925), Salesman, C. A. Dunham Co., 1104 May Bldg., Pittsburgh, and (for mail, 216 Oneida SL, Mt. Washington, Pittsburgh, Pa.- DILL, H. O., (Associate 1922), Gen. Sales Mgr., , (for mail). Oil City Boiler Works, 501 Fifth Ave., and 243 Mt. Hope Place, New York, N. Y. DILLMAN, Ernest J., (1921), Engr., (for mall). Research Dept., American Radiator Co.. 5961 Lincoln Ave., Detroit, Mich. DILLON, Henry R., (Associate 1923), Sales Mgr., Utica Heater Co., 5620 Grand Central Terminal, New York, N. Y. DISTEL, Frank, Jr., (1918), Prop., (for mail). Distel Htg. Equipment Co., 125 E. Shiawassee St., and 1011 Genessee St., Lansing, Mich. DIVER, M. L., (1925), Consulting Engr., (for mail), P. O. Box 1073, and 217 W. Craig Place. San Antonio, Tex. DIX. H. M.t (1925), Htg. Engr., Mgr. Htg. Dept., Central Supply Co., Foster Sq.P and (for mall), 11 Elmwood St., Worcester, Mass. DOBBS, C. E., (Associate 1921), Officer, Boiler.& Radiator Supply Co.. 110 Walnut St.. Philadel phia, Pa., and (for mail), 72 Berlin Ave., Haddonfield. N. J. DOBSON, George Gardner, (1922), Mech. Engr., Blower Systems Corp., 362 Plymouth Ave., and (for mail), 166 Harding Rd., Rochester, N. Y. DODDS, Forrest F,, (1920), Mgr., (for mail). American Radiator Co., 906 Davidson Bldg., and 910 Ward Parkway, Kansas City. Mo. DOERING, Frank L., (1919). Sales Engr., American Radiator Co., 451 Rivermont Ave., Lynchburg, Va. DOHERTY, James, (1917), Vice-Pres., Utica Heater Co.. 365 E. Illinois St., and 2600 Lake View Ave., Chicago, III. DOHERTY, John A., (1924), Htg. Engr., (for mail), Richardson & Boynton Co., 260 Fifth Ave., New York, and 539-51st St., Brooklyn, DOHERTY, John J., (1921), Owner,, (for mail), P. C. Doherty Co., 112 Main St., and 135 Academy St., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. DOLAN, Raymond G,, (Junior 1922r Associate 1926), 614 W. Grand, Oklahoma City, Okla. DOLAN, William Henry, Jr., (Junior 1927), Asst. Treas., (for mail). The Jennison Co.. 17 Putnam St., and 65 Linden St., Fitchburg,-Mass. DOME, Walter R.t (1920), Partner. Lansdale Htg. Supplies Co.. Pennsylvania and Chestnut Sts., Lansdale, and (for mail), 6332 Homer St.. Philadelphia, Pa. 13 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 DONNELLY, James A.,* (1904), (Treas. 1912 1914). 170 New York Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. DONNELLY, Russell, (1923), Sales Engr., (for DUBRY, Ernest E., (1924), Asst. Supt. Central Htg., (for mail), Detroit Edison Co., 2000 . Second Ave., and 9116 Dexter Blvd., Detroit, mail), Nash Engrg. Co., Graybar Bldg., 43rd St. and Lexington Ave., New York, N.Y., and Stamford, Conn. . DONNELLY, Webster C., (Junior 1922), 3 . Broadway, Lynbrook, L. I. DONOGHUE, James J., (Associate 1924). Mgr., . (for mail). Natl. Radiator Co., 47 West 42nd St., - New York, N. Y., and 1957 Boulevard, Jersey City. N. J. DONOHUE, Edmund S., (Associate 1924), Salesman, (for mail), American Radiator Co., 400 Barium Bldg., and 53 E. Euclid Ave., Detroit, Mich. DONOVAN, James E., (Junior 1923), Htg. Engr.. 45 Glen Ave., Port Chester. N. Y. DOODY, Catherine A., (1924), Mgr., Silent Automatic Corp., 255 Meldrum Ave., Detroit, Mich., and 64 High St.. Canton, Mass. DORNHEIM, G. A., (Junior 1906; 1912). (for mail), Thompson-Starrett Co., 245 Hunters Point Ave., Long Island City, and 15 Hamilton . Mich. DUDFIELD, Alvin, (1920), Pres., Dudfield Mfg. Co., 116 W. Kansas St., Liberty, Mo. . DUDLEY, William Lyle, (1922), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Western Blower Co., 1800 Ninth Ave., S., . and 2525 Second Ave., W., Seattle. Wash. . DUEMLER, Franklin C., (Junior 1926), Dist. . Mgr., J. K. Petty & Co., Inc., 507 Harrison Bldg., and (for mail), 1032 E. Rittenhouse St., Philadelphia, Pa. .. ' DUFF, Kennedy, (1915), Mgr. Eastern Territory, (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 118 East 2$th St., New York, N. Y., and 9 Park Ave., Maple . wood, N. J. .. DUFFIELD, Thomas Jefferson, (Associate 1927), Executive Secy., (for mail). New York Commission on Ventilation, 370 Seventh Ave., and 400 West 119th St., New York, N. Y. DUGAN, Thomas M., (1920), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., National Tube Co., 4th Ave. and Locust St., and (for mail), P. O. Box 318, McKeesport, Ave., Bronxville, N. Y. DORSEY, Francis C., (1920), Htg. PIbg. and Elec. Contracting, Francis C. Dorsey,- 110 Prospect Ave.. Roland Park, Baltimore. Md. Pa. . DUNCAN, George W., Jr., (1923), Consulting Mech. Engr,, U. S. Veterans Hospital. Camp . Kearney, and (for mail), 2132 Derby St., DOUD, Malcolm P., (Associate 1921), (for mail), M. P. Doud, 419 Widener Bldg., Philadelphia, and 226 Rutledge Ave., Rutledge, Pa. . DOUGHERTY, P. J., (1926), Dist. Mgr., Hoffman Spenalty Co., 747 Warehouse St.. Los Angeles, and (for mail). Rose Mary Apt., 208 E. Lomita Ave., Glendale, Calif, DOUGHTY, Charles John, (1925), Managing Director and Treas., (for mail), C. J. Doughty & Co., 7 Jinkee Rd., and 160 Route Mayen, Shanghai. China. DOUGLASS, Thomas C., (1922), Thos. J. Douglass & Co.. 352 Whiting St., Chicago, IU. Berkeley, Calif. DUNCAN, John M., (1924). Mech.. Engr., . Atmospheric Nitrogen Corp., Syracuse, N. Y. DUNHAM, Clayton A., (1911), Pies., (for mail), . C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., Chicago, and 150 Maple Hill Rd., Glencoe, ill. DUNLAP, Ralph L., (1917), Chief Engr. and .Gen. Supt., (for mail), J. H. Kitchen & Co., . Pioneer Trust Bldg., 1016 Baltimore Ave., and 5533 Holmes St., Kansas City, Mo. * DUNLEVY, Thomas Ross, (1925), Mgr., Anthra- - cite Coal Service, 75 Westminster St., and (for , mail), 170 Alabama Ave., Edge Sta., Providence, DOWNE, Henry S., (1895), Vice-Pres, and European Director, (for mail), American Radia tor Co., 149, Boulevard Haussmann, and 5 Rue. R. I. DUQUET, Asa M., (1923). Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. (for mail), Moss-Chase Co., 263 Summer St., Boston 32. and 109 Blake St., Wallaston, Mass. Verdi. Paris. France. . DURAND, William L., (1921), Engr.. (for mail), DOWNES, Nate W., (1917), Engr., (for mail). Clark, McMullen & Riley, 101 Park Ave., New School Dist. of Kansas City, 601 Finance Bldg., York, and 242 Lafayette Ave.. Brooklyn, N. Y. and 2119 East 68th St., Kansas City, Mo. DUSOSSOIT, Edmond A., (1920), Treas.. (for DOWNEY, Frank E., (1921), Pres., (for mail), mail). Lynch.& Woodward, Inc., 202 Harrison Downey Supply Co., 613 Clybourn St., and 1188 Ave.. Boston, and 16 Hancock Ave.,- Newton Prospect Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. Centre, Mass. .` DOWNEY, Paul C., (Junior 1926). Pres, and DWYER, John Vincent, (Associate 1922), Asst. Treas., (for mail). Downey Heating Co., 256 Factory Mgr., (for mail). Peninsular Stove Co.. 11th St., and 2328 Prairee St., Milwaukee, Wis. . Fort St., W., Detroit, and 372 Lakeland Ave:, DOYLE, William J., (1920), Designing Engr., Williamson Heater Co.. 4558 Marburg Ave., Oakley, and (for mail), 3766 Hyde Park Ave., Cincinnati, O. - DRAKE, George H., (1919), (for mail), 218 Lexington Ave., and 353 Norwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. DRESEN, William D., (Junior 1926), Sales Engr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 312 E. Ohio St., Indianapolis, and 112 Gale Ave., River Forest, 111. DRIGGS, Leland L., (1918), Htg. Engr., Louis T. Grosse Pointe Village, Mich. DWYER, Thomas F., (1923), Mech. Engr., (for mail), Board of Education, Flatbush Ave. and Concord St., Brooklyn, and 282 Cypress Ave., New York. N. Y. DYER, Orville K., (1919). Mgr. Blower Dept.; (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 11 Russell Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. . DYER, William Saul, (Associate 1927), Pres., vDyer Heating Co., 408 Graham.Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. . Klauder, 1300 Bankers Trust Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa., and (for mail). 208 E. Clinton Ave., Oaklyn, E N. J. .' EAD1E, John G., ,(1909). Consulting Engr., (for ` DRINKER, Philip, (1922), Asst. Prof, of Ventila mail), Eadie, Freund & Campbell, 110 West tion and Illumination, (for mail). Harvard School 40th St., New York, N. Y., and 11 Blackburn Rd., of Public Health, 55 Van Dyke St., Boston, and Summit, N. J. . 128 Gardner Rd., Brookline, Mass. EAGAN, George A., (1917), Pres., (for mail). DRISCOLL, William H., (1904), (Presidential Member), (Council 1918-1926; Treas. 1923 ; 2nd Eagan & Beahm, Inc., 304 Stephen Girard Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa., and Hunter St., and Vice-Pres. 1924; 1st Vice-Pres. 1925; Pres. 1926), Bayard Ave., Woodbury, N. J. Vice-Pres., (for mail), Thompson-Starrett Co., 245 Hunters Point Ave.. Long Island City, N. Y., and 23 Boyd Ave., Jersey City, N. J. DRUCE, John.J., (1922), Vice-Pres. and Mgr., . McKelvey & Birch, Ltd., 69 Brock St., and (for mail). 26 Alice St., Kingston, Ont., Can. . DUBE, Wilbrod, (1925), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Raoul Chenevert, Archt., 20$ D'Aiguillun St., and 157 Cremazie St.. Quebec, Can. EAGAN, Walter H., (1926). Pres.. Walter H. Eagan & Co., Stephen-Girard Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa.- EAGAR, R. Frank, (1922), Consulting Engr., (for mail)', Eagar, Coombs & Co., Ltd.. P. O. Box 904, 138 Lower Water St., and Bedford, Halifax County, Nova Scotia. EARLY, George David, (Associate 1927), Bus. Repr., Steam Fitter, Rm. 102 Labor Temple, and 7803 W. Green St. Way, Seattle, Wash. * 14 Roll of Membership EASTERBROOKS, Clifton C., (1922). Sales Engr., (for mail), Koithan 8t Pryor. 39 Cortlandt St., and 2735 Sedgewick Ave.. New York, N. Y. ELLIS, Harry W., (Associate 1909; 1923), Pres. . and Gen. Mgr., Johnson Service Co., 149 Michigan St., Milwaukee, Wis. ' EASTWOOD, Everett Owen, (1921), Prof. Mech, Engrg, (for mail), Univ. of Washington, and 4702 12th Ave., N.E., Seattle, Wash. EASTWOOD, Harry Fuller, (1925), Consulting Combustion Engr., also Engineering Dept., (for mail). Newton Coal Co., 5138 Walnut St., Phila ELLIS. John Edwin, (Associate 1921), (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 1412 West 12th St., and 3030 Oak St., Kansas City. Mo. ELLIS, Walter C., (Associate 1923; 1925), Mech. Engr., (for mail), 64 W. Randolph St., Chicago, and 324 Ninth Ave.. LaGrange. III. delphia, and 138 Edgemont Ave., Ardmore. Pa. ELLIS, Wilbur H., (junior 1926; Associate 1927), EATON, Byron K., (Associate 1919; 1920), Gen. Sales Mgr., Winslow Boiler & Engr. Co.. 208 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, and (for mail), 522 N. Fifth Ave.. "La Grange. 111. EATON, Phillips, (1927), Salesman. H. B. Smith Co., 640 Main St., Cambridge, Mass., and (for mail), 40 Caldwell St., Woodfords, Me. EATON, Roy, (Associate 1925), 100 Boylston St., Boston, Mass. . EBERLE, Carl Frederick, (Junior 1926), Owner, Htg. and Vtg. Estimator, J. L. Murphy. Inc., 238 West 108th St., and (for mail), 672 Ft. George Ave., New York, N. Y. ELLISON, J. Huyler, (1919). Pres., Ellison & Co.. Inc., 211 West 126th St.. New York,.and (for mail). 41 Wallace St., Freeport, N. Y. ELY, F. Ernest, (Associate 1925), Mgr. New York Office, (for mail), Taylor Instrument Co.. 31 Union Sq., New York, N. Y., and 54-Early St., Morristown, N. J. ; (for mail). Eberie's Little Plumber, 121 N. Main St., and Clay St,, Zelienople, Pa. . EBERT, William A., (1920), Engr. and Estimator, . A. H. Shafer, 41S St. May St., and (for mail), EMERICK, Stanley H,, (Junior 1923; Associate 1925). Mech. Engr., Louis Kamper, Archt., 3729 Cass Ave., and (for mail), 5471-15th St., Detroit, Mich. P. O. Box 1280, San Antonio, Tex. EBIN, Louis,* (1924), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Phillips-Getschow Co.. 130 W. Kinzie St., and 3801 Ainslie St., Chicago, 111. ECKARDT, Charles A. T., (Associate 1924). Sales Engr.', The Whitlock Coil Pipe Co., 726 Commercial Trust Bldg., and 5822 Girard Ave., - Philadelphia, Pa. ECKART, Claude H., (1915), Secy., (for mail). Eckart Bros., Inc., 320 Westlake Ave.. N., and R. F. D. No. 4, P. O. Box 263, Seattle. Wash. . ECKLES. Robert Arthur, (1926), Architectural ' ` Engr., (for mail), W. G. Eckles Co., L. S. and T. Bldg., and 501 Winter Ave., New Castle, Pa. EDGAR, A. C., (Charter Member). (Council 1920), Pres., (for mail), Edgar. Htg. Co., 1705 Alter St., Philadelphia, and Newton Sq., Dela- w*re Co..- Pa. EMERSON, Ralph R., (1922), Sales Engr., (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St., New York, and 660-59th St., Brooklyn, N-. Y. EMERY, William D., (1923), Pres., (for mail). Blest & Emery Co., 784 Coney Island Ave., and- 496 Argyle Rd., Brooklyn, N. Y. ' -' EMMERT, Luther D,, (1919)', Repr., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co-, 562 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, and 1704 Hinman Ave,, Evanston, 111. EMPKEY, George J., (1919), Secy., (for mail). The Schneider Plbg. Co.. 4420 Euclid Ave., and 9812 North Blvd.-, Cleveland, O. EMSWILER, John E.,* (1917), Prof. Mech. Engrg., (for mail), Univ. of Michigan, 231 Engrg. Bldg., and 1303 Granger Ave., Ann Arbor, Mich. ENGLE, Alfred, (Associate 1923), Asst. Sales Mgr., Jenkins Bros., 80 White St., and 60 West 190th St.. New York. N. Y. ' ' EDWARDS, Clarence H., (Associate'1924), Prop., R. M. Edwards & Son, 4 N. Central Ave., Canonsburg. Pa. ENGLISH, Alpheus T., (Associate 1926). Dist. Mgr., Columbus Htg. & Vtg. Co., 503 Wabash Bldg.. Pittsburgh, Pa. EDWARDS, Daniel F., (1920), Co-partner, (for ERICKSON, Harry A., (1917), 815 East 14th St., mail). D. F. Edwards Htg. Co., 2340 Pine St., ' Brooklyn, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo., and R. No. 1, Millstadt, III. EDWARDS, Paul A., (1919), Pres., (for mail). G. F. Higgins Co.. 606 Wabash Bldg., Pittsburgh, and 1254 Mississippi Ave., Dormont, Pa. ERICKSON, Martin E., (Associate 1926), Chief Engr. and Supt. of Bldgs., Board of Education, and (for mail). 5$7-66th Ave., West AUis, Wis. ERON, Lewis John, (1925), Mgr.,' (for mail), EELLS, Henry B,, (1926), Sales Repr., Barnes & _ Jones, 300 Madison Ave., New York, and (for ' " maiO. 1049 East 27th St.. Brooklvn. N. Y. EGGLESTON, Lewis W., (1921), Mgr., (for mail), American Radiator Co., 5961 Lincoln Ave., Eron Plbg. & Htg. Co., Mead-Witter Block, and 931 Gardner St., Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. ERTMAN, Bernard Rust, (1920), Htg. Engr. and Mgr.. A. F. Ertman, 309 N. Main St., Herkimer, N. Y. Detroit, Mich., and Harris Hill Rd., Williams- ville, N. Y. EVANS, C. A., (1919), 218 Lexington Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. EGGLY, Harry J., Jr., (1925), Consulting Engr., . (for mail), 2021 Chancellor St., and 5903 N. Sixth St., Philadelphia, Pa. . EHRENZELLER, Adolphe, (1924), Mgr. Htg. Dept., Walker & Pratt Mfg. Co.. 31 Union St.y Boston, and 23 Parlevale Rd., W. Roxbury, Mass. EVANS, Edwin C., (1919), Dist. Mgr., Reed.Air Filter Co., 841 Oliver Bldg., and (for mail), 2953 Zephyr Ave- Corliss Sta- Pittsburgh. Pa. : EVANS, James Howard, (1926), Sales Engr., Howard Evans Engrg. Specialties, 401 Hernando Bldg- Lexington, Ky. - EHRLICH, M. William* (1916), Branch Mgr.. Trane Go.; Room 2332 Park Row Bldg., New EVANS, John, (1919). Archt- (for mail), 30 Water St., and 15 Ball Ave- Galt, Ont- Can. York, N. Y., and (for mail), 56 Ridge Rd., EVANS, William A,, (1918), Dealer in Hot Water Lvndhurst, N. J. . Equipment, (for mail), 401 Military Bldg- EICHER, Hubert C., Dr., (1922). State Director, Newark, and 24 Woodland Rd-Maplewood, Ni J.. Bureau of School Bldgs., Dept, of Public In EVELETH, Charles F.,* (1911), C. W. Colby & struction, State Capitol, and (for mail), 103 Co., 2341 Carnegie Ave- Cleveland, O. South St., Harrisburg, Pa. EICHLER, Alvin, (1919), (for mail), Eichler Htg. ' Co., 2010 Railway Exch. Bldg., and 5449 Enright Ave.. St. Louis, Mo. . EISERT, Hermann,* (1920), Consulting Engr.. 404 St. Paul Place, and (for mail). 4007 Bateman Ave.. Baltimore. Md. . . . ELLIS, Ernest E., (1922). Mgr., (for mail), Fred A. Ellis & Son, 840 Center St., and 998 Chatfield St., Winnetka. HI. ELLIS. Frederic R., (1913). Buerkel & Co., Htg. and Vtg. Engrs., 18 Union Park St., Boston, Mass. fej iw* F FABER, Guy Stanley, (1926), Chief Engr., Art Metal Radiator Co- 1732 N. Kolmar Aye., and (for mail), 4721 N. Kilpatrick Ave., Chicago, IU. FAHNESTOCK, Maurice Kendall. (Junior 1927), Specialty Research Asst- Engrg. Experi ment Sta- University of Illinois, 104. M. E. Laboratory, Urbana, 111. ` .. . ; FALVEY, John D., (1922), Sales Engr- (for mail). Hester-Bradley Co- 4200 Forest Park Blvd-.and'. 5762a McPherson Ave- St. Louis, Mo. -- . 15 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 FARLEY. J. W,, (Associate 1921), Mgr.. Farley. Sleeve & Hanger Co.. 3748 East 71st St.. Cleve land. O. ' FARNHAM, Roswell, (1920). Dist. Sales Engr.. (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 711 W. Delavan Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. FARRAR, Cecil W.. (Associate 1918; 1920), Vice- Pres., (for mail), Excelso Specialty Works.. Inc., 65 Clyde Ave., and 429 Norwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. FAULKNER, Dwight H., (1926), Engr., The H. B. Smith Co., 10 East 39th St., New York, and (for mail), 46 Parsons Drive, Hempstead, N. Y. FAY, Francis C., (1925), Engr., (for mail), Raisler Htg. Co., 129 Amsterdam Ave., New York, and 12-21st St.. Elmhurst, L. I., N. Y. FEBREY, Ernest J., (1903), Senior Member, (for mail), E. J. Febrey & Co., 616 New York Ave., N.w., and 1610 Riggs Place, N.W., Washington, D. C. FEEHAN, J. B., (1923). Pres, and Treas., John B. Feehan. Inc., 471 Union St., and 24 Tudor St., Lynn. Mass. FEHLIG, John B., (1918), Pres., (for mail). Excelsior Htg. Supply Co.. 528 Delaware St., and 2927 Brooklyn Ave., Kansas City, Mo. FEIGE, Henry W.,j(1922). Sales Mgr., (for mail). Powers Regulator Co., 1206 Colonial Trust Bldg., Philadelphia. Pa., and Oaklyn. N. J. FELDMAN, Abram M., (1903), Consulting Engr., 145 West 45th St., New York, N. Y. FELS, Arthur B., (1919). Pres., (for mail). The Fels Co.. 60 Union St., Portland, and P. O. Box 33. Yarmouth. Me. FELTWELL, R. H., (1905), Dist. Mgr.. D. & T. Mfg. Co., St. Louis, Mo., and (for mail), 1040 S. Frazier Ter., Philadelphia, Pa. FENNER, Nicholas Paul, (Junior 1927), Dist Office Mgr., (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co., 130 N. Wells St., Chicago, and 295 Addison St., Elmhurst, 111. FENSTERMAKER, Sidney E., (1909). Pres., (for mail), S. E. Fenstermaker & Co., 821 Hume* Mansur Bldg., and 3102 Washington Blvd., Indianapolis, Ind. FERGUSON, Ralph R., (Junior 1925). Sales Engr., (for mail), American Blower Co., 1221 Boatman's Bk. Bldg., and 6243 Southwood Ave., St. Louis. Mo. FEST, Leon T., (1919). Phila. Mgr., Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 31st and Oxford Sts., and (for mail), 6646 North 18th St., Phila delphia. Pa. FESTORAZZI, Angelo O., (Junior 1925), Engr., (for mail). C. A. Dunham Co;, 507 North 22nd St., and 1525 Ninth Ave., S., Birmingham, Ala. FIEDLER, Harry W.. (1923). Chief Engr.. (for mail), Burnham Boiler Corp., 30 East 42nd St, New York, and 19 Archer Ave.. White Plains, N. Y. FIELDING, Howard H,, (1904), (Council 1918 1919), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. (for mail), Warren Webster & Co.. 1226 California St. and 1515 E. Ninth Ave.. Denver. Colo. FILSON, Foster E., (1924), Htg. Contractor, (for mail), 116 & Second St., Harrisburg, and 19 N. Second St, Womleysburg, Pa. tflNAN, Edward John, (Associate 1926). Station ary Engr., Board of Education, and (for mail), 7149 Euclid Ave., Chicago. 111. FINAN, James J., (1923), Supervising Engr., Board of Education, City of Chicago, 630 S. Clark St., and (for mail). 7149 Euclid Ave., Chicago, 111. . FIRESTONE, James F,, (Associate 1925), Chief Engr., (for mail). The Beckwith Co., and 500 Green St., Dowagiac. Mich. FIRSCHING, Frank J., (1921), Engr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 1005 Empire Bldg., and 6951 Frankstown Ave., Pittsburgh,' Pal FITCH, Walter S., (1926). Construction Engr.. (for mail), Dennison Mfg. Co., 300 Howard St, Fram ingham, and 27 Summit Rd., Wellesley, Mass. FITZ. Jean Chandler, (1925), Htg. Engr. and Estimator, Louis J. Sommer & Son, 2436 Brown St, and (for mail). 4213 Darien St, Philadelphia, Pa.. FLEISHER, Walter L. * (1914). Vice-Pres., (for mail). Cooling & Air Conditioning Corp., 31 Union Sq.. W.. and 126 Waverly Place, New York. N. Y. FLEMING. James P., (1923), Engr.. Custodian, (for mail). Board of Education, 1410 N. Rockwell St., and 4035 N. Keystone Ave., Chicago, 111. FLEMING, Ralph A., (1926), Member of Firm. Floyd L. Benedict, Inc., 960 College Ave., and (for mail), 137 E. Tompkins St., Columbus, O. FLEMING, Thomas C., (1919), Asst. Mgr., Crane Co., 245 Master St, and 5239 North 15th St.. Philadelphia. Pa. FLETCHER, Saxton W., (1923), Sales Engr., (for mail), J. O. Ross Engrg. Co., 30 East 42nd St., New York, and 67 S. Broadway. White Plains. N. Y. FLETT. Henry R,, (Associate 1915; 1915), Mgr., (for mail). Taylor-Forbes Co.. Ltd., 1088 King St.. W.. and 170 Indian Rd.. Toronto; Ont, Can. FLINK, Carl H., (1923), Chief Engr., (for mail). Gas Utilization. American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., New York, and 192 Baynes St, Buffalo. N. Y. FLINT, Coll T., (1919). Sales Mgr., (for mail), H. B. Smith Co., 640 Main St., Cambridge, and 56 Brantwood Rd., Arlington, Mass. FLORENCE, William E., Jr.. (Junior 1924; Associate 1925), Engr., Acme Htg. & Vtg. Co., 13 Hawkins St.. Boston, and (for mail), Weston Rd., Reading, Mass. FOISY,- George A., (1923), Engr., (for mail), Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Conn. FOLEY, William J., (Associate 1923), Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). Wm. J. Foley Htg.Service Co., 230-15th St., and 360 Colorado Blvd., Denver Colo. FORFAR, Donald M., (1917). Mech. Engr., Croft & Boerner, Inc.. 1004 Marquette Ave.. and 4825 Emerson Ave.. S.. Minneapolis, Minn. ` FORGAN, Donald M., (Associate 1923), Mgr., (for mail), American Radiator Co.. 4201 Duncan Ave., and N. Denny Rd., St. Louis. Mo. FORGEE, Frederick A., (1919), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 141 East 29th St, New York, N. Y., and Ridgewood, N. J. FORSBERG, William, (1919), Secy., (for mail), Hopson & Chapin Mfg. Co.. 231 State St., New London, and Quaker Hill, Conn. FOSTER, Charles, (1923), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 512 Sellwood Bldg., and 2831 E. First St.. Duluth, Minn. FOSTER, James M., (Associate 1920), Dist Mgr., (for mail). Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co., 1421 Syndicate Trust Bldg., and 7021 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. FOSTER, William M., (Associate 1914), Vice- Pres. and Gen. Mgr., (for mail). The Leggett- Doll-Foster Co., 16508 Woodward Ave., High land Park, and 19 Claudelia Ave.. Pleasant Ridge. Mich. ' FOUILHOUX, J. Andre, (1915). Arcbt and Engr., Raymond Hood, Godley & Fouilhoux, \ 40 West 40th St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), Short Hills. N. J. FOULDS, Powys A. L,, (1916), Mech. Engr., (for mail), Hollis French & A. Hubbard, 210 South St.. Boston, and 854 N. Shore Rd., Revere, Mass. FRANCIS, Isaac H., (1907), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 1520 Locust St., Bonbright Bldg., Philadelphia, and Devon, Pa. FRANCIS, William C., (1919), Htg. Engr., Jas. P. Wood Htg. Co.. 320 New St., and (for mail), 1623 W. Westmoreland St.. Philadelphia. Pa. FRANK, George W., (1919), Pres, and Treas., (tor , mail), Frank & Miller, Inc., 79 Best St., and 136 High St.. Buffalo, N. Y. FRANK, John M., (Associate 1912; 1918), Vice- Pres., (for mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co., 2850 N. Crawford Ave., Chicago, and 1152 Chatfield Rd., Hubbard Woods, I1L FRANK, OUre E., (1919), Pres., (for mail). O. E. Frank Heater & Engr. Co., 20 Milburn St., and 296 Norwalk Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. 16 Roll of Membership FRANKEL, Gilbert, (1926), Sales Engr., (for GARDNER, W., Jr., (Associate 1921), Sales Mgr., mail), Buffalo Forge Co.. 490 Broadway, and 567 (for mail), Gardner City Fan Co.. 1842 McCor Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. mick Bldg., and 7836 Loomis St., Chicago. IU.' FRANKLIN, Ralph S., (1919), Pres, and Treas., GAULIN, Richard P.( (Junior 1925), 323 Madison (for mail), Albert B. Franklin. Inc., 25 Haverhill Ave.. Sa'anton, Pa. St., Boston, and 320 Grove St., Melrose, Mass. GAUSMAN, Carl E,, (1923), G. M. Orr& Co.,816 FRANZHEIM, Geo. W., (1924), Pres, and Gen. Second Ave., S., Minneapolis, and 1528 Iglehart Mgr., Universal Smokeless Boiler Co., Ravenna. Ave.. St. Paul, Minn. O. GAUVIN, Leon Gough, (1926), Engr., Power FRASER, William G,, (1916), Vice-Pres.. (for Efficiency Corp., 137 Arthur St., and (for mail), mail), Power Efficiency Corp., 137 Arthur St., 45 E. Delavan Ave., Buffalo. N. Y. and 1515 Amherst St., Buffalo, N. Y. GAWTHROP, Fred H., (1919), Pres, and Treas., FRENCH, Donald E., (1926), Mgr. Htg. Dept., (for mail), Gawthrop & Bro. Co., 705 Orange SL, (for mail), York Heating & Ventilating Corp., and 2211 Shallcross Ave.. Wilmington, Del. 1502 Locust St., Philadelphia, and Rockland GAYLOR, William S., (1919). Htg. and Vtg. Ave., Merion, Pa. Engr., Starrett & Van Vleck, 8 West 40th St., FRIEDMAN, Abraham, (1922), Htg. Con New York, and (for mail), 42 Mayhew Ave., tractor, (for mail). 217 East 47th St., New Larchmont. N. Y. York, and 2529 Erickson St.,E. Elmhurst, L. I.. GAYLORD, F. H., (1921), Br. Mgr.. Hoffman N. Y. Specialty Co.. 130 N. Wells St., and 5234 Kim- FRIEDMAN, Ferdinand J., (1921), Mech. Engr., bark Ave., Chicago, 111. (for mail). McDougall. Pease & Friedman, 85 GEDNEY, Kenneth H., (1923), Architect and Osborne St., and 670 Sherbrooke St., W., Engr., (for mail), K. H. Gedney Co., Osborn Montreal. Que.. Can. Bldg., and No. 3 Park Court. Hastings. Nebr. FROST, Robinson V.,* (1921), Research Engr., GEIGER, Irvin H., (1923), Registered Profes 48 Curren Arcade. Norristown. Pa. sional Engr. and Mfgrs. Rep., (for mail), P. O. FRUTCHEY, Marcus Peter, Jr., (Junior 1927), Box 83, 600 N. Second St., and 240 Maclay SL, Pres, and Chief Engr., Heat & Power, Inc., 19 Harrisburg, Pa. William St., Newark, and (for mail), 25 Trinity GEMENY, william J., (1919), Pres., (for mail), PL. Montclair, N. J. . W. J. Gemeny Co., 2528 W. Madison SL, and FRUTCHY, Asel E., Uunior 1920; 1924), Vice- 7601 Normal SL, Chicago, 111. Pres.. (for mail), Frutchy-Bames Co., 104 W. GERRISH, Harry E., (1910), (Council 1919), Second St., and 864 Euclid Ave.. Elmira, N. Y. Partner, (for mail), Morgan-Gemsh Co., 800 FRY, J. D., (Junior 1924). Asst. Engr., (for mail), LaSalle Ave., and 4534 S. Freemont Ave., McDougall, Pease & Friedman, 85 Osborne St., Minneapolis. Minn. Montreal, and 16 Thornhill Ave., Westmount, GETSCHOW, Geo. M., (1906), Pres, and Treas., Que;, Can. ' (for mail), Phillips-Getschow Co., 130 W. FRYER, Frederick G., (1918), Director, Rown- Kinzie St., and 4542 Beacon St., Chicago, IU. tree & Co.. Ltd., York. England. GETSCHOW, Roy M., (1919), Secy., (for mail), FUKUI, Kunltaro, (1927), Director, (for mail), Phillips-Getschow Co., 130 W, Kinzie SL, and Fukui & Co.. Tokio Kaijo Bldg., Marunouchi, 1336'Arthur Ave., Chicago, I1L and Shiba. Tokyo, Japan. . GIBBONS. M. J., Jr.. (1914), Secy., (for mail), FULLER, J. Lansing, (Associate 1916), Dist. M. J. Gibbons Supply Co.. 601 E. Monument Sales Mgr., (for mail). Hart & Crouse Co.. 315 Ave.. and 22 Oxford Ave.. Dayton, O. E. Adams Ave., and 1745 Chicago Blvd., Detroit, GIBBS, Edward W., (1919), (for mail). The Mich. Smith-Gibbs Co.. 11 S. Main SL, and 61 Presi FUNCK, Elmer H., (Junior 1926), Sales Engr.. dent Ave., Providence, R. I. - Johnson Fan & Blower Co.. 1319 W. Lake St., GIBBS, Frank C,, (1921), Vice-Pres., (for mail), and (for mail), 4346 N. Hermitage Ave., Chicago, C. W. Colby & Co.. 415-13th St. .and 1937 Park- dale Ave.. Toledo, O. GIBSON, John H., (1921). 726 S. Highland Ave., G Merion. Pa. .GIESECKE, F. E.,* (1913). Dir. Engrg. Experi GABY, Frederick A., (1926), Hydro Elec. Power ment Sta., Agricultural and Mechanical College Comm, of Ontario, Toronto. Ont., Can. of Texas, College Sta., and 901 East 24th SL, GALE, Thomas J. C., (Associate 1920; 1921), Austin. Tex. Htg. and Piping Contractors, 324 Oddfellow GIFFORD, Robert L.. (1908), Pres., Illinois Eng. Bldg., and (for mail), 4264 Botanical, St. Louis, Mo. Co., 21st St. and Racine Ave., Chicago. IU.. and (for mail), 1231S. El Molino Ave. Pasadena, CaUf. GALLAHER, A. J., (1926), Pres., (for mail), GIGUERE, Geo. H.t (1920), Mech. Engr.. State Gallaher Boiler Co., 508 Star Bldg., and 3943 Architect, Ann Arbor, and (for mail), 13002 Cleveland Ave., St. Louis. Mo, Greiner Ave., Detroit, Mich. GALLAHER, James.Ed., (Junior 1923; Associate GILBERT, Maxwell F., (Associate 1915), Mgr., 1923; 1927), Engr.j Smith. Hinchman & Grylls, (for mail). Richardson & Boynton Co.. 1308 Marquette Bldg., Detroit, Mich. Arch St., Philadelphia, and 138 Fenbrook Ave., GALLIGAN, Andrew B., (1921). Mgr., (for mail), Wyncote, Pa. Galligan Bros., 716 South 51st St., and 5231 GILBOY, John P., (1924). Htg. and Vtg. Race St.. Philadelphia, Pa. Engr., (for mail), Herman Nelson Corp., 407 GALLIGAN, John H,, (1923), Engr... Marine Miller Bldg., and 718 Prescott Ave., Scranton. Pa. Galligan Co., 1830 Ludlow St., and (for mail), GILDEA, Thomas Emmett, (1907), 127 Coolidge 1930 South 56th St., Philadelphia, Pa. * Ave.. Syracuse, N. Y. . GANNON, James E,, (1918), Pres, and Treas., GILES, Edward H., (1919). Dist. Mgr., (for mail). (for mail). Gannon & Carey Co., 903 Parade SL, Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 31st and and 508 West 11th St., Erie, Pa. ~ Oxford St., and 47th and Pine Sts., Philadelphia, GANT, H. P., (1915), (Presidential Member), Pa. (Pres. 1923; Council 1918; 1924 ; 2nd Vice-Pres. GILL, William Augustus, (Associate 1926), 1921; 1st Vice-Pres. 1922), Vice-Pres., .York Contract Mgr., (for mail). Tuttle & Bailey Mfg. Heating & Ventilating Corp., 1502 Locust SL, Co., 441 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y,, and Philadelphia, Pa. 135 Connett Place. South Orange. N. J. GARDNER, B. F., (1924). Plbg. and Htg. Contr.. GILLESPIE, Raymond B., (1924), Sales Repr., 322 Myrtle Ave., and (for mail), 277 Carlton (for mail), American Radiator Co.. 24th' and Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. Blake Sts., and Denver Athletic Club, Denver, GARDNER, S. Franklin, (1911), Member of Colo._ Firm, (for mail), Standard Engrg. Co.. 2129 GILLETT, Merriman C,, (1916). Engr., Standard Eye St., N.W., and 3805 Kanawha St., Washing Heater Co.. Walnut SL. Williamsport, and (for ton. D. C. mail). 660 Rising Sun Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 17 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 QILLHAM, Walter E.,* (1917), (Treas. 1926; Council 1924-1926), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 409 Interstate Bldg., and 3427 Bellefontaine, Kansas City, Mo. CILLING, William F,, Jr., (Associate 1919). Asst. Mgr., American Radiator Co., 129 Federal . St.. Boston, and (for mail), 29 Abbott Rd.. Wellesley Hills, Mass. `- ' GILMORE, Frank P., (1923), Sales Engr.. (for mail). Peerless Unit Ventilation Co., Room 838, 100 Boylston St., Boston, and 21 Highland Ave.. Somerville, Mass. GILMORE. R. E., (1923), Mech. Engr., (for mail). 4243 Sheridan Rd., and 3917 Rokeby St., Chicago, ill. GIVIN, Albert W., (Associate 1925), Mgr., (for mail), Taylor Forbes Co., Ltd., 1070 Homer St., and 2849--42nd Ave., W., Vancouver, B. C. GLASSEY, J. Wilbur, (1922). Partner, (for mail). Vapor Engrg. Co., 10 South 18th St., and Wynd- moor. Chestnut Hill. Philadelphia. Pa. .. GLEASON, Gilbert H., (1923), 25 Huntington Ave., Boston, and 43 Clyde St., Newtonville, Mass. GLORE, Evins Foree,* (Associate 1916), Pres., Evins F. Glore & Son,' Inc., 5619 Grand Central Terminal, and (for mail), 715 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y. GODFREY, Foskett H,, (1921), Pres., (for mail). Steam Appliance Co., 2021 L. C. Smith Bldg., Seattle, and Tacoma, Wash. . v GOETHEL, Alfred C., (Associate 1926), Pres., (for mail). Alfred C. Goethe! Co., 829-31st St., and 140 Wright St., Milwaukee, Wis. GOLDBERG, Harry M,, (Junior 1923), Mfgs. Unit Ventilators, 405 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y., and 73 Willow Ave., N. Plainfield. N. J. GOLDSCHMIDT, Otto E., (1915). Consulting . Engr., (for mail), 116 West 39th St., and 350 ' West 55th St., New York, N. Y. ' GOLDSTEIN, A. M., (1923), Managing Owner, (for mail). Federal Htg. Co.. 310-13th St.-, N.W.. and 1501 Varnura St., Washington, D. C. GOMBERS, Henry B., (Associate 1901), Secy., (for mail), Htg. and Piping Contractors Natl. Assn., 50 Union Sq., New York, N. Y.. and 160 Halsted St., E. Orange, N. J. GOMERSALL, William H,, (Associate 1921), Sales Engr.. (for mail), Sherman Engrg. Co.. 245 South 15th St., Philadelphia, and 7500 Limekiln Pike, Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. .GOOD, Macy S., (1921), Mgr.. Chicago Territory, (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., ' and 6360 Greenwood Ave., Chicago, 111. GOODLOE, Alfred M., (1924). Vice-Pres.. Mid west Air Filters. Inc., Bradford, Pa- GOODNOW. Wallace F., (1912), Special Repr.j (for mail). Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 41 East 42nd St., and 260 West 11th St., New York, N. Y. GOODRICH, Charles F., (1919). Andrews & Goodrich, Inc., 98 Friend St., Boston. `Mass. GOODWIN, Samuel L., (1924), Consulting Engr., 644 Eighth Ave., New York, N. Y.;and (for mail). 247 Madison Ave., Hasbrouck Hgts.. N. J. GORDON, Edward B,, Jr,, (1908), Chas. L. Pillsbury Co., Capital Natl. Bk. Bldg., St.- Paul, and (for mail), 3115 Girard Ave., S., Minnea polis, Minn. . GORDON, Edward G., (1923). Robert Gordon, Inc., 1355 W. Washington Blvd., and (for mail), 1621 Lunt Ave., Chicago, III. GORMLY, John,* (Charter Member; Honorary Member; Presidential Member), (Pres. 1906; Council 1899; Board of Governors 1900-1903; 1st Vice-Pres. 1904), 410 E. Marshall St., Norris-, town, Pa. ' GORMLY, P., (1919), Consulting Engr., R. D. . No. 5. Norristown, Pa. - GORNSTON, Michael H., (Associate 1923). Engr., Board of Education. P. S. 109, 430 Dumont Ave.. and (for mail), 251 Crescent St., Brooklyn, N. Y. '. GORTNER. John W., (1919), Htg.. Vtg. and Sanitary Plumber, (for mail), A. W. Gortner & Son. 318 Sunbury St.. an<i 42" N. Sixth St.. Shamokin, Pa. GORTON, G. H., (Associate 1924), W. B. Young Supply Co.. 208 Delaware St., Kansas City, Mo. GOSS, Matthew H., (1921), Estimator and Engr., The Brown Co., 1053 Baltimore Ave., W., and (for mail), 4415 Helen Ave., Detroit. Mich. GOSSETT, Earl J., (1923), Pres., (for mail). Bell & Gossett Co., 3000 S. Wallace St., and 6719 Newgard Ave.. Chicago. 111. GOTTWALD, C., (Associate 1916), Pres., (for mail). The Ric-Wil-Co.. 1573 Union Trust Bldg., and 2225 Stillman Rd., Cleveland. O. GRAHAM, Charles Danne, (Junior 1927), Asst. Chief Engr., (for mail), York Heating & Venti lating Corp., 1502 Locust St., Philadelphia, and 39 W. Athens Ave., Ardmore. Pa. GRAHAM, William D., (Junior 1923; Associate 1925), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 1502 Moriaanock Bldg., 52 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, 111., and 1549 Cordova Ave., Lakewood, O. - GRAHAME, Dallas Forrest, (1925), Supervisor of Bldg., (for mail). Bell Telephone Co., of Can., 118 Notre Dame St., W. Montreal. and 532 Grosvenor Ave., Westmount, Que., Can. GRANFIELD,. John Joseph, (Associate 1925), Dist. Htg. Engr., Socony Burner Corp.. 895 Boylston St., Boston, and (for mail), 52 Tesla Ave., Medford Hillside, Mass. GRASSLER, Edmund, (Associate 1919), Grassier & Gezelschap, (for mail), 214-Third St., and 750 Summit Ave.,-Milwaukee, Wis. GRAVES, Clarence C., (Associate 1925), Secy., (for mail). Heating Service Co.. 3047 Sheffield . Ave., and 4110 N. Kilbourn Ave., Chicago, I1L GRAVES; Ralph E., (Associate 1923). Factory Representative, (for mail), iFulton Co., 1014 Holland Bldg., St. Louis. Mo., and 8516 Florence Ave., Webster Groves, Mo. GRAVES, Willard B,, (1906), Pres., (for mail), . W. B. Graves'Htg. Co., 162-N. Desplaines St,, Chicago, and 254 Edgewood Place, River Forest,-ill. GRAY, George A., (1924), (for mail), C. A. Dun ham Co., Ltd.. 205 Roy Bldg., and 17 Walnut St.. Halifax. N. S. GRAY, William E., (1922), Sales Engr., 2237 Greenwood St., Harrisburg, Pa. GREBE, Henry W., (1919), Pres., (for mail). Central Asbestos & Magnesia Co., 214 W. Grand Ave., and 2650 Wilson Ave., Chicago, 111. GREEN, John E., (Associate 1926). Owner and Prop., 11820 Brush St., Detroit, Mich. GREEN. William C., (1906). Br. Mgr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 919 Provident Bk. Bldg., and 244 Erkenbrecher Ave.. Cincinnati, O. GREENE, Walter C., (1921), Mgr., (for mail), W. C. Greene Co., 1629 Union Trust Bldg., Cleveland, and 2400 Demington Drive, Cleve land Hgts., O. . GRETZINGER, Franklin, (1919), Mech. Engr., Land Title Bldg., and (for mail), 2124 North 17th St.. Philadelphia, Pa. GRIER. William, (1908), P. O. Box 75. Cincin nati, O. GRIFFIN, Frank A., Jr., (1917), Sales Engr., (for mail). Kellogg-Mackay Co., 2030 Walnut St., and 3930 S. Benton St., Kansas City, Mo. GRIFFIN, Porter C,, (1923), Supt. of Plbg. and Htg., Hutton Bros. Co., 9.Union St., and (for mail), 151 Oak St., Winsted, Conn. GRILL, Guido E., (Junior 1922), Designer, (for mail), Clark, McMullen & Riley. 101 Park Aye., New York, and 90 Alter Ave., Dongan. Hills, S. I.. New York. . GROOM, Stanley L., (1920), Managing Director, Buffalo Forge Co., Ltd., 24 Buckingham Gate, and (for mail), Homstead Thrale Rd., Streatham, London. Eng. . GROSS, R. A,, (1923), Ben Rigby. Inc., 604 W. Lake St., Chicago, and (for mail), 527 N. Wash ington St., Park Ridge. III. . GROSSMAN, Howard M., (1922), Dist. Sales Mgr., Burnham Boiler Corp., 701 Griest Bldg., and (for mail). 634 Race Ave., Lancaster, Pa. Roll of Membership GROSVOLD, Fred E., (1917). Plbg. and Htg., 411 Grand Ave., E., and (for mail), 603 Main St., Eau Claire, Wis. . . GROTZ, Arthur B., (1921). Treas., Patterson . Kelly Co.. 101 Park Ave.. New York, and (for mail), 42 Fenimore Rd., Scarsdale, N. !Y. GRUMBEIN, Irwin F.,* (1915). Pres., (for mail), . Natl. Htg. & Vtg. Co., 736 Drexel Bldg.,. Phila delphia, and Lebanon, Pa. . GUEST, Peyton L,, (1921). Pres., Smith & Guest. . 19 Houston St., and (for mail),. 247 McLinden -, St., Atlanta, Ga. ` . - GUNN, Joseph F., (1924), Pres., Heckel-Gunn Htg. Co., 3685 Olive St., and 4325 North 21st St., St. Louis, Mo. GUNTHER, Felix A., (1925), Supt. of Distribu tion (for mail). Allegheny County Steam Htg. Co., 435 Sixth Ave., and P. O. Box 137, R. F. D. . No. 9, South Hills Branch, Pittsburgh, Pa. GUSTAFSON, T. E., (Junior 1923), U. S. Radia tor Corp., 500 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. . H HAAS, Samuel L., (1923), Pres, and Treas.. (for mail), American Htg. Co., 117 N. Desplaines St., and 1513 Fargo Ave.. Chicago. 111. HAAS, William, (1915), Pres, and Treas.. (for mail), The William Haas Co., 429 E: Third St., and 1632 S. Wayne Ave., Dayton. O. HACKETT. Charles P., (Associate 1921), Dist. Steam Mgr., Republic Radiator Co., 2401 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, and (for mail). 56 W. Eagle Rd., Upper Darby, Pa. . ' HACKETT, H. Berkeley, (1921), Mech. and Con . suiting Engr.. 505 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. HACKNEY, Henry, (Associate 1919), Contractor and Engr.. (for mail). 34 W. Fifth St., and 1514 E. Seventh St., Charlotte. N. C. HADDOCK, Isaac T., (Associate 1926), Vice- Pres.. (for mail), Cambridge Gas Light Co., 719 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, and 133 Barnard Ave., Watertown, Mass. ' HADEN, George N,, (Junior 1922). Director, (for . mail), G. N. Haden & Son, and Owens Cottage, Hilperton, Trowbridge, Eng. HADEN, William N., (1902). Managing Director. . (for mail), G. N. Haden & Sons. Ltd.. Silver St., and Homefield House, Trowbridge, Eng. HADESTY, Alfred L,, Jr,, (1921), 130 E. Broad . St.. Tamaqua. Pa. ' . HAGAN, William Vincent, (Junior 1926), Secy., V. J. Hagan Co., 508 Pearl St., Sioux City, Iowa. HAGEDON, Charles H., (1919), Secy, and Treas., S. E. Fenstermaker & Co., 821 Hume Mansur Bide., and 4156 Broadway. Indianapolis. Ind. ' HAILEY, Syd Houston, (1925). Asst. Engr., N. C. & St. L. Ry., 924 Broadway; and (for mail), .- 3737 Harding Rd., Nashville, Tenn. HAINES, John J., (1915). Vice-Pres. and Secy., ' (for mail), The Haines Co., 1933 W. Lake St., Chicago, and 623-17th Ave.. Maywood. 111. HALE, John F.,* (1902), (Presidential Member), (Pres. 1913; Board of Governors 1908, 1910; 1st.Vice-Pres. 1912; Council 1913), Dist. Repr., (for mail), Aerofin Corp., Rm. 1531, Burnham Bldg., Chicago, and 408 S. Brainard Ave., LaGrange, 111. ' - HALEY, Harry S.,* (1914). Consulting Engr., (for mail), Leland & Haley, 58 Sutter St., and 735 21st Ave.. San Francisco, Calif. - HALL, Cortice H., (1927), Chief Engr., Domestic Stoker Co., 7 Dey St., New York, N. Y.f and (for mail). 250 Hamilton Ave., Glen Rock. N. J. HALLETT, Edwin S.,* (1918). (Council 1921; 1923), Chief Engr.. (for mail), Board of Educa tion, ' Board of Education Bldg., and 5156 Cabanne Ave., St. Louis. Mo. HALLEY, Wilson H., (Junior 1923; 1925) Htg. Engr.. Salesman, (for mail), Langenberg Mfg: Co.. 4519 N. Euclid Ave., and 6134 W. Park Ave., St. Louis, Mo. '. HALLIDAY, Leo, (Associate 1926), Vice-Pres: and Gen. Mgr., (for mail), Newport Boiler Co., Rm. 800. 529 S. Franklin St., and 7242 E. End Ave., Chicago, 111/ HAMJY, Paul W;. (1924), Owner, (for mail). . 611 Mohawk St., and 612 Steele Place, Utica, N. Y. HAMLET, F. Aylmer, (1922), Draughtsman and Estimator. W. J. Evans, 4 Park Ave., Montreal, and (for mail), Provincial Hotel, Gananoque, Ont., Can. . HAMLET, Thomas F., (1920), Sales Engr., Darling Bros., Ltd., 120 Prince St., and (for mail), 34 Burton Ave., Westmount, Montreal, : Que. Can. . HAMLIN, Harry A., (Associate 1916), Detroit . Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 427 ' Brainard St., Detroit, and 120 Winona Ave., Highland Park, Mich. HANCHETT, James H., (Associate 1926), Mgr., Minneapolis Office, (for mail), The Trane Co., 923 Nicollett Ave., and 1622 West 31st St., Minneapolis, Minn. HANCOCK, James Reynolds, (Junior. 1926), Asst. Mech. Engr.. D. X. Murphy & Bro., 714 Louisville Trust Bldg., Louisville, Ky., and (for mail), 131 W. Chestnut St., Jeffersonville. Ind. HANKIN, Richard, (1898), Vice-Pres., John . Hankin & Bros., 228 Cherry St.. New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 279 Main Ave., Passaic, N.J. HANLEY, John H., Jr., (1923), Vice-Pres. and Chief Engr., Reed Engrg. Co., 50 Church St., New York, and (for mail), 1718 East 26th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. . HANSEN, J., (1921), 2611 Kimball Ave.. Chicago. 111. . HANSON, E. W., (1922), Engr. and Estimator, (for mail),.W. N. Sauer Co., 806 Chestnut St., and 919 Eldora Place, Pittsburgh, Pa, HARBISON, Earl J., (Associate 1924), J. E. Harbison, 211K Union SL, and (for mail), 15 Rrickwood Blvd.. Schenectadv. N. Y. HARBULA. M. G., (1921), Consulting Engrs., Air Conditioning Specialists, 213 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, 111., and (for mail), 1564 Broadway,- New York, N.Y. HARDING, Louis A.,* (1911), (Council 1922; 1924), Pres., (for mail), L. A. Harding Con struction Co.. 1335 Main St., and 85 Cleveland Ave.; Buffalo. N. Y. HARE. Edgar S., (1920). Pres., (for mail), William Hare's Sons Co., 46-14th St., Wheeling, W. Va., and W. Alexander, Pa. . .: HARMS, Wm. T.,* (1917), Htg. Contractor, 1173 Clark Ave., Detroit. Mich. HARPER. Samuel H., (Associate 1927). Prop., . (for mail), 304 Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh, and 223 Dalzell Ave., Ben Avon, Pittsburgh, Pa. HARRIGAN, Edward M., (1915), Gen. Mgr., (for mail). Harrigan & Reid Co., 1365 Baker St., and 7459 LaSalle Blvd., Detroit. Mich. - ' HARRINGTON, Charles, (1923), 160 Grenadier Rd.. Toronto, Ont., Can. ' .' HARRIS, Henry W., (Associate 1924). Salesman, J. R. Brockenan Mfg. Co., 617 N. Second St., and 4296 Washington Blvd.,.St. Louis, Mo. !. HARRIS, Jesse B., (1918), Partner, (for mail). Rose & Harris, Engrs., 15th and Oak Grove Sts., and 3620 Colfax Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. HARRISON, Burt S., (1918), Vice-Pres. and Chief Engr., McCann-Harrison Corp., 5005 Euclid Ave., and 1956 East 84th` St., Cleveland, O. HARRISON, James M., (1919), Vice-Pres., (for mail), McCann-Harrison Co.. 5005 Euclid Ave.., . and 2061 East 96th St., Cleveland, Q. - HART, Harry M., (1912), (Presidential Member), (Pres. 1916; Council 1914; 1917; 1st Vice-Pres. 1915), Pres., (for mail), L. H. Prentice Co.; . 1048-50 W. Van Buren St., and 5409 Winthrop Ave., Chicago, 111. . HART, Thomas Henry, (Junior 1927), Mech. Engr.. Jos. C. Llewellyn Co., 38 S. Dearborn St., ' and (for mail), 9000 Bishop St., Auburn Pk. Sta.r Chicago, 111. HARTER, Baxter B.. (Junior 1926), Htg. Engr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co.. 549 W, Washington Blvd., and 4420 Magnolia, Chicago. . III. .. 19 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 HARTMAN, Frank E., (1924). Chief Chemist. U. S. Ozone Co.. 500 N. Dearborn St., Chicago. 111. HARTMAN, John MUton, (1927). Testing Engr., (for mail). Kewanee Boiler Co., and 719 Henry St., Kewanee. 111. HARTPENCE, Charles C., (1923). Htg. and Vtg., Engr., (for mail), P. O. Box 337, and 022 Peachtree St.. Columbus, Ga. HARTWELL, Joseph C., (1922). Dept. Mgr. and Engr., (for mail), Grinnell Co., Inc., 260 W. Exchange St;, and 16 Freeman Parkway, Pro- dence. R. I. HARVEY, Alexander D., (Junior 1925), Asst, to . Sales Mgr., (for mail), Nash Engrg. Co., S. Norwalk, and Suburban Club, Stamford, Conn. HASEY, Charles E., (1919), C. W. Hasey Co., (for mail), 726 Fourth St., S., and 2613 Third Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. HASKELL, Benj. E., (1925), Engr.. Arthur B. Fels, 42 Union St., Portland, and (for mail), 539 Brighton Ave.. Woodfords. Me. HASKINS, Arthur L., (Associate 1927), Sales Engr.. American Radiator Co.. 1897 Elmwood Ave.. Buffalo, N. Y. HATTIS, Robert E., (1926). Mech. Engr.. W. L. Fergus & Co., 1509 Fisher Bldg., and (for mail), 4152 N. Mozart St., Chicago. IU. HAUSS, Charles F., (1922), Special Representive for Far East, (for mail), American Radiator Co., 4 Yuen Ming Yuen Rd- Shanghai. China, and 40 West 40th St., New York, N. Y. HAWES. Herbert R., (1926), Treas.. Edwin Hawes Co.. 806 Main St., and (for mail). 22 Elmwood St., Worcester, Mass. HAYES, James J., (1920), Sales Engr., (for mail), Stannard Power Equipment Co., 926 Monadnock Block, and 7443 Jeffery Ave., Chicago. 111. HAYES, Joseph G., (1908). Mgr. and Engr.. (for mail). Hayes Bros.. Inc., 236 W. Vermont St., and 2349 N. Capitol-Ave.. Indianapolis. Ind. HAYES, Patrick M., (Associate 1923). 4324 Erskine St.. Omaha, Nebr. HAYNES, Charles V., (1917), (Council 1926). Vice- Pres, and Gen. Sales Mgr., Hoffman Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St.. New Yonc, N. Y., and (for mail). 115 Llanfair Rd., Ardmore, Philadelphia. Pa. HAYWARD. Ralph B., (1909). Pres., (for mail). R. B. Hayward Co.. 1714 Sheffield Ave., Chicago, and 201 S. Stone Ave., La Grange, 111. HEAGERTY, William H.. (Associate 1923). Gen. Mgr., Oil City Boiler Works, P. O. Box 137, Oil City, Pa. HEAGLER, John M., (1922). Engr. and Mgr., (for mafi). American Foundry & Furnace Co., 508 Guardian Life Bldg., and 1646 Iglehart, St. Paul. Minn. HEAP, Walter E., (1920), Mgr., (for mail), Charles R. Heap & Son, 26 Roe St., and 412 Delafield Ave., W. New Brighton. N. Y. HEATH, Frederick R., (1913). Sales Engr., E. B. Badger & Sons Co.. 75 Pitts St., Boston, and (for mail). 89 Trowbridge St., Cambridge. Mass. HEATHERTON, James M., (Associate 1904). Pres., (for mail). Plumbers Trade Journal Publishing Co., 239 West 30th St., New York, and 395 Clinton Ave.. Brooklyn. N, Y. HECK, George L., Jr., (Associate 1921), Sales Engr., (for mail), Garden City Fan Co., 1842 McCormick Bldg., and 7522 Cornell Ave., Chicago. 111. - HECKEL, Edmund P., (1918), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Carrier Engrg. Corp.. 1032 Burnham Bldg., Chicago, and 314 Cuttriss Place. Park Ridge. 111. HEDGES. H. Berkley,* (1919), Dist Sales Mgr., (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp.. 149 Broad way, New York, N. Y., and 1021 Park Lane, Plainfield, N. J. HEDLEY, Park S., (1923), Sales Engr., (for mail). 374 Delaware Ave- Buffalo, and 31 Westgate ' Rd., Kenmore, N. Y. HEEBNER, Walter M., (1922), Sales Engr., Warren Webster & Co.. 15 West 34th St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 362 Highwood St., Bogota, N. J. HEILES, F. C., (1914; 1920). Perry West Con sulting Engr., Newark, and (for mail), 34 Boyden Parkway, Hilton, N. J. HEILMAN, Russell H.,* (1923). Sr. Industrial Fellow, (for mail), Mellon Institute, and 7108 Willard St., Pittsburgh, Pa. HEINLE, Earl L., (1920). Secy, and Treas.. The Kain-Petersen-Heinle Co., 1364 East 34th St,, Cleveland, and (for mail), 2176 Edgewood Rd., Cleveland Heights, O. HELBURN, I. B.. (Junior 1927). Engrg. Dept., (for mail), Reed Air Filter Co., 215 Central Ave., and Argonne Hotel. Louisville, Ky. ' HELLERMAN, Harry H., (1902), Pres., (for mail). Treas., The Penn Engrg. Co., 312 Cherry St., and 4Sth St. and Monument Ave., Phila delphia, Pa. HRLPHINGSTEIN, Otto, (1919). Br. Mgr., (for mail), Cullyford Plbg. & Htg. Co., 119 W. Sixth St., and 907 Jefferson St., Amarillo, Tex. HELWIG, Gunther Albert. (1927), Prop- National Htg. & Vtg. Co., 920 Cass Ave., and 4851 LeDuc St., St. Louis. Mo. HENION, Hudson D., (Associate 1923), Sales Mgr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., Ltd., 1523 Davenport Rd., and 338 Spadina Rd., Toronto, Ont.. Can. HENNINGS, WllUam A., (1926), Estimator and Engr., Dewar & Carrington, 153 N. Desplaines St., and (for mail), 1445 Summerdale Ave., Chicago, 111. HENRICH, George A., (1914), Pres., (for mail), Geo.-A. Henrich Co.. 702 N. Wells St., and 548 Fullerton Parkway, Chicago, 111. HENRICI, Hermann C., (1925). Pres., Henrid Lowry Engrg. Co.. 401 Security Bldg., and (for mail). 430 West 58th St., Kansas City, Mo. HEPBURN, George V., (Associate 1926), Sales- Engr., (for mail), Herman Nelson Corp., Builders and Traders Exch., and Oakwood Manor, Grand Rapids, Mich. HERBACZEK, Edward, (Junior 1925), 4905 N. Whipple St- Apt. 1-B, Chicago. 111. HERENDEEN, Frederick W., (1920), Secy., (for mail). The Natl. Boiler & Radiator Mfrs. Assn29 Seneca St- and 815 S. Main St-^Geneva, N.Y. HERLIHY, Jermiah j"- (19I4)~ Pres.. (for mail),. J. J. Herlihy, Inc., 810 W. Congress St., and 3634 N. Keeler Ave.. Chicago. 111. HERMAN, Harry H., (Junior 1925). Chief Engr., (for'mail), Warren Webster Co- 1226 California St- and 612 Milwaukee St- Denver, Colo. HERRICK, Daniel A., ?1923), Factory Mgr- (for mail), Julian d'Este Co- 2 Spice St., Charles town. and 27 Agassiz St., Cambridge, Mass. HERRING, Edgar, (1919), Managing Director, (for mail), J. Jeffreys & Co- Ltd- Barron's Place Waterloo Rd- London, S.E., and "Kenia," Keowick Rd- Putney. London, S.W.. 15, Eng. HERSH. G. Willis, (1917), Gen. Mgr- Hersh Bros. Co- 2510 Chew St- Allentown, Pa. HERSKE, Arthur R., (1926). Mgr., Heating & . Piping Contractors Assn- 408 Chester Twelfth Bldg- and 17010 Kenyon Rd- Cleveland, O. HERTZ, H. Porter, (1924), Engr- (for mail), Routledge & Hertz, Archts- 303 State Exch. Bk- and 314-12th Ave., Hutchinson, Kan. HESS, Horace L., (1924), Salesman, H. B. Smith Co- 49th and Grays Ave- W. Philadelphia, and (for mail), 214 Nedro Ave- Olney, Philadelphia, Pa. HESTER, Thomas J., (1919), Vice-Pres. and Treas., (for . mail), Hester, Bradley Co- 4200 Forest Park Blvd- and 67 Aberdeen Place, St. Louis, Mo. HETHERINGTON, Edward T., (1919). Sales Engr- (for mail). 1718 Sansom St- and 3311 North 16th-St- Philadelphia, Pa. HEYDON, Charles G., (Associate 1923). Sales Engr- (for mail), Wright-Austin Co- 315 Woodbridge St., W., and 2737 Hooker St.. Detroit, Mich. 20 Roll of Membership HEYMSFIELD, Herbert R. (Associate 1926), 673 Wales Ave- Bronx, N. Y. HIBBS, Frank C., (1917), Htg. Engr- The H. B. Smith Co- 49th and Grays Ave., and (for mail), 3203 Columbia Ave- Philadelphia. Pa. HIGGINS, John M., (1922), Salesman, H. B. Smith Co- 640 Main Sfc. Cambridge 39, and (for mail), 28 Monmouth Ave- W. Medford, Mass. HIGGINS, Thomas J., (Junior 1923). Vice-Pres. and Mgr- Ross Engrg. Co. of Can., Ltd- New Birks Bldg- Montreal. Que- Can. HILL. E. G. T., (1922), E. G. Hill & Co- 20 Vermont Crescent. Newland Hill. E. Yorke. Eng. HILL, E. Vernon,* (Associate 1912; 114) (Presidential Member). (Pres. 1920; Council 1915; 1917;1921; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1918; 1st Vice- Pres. 1919), Pres- (for mail). E. Vernon Hill Co- 1in21 N. Clark St., and 4415 Hazel Ave., Chicago, HILL, Newell J., (1916), Consulting Engr,. (for mail), 708 Architects Bldg- and 1737 Atkinson Ave., Detroit, Mich. HILLIARD, Charles Ernest, (Junior 1927), Sheet Metal Contr., (for mail), 27 B St- South Boston, and 13 Weir St- Aubumdale, Mass. HILLS, Arthur H,, (1924), Htg. Engr- C. A. Dunham Co.. 805-806 Hill Bldg- I7th and Eye Sts- N.W., Washington, D.C., and (for mail), 3 G. Rochelle Ter. Apts- Mt. Vernon, N. Y. HINCHMAN, E. G., (1923). Secy., (for mail), E. G. Hinchman Co- 1263 Atlantic Ave- and 547^ Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn. N. Y. HINKLE, Edwin C., (1911), Pres. Atlantic Htg. & Engrg. Co.. Second Natl. Bk. Bldg- and Sfnr mail), 170 Franklin Ave- Hempstead, N.Y. HIRES, J. Edgar, (1927). Consulting Engr. and Pres- Hires, Castner & Harris. Inc., 1110 Land Title Bldg- Philadelphia, and (for mail), 107 Linwood Ave- Ardmore, Pa. HIRST, James Noble, (Junior 1927). Chief Draftsman, (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp1502 Locust St- and 2913 Popular St- Phila delphia. Pa. HITCHCOCK, Frederick P., (1917), Sales Repr(for mail). 309 Lathrop Bldg- and 4938 Forest Ave- Kansas City, Mo. HITNER. Frank Morris, (Junior 1925), Salesman, (for mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co- 950 Century BldgPittsburgh, and. 126 Washington Ave- Oakmont, Pa. HOBBS, J. Clarence, (1920). Supt. of Power, Diamond Alkali Co- and (for mail). 126 Wood St- Painesville, 40. HOBEN, Robert J., (1919), Plbg. and Htg. Contractor, (for mail), 258 S. Van Pelt St and 5112 Spruce St- Philadelphia,. Pa. HOCHULl, Henry W., (1925), Sales Engr- National Radiator Co- 47 West 42nd St- New York. N. Y- and (for mall), 113 Chester Ave Bloomfield, N. J. HODGDON, Harry A., (1919), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. Stone-Underhill Htg. & Vtg. Co., 171 Harrison Ave- Boston, and (for mail), 153 Norfolk St- Wollaston, Mass. HOERSTiNG, Frank J., (1921), Hoersting & Holtmann,2133 W. Third St- Dayton. O. HOFFMAN, Charles F,, (Junior 1925), Sates Engr- (for mail). International Heater Co- 1114 Dime Savings Bk. Bldg- and 80 W. Euclid Ave., Detroit, Mich. '` HOFFMAN, Charles S., (1924). Vice-Pres- (for mail), 576 Greenwich St- New York, N. Y- and 19 Belvidere Place, Montclair, N. J. HOFFMAN, George D.,* (1906). Hoffman Specialty Co- 512 Fifth Ave- New York, N. Y. HOFFMAN, James D.,* (1903), (Presidential Member), (Pres. 1910; 1st Vice-Pres. 1908; Board of Governors 1911, 1912). Prof, of Practi cal Mechanics. Head of Dept- Director- of Practical Mech. Lab- (for mail), Purdue Univer sity. and 323 University St-W. Lafayette, Ind. HOFT, Paul J.. (Associate 1924: 1925), Prop- Plbg. and Htg. Contractor, (tor mail), 245 S. Eighth St- and 1119 Wyoming Ave- Phila delphia, Pa. _ HOGAN, Edward L., (1911), Consulting Engr.. (for mail). American Blower Co- 6004 Russell St- and 1700 Seward, Detroit, Mich. HOIER, William V., (1917). Mgr- (for mail). Wo. V. Hoier Co- 701 N. Wells St- and 5960 Kenmore Ave- Chicago, 111. HOISINGTON, Ned P., (Associate 1923). 102 Summit Ave- Bywood Heights; Upper Darby P. O- Pa. HOLBROOK, Frank M., (1923), Armstrong Cork Co.. Linoleum Div- Lancaster. Pa. HOLLOWAY, Robert B.t (Junior 1923; Associate 1926), Salesman, (for mail), Gurney Heater & Mfg. Co- 21st St. and Washington Ave- Phila delphia, and 26 W. Rockland St- Germantown, Pa. HOLMBERG, John A.. (1924). 122 E. Lincoln. Lindsborg, Kans. HOLMES, Joseph, (1921). Htg. Engr- 1902 Freeman St- Toledo. O. HONIBALL. Charles R.,* (1911), Pres- Charles R. Honiball Co- 156 Boundary St., Liverpool, Eng. HOOK, C. Howard, (1915), Pres- Peerless Heater Co- 5602 Baum Blvd- Pittsburgh, Pa. HOOK, Maurice G. (1919), Mgr- (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co- 101 Park Ave., New York, and 11 Henry St- Tuckahoe. N. Y. HOOVER. H. Earl, (Associate 1922). Vice-Pres., The Hoover Co- 1407 Railway Exch- Chicago, and 1801 Green Bay Rd- Glencoe, 1IL HOPKIN, William E., (1919). Pres, and Treas.. (for mail), Chas. E. Hopkin Co- 107 Bethlehem Pike, and 514 Wyndmoor Ave- Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. Pa. HOPSON, William T., (1915), Hopson & Chapin Mfg. Co- New London, Conn. HORNUNG, John C., (1914). Engr- (for mail), 343 S. Dearborn St- Chicago, and 854 Bluff St., Glencoe, III. ' HORTON, Homer F., (1925). Sales Repr- (for mail). National Regulator Co- 2301 Knox Ave..Chicago, and 343 Green Bay Rd.r Glencoe, IU. HOSTERMAN, Charles O., (1924), Supt., The McMurrer Co- 303 Congress St., Boston, and (for mail). 25 Bales Rd- Dorchester, Mara. HOUGHTEN, Ferry C..* (1921), (Secy. 1924; 1925). Director of Research Lab- (for mail), A. S. H. & V. E- U. S. Bureau of Mines. 4800 Forbes St., and 1136 Murray Hill Ave- Pitts burgh. Pa. . HOUPT, George A., (1916), Engr., Philadelphia Piping & Equipt. Co- 1605 Rockland St. Phila delphia. Pa. HOWATT, John,* (1915). Chief Engr., (for mail), Board of Education, 650 S. Clark St- and 7006 Bennett Ave- Chicago, III. HOWELL, Frank B., (1920), Institution of Thermal Research. American Radiator Co- 40 West 40th St,, 20th Floor, New York, and (for mail), Westbrook Apts- N- at Delaware, ` Buffalo. N. Y. HOWELL. Lloyd, (1915), Chief Engr., (for mail). American' Foundry & Furnace Co- 915 E. Washington St- and 1203 E. Jefferson StBloomineton. III. HOYT, William B., (1919), Sales Mgr. and Secy- National Pipe Bending Co- River and Lloyd Sts- New Haven, and 39 Clifford StWhitneyvUle, Conn. HUBBARD, Allen, (1919), Consulting Engr- (for mail). Hollis French & Alien Hubbard, 210 South St- Boston, and 51 Montvale Rd- Newton Center. Mass. HUBBARD, G. W., (1911). Mech. Engr- (for mail), Graham, Anderson. Probst & White, 1417 Railway Exch- Chicago, and 331 Bonnie Brae, River Forest, 111. HUBBARD, Nelson B., (1919), Consulting Engr- (for mail), Rm. 1005, 1346 Broadway, and 2985 Blaine Ave- Detroit, Mich. HUBERT. Jack W.. (1924). Vice-Pres.. Barron Hubert Co- 126 West 64th St.. New York. N. Y. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 HUGH, Aloyslus J- (1919), Gen. Mgr. of Sales.: (for mail). Central Supply Co., 312 S. Third St., and 4037 Harriet Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. HUCKEL, Frank, Jr., (1920), Mgr. Htg. Dept., Keystone Supply & Mfg. Co.. 907 N. Ninth St., Philadelphia, and (for mail), 5335 Wingohocking Ter.. Germantown. Pa. HUCKER,Joseph H., (1921). Sales Engr.t (for mail), Haynes Selling Co., Inc.. 2013SansomSt., Phila. delphia,and715StanbridgeSt.,Norristown, Pa. IMPEY, Paul F-, (Junior 1921; Associate 1925), Htg. Engr- John C. Moninger Co.; 2221 S. Rockwell St- Chicago, and (for mail), 2623 Crescent Drive-. Elmwood Park, 111. INGALLS, F. D. B., (1906), Htg. and Sales Engr., (for mail). 136 Federal St- Boston, and 1 Hop kins St., Reading. Mass. INGELS, Margaret M.,* (Junior 1918; 1923), Research Engr- New York Commission on Venti lation, (for mail). 120 W. Genesee St- Syracuse HUETHER, Charles G. L., (Junior 1923; 1924), Htg., Vtg.. Air Conditioning, Power.ana Mech. Equipment, Atlantic Engrg. Co., 109 E. Pleasant St., and 3814 Kate Ave., Forest Park, Baltimore. Md. HUGHES, Willard C., (1921). (for mail). Wicks- N. Y. INNIS, Helen R., Ounior 1918; 1921). 170 New York Ave- Brooklyn, N. Y. . IRELAND, Thomas Hilton, (1923). Sales Engr., Crane Co., 23 West 44th St- New York, and (for mail). 69 Cedar Ave- Rockville Center. L. I Hughes & Co., 224 Genesee St., and 16 Cottage Place. Utica. N. Y. HUGHSON, Harry Henry, (1927), Engrg, Sales man, The Coon-DeVisser Co., 2051 W. Lafayette Blvd., Detroit, Mich. - HUMPHREY, Dwight E., (1921). Htg. and Vtg. N. Y. `IRWIN, Clarence W., (1924). 412 Clark Bldg., Jacksonville, and Jacksonville Beach, Fla. . ISSERTELL, Henry G., (Associate 1912; 1913), Supervising Engr., General Elec. Co- (for mail), 120 Broadway, and 825 West 180th St- New . Engr- (for mail), Goodyear'Tire & Rubber Co., York, N. Y. Akron and 121 Harrison Ave.. Cuyahoga Fails. O. J HUMPHREYS, Aurelius E., (1913). Mgr,, (for mail), O'Mara Heating Co., 504 Victoria Bldg., and 4121 Flora Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. HUNGER, Robert F., (1927). Sales Engr.. (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 1302 Land Title Bldg., ' ' Philadelphia, and 107 Long Lane, Stonehurst, Pa. HUNT, Phil M.. (1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., JACKSON, Charles H- (1923), Sales Engr., Bayley Mfg. Co- 732 Greenbush St- and 614 - Farwell Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. JACKSON, Charles J., (Associate 1912), Local Mgr- (for mail). Jenkins Bros-646 W. Washing ton Blvd- Chicago, and 323 Hazel Ave- Glencoe, Crane Co., 90 South St., Newark, N. J. HUNT, Richard B., (1912). Sales Engr., American Radiator Co., 414 S. Fourth Ave.. Mt.Vernon. N.Y. HUNTER, H. R., (Associate 1925), Bldg. Supt., (for mail). Jewelers Building Corp., 36 West 47th St.. New York. N. Y.. and 209-74-112th Ave., Beilaire, L. I. HUNTER, Wallace S., (Associate 1924), Vice- Pres- (for mail), United Plumbers Supply Co., : Inc., 441 Exterior St- and 254 East 202nd St., . New York, N. Y. ' HURLEY, Joseph C., (1915), Pres., (for mail), Petroleum Fuel Engine Co.. 4028 Filbert St., and 21 South 61st St., Philadelphia, Pa.. .; HUSBAND, Edward Woods, (1922), Htg. Engr., Geo. Frederic Hall, Archt,, 807 Union Trust Co., Bldg., and (for mail), 114 Corinth St., Provi- ' dence, R. I. ' HUTCHINSON, J. Edward, (1921), Engr., (for mail), Isaac Hathaway Francis, 1520 Locust St., and 5129 Newhail St., Philadelphia, Pa. HUTTON, William, (1919), Pres., (for mail), Hutton Bros. Co:, 9 Union St., and 28 Spring St., Winsted, Conn. HUTZEL, A, F.f (1916), (for mail), Hutzel & Co- 119 E. Washington St., and 722 W. Washington St., Ann Arbor, Mich. HUTZEL, Hugo F., (1918), (for mail), American Radiator Co- 1807 Elmwood Ave- Buffalo, and 64 N. Long St- Williamsville, N. Y. . HUTZEL, Max H,, (1923), Vice-Pres. and Secy- (for mail). Hutzel & Co- Hutzel Bldg- and 731 N. Elm St., Muncie, Ind. . . HUTZEL, Victor C., (1923). Treas., <for mail), Hutzel & Co- Hutzel Bldg- and 715 N. Elm St- Mtjncie. Ind. HUZZARD, Edward C- (Associate 1924), Mgr. 111. . JACKSON, Jonathan William, (Associate 1927), Mgr- (for mail). Pierce Co- 41 W. Spring St and 12 West Ave., Gainesville, Ga. JACKSON, Marshall S,, (1919), Repr., (for mail), 232 Delaware Ave- and 108 Larchmont Rd., Buffalo, N. Y. JACKSON, Tandy L., (Junior 1926), Pres, and ' Gen. Mgr- (for mail), Tandy L. Jackson Co Mutual Bldg- and 3524 Campbell St- Kansas - City, Mo. . JACOBUS, David S., Dr., (1916), Advisory Engr- Babcock & Wilcox Co- 85 Liberty St- New York. N. Y. JALIEN, John J., (1922), Staff Engr- (for mail). 552 Seventh Ave- and 365 West 118th St- New York, N. Y. JANES, Arthur, (1919), Pres- Arthur Janes Co- 9D0 Post Rd- Scarsdale, N. Y. JANET, Harry L., (1920), Engr- (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp- 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, N. J- and 688 Decatur St- Brooklyn, N. Y. ' JARDINE, Douglas Connell, (Associate 1926), Plbg. and Htg. Contr., Jardine & Knight Plbg. & Htg. Co- 312 N. Custer, and 509 N. Nevada, Colorado Springs, Colo. JARVIS, George E., (1923), Secy- Htg. and Vtg. Engr., A. E. Holmes & Bros. Co- (for mail), 911 Banks Ave- and 1626 Baxter Ave- Superior, Wis. . JAYNES, Eubertis L., (1918), (for mail), Apt. 3 B, 6418 N. Richmond St- Chicago, III. JELLETT, Stewart A.,* - (Charter Member: Presidential Member), (Pres, 1895; Board of Managers 1896-1897; Secy. 1898; Board of - Managers 1899), Pres- Stewart A. Jellett Co., and Asst. Treas., Fleck-Marshall Co- Hazel and 1200 Locust St- Philadelphia, and 6701 Lincoln Water Sts- and (for mail), 710 New Holland Drive, Mount Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. Ave- Lancaster, Pa. JENKINS, Harry E- (Associate 1923), Sales Mgr- HYMAN, Wallace M- (1920), Vice-Pres- (for Radiator Div- (for mail), Winchester Repeating mail), Reis & O'Donovan, Inc- 253 West 28th Arms Co- New Haven, Conn- and 343 High St., St., and 2l0 West 70th St- New York. N. Y. ' Lowell, Mass. ' HYNES, Lee P-* (1919), 30 Church St., New JENNINGS, Irving C., (1924), Pres- (for mail), York, and 50 S. Mansing Blvd- Albany, N. Y. Nash Engrg. Co- and 138 Flax Hill Rd- S. Norwalk, Conn. I ICKERINGILL, John, (1923), Sales EngrStandard Heater Co- Otis Bldg- Philadelphia, and 235 Rector St.. Roxborough, Pa. IDDLES, Alfred, (1921). Chief Power Engr., (for mail). Day & Zimmermann, Inc- 1600 Walnut St- Philadelphia, and 304 Conestoga Rd- Wayne, Pa. JENNINS, Harry H., (1901), Managing Director, E. Oldroyd & Co- Ltd- and (for mail), 15 Grange View, Leeds. Eng. JENSON, Jean S., (1912), 431 S. Dearborn St- Chicago. III. ,. JOHN, Benjamin F., (1920), Pres- (for mail), Benjamin F. John Co- 1003 Race St--and 881 North 24th St- Philadelphia, Pa. 22 Roll of Membership JOHNS, Harold Byron, (Junior 1927), Mgr,, House Htg. Div- Peoples Gas, Light & Coke Co- 122 S. Michigan Ave- Chicago, and (for mail), 543 N. Elmwood Ave- Oak Park, 111. . JOHNSEN, Henry, (Associate 1927), Htg. Con tractor, 51 Raleigh Ave., W. New Brighton, S. I- N. Y. JOHNSON, Carl W., (1912), Pres- (for mail). C. W. Johnson, Inc- 211 N. Desplaines St- and 1809 Morse Ave- Chicago, 111. JOHNSON, Edgar Engman, (1926), Sales Engr.. (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co- 490 Broadway, and JOYCE, Walter P- (Associate 1924), Htg. Engr., 2039 Hardesty Ave., Kansas City, Mo. JUNG, John S., (Associate 1923), Htg. Con tractor. 554 Layton Blvd., Milwaukee. Wis. JUNKERS, Prof. Hugo, (1925), Pres- (for mail). Junkers Corp. of America, 342 Madison Ave- New York,. N.Y., and 21 Kaiser Platz, Dessau, Germany. ' - JUTTNER, Otto J., (1915), Pres- (for mail), Juttner Heating Co- 43 Jefferson St- Milwaukee, and 496 Newton Ave- Shorewood, Wis. ' 200 Loring Ave- Buffalo. N. Y. JOHNSON, Edward B,, (1919), Sales Engr:, K Staten Island Supply Co- 1390 Richmond Ter- and (for mail), 154 Wardwell Ave- W. New Brighton, N. Y. , JOHNSON, Fred W,, (1916), Vice-Pres.. (for mail), Johnson, Larsen & Co- 693-703 Monroe Ave- Detroit, and R. F. D. No. 4, Birmingham, Mich. JOHNSON, Helge Samuel, (Junior 1927), Sales Engr- (for mail). The Coon-DeVisser Co- 2051 W. Lafayette Blvd- and Lee Crest Apts., Detroit, Mich. ` JOHNSON, Paul H., (Associate 1924), Engr- E. H. Sheldon Co- and (for mail), 205 Washing ton Ave- Muskegon. Mich. JOHNSON, Ralph B., (1922). Sales Engr- (for mail), 1100 E. Douglas Ave- Wichita, Kansand 2117 East 68th St. Ter- Kansas City, Mo. JOHNSON, Tracy R., (1924), Mgr., Engr. Dept- The Trane Co- and 315 Y. M. C. A- LaCrosse, . Wis. . JOHNSTON, James Ambler, (1912), Member of Firm, Carneal & Johnston, Architects and Engrs., 806 Electric Bldg- and 1411 Grove Ave- Richmond, Va. - JOHNSTON, R. E., (Associate 1926), Htg. Engr., Taylor Forbes Co- 1070 Homer St., Vancouver, KAISER, Harry S., (Junior 1924), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Hanley & Co- 6 N. Clark St- and (for ' mail). 3608 Wilson Ave., Chicago. III. KAMMAN, Arnold R., (Junior 1921; Associate 1925), Engr- John W. Danforth Co- 72 Ellicott St- Buffalo, and (for mail), Wanakah, Erie Co N. Y. KAMMERER, William C., (1923), Mech. Engr., Hadlow, Hughes, Hick & Conrad, 1301 Union Mortgage Bldg- Cleveland, and* (for mail), 13963 Clifton Blvd- Lakewood, O. KAPPEL, George W. A., (1921), Pres, and Treas., (for mail), Camden Heating Co- 8 Market St., Camden, and 347 King's Highway W- Haddonfield. N. J. KAPPLER, Herman C.\ (1927), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, 800 Mar quette Bldg- and (for mail), 185 McLean Ave., . Detroit, Mich. KARLSON, Alfred F., (1918), Chief Engr- (for mail), Parks-Cramer Co- 970 Main St- Fitch-, burg, and 186 Prospect St., N. Leominster, Mass. KARR, Theo- Jr., (1921), (for mail); Karr Supply Co- 129 W. Main, and 325 S. High StBelleville, 111. KASTELLO, August, (1923), Mgr- (for mail), JOHNSTON, William B., (Associate 1916; 1921), Vice-Pres.. (for mail). Ideal Furnace Co- 2995 C. A. Dunham Co- Ltd- 904 New Birks Bldgand 112 Rutland Ave., Town of Mt. Royal. Montreal. Que- Can. E. Grand Bldg- and 1667 Atkinson Ave- Detroit, Mich. JOHNSTON, William H., (1924). Pres- (for mail), Johnston Htg. Co- 332 East 47th St- KATSUMOTO, Eljlro, (1926), Pres- (for mail). Katsumoto & Co- Engrs. and Contractors, 29, Awajicho, and 3 Kitishimacho, Darien, S. Manchuria, China- New York, and 19 Magnolia Ave- Larchmont, N. Y. JONES, Alfred L., (1926), Supt- Htg. and Power Constr- Alfred Penovi & Sons, 112 Willett Ave-, Port Chester, N. Y- and (for maii), R. F. D. No. 28, Cos Cob, Conn. JONES, Dwight C., (Associate 1924), (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co- 200 Builders Exchange, and 4508-29tb Ave- S- Minneapolis, Minn. KAUFFMAN, Rufus, (1921), Htg. Engr. and Contractor, (for mail), 4308 N. Broad St- and 326 W. Seymour St- Philadelphia, Pa. KAUFFMANN, Frederick F., (1922), Consulting Engr- (for mail), 13 North 13th St- Philadelphia, Pa., and 909 Pine St- Camden, N. J. KAYSING, Harry C., (1926), Designer and Engr., Hester-Bradley Co- 4200 Forest Park Blvd- St- Louis, Mo. ' JONES, Edwin, (Junior 1924), Watt Plbg- Htg. & Suoplv Co.. Box 582. Tulsa. Okla. JONES, Edwin A., (1919), Contracting Engr- L. J. Mueller Furnace Co., 197 Reed St- and 1695 Frederick, Milwaukee, Wis. JONES, Edwin F- (1923), Consulting Engr- (for mail), 301 Zenith Bldg- and 116 E. Fourth StSt. Paul, Minn. JONES, Ernest, (Associate 1925), Dist. Mgr- (for mail), B. F. Sturtevant Co- 423 Dwight Bldg- and 4630 Wornall Rd- Kansas City, Mo. JONES, Ernest F- (1923), Mgr. Htg. Dept- (for mail), Kellogg-Mackay Co- 1351 West 37th Place- and 3325 Warren Ave- Chicago, III. JONES, Harold L., (1920), Asst. Supt.. The W. W. Farrier Co- (for mail), 44 Montgomery St., Jersey City, and 11 Cambridge Rd- Glen Ridge, N. J. JONES, Ivor R- (Junior 1923), (for mail), Isaac H. Francis. 1520 Locust St., Philadelphia, and 344 Taylor Terrace, Chester, Pa: . KEASBEY, Aertseu Parry, (1922), Vice-Pres- (for mail). Robert A. Keasbey Co- 445 West St., New York, N, Y- and 298 Park St- Montclair, N. j; KEENAN, P. Frank, (Associate 1921), Pres- (for mail), Leo Flush Valve Co- 331 Madison Ave- New York, and 283 Burns St- Forest Hills, L. I, KEENEY, Frank P- (Associate 1915), Pres- Domestic Engrg- 1900 Prairie Ave- and 70th St. and The Lake, Chicago, III. KEHM, August, (1901), (Board of Governors 1908; 1911; 1st Vice-Pres; 1909), Pres., Kehm Bros. Co- 51 E. Grand Ave- Chicago, 111. . KEISER, Walter, (Associate 1920), Vice-Pres.,. (for mail), Keiser Equipment & Engrg. Co- 580 * Arcade Bldg., and Wydom Blvd. and Bolland Drive. St. Louis, Mo. ' KELLEY, James J., (Associate 1924), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Ballard Oil Co- 535 Commonwealth , Ave- Boston, and 142 Governors Ave- Medford, Mass. JONES, Louis T., (1921). Salesman, 3700 High land Ave- Drexel Hill, Delaware Co- Pa. JONES, Raymond E., (1919), Pres- (for mail), Haynes Selling Co., Inc- 2013 Sansom StPhiladelphia, Pa- and 39 W. End Ave- Haddon- . field, N. .T. JONES, William T- (1915), (Council 1925-1926), Partner, Barnes & Jones, 126 Brookside AveJamaica Plain, and (for mail) ,11 Rossmere StNewtonville. Mass. KELLOGG, Alfred,* (1916), (Council'1920-1921; 1923-J924), (for mail), 89 Franklin St- Boston, and 6 Hawthorne St- Waverly, Mass. - .KELLOGG, Hosford D., (Associate 1916), Mgr., (for mail), H. B. Smith .Co- 17th and Arch Sts- Philadelnhia, and Haverford. Pa. KELLOGG, Thomas M,, (Associate 1923), Mgr. Htg. Dept- (for mail). The-Bishop & Babcock Co.. 444 Lafayette St- New York, and 23 Roxbury Rd- Scarsdale, N. Y. . 23 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 KELLY, Hugh, (1927), Managing Director, (for mail), H. Kelly & Co., Ltd.. 10041-101 A Ave- and 10235-124th St., Edmonton, Alberta, Can. KELLY. John G., (Associate 1919), Plbg. and Htg. Specialties. 210 East 45th St., New York, and (for mail). 55 Cornell Ave., Yonkers. N. Y. KENT. LauTence F., (Junior 1924), Vice-Prea. and Engr.. Moncrief Furnace Co.. P. O. Box 1673 Atlanta, and R. F. D. No. 2. Smyrna. Ga. KERN, Raymond T., (1927), Chief Engr., Jennison Co.. Fitchburg, and (for mail), 51 Claflin St.. Leominster, Mass. KERNEY, Thomas F., (Junior 1025), Engr., (for mail). H. Berkeley Hackett. Consulting Engr., 1001 Public Ledger Bldg., and 2115 W. Ontario St.. Philadelphia, Pa. KERSHAW, Melville G., (Junior 1921; Associate 1926). Designing Engr., du Pont Engrg. Co., Wilmington, Del., and 3957 N. Percy St., Philadelphia. Pa. KERSJES, William, (1922), Pres, and Gen. Supt., Wheeler Blaney Co.. 249 N. Burdick St., and (for mail), 728 Clinton St.. Kalamazoo, K1RMES, Edwin W., (1923). Vice-Pres. and Chief Engr., (for mail). Walworth-English-Flett Co., 81 Commercial Wharf. Boston, and 29 Oakland St., Melrose. Mass. KISSICK, J. J., (1918). Chief of Bureau of Operation, Board of Education, Sixth and Rock well Ave., and (for mail), 1768 Wayside Rd- Cleveland, O. KITAURA, Shigeyukl. (1918). Mech. Engr.. Monopoly Bureau, Dept, of Finance. Tokyo, Japan. KITCH, Stanley B., (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., The Trane Co., 844 Rush St.. Chicago, and (for mail), 3330 Wesley Ave- Berwyn, 111. KITCHELL, Herbert N., (Associate 1926). Mgr. Htg. Dept- (for mail). Crane Co- 824 Broadway, and 4528 Circle Ave- Cincinnati, O. KITCHEN, Francis A., (Junior 1923). John H. Kitchen Co- 1012 Pioneer Trust Bldg- Kansas City. Mo. KITCHEN. John H-, (1906), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail). John H. Kitchen & Co Pioneer Trust Bldg- 1016 Baltimore Ave- and 5015 Westwand Terrace. Kansas City, Mo. KITTLE, F. Carlton, (1923), Htg. Draftsman, Mich. KEYS, George Walter, (Associate 1927), Mech. Draftsman. Louis T. Klauder, Consulting Engr., 1300 Bankers Trust Bldg., Philadelphia, and (for mail), 518 Van Kirk St., Crescentville, Phila delphia, Pa. KEYES, Robert E., (1913). Construction Engr., (for mail). Drying Systems, Inc., 1800 Foster Ave.. Chicago, 111., and 2497 Grand Ave., New York, N. Y. KIEB, August A., (1924). Engr., F. P. Merkel, 131 South 12th St,, and (for mail). 112 S. Tenth St.. Newark. N. J. KIEFER, Carl J., (1922). Consulting Engr., 901 Schmidt Bldg.. Cincinnati. O. KIEWITZ, Arthur A., (1912), Htg. Engr.. 23-80 Chauncey St., Astoria, L. I., N. Y. KIEWITZ, Conway, (1907). Engr., N. Y. Board of Education, Flatbush Ave. and Concord St., Brooklyn, and 70 King St., Floral Park, L. L, N. Y. KILBY, Roger E,, (1926), Supt.. (for mail). Northwestern Htg. & Plbg. Co., 1465 Sherman Ave., and 1010 Lake St,, Evanston, 111. . KILLIAN, Maurice A., (1922), Pres.. Glanz & Killian Co., 1761 Forest Ave.. W,, and 4400 (for mail). Lord & Burnham Co- and 42 Main St- Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y. KLAUS, Louis j., (Junior 1921), Asst. Htg. Engr- Socony Burner Corp- 26 Broadway, New York, and (for mail). Farmingdale, L. I- N. Y. KLEIN, Albert R- (1920). Mgr- Carrier Luft- technische Gesellschaft. Langestrasse 61. and (for mail), Panoramastrasse 23, Stuttgart, Germany. KLEIN, Edward W., (1917). S. E. Dist. Mgr- (for mail), Warren Webster & Co- 618 Atlantic Trust Bldg- and 227 Myrtle St- Atlanta. Ga. KL1E, Walter, (1915), Pres- (for mail). The Smith & Oby Co., 6107 Carnegie Ave- Cleveland, and 18411 S. Woodland Rd- Shaker Heights, Cleveland, O. ' KLINE, George W., Jr., (1921), Proprietor. Kline & Co- 311 North 13th St- and (for mail), 634 North 17th St- Philadelphia. Pa. KLINE, Walter J., (1912), Sales Engr- (for mail), American Dist. Steam Co- N. Tonawanda, and 186 Pine St., Lockport, N. Y. KLONOWER, Arthur A., (1920), Mgr- J. S. Cassedy Co- 133 Austin St., and 244 Brattle St- Cambridge. Mass. KLOTZ. Albert William, (Associate 1927). Engr- Leslie Ave., Detroit, Mich. KIMBALL, Charles W,, (1915), Richard D. Kimball Co.. 6 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. KIMBALL, Dwight D.* (1908). (Presidential Member). (Pres. 1915; Board of Governors 1912; 1913; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1914; Council 1914-1916), 233 West 22nd St.. New York, and 230-23rd St., Jackson Heights, N. Y. KINEALY, John H,,* (Charter Member; Presi dential Member), (Pres- 1901; 1st Vice-Prea. 1898; Board of Governors 1902), Consulting Engr., 503 Granite Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. KING, Thomson, (1923), Sales Mgr., (for mail), Gas Boiler Dept.. Peerless Heater Co.. 5602 Baum Blvd., and 209 N. Lang Ave., Pittsburgh, Fleck-Marshall Co- 760 E. Third St- Williams port. and (for mail), 1103 W. Mountain Ave- S- Williamsport, Pa. KNAPP, A. F., (1923), Sales Engr- 419 Post Ave- Lyndhurst, N. J. ' KNIGHT, Alvin B,, (Associate 1916). (for mail), Warren Webster & Co- 2123 Dime Bk. Bldg- and 8818 Dexter Blvd- Detroit, Mich. KNOWLES, Arthur F,, (Associate 1914), Knowles Mushroom Ventilator Co- (for mall). 202 Frank- fin St- New York. N. Y- and 135 Haddon Place, Upoer Montclair. N. JKOCH, Harry O., (1916), Vice-Pres- American Htg. & Vtg. Co., 1505 Race St- Philadelphia, Pa. KOEHLER, George T., (1923). Br. Mgr- Rich KIPNaG. SBURY, James W., (1924). B. B. Shine, 224 E. Walnut St., Green Bay, Wis. KINGSLEY, E. A,, (1926). Pres., E. A. Kingsley & Co., Inc., 14 Gansevoort Ave., New York, mond Radiator Co- 1480 Broadway, New York, N. Y- and (for mail), 1111 Market St- Harris burg, Pa. . KOHLBRY, Edward G,, (1920). Pres- (for mail), Kohlbry-Howlett Co- 63 W. Ontario St., N. Y. KINNER, J. E,, (1924), Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co.. 952 East 72nd St., and 1453 East 116tb St.. Chicago, and 1144 Chestnut Ave- Wilmette. III. KOITHAN, William S.. (1913), Sales Engr., (for mail), Koithan & Pryor, 39 Cortlandt St- New Cleveland. O. KIPE, J. Morgan, (1919), Br. Mgr., (for mail), Spencer Heater Co.. 609 Otis Bldg.. Philadelphia, and-801 Homestead Ave., Beechwood, Delaware York. N. Y., and 46 Linden Place, Summit, N. J. KORN, Charles B., (1922), Member of Firm, Htg- Vtg- Roofing and Sheet Metal Contractors, 817 Cumberland St- and 1022 S. Eighth St., Co., Pa. KIRK, Charles D., (1909). Mgr.. Chas. D. Kirk Co.. Sargent and Colleen Sts., and 774 McMillan Allentown. Pa. KOTTCAMP, Horace A., (1915), Pres, and Gen. Mgr- Chambersburg Construction Co- 139 N. Ave.. Winnipeg. Manitoba, Can. KIRK, George H., (1906), Engr. and Contractor, 6711 Wentworth Ave., Chicago. 111. KIRK, Leonard G- (1923), Pres.. L. G. Kirk Co lne.'. 441 West 50th St., New York, N. Y., and 859 Boulevard E.. Weehawken, N. J. . Second St- and (for mail), Philadelphia Ave., and Kenwood Rd- Chambersburg, Pa. KRATZ, Alonzo P-* (1925). Research Prof.. Dept, of Mech. Engrg- (for mail). University of Illinois, and 1003 Douglas Ave- Urbana, 111. 24 Roll of Membership KREISSL. Hans George, (1925), Engr., (for mall). American Radiator Co- 816 S. Michigan Ave- and 630} Cornelia Ave- Chicago. 111. KREITNER, William, (Junior 1926). Htg. Estimator. Alvord & Swift, Grand Central Terminal, New York, and (for mail), 108 Linden St., Brooklyn, N. Y. KRESSLY, Maurice E., (1922), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Bureau of School Bldgs- Dept, of Public Instruction, Harrisburg, Pa., and (for mail), 239 Church and Maine. Orlando, Fla. KRIEBEL, Arthur E., (1920), Service Engr., (for mail), Haynes Selling Co- 2013 Sansom StPhiladelphia, and Berwyn, Chester Co- Pa. KROEGER, Alvin. (Associate 1923), Chicago Mgr., (for mail). Richmond Radiator Co., 568 Wrigiey Bldg- and 4056 N. Harding Ave., Chicago, 111. ,` KRUEGER, James I., (1921), Mech. Hig. and Vtg. Engr- (for mail), Illinois Engrg. Co., 417 Market St- Suite 320, and 1770 Pacific AveSan Francisco, Calif. LAUTENSCHLAGER, Fred, (1915), Mgr. Green house Dept- (for mail). Brunswick-Kroeschell Co- 4221 Diversey Ave- and 3846 Alta Vista Terrace. Chicago, 111. LAWRENCE, Charles E,, (1922), N. Y. Sales Mgr- (for mail), Massachusetts Blower Co- 444 Lafayette St- New York, and 52 Waldorf Circuit, Brooklyn. N. Y. LEAHY, Joseph L. (Junior 1926), Sales Engr- Sterling Engrg. Co- 3116 Market St- Phila delphia, Pa. - LeBEAU, John F.t (1924), Cascade Automatic Sprinkler Corp- Grand Central Terminal, New York, and (for mail), 97-23 Whittier Ave- Jamaica, N. Y. . LeCOMPTE, William G., (Associate 1914), Sales Mgr- (for mail). Jenkins Bros- 80 White St- and 112 East 81st St- New York, N. Y. LEEK, Walter, (1903), Leek & Co- 1090 Homer St- Vancouver, B. C. LEES. Herbert K., (Junior 1912; 1924). Esti mator, William Lees. 548 W. Washington Blvd., and 4946 Christiana Ave- Chicago, 111. L LEGEMAN, Ralph E- (Junior 1926), Engr- (for LaFOLLETTE, Byron E., (1916), Vice-Pres. and Treak, The Tarpenning-LaFolIette Co- (for mail). 1030 Canal St- and 3415 Guilford Ave., Indianapolis, lnd. LAGODZINSKI, Harry J- (Junior 1920). Sales Engr- Itg Elec. Vtg. Co- (for mail). 324 W. Monroe St- and 3628 N. Tripp Ave., Chicago. 111. LANCE, Joseph, (1923), Harrigan & Reid, Eighth and .Baker Sts- Detroit, Mich. LANDERS, John J., (Junior 1924), Engr- U. S. Radiator Corp- 517 Dime Bk. Bldg- and (for mail), 156 Margaret St- W- Detroit, Mich. LANE, Alfred M., (1916), Pres- (for mail). Monarch Metal Products Co- 5020 Penrose St and 4238 Lafayette Ave- St. Louis. Mo. LANE, Edward K., (1916), Owner, (for mail). Lane-Bowen Co- 201 Seventh St- and 333 Fourth St- Lorain, O. LANG, Lawrence P., (Junior 1925). Htg. Engr(for mail), Warren Webster & Co- 549 W. . Washington St- and 1508 Larrabee St- Chicago, 111 LANGDON, J. D- (1920), 2030 Fifth AvePittsburgh, Pa. . LANGENBERG, Everett B- (1914), (Council 1926). Vice-Pres., Langenberg Mfg. Co- 4519 N. ' Euclid Ave- St. Louis, Mo- and 7214 Pershing Ave- University City, Mo. LANGLEY, Frank P- (Associate 1926), Dist., Mgr- The Trane Co- 3628 Main St- Buffalo, and (fomnail), 26 Berryman Drive. Snyder, N. Y. LANNING, E. K., (Associate 1927), Gen. Sales Mgr.. Warren Webster & Co- Camden, N. J. LaPRAIRIE, Charles, (1926). Repr- (for mail). Crane.' Ltd- Sherbrooke, and 51 Bowen AveN- Sherbrooke, Que- Can. . LARIMER. G. B- (1915), 6666 Selma AveHollywood Sta- Los Angeles, Calif: ' LARIMER, Wm. McCoy, (1922), Mgr. Htg. . Dept- (for mail), P. O. Box 239, and 159 W. Second Ave- Denver, Colo. LARSON, Gustus L., (1923). Prof. Steam and Gas Engrg., (for mail), Univ.'of Wisconsin, and Route 7, Madison, Wis. . mail). Thole & Legeman, Archts. and Engrs., 309 American Trust Bldg- and 900 Powell AveEvansville, lnd. LEGIER. Edward W., (1924), Rm. 776, 50 Church St- New York, N. Y: LEILICH, Roger L., (1922), Vice-Pres. and Mgr., (for mail), Baltimore Hearing Corp., 425 St. Paul Place, and 2810 Elsinor Ave- Baltimore, Md. LEITCH, Arthur S., (1908),Pres. and Mgr- (for mail). The Arthur S. Leitch Co- Ltd- 1123 Bay St- and 421 Russell Hill Rd- Toronto, Can. LELAND, William E,, (1915), Consulting Engr- 58 Sutter St., San Francisco, Calif. LENONE, Jose M., (1919), Engr., Armour & Co General Office. U. S. Yards, and (for mail). 4808 Dorchester Ave- Chicago. 111. LEUSCH, Victor William, (Associate 1926), Sales Engr- Illinois Engrg. Co- Chicago. III., and (for mail), 1130 Diamond Ave- South Bend, lnd. LEWIS, Edward B., (1924). Htg. and Vtg. Engr- Ellerbe & Co- Archt- and (for mail), 2283 Commonwealth Ave- St. Paul, Minn. LEWIS, George C., (1919), Sales Engr- American Htg. & Vtg. Co- 1505 Race St- Philadelphia, Pa. LEWIS, J. Clifford, (1913), Mech. Engr- (for mail), Lewis & Warren. 1001-3 Realty Bldg- and R.R. No. 1, Upper River Rd- Louisville, Ky. LEWIS, John G., (1926). Mgr. and Partner, Lewis & Davis, 412 East 31st St- Kansas City, Mo. LEWIS, John W., (1926). Htg. Contr-7127Grays Ave- and (for mail), 3935 Sansom St- Phila delphia, Pa. LEWIS, L. Logan, (1918), Secy- (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp- 750 Frelinghuysen Ave- Newark, and 724 Carlton Ave- Plainfield. N. J. LEWIS, Samuel R-* (1905). (Presidential Member), (Pres. 1914; Board of Governors 1909, 1912; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1910; Council 1915), Con sulting Engr., (for mail), 407 S. Dearborn St and 4737 Kimbark Ave- Chicago, 111. LEWIS, Thornton,* (1919), (CouncU 1923-1926). LARSON, J. M., (1924), (for mail). National * Regulator Co- 2&01 Knox Ave- and 3541 Wrightwood Ave- Chicago. 111.' Pres, and Gen. Mgr- (for mail). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp- 1502 Locust St- Philadelphia, and 346 Calvert Rd- Merion, Pa. LARSON, W. C- (1925); Htg. and Vtg; Engr- LIGHTY, Arthur J., (Junior 1923), Sales Engr- Narowitz Htg. & Vtg. Co.,' 1711 Park Ave.. and (for mail), 4224 N. Winchester Ave- Chicago, 111. (for mail). C. A. Dunham Co- 804 Forsyth Bldg- Atlanta, Ga. LATHAM, George, (1924), Engr. and Supt. of LICHTY, Charles P., (1920). Engr- C. P. Lichty, Plant, Edmonton Public School Board, 504 Civic 507-509 North 22nd St- and 1011 Tuscaloosa Block, and 11317-91st St.', Edmonton. Alberta, Can. LATHROP, Dr. Elbert C., (1926). Director Research Dept- (for mail). The Celotex Co645 N. Michigan Ave- and 2322 East 70th Place, Chicago, 111. LAU, Anton S- (1926), Mech. Engr.,- Cross & Cross, Archts- 385 Madison Ave- New York, N. Y- and 35 Woodland Rd- Bloomfield, N. J. Ave- Birmingham. Ala. LINDERMAN, Henry, (Junior 1923), Estimator. Baker, Smith & Co- 572 Greenwich St- New York, and (for mail), 157 Foxall St- Ridgewood, L. I- N. Y. LINDEMUTH, Nelson Rhoads, (Associate ' 1924), Supt. and Mgr- (for mail), Lindemuth Engrg. Co., Inc- 155 N. George St- and 324 W. Jackson St- York, Pa, 25 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 LINER, John J, (Associate 1916), Pres,, (for mail), Philadelphia Asbestos Co., Roberts Ave., . W. of Wayne Ave., Wayne Jet., Philadelphia, Pa. and Haddon Ave., W. Berlin, N. J. LINHARD, Howard V., (Associate 1921), Sales Mgr., Anchor Pipe & Supply Co., 14430 Dexter Blvd., and (for mail), 7238 Webb Ave., Detroit, Mich. LINN, Homer R.t (1914), Engr., American Radiator Co., 816 $. Michigan Ave.. Chicago, and 321 S. Ashland Ave.. LaGrange, 111. LIPPE, Ernest V., (1922). Consulting Mech. Engr., Rra. 840, 332 S. La Salle St.. Chicago, and (for mail), 5340 S. Kimbark Ave., Chicago. 111. LYLE, Ernest T., (1919), Engr., (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 39 Cortlandt St., New York, N. Y., and The Braemore. 466 Com monwealth Ave., Boston, Mass. LYLE, J. Irvine,. (1911), (Pres. 1917). (Council 1918), Treas. and Gen. Mgr., (for mail),- Carrier Engrg. Corp., Newark, and 1200 W. Seventh St., Plainfield, N. J. LYMAN, Samuel E., (Associate 1924), Erecting Supt., Air Conditioning, 2021 Land Title Bldg., and (for mail), 132 North 49th St., Philadelphia.Pa. LYMAN, William Ira, (Associate 1925), Engr., Grinnell Co., and (for mail), 225H Scott St., Warren, O. . LIPPMAN, Orville S., (Associate 1920). Sales Repr., (for mail), The Kellogg-Mackay Co., 1351 Me West 37th Place, and 7251 Princeton Ave., Chicago. III. LITTLE, Edwin R., (1916), ConsultingEngr., (for mail), E. R. Little Co.. Inc., 1918-1920 Ford ' Bldg., and 1463 Lawrence Ave., Detroit. Mich. LIVINGSTON, Bernard B., (1927), Gas Engr., Dept., of Public Utilities, City of Richmond, and (for mail). P. 0. Box 976, Richmond, Va. 1 LLOYD, Edward C., (1927), Chief Engr., Arm strong Cork & Insulation Co., 24th St. and Allegheny River. Pittsburgh, and 118 Maple . Ave., Edgewood. Pittsburgh, Pa. ' LOCKE, Hiram W., (1920), Htg. Engr.,,and Sheet Metal Worker, 1942 North 20th St., Philadelphia, Pa. LOCKER, Charles W., (1916), R. No. 2. Bir mingham, Mich. LOCKWOOD, Edwin H.,* (1915), Asst. Prof. Mech. Engrg., Teaching and. Research, Sheffield Scientific School, YaJe University, 400 Temple St., and (for mail), 51 Sheldon Ter., New Haven, ` Conn; LOEFFLER, Frank X., (1914). Pres., (for mail). Frank Loeffier Supply Co., 710 N- Hudson St., and 320 West 26th St., Oklahoma City, Okla. LONDON, Irving, (Junior 1924), Engr. and Estimator, (for mail), Raisler Heating Co., 129 Amsterdam Ave., New York, and 1660 Union St.. Brooklyn, N. Y. . LONG, David Raymond, (1927). Chief Engr., (for mail), Armstrong Cork Co., Linoleum Division, and 915 W. Walnut St., Lancaster, Pa. LONGENECKER, Howard J., (1917), Pres, and Gen. Mgr,, (for mail). York Htg. & Vtg. Co.. Bridgeport, Montgomery Co., and 1009 DeKalb St.. Norristown. Pa. LONGWELL, Henry E., (1919). Vice-Pres.. Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp.', 41 East 42nd St.. New York, and (for mail), 123 Brewster Rd., Scarsdale, N. Y. LORD, Frank Russell, (1922), Mgr. Htg. Dept., (for mail), Walworth Mfg. Co.. 245 Arch St., Philadelphia. Pa., and Delanco, N. J. LOVE, Clarence H., (1919). Mfgr. Agent, (for mail), Nash Engineering Co., 317 Chamber of Commerce, and 289 Norwalk Ave.. Buffalo. N. Y. LOVEGREN, H. M., (Associate 1927), Htg. Engr., (for mail), B. Hoffman Mfg. Co., 1819 St. Paul Ave., and 2118 Sycamore St., Milwaukee, Wis. LOVELACE, James A.. (1920). Vice-Pres. and. Gen. Supt., R. L. Spitzley Heating . Co., 246 Larned St.. W,, Detroit, Mich. LOWNSBERY, Benjamin F., (1920). Htg. Engr., Benjamin F. Shaw Co., Second and Lombard Sts., and (for mail), 21 S. Sycamore St., Wil mington. Del. McCAFFREY, H. Grattan, (1922), Chief Engr., . (for mail). Sheldons, Ltd.. W. Main St., S., and 23 Rich Ave., Galt, Ont., Can. McCANN, Frank G., (1903), (Council 1914-1915), Chief of Htg. and Vtg. Div., (for mail). Board of Education, 131 Livingston St., and 1616 E. Tenth St., Brooklyn, N. Y. ' McCarthy, Bernard J,, (1925). Mgr. Htg. . Dept., The P. & H. Supply Co., 225 Columbus St., and 2306 Fairfield Ave., Ft. Wayne,* Ind. McCARTHY, Charles J., (1919), Contractor, (for mail). Chas. J. McCarthy, 808 Otis Bldg., and 533 South 55th St., Philadelphia, Pa. - McCAULEY, James H., (1921), Contractor, - 565 W. Washington Blvd., and (for mail), 3831 Lexington St., Chicago. 111. McCLELLAN, James E., (1922), Sales Engr., (for mail), American Blower Co., Rm. 1404, 228 N. . LaSalle St., and 4645 Manor Ave., Chicago, III. McCLENATHAN, Robert, (1927).- Supt. of Plants and Mech. Equip., (for mail), Board of Education. Central High School Bldg., Akron, and 492 South 16th St,, Cuyahoga Falls, O. McCLISTOCK, Alexander, Sr., (2917), Pres., (for mail). A. McClintock & Son, 1937 Ridge Ave.. Philadelphia, and 121 Rochelle Ave., Wissahickori, Philadelphia, Pa. - McCLINTOCK, Alexander, Jr., (Junior 1920), Htg. Engr., (for mail). 1937 Ridge Ave., Phila- . delphia, and 121 Rochelle Ave., Wissahickon, Philadelphia. Pa. McCLINTOCK, John L., (1917). Member of Firm,, (for mail), A. McClintock & Son, 1937 Ridge Ave., and 933 E. Rittenhouse St., Phila delphia, Pa. McCOLL, Jay R.,* (1916), (Presidential Member), (Pres. 1922; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1920; 1st Vice-Pres. 1921; Council 1923), Dean of Engrg., Univ. of Detroit, Consulting Engr., (for mail), McColl. Snyder & McLean, 2348 Penobscot Bldg., and 825 Chicago Blvd., Detroit, Mich. McCORMICK, Edward T.t (Associate 1923), Br. Mgr., (for mail). Pierce, Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co., 600 Ogden St., and 68 Seymour St., Newark, N. J. McCOY, Thomas F., (1924). Mgr., (for mail). . The Powers Regulator Co., 125 St. Botolph St., Boston, and Glen Rd., Wellesley Farms; Mass. McCREA, Lester W., (1920). (for mail). Jas. McCrea & Son, 19 N. Carrollton Ave., and 564 University Parkway, Baltimore, Md. . McCREERY, Hugh J., (1922). Mgr., (for mail), ' Combustion Engrg. Corp., Ltd., Bank Bldg., and 1355-12th Ave., W., Vancouver, B. C. McCULLEY, David E., (Associate 1917). Pres, and Treas., (for mail), D. E. McCulley Co., 1820 LUCE, G. D., Jr., (1919), Mech. Engr., D. H. Burnham Co., Archts.. 1900 Burnham Bldg., and (for mail), 3633 N. Harding Ave.. Chicago, 111. St. Mary's Ave., and 5104 Cuming St., Omaha, Nebr. McDONNELL, Everett N,, (1923), Partner, (for LUCK, Alexander W.,* (1919). Pres, and Gen. Mgr.. Reading Heater & Supply Co., Church and mail). McDonnell & Miller. Wrigley Bldg.. 400 N. Michigan Blvd., and 627 Arlington Place, Woodward Sts., Reading, Pa. . LUCRE, C. E,, (1924). Prof. Mech. Engrg.. Executive Htg. Dept., (for mail), Columbia University, and 845 West End Ave., New York, N. Y. , . - LUMSDEN, Edward R., (1923), Pres., (for mail), ' E. R. Lumsden Co.. 728 Philadelphia St., and 737 Water St., Indiana, Pa. Chicago. III. McELLROY, George Sheffler, (1925). Engr., R. T. Withers. Sons Co.. Ill N. Shenango St., and (for mail), R. D. No. 2, Glenshaw, Pa, McEVOY, William J., (1917), Mech. Engr., McFarland & Kitzelman Co.. 520 West 36th St., Chicago, and (for "mail), 1326 Columbia Ave , Rogers Park, Chicago, III. 26 Roll of Membership McFarland, William P., (Associate 1923), - Salesman, Powers Regulator Co., 2720 Green- M view Ave., and (for mail). 1106 Columbia Ave., Chicago, id. McGINNESS, J. E., (1903), Pres., (for mail). McGinness, Smith & McGinness Co., 527 First Ave., and 142 Bellefield Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. MacDADB, Ambrose H., (1923), Haynes Selling Co-. Inc., 1711 Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa.- MacDOUGALL, Burgess W., (1923). Mech. Supt., State of New .Jersey, State Office Bldg., Trenton, and (for mail), 219 Netherwood Ave., Plainfield, N. J. . McGLENN, G. Raymond, (1915), Secy., Ameri MACFARLANE, J. Grant, (Associate 1925), P. can Warming & Vtg. Co.. 317-19 Pennsylvania O. Box 147, Cumberland. Md. Ave., and. (for mail). 259 Lormore St., Elmira, N. Y. McCOWAN, Thomas F., (1921), Htg. and Con tracting Engr.. 2832 Girard Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. McGRAlL, Thomas Ernest, (1926), Br. Mgr., (for MacKENZIE, Burt, (1924), Htg. and Vtg. Con tractor, 349 N. Elm St., and P. O. Box 353, Greensboro, N. C. MacKENZIE, John J., (1925), McNaughton & MacKenzie, 1029 Shaw St., and (for mail). 664 Shaw St., Toronto, Ont., Can. mail). C. A. Dunham Co.. Ltd., Plaza Bldg., MACKIE, James, (1917), Mgr.. James Mackie and Carline Ave., P. O. Box 92, Ottawa, Ont., Can. McGREGOR, George H., (1920), Mgr., (for Plbg. & Htg. Co., 357 Langside St., and 254 Montrose St., Winnipeg, Man. mail). Western Htg. Co., 5051 W. Chicago Ave.,. MADISON, Richard D., (1926), Research Engr., Chicago, and 902 S. Cresent Ave., Park Ridge, III. . McGUIGAN, L. A., (Associate 1919). Salesman, Natl. Radiator Co., 215 Wood St., and (for mail), 724 Hastings St.. Pittsburgh, Pa. (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co.. 490 Broadway, and 133 Lisbon Ave.. Buffalo, N. Y. ' MAGINN, Peter F., (1908). P. F. Maginn & Co., 207 Fulton Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. MAHONEY, David John, (Associate 1926), Br. McHENRY, Robert W. M., (1921). Estimating Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co.; 503 Engr.. Empire Brass Mfg. Co., Ltd., 310 Adelaide St., W.. and (for mail), 236 Eglinton Ave., E., Franklin St., and 540 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. ' Toronto. Ont., Can. MAIER, George M., (1921), Engr., Planning and McINTIRE, James F., (Associate 1914; 1915), Research Dept., (for mail). American Radiator (Council 1926), Vice-Pres., (for mail), U. S. Co.. 40 West 40th St.. New York, and Apt. 54, Radiator Corp., 133 E. Grand River Ave., and Peldean Court, Pelham. N. Y. 2061 Taylor Ave.. Detroit, Mich. MAIER. Herman F., (1926). Designing Engr.. McINTOSH, Fabian C., (Junior m7; 1921), New York Blower Co.. 2246 S. Haisted St., and Br. Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co.. 10 E. (for mail), 7124 Morgan St., Chicago, 111. : ' North Diamond St., N.S., and 3335 Portole St., MALLIS, William, (1914), Architect and Engr., Pittsburgh, Pa. (for mail). 326 Lyon Bldg., and North Gate McKENNA, William N., (1912), Treas., (for Ants., First Ave.. Seattle, Wash. mail), Wm. N. McKenna Co., 79 Chestnut St., MALONE, Dayle G., (Associate 1925), Htg. and 21 W. Cedar St., Boston, Mass. Engr., Hardin-Lavin Co.. 121-139 W. Pershing McKENZlE, Paul C., (Associate 1925), Sales Engr., (for mail), Herr-Harris Co., 910 Fulton Rd., and (for mail), 5417 Dorchester- Ave., Chicago. III. . Bldg.. Pittsburgh, and 2724 Connecticut Ave., Dormont. Pa. McKIEVER, Wm. H.,* (Junior igge; 1897). Pres., (for mail), Wm. H. McKiever, Inc., 247 MANAHAN, James E., (Junior 1926). Asst. Engr.* (for mail). Bradley Htg. Co.. 3834 Olive St., and 6732 Oakland Ave., St. Louis, Mo. - MANDEV1LLE, Edgar W,, (1914), E. W. Man- West 13th St.. New York, and 479 Eighth St., Brooklyn, N.Y. .- deville, Inc.. 623 Parkside Ave., and (for mail),- 1171 East 37th St., Brooklyn. N. Y. '. McLAIN, Roland D,, (1921), Htg. Engr., E. MANN, Carl P., (1924), Construction Engr., Keeler Go., 238 West St., and (for mail), 716 Beverly, N. J. . Vernon Ave., Williamsport. Pa. - MANSELL, P. C., (1921), (for mail), Purdy- McLEAN, Dermld, (1917), Consulting Engr., (for mail), McColl, Snyder & McLean, 2304 Penob- Manscll, Ltd., 63 Albert St., and 26 Grassmere Rd., Toronto. Ont., Can. ' ~ scot Bldg., and 12651 Birwood Ave., Detroit, Mich. McLEAN, Ivory D., (1924), Pres., (for mail), MAPPETT, Alfred S., (Charter Member), Treas., Fowler & Wolfe Mfg. Co., 621 Bulletin Bldg.t Philadelphia, Pa. McLean & Couscns Co., 65 Chandler St., MARION, Charles A.; (Associate 1926), Engr., Boston, and 156 Coolidge St., Brookline, Mass. McLELLAND, H. Burton, (Associate 1912), 4155 Cass Ave., and (for mail). 742 Burlingame Ave., Detroit, Mich. . Salesman, Jenkins Bros., 640 Washington Blvd., MARSCHALL, Peter J.. (Junior 1927), Engr., (for and 129 N. Menard Ave., Chicago, 111. mail). E. Vernon Hill Co., 121 N. Clark St., and McMAHON. W. W., (Associate 1923), Mgr., (for T mail), Natl. Regulator Co.. 166 Lexington Ave., and 2950 Bainbridge Ave., New York. N. Y. McMICHAEL, Peter, (Associate 1925), Pres, and 8228 Langley Ave., Chicago, 111. MARSHALL, H. Hall, (1923), Consulting Engr.. (for mail). 37 West 43rd St., New York, and 63 Pine St.. Garden City. N. Y. Mgr., Kcwanee Boiler Co., Ltd., 66 Richmond MARTENIS, John V., (1918), Associate Prof, of St., E* and (for mail). 41 Spadina Rd., Apt. No. Mech. Engrg., Mech. Engrg. Dept., University of 7, Toronto, Ont., Can. . Minnesota, and (for mail), 416 Harvard St., McMILLAN, Luther B.,* (1918), Consulting , S.E., Minneapolis, Minn. ` Engr., (for mail), Johns-Manville, Inc., 292 MARTIN, Albert B., (1917), Dist. Sales Mgr., (for Madison Ave., New York, and Larchmont, N. -Y. mail). Kewanee Boiler Co., 822 W. Washington McMORRAN, Francis J., (1917), Chief Engr., Blvd.. Chicago, and 997 Vine St., Winnetka, 111. Pecco, Inc., 2951 N. Market St., St. Louis, and MARTIN, George W., (1911), Pres., (for mail). (for mail), 230 E. Argonne Drive, Kirkwood, Mo. New York Service Co.. 141 East 29th St., New. . McMURRAY, John. (1920), Pres., Iron City Htg. Co., 843 Jackson St., N.S.. Pittsburgh, Pa. McMURRER, Louis J., (Junior 1924)i Drafts York. N.Y., and 314 Prospect St., Ridgewood, N. J. MARTIN, Jeremiah F., (1926), Estimator and Supt. of Construction, H. L. Graham, 66 Ex man. The McMurrer Co.. 303 Congress St., Boston, and (for mail), 37 Walnut St., Everett, Mass. ' McNAIR, Edward E., (1915), (Council 1921; 1922; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1923), Vice-Pres., (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 133 E. Grand River Ave.. Detroit, and Birmingham, Mich. McVEHIL, Earl W., (1923), Mgr.. McVehil Plbg. Co.. 40 E. Wheeling St., Washington, Pa. change St.', and (for mail), 166 Glenwood Ave., Pawtucket, R. 1. MARTIN, O. Waldemar, (1925), Chicago Mgr.; (for maii), Flax-li-num Insulating Co., 228 N. LaSalle St., Chicago, and 2235 Forest View Rd., Evanston. 111. ' MASON, James J., (1918), Sales Repr., (for mail), Herman Nelson Corp., 832 Atlas Bldg., and 1944 - Guilford Rd., Upper Arlington, Columbus, O. . 27 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 MASON, Ray B., (1925), Engr.. (for mail), Kewanee Boiler Co., 2014 Wyandotte St., and 2940 Forest Ave., Kansas City, Mo. MATCHETT, James C., (1923). Vice-Pres, and Mgr., (for mail), Illinois Engrg. Co.. Racine Ave., at 21st St., and 9936 W. Winchester Ave,, Chicago. 111. MATHEY. Nicholas J., (1915), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. Mathey Plbg. Co.. 31 Third Ave., N.E., LeMars, Iowa. MATHIS, Eugene, (1022), Pres., (for mail), A. Mathis & Sons, Inc., 3155 Shields Ave., and 9151 S. Hoyne Ave., Chicago. 111. MATHIS, Henry, (1922), New York Blower Co., 2248 S. Halsted St., and (for mail), 143 West . 71st St., Chicago, 111. MATHIS, Julien W., (Associate 1921), Pres., New York Blower Co., 2248 S. Halsted St., and (for mail). 7003 S. Peoria St.. Chicago, 111. MATHY, Joseph, Jr., (1925), Chief Engr. and Gen. Supt., (for mail), K. B. Hayward Co., 1714 Sheffield Ave.. and 3415 West 61st Place, Chicago, 111. ' MATSON, Taylor, (Associate 1925), Mech. Engr., Taylor Matson Co., 6141 Girard Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. MATTHEWS, Charles Russell, (1924), Htg. Engr., (for mail). Warren Webster & Co., 220 Devonshire St.-, Boston, and 48 Dana SL, Cam bridge. M*s. MATTHEWS, John K,, (1923), Morgan Htg. & Plbg. Co.. P. O. Box 843. Charleston. W. Va. MATTHIESSEN, H. G. F,, (1923), Sales Engr.. Hoffman Specialty Co., 512 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y., and (for mail). 179 Renner Ave., Newark, N. J. MATZEN, Harry B., (1919). Mgr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 923 Union Trust Bldg., and 2642 N. More land Blvd.. Cleveland, O. MAUER, WUllam J., (1919), Sales Engr.. Dwyer Equipment Co., 4534 W. North Ave., Chicago, and (for mail), 2624 Central St., Evanston, 111. MAURER, Edward D,, (1921). Secy^ and Treas., Maurer Bros. Co., 8600 Detroit Ave., Cleveland, and (for mail), 1527 Mars Ave.. Lakewood, O. MAY, Edwin A,, (1906), 171 N. Kenilworth Ave., Oak Park. 111. MAYER, Robert S.. (1011). Br. Sales Mgr., (for mail), Heggie-Siraplex Boiler Co., 2026 East 22nd St., and 9327 Amesbury Ave., Cleveland. O. MAYETTE, Charles Edgerton, (1926), Squad Chief, Dwight P. Robinson & Co., Inc.. 125 West 46th St., New York, and (for mail), 4 Westminster Rd., Brooklyn. N.Y. . MENSING, Frederick D., (1920), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Mensing & Co., 928 Presser ' Bldg., and 2845 Frankford Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. MENZIES, Frederick Robert, (Junior 1926), New Haven Mgr., (for mail). The Trane Co., 410 . Temple St,, New Haven, and Long Hill, Wood- bridge, Conn. MERKEL, Fred P., (1924), Prop., (for mail), 131 South 12th St.. Newark, and 2 Garfield Place, E. Orange, N. J. MERRELL, Spencer Atkins, (Associate 1927), Pres., (for mail), Merrell & Co., Inc. 4424-26 Olive St.. St. Louis, and 479 Algonquin Drive, Webster Groves. Mo. MERRILL, Carl J., (1919). Treas.. (for mail), C. J. Merrill, Inc., 54 St. John St., P. O. Box A, West End Sta.. Portland. Me. MERRITT, C. J., (1925). C. J. Doughty & Co.. , Inc., 30 Brenan Rd., W., 103-104, Shanghai, China. MERTZ, Walter A., (1919). Secy., (for mail). Kehm Bros. Co., 51 E. Grand Ave., and 3753 N. Keeler Ave., Chicago. 111. MERVINE, Thomas R., (1922). Partner. Mervine Bros.. 208 S. Seventh St., and (for mail), 5852 N. Fifth St.. Philadelphia. Pa. MERWIN, Gile E., (Junior 1923; 1924), Htg. Engr.. (for mail), Rockford Brass Works, and 1303 Harlem Rd., Rockford, I1L MESSMER, George E., (Junior 1925), Htg. Engr., (for mail). Bridge & Beach Mfg. Co., 4204 N. Union Blvd., and 3020 Walton Place. St. Louis, Mo. MESTON, A. B., (Associate 1925). 201 W. Second St.. Des Moines, la. MEWSHAW, James P.. (1923). C. A. Dunham Co.. 605-6 Hill Bldg.. 17th and Eye St.. N.W., and 2700-35th Place. N.W.. Washington. D. C. MEYER, Hans J., (1919). (Council 1922), Pres., (for mail). Combustion Engrg. Co.. 200 Madison Ave., and Fifth Ave.. Hotel, New York, N. Y. MEYER, Henry C.. Jr., (1898). (Council 1915; 1916), Consulting Engr.. 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. MEYER, John W,, Jr., (1921), Mgr. Order and Credit Depts., (for mad), American Blower Co.. - 6004 Russell St., and Webster Hall, Detroit, Mich. MEYER, Richard C., (1926), Sales Engr., Walter H. Eagan & Co., 315 Stephen Grand Bldg., and (for mail); 1705 Porter St.. Philadelphia, Pa. MEYERS, John, (Junior 1925). Br. Mgr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co., 911 Cathedral St., and 404 Wilmslow Rd., Baltimore, Md. MEAD, Edward A., (1926). Sales Dept., (formail), MEYERS, Samuel H., (Associate 1924), Meyera Nash Engrg. Co., S. Norwalk, and 2 East Ave., Bros.. 219 Hale St., and 1502 Virginia St.. Norwalk. Conn. Charleston, W. Va. MEAD, Walter R.f (1924), Dist. Repr., Hoffman MEYERING, Archer S., (1922), Htg. and Vtg. Specialty Co., Waterbury, Conn., and (for mail), Engr., (for mail), Br. Mgr., C. A. Dunham Co., 711 Highland Ave., San Mateo. Calif. MEADOWS. Frank H., (1923), The Meadows .Heating Co., 94 Second St., Milwaukee, Wis. MEARA, John J., (Junior 1925), Engr., Hunt Htg. Co.. 1515 Olive St., and 5046 Wabada Ave., St. Louis. Mo. MEDWAY. Fred J., (Associate 1919), Mgr., (for mail), Johns-Manville. Inc., Madison Ave. and 41st St.. New York, N. Y., and 803 Boulevard, E.. Weehawken, N. J. ` ' 2023 L. C. Smith Bldg., Seattle, Wash. MICHAEL. L. A., (1921). Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. 414 W. Colfax Ave.. Denver, Colo. MILES, James C., (1914), Vice-Pres., The Warm Air Furnace & Fan Co., 6511 Cedar. Ave., Cleveland, O. MILLAR, Rowland J., (1925), Vice-I^es. and Mgr., (for mail), Pease Foundry Co., Ltd., 118 King St., E., and 53 Oakmount Rd., Toronto. Ont.. Can. MILLER, Alan A., (Associate 1926), Htg. Engr., MEHAFFEY, William Chambers, (1922), Bridgman Co., 120 South 30th St., Philadelphia; Engr., Chambersburg Construction Co., Cham- ' and (for mail). 731 Cornell Ave., Drexel Hill, Pa. bersburg, Pa. . MILLER, Charles A., (Associate 1917), Salesman, MEHRING, George, (Charter Member), Pres., (for mad). The H. B. Smith Co.. 10 East 39th Mehring & Hanson, 162-166 N. Clinton St., St., and 2178 University Ave.. New York, N. Y. Chicago. III. MEIER, Konrad,# (1916). Consulting Engr.. MILLER. Charles W,, (Junior 1908; 1919),. Pres., (for mail), Rado Co., 192 Reed SL, Mil-, Rychenbergstrasse 57, Winterthur, Switzerland. MELLON, James T. J.,. (1911). (Council 1915). Owner, Mellon Co., (for mail), 4419 Ludlow St., arid 431 North 63rd St., Philadelphia, Pa. MENK, Rudolph W., (1919), Mgr.. Htg. Systems Div,, Robinson Furnace Co., 205-207 W. Lake' St. Chicago, and (for mail). 814 Clement St., Joliet. 111. waukee. and R1. Box 62. Menomonee Falls, Wis. MILLER, Edwin A., (Associate 1925). Coheen Corp., (for mail), 331 Madison Ave., and Emer son Hotel, 75th St., Amsterdam Ave., New York. N. Y. * MILLER, Floyd A., (1911), Inspection Engr., U. S. Treasury Dept., 477 Federal Bldg., Chicago; 111. ' 28 Roll of Membership MILLER, Harry M., (1920), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. 6089-91 Plankinton 'Bldg., Milwaukee, and 1290 Stowell Ave.. Shorewood. Wis. MILLER, Harvey N.,(1921), Sales Engr., Illinois Engrg. Co., 744 Lafayette Ave., S. E., Grand Rapias, Mich. MILLER, James E., (Junior 1912; 1914), VicePres.. (for mail). C. W. Johnson, Inc., 211- N. Desplaines St.. Chicago, and 2210 Colfax St.. Evanston, III. MILLER, John F. G., (1916), Vice-Pres. and Treas.. American Blower Co., 6004 Russell St., Detroit, Mich. . MILLER, Leo B., (1926). Partner, (for mail), McDonnell & Miller, Wrigley Bldg., and AUerton Club- Chicago. III. MILLER, Merl William, (Junior 1926), Experi mental Dept., (for mail), Trane Co., and 1115 Main St., LaCrdsse, Wis. MILLER, Peter, (1926). Htg. Engr. and Estima tor. Davidson & Miller. Htg. and Plbg. Con tractors. 119 Broadway, Saranac Lake. N. Y. MILLER, Robert B., (1922). Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). Miller & Brady, Inc., 210 East 3oth St., New York, and 9405-95th St., Woodhaven. L. I., N. Y. MILLER. Rowland Austin, (Associate 1927). Mgr., Pacific Coast Dist., (for mail). Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Co.. 1072 N. WiJton Place, Los Angeles, and 334 25th St., Santa Monica, CalU. MOON, L. Walter, (1915), Engr... (for mail), Bradley Htg. Co., 3834 Olive. St., and 6069 Cates Ave., St. Louis, Mo. MOORE, H. Lee, (1919), Pittsburgh Mgr., Buffalo Forge Co., Union Trust Bldg., Pittsburgh, and 7065 Flaccus Rd., Ben Avon, Pa. MOORE, Herbert S>, (Associate 1923), Sales Mgr., The Atlas Engrg. & Mach. Co.. Ltd., 23 River St., and 107 Clendenan Ave., Toronto, Ont.. Can. ' MOORE, Raymond Francis, (Associate 1926), Architect. Cedar Rapids, la. MORAN, Frank E., (1922), Pres., (for mail). Ben Rigby, Inc., 2652 Elston Ave., Chicago, and 3034 S. Maple Ave., Berwyn, 111. MORAN, F. N., (1916), 128 W. Main St.. Staun ton, Va. MORAN, Roger J., (1926), Prop., 1300 Jefferson Ave., Buffalo, N, Y. MORGAN, C. Stanley, (Associate 1919), (for mail). 445 W. Lamed St., and 14595 Harbord Rd., Detroit, Mich. MORGAN, Francis H., (1912), Pres, and Treas., (for mail), J. F. Morgan & Son, Inc., 67 Blake St., and 194 Maple St.. Lynn, Mass. MORGAN, Glenn C., (1911). Vice-Pres. and Secy., (for mail). Morgan-Gerrish Co.. 808 LaSalle Ave., and 134 West 49th St., Minnea polis, Minn. . MORGAN, J. Scott, (Associate 1922), Mgr., (for MILLER. Tolbert G., (Junior 1921). Piping Engr.. Penna, R. R-, Harrisburg, and (for mail), mail). Morgan Bros., 7227 Tioga St., and 7031 Hamilton Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. Wormleysburg, Pa. MORGAN, Robert C., (1915). Chief Engr.. (for MILLER. William C., (1918), Pres., (for mail). mail). Stewart A. Jeltett Co., Engrs., 1200 Locust Htg. Specialties Co., 10 South 18th St., Phila St., and 314 W. Seymour St., Philadelphia, Pa. delphia. and CollegevUle, Pa. MORRIS, C- Raymond, (1921), (for mail), 55 MILLIKEN, James H., (1923), Chicago Mgr.. Lexington Ave., Passaic, and 381--20th Ave., (for mail). Reed Air Filter Co., 1916 Builders Paterson. N. J. Bldg., 228 N. LaSalle St., Chicago, and 618 Hinroan Ave., Evanston, 111. ' MILL1S. Linn W..* (1918), Secy, and Treas.. Security Stove & Mfg. Co., 17th and Oakland Sts., and (for mail). 3534 Wabash Ave., Kansas City, Mo. MILWARD, Robert K,, (Associate 1920). Br. Mgr., (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 4004 Duncan Ave., St. Louis, and 434 Lee Ave., Webster Grove, Mo. MINNICH, Harry S., (1921), Philadelphia Mgr., Richmond Radiator Co., 2241 N. American St., MORROW, Charles F., (Associate 1919). Mgr., (for mail). National Radiator Co.. 1509 Arrett Bldg.,-Wood and Fourth Ave.. Pittsburgh, and Wampum, Pa. MORSE, C- T., (1921). Sales Mgr.. American Blower Co., 6004 Russell St., Detroit, Mich. MOSHER, Clarence H., (Associate 1919), Dist. Sales Agent. American Schaeffer & Budenberg Corp., 338 Berry St.. Brooklyn, and (for mail), 423 Ashland Ave.. Buffalo. N. Y. MOSHER, Roy Bradford, (Associate 1927), Mgr., and (for mail), 4526 Walnut St., Philadelphia. Pa. N.W. Office, (for mail). Modine Mfg. Co., 354 Baker Bldg., and 3236 Irving Ave., S.. Min MITCHELL, Charles H., (1924), Engr., Barber neapolis, Minn. Co., 26 Warrenton St., Boston, and (for mail), MOSS, Edward, (1920), Supervisor. Plbg. and 179 Thatcher St., Mattapan, Mass. Htg.. (for mail), New York Rapid Transit Corp., MODIANO, Rene, (1925), Continental Sales . 1130 Atlantic Ave., Brooklyn, and 9053--204th Engr., Carrier Engrg. Co.. Ltd., Elysee Bldg., St.. Hollis, L. I.. N. Y. . Rue du Faubourg, St. Honore, and (for mail), MOTEJL, J. A., (1917), Secy., (for mail), Board 10. Rue Gustave Dore, Paris (17 eroe). France. of Education. 705 First Ave., and 220-16th Ave., MOFFETT, William S.t (1907), Consulting and Ced^r Rapids, la. Construction Engr.. Staunton. Va. MOLER, William H., (Junior'1923; 1927). Sales Engr., Carrier Engrg. Corp.. Rm. 1032, Burn .ham Bldg., Randolph and LaSalle Sts., Chicago. 111 MOLTZ, George N., (Associate 1925), Sales Engr., Standard Heater Co.. 315 Pearl St.; Hartford, Conn. -' MONAGHAN, Thomas H.,'(1914), Pres., (for mail). Robert Gordon, fnc., 22 W. Austin Ave., and 623 Demins Place. Chicago. Itt. MONDAY, Charles E;, (1920), (for mail). Chas. . E. Monday Co.. 1320 Olive St,, Philadelphia, Pa,, MOTT, Abram C., Jr., (1921), Pres., (for mail), Abram Cox Co., American and Dauphin Sts., Philadelphia, and "The Woods," Lansdale, Pa. MOUAT. Thomas C., (1914), Pres., (for mail). The Mouat Vapor Htg. Co., 1246 W. Fourth . St., and 360 East 105th St., Cleveland, O. MOULDER, Albert W,, (1917)., Chief Engr., (for mail), Grinnell Co., Inc., Dana and Paige Ave., and 74 Roosevelt Ave.. Warren, O. MOULTON, David, (1926). Mech. Engr., (for mail), Monks & Johnson. 99 Chauncy SL, and 30 Meridian St., Malden, Mass. and 15 N. Chelsea Ave., Atlantic City; N. J. MOWER, WUllam P., (1924). Htg. Engr.. (for MONIN, E. H., (1923), E. H. Monin, Inc., 70 mail). Warten Webster & Co., 220 Devonshire Delaware Ave.. Buffalo, N. Y. St., Boston, and 48 Middlesex Ave., Swamp- MONROE, Lewis O., (Junior 1917; Associate scott. Mass. 1925), Gen. Mgr., (for mail), Clarage Fan Co., MOYNIHAN, John C., (Junior 1925; Associate and 2415 S. Westnedge St., Kalamazoo, Mich. 1926), 136 Myrtle St.; Indian Orchard, Mass. MONTAGNA, C. J., (1924), Owner, (for mail), 2913 Colonial Ave., and 1215 DeBree Ave., Norfolk- Va. MONTGOMERY, W. Ray, (Associate 1923). Secy, and Treas., Montgomery Bros., 500 N. Dearborn St.. Chicago, IU. MUELLER, Paul E., (1919). Pres., (for mail). The Paul E. Mueller Co.. 320 Park St., and 924 Summit Ave., Milwaukee. Wis. MUIR, George A., (1917), Engr., Muir & Brooks, 136 W. Lake St., Chicago, and (for mail), 234 S. Scoville Ave., Oak Park, IU. 29 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers; Guide, 1928 MUNDER, J. F., Jr., (Junior 1924; 1927). Mgr.. Trade, Div., .(for mail), American Blower Co., 50 Church St., and 1738 University Ave., New York. N. Y, MUNIER, Leon L., (Junior 1915; 1919), Secy, and Treas.. (for mail), Wolff & Munier, Inc.; 222 East 41st St., New York, and 610 Lafayette Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. MUNRO, Edward A.. (1920), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Richardson & Boynton Co., 260 Fifth Ave., New York; and 118-66 Farmers Ave., NErLER, Samuel G., (1898), (for mail). Neiler. Rich & Co.. Consulting & Designing Engineer, 431 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, and 737 N. Oak Park Ave., Oak Park, III. NEITZEL, Carl W., (1921), Mgr., The C. W. Neitzel Co.. 1327 East 105th St., Cleveland, and Belvoir Bldg.. S. Euclid, O. NELSON, Prank, Jr., (1923), Partner, (for mail), Frank Nelson & Son. 1826 Cherry St., and 6349 Greenway Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. NELSON, George O., (1923), Carstens Bros., St. Albans, N. Y. MUNKOE, Edward K., (1904), Engr. Salesman, Republic Boiler & Radiator Co.. Union St., and 5924 Bellona Ave., Baltimore. Md. MUNSON, Morris G., (1925). Sales Repr., Herman Nelson Corp., (for mail), 501 Essex Bldg., and 2811 Dean Blvd.. Minneapolis, Minn. MURPHY, Edward T.,* (1915), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Sales Mgr., (for mail). Carrier Engrg. Corp., 2021 Land Title Bldg., and 4621 Osage Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. MURPHY, Howard C., (1923). Vice-Pres., (for mail). Reed Air Filter Co., Inc.. 215 Central Ave., and 2114 Edgehill Rd., Louisville, Ky. MURPHY, Joseph Richard. (Associate 1925), Asst, to Pres., Thermal Appliance Co., Inc., 342 Madison Ave.. New York, and (for mail), Kew Beverlv B-2. Kew Gardens, L. I.. N. Y. MURPHY, William A., (1926), Sales Engr., Hoffman Specialty Co., 25 West 45th St., New York. N. Y., and (lor mail), 310 N. Third St., . Harrisburg. Pa. MURPHY, William R., (1911), Pres, and Treas.. American Htg. & Vtg. Co., 804 Times Dispatch Bldg., Richmond, Va., Vice-Pres. and Treas., American Htg. & Vtg. Co., 1505 Race St., Philadelphia, and 226 Valley Rd., MerionSta., Pa. MURRAY, Thomas F., (1923), Engr.. State Architect, and 300 Washington Ave., Albany, N. Y. . MUSAUS, John, Jr.. (1923). Steam Htg. Con tractor. (for mail), John Musaus Sons, 5912 New Utrecht Ave., and I108-85th St.. Brooklyn, N. Y. MUTH, Herbert, (1912), Pres, and Treas., (for mail), Muth Htg. & Engrg. Co., 4338 N. Western Ave.. and 4117 Greenview Ave.. Chicago, 111. MYERS, David R.. (1923). Mgr., (for mail), Merion, Pa., and 5629-32ndSt., N.W., Washing ton. D. C. MYERS. George W. F., (Junior 1923), Designing and Sales Engr., (for mail), 730 Wynnewood Rd,, Ardmore, and 2233 South 15th St., .Phila delphia, Pa. MYRICK, James W. H-, (1909), Vtg. Engr., Ackley, la. NELSON, Harold A., (1926), Supervising Engr., Nelson & Wylie, Sixth and Olive Sts.. Log Angeles, and (for mail), 236 S. -LaPere St,, Beverly Hills, Calif. NELSON, Herman W,, (1909), Pres., (for mail). Herman Nelson Corp., 1824 Third Ave., and 2500--11th St., Moline. 111. * NELSON, Ralph L., (Junior 1913; 1917), Engr. and Sale3 Repr., Ralph L. Nelson. 506 Empire State Bldg., and (for mail), N. 3823 Normandie, Spokane, Wash. NESBIT, David M.,* (1895), (Board of Governors 1900), Chairman, Ashwell & Nesbit, Ltd., Ashwell Lodge. Barkby Lane. Leicester, Eng. NESBITT, Albert J..* (1921), Secy, and Treas., (for mail), John J. Nesbit. Inc.. State Rd. and Rhawn St., Holmesburg Junction, Philadelphia, and Jenkintown-Manor, Pa. '' NESBITT, John J., (1923), Pres., (for mail), J- J. Nesbitt, Inc., State Rd. and Rhawn St., Holmesburg Junction, Philadelphia, and Rock- field Farm, Ambler, Pa. NESDAHL, Ellert, (1915). Sales Engr., Carrier Engrg. Corp.. 1032 Burnham Bldg., Chicago, III. NEWCOMB, Raymond, (Junior 1924), New England Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co., Inc.. 1140 . Little Bldg.. Boston, and (for mail). 15 Walnut ` St., Newtonville, Mass. NEWPORT, Charles F. * (1906), Sales Engr., Weil-McLain Co., Michigan City, Ind., and (for mail). 10001 Longwood Drive. Chicago, 111. NICELY, John Eyster, (Associate 1925). Sales Mgr., Corbit Bros. Plbg. & Htg. Co.. 147-151 N. Fifth St., and (for mail). 1208 Marion St., Reading. Pa. NICHOLLS, Percy,* (1920), Supervising Engr., Fuel Section, (for mail). U. S. Bureau of Mines, and 273 N. Craig St., Pittsburgh, Pa. NICHOLS, George B., (1915). (Council 1919 1920), Engr., Hegennan & Harris, . Tribune Tower. Chicago, 111., and (for mail), 5 Alden Ave., Colonial Heights. Tuckahoe, N, Y. NICOL, Norman C., (1923). Field Engr., C. H. Owner, (for mail). New England Air Condition Station, P. O. Box 542, New York, N. Y. ing Co.. 53 Devonshire St., Boston, and 398 NIESTRATH, W. H,, (Associate 1921), Jas. P. Columbia Rd., Dorchester, Mass. Marsh & Co., 3324 S. Jefferson Ave., St. Louis, Mo. . N- . NACEY, Harry M., (1908), Pres, and Gen . Mgr., (for mail). 927 S. State St., and 229 Lake Shore Drive. Chicago. III. NADEN, Lester James, (Junior 1925). Sales Engr.. 349 Southern Blvd., Albany, N. Y. . NAROWETZ, Louis L,, Jr., (Associate 1912), Contracting, Secy., (for mail). Narowetz Htg. & Vtg. Co.. 1711-1717 Maypole Ave., Chicago, and Park Ridge. 111. NASON, George Lewis, (Junior 1927), Dist. Htg. Engr,. Socony Burner. 275 Pleasant St., Wor cester, and (for mail), 31 N. Franklin St., Holbrook, Mass. ' NATKIN, Benjamin, (Junior 1907; 1909), Pres., (for mail). Natkin Engrg. Co., 208 Mutual Bldg., and 3725 Tracy Ave., Kansas City, Mo. NAYLOR, Ben C.t (Associate 1922), Vice-Pres. and Sales Mgr., (for mail), Standard Asbestos Mfg. & Insulation Co., and 3204 Windsor Ave;, Kansas City, Mo. NEALE, Laurance I., (Associate 1927), Sales Mgr., (for mail). Atlantic Gypsum Product Co., 40 Rector St., and 49 West 57th St., New York, N. Y. ' - ' NILSON, Andrew, (1917), Pres., Eureka Smoke less Furnace Co., 3222 N. Halsted St., and (for mail). 5407 Wayne Ave.. Chicago, 111. NILSON, Karl A., (Junior 1926), Engr. and Salesman, Nilson Bros.. 3222 N. Halsted St., and (for mail), 1463 Summerdale Ave., Chicago, ill. NOBBS, Walter W., (1919), 50 Fairhazel Garden, London, N.W., 6. Eng. NOBIS, Harry M., (1914), Htg. Engr.. 1827 Stanwood Rd., E. Cleveland, O. NOBLE, Milner, (Junior 1924), (for mail), Aerofin Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., and 80 Broad St,, Newark. N. J. NOLAND, Lloyd U., (1915), Pres., (for mail). Virginia Engrg. Co.. 322~33Q-28th St., and 319 54th St., Newport News, Va. NOLAND, Ralph W., (1914). Consulting and Mech. Engr., 824 Lafayette Life Bldg., and 1001 Roberts St.. Lafayette,*IncL NOLL, William F., (1924), The Paul E. Mueller Co.. 320 Park St., and (for mail), 1188-48tb St., Milwaukee, Wis. NORDINE, Louis F-, (1914), Sales Engr., Herman Nelson Corp., and (tor mail), 117&-25th St., Moline, 111. 30 Roll of Membership NORMAN, Mehrold A., (1926), Htg. Engr., Warren Webster & Co., Rm. 506, 549 W. Wash ington St.. Chicago, 111. NORRIS, Edward, (1909), Utica Heater Co.. Utica. N. Y. NORRIS, James K., (1920), Vice-Pres.. (for mail). Utica Heater Co., and 1 Jewett Place, Utica, ' N. Y. NORTON, Frederick W., (Junior 1922; Associate 1925), Engr., Gillis & Geoghegan, 537 W. Broadway. New York, and (for mail), 47 Rokeby Place, Livingston, S. I., N. Y. NULSEN, Carl A., (1919), Mfg. Htg. Dept., (for mail). Hanley & Co., 6 N. Clark St., and 931 Ainslie St., Chicago, 111. NUSBAUM, Lee.,* (1915), Owner, (for mail). Penna. Engrg. Co., 1119 N. Howard St., and 315 Carpepter Lane, Philadelphia, Pa. . OSBORNE, Gurdon H,, (1922), Gen. Mgr., (for mail). The Vtg. & Blow Pipe Go., Ltd., 144 Inspector St., and 275 Addington St., Apt. No. 7, Montreal, Que.. Can. OSBORNE, Maurice M., (1925), Advertising Counsel for Technical Products, Osborne & Co., 755 Boylston St,, and (for mail), 367 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. - -- OSMON, Thomas R,, (1916), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Spohn Htg. & Vtg. Co., 1775 East 45th St., and (for mail). 851 Paxton Rd.. Cleveland, O. OSTRANDER, Lewis F., (1923), Vice-Pres. and Htg. Engr., O-E Specialty Mfg. Co., 8-12 Keefe Ave., and (for mail), 702 Lake St., Milwaukee, Wis. OSWALD, Walter L., (1919), Sales Engr., Crane Co., 23 West 44th St., New York, and (for mail). 562 Hutchinson Blvd., Mt. Vernon. N. Y. O OTIS, Gerald E., (1922). Vice-Pres., (for mail). OAKS, Orion O., (1917), Chief Engr.. N. Y. Div., (for mail). American Radiator Co., 40 West 40th St., New York, N. Y., and 13 Russell Place, Summit, N. J. OBERT, Casin W., (1916), (Secy. 1916-1923). Secy, to A. S. M. E. Boiler Code Committee, 29 West 39th St., New York, and (for mail), 122 N. Columbus Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. O'BRIEN, J. H., (1923). Chicago Dist. Mgr., (for The Herman Nelson Corp., and 1921 23rd Ave., Moline, 111. OTT, Oran W., (1925), Consulting Mech. Engr., (for mail), 13004 Washington Bldg., and 123 S. Virgil Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. . OTTO, Robert W., (1912). Chief Engr.. Andrews Heating Co.. 2529 University Ave., S.E., Min neapolis, and (For mail), 2147 Carroll Ave., St. Paul, Minn. mail), American Blower Co., 140 S. Dearborn St., and 6525 Glenwood Ave., Chicago, 111. P O'CONNELL, Edward D., (Associate 1925), Htg. ' Engr., Robt. Scott, Inc., 1512 Vine St., and (for mail), 1432 North 53rd St., Philadelphia, Pa. O'CONNELL, PreslyM., (1916), Repr.,-Hoffman - Specialty Co...and (for mail), 5749--31st Ave., N.E., Seattle, Wash, O'CONNOR, Joseph M., (1923). C. A. Dunham Co., 302 Orpheum Bldg., and (for mail), 421 Sedgwick Bldg., Wichita, Kans. O'DONNELL, Thomas J., (1920), Secy, and Treas., (for mail). William H. McKiever, Inc., PADGINTON, George, (1919). Supt. of Htg. and Plbg.. Board of Education, 1409 Genessee Bldg., and (for mail), 73 Huntington Ave., Buffalo, N. Y PAETZ, Herbert E., (1922), Sales Engr., (for mall), American Blower Co., 2539 Woodward Ave., and 2506 Cadillac Ave.. Detroit, Mich. PAGE, Harry W., (1923), 119 Warren Ave., Wauwatosa, Wis. PAGE, Sidney H., (1923), Co-partner. Page & Hooker Co.. 707 Torrey Bldg., and (for mail), 5407 London Rd., Duluth, Minn. - 247 West 13th St,, and 31 Park Terrace West, New York, N. Y. ODROBINA, Stephen Robert, (1927), Engr., Richardson & Boynton, 260 Fifth Ave., New York, and (for mail), 289 Fifth Ave., Long Island City, N. Y. OFFNER, Alfred J. (1922), Consulting Engr., . PAINE, Kenneth A., (Junior 1925), Mgr.. Paine Heating Co.. 217 S. State St., and (for mail), P. O. Box, 13, Jackson, Miss. PAINE, Leonard G., (1920), Philadelphia Mgr., (for mail), Dunham Vacuum Heating System, 112 South 16th St., and 5915 Carpenter St., Philadelphia, Pa. (for mail), 1182 Broadway, New York, and Beechhurst, L. I., N. Y. OGELSBY, William P,, (1923). Sales Mgr., Oil City Boiler Works, 1043 Real Estate Trust Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. OHMES, Arthur K.,* (1913). (Council 1915; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1916; 1st Vice-Pres. 1917). Consulting Engr., 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. OLSEN, A. J,, (Junior 1924), 1107 Park St., Jacksonville, Fla. OLSEN, Carlton F., (Junior 1920; Associate 1925), Combustion Engr., Kewanee Boiler Co., 822 W. Washington, and (for mail), 6238 Evans Ave., Chicago, 111. OLSON, Arvid E., (1925), Engr.,. Board of . Education, 1009 Milton St., and- (for mail), 3133 N. Keating Ave., Chicago, 111. * OLSON, Robert G., (1923), Milwaukee Mgr., (for mail). American Blower Co., 911 Majestic PAINTER, David H., (Associate 1924), Salesman, Hoffman Specialty Co., and (for mail), 3124 Forest Ave., Sioux Apts., Kansas City, Mo. PALMER, Geo. J-, (1923), (for mail). 14-16 W. Market St., and 419 Walnut St., W. Chester, Pa. PARKER, Philip, (1915), Engrg. Dept., Braman Dow & Co.. 239 Causeway St., Boston, and (for mail), 8 Middle St., Woburn, Mass. PARKHILL, David, (1915), Supt.. (for mail). The Graff Furnace Co.. 116 Wooster St., New York, and 197 Rutland Rd., Brooklyn, N. Y. PARKS, Vernon H., (1918), Mgr., Meyer Furnace & Supply Co., 1051 St. Louis, and (for mail), 4321 Charlotte St., Kansas City, Mo. PARKS, William N., (Associate 1927), Mgr., Minnesota Br., (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp.,688 Hampden Ave., St. Paul, and 3436 PiUsbury Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. Bldg., and 245 Prospect Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. PARROTT, Lyle G., (1922). Consulting Engr., OLVANY, William J.. (1912), Engr.. and Con- * McColl, Snyder & McLean, 2348 Penobscot tractor. 100 Charles St., New York, N. Y. O'NEILL, James Walter,. (Junior 1925). Chief Bldg.,' and (for .mail),-3788 Gladstone Ave., Detroit, Mich. Engr., The Trane Co., 21-23 River St., and (for PARTER, Samuel C., (Junior 1907; 1909), Secy., mail). 207 McRobert Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. James H. Merritt & Co., Inc., 207 Water St., O'NEILL, Peter, (1920), Treas. and Mgr.,. Bartley-O'Neill Co., 224 Third.Ave.. Pittsburgh, and (for mail), 642 West 172nd St., New York, N. Y. Pa. PARTLAN, James W.. (1916). (for mail). 13900 ORR, Fred B., (1924), Asst, to Vice-Pres., (for Goddard Ave., and 478 Algonquin Ave., Detroit, mail). Illinois Maintenance Co., 72 W. Adams Mich. . St., and 457 Fullerton Parkway, Chicago, 111. ORR, Merrill J., (1917) Pres., and Mgr., (for mad), Orr Co., 513 Jackson St., and 1815 Jackson St., Sioux City. Ia. ORTH, John W., (1919), Pres., Orth Plbg. Co., 509 Columbia St., Lafayette, Ind. PASK, Raymond J., (Junior 1924), Consulting Engr., Crytser & Pask, Tribune Tower, and (for mail), 14 S. Homan Ave., Chicago, 111. PATERSON, G. E., (1926), Owner, (for mail), Paterson Htg. Co.. 28 Waugoo St., and 511 Main St., Oshkosh, Wis. 31 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 PATERSON, James S., (1922). Htg. Engr., (for mail). Board of Education, 155 College St., and 23 Norton Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. PATORNO, Sullivan A. S., (1923). Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. (for mail), Meyer. Strong & Jones, Inc.. 101 Park Ave., and 160 East 60th St., New York. N. Y. PATTERSON, D. Finley, (Junior 1925), Engr.. Vapor Htg. Co., (for mail). 215 South 17th St., and 6428 N. Woodstock St.. Philadelphia, Pa. PATTON, Roy Lee, (1927), Treas. and Sales Mgr., (for mail). Federal Steam Specialty Co.. 120 E. Main St., and 1111 West 38th St., Oklahoma City. Okla. ,, PAULDING, Lewis Grant, (1926). Treas.. (for mail). Frank Paulding & Son, 405 Lexington Ave., New York, and 8630 123rd St., Richmond Hill. N. Y. PAULSEN, Carl Emil, (Associate 1926), Archt. Engr.. (for mail), Mann & Co., 722 Rorabaugh- Wiley Bldg..and511 N. Poplar, Hutchinson. Kan. PEACOCK, James K., (1921), New York Mgr., (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co., 512 Fifth Ave.. New York, and 440 Fowler Ave.. Pelham xvianor, in. y. PEAK, Alexander M., (Junior 1927), Sales Engr., 629 Chestnut St., and (for mail), 5802 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa. PEARCE. C. E., (1911), Chief Engr.. GuUbert & Betelle, Architects, Chamber of Commerce Bldg.. Newark, and (for mail). 1255 Clinton Place. Elizabeth, N. J. PEARSON, Fred L., (1925). Consulting Engr.. (for mail), 6 N. Michigan Ave., and 7702 East . lake Terrace. Chic*"'' ,n PEARSON, Harry I (1917). Pres, and Mgr., (for mail). Michigan Warming & Vtg. Co., 363 Houseman Bldg.. and 700 College St.. S.E.. Grand Rapids, Mich. ^ PEASE, Harrison H., (Associate 1922), Com mercial Trust Bldg., and (for mail). 8409 Shawnee St.. Chestnut Hill. Philadelphia. Pa. PEASE, John G., (1917). Owner. John G. Pease Co.. 310 Minor Bldg., and 1718 East 59th St., Kansas City. Mo. ,, PECKHAM, Randolph R., (1919), Supt.. (for mail), 650 W. Baltimore Ave., Detroit, Mich. PEEBLES. John K., (Junior 1924; Associate 1925). Peebles & Ferguson, 733 Law Bldg., Norfolk. Va. PENCE, Millard Davis, (Junior 1927), Htg. Engr., C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., PENHaElEGON, R. L., (1925),. Mgr., Burnham Boiler Corp. of Calif., 1385 Hamson St., San Francisco. Calif. ' ___ PENNELL, S. Howard, (1925), Member of Firm, (for mail), Wiliam Macy Stanton, Archt.. Land Title Bldg.. Philadelphia. Pa. PENS1NGER, Luther C., (Associate 1925), Partner. Burdick Pensinger Co., 3409 East 18th St., and 19 West 42nd St.. Kansas City, Mo. PERHAM, Stanley H., (1920). Associate Engr., (for mail). Charles R. Ammerman. Consulting Engr., 925 Continental Bk. Bldg., and' 4507 Carrollton Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. PERKINS, Fred C., (Associate 1923), Perktns- LeNoir Co.. 1068 Drexel Bldg.. Philadelphia. Pa. PETERKIN, Stuart MacC., (1922). Engr., C. A. Dunham Co.. 229 College St., and (for mail), 71 Deloraine Ave., Toronto, Ont., Can. PETERMAN, Robert M.. (1917), Engr.. School Dist., of Philadelphia. 19th St., above Chestnut St., Philadelphia, and (for mail), 205 Lauriston St.. Wissahickon, Pa. ,, PETERS, Harry G., (Associate 1924). Prop., (for mail). Peters Htg. Co.. P. O. Box 763. and 638 N. Congress St.. Jackson. Miss. PETERSEN, Gustave, (Associate 1916). Treas. and Mgr., (for mail). Htg. and Vtg. Magprne, 1123 Broadway, New York, N. Y., and 216 11th St., Hoboken, N. J. PETHERICK, David H., (Associate 1916), Salesman, U. S. Radiator Con>., 517 Dime Bk. Bldg., Detroit, and (for mail), 9 Kenberton Drive. Pleasant Ridge, Mich. PFEIFFER, Benjamin J.t (Junior 1925), Htg. Contractor, 435 West 41st St., and (for mail), 30 West 112th St., New York, N. Y. PFEIFFER, John Frederick, (Junior 1925), Mech. and Htg. Engr., (for mail). Spencer Heater Co., and 346 Louisa St., Williamsport, Pa. PFUHLER, John L., (Junior 1923; Associate 1925), Plbg. and Htg., 600 Manor Rd.t Staten Island. N. Y. PHELPS, Harold Roy, (Junior 1927), Sales Engr.. American Blower Co., 409 First Natl. Bk.. and (for mail), 2105 Fainam St., Davenport, Iowa. PHILLIPS; Frank T., (1919). Sales Engr.. (for mail), American Radiator Co., 25th and Reed Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., and 827 Belmont Ave., Collingswood, N. J. - PHILLIPS, Frederic W., Jr., (1921). Engr., (for mail), E. W. Mandeville, Inc., 623 Parkside Ave., and 825 East 38th St., Brooklyn, N: Y. PHILLIPS, Lee, (1920), Htg. Engr.. 308 Ferguson Bldg., 319 Third Ave., Pittsburgh, and Terrace Ave., Carnegie, Pa. PICKER, Frederick C.. (Associate 1926). Pres., The Air Conditioning & Engrg. Co., 2914 S. Jefferson Ave., and 4568 Tower Grove Place, St. Louis, Mo. PICKETT, Clinton A., (Associate 1923), Sales Repr.. (for mail). Herman Nelson Corp., 510 Rialto Bldg.. St. Louis, and 7300 Melrose Ave., University City, Mo. PIERCE, Edward F., Jr., (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., Hoffman Specialty Co., 72 Lynn Fells Parkway, Melrose, Mass. P1NDER, Percy H., (1919). (for mail). Standard Steam Specialty Co.. 366 Third Ave., New York, N. Y., and 12 Forest Rd., Ridgewood, N. J. PINES, Sidney, (1920), Asst. Mgr., (for mail), Natkin Engineering Co.. 208 Mutual Bldg.^and 5012 Forest Ave.. Kansas City, Mo. PIPER, Albert, (1920). Plbg. and Htg. Contract ing. (for mail). Piper Bros., 340-340 N. Broad St., Trenton, N. J. PISEL, Joseph W., (Junior 1921; Associate 1926), Engr., I. H. Francis. Consulting Engr.. 1520 Locust St., Philadelphia, and (for mail), 53 Brookline Blvd., Upper Darby P. O., Pa. PITCHER, Lester J., (Junior 1924). Chief Draftsman, Illinois Engrg. Co., 21st and Racine Ave., and (for mail), 7214 E. End Ave., Chicago, IU. . PITTELKOW, Arthur G., (1907). Pres.. Pit- telkow Htg. & Engrg. Co., (for mail). 2840 W. Lafayette Blvd., and 355 Chalmers Ave., Detroit, Mich. _ PIZIE, Stuart G., (Associate 1926), Partner, B. J. Pizie & Son, Miilbrook. N. Y. PLACE, Clyde R., (1924). Consulting Engr.. (for mail). Grand Central Terminal; and 53 East 66th St.. New York. N. Y. PLACE, Herman R., (1924). Vice-Pres., Sprague. Bates, Place Co.. 28 Union St.. Boston, and (for mail), 835 Watertown St.. W. Newton. Mass. PLAYFAIR, George A., (Associate 1924), Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Temperature Regulating Co., 147 Church St., and 6 Kingsmere Rd., Toronto. Ont, Can. PLEWES, Stanley E., (1917). Philadelphia Mgr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co., 258 S. Van Pelt . St., Philadelphia, and Evergreen Rd., Jenkin- town, Pa. PLUNKETT, John H., (1925). Chief of Inspec tions. Dept, of Public Safety. Bldg, and Boiler Inspection. Rm. 24. State House. Boston, and (for mail), 81 Woodrow Ave., Dorchester, Mass. POLDERMAN, Lambert H.. (1927), Br. Mgr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 911 Mateo St., Los Angeles, and 1330 Colorado Blvd., Eagle Rock, Calif. POOL, Sterling H., (1913), Pres., (for mail), Howard F. Pool Co., 22 Market St., Lynn, and 39 Pinckney St., Boston, Mass. POOLE, Ernest F., (1921), Engr., (for mail). F. P. Sheldon & Son, 1009 Hospital Trust.Bldg., and 74 Farragut Ave., Providence. R- I. 32 Roll of Membership POPE, S. Austin, (1917), Contracting Engr., (for mail), 26 N. Jefferson St., Chicago and 410 Ashland Ave., River Forest, 111. POPE, William A., (1906), Contracting Engr., 26 N. Jefferson St.. Chicago, and 293 Keystone Ave., River Forest. 111. PORTRUDE, William M., (Junior 1926). Dept. Head, Andersen Meyer & Co., and 1458 Ave. Joffre, Shanghai, China. POSEY, James, (1919). Consulting Engr., (for mail), 201 W. Franklin St., and 4005 Liberty Heights Ave., Baltimore. Md. POTTINGER, C. T., (1917). Dist. Mgr., American Blower Co.. 614-615 Bona Allen Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. POWERS, Fred I., (1920), Salesman. P. O. Box 324. Bozeman, Mont. ' POWERS, Fred W., (1911). (Council 1918-1919). Treas. and Gen. Mgr., (for mail). The Powers Regulator Co., 2720 Greenview Ave., and 900 Castlewood Terrace, Chicago, 111. PRATT, Edwin D., (1922). Asst, to Gen. Mgr., Childs Restaurants, 200 Fifth Ave., New York, and (for mail), 283 Glen Ave.. Port Chester, N. Y.' PREBLE, J. Jarvis, (1919). Vice-Pres., (for mail), Spray Engrg. Co., 60 High St., Boston, and 38 Bowdoin St.. Newton Highlands. Mass. PRENTICE, Oliver J., (Associate 1927), Publicity Mgr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co.. 450 E. Ohio St., and Allerton Club. 701 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. PRESDEE, Cliff W., (Associate 1926), Western Mgr., (for mail), Htg. & Vtg. Magazine, 105 S. Dearborn St., and 7909 Eberhard Ave., Chicago, 111. . PRICE, Frank E., (Associate 1922), Mgr. Htg. Dept., Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co.. 1720 Blake St., and (for mail), 1544 Jasmine SL, Denver, Colo. PRICE, William Henry, Jr., (1927), Mgr. New England Office Territory. York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 46 Cornhill, Rm. 508, Boston, Mass. PROBST, Alfred H., (1919), Sales Engr., (for mail). Morgan-Gerrish Co.. 808 LaSalle Ave.. and 2902 James Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. PROX, Robert F.. (Junior 1922; 1923), Vice-Pres.. (for mail). Frank Prox Co., P. O. Box 61, and. 1608 S. Fourth St., Terre Haute, Ind. PRYOR, Frederick L., (1913). Advisory, (for mail), National Silk Dyeing Co.. 5 Colt St., Paterson, and Towaco, Moms Co., N. J. PRYOR, Robert W., Jr.,* (1913), (Council 1919-1920), Mech. Engr., (for mail), Koithan & Pryor. 39 Cortlandt St.. New York, N. Y., and 199 Roseville Ave., Newark. N. J. PURCELL, Arthur J., (1914). Htg.. Plbg. and Steam Specialty Engr., 631 New Britain Ave., Hartford, Conn. PURCELL, Frederick C,, (1926), Mgr., (formail). National Regulator Co., and F. C. Purcell & Co., 2847 Grand River Ave., and 2025 Palmer Park Blvd., Detroit, Mich. PURCELL, Robert E., (1916). Htg., Vtg. and Plbg. Contractor, 1735 Willis Ave., W., and (for mail). 128 Avery Ave., Detroit. Mich. . PURDY, Alexander K., (1922). Pres., (for mail). Purdy, Mansell. Ltd., 63 Albert St., and 30 Glenrose Ave.. Toronto, Ont., Can. PURINTON, Dexter J., (Associate 1923), Head of Mech, Dept., (for mail), McKenzie, Voorhees & Gauline. 342 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y., and 23 Sachem Rd.. Greenwich, Conn. PURSELL, H. E., (1919), Br. Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co., 1226-28 California St., Denver, and (for mail), 212 S. Tremont St., Kewanee, 111. PYLE, John W., (1919). Supt., (for mail), Peru Htg. Co.. 30 W. Canal St., and 371 W. Third St., Peru, Ind. O. QUALTROUGH, Ben F., (Associate 1926). 928 Wyandotte St., Kansas City, Mo. , . QUAY, D. M.,* (Charter Member), (Pres. 1909; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1895; 1st Vice-Pres. 1896. 1899), D. M. Quay Co.. Builders Eicch., and 1352 East 84th St., Cleveland; O. . QUENTIN, Edward H., (Associate 1919), Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Heat Regulating Co.. 2328 Locust St., and 3259 Geyer Ave., St. Louis, Mo. QUESNEL, N. W., (1925). C. A. Dunham Co.. Ltd., 14 Struchen Ave., and (for mail), 23 Carey Rd., Toronto, Can. QUIGLEY, William J., (1920), Salesman, (for mail). Gurney Heater Mfg. Co., P. O. Box 184, Buffalo, and 27 Knowlton Ave., Kenmore, N. Y. QUIRK, Clinton H.t (Junior 1915; 1916), Sales Engr., Vtg. Div., (for mail). American Radiator Co.. 40 West 40th St., New York, and 36 Kilbura Rd., Garden City, N. Y. R RAE, Thos. W., (1924). Salesman, (for mail). American Radiator Co.. P. O. Box 882, and James Hotel , Oklahoma City, Okla. RAINE, John J.t (1912). G. S. Blodgett Co., Burlington, Vt. RAINGER, Wallace F., (Junior 1924). Chief Draftsman. Jaros & Baum, Consulting Engrs., 116 West 39th St.. New York, and (for mail), 68 Livingston Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. RAISLER, Louis, (1925). Raisler Htg. Co., 129 Amsterdam Ave.. New York. N. Y. RAISLER, Samuel, .(1921). Pres., Raisler Htg. & Sprinkler Co.. 129 Amsterdam Ave., and (for mail), 173 Riverside Drive, New York, N. Y. RALSTON, Louis T. M., (1926), Consulting Engr., (for mail), Ralston & Hattenhof. Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., and 875 W. End Ave., New York. N. Y. RANDOLPH, Charles H., (Junior 1926), Sales Engr., American Foundry & Furnace Co., Rm. 400, 15 Michigan St., and (for mail), 567 Stowell Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. RASMUSSEN, Einar, (Junior 1925; Associate 1926), Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pitts burgh. and (for mail), 414 Whitney Ave., Wilkinsburg, Pa. RATHER, Max F., (1919). Cleveland Mgr., Johnson Service Co., 2028 East 22nd St.. Cleve land, and 3098 Huntington Rd.. Shaker Heights, O. REARDON, J. Albert, (1921), Pres., (for mail), Reardon Bros. Co.. 341 Union St., Lynn, and 18 Marion Rd.. Clifton, Mass. RECH, Philip Doerr, (Associate 1927), Sales Engr., Hoffman Specialty. Co.. Inc., 25 West 45th St., New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 240 E. Ninth St., Plainfield. N. J. ' RECK, Anders B.,* (1899), Pres., (for mail). Reck Htg. Co., Ltd., 15, Esromgade, Cope- hagen, and 16. Christiansvej. Hellerup, Denmark. RECK, William Ernst, (1927). Vice-Pres.. (for mail). The Reck Htg. Co., Ltd., 15 Esromgade, Copenhagen, and 16 Lundvej, Hellerup, Denmark. REDERER, Benedict S., (1922), Mgr., (for mail). B. S. Rederer & Co., 513 Arrott Bldg., and 1515 Rockland Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. REED, John F., (Associate 1923), Vice-Pres., (for mail). Reed Air Filter Co., 50 Church St., New York, N. Y., and 63 Watchung Ave., Montclair, N. J. REED, William M., (1927), Pres., (for mail), Reed Air Filter Co., 215 Central Ave., and 1422 Goddard Ave., Louisville, Ky. REEDER, Charles L., (1911). Consulting Engr., (for mail). 916 N. Charles St., Baltimore, and 222 Longwood Rd., Roland Park, Md. REEDER, Frank C., (Associate 1919). Factory Repr., The Fulton Co., and (for mail), 204 E. Oklahoma Ave., Knoxville, Tenn. REESE, Henry L., (1923), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., - (for mail), Keystone Plbg. & Htg. Co., 229 N. Sixth St., Reading, and Bernharts, Pa. . REEVES. Charles G,, (1916), 257 W. Clapler St., Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. REICHWALD, Charles W., (1923), Htg. Engr., (for mail). C. W. Reichwald, Inc., 763 Paterson Ave., Jersey City, and 22 Adelina Place, North Bergen, N. J. 33 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 REID, Henry Probasco, (Associate 1927), ROBERTS, J. H., (1926), c/o Mrs. E. C. Fell, . Specialty Engr., (for mail). Universal Portland Upper Lake St.. (Carrier No. 19), Elmira, N. Y. Cement Co., Rm. 1520, 210 S. LaSalle St., ROBERTSON, George A., (1902), Supervising Chicago, and 3507 Oak Park Ave., Berwyn, 111. Inspector Htg. and Vtg.. Div., (for mail), Board REPP, Harry L., (1922), Br. Mgr., U. S. Radiator of Education, Bureau of Plant Operation, 131 Corp., 908 N. Senate Ave., and 525 S. Central Livingston St., and 1081 East 39th St., Brooklyn, Circuit, Indianapolis, Ind. N. Y. REUSS, Edward H., Jr., (Associate 1919; 1921) ROBERTSON, John M., (Junior 1926), Sales Htg. Contractor, (for mail), Edward H. Reuss. Engr., (for mail), E. K. Campbell Htg; Co., Jr.. 30th and Race Sts., and Bryn Mawr and 6220 Delmar Blvd., and 7321 Zephyr Place, Woodbine Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. St. Louis, Mo. REYNOLDS, Harry A., (1925), Engr., S. J. ROBINSON, Albert G., (1924), (for mail), 4 Reynolds Co., Inc., 2223 Ogden Ave., and 721 Thomson Block, and 18 Harrison Ave., Glen N. Lotus Ave., Chicago, 111. Falls, N. Y. REYNOLDS, Henry M,, (1915). Vice-Pres., ROCKART, Edward R., (1921), Mech. Engr., General Boilers Co.. Waukegan, 111. Minneapolis Board of Education, 245 Ninth REYNOLDS, Thurlow W., (1922), Engr., Clyde ' Ave., N.. Minneapolis, and (for mail), 1173 R. Place, Consulting Engr., Grand Central Arkright St., St. Paul, Minn. Terminal, and 1657 Montgomery Ave.. New RODMAN, Robert W., (1922), Supt. of Plant York, N. Y. Operation, (for mail). Dept, of Education,. 500 RHODES, Solomon V., (1921), Supt. of Htg., (for Park Ave., and 2102 Broadway, New York, , mail), Farrell Htg. & Plumbing Co., 25 Houston N. Y. ' . St., and 45 E. Cain St., Atlanta, Ga. ' ROEBUCK, William, Jr., (1917), Sales Engr., RIBLET, William H., (Associate 1921), Eastern . (for mail). The R. T. Coe Cos., 522 Cutler Bldg., Div. Mgr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 101 and 1625 East Ave., Rochester, N. Y. ' Park, Ave., and 32 West 40th St., New York, ROGERS, A. Carle, (1921), Consulting Engr., N. Y. - ; 752 Euclid Ave., Toledo, O. * RICE, Clarence J., (Associate 1923), Sales Mgr., ROLLINS, Fred D., (1919), 4107 Washington (for mail), Modine Mfg. Co., and 729 Lake Ave., Blvd., Chicago, 111. Racine, Wis. . ROLLINS, Lewis .M., (1916), Morris & Co., RICE, William W., (1915), Contracting Engr.;. Union Stock Yards, and (for mail), 218 N. Mellon Co., 4417-19 Ludlow St., Philadelphia, Milton St., St. Paul. Minn. and (for mail), 830 Morgan Ave., Upper Darby, RONEY, Thomas G., (1916). (for mail). T. G. Del. Co.. Pa. Roney Htg. Co., 3461 Fort St., W., and 748 RICHARDS, Samuel F., (1915), Eastern Sales 25th St., Detroit, Mich. - Repr., H. A. Thrush & Co., Peru, Ind., and (for ROONEY, Martin. A.,* (Associate 1917; 1918), mail), 335 W. Riverview Ave., Bellevue Br., Sales Engr., (for mail), American Radiator Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. . 1807 Elmwood Ave., Buffalo, and Eggertsville, RICHARDSON, D. Rait,* (1915), Pres., (for N. Y. mail), Richardson & Boynton Co., 260 Fifth ROSEBROUGH, Robert M., (1920). Br. Mgr.,, Ave..and 299 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. (for mail), L.-J. Mueller Furnace Co., 4249 RICHTMANN, William Muir, (Junior 1926), Forest Park Blvd., and 5502 Maple Ave., St. Instructor in Steam and Gas Engrg., University Louis, Mo. . of Wisconsin, Rm. 71B, Engrg. Bldg., and (for ROSENBACH, Rudolph G., (1920). Sales Engr., mail), 1709 Adams St., Madison, Wis. (for mail), Warren Webster &'Co., 549 W. RICKER, John J., (1925), Pres., (for mail), Washington St., Chicago, and 343 N. York St., Ricker & Kneblin, Inc., 528-530 Jefferson St., . Elmhurst, 111. . 40-18th St., W. New York. N. J. . ROSS, John O., (1920), Pres., (for mail). J. O. RICKLY, Francis Andrew, (Associate 1927), Ross Engrg. Corp., 30 East 42nd St., and- 875 Mgr.. St. Louis Br., (formail), American Radiator W. End Ave., New York, N. Y. Co.. 4201 Duncan Ave., and 5616 Pershing Ave., .ROSS, Joseph F., (1926). Secy, and Treas., (for St. Louis, Mo. ` mail), Ross Boiler Co., 112 W. Adams St., and RIETZ, Elmer W., (1923), Asst. Sales Mgr., (for c/o James A. Ross, 614 West-71st St.; Chicago, . mail), Powers Regulator Co., 2720 Greenview III. , Ave, Chicago, and 940 Glenwood Ave., Win- ROSSMAN, Vincent D., (1919), Secy., (for mail). netka, 111. Modern Htg. Co., 3935 Olive St., and 2365 RILEY, Champlain L.,* (1906), (Presidential Klemm St., St. Louis, Mo. Member), (Pres. 1921; Council 1918-1922; 1st ROTHROCK, John T., (1920), Supt. Mech. Vice-Pres. 1920), (for mail),. Clark MacMullen Engr., Thompson-Starrett Co., Packard Bldg., & Riley, 101 Park Ave., New York, N. Y., and Philadelphia, Pa. . Plainfield. N. J. ROTZ, John M.t (1918), Member of firm,' (for RILEY, DeWitt H., (1921), Engr., Research ' mail), Snider & Rotz, Consulting Engrs., 703 Dept., American Radiator Co., 1807 Elmwood Merchants Bk. Bldg.,- and 3930 Broadway. Ave., and (for mail), 815 Tonawanda St., Buffalo, Indiananolis. Ind. . N. Y. RINKENBERGER, George, (1924), Sales and Htg. Engr., (for mail), Paul Plumbing & Htg. Co.. 811 Railroad St., and 831 Franklin St., Johnstown. Pa. RITCHIE, Edmund J., (1923), Gen. Sales Mgr., 4 (for mail), 183 Madison Ave., New York, and 19 - Grace St.. Brooklyn. N. Y: RITCHIE, William, (1909), 17 Van Reipen Ave., Jersey City. N. J. ' RITTER, Arthur, (1911). N. Y. Mgr., (for mail), American Blower Co., 50 Church St., New York, ' and 589 Fourth St.. Brooklyn. N Y. ' RIVARD, Melvin M., (Junior 1926), Sales Engr., American Radiator Co., and (for mail), 1324 ROWE, William A., (1921), Chief Engr., Ameri can Blower Co., 6004 Russell St., and 1733 Virginia Patk, Detroit, Mich. ' ROWLEY, Frank Benj.,* (1918), Prof, of Mech. Engrg. and Dir. of Experimental Engrg. Labora tories. University of Minnesota, and (for mail), 63 Barton Ave., S.E., Minneapolis, Minn. RUCKEL, John B., (Associate 1919>> Pres., (for mail), J. H. Ruckel S Son, 81-83 Main St., and 183 Cleveland Ave.,. Buffalo, N. Y. , RUDDELL, Wm. H., (1921), Mgr., (for mail). West Coast Htg. Co., Inc., 505 Lloyd Bldg., Sixth Ave., and Stewart St., and 319 Garfield St.. Seattle, Wash. - East 38th St., Kansas City, Mo. . RUFF, DeWitt C., (1922), Co-Partner, (for mail), ROBB, John M. * (1913), Htg. Engr., 1513 . Healy-Ruff Co., 765 Hampden Ave.,. and 2211 ' Columbia Terrace, Peoria, III. ` St. Clair St., St. .Paul, Minn. ROBBINS, Loring G. (1907), Robbins, Gamwell RUGART* Karl F. K., (Associate 1924), Sales & Co., 68 West St., Pittsfield, Mass. . Engr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., ROBERTS, Henry L., (1916), Engr. and Con Camden. N. J., and 5830 Willows Ave.,iW. tractor, 228 North 16th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. 34 Roll of Membership RUGGLES, Robert F.f (Junior 1926). Asst. Sales Mgr., DeBothezat Impeller Co., 1922' Park Ave., New York, and (for mail), 15 Gregg Place, Randall Manor, Tompkinsville, S. I., N. Y. RUPPERT, E. H., (Associate 1923), (for mail). Excelso Specialty Works, 85 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, and 210 East 45tb St., New York, N. Y. RUSSEL, Donald Peters, (1925). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Thomas Haverty Co., 316 E. Eighth St., Los Angeles, and 451 Edwards Ave., Wilmar, Calif. RUSSELL, Hugh C., (1911), Inspector, Mech. and Elec. Engr., Supervising Arch. Office, (for mail). U. S. Treasury Dept., Post Office Bldg., and 909 E. Tenth St., Chattanooga, Tenn. RUSSELL, Joseph N., (1899), Mgr., Rosser & Russell. Ltd., 37 Duke St., Oxford St., London, W. 1.. Eng. RUSSELL, W. A., (1921), Asst. Gen. Sales Mgr., (for mail), U. S. Radiator Corp., 500 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, 111.; and 2484 Pingree, Detroit, Mich. RUSSELL, William Arthur, (Charter Member), Pres., W. A. Russell & Co., Grand Central Terminal Bldg., 70 East 45th St., New York, and 563 Palisade Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. RUSSELL, William L. A., (Associate 1925), St. Louis Sales Mgr., (for mail). Skinner Bros. Mfg. Co.. 1474 S. Vandeventer St., and 5605 Etzel Ave.. St. Louis. Mo. RYAN, Harry J., (1922), Consulting Engr., 47 Harris Ave., Albany, N. Y. S SABIN, Edward R., (1919), Pres., (for mail), Edward R. Sabin Co., Htg. Contractors., 4710-12 Market St., Philadelphia,, and Lansdowne. Pa. SACHLEBEN, Edward H., (Associate 1921), (for mail), E. H. Sachleben Co., 2829 Locust St., and 5814 Maple Ave., St. Louis. Mo. ST. CLAIR, Charles W., (Junior 1927), Sales Engr., 507 Ariel Bldg., Erie, Pa. SAKOUTA, Mathieu L., (1924), Consulting Engr. Expert, Gavan, Simanskaia 4, Leningrad, Russia. SAMUELS. Sidney, (Junior 1925), Secy., (for - mail). Wholesale Htg. Supplies, 262 West 145th St., and 1673 University Ave., New York, N. Y. ' SANBERN, E. Nute, (1923),* Engr., (for mail), Mensing & Co., 928 Presser Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa., and 119 Haviland Ave., Audubon, N. J. SANBORN, Stephen H.. (Associate 1924), S. H. Sanborn Engrg. Co., 123 E. Main St.. P. O. Box 289, Middletown, N. Y. SANFORD, Arthur L., (1915), Mech. Engr.. (for mail), Board of Education. 245 Ninth Ave., N., and 301 East 48th St., Minneapolis, Minn. SAULSON, Saul, (1916). Mech. Engr., Albert Kahn, Inc., 1000 Marquette Bldg., and 2491 W. Euclid. Detroit, Mich. SAUNDERS, J. Chester, '(1926), Estimator and Engr., (for mail), Crosby & Beard Co., 163 W. Harrison St., and 10921 Oakley Ave., Chicago, 111. . . SAVILLE, Thos. H., (1924), (for mail), Fnterna- tional Correspondence Schools. 2009 N. Wabash Ave., and'1121 Lafayette St., Scranton, Pa. SAWADE, Carl A., (Associate 1920), Mgr. Boiler Sales, (for mail). Continental Heater Corp., Dunkirk, and 35 Curtis Place, Fredonia, N. Y. SAWDON, Will M., (1920). Prof. Exper. Engrg., (for mail). Cornell Univ., and 1018 E. State St., Ithaca. N. Y. SCANLON, John J., (Associate 1924). Ames Iron Works, 1035 Commercial Trust Bldg., and 30 South 54th St., Philadelphia, Pa. SCHANK, George E., (Associate 1926), 155 16th St.. Buffalo, N. Y. ' SCHANZE, A. G., (Associate 1925), Frank A. Holby Corp. of Mass., 782 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, and (for mail), 30 Willoughby St., Brighton. Mass. . SCHEER, Frederick W.. (1922), Htg. Con tractor, (for mail). 131 Hartwell Rd., and 12 Brayton St.. Buffalo, N. Y. SCHEIBEL, Albert H., (1919), Designing Engr., Stone & Webster, 49 Federal St., Boston, and (for mail), 92 Milton Ave., Hyde Park, Mass. SCHEIDECKER, Daniel B., (Associate 1919), Salesman, (for mail). Bayley Mfg. Co., Rm. 1156, 38 S. Dearborn St., and 4626 N; Kilbourn Ave., Chicago. 111. SCHELLHAMMER, Alfred L., (1919). ScheU- hammer & Co., Warren, III. SCHILDMILLER, George H., (1922). Asst. Mgr., (for mail), American Radiator Co., 400 Barium Bldg., Detroit, and 908 Yorkshire Rd., Birmingham, Mich. SCHIMMEL, Frederick W., (1926), Htg. Sales * Engr., Modern Utilities Co., 140-42 S. Second St., Harrisburg, and (for mail), New Cumberland, Pa. SCHLEY, Arthur A., (1920), Mgr., Htg. Dept., Schley & Nash Co., 709 Columbia Bk. Bldg., . Pittsburgh, Pa. SCHLOSS, NewtonL., (1913), (for mail),51 East 42nd St., and 3647 Broadway, New York, N. Y. SCHMIDT, George G., (Junior 1912; 1914), Gen. Eastern Repr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 39 Cort- landt St., New York, and 67 Burn St., Forest Hills, Long Island. N. Y. SCHNEIDER, Charles, (1923). C. Schneider Co., 492 East 163rd St., New York, N. Y. SCHNEIDER, Paul W., (1919), 305 LaFayette St., Utica, N. Y. SCHOENIJAHN, Robert P., (1919). Consulting Engr., (for mail). 406 Industrial Trust Bldg., and 7 Crawford Circle, Wilmington. Del. SCHOEPFLIN, Paul H., (1920), Pres., (for mail), Niagara Blower Co., 673 Ontario (Ontario at N. Y. C. Tracks), and 155 Fordham Drive, Buffalo, N. Y. SCHOPP, Walter J., (1922). Partner, (for mail). General Engrg. & Construction Co.. 419 Perry Bldg., and 1704 Ludlow St., Philadelphia, Pa. SCHRADER, C. C.,* (Junior 1923; Associate 1925), Research Engr., (for mail), Armstrong Cork Co., Argo Laboratory. Gloucester, N. J..- and 4842 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia, Pa. SCHROTH, August H., (1911), Vice-Pres.. Richmond Radiator Co., 1480 Broadway, New York, N. Y,, and (for mail), 90 S. Oraton Park way., E. Orange, NJ. . SCHULZ, Howard I., (Associate 1915), Mgr., Crane Co., 1217 W. Broad St., Richmond, Va. SCHULZE, Ben. H., (1921). Sales Engr., (for mail), Hester-Bradley Co.. 4200 Forest Park Blvd., and 1914 Forest Ave., St. Louis, Mo. SCHWAB, Henry E., (1923), Vice-Pres., (for mail), R. J. Schwab & Sons Co., 283 Clinton St., and 266 Juneau Ave., Apt. 210. Milwaukee, Wis. SCOLLAY, Ulysses G., (Charter- Member), (Council 1894; Board of Managers 1895; Treas. 1904; 1911). Pres., J. A. Scollay. Inc., 76 Myrtle Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y, SCOTT, Charles E., (1907), Pres, and Treas., (for . mail). Vapor Engineering Co., 489 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y.. and West Ave., Darien; Conn. SCOTT, Clarence Earl, (Junior 1926), Research Engr., (for mail), York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., Bridgeport, and 611 Sinede St., Norristown, Pa. SCOTT, Edwin A., (1912). Pres, and Treas., (for mail), Edwin A. Scott Publishing Co., 45 West 45th St., and 3224 Grand Concourse, New York, N. Y. SCOTT, George M., (1915), Child & Scott Co., 108 Wooster St.. New York, N. Y. SEELIG, Alfred E., (1926), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., L. J. Wing Mfg. Co.. 352 West 13th St., and. (for mail), 310 Convent Ave.. New York. N. Y. SEELIG, Lester, (1925), 2630 N. Spaulding Ave., Chicago, 111. SEIDERS, John T., (1926), Rm. 214, 83 S. High . St., Columbus, O. . SEKIDO, Kunisuke, (1903),' Nakano, Tokio Suburb. Japan. ' SEL1G, Ernest T., (1926), Member of Firm, (for mail), Selig & Wilson, 707 Telegraph Bldg., and 920 North 16th St.. Harrisburg, Pa. 35 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 SELLARS, Fred J., (1917), Pres., (for mail), Sell- Orr Heating Co.. 311 N. Penn Ave., and 619 N. Ninth St., Independence, Kans. ', SELLMAN, Niles T.. (1922). Engr. of Utilization, (for mail), Consolidated Gas Co.. 130 East 15th St., and 135 West 183rd St.. New York, N. Y. SELTZER, A. P., (1921). Show Rm. Mgr., (for mail). American Radiator Co.. 820 S. Michigan Ave.. Chicago, and Evaoshire Hotel, Evanston, 111. SENIOR. Richard L,, (1925), Engr. and Supt.. J. Gescheidt & Co.. Inc., 142 East 43rd St.. New York, and (for mail), 73 Coiigni Ave.. New Rochelle. N. Y. . .. SETZER, Walter C., (Junior 1922; Associate 1926), Sales Engr., H. B. Smith Co.. 49th and * Grays Ave., and (for mail), Gillham St., Lawn- date, Philadelphia, Pa. ` , . SEWARD, Perdval H,,* (Charter Member), Vice-Pres., Richmond Radiator Co.. 1480 Broad way. New York, and (for mail),-369 Washington Ave.. Brooklyn. N. Y. * ,,, SEWELL, John M., (1919). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Marine-Galligan Co.. Inc..t 1830 Ludlow St... Philadelphia, and WarTen Ave., Berwyn. Pa. ,, SHANKLIN, John R., (1899). Htg. Engr.. (for. mail). W. Va. Htg. & PIbg. Co.. 233 Hale St., and 1507 Quarrier St., Charleston, W. Va. SHAW, Clinton E., (1921). instr.. (for mail). Northeast High School, Eighth and Lehigh Ave., and 6412 North 11th St.. Philadelphia, Pa. SHAW, Edgar, (1923), Pres.. Lynch & Woodward, Inc., 202 Harrison Ave., Boston, and 51 Royal St.. Wollaston. Mass. #,, SHAW, N. J. H., (Junior 1925). Sales Engr., Barnes & Jones, 5 Melrose St.. Boston, and (for mail), 99 Melrose St., Arlington. Mass. SHAW, Raymond E,, (1921). Sales Mgr., (for mail). B. F. Sturtevant Co.. Hyde Park, and Boston Athletic Assn.. Boston. Mass. __ SHAY, Russell A., (1924). Htg. Engr.. 108 Linwood St.. Brooklyn. N. Y. SHEA, John R.. (1925). Asst. Supt. of Mfg. Development, Western Elec. Co-, Inc., Haw thorne Sta.. Chicago, and 301 North Park Ave., River Forest, 111. ,tv . SHEA, M. B,, (1921), Mgr., (for mail). American Radiator Co., 417 & Tenth St., and 3616 Lincoln Btvd.. Omaha. Nebr. SHEARS, Matthew W., (1922), Htg. Engr.. C. A. Dunham Co.. Ltd., 1523 Davenport Rd.*. and (for mail). 53 Sylvan-Ave.. Toronto. Ont., Can. SHEFFIELD, Edward B., (1921), Sales Engr., (for mail). Armstrong Cork Co., 11 Brant St., Toronto, and Lambton Mills, Ontario, Can. SHEFFLER, Morris, (1921), Member of Firm, (for mail), Sheffler-Gross Co., 205-211 Drexel Bldg., and 5451 Lebanon Ave.. Philadelphia. Pa. SHELDON, Nelson Edward, (1927). Sales Engr., (for mail). York Htg. & Vtg. Corp., 703 Temple Bldg., and 56 Turner Place, Rochester, N. Y. SHEPPARD, Frank A., (1918), Kansas City Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 411 E. Tenth St., and 4550 Mill Creek Blvd.. Kansas City. Mo. SHEPPARD, William G., (1922). Partner, (for mail), Sheppard & Abbott, 119 Harbord St., and 479 Dovercourt Rd.. Toronto, Ont., Can. SHERET, Andrew, (Associate 1925). Pres., (for mail), Andrew Sheret, Ltd.. 1114 Blanchard St., and 1030 St. Charles St.. Victoria. B. C. SHERIFFS, Walter A., (1918). Mehring & Hanson Co., 162 N. Clinton St., Chicago. IU. SHERRY, Raymond Wilbur, (1927), Estimator and Supt., C. H. Sherry, 349 W. Broad St., and (for mail), 601 Peace St., Hazelton, Pa. . SHINOHARA, Shiro, (1924), Takata & Co., Marunouchi, and (for mail), 51 Iga Machi, Yotsuyaku, Toklo, Japan. SHIPP, C. C., (1923). Owner, (for mail). C. C. Shipp & Co., 230 E. Ohio St., and 3405 Guilford Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. . - SHODRON, John G,, (1921), Research Engr., James Mfg. Co.. 411 E. Milwaukee Ave., Ft. Atkinson, Wis. SHORB, Will A., (1909), Treas.. Field & Shorb Co., 133 W. William St., and (for mail), 3 Lincoln Place, Decatur, III. SHOZO, Salto, (1923), Htg. and Vtg. Engr. and Contractor, (for mail), Marunouchi Bldg., and 171 Kitakamata. Tokio. Japan. SHRE1NER, Dewey C., (Junior 1923; Associate 1926), Partner, Harry E. Shreiner & Son, 116 W. High St., and 608 Southern Blvd., Elkhart, Ind. SHROCK, John H., (1924). Vice-Pres., (for mail). New York Blower Co., and Bellevue Apts., LaPorte. Ind. .# SHUELL, Frank W., (Associate 1921). Pres, and Gen. Mgr., (for mail). Ever Hot Heater Co., 5241 Wesson Ave., and 360 E. Boston Blvd,, Detroit, Mich. SHULTZ, Earle, (Associate 1919). Vice-Pres., (for mail), Illinois Maintenance Co.. Rm; 1136, Edison Bldg., and 1310 Birchwood Ave., Chicago, 111. SIEGEL, John F., (Associate 1915), Mgr., (for mail). Fuel Oil Burner Engrg. Co.. 101 Park Ave., New York, and 220 Sheridan Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. - SIEGEL, Leo, (Junior 1924; Associate 1925), Mech. Engr., Board of Education, Htg. and Vtg. Division. Flatbush and Concord Sts., and (for mail). 1507 Avenue U, Brooklyn, N. Y. SIMPSON, William A., (1925), Mech. Engr., (for mail), Johnson & Morris. 538 West 23rd St., and 1269 Grand Concourse, New York, N. Y. SIMPSON, William K,, (1919). Secy., (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co..'193 Grand St., and 61 Fiske St., Waterbury, Conn. SKAGERBERG, R., (Junior 1921: 1924), Dept. Mgr., Drying Systems, Inc., 1800 Foster Ave., SlSlLL?! John F,, (1921), Htg. Contractor, J. F.Skelly, 303 Catherine St.. Ogdensburg. N. Y. SKINNER, Henry W., (1920), Mech. Engr., (for mail). W. C. Hedrick. Arcbt., 1005 First Nad. Bk. Bldg., Ft. Worth, Tex. SLADE, Arthur J., (Associate 1925), Director of Sales, (for mail), American District Steam Co., and Louise St., N. Tonawanda. N. Y. SLIGHT, Irvin, (Junior 1925; Associate 1926). Slight Bros., Willow Grove, and Hartsville, Pa- SMALL, John D., (1910), Consulting Engr., (for mail). 127 N. Dearborn St,, Chicago, and 411 Maole Ave., Wilmette, III. SMALLMAN. Edwin W., (1920). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Monks & Johnson, 99 Chauncy St., and (for mall), 87 Essex St., Melrose. Mass. SMALLMAN, WUliam T., (1911), Treas., (for mail). Isaac Coffin Co., 52 Sudbury St., Boston, and 127 Rockland Ave.. Malden. Mass. SMITH, Card Wentworth, (1927). Mgr., Furnace Dept., Jewel Div., (for mail), Detroit Stove Works. 6900 E. Jefferson Ave., and 2133 Montclair Ave., Detroit, Mich. SMITH, John Colboume, (Junior 1927), Sales Engr., Niagara Blower Co., 673 Ontario St., Buffalo, and (for mail), 95 Columbia Blvd., Kensmore. N. Y. , SMITH, Leslie L., (1919), Mech. Engr., (for mail). Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, 800 Mar quette Bldg., and 1931 Delaware Ave., Detroit, Mich. .. SMITH, Milton S., (1919), Production Mgr., Carrier Engrg. Corp*. 750 Frelinghuysen Ave.. Newark, and (for mail), 13 North Terrace. Maplewood. N. J. SMITH, Sidney S., (1926), Vice-Pres.. (for mail), Andes Range & Furnace Corp., and 517 Castle St.. Geneva. N. Y. ^,, ,, SMITH, Virgil A., (Junior 1923). Sales Engr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham Co., 2304 Cleveland Ave., . Tampa, Fla. SNELL. Ernest, (1920), Htg. .and Vtg. Engr.. 3914 LeMay Ave., Detroit, Mich. SNYDER. Charles B. J., (1895), (Presidential Member). (Board of Governors 1900-1904; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1905; 1st Vice-Pres. 1906; Pres. 1907; Board of Governors 1908), 183 Madison Ave.. New York. N. Y. 36 Roll of Membership SNYDER, Jay W., (1917), Member of Firm, (for STANGER, Ralph B,, (1920), Mgr., (for mail), mail). McColl, Snyder & McLean, 2348 Penob Robinson & Stanger, 917 Empire Bldg., and scot Bldg., and 8987 Martindale Ave., Detroit, Pittsburgh Athletic Assn., Pittsburgh, Pa. Mich. , STANGLAND, B. F., (Charter Member), (Board SNYDER, Joseph S., (Associate 1925), Sales of Managers 1895; 1899, Council 1896; 1897; Engr.. (for mail), American Radiator Co.. 1807 Board of Governors 1905; 1906; 1909: 2nd Vice- Elmwood Ave., and 39 Granger Place, Buffalo, Pres. 1908). Morton, N. Y. N. Y. STANNARD, James M., (1906), (Board of SODEMANN, Paul W., (Junior 1920; Associate Governors 1913j Council 1914, 1917), Pres, and 1925; 1926). Sales Engr., Fischer Htg. Co.,' Treas.. (for mail), Stannard Power Equipment 367-369 Adams St., and (for mail), 1307 Worth ington Place, Memphis, Tenn. Co., 926 Monadnock Block, Chicago, and 1402 Elinor Place. Evanston, IU. SODEMANN. William C., (1919). Vice-Pres., Sodemann Htg. & Power Co.. 2300 Morgan St,, and 3510 University St.. St. Louis. Mo. STAPLES, William H., (Associate 1924), Gillis & Geoghegan, 537 W. Broadway, and 137 West 96th St.. New York. N. Y. SODERBERG, Charles H., (19X9). Consulting Engr., (for mail). 608 Donovan Bldg., Detroit, and 220 Puritan Rd.. Birmingham. Mich. SOMERS, William Stuart, (Junior 1926), Supt., STARK, W. Elliott, (1926), Engr., Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co.. 17825 St. Clair Ave., Cleve land, and (for mail), 1849 Windermere Ave.. E. Cleveland, O. Success Heater Mfg. Co., and (for mail), 2807 Grand Ave., Des Moines, la. - SOMMER, Louis J., Jr., (1922), Sole Owner, Louis J. Sommer & Son, 2436 Brown St., and 4809 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. SOPER, Horace A., (1916), Vice-Pres., (for mail), American Foundry & Furnace Co., and 1122 E. Monroe St., Bloomington. 111. SOPER, Ira N., (1919). Sales Engr.. (for mail). Warren Webster & Co.. 549 W. Washington St., and 6915 Harper Ave., Chicago. 111. SOULE, Lawrence C., (1908), Secy., and Sales Mgr.. Aerofin Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark, and 26 Wooton Rd., Essex Fells, N. J. SOWERS. Paul E., 0922), Br. Mgr., Vapor Heating Co.. 201 N. George St., and (for mail), STARKS, Verne E., (1921), Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co.. 1314 Schofield Bldg., -and 13502 Fourth Ave., Cleveland, O. STEARNS, Walter I., (Associate 1926). Com bustion Engr.. W. I. Steams Co., 560 North 16th St., Philadelphia, Pa. STEARNS, William F., (Associate 1925), (for mail). Stearns & Eaton, 100 Boylston St., Boston, and 2 Salisbury Rd.. Winchester. Mass. STECKHAN, Louis, (Junior 1926), Estimator, (for mail), Crane Co.. 30 South 16th St., and 3014 Indiana Ave.. St. Louis, Mo. * STEDMAN, Charles N., (1921), Dist. Sales Mgr., . (for mail). C. N. Stedman Co.. 610 Wrigley Bldg., and 6917 Crandon Ave., Apt. 2D, Chicago, P. O. Box 295. York. Pa. SPECKMAN, Charles H., (1918), Htg. Engr., 375 Bourse Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. SPELLER, Frank N.,* (1908), Metallurgical Engr., (for mail). National Tube Co., 1810 Frick Bldg., arid 6411 Darlington Rd., Pitts burgh, Pa. SPERZEL, Henry J., (Associate 1918: 1919), N. W. Br. Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co.. 708 STEIM, Charles J., Jr., (1923), Mgr. Htg. Dept., (for mail), Samuel Sloan & Co., 67 Exchange St., and 1291 University Ave., Rochester, N. Y;. STEINHORST, Theodore F,, (1919), Engr. and Estimator, (for mail). Emil Steinhorst & Sons, 1158 Mohawk St., and West Shore R. R., and 1664 Brinckerhoff Ave., Utica, N. Y. STEINKE. G. B.. (1924). Pres., (for mail). 103 Park Ave., New York, and 2730 Decatur Ave.. Builders Exch.. and 4644 Bryant Ave.. S.. Brooklyn, N. Y. Minneapolis. Minn. SPIELMAN, Gordon P., (Junior 1923), Treag.. STEINMULLER, J. M., (1925), 245 Hunters Point Ave.. Long Island City, N. Y. Harrison-Spielmann Co.. Heating Contractors. STEPHEN, Harold M., (Associate 1926), Sales 480 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, and (for mail), 515 N. Prospect Ave., Park Ridge. 111. Engr., James E. Degan Co., 622 First St., Detroit, Mich. SPITZLEY, Ray L., (1920), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., STEPHENSON, Lewis A., (1917), Mgr., (for (for mail), R. L. Spitzley Heating Co., 246 W. mail). Powers Regulator Co.. 409 East 13th St., Lamed St., and 1050 Yorkshire Rd., Grosse Pt., and 801 West 57th St., Kansas City, Mo. Detroit. Mich. * STERN, H. Richard, (1923), (for mail), Johnson SPOFFORD, Harry H. R., (1923), Copper and Brass Research Assn., 25 Broadway, New York, ' N. Y. SPOONER, Harold R.. (1921). Engr. and Esti mator. Atlas Heating Co., Inc., Jamacia, and (for mail). 33 Woodhull Ave., Hollis, L. I., N. Y. SPRAGUE, Frank H., (1923). Sales Mgr., (for . mail), Skidmore Corp*. 1535 Dayton St., Chicago. and 1522 Forest Ave.. Wilmette, III. . SPROULL, Howard E., (1920), District Mgr., . American Blower Co., 905 Sycamore St., Cincin nati, O. SPURGEON, Joseph H., (1924), Sales Engr., (for mail), Joseph H. Spurgeon Co., 224 Gen. Motors __ Bldg., and 818 Woodmere Ave.. Detroit, Mich. STACEY, Alfred E., 'Jr.,* (1914), Research-' Engr., Carrier Engrg. Corp., 750 Frelinghuysen Ave.. Newark, and (for mail), Woottoa Rd., Essex Fells. N. J. & Morris. 538 West 23rd St., and 225 West 86th St.. New York, N. Y. STERNBERG, I. C., (1926), Chief Engr.. (for mail), Arctic Nu-Air Corp., 110 East 42nd St., and 1271 Morris Ave., New York, N. Y. STETSON, Lawrence R., (1913), (for. mail), McMurrer Co., 303 Congress St., Boston, and 35 Bradfield Ave., Roslindale. Mass. STEVENS, Frank H., (Associate 1924), Sales* Engr., (for mail), Heggie Simplex Boiler Co.,-622 First St., Detroit, Mich., and 2952 Monterey Ave., Detroit, Mich. STEVENS, Harry L., (Junior 1924), Member of Firm, (for mail), M. M. Stevens Co., 108 W. Sherman St., and 111 West 16th St., Hutchinson,* Kans. STEWART, C. W., (Associate 1918; 1919), 644 Riverside Drive. Apt. 2F, New York, N. Y. STACK, Murle F., (Associate 1925), Vice-Pres.. Sunkel Appliance Corp., 4511 Delmar Blvd.. and (for mnill, 308 N. Newstead. St. Louis. Mo. STEWART, Earl A., (1922). Associate Prof-' Agriculture Physics. Univ. of Minnesota. Uni versity Farm, St. Paul, Minn. STACKHOUSE, Raymond M., (Associate .1908; STILL, Fred R.,* (1904), (Presidential Member),/ 1919). (for mail), 1294 East 55th St., and Park- (Pies. 1918; 2nd Vice-Pres. 1917; Council 1918 side Dwellings, Cleveland, O. 1919), Vice-Pres. in charge of Export, (for mail). STAMMER, Edward L..* (1919). Supt., Htg. and American Blower Co., Rm. 1510, 30 Church St., Vtg. Repairs, St. Louis Board of Education," and 895 West End Ave., New York, N. Y. Ninth and Locust Sts., and 4430 Tennessee Ave., St. Louis, Mo. STANFORD, Leland E., (1921), Mgr., Forbs- Stanford Co., 756 Upson St*, and (for mail). 120 E. Cuyahoga Falls Ave., Akron, O. STITT, Eugene W., (1917), Sales Repr., Hoffman Specialty Co.. 1535 Park Blvd., Donnont. and P-O. Box 45. S. Hills Branch, Pittsburgh, Pa. STITT. Howard B., (Associate 1922), Htg. Engr.. 506 West 29th St.. IndianapoUs, Ind. 37 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 STOCK, Edward L., (Associate 1918), Sales Mgr., (for mail). Niagara Radiator & Boiler Co., 11-17 investment Bldg., Washington, D. C,, and Bradley Hills. Bethesda, Md, STOCKENBERG, Ruben, (1922), Sales Engr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co., 1355 W- Wash .ington Blvd.. and 6813 Lakewood Ave., Chicago, 111 STOCRLY, Harold A., (1925), 240 S. El Molins St., Alhambra. Calif. STOCKWELL, William R., (Junior 1901? 1903). Gen. Mgr,, Weil-McLain Co., Michigan City, TALIAFERRO, RobertR., (1919). Carrier Engrg. Corp., (for mail), 1402 Land Title Bldg., and Beechwood Park, Philadelphia, Pa. TALLMADGE, Webster, (1924), 50 Church St., New York. N. Y. ` TANGEMAN, Bruno W., (Associate 1919), Mgr., (for mail), A. Y. McDonald Mfg. Co.. 822 Third St.. S., and 2716 Aldrich Ave., S., Min neapolis. Minn. TATE, Sidney, (Associate 1926), Htg. Contr., 14113 Orinoco Ave., E. Cleveland, O. TAVERNA, Frederick F., (Junior 1924; Associate, 1927), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Raisler Heating Co., Ind. STOKES, Ralph E., (1920), Residence Mgr., Vtg. Engr., (for mail), Ifg Elec. Vtg. Co., 1024 Bessemer Bldg., Pittsburgh, and 843 River Rd., Avalon Borough, Pa. ` STOLTENBERQ,Thomas R,, (1922), Sales Repr., . Htg. and Vtg. Engr., GJenwood Springs, Colo. STONE, Eugene R., (1913), Pres., Stone-Under hill Htg. & Vtg. Co.. 171 Harrison Ave., Boston, and 86 Sea Ave.. Quincy, Mass. STONE, George F., (1918), Engr. and Estimator. Wra. H. Walters & Sons, 1314 N. Carlisle St., and 4520 N. Carlisle St.. Philadelphia. Pa. STOREY, Thomas G., (Associate 1925), Citizens 129 Amsterdam Ave., New York. N. Y.. and (for mail), 406 Savoy St., Union City, N. J. TAYLOR, Milton A., (Associate 1925). Asst, to Pres., (for mail). Taylor-Forbes Co., Ltd., and 178 Queen St., Guelph, Ont., Can. TAYLOR. R. Frederick, (19.15), Consulting Engr., R. F. Taylor. 1020 Western Indemnity Bldg., and 5742 Richmond Ave., Dallas, Tex. TAYLOR, Thomas S., <1921),- Chief Research Physicist, Bakelite Corp., (for mail), 230 Grove St., Bloomfield, and 96 Westville Ave., Caldwell, N. J. TEASDALE, Lawrence Aldrich, (1926), Engr., Hollis French & Allen Hubbard, 210 South St., Gas Fuel Co., Adrian, Mich. STORM, Edwin S., (1916), Vice-Pres., (for mail), Hoffman Specialty Co., 130 N. Wells St., and Boston, and 28 Ardmore St., E. Braintree, MassTEMPLIN, Charles L,, (1921), Chief Engr.. American Htg. & Vtg. Co.. P. O. Box 876, 801 5220 Cornell Ave., Chicago, 111. STRANDWITZ, William J., (1919), Secy. and Treas., (for mail), Strandwitz & Scott, Inc., 537-49 S. Second St., Camden, and Hawthorne. . Fayetteville St., Raleigh, N. C., and 608 Bona Allen Bldg.. Atlanta, Ga. . TERRELL, Herbert A., (1915), Carrier Engrg. . Corp., 39 Cortlandt St.. New York, N. Y., and . Ave.. Haddonfield, N. J. STRONG, Ralph C., (1919), Salesman. Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Corp., 31st and Oxford Sts., and (for mail), 4515 Larchwood Ave., (for mail), 19 Hampton St., Cranford, N. J. TERRY, Frank W., (Associate 1923), Sales Engr., Richmond Radiator Co.. 1480 Broadway, New York, N. Y., and (for mail), 553 Gregory Ave., Philadelphia. Pa, . STROUSE, Sidney B,, (1921). Dist. Mgr., (for mail), Warren Webster 8c Co., 429 Guarantee Trust Bldg., and 22 S. Illinois Ave., Atlantic W. Orange. N. J. THAIN, Arthur Edgar, (Associate 1926). Mgr.. U. S, Radiator Corp., 1147 Wicomico St., and (for mail), 2116 Mt. Holly St., Baltimore, Md. City, N. J. . THATCHER, George S., (1919). Pres,, (for mail), STTJRGES, Heyward A., (Junior 1926), Detroit Thatcher Heating Co.. 455 E. Exchange St., Mgr., International Heater Co.. 1114 Dime Bk. and 140 Morningside Drive, Arkon, O. Bldg., and (for mail), 8559 Quincy St.; Detroit, THEISEN, Edwin F., (1922). Pres, and Htg. Mich. Engr., Industrial Plumbing & Htg. Co., 606. SUITS, George A., (1923), Mgr., Hoffman Second St., and (for mail), 1835 Des Moines St., Specialty Co., 26 Stanley Ave., Medford, Mass, Ft. Madison, la. SULLIVAN, Daniel A,, (1923). Miller & Brady. THEORELL, Hugo G. T., (1902), Consulting ' Inc., 210 East 38th St., and 3178 Rdchambeau Engr., 4 Skoldungatan, Stockholm, Sweden. Ave., New York. N. Y. SUTCLIFFE. Arthur G., (Associate 1918; 1922), Engr., Ug Elec. Vtg. Co., 2850 N. Crawford Ave., THINN, Christian A., (1921), Asst. Sales MgT. and Engr., (for mail). C. A. Dunham Co., 450 E. Ohio St., and 1907 Nebraska Ave., Chicago, and (for mail), 4146 N. St. Louis Ave., Chicago, UK THOMAS, Bernard A., (Junior 1923), Sales III. SUTTERLEY, W. W.t (1919), 503 North 52ncf . Engr.; Crane Co.. Jacksonville, and (for mail), 108 W. Howard St.. Winter Haven, Fla. St.. Philadelphia, Pa. THOMAS, Herbert G., (1917), Sales Engr., SWAIN, Wilbur A., (Associate 1926), Repr. and Warren Webster & Co..-549 W. Washington St., Engr.. (for mail), Jenkins Bros., 80 White St.. Chicago, and (for mail), 2312 Ridge Ave., New York, N. Y- and 133 Evergreen Place, Evanston, 111. . E. Orange, N. J. '. THOMAS, Melvern F., (1909), Consulting Engr.. SWAN, Thomas J(Junior 1925), Sales Engr., (for mail). 229 College St., and 24 Ralph Ave., Hoffman Specialty Co., and 23 Athelwold St., . Torohto. Ont., Can. . . Dorchester, Mass. . THOMAS, R. H., (1920)., Pres., (for mail). SWANEY, Carroll R., (Junior 1921), Salesman, Economy Pumping Machine Co.. 122-124 N. (for mail), Gilbert. Howe, Gleason, 25 Hunting ton Ave., Boston, and 24 Southgate Park, W. Newton, Mass. SWARTWOUT, Jay D., (1917), Secy, and Treas., Curtis St., Chicago, and 426 Forest Ave., Oak Park, III. THOMPSON, Charles, (Associate 1927), Sales ` man. Walworth California Co., Second and J. D. Swartwout Co., 349 S. Weadock Ave., 349 S. Weadock Ave., Saginaw, Mich. SWEENEY, Sylvester H., (1915), Engr. and Contractor, S. H. Sweeney, Inc., 306 East 39th St., and 1916 Loring Place, New York, N. Y. Tehama Sts., San Francisco, Calif. THOMPSON, James, (1920), Pres.. (for mail). Philadelphia Boiler Works, 1737 Filbert St., Philadelphia, and 158 Stoneway Lane, Bala. Pa, THOMPSON, Nelson S. * (Junior 1897; 1917), SZEKELY, Ernest, (1920), Consulting Engr., (for mail). 500 B. & R. T. Bldg., and 12537 ArUss Chief Mech. and Elec. Engr., Office of Super vising Engr., U. S. Treasury Dept., and (for Drive, Cleveland, O. mail). 1615 Hobart Si., N.W., Washington, D. C. THOMPSON, Richard C,, (1927), Sales Engr., T (for mail). Power Equipment Co., 250 Stuart St., TAGGART. Ralph C., (1912), Chief Engr., Dept. of Arch., 14 Lyon Ave-Menands, Albany, N. Y. TAIT, George M,, (1909), Htg.. Vtg. and Sanitary Engr.. 34 W. First St., Mansfield. O. ' Boston, and Cohasset, Mass. THOMPSON, William P., Jr., (1915). (for mail). Thompson Bros., 520 Buttonwood St., and 1349 Colwvn St., Philadelphia, Pa. 38 Roll of Membership THOMSEN, William T., (1919), Secy, and Treas.. (for mail). International Engrg. & Supply Co Suite 609. Tower Bldg., and 3408 Magnolia Ave.. St. Louis. Mo. THOMSON, Thomas N., (1927), Technical Expert, Plumbers Trade Journal, 239 West 30th St., New York, and (for mail). 37 Irwin Place. Huntington. L. L, N. Y. THORNTON, Roger T,, (1919), Engr.. (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co.. 490 Broadway, and 46 Burbank Ter., Buffalo, N. Y. THRUSH, Homer A., (1918). Pres., (for mail). H. A. Thrush & Co., 21-23 E. River St., and 271 TUSCH, Walter. (1917), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. Tenny & Ohmes, 101 Park Ave., New York, and (for mail). 881 Sterling Place. Brooklyn, N. Y. TUTTLE, J. Frank, (1913). Mgr- (for mail). Warren Webster & Co., 220 Devonshire StBoston, and Winchester. Mass. TWIST, Charles F., (1921), Secy, and Treas- (for mail), Ashwell, Twist & Cook, Inc., 305 Bell St and 2310 Tenth Ave.. N., Seattle. Wash. TYLER, Frank T., (1922), Asst. Sales Mgr- (for mail), Herman Nelson Corp- 1824 Third Ave., and 1615 Eighth Ave- Moline, III. S. Broadway, Peru, Ind. . . THUEM, Adolph E., (Junior 1922), Htg. and U Vtg. Engr., (for mail). Board of Education, Bureau of Construction and Maintenance. Htg. and Vtg. Div., Flatbush Ave.. Extension and Concord St., Brooklyn, and 444 East ,87th StNew York. N. Y. TIBBETS, John C., (1920). Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. B. & O. R.. R. Co.. 1303 B. & O. Central Bldg.. Baltimore, and (for mail), Ellicott City, Howard Co., Md. TILDEN, Elwyn E., (1924), (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 220 Devonshire St., Boston, and Holbrook. Mass. ' TIMMERMAN, Manford M., (Junior 1921; 1925), Supervisor, Works Engrg Dept., Westing- house Elec. & Mfg. Co., E. Pittsburgh, and (for UHL, Edwin J., (1925), Sales Engr., Uhl Co- 132 S. Tenth St- Minneapolis. Minn. UHL, Willard F., (1918), Sales Engr., (for mail). Uhl Co- 132 S. Tenth St- and 4716 Lyndale Ave- S- Minneapolis, Minn. UHLHORN, W. J., (1920), Sales Engr., Drying Systems. Inc., 1800 Foster Ave- Chicago, and (for mail), 733 S. Highland Ave., O ak Park, 111. ULRICH, Kay Flemming, (Junior 1926). Mech, Engr., L. Ulrich, Smedegade, Slagelse. Denmark, UNDERHILL, William W., (1913), Treas- (for mail), Stone-UnderhiU Htg. & Vtg. Co- 171 Harrison Ave- Boston, - and 15 Kinwood St., Brookline, Mass. mail), 859 E. Hutchinson Ave., Swissvale, Pa, TIMMIS, Pierce, (1920), Service Equipment Engr., (for mail), Dwight P. Robinson & Co lne., 125 East 46th St., New York, and 11 Little Neck Rd., Douglas Manor, L. I., N. Y. TIMMIS, Walter S.,* (1911). (Presidential Member). (Pres. 1919; Council 1916; 1917;. 1920; 1st Vice-Pres.- 1918), Consulting Engr(for mail). 315 Fifth Ave., New York, and Hill- side and Homer Lee Aves.. Jamaica. N. Y. TIMMIS, William W- (Associate 1925). Sales Engr., M. E. Conran Co., Inc- Central Park, L. 1- and (for mail). Oak Lane, Glen Cove., L.I.. N.Y. TINKER, William E.r (Associate 1922), (for mail), Natl. Radiator Co- 121 N. Broad St and 600 South 48th St- Philadelphia, Pa. TISNOWER, William, (1923), Htg. Engr., 131 Livingston St., Brooklyn, N. Y. . TITZELL, J. Edgar, (1923), Vice-Pres- (for mail). Pacific Boiler Co., Inc- 101 Park Ave- and 27 ' West 95th St- New York, N. Y. ' V. VALENTINE, Howard D. * (1924), Director Sales Engrg- (for mail), Central Huckon Gas &- Elec. Corp- 50 Market St- Poughkeepsie, N. Y. VALIQUET, Harry H., (Associate 1926), Engr- Bayley Mfg. Co., Milwaukee, and (for marl), 310 Sixth Ave- Wauwatosa, Wis. VAN ALEN, Walter T., (1924), Sales Engr- Htg. Dept., Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co- Pittsburgh, and (for mail), 1300 Darlington Rd- R. F. D. No. 1, Beaver Falla, Pa. VANCE, Louis G., (1919), Owner, Vance & Vance, 1207 Garrett Bldg- and (for mail), 3601 Garrison Ave., Baltimore. Md- VAN NORDEN, Ernest M., (1923), The "New York Edison Co- 130 East 15th St- New York, and 168 Brixton Rd- Garden City, Nassau Co- N. Y. VAN SICKLE, William B., (1915), Pres- (for mail), The W. B. Van Sickle Co- 707 Frankfort Ave- Cleveland, and 1530 Grace Ave., Lakewood, O. ..TJERSLAND, Alf, (Junior 1906; 1916), E. Sunde & Co- Christiania, Norway. TOBIN, George J., (1905), Sanitary, Htg. and VAN ZANDT, John H., (1914), Mfgrs. Agent, 1903 Santa Fe Bldg- and 4416 Bryan St- Dallas, Tex. 'Vtg. Engr., (for mail), 187 North Ave., and 510 ; Grant Ave- Plainfield, N. J. VAUX, Frederick J., (1919), Vice-Pres. and Gen. Mgr- Monitor Bi-Loop Radiator Co- and (for TODD, James, (1922), Pres- (for mail). Sterling mail), 202 E. King St- Lancaster, Pa. Varnish Co- 528 Fulton Bldg., Pittsburgh, and VAUX, Noble, (Associate 1923), Htg. Engr- Sewickley Pa. R. T. Vaux & Son. 12 Fawcett St- and (for TOENNIGES, George C., (1915), Sales Engr.,' mail), 11 Holmelands Parks., Sunderland. Eng. - 1657 Addison St., Lakeview, 111. - VER HALEN. Edward T., (Associate 1925), Edw. TOMLINSON, Malcolm C. W,, (1924), Mech. Engr., Development Br., Western Elec. Co., Kearny, and (for mail), 106a Euclid Ave- Loch Arbour. N. J. T. Ver Halen, Inc- 610 Milwaukee St- Mil* r waukee, Wis. VERNER, William F-* (1913), Mech. Engr- (for mail), Verner, Wilhelm & Molby, 824 Book TOOKER, Charles C., (1918), Htg. Engr., 113 North 27th St- and (for mail), 208 Terry Ave., Bitlings, Mont. ` Bldg- Detroit, and 908 Lincoln Ave- Ann Arbor, Mich. VERNON, J. Rexford, (Associate 1926), Sales _ TRANE, Reuben N., (1915), Pres- (for mail). The Trane Co- Htg. Specialty Mfgrs- and l514 King St- LaCrosse, Wig. Engr- (for mail), Johnson Service Co- 1355 Washington Blvd- and 1563 Birchwood Ave., Chicago, III. TRUITT, Joseph E., (Associate 1911;. 1920), ** Pres- Autovent Fan & Blower Co- 736 W. Monroe St.. Chicago, III. VTVARTTAS, Eugene A., (1910), Engr- J. Byers Holbrook. 70 East 45th St- New York, . and (for mail), 84 Fenimore St- Brooklyn, N. Y. TRUMBO, Silas M., (Associate 1926), Sales Engr,, Buffalo Forge Co., 562 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, 111. - VOGEL, Andrew, (1926), Plant Engr- (for mail), General Electric Co., and 611 Lenox Rd., Schenectady, N. Y. TUCKER, Frank N., (1926), Field Engr- (foT ; mail), Ilg Elec. Vtg. Co- Rm. 1108, 13 Park Row. and 9 West 28th St.,' New York, N. Y. TURNO, Walter G. W., (Associate 1912; 1917). `Engr. and Estimator, 71 Lafayette Ave.,' E. Orange, N. J. . ' VOGELBACH. Oscar, (1923), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Guilbert & Betelle. Archts., Brandford Place, Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Newark, and 195 Devon St- Kearney, N. J. VOGT, J. H,, (Associate 1925), (for mail), 124 East 28th St- New York, and 87 Grant Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 VOIGT, Charles O., (1921). Sales Engr., The Stearns Roger Mfg. Co., 1720 California St., and 60 Albion St., Denver. Colo. VOLK, Joseph H.. (1923). Thos. E. Hoye Htg. Co.. 1910 St. Paul Ave., Milwaukee. Wis. VOORHEES, Guy A., (1922). Engr., Century Htg. Service Co., 32-36 W. Tenth St., and (for mail), 3431 Broadway, Indianapolis. Ind. W WACHTER. John A., (1914), Pres.. 723-25 W. Pratt St., Baltimore, and 112 Ailsa Ave., Hamil ton, Baltimore, Md. WADDINGTON, Bertram C,, (1922), Engr.. 805 World Herald Bldg.. Omaha, Nebr. WADE, Norman S., (1926), Asst. Supt., Steam Htg. Service Dept., (for mail), Edison Elec. Illuminating Co. of Boston, 39 Boylston St.,- Boston, Mass., and Salem. N. H. WADLEY, Calvin Page, (1919). Pres., (for mail), Excelso Products Corp., P. O. Box 33, Sta. C. . and 60 Agassiz Place. Buffalo, N.'Y. WAGNER, A. M., (Associate 1921), Mgr., American Radiator Co., 692 Prior Ave., N., St. Paul, and 1626 West 25th St.. Minneapolis, Ind. WAGNER, John P., (Associate 1921), The Stoker Co., 859 Church Lane, Philadelphia, Pa. * WALDON, Charles W., (Associate 1924), (for mail), American Larson Vtg. Co.. 204 Keystone Bk. Bldg., Pittsburgh. Pa., and 1006 Ninth St., Portsmouth, O. WALKER, Alex., (Associate 1925), Br. Mgr., (for mail), C. A. Dunham and Powers Regulator Co.. 311 Dominion Bk. Bldg., Calgary. Alta, Can. WALKER, George Francis, (Junior 1925), Sales Engr., (for mail), Spencer Heater Co., 307 McKinley Bldg., Buffalo, and 417 E. Fifth St., Jamestown, N. Y. WALKER, James B., (1919), Treas.. (for mail). Pittsburgh Htg. Co.. 715 Magee Bldg., and 202 Iroquois Apt., Oakland, Pittsburgh, Pa. WALKER, James H., (1916). Supt., Central Heating, (for mail), Detroit Edison Co., 2000 Second Ave., and 1520 Virginia Park, Detroit, Mich. - WALKER, William K., (Junior 1924)' Htg. and Vtg. Engr., McKenzie. Voorhees & Gmelin, 342 Madison Ave., Rm. 2022, New York, and 191-02 Central Ave., St. Albans, L. I., N. Y. WALLACE, Albert, (1921). Htg. Engr., A. Wallace & Co.. 402 Jacobson Bldg., and (for mail). 2971 Irving St., Denver, Colo. WALLACE, George J., (1923), Engr. and Con tractor, 1006 First Ave.. New York and (for mail), 27-36 Ericsson St., E. Elmhurst, L. I.. N. Y. WALLACE, John F., (1921), Secy, and Treas.. Wallace Plumbing Co., 1238 California St., and 1320 S. Josephine St., Denver, Colo. WALLICH, A. C., (1919), (for mail), Wallich Ice Machine Co.. 517 E. Larned St., and 1211 E. Grand Blvd., Detroit, Mich. ' WALSH, Arthur F., (Associate 1923). Htg. and Vtg. Contractor, A. F. Walsh, 7445 Exchange Ave., and 7536 S. Shore Drive, ChicaRo. 111. WALSH, John Henry, (Junior 1927), Partner of H. J. Walsh. Htg. & Vtg.. 1484 St. Nicholas Ave., and (for mail), 10 Fairview Ave., New York, N. Y. WALSH, Malcolm, (1924), Secy., (for mail), Walsh & Wertheim. 55 W. Houston St,, New York, and 25 Sherman Ave., St. George, S. I., N. Y. WALTERS, Arthur L., 0unior 1924; Associate 1925; 1926). Mgr., (for mail). E. B. Langenberg Co., 4519 N. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, and 7284 Richmond Place, Maplewood. Mo. WALTERS, Victor, (Junior 1924), Engr., Wendt & Crone Co., 1131 N. Wells St., and (for mail), 7049 St. Lawrence Ave., Chicago. 111. WALTERS, William T., (1917), Htg. and Vtg. Engr.. Illinois Engrg. Co., N.E. Cor. 21st St. and Racine Ave.. and (for mail), 6749 Dorchester Ave., Chicago, 111. ' WALTHER, Harry J., (1919), Mgr. Htg. Dept., (for mail), Henry B. Pancoast Co., 946-62 N. Front St., and 1115 Duncannon Ave., Phila delphia, Pa. WALTHER. Owen N., (1919), 753 College Ave,,. . Haverford, Pa. WALTHER, Vernon H., (Junior 1925), Asst, in Mech. Dept., C. W. & Geo. L. Rapp. 190 N. State St., Rm. 1200, and (for mail), 6821 Osceola Ave., Edison Park, Chicago. 111. WALTHERTHUM, John J., (Associate. 1922), J. J. Waltherthum. 173 East 62nd St., New York, N. Y., and 834 Grand St., Jersey City, N. J. WALTON, Hiram L., (1916), Mech. Engr., (for mail). Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, 800 Marquette Bldg.. Detroit, and 218 Monterey Ave., Highland Park, Mich. . WANDLESS. F. W., (1925). Chief Engr., (for mail), Haynes Selling Co., 2013 Sansom St., Philadelphia, and Berwyn, Pa. WARD, George C., (1925), Inspector Bureau Industrial Hygiene, N. Y: State Dept. Labor, 124 East 28th St., New York, and 86-87th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. WARD, Oscar G., (1919). Dist. Mgr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co.. 1230 California. St., and 1515 E. Ninth Ave., Denver, Coio. WARREN, Clarence N., (1919). Vice-Pres. and Engr.. Hayes Bros., Tnc., 236 W. Vermont St., and (for mail). 419 East 48th St., Indianapolis, . Ind. WASH, William Percy, (1923), Sales Engr.. (for mail). Richmond Radiator Co.., P. O. Box 381, and 131 Wellington Ave.. Roanoke. Va. WATERS, George G,, (Associate 1926), Salesman, (for mail), American Blower Co.. 604 Building and Loan Bldg., and 329 Gladstone, S.E., Grand Rapids. Mich. WATSON, John Howard, (1925). Engr., Drying Systems, Inc.. 1800 Foster Ave.. and (for mail), 2021 Berwyn Ave., Chicago, 111. WATSON, Raymond E., (1925), Designer, Irving E. Brooke. 189 W. Madison St., and (for mail), 6037 N. Paulina St., Chicago, 11L WATTERS, Peter J,, 11921). Mgr.. John Watters. 55 Church St., and (for mail), 52 Ann St., Port Richmond, S. I., N. Y. WEAGER, T. A., (1920), Cleveland Mgr., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., Rockefeller Bldg., Cleveland, and 3124 -Berkshire Rd.; Cleveland Heights, O. WEBB, John S.. (1920), Pres., (for mail), Willey & Calhoun Co.. 46 Market St.. Portland, Me., and 38 Cottage Farms Rd,, Cape Elizabeth, Me. * WEBB, John WUllam, (1926), Partner. Brierley- Webb Co., School St., Newton Heath, Man chester, and (for mail), 6 Meadows Rd., Heaton Chapel, Stockport, Eng. WEBER, Erwin L., (1921). Consulting Engr.. (for- mail). 723 Seaboard Bldg., and 3046 18th.Ave., (; Seattle ^^7ash WEBER, G. A., (1922), Htg. Engr., McGinness. Smith, McGinness Co., 527 First Ave., Pitts burgh. and 618 Chautauqua SL, Bellevue, Pa. WEBSTER, E. Kessler, (1915), Secy, and Asst. Gen. Mgr., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sta., Camden, and 320 Wash ington Ave., Haddonfield. N. J. WEBSTER, Warren, (Associate 1899; 1906), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sts., and 626 Cooper St., Camden, N. J. WEBSTER, Warren, Jr., (Junior 1927), Asst. Secy., (for mail), Warren Webster & Co., 17th and Federal Sts., Camden, and 249 W. Summit Ave., Haddonfield, N. J. WEGMANN, Albert, (1918). Blower and. Vtg. Engr., A. and W. Wegmann, 2813 Fletcher St., and (for mail), 2842 N. Bonsall St., Philadelphia, Pa. . 40 Roll of Membership WEIDER, Frederick J., (1919). Vice-Pres. and Treas., (for mail). Barr St Creelman Co., 74 Exchange St., and 40 Kenwood Ave., Rochester, N. Y. ` WEIL, Martin, (Associate 1925), Secy., (for mail), Weil-McLain Co., 641 W, Lake St., and 4259 - Hazel Ave., Chicago. 111. WEIMER. Fred G., (Associate 1919). Milwaukee Mgr., Kewanee Boiler Co., 440 Barclay St., and (for mail). 1308 Stowell Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. WEINSHANK, H. T.. (Junior 1924), Sales Engr., (for mail). The New York Blower Co., 2246 S. Halsted St., and 2638 N. Spaulding St., Chicago. Iff. . WEINSHANK, Theodore,* (1906), Board of .Governors 1913), 3301 Schubert Ave., Chicago. 111 WEISS, Carl A., (Associate 1924), Partner, Supt., (for mail), Kornbrodt Komice Ko.. 1811-13-15 Troost Ave., and 4920 Walrond, Kansas City Mo. WELAMB, Victor N., (1918), Contractor, (for mail), V. N. Welarab Co.. 2313 Walnut St., and 1741 North 33rd St.. Philadelphia. Pa. WELSH, Harry S.,* (1906). Pres., The Boiler & Radiator Corp.. 999 fe. Main St. and 37 Flower City Park, Rochester, N. Y. WELTER, Michael A., (Associate 1925), M. A. Welter & Co., (for mail), 2118 Lyndale Ave.. S., and 4306 Garfield Ave., S.. Minneapolis, Minn. WENDT, Edgar F., (1918), Vice-Pres. find Treas., (for mail), Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 731 Lafayette Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. . WENDT, Henry W., (1917), Pres., (for mail). Buffalo Forge Co., 490 Broadway, and 120 Lincoln Parkway. Buffalo, N. Y. WESCHLER, George A,, (1923), Consulting Engr., and Prof, of Mech, Engrg., (for mail), 1010 Vermont Ave., and 2803 13tb St., N.W., Washington, D.C. WEST, Perry,* (1911), (Council 1920-1925; Treas. 1924-1925), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 13 Central Ave., and 322 Park Ave., Newark, N. J. WHEELER, Charles W., (1916). Br. Mgr., (for mail). C. A; Dunham Co., 1104 May Bldg., Pittsburgh, and R. R. No. 1, Allison Park, Pa. WHEELER, Otto J., (1923), Mgr. and Secy., The Samuel A. Esswein Htg. & Plumbing Co.. 548 W. Broad St., and 504 Linwood Ave.. Columbus, O. . WHELAN, William J,, (1923), Harrigan Reid. 1705 First St., Detroit, Mich.. WHITTEN. Herbert W,,* (Associate 1908; 1909), Htg. and Mech. Engr., Chamberlin Metal Weather Strip Co., 1644 Lafayette Blvd., W., Detroit. Mich. WHOMES, Harry, (1926), 3269 N. Penna. St., Indianapolis, Ind. WHY, H. Berkeley, (1919), Construction Engr., 312 Earlham Terrace, Germantown, Phila delphia. Pa. WIDDICOMBE, R. A., (1903), 1120 Lake Shore Drive. Chicago. 111. WIEGNER. Henry B,, (1919). Mgr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co.. 31 Waltham St., Boston, and 77 Chester Rd., Belmont. Mass. WIGGS, Gordon L., (Junior 1924), Mech. Engr., (for mail), Mechanics Supply Co., 80-90 St. Paul St., and 94 De Salaberry St., Quebec, P. Q. W1GLE, Bruce M., (Associate 1926), Owner, Bruce Wigie Plumbing & Htg. Co.. 9117 Hamil ton Ave.. and 855 Clairm'ont Ave.. Detroit. Mich. WILD, Walter H,, (Associate 1921). Mfgrs. Agent, (for mail). 1212 Land Title Bldg., Phila delphia. and 122 Cynwyd Rd.. Bala. Pa. WILDE, Ray S. M., (1916). Consulting Engr., (for mail), 1216 Michigan Theatre Bldg., Detroit, and 194 Connecticut Ave., Highland Park, Mich. WILDER, Edward L., (1915). Mgr. Industrial Sales Dept., (for mail), Rochester Gas & Electric Corp., 89 East Ave., and 16 Ericsson St., Roches ter. N. Y. WILEY, Charles S., (1921), Htg. and Vtg. Engr., (for mail). Eastman Kodak Co., Kodak Park, and 239 Mulberry St., Rochester, N. Y. . WILEY, Edgar C., (1909), Consulting Engr., Wiley & Wilson, Lynchburg, Va. WILLARD, Arthur C., (1914), (2nd Vice-Pres. 1926: Council 1923-1926). Prof. Htg. and Vtg.. and Head of Dept, of Mech, Engrg., (for mail). University of Illinois, and 1208 W. California St.. Urbana. III. WILLIAMS, Allen W., (Associate 1915), Secy- National Warm Air Htg. & Vtg. Assn., 174 E. Long St., Columbus, O. WILLIAMS, Jesse M., (Associate 1925), Pres., (for mail). Williams Radiator Co., 1864 W. Washington St., and 861 Harcourt Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. WILLIAMS, John McFarland, Jr., (Junior 1927), Sales Engr., Pierce. Butler & Pierce Mfg. Co., Guilford Ave. and Saratoga St., and (for mail), 2401 Garrison Ave., Baltimore. Md. WILLIAMS. J. Walter, (1915). Pres, and Treas., WHELLER, Harry S., (1916), Vice-Pres., L. J. Forest City Plumbing Co., 332 E. State St., Wing Mfg. Co.. 352 West 13th St., New York, Ithaca. N. Y. N; Y., and (for mail), 230 Stiles St.. Elizabeth, N. J. WILLIAMS, Oliver L., (Associate 1925), Br. Mgr., (for mail), Bryant Heater & Mfg. Co- WHITAKER, Ernest C., (1925). Chief Engr., 1305 E. End Trust Bldg., and 814 N. Negley Buerkel & Co., Inc., 24 Union Park St., Boston, Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. and (for mail), 35 Sherborn St., Arlington, Mass. WILLIAMS, Robert Eubank, (1926), Consulting WHITBY, Stephen S., (Associate 1922), Treas., Culbert & Whitby Co., Inc.. 2019 Rittenhouse St., Philadelphia, Pa., and (for mail), 208 Yale Rd., Audubon, N. J. Engr., (for mail), 308 Home Insurance Bldg., and 2427 Broadway. Little Rock, Ark. WILLIAMSON, Arthur H,, (Associate 1915). Sales Mgr., (for mail), American Radiator Co. of WHITE,. Elwood S., (1921), Pres., Thermal Appliance Co., 342 Madison Ave., and- 21 Washington Sq., New York, N. Y. * WHITE, Everett A., (1921). Head of Engrg. Dept., Crane Co., 30 South 16th St., and 4611 Delor St., St. Louis, Mo. . WHITE. M. G., Jr., (1925). 128 Welan St.. Brooklyn, N.Y. . WHITE. Walker G.. (Associate 1925), Westing- house Elec. & Mfg. Co., 150 Broadway, New York. N. Y. WHITLEY, James, (1919), Consulting Engr.. Whiteley Sc Sanders, 3000 Grand. River Ave., and 520 Navahoe Ave., Detroit, Mich. . WHITTEMORE, Edward H., (1920). Engr., (for mail). Stone & Webster, 147 Milk St., Boston, and 96 Church St., W. Roxbury, Mass. WHITTEN, H. E., (1924). Pres, and Treas., (for mail). H. E. Whitten Co., 9 Federal Circuit, Boston, and 56 Highland Rd.. W. Somerville. Mass. ` Michigan, Broadway and Grand River Ave., Barium Bldg., and 2272 Glynn Court, Detroit. Mich. WILLIAMSON, Fred W., (1914), Consulting Engr., 1418 East 34th St., Brooklyn, N. Y. WILLIAMSON, George R., (1920), Sales Engr., The Mouat Vapor Heating Co., 1246 W. Fourth St. and 10113 Barton Ave., Cleveland, O. WILLIS. Frederick H., (1921). Chief Engr.. (for. main. W. N. Bowman Co.. 612 Insurance Bldg., .and 1110 Jackson St.. Denver. Colo. WILLIS, Roy C., (1927), Vice-Pres. and Secy., (for mail). Vapor Engrg. Co.. 489 Fifth Ave.. and 227 Audubon Ave., New York. N. Y. WILMOT, Chas. S., (1919), Phoenirville, Pa. WILSON, Benjamin W.. (1922). Htg. and Vtg. Eagr.. (for mail). The Ballinger Co.. S.E. Cor. 12th and Chestnut Sts., and 5935 Windsor Ave., W. Philadelphia, Pa. WILSON, Charles H., (1920). Htg. and Vtg. Engr., Fuller & Warren Co., 1403 Park Blvd., Troy, N. Y. 41 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 WILSON, Ernest J. F,, (1923), Partner, Wiley & Wilson, Consulting Engrs., 801 Main St., and Oakwood Place, Lynchburg, Va. WILSON, Eugene K., (1919). Wilson & Co., (for mail), 1017 Duke St.,'and 12 Lafayette Blvd., Norfolk, Va. ' WILSON. F. A., (1910), 20945-110 Ave., Bellair, L. I., N. Y. WILSON, George T., (1925), Gurney Foundry Co., Ltd., 500 King St., Toronto, and (for mail), Tyre Ave., Islington, Ont.. Can. WILSON, Harry A., (1903), Box 1903, Washing, ton, R. I. WILSON, Howard M,, (Associate 1925). Br. Mgr., (for mail), Standard Heater Co., 136 Federal St., Boston, and 15 Chestnut St., Wellesley Hill, Mass. WILSON, J. J., (Charter Member), Consulting Engr., Most Supply Co.. Fourth and Girard . Ave., and (for mail), 5514 Paschall Ave., Phila delphia, Pa. ' WILSON, William H., (Associate 1923), Wis. Mgr., (for mail). Johnson Service Co., 149-159 Michigan St., and 431 Olive St., Milwaukee, Wis. WILSON, William S,, (Associate 1924). Mgr. Lands Dept., The Lake Superior Corp., and 210 McGregor Ave., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Can. WINCH, Franklin R., (1925), Consulting Engr., (for mail), 1031 Broadway, and 5462 Carlin St., Los Angeles, Calif; WINTERBOTTOM, John W., (1915), Vice- Pres, and Engr., Lock Box 2045, Sta. A., Water loo. la. WINTERBOTTOM, Ralph F., (Associate 1923), Mgr., Faultless Heater Mfg. Co., and (for mail), P. O. Box 2217, Sta. A, Waterloo, la. WINTERER, Frank C., (1920), Htg. Dept., (for mail), Cochran-Sargent Co., Fifth and Sibley Sts., and 836 Juno St., St. Paul, Minn. . WINTERER, Raymond J., (1919). Mgr. Htg. Dept., Crane & Ordway Co., Fifth and Rosabel Sts., and (for mail), 197 S. Fairview St., St. Paui, Minn. . WISE, Frank W., (Associate 1918), Sales Engr., (for mail). General Boilers Co., 615 City Bk. Bldg., and 2751 Charlotte St., Kansas City, Mo. WISE, Mason W., (1923), Prop., (for mail). M. W. Wise Co.. 215 Glenn Bldg., and R. F. D. No. 2. Atlanta, Ga. WITTLEDER, Edward A., (Junior 1926), Mech. Draftsman, Narowetz Htg. & Vtg. Co.. 1711-17 Maypole Ave., and (for mail), 3429 Medill Ave., ' Chicago. III. WOLF, J. C,, (1923), Bayley Mfg. Co., 1367 Stowell Ave.', Milwaukee, Wis. '. WOLFF, Oscar H., (1926), Salesman, Hoffman .`Specialty Co., 1819 S. Newstead Ave., St. Louis, Mo. WOLFF, Richard A., (Junior 1915;1919), Pres., ; (for mail), Wolff & Munier, Inc., 222 East 41st St., New York, and Hewlett, L. I., N. Y. WOLFSFELD, Charles F,, (1923), Chief Drafta- ' man. Board of Education, Flatbush Ave. and Concord St.,. Brooklyn, and (for mail), Vista Ave.. Bayside, L. I., N. Y. ` WOOD, James Sydney, (1926). Estimator, (for ` -mail). The Bennett Sc Wright Co.,- Ltd., 72 Queen St., E., Toronto, Ont., Can. WOODLING, Miner D,, (1926), Prop., (for mail). Miner D. Woodling Htg. & Vtg. Co., 428-30 Dwight Bldg., and 301 West 51st Terrace, Kansas City, Mo. WOOLLEY, Thos. R., (1916). Sales Engr,, Woolley Engineering Co.,-2457 Woodward Ave., and (for mail), 3267 Tyler Ave., Detroit, Mich. WOOLSTON, Alfred H,, (1919), Member of Firm, (for mail). Bowers Bros. & Co., 2015 Sansom St., and 4815 North 12th St., Phila delphia. Pa. WOOLSTON, C. Elmer, (1924), Bowers Bros. & Co., 2015 Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa. WORM, Amdi, (Associate 1924), Factory Repr., Flaxlinum Insulating Co., 1425 Grand Ave., and (for mail), 2424 East 68th St., Kansas City, Mo. WORTH, William Ellison, (Associate 1927), Industrial Engr.. (for mail), Minneapolis Heat Regulator Co., 5036-40 Grand Central Terminal, ` New York, and Apt. 6A, Pelham Gables, Pelham, N. Y. . WORTHING, E., (1923), Bayley Mfg. Co., 732 Greenbush St., and 56 Prospect St., Milwaukee, Wis. WRIGHT, Charles Leslie, (1925), Mgr., Htg. and Vtg. Dept., (for mail), Geo. E. Gibson Co.. Inc., 441 Lexington Ave., and 54 West 94th St... New York, N. Y. WRIGHT, Harris H,, (1917), Mgr., C. A. Dun ham Co., Pacific Steel Boiler Co., 207 Davidson Bldg., and 1214 E. Gillham Rd., Kansas City, Mo. WRIGHT, John C., (1926), Associate, Fletcher H. Burke--John C. Wright--Associate, 392 Franklin St., Buffalo^ N. Y.- WRIGHT, Kenneth A., (1921), Mgr., (for mail), Johnson Service Co., 1113 Race St.;, Cincinnati, O., and 113 Orchard Rd., Ft. Mitchell, Ky. WUNDERLICH, Milton S., (1925), Mech. Engr., Flaxlinum Insulating Co., Hampden and Wabash, (for mail), 1598 Laurel Ave., St. Paul. Minn. WYLIE, Howard McW., (1917; 1925), Vice-Pres.. In charge of Sales, (for mail), The Nash Engrg. Co., and 51 Elmwood Ave., South Norwalk, Conn. Y. YAGER, John.J., (1921), Pres, and Gen. Mgr., Goergen-Mackwirth Co., Inc., 817 Sycamore St., and' (for mail), 272 Carlton St., Buffalo, N. Y. YAGLOU, Constantin P.,*.(1923), Instructor in Vtg. and Illumination, (for mail). Harvard School of Public Health, 55 Van Dyke St., Boston 17, Mass., and 213 Aspinwall Ave., Brookline. Mass.. ' YAMASAKI, Kanjiro, (Associate 1923), Htg. Engr., Daiwa Kogyo Co., Ltd., First Mutual Bldg., Rm. 216, No. 53 chome Denmacho. Kyobashi-Ku, Tokio, Japan. YARDLEY, Ralph W., (1920), Asst. Supt. of Construction. 111. Penitentiary Comm., 717 Heggie Bldg., Joliet, and (for mail), 817 N, Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. YATES, Walter, (1902), Managing Dir., Mat thews & Yates. Ltd., Swinton, Manchester, Eng. - Z . _. ZECK, Alex., (1904), Pres., Alex Zeck St Son Co., Morgantown, W. Va. ZIEL, Herbert E., (1924), Albert Kahn, 1000 Marquette Bldg., Detroit,- Mich. ZINGSH$IM, George Godfrey, (1927), Br. Mgr., Richardson &.Boynton Co., 301 N. Seventh St., and (for mail), 4011 Pleasant Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. ZOKELT, C. G., (1921), (for mail). Northwest Engrg. Co., 414 Central Bldg., and 2355 16th' Ave., S., Seattle, Wash. ZORB, Henry Phillip, (1927), Master Fitter, (for mail), 2620 Fourth Ave., and 2334 Oakdale Ave., Detroit, Mich. ZUEHLKE, Rudolph, (1923), (for mail), Zuehlke- Stoehr Htg. Co., 1701 Clybourn St., Milwaukee, and 579 15th Ave., Wauwatosa, Wis. 42 Summary of Membership ' (Corrected to July 15, 1927) UNITED STATES Alabama................ 4 Arkansas......................................: ...... 1 California..............................._...........:__ 22 Colorado........................ 22 Connecticut........... .................................. 23 Delaware.................................................... 4 District of Columbia..... ........ ;............ 7 Florida............. ........................... 7 Georgia....................................... 14 Illinois.:........................... 255 Indiana....... .......................................... _ 31 Iowa............................. ......... ;.................. 14 Kansas,..,........................... 9 Kentucky.................. 6 Maine............_________..________ _____ 5 Maryland.............. ........................... ;...... 20 Massachusetts............... 105 Michigan----------:...................................... 118 Minnesota........................ 50 Mississippi_______________ 2 Missouri.............. ................ 106 Montana..................;.......................,........ 3 Nebraska.,..................... 7 New Jersey_______ ____________ ........ 73 New York.......................... 392 North Carolina............... 6 Ohio.......................................................... 81 Oklahoma........... ...................................... 5 Oregon.._____ ___ ____ ........ 1 Pennsylvania............................... 289 Rhode Island......................... 8 Tennessee:................................................ 8 Texas..................... 9 Utah............. ........... 2 Vermont......... .................................. ....... 3 Virginia......................... 19 Washington_____ ___________________ 19 West Virginia_____ _________ ___ 5 Wisconsin____.,________ ____ ... 50 1805 Canada..... . . China...___ Denmark...! England___ France...... .. Germany... Ireland___ Japan........... FOREIGN COUNTRIES ............. 68 Mexico...............:........ . ............. 7 New Zealand........ ......... .... ........... 3 Norway............................ !____ :.. 17 Russia.............................. ________ 4 Sweden...... ...................... ............. 1 Switzerland...... !............ ........... .. ---------- 1 6 Total Membership... .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 113 1918 SUMMARY OF MEMBERSHIP BY GRADES .Honorary Members.............................................. ................. 1 Presidential Members...........................................:________ 20 Members................................................................................___ 1413 Associate Members____ ______________ _______ ____1._____ 343 Junior Members.......................... ................,...... ................. 141 1918 43 LIST OF MEMBERS Arranged Geographically UNITED STATES ALABAMA Birmingham-- Boisclair, H. C. Bunnell, E. W. Festorazzi, A. O. Lichty, C. P. . ARKANSAS Little Rock-- Williams. R E. CALIFORNIA Alhambra-- Arthur, H. W. Stockly. H. A. Huntington Park-- Berg, A. H. Berkeley-- ' Duncan, G. W., Jr. Glendale-- Dougherty, P. J. Los Angeles-- Butler, C. Davis, W. A. Larimer. G. B. Miller. R A. ONettl.soon.,wH.. A. Russel. D. P. Williams. J. M. Winch. F. R Oakland-- Cummings, G. J. Pasadena-- Gifford, R L. - San Francisco-- Haley. H. S. Krueger, J. 1. Leland, W. E. . Penhallegon, R 0. Thompson, C. San Mateo-- Mead, W. R COLORADO Denver-- . Adams. C. W. Bagnall, G. A.' Bradbury. G. L. Brickey, J. P. CuByford, F. S. Daly. J. H. Deranleau, R L. Fielding. H. H. Foley. W. J. Gillespie. R. B. Herman. H. H. Larimer. W. M. Michael, L. A.' c. o.Price. F. E. Voigt, Wallace. A. Wallace. J. F. Ward, O. G. Willis. F. H. Colorado Springs-- Bumstead, F. E. Jardine. D. C. Glenwood Springs-- Stoltenberg, T. R. CONNECTICUT Bridgeport-- Clement, E. R Cos Cob-- Jones, A. L. Hartford-- Byrnes. T. F. Moltz. G. N. Purcell. A. J. New Britain-- New Haven-- Dibble, A. B. . Foisy, G. A. ` Hoyt. W. B. Jenkins, H. E. Lockwood, E. H. . Menzies. F. R New London^-- Forsberg, W. Hopson, W. T. Noroton Heights-- Ashley. E. E. S. Norwalk-- Harvey. A. D. Jennings. I. C." Mead. E. A. Wylie. H. M. W. Springdale-- . . Broderick, J. F. Waterbury-- Simpson, W. K. Winsted-- Griffin, P. C. Hutton. W. DELAWARE Wilmington-- Gawthrop, F. H. Kershaw, M. G. Lownsbery, B. F. Schoenijahn, R. P. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Washington-- Coward, H. Gardner, S. F. Goldstein. A. M. Mewshaw, J. P. Thompson, N. S. WescWer, G. A. FLORIDA Jacksonville-- Denson, W. ' Irwin, C. W. Olsen. A. J. Orlando-- Kressly, M. E. Tampa-- Chapman, D. W Smith. V. A- Winter Haven-- Thomas, B. A. GEORGIA \ Atlanta-- Alger, R W. Baker. I. C. Carder. W. W. Klein. E. W. Lidity, A. J. Pottinger, C. T. Rhodes, S. V. Wise, M. W. Columbus--: Dexter, MacD. Hartpence, C. C. Gainesville-- Jackson, J. W. 44 ILLINOIS Belleville-- Karr, T,, Jr; ' Berwyn-- Kitch. S. B. Bloomington-- Howell. L. Soper, H. A. Champaign-- ' Brownell, C. D. Chicago-- Abrahamson, P. Allan, C. D. . Allen, H. D. Amstein. A. W. Andel. F. J. Arenberg, M. K. Armspach, O. W. Ashenhufst, H. S. Atkinson, R. E. Baker. E. V. Barrows. C. E. Beery. C.` E. Beling. E. HBennett, P. D. Birkhoiz. H. A. Birkholz, H. E. . Black. F. C. Bloom. S. C. Boswin, G. A. Braun, L. T. Braytoa, W. M. Brown, A. P. Burger, J. C. Burke, G. B. Burns. W. A. Burt, H. J. Carnahan, G. C. Cartland, S. Casey. B. L. Casserly, T. D. Chenoweth, W. H. Cheyney, C. C. Claffey, E. J. Clark, H. J. Clow. M. T. Cornell. H. Coughlin, R J. Crannell, C. A. Crawford, W. B. Crone, C. E. Cutler, J. A. Cutter, E. H. Davis, J. H. Deland, C. W. Dewar, J. G. Dickinson, C. E. Doherty, J. Douglass. T. C. Dunham, C, A. Ebin, L. ' Ettis, W. C. Emmert; L. D. Roll of Membership raoer, G. S. Fenner, N. P. Finan, E. j. Finan. J. J., Sr. Fleming, J. P. Frank, J. M. Funck, E. H. Gardner, W., Jr. Gaylord, F. H. Gemeny. W. J. . Getschow. G. M. Getschow. R M. Gilmore, R E. Good. M. S. Gordon, E. G. Gossett, E. J. Graham, W. D. Graves. C. C. Graves. W. B. Grebe. H. W. Gross, R A. Gustafson, T. E. Haas, S. L. . Haines, J. J. Hale. J. F. Halliday, L. Haftsen. J. Hart. H. M. Hart. T. H. Hartman. F. E. Hattis, R E, Hayes, J. J. Hayward. R. B. Heck. G. L., Jr. Heckel, E. P. Hennings. W. A. Henrich, G. A. Herbaczek. E. Herlihy. G. F. Herlihy, J. J. Hill, E. V. Hoier, W. V. Hoover. H. E. Hornung. J. C. Horton, H. F. Howatt, J. Hubbard, G. W. Impey, p. F. Jackson. C. J. Jaynes. E. L. Jenson. J. S. Johnson. C. W. Jones. E. F. ` Jones, H. B. Kaiser, H. S. Keeney, F. P. Kehm. A. ' Keyes. R. E. Kirk. G. H Kohlbry, E. G. Kreissl. H. G. Kroeger, A. Lagodzinski. H. J. Lang. L. P. Larson, J. M. Larson. W. C. Lathrop. Dr. E. Ct Lautenschlager. F. Lees. H. K. Lenone. J. M: Lewis, S. R. Lippe. E. V. . Lippman. O. S. Luce. G. D., Jr'. McCauley. J. H.. Jr. McClellan. J. E. McDonnell. E. N. McEvoy. W. J. McFarland, W. P. McGregor. G. H. McLelland. H. B. Maier, H. F. Malone. D. G. Marschall, P. J. Martin, A. B. Martin, O. W. Matchett. J. C. Mathis, E. Mathi3, H. Mathis. J. W. Matby, J., Jr. Mehring, G. Evanston-- Cuyler, D. H. Kilby, R E. Mauer, W. J. Thomas, H. G. Mertz, W. A. Miller, F. A. Joliet-- . Miller, J. E. Menk, R W. Miller, L. B. Milliken, J. H. Moler, W. H. Monaghan. T. H. Montgomery, W. R Moran. F. E. Muth, H. Nacey, H. M. Baker, E. E. Bronson, C. E. Dickson. R. B. Hartman, J. M. Pursell, H. E. Narowetz, L. L., Jr. Neiler. S. G. Nesdahl, E. Newport, C. F. LaGrarige-- Eaton. B: K. Linn, H. R Norman, M. A. Nilson, A. Lakeview-- Nilson, K. A. Toenniges, G. C. Nulsen, C. A. O'Brien. J. H. Moline-- OJsen. C. F. Olson. A. E. Orr. F. B. Pask. R. J. Pearson. F. L. Pence, M. D. Brady. J. L. Nelson. H. W. Nordine, L. F. Otis, G. E. Tyler. F. T. Pitcher, L. J. Pope. S. A. Pope, W. A. Powers, F. W. Prentice. P. J. ` Presdee, C. W. Reid. H. P. Reynolds. H. A. Oak Park-- Alexander, A. D. Barnes. R. B. Blanding, G. H. May, E. A. Muir. G. A. Uhlhorn, W. J. Rietz, E. W. Rollins. F. D. Peoria-- Rosenbach, R G. Robb. J. M. Ross, J. F. Saunders, J. C. Rockford-- Scheidecker, D. B. Seelig. L. ` Merwin, G. E.. Seltzer. A. P. Shea.J. R Sheriffs, W. A. Shultz.E. Skagerberg. R Small. J. D. Urbana-- Day. V. S. Fahnestock, M. K. * Kratz. A. P. Willard, A. C. Soper. I. N. Spielman, G. P. ' Waukegan-- Sprague, F. H. Reynolds. H. M. Stannard, J. M. Stedman, C. N. Winnetka-- Stockenberg, R. Storm. E. S. Ellis. E. E. Sutcliffe, A. G. Thinn, C. A. Thomas. R H. INDIANA Truitt. J. E. Trumbo. S. M. Vernon. J. R.. Walsh. A. F. Elkhart-- Shreiner, D. C.- Walters, V. ' Walters. W. T. Evansville-- Walther, V. H. . ' Bergner, W. G. Watson. J. H. Legeman, R. E. Watson, R E, Weil. M. Jeffersonville-- Weinshank, H. T. Weinshank, T. Hancock. J. R WIddicombe, R. A. Wittleder, E. A. Yardley, R W. ' Fort Wayne-- McCarthy. B. J. Decatur-- Shorb, W. A. Edwardsville-- Blackmore, F. H. Indianapolis-- Ammerman, C. R. Cones. Benj. Dresen. W. D. Fenstennaker, S. E. Kagedon, C. H. Hayes, J. G. 45 LaFolIette. B. F. Perham, S. H. Repp, H. L. Rotz, J. M. Shipp, C. C. Stitt. H. B. Voorhees. G. A. Warren. C. N. WhDines, H. Lafayette-- Hoffman, J. D. Noland, R. W. Orth. J. W. La Porte-- Shrock. J. H. Michigan City-- Stockwell, W. R. Muncle-- Hutzel. M. H. Hutzel. V. C. Peru-- Pyle. J. W. Thrush, H. A. South Bend-- Leusch, V. W. Terre Haute-- Prox. R. F. IOWA Ackley-- Nelson. G. O.. Cedar Rapids-- Moore, R F. . Motejl. J. A. Davenport-- Phelps, H. R Des Moines-- Bogardus. G. W. Somers, W. S. Dubuque-- Meston. A. B. Fort Madison-- Theisen. E. F. Le Mars-- , . Mathey, N. J. Sioux City-- Hagan, W. V. Orr. M. J. Waterloo-- Bartley, J. S.. Jr. Winterbottom, J. W. Winterbottom, R F. KANSAS Emporia-- Burnap. C. W. Hiawatha-- Barnes. A. R Hutchinson-- Hertz. H. P. Paulsen. C. E. Stevens. H. L. American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Independence-- Sellars. F. J. Llndsborg-- Holmberg, J. A. Boston-- Abboud, A. Bartlett, A. C. - Barton, R. E. Bostwick, C. G. Boyden, D. S. . . Framingham-- Fitch. W.-S. Nason, G..L. Hyde Park-- Scheibel, A. H. Ann Arbor-- Backus. T. H. L. Brender, P. E. Cuthbert. I. N. Emswiler. Prof. J. E. Hutzel, A. F. Wichita-- Cloud, O. E. O'Connor, J. M. Boynton, D. W. Brinton, J. W. Brooks. T. C. Brown, R. H. Indian Orchard-- Moynihan, J. C. Birmingham-- Locker, C. W. . . Bryant, Dr. A. G. Lawrence-- Detroit-- KENTUCKY Lexington-- Anderson, F. P. Evans, J. H. Cooper. F. I. Cummings, C. K.. Dolan, W. H., Jr. Drinker, P. Duquet, A. M. Dusossoit, E. A. Eaton. R. Ehrenzeller, A. . Bride. W. T. Leominster-- Kern, R.' T, ' Lynn-- . Feehan, J. B. Baier, W. P. ' Barth, H. E. Bishop, F. R. Blessed, W. A. Boales, W. G. Calvert, N. W. Clark. E. H. Collamore, R. Louisville-- Helburn, I. B. Lewis, J. C. Murphy. H. C. Reed, W. M. MAINE Portland-- Fels. A. B. Merrill. C. J. Webb, J. S. Ellis. F. R. ' Foulds, P. A. L. Franklin, R. S. Gilmore, F. P. Gleason, G. H. Goodrich, C. F. Herrick, D. A. Hilliard, C. E. _ Hosterman, C. C. Hubbard, A. ^ Ingalls, F. D. B. Kelley, J. J. Kellogg. A. Kimball, C. W. Kirmes, E. W. Morgan, F. H. Pool, S. H. Reardon, J. A. Malden-- Moulton, D. Mattapan-- Mitchell, C. H. Medford-- . Dane, I. S. Suits, G. A. Connell, R. F. . . Coon, T. E. - Cummings, C. A. Daly, R- E. Dauch. E. O. .. Davis, L. J. Decker, E. M. * Degan, J. E. Diilman, E. J. Donahue. E. S. Doody, C. A. Dubry, E. Dwyer, J. V. Eggleston, L. W. Emerick, S. H. Woodfords-- Eaton, P. Haskell. B. E. MARYLAND ' McCoy. T. F. McKenna. Wm. N. McLean, I. D. Matthews, C. R. Mower, W. P. Myrick, J. W. H. Osborne, M. M. Preble. J. J. _ Price, W. H-, Jr. Medford Hillside-- ' Granfield, J. J- Melrose-- . Pierce, E. F., Jr. Smallman, E. W. Newton-- . . Fuller, J. L. Gallaher, J. E. Giguere, Geo. H. Goss, M. H. . Green, J. E. Hamlin. H. A. Harms, W. T. Harrigan, E. M. Heydon, C. G. Baltimore-- Adams, H. ' Berger, C. D. Collier, W. I. .' Dorsey, F. C. Eisert, H. Huether, C. G. L. Leilich, R. L. ` . McCrea, L. W. * Meyers, J. Munroe, E. K. Posey, J. Reeder. C. L. Thain. A. E. Vance, L. G.. . Wachter. J. A,. Williams, J. M., Jr. Shaw, E. . Shaw, R. E. Smallman, W. T. Stearns, W. F. Stetson. L. R. Stone. E. RSwaney, C. R- Teasdale, L. A. Thompson, R- C. Tilden, E. E. Tuttle. J. F.; Underhill, W. W. Wade. N. S. Whittemore, E. H. Whitten, H. E. Wiegner. H. B. Wilson. H. M. Yaglou, C. P. Cousens, W. S. Hill. N. J. ^ Newtonville-- Hoffman, C. F. Hogan, E. L. Jones, W. T. Hubbard. N. B. ' Hughson, H. H. Pittsfield-- Johnson, F. W. Robbins, L. G. Johnson, H. S. Johnston, W. B. Reading1-- Kappler, H. C. . Florence, W. E., Jr. Killian, M. A. . Knight, A. B. . Wellesley Hill-- Lance, J. . Gilling, W. F,, Jr. Landers, J. JLinhard, H. V. West Newton-- Little, E. R. Place, H. R. Lovelace, J. A. McColl, J. R- - West Medford-- Mclntire, J. F. , Chevy Chase:-- Brighton-- Higgins, J. M. McLean, D. McNair, E. E. . Cooley, M. S. ' Schanze, A. G.. - Weymouth-- Cumberland-- Macfarlane. J. Howard County-- Tibbets. J. C. Rockville-- Brunett. A. L. Cambridge-- - Baker. R. H. . Chaisson, C. H. Cox, C. J. . Flint, C. T. Haddock. I. T. Heath, F. R. . Klonower, A. A. .. Berchtold, E. W. . Clough, L. Woburn-- ' Parker. P.' Wollaston-- Hodgdon, H. A. Worcester-- Dorchester-- MASSACHUSETTS Plunkett, J. H. ' Dix, H. M. Hawes, H. R. . Marion, C. A. Meyer, J* W., Jr.. Miller, J.F.G. Morgan, C. S. Morse, C. T. .. , Paetz, H. E. Parrott, L. G. Partlan, J. W. Peckham, R. R* Pittelkow, A. G. Purcell, F. C. Purcell, R. E. Roney, T. G. . Rowe. W. A. Swan, T. J. Russell, W. A. Arlington-- Shaw, N. J. H. Whitaker, E. C; Everett--^ McMurrer, L. J. MICHIGAN . Saulson, S. Schildmiller, G. H. ' Shuell, F. W. Smith, G. W. Belmont-- Newcomb,. R. Fitchburg-- Karlson, A. F. Adrian-- . Storey, T. G. . Smith, L, L.. * Snell, E. . . 46 Snyder. J. W. Soderberg, C. H. Spitzley. R. L. Spurgeon, J. H. Stephen, H. M. Stevens, F. H. Sturges, H. A. Verner, W. F. Walker, J. H. Wallich, A. C.` Walton, H. L. Whelan, W. J. Whiteley, J. Whitten. H. W. - Wigle, B. M. Wilde. R. S. M. Williamson, A. H. Wooley, T. R. Ziel. H. E. Zorb, H. P. Dowaging-- . - Firestone, J. F. . Grand Rapids-- Alexander, C. H. Bradfield, W. W. . Carroll, W. J. Hepburn. G. V. Miller. H. N. Pearson. H. D. Waters, G/G. Highland Park- Foster, W. M. Holland-- Cherven, V. W. Kalamazoo-- Blaney. C. A. Kersjes, W. Monroe, L. O. Lansing-- Distel, F,, Jr. Muskegon-- ' Johnson, P. H. , Pleasant Ridge-- Petherick, D. H. Saginaw-- . Swartwout, J. D. Standish-- Burr, R. J. MINNESOTA, Duluth-- Foster, C. Page, S. H. Minneapolis-- . Andresen. A. W. ' Bjerken, M. H. Bradford, H. H. Brown, J; H. Burns, E. T. Burritt. C.` G. Cash. T* T. Challman, S. A; Cowles, B. E. , Cummins, G. H. * Forfar, D. M." - ' Gerrish.'H. E. Gordon. E. B.. Jr. Hanchett. J. H. Harris, J. B. ' Hasey. C. E. " Roll of Membership Huch, A. J. Jones, D. C- . Martenis, J. V.' Morgan. G. C. Mosher, R. B. Munson, M. G. Parks, W. N. Probst; A. H: Rowley, F. B. Sanford, A. L.Sperzel, H. J. Tangeman, B. W. UIU. w. f. Welter, M. A. Zingsheim, G. G. Owatonna-- Clarkson, W. B. St. Paul-- _ . Anderson, P. E. Buenger. A. Gausman, C. E. Heagler. J. M. Jones. E. F. Lewis, E. B.' Otto, R. W. Rockart, E. R. Rollins, L. M. Ruff. D. C. Stewart, E. A. Wagner, A. M. Winterer, F. C. Winterer, R. J. Wunderlich. M. S. MISSISSIPPI Jackson-- Paine, K. A. Peters, H. G.'' MISSOURI Independence-- Cook, B. F. Kansas City-- Arthur. J. M., Jr. Bidwell, R. E. Burton, C. A Caleb, D. Campbell, E. K. Carr, C. H. ` Clegg, Carl . Cox. W. f; Desparois, L. J. Dodds, F. F. Downes, N. W. Dunlap, R. L. Ellis, J. E. Fehlig, J. B. Gillham. W. ,E. Gorton, G. H. Griffin. F. A.. Jr. Henrici. H. C. Hitchcock, F- P. Jackson. T. L. Johnson, R. B. Jones, E. Joyce, W. P. Kitchen, F. A. Kitchen, J, H. Lewis, J. G. Mason, R. B. Millis, L. W. Natkin, B. Naylor, B. C.- Painter, D. H. Parks, V. H. Pease, J. G. Pensinger, L. C. ' Pines, S. . Qualtrough, B. F, Rivard, M. M. Sheppard. F..A. Stephenson, L. A. Weiss, C. A. Wise, F. W. Bozeman-- Powers. F. I, NEBRASKA Woodling. M. D. Worm, A. Wright. H. H. . Hastings--. Gedney, K. H. Kirkwood-- McMorran, F. J. Omaha-- * Liberty-- Dudfield, A. Springfield-- . Cooper, H. Davidson, H. MacD. Hayes, P. M. McCuIley, D. E. Shea, M. B. Waddington. B. C. St. Louis-- Baetz, H. . Bayse, H. V. Bowers, J. S. Bradley, E. P. Bradley, J. T. Branigin, H. L. Browning, H. K. Buder, C. G. Butler, C. W. Cook, C. D. Cooper, J. W. ' . Scottsbluff-- Davis, O. E. . NEW JERSEY Atlantic City-- Strouse, S. B. ' Audubon-- Whitby. S. S. . De Nellie, J. L. . Edwards, D. F. Eichler, A. Falvey, j. D. Ferguson, R. R. : Forgan, D. M. Foster, J. M. - Gale, T. J. C. Gallaher, A. J. - Graves. R. E. Gunn, J. F. Hallett, E. S. Halley, W. H. Harris. H. W. Helwig, G. A. . Hester, T. J. . Humphreys, A. E. Kaysing, H. C. Keiser, W. Kinealy. J. H. Lane. A. M. Beverly--- . Mann, C. P. Bloomfield-- . Bartlett. C. D. Hochuli, H. W Taylor, T. S; Bogota-- Heebner, W. M. ' Camden-- Kappel. G. W. A. Lanning, E. K. Strandwitz, W. J. Webster, E/K. *. Webster, W. Webster, W., Jr. . Langenberg. E. B. Manahan, J. E. Meara. J. J. Cranford-- Terrell. H. A. Merrell, S. A. . Messmer, G. E. Milward, R. K. ' Moon, L. W. . Niestrath. W. H. Picker, F. C. Pickett, C. A. . ; . Quentin. E. H. Rickly, F. A. Robertson. J. M. Rosebrough, R. M. Rossman, V. D,. - Russell, W. L. A. Sachleben. E. H. Schulze. B. H. Sodemann. W. C. ' Stack, M. F. . . Stammer, E. L. Steckhan, L. . East Orange-- Bolling. Esten Merkel, F. P. Schroth, A. H. Turno, W. G. W. Elizabeth-- Cornwall, G. T. Pearce, C. E. Wheller. H. S. 1 Essex Fells-- Carrier, W. H. Stacey. A. E,, Jr. Glen Ridge-- . Chapman, F. T. Thomsen, W. T. Walters, A. L. White, E. A. Wolff, O. H. Glen Rock-- Hall, C. H. Gloucester-- MONTANA Schrader, C. C. Grantwood--- Billings-- Butler, P. D. Cohagen, C. C. Tooker, C. C. Haddonfield-- Dobbs. C. E. . American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide. 1928 Hasbrouck Heights-- NEW YORK Goodwin, S. L. Hilton-- Heiles, F. C. Jersey City-- Calahan, J. J. Jones, H. L. Reichwald, C. W. Ritchie. W. Albany-- Hynes, L. P. Murray, T. F. Naden, L. J. Ryan, H. J. Taggart, R. G. Bronxville-- Barr. G. W. Jobstown-- Allinson, O. H. Kearney-- Vogelbach, O. Lyndhurst-- Ehrlich, M. W. Knapp. A. F. Maplewood-- Smith, M. S. Merchantville-- Binder, C. G. . . Montclair-- Frutchey. M P. Tomhnson, M. C. w. Newark-- bailey. J- H. Bentz. H. Connolly. C. I. Evans, W. A. Hunt, P. M. Janet, H. L. Kieb. A. A. Lewis, L. L. Lindeman, H. Lyle, J. I. ' McCormick, E. T. Noble, M. Soule. L. C. West, Perry Passaic-- ' Boeker. C. H. Hankin, R. Morris, C. R- Brooklyn-- Atwater, L. W. Bampton, C. M. Bender, C. P. Bennett, I. T. Blest, F. S. Bondy. W. S. Chadeayne. G. D. Crutchley, E., Jr. Dalto. F. J. Donnelly. J. A. Dwyer, T. F. Dyer, W. S. Eells. H. B. Ely, F. E. _ Emery, W. D. Erickson, H. A. Gardner, B. F. Gornston, M. H. Hanley. J. H., Jr. Hinchman, E. G. Kiewitz, C. Kreitner, W. McCann, F. G. Mandeville, E. W. Mayette, C. E. Moss, E. Musaus, J.. Jr. . Phillips, F. W., Jr. Robertson, G. A. Ruppert, E. H. ' Scollay, U. G. Seward, P. H. Shay, R. A. Siegel, L. Thuem, A. E. Tisnower, W. Tusch, W. Vivarttas, E. A. Williamson, F. W Paterson-- Pryor, F. L. Plainfield'-- MacDouxall, B. W. Rech. P. D. Tobin, G. J. Riverton-- ' Bilyeu, W. F. Brunt, T. B. Short Hills-- ' Fouilhoux, J. A. South Orange-- Baird. F. X.' Trenton-- - Black, J. J- A. Pioer. A. . Union City-- Darton, A. W. Tavema, F. F. West New York-- Ricker, J. J. West OrangeTerry, F. W. Buffalo-- Ahlff. A. L. Beman, M. C. Booth, C. A. Bresnahan, J. J. Bulkeley. C. A. Burke. F. H. Case. E. W. Castin, L. N. Cherry, L. A. Chittenden, F. J. Criqui, A. A. Danforth, N. L. Davis, J. Dempsey, H. P. Drake, G. H. Dyer, O. K. Evans, C. A. Farnham, R- Farrkr. C. W. Flink, C. H. Frank, G. W. Frank, O. E. Frankel. G. Fraser, W. G. Gauvin. L. G. Harding, L. A. Haskins, A. L. Hedley. P. S. Howell. F. B. . Hutzel, H. F. New York City-- Jackson, M. S. Abrams, A. Johnson, E. E. Addams, H. Love, C. H. Adler, A. A. Madison. R. D. Almirall. J. A. Mahoney, D. J. Alt, H. L. Monin, E. H. Alvord, A. M. Moran. R. J. Anderson, H. J. Mosher, C. H. Armagnac. A. S. Padginton. G. Bachler. L. J. Quigley. W. J. Barwick, T. Riley, D. H. Baum. A. L. Rooney, M. A. Beatty. D. J. . Ruckel. J. B. Beebe. F. E. W. Schank, G. E. Bennitt, G. E. Scheer. F. W. _ Berman. L. K. . Schoepflin, P. H. Binder. 1. Snyder, J. S. Birch, H. R- ' Thornton, R. T. Bishop. C. R. Wadley. C. P. Blackman. A. O. Walker. G. F. Blackmore, J- J. Wendt, E. F. Bolton, R. P. Wendt, H. W.. Booth, H. N. Wright, J. C. Yager, J. J. Brassington. A. F. (Port Richmond, S.I.) Browne, A. L. Dunkirk-- Brunner, H. Sawade, C. A. Buensod, A. C. Callahan. M. J, Elmira-- Davis, B. C. Frutchy, A. E. McGlenn, G. R Roberts, J. H. Freeport-- Ellison, J. H. (L. I. City) Carpenter, R. H. Carty, T. Cary. A. A. Chase, J. M. Clark, W. D. . (Richmond Hill, L. I.) Cosgrove. W. M. Crone, T. E. Geneva-- Herendeen, F. W. Smith, S. S. Cullen, H. J. (Jamaica. L. I.) Currier, C. H. Dailey, J A. Glens Falls-- Robinson, A. G. Dailey, J. F. Darts. J* A. Davis. A. C. Hempstead-- Dill. H. O. Dillon, H. R- Hinkle, E. C. Doherty, J. A. Herkimer-- Donnelly-, R' Donoghue. J. J- Ertman, B. R. Dornheim. G. A. (L. 1. City) Irvington-on-Hudsoni-- Driscoll. W. H. Bastedo, A. E. Kittle, F. C. . (L. I. City) Duff. K. Duffield. T. J. Ithaca-- Sawdon, W. M. Williams, J. W. Durand. W. L. Eadie. J. G. . Easterbrooks, C. L. Ellis. W. H. Kenmore-- Bliss. S. C. Emerson, R. R. Engle, A. Faulkner. D. H. Smith, J. C. Fay. F. C. t . Larchmbnt-- . Febrey. E. JFeldman. A. M. Gaylor, W. S. . Fiedler, H. W. Fleisher, W. L. Lynbrook-- FletcheL S. W. Donnelly, W. C. Forgee, F. A. . Friedman. A. Middletown-- Sanborn, S. H. Mlllbrook-- Pizie, S. G. Gill. W. A. Glore. E. F. Goldberg.JH. M. Goldschmidt. O. b. Combers. H.B. Goodnow. w. F. Morton-- Stangland, B. F. Grill. G. E. Harbula, M. G. Heap, W. E. . (W. New Brighton Mt. Vernon-- Hills, A. H. Hunt, R. B. Obert, C. W. HeSa.thUerton, Jt. vMr. Hedges. H. B. Hcvmsfield, H. - 48 Roll of Membership Hoffman, C. S. Hoffman, G. D. Hook. M. G. Hubert, J. W. Hunter, H. R. Hunter, W. S. Hyman, W. M. Innis, H. R. Ireland, T. H. (Rockville Center,L.I.) Issertell, H. G. Jacobus, Dr. D. S. Jalien, J. J. Johnsen, H., (New Brighton, S.I.) Ralston, L. T. M. Reed, J. F. Reynolds. T. W. Riblet. W. H. Pou ghkeepsie-- Doherty, J. J. . Valentine. H. D. Richardson, D. R. Riley, C. L. Ritchie, E. J. Ritter. A; Rodman, R. W. Ross. J. O. Ruggles. R. F., (Tompkinsville.'S. I) Russell, W. A. Samuels, S. Schloss, N. L. Rochester-- Archer. F. S. Aronwits, W. Axeman. J. E. Beasom, G. R. Coe, L B. Coe. R. T. Devendorf, W. F. DeWolf. R. D. Dobson, G. G. Johnson, E. B. ^W. New Brighton, Schmidt, G. G. Schneider. C. Scott. C. E. Roebuck, W., Jr. Sheldon, N. E. Steim. C. J.. Jr. Johnston, W. H. Scott, E. A. Weider, F. J. Junkers. H. Scott. G. M. Welsh. H. S. Keasbey, A. P. Seelig* A. E. Wilder. E. L. Keenan, P. F. SeUman, N. T. Wiley. C. S. Kellogg, T. M. . Kiewitz, A, A. Senior, R. L. Siegel. J. F. Saranac Lake-- (L. I. City) Simpson, W. A. Miller, P. Kimball, D. D. Kingsley, E. A. Snyder, C. B. J. Spofford. H. H. R. Scarsdale-- Kirk. L. G. Spooner, H. R. Grotz, A. B. Klaus, L. J. (Hollis, L. I.) Janes. A. (Farmingdale, L. I.) Staples, W. H. Longwell, H. E. Knowles, A. F. Koithan. W. S. Lau, A. S. - Steinke, G. B. Steinmuller, J. H. Schenectady-- (Long Island City) Harbison, E. J. Lawrence, C. E. Stern, H. R. Vogel, A. LeBeau. J. F. Sternberg. I. E. LeCompte. W. G. Legier. E. W, London, I. Stewart. C. W. Still. F. R. Sullivan, D. A. Snyder-- Langley, F. P. Lucke. C. E. - Lyle. E. T. McKiever, W. H. . McMahon, W. W; McMillan, L. B. Maier, G. M. Marshall. H. H. Martin, G. W. Matthiessen. H. G. F, Medway. F. J. Meyer, H. C., Jr. Meyer, H. J. Miller, C. A. Miller, E. A. Miller, R. B. Munder, J. F., Jr. Munier, L. L. Munro, E. A. Murphy, J. R. Murohy, W. A. Neale, L. I. Nicol, N, C. Norton, F. W. . Oaks, O. O. O'Donnell. T. J. Odrobina, S. R. (Long Island City) Offnec. A. J. Ohmes.'A. K. Olvany, W. J. Oswald. W. L. ParkhiU, D. Parter, S. C. . . Swain, W. A. Sweeney. S. H. Tallmadge, W. . Thomson, T. N. (Huntington, L. I.) Timmis, P. Timmis, W. S. ' Timmis, W. W. (Glen Cove) Titzell, J. E. Tucker, F. N. Van Norden, E. M. Vogt. J. H. Walker, W. K. Wallace, G. J. Walsh, J. H. Walsh. M. Waltherthum, J. J. Ward. G. E. Watters, P.*J. (Port Richmond, S. I.) White. E. S, White, M. G. White. W. G. Willis, R. C. Wilson. F. A. (Bellair, L. I.) Wolff. R. A. Wolfsfeld, C. F. (Bayside, L. I.) Worth, W. E. Wright, C. L. Syracuse-- Acheson, A. R. Bradley, R. H. Dennis, C. K. Duncan, J. M. Gildea, T. E. Tuckahoe-- Nichols, G. B. Troy-- Wilson, C. H. Utica-- ' Brandeles, H. J. Cantwell, W. T. DeRosa, A. Hamjy,.P. W. Hughes, W. C. Norris, E. .Norris, J. K. Schneider, P. W. Steinhorst. T. F. Wanakah, Erie Co.-- Kamman, A. R. West Point-- Bryant, P. J. . White Plains-- Callahan, T. H. Patorno, S. A. S. Paulding, L. G. Peacock, J. K. Petersen, G. Pfeiffer, B. J. Pfuhler; J. L. N. Tonawanda-- Benedict. E. R. Kline, W. J. Slade, A. J. Yonkers-- Brabbee. Dr. C. Kelly, J. G. Rainger. W. F. (W. New Brighton, S. I.) Pinder, P. H. Ogdcnsbufg-- NORTH CAROLINA Place, C. R. Pryor. R. W., Jr.. Purinton, D. J. Quirk. C. H. Skelly, J. F. Port Chester-- Charlotte-- Christian, C. W. Hackney, H. Raisler, L. Raisler,. S. Donovan, J. E.. Pratt, E. D. Greensboro-- MacKenzie, B. Raleigh-- Templin, C. L. Weldon-- Chappell, T. A. Winston-Salem-- Bahnson, F. F. _ OHIO Akron-- Humphrey. D. E. McClenathan, R. Stanford,- L. E. Thatcher, G. S. Cincinnati-- Blomfeldt, A. A. Bostain. J. C. Doyle, W. J. Green, W. C. Grier. W. Kiefer. C. J. Kitchell, H. N. Sproull, H. E. Wright. K. Cleveland-- Adrianse, P. R. Bailey, E. P. Beyer, J. E. Bray, D. S. Bridges, F. G. Brueggeman, A. R. Clark. W. C. M. Colby. C. W. Davis, R. G. Deex. C. J. Empkey, G. J. Eveleth, C. F. Farley, J. W. Gottwald. C. Greene. W. C. Harrison, B. S. Harrison. J. M. Herske, A. R. Kinner, J. E. Kissick, J. J. Klie, W. Matzen. H. B. Mayer, R. S. ,, Miles. J. C. Mouat, T. G. Nobis. H. M. Osmon, T. R. Quay.-D. M. Rather, M. F. Stackhouse. R. M. Stark. W. E. Starks. V. E. Szekely, E. Tate. S. Van Sickle. W. B. Weager, T. A. Williamson, G. R. Cleveland Heights-- Heinle. E. L. Neitzel, C. W. Columbus-- . Babbitt, E. C. Babbitt, E. F. Brown, A. I. Fleming, R. A. Mason, J. J. Seiders, J. T. Wheeler, O. J. Williams. A. W. 49 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 Dayton-- Brusman, H. M. Gibbons. M. J.. Jr. Haas. W. Hoersting, F. J. . Lakewood-- . Kammerer, W. C. Maurer, E. D. Lorain-- Butler, T. F. Lane.E. K. ' Mansfield-- Bamsteiner, A. Tait. G. M.. Painesville-- Hobbs. J. C. Ravenna-- Franzheim, G. W. Toledo-- Baker, H. C. Bryce, S. D. Gibbs, F. C. Holmes. J. Rogers, A. C. Warren-- Allen. L. E. ' Lyman, W. I. Moulder, A. W. Youngstown-- Choffin. C. C. OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City-- . Dolan, R. G. Loeffier, F. X. Patton, R. L. Rae. T. VV. Tulsa-- Jones, E. OREGON La Grande-- Anderson, S. A., Jr. PENNSYLVANIA Alleghany County-- Blackmore, G. C. Allentown-- Buel. H. G. Hersh, G. W. . Korn, C. B. . Ardmore-- Haynes. C. V. Hires, J. E. Beaver Falls-- Van Alen,.W. T. Bradford-- Goodloe. A. M. . Bridgeport-- Longenecker, H. J. Cannonsburg-- Edwards. C. H. Chambersburg-- .Kottcarap, H. A. Mehaffey, W. C. Chester-- Boyd. W. R. Drexel HU1--Del. Co. Jones, L. T. Miller, A. A. - Erie-- Gannon. J. E. . St. Clair, C. W. Germantown-- Huckel, F., Jr. Reeves. C. G. Glenshaw-- McEIIroy, G. S. Haverford-- Black, E. N. Walther, O. N. Harrisburg-- Eicher, H. C. Filson, F. E. Geiger. I. H. Gray, W. E. Koehler, G. T. Selig. E. T. Hazelton-- Sherry, R. W. Indiana-- ' Lumsden, E. R. Johnstown--' Rinkenberger, G. Lancaster-- Grossman, H. M. Holbrook, F. M. Huzzard, E. C. Long, D. RVaux, F. J. ' McKeesport-- Dugan, T. M. Merion-- Gibson, J. H. . Myers, D. R. New Castle-- Eckles, R. A. ' New Cumberland-- Schimmel. F. W. Norristown-- Frost. R. V. Gormly, J. Gormly. P. Scott, C. E. Oil City-- Heagerty, W. H. Philadelphia-- . Adams, B. Anderson, C. A. Arnold, R. S. . Bachler, H. C. Bateman, W. H.. Jr. Beahm. R. B., 2nd Black, H. G. Blankin, M. F. Bogaty. H. S. Bolsinger, R. C. Boon, G. Bornemann, WVA. Boyd, D. R Braemer. W. G. R. Breen, J. W. Brogan, J. J. Burt. J. E. . Carstens, E. Cassell. J. D. Cavileer, J. V. Clarkson, R. C,, Jr. Cooper, T. W. Culbert, W. G. Dambly. A. E. Davidson, L. C Davidson, P. L. Dome, W. R. Doud. M. P. Driggs. L. L. . Duemler, F. C. Eagan, G. A. ` Eagan, W. H. Eastwood. H. F. Eckardt, C. A. -T. Edgar. A. C. Eggly. H. J., Jr. Feige. H. W. Feltwell. R. H. Fest, L. T. * Fitz. J. C. Fleming, T. C. Francis, I. H. Francis, W. C.- French, D. E. Galligan, A. B. Galligan, J. H. Gant, H. P. Gilbert, M. F. Giles, E. H. Gillett, M. C. Glassey, J. W. Gomersall. W. H. Graham, C. D. Gretzinger, F. Grumbein, I. F. Hackett, H. B. Hellerman, H. H. Hess, H. L. Hetherington, E. T. Hibbs, F. C. Hirst. J. N. Hoben, R. J. Hoft. P. J. ,, Holloway. R. B. Hopkin. W. E. Houpt. G. A. Hucker, J. H. Hunger, R F. Hurley. J. C. _ Hutchison, J. E. Ickeringill, J. , Iddles, A. Jellett, S. A. John, B.-F. Jones, I. R. Jones, R. E. ' Kauffman. R. Kauffmann, F. F. Kellogg. H. D. Kerney. T. F. Keys. G. W. Kipe, J. M. Kline. G. W., Jr. Koch, H. O. Kriebel. A. E. Leahy. J. L. Lewis. G. C. Lewis, J. W. Lewis, T. Liner, J. J. ,, Locke. H. W, Lord, F. RLyman, S. E. M<KIarthy, C. J. McClintock, A., Sr. McClintock, A., Jr. McClintock. J. L. McGowan. T. F. 50 Mappett, A. S. Matson, T. Mellon, J. T. J. Mensing, F. D. Mervine, T. R. Meyer, R. C. Miller. W. C. Minnich, H. S. Monday. C. E. Morgan, R. C. Mott, A. C.. Jr. Murphy. E. T. Murphy, W. RMyers, G. W. F. Nelson, F., Jr. Nesbitt, A. J. Nesbitt, J. J. Nusbaum, L. O'Connell, E. D. Ogelsby, \V. P. Paine, L. G. Patterson, D. F. Peak. A. M. Pease, H. H. Pennell, S. H. Perkins, F. C. Phillips, F. T. Plewes, S. E. Reuss, E. H.. Jr. Rice. W. W. Roberts, H. L. . Rothrock, J. T. Rugart, K. Sabin, E. R. Sanbern, E. N. Scanlon, J. J. Schopp. W. J. Setzer, W. C. Sewell. J. M. Shaw, C. E. Sheffier, M. Sommer, L. J., Jr. Speckman, C. H. Stearns, W. I. Stone, G. F. ' Strong, R. C. Sutterley, W. W. Taliaferro, R. RThompson, J. Thompson, W. P. Tinker, W. E. Wagner, J. P. Walther, H. J. Wandless. F. W. Wegmann, A. Welamb, V. N, Why, H. B. Wild, W. H. Wilson, B. W. Wilson, J. J. Woolston, A. H. Woolston, C. E. Phoenixville-- Wilmot, C. S. . Pittsburgh-- Aston, J. Bowman, H. A. Brauer, R. Bushnell, C. D. Chester, T. Clark. F. C. Clark. W. H. Comstock, G. M. Dibble, S. E. Digby, H. E. Edwards, P. A. English. A. T. Evans, E. C. Firsching. F. J. Gunther, F. A. Hanson, E. W. Harper, S. H. Heilman. R. H. Roll of Membership Hitner. F. M. Hook. C. H. Houghten, F. C. Ingels, M. King, T. Langdon. J. D. Lloyd, E. C. McGinness, J. E. McGuigan, L. A. McKenzie, P. C.. McIntosh, F. C. McMurray, J. Maginn, P. F. Moore. H. L. Morgan, J..S, Morrow, C. F. Nicholls, P. . O'Neill. P. Phillips, L. Rederer, B. S. Richards, S. F. Schley, A. A, Speller, F. N. Stanger, R. B. Stitt. E. W. Stokes, R. E. Todd. J. Waldron. C. W. Walker, J. B. Weber. Q. A. Wheeler, C. W. Williams, O. L. . Reading-- Luck, A. W. Nicely, J. E. . ' Reese, H. L. Ridley Park--Bartlett. C. E. Davis, B. W. Scranton-- Gaulin, R. P. Gilboy, J. P. Saville, T. H. Sewlckley-- Black, G. E. Shamokin-- Gortner, J. VV. Swarthmore-- Clarke. H. W. Swissvale-- Timmerman, M. M. Tamaqua-- Hadesty, A. L,, Jr. Upper Darby, P. O.-- Hackett, C. P. Hoisington, N. P. Pisel. J. W. Warren-- Schellhamraer, A. L. Washington-- ' McVehil, E. W. West Chester-- Palmer, G. J. . Wllkinsburg-- Rasmussen, E. Williamsport-- Chambers. W. E. Klotz, A. W. McLain, R. D. Pfeiffer. J. F. Willow Grove-- Slight, I. WJssahickon-- Peterman. R. M. Wormleysburg-- Miller, T. G. York-- Lindemuth. N. R. Sowers, P. E. UTAH Salt Lake City-- Coogam, J. Cooper, A. W. VERMONT Burlington-- Austin, F. L. Raine, J. J. N. Ferrisburg-- Breckenridge. L. P. VIRGINIA Zelienople-- Eberle, C. F. RHODE ISLAND Lynchburg-- Cleland, J. E. .Doering, F. L. Wiley. E. C. Wilson, E. J. F. Providence-- Coleman, J. B. Dunlevy, T. R. Gibbs. E. W. Hartwell, J. C. Husband, E. W. Poole, E. F. Pawtucket-- Martin, J. F. Washington-- Wilson, H. A. TENNESSEE Newport News-- Noland, L. U. Norfolk-- Montagna, C. J. Peebles, J. K. Wilson, E. K. - Richmond-- Austin, W. E. Bachler, L. J. Beverley, R. C. Carle, W. E. Childress. W. L. Johnston, J. A. Livingston, B. B. Schulz, H. I. Cha ttanooga-- Russell, H. C. Knoxville-- Reeder, F. C. Memphis-- Allen, W. H. Bevil, A. T. Brewster. D. R. Sodemann, P. W. Nashville-- Brown, F. Hailey, S. H. TEXAS Amarillo-- Helphingstein, O. College Sta.-- Giesecke, F. E. Dallas-- Taylor, R. F. VanZandt, J. H. Fort Worth-- . Burnett, E. S. Skinner, H. W- Roanoke-- Wash. W. P, Staunton-- Moffett, W. S. Moran, Fi N. WASHINGTON Seattle-- Ayers, A. E. Beggs, W. E. Brasch. H. K. Carsten, W. H. Cox. W. W. Dudley. W. L. Early, G. D. Eastwood, Prof. E. O. Eckart, C. H. Godfrey, F. H. Mallis. W. Meyring, A. S. O'Connell, P. M. Ruddell. W. H. Twist. C. F. Weber, E. L. Zokelt, C. G. Spokane-- DeLong, H. B. Nelson, R. L. ' Houston-- Barnes, A. F. San AntonlorDiver, M. L. Ebert, W. A. WEST VIRGINIA Charleston-- Matthews. J. K. Meyers. S. H. Shanklin, J. R. Morgan town-- Zeck, A. . Wheeling--Hare, E. S. . WISCONSIN Eau Claire--Grosvold. F. E. Fond Du Lac-- Ahern, T. L. Fort Atkinson-- Shodron, J. G. Green Bay-- Kingsbury, J. W. La Crosse--Anderegg, R. H. Johnson, T. R. Miller, M. W. . Trane. R. N. Madison--' Larson, G. L. Richtmann, W. M. Milwaukee-- Berghoefer, V. A. Berringer, S. H. Bowers, A. F. Brown, W. H. Cook, H. R. Downey, F. E. Downey, P. C. Ellis. H. W. Goethel. A. C. Grassier, E. Jackson, C. H. Jones, E. A. Jung, J. S. Juttner, O. J. Lovegren, H. M. Meadows, F. H. Miller, C. W. Miller, H. M. Mueller, P. E. Noll. W. F. Olson, R. G. Ostrander, L. F. Page, H. W. Randolph. C. H. Schwab. H. E. Ver Halen, E. T. Volk. J. H. Weimer, F. G. Wilson, W. H. Wolf, J. C. Worthing, E. Zuehlke. R. . Oshkosh-- ' Paterson, G. E. Racine-- Rice. C. J. Superior-- Jarvis, G. E. Wausau-- Bassler, E. M. Wauwatosa-- Dannies, F. R. Valiquet, H. N.. West Allis-- . Erickson, M. E. Wisconsin Rapids-- Eron, L. J. 51 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 FOREIGN COUNTRIES CANADA Calgary, Alberta-- Clarke. S. S. Latham, G. Walker, A. Edmonton, Alberta- Kelly. H. ' Victoria, B. C.-- Sheret, A. Galt, Ont.-- Evans. J. McCaffrey, H. G- Guelpl-- Taylor. M. A. St- John, N. B.-- Campbell. J. P. Hflll/ar, N. S.-- Eagar, R. F. Gray, G.'A. Islington, Ont.-- Wilson. G. T. Kingston, Ont.-- Arkley, L. M.~ Dnice, J. J. Montreal-- Friedman, F. J. Fry. J. D. Grahame. D. F. Hamlet, F. A. Hamlet, T. F. Higgins, T, J. Kastello. A. Osborne. G. H. Ottawa, Ont.-- McGrail, T. E. Birrell, A. L. Blackball, W. R. Boddington, W. P. Church. H. J. Clifton, W. F. Cole. G. E. Dickey. A. J. Flett, H. R. Gaby, F. A. Harrington, C. Henion. H. D. Leitch, A. S. McHenry. R. W. M. McMichaet, P. MacKenzie, J. J. Mansell, P. C. Millar, R. J. Moore, H. S. O'Neill, J. W. Paterson, J. S. Peterkin, S. M. Playfair, G. A. Purdy, A. K. Quesnel. N. W. Shears. M. W. Sheffield. E. B. Sheppard. W. G. Thomas, M. F. Wood. f. s; Vancouver, B. C.-- . Blake, A. H. . Givin, A. W. Johnston, R. E. Leek, W. McCreery, H. J. Westmount-- Bladon, J. B. Windsor, Ont.-- Bowden, F. Winnipeg-- Kirk. C. D. Mackie, J. Quebec-- CHINA Dube. W. Wiggs. G. L. . South Manchuria-- Katsumoto, E. N. Sherbrooke, Que.--. LaPrairie, C. Shanghai-- Sault Ste. Marie, Ont,-- Wilson, W. S. Toronto, Ont.-- Cooper, T. R. Doughty, C. J. Hauss, C. F. Merritt. C. J. , Portrude, W. M. Addy, E. Angus, H. H. Baldwin, W. H. Tientsin-- Baker. H. W. H. DENMARK GERMANY Copenhagen-- Reck. A. B. Reck. W. E. Stuttgart-- Klein, A. R. . Smedegade,. Slagelse-- Ulrich. K. F. IRELAND PNCI.iNn Cork-- Hull-- Hill, E. G. T. Leeds-- Jennins. H. H. Leicester-- Nesbit, D. M. .Liverpool-- HonibaU, C. R- London-- . Barker, A. H. Groom, S. L. Herring. E. Nobbs. W. W. Russell, J. N. Manchester-- Chadwick, J. B. Yates. W. Southport-- Atkinson, R. E. Stockport-- Webb, J. M. Sunderland-- Vaux, N. Trowbridge-- Haden, G. N. Haden, W. N. York-- Fryer, F. G. FRANCE Nlevre-- Barre. L. S. Paris-- Beaurrienne, A. Downe, H. S. Modiano. R. JAPAN Tokyo-- Fukui. K. Kitaura, S. Sekido, K. Shinohara, S. Shozo, S. Yamasaki, K. MEXICO Yucatan-- Croft. T. NEW ZEALAND Dunedin-- Davies, G. W. NORWAY Christiania-- Tjersland. A. RUSSIA Petrograd-- Sakouta, M. L. SWEDEN Stockholm-- Ttieorell, H. G. T. SWITZERLAND Winterthur-- Meier, K. 52 PAST OFFICERS American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers 1894 President ____ Edward P. Bates 1st Vice-President____________ ____Wm. M. Mackay end Vice-President........ ....... ....... ..... .Wiltsie F. Wolfe 3rd Vice-President____ ,,_______ Chas. S. Onderdonk TreasurerJudson A. Goodrich Secretary____ ____ ______________________ L. H. Hart Board.of Managers Chairman, Fred P. Smith Henry Adams A. A. Cary Hugh J. Barron James A. Harding Edward P. Bates, Pres. L. H. Hart, Secy. Council Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Albert A. Cryer Chas. W. Newton F. W. Foster Ulysses G. Scollay, Secy. 1897 President.Wm. M. Mackay 1st Vice-President______________ ,,_____H. D. Crane 3nd Vice-President________ Henry Adams 3rd Vice-President.A. E Kenrick TreasurerJudson A. Goodrich Secretary__________________________ H. M. Swetland Board of Managers Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Edward P. Bates Stewart A. Jellett W. S. Hadaway, Jr. Wiltsie F. Wolfe Wm. M. Mackay. Pres. H. M. Swetland. Secy. Council * Chairman, Albert A. Cryer John A. Fish James Mackay Wm. McMannis B. F. Stangland 1895 President.;.________ --------------------Stewart A, Jellett lil Vice-President.. ......... ............... Wm. M. Mackay Snd Vice-President. ----------------Chas. S. Onderdonk 3rd Vice-President.. -------------------------D. M. Quay Treasurer..... ... ---------------- Judson A; Goodrich Secretary_____ ------------------------------X. H. Hart Chairman, James A. Harding . Geo. B. Cobb Ulysses G. Scollaj Wm. McMannis B. F. Stangland Stewart A. Jellett, Pres. L. H. Hart, Secy. Council Chairman, R. C. Carpenter Henry Adams . T. J. Waters Edward P. Bates Albert A. Cryer, Secy. . 1898 President_______ __.Wiltsie F. Wolfe 1st Vice-President---------- ------------------- J. H. Klnealy $nd Vice-President----------------------- .--A. E. Kenrick 3rd Vice-President'--John A. Fish Treasurer------------ ---------------------Judson A. Goodrich Secretary..Stewart A. Jellett Board of Managers Chairman, Wm. M. Mackay Thomas Barwick A. C. Mott . John A. Connolly Francis A. Williams Wiltsie F. Wolfe, Pres. Stewart A. Jellett. Secy. Council Chairman, R. C. Carpenter , Henry Adams W. S. Hadaway, Jr. Albert A. CryeT Wm. McMamus Wiltsie F. Wolfe, Pres. Stewart A. Jellett, Secy. President.______ 1st Vice-President_ end Vice-President. 3rd Vice-President.. Treasurer_________ Secretory...... .... ____ 1896 ____ R. C. Carpenter ............. JD. M. Quay ___ Edward P. Bates .............. F. W. Foster Judson A. Goodrich _____ ____L. H. Hart Chairman, Wm. M. Mackay Hugh J. Barron Stewart A. Jellei W. S. Hadaway, Jr. * Wiltsie F. Wolfe R. C. Carpenter, Pres. L. H. Hart, Sees Council Chairman, A. A. Cary Albert A. Cryer B. F. Stangland Wm. McMannis J. j. Blackmore, Secy. 1899 President_________ _____ ___ _________ Henry Adams 1st Vice-PresidentD. M. Quay end Vice-President --.---------------------- A. E. Kenrick 3rd Vice-Presidents___________ Francis A. Williams Treasurer_____ ___________;_____ Judson A. Goodrich Secretary....________ ________ ______ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Managers . Chairman, Stewart A. Jellett B. H. Carpenter . Wm. Kent A. A. Cary . WUtsie F. Wolfe Henry Adams, Pres. Wm. M. Mackay, Secy- Council Chairman, R. C. Carpenter . John Gormly Wm. McMannis W. S. Hadaway, Jr. B. F. Stangland Henry Adams, Pres. Wm.' M. Mackay, Secy. 53 American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 1900 President-- ----------------- -- 1st Vice-President----- .---------gnd Vice-President----------Treasurer______ _______ Secretary-----------:------------------ M____ ___ D. M. Quay _______ A. E. Kenrick ..Francis A. Williams .Judson A. Goodrich ___ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors , ' Chairman, D. M. Quay Wm. Kent, Vice-Chm. C. B. J. Snyder R. C. Carpenter D. M. Nesbit John Gormly Wm. M. Mackay, Secy, President------------ 1st Vice-President._ gnd Vice-President Treasurer---------- Secretary------------ 1905 __________________ Wm. Kent ___________ ____R. P. Bolton ___________ C. B. J. Snyder ;_________ Ulysses G. Scollay ___________ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, Wm. Kent R. P. Bolton James Mackay C. B. J. Snyder B. F. Stangland B. H. Carpenter J. C. F. Trachsel A. B. Franklin Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. President-------------1st Vice-Presidents gnd Vice-President. Treasurer^-----------Secretary--------------- 1901 _____ J. H. Kinealy ___ ___ A. E. Kenrick ____ Andrew Harvey Judson A. Goodrich __ .Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors . : Chairman, J. H. Kinealy Wm. Kent, Vice-Chm. John Gormly R. C. Carpenter C. B, J. Snyder R. P. Bolton Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1906 President-----------------------------1st Vice-President--......-------gnd Vice-President.-------------Treasurer----------------------------Secretary-------- ------------------- ______ John Gormly ____ C. B. J. Snyder _______ T. J. Waters --Ulysses G. Scollay __.Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors ' Chairman, John Gormly C B. J. Snyder,Vice-Chm. A. B. Franklin T J. Waters James Mackay R. C. Carpenter B. F. Stangland Frank K. Chew Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1902 President:A. E. Kenrick 1st Vice-PresidentAndrew Harvey gnd Vice-President.^.Robert C. Clarkson Treasurer___-Judson A. Goodrich Secretary.^._Wm. M. Mackay j Board of Governors Chairman, A. E. Kenrick . John Gormly, Vice-Chm. J. H. Kinealy R, C. Carpenter C. B. J. Snyder Wm. Kent Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. Presidents------- .------1st Vice-President----gnd Vice-President__ Treasurer____________ Secretary--------- --------- 1907 ____ C. B. J. Snyder James Mackay __ ,,__ Wm. G..Snow .,,Ulysses G. Scollay ___Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, C. B. J. Snyder James Mackay, Vice-Chm. Edmund F. Capron Wm- G. Snow R. E. Atkinson R. C. Carpenter Frank K. Chew A. B. Franklin Wm. M. Mackay. Secy. . 1903 President.------------------ .--------1st Vice-President------ -------gnd Vice-President-------------Treasurer.---------------------------Secretary.~--------- '---------- ___ ___H. D. Crane _________ .Wm. Kent _____R. P. Bolton Judson A. Goodrich __ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, H. D. Crane * . C. B. J. Snyder, Vice-Chm. A. K. Kenrick R. C. Carpenter . Geo. Mehring John. Gormly Wm. M. Mackay Secy. 1908 President---------- ------------------1st Vice-President---------------2nd Vice-President--------------- Treasurer------- 1------- --------- :-- Secretary---------- ------------------- ___ James Mackay ...Jas. D. Hoffman .....B. F. Stangland .Ulysses G. Scollay . -Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, James Mackay is. D. Hoffman. Vice-Chm. John F. Hale . F. Stangland August Kehm * C. C"arpenter C. B. -J-. S* n yder . 1904 Pr*xiAtini..... ... ..Andrew Harvey 1st Vice-President___ _John Gormly gnd Vice-President__________ ___ Robert C. Clarkson Treasurer--------------- ------------- -----Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary____________ Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman. Andrew Harvey John Gormly Robert C. Clarkson H. D. Crane A. E. Kenrick J. J. Blackmore R. C. Carpenter C. B. J. Snyder Wm.- M. Mackay, Secy. President-------------- 1st Vice-President..... gnd Vice-President... Treasurer Secretary.... 1909 ___ Wm. G. Snow ~___ August Kehm ...B. S. Harrison Ulysses G. Scollay ,,Wm. M. Mackay Board of Governors Chairman, Wm. G. Snow ugust Kehm, Vice-Chm. Samuel R. Lewis . S. Harrison jhn R. Allen James Mackay - B. F. Stangland . - C. Carpenter Wm. M.- Mackay. Secy. Roll of Membership 1910 President___ ____________ ___ --.Jas- Jj. Hoffman 1st Vice-President................... .....--...... --R. P. Bolton gnd Vice-President_______________ Sainuel R- Lewis Treasurer.______ ________________ Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary___ :______ __________ _____Wm. M. Mackay . Board of Governors Chairman, Jas. D.' Hoffman R. P. Bolton, Vice-Chm. Judson A. Goodrich Samuel R. Lewis . . John F. Hale Geo. W. Barr James Mackay R. C. Carpenter Wm. M. Mackay, Secy. 1911 President...^--. ______________________ R. P. Bolton ' 1st Vice-Presidents__ ___________ ___ John R. Allen gnd Vice-PresidentA. B. Franklin Treasurer-- Ulysses G. Scollay Secretary__ ___;.__ __________.Wm. W. Macon Board of Governors Chairman, R. p. Bolton John R. Allen, Vice-Chm. James H. Davis A. B. Franklin Jas. D. Hoffman John T. Bradley August Kehm R. C. Carpenter - * Wm. W. Macon, Secy. . . 1915 President__ --- --------------- -------- Dwight D. Kimball 1st Vice-President!........................ ......_Harry M. Hart gnd Vice-PresidentiFrank T. Chapman- Treasurer-- _____ ___________ .Homer Addams Secretary____ ._____ ________________ J. J. Blackmore Council - Chairman. Dwight D. Kimball Harry M, Hart.Fjce-CAm. Samuel R. Lewis Frank T. Chapman Frank G. McCann Homer Addams J. T. J. Mellon Frank I. Cooper Henry C. Meyer, Jr. E. Vernon HUl Arthur K. Ohmes Wm. M. Kingsbury J. J. Blackmore, Secy. 1916 President.Harry M. Hart 1st Vice-President______________ Frank T. Chapman 2nd Vice-President.____ _________ .Arthur K. Ohmes Treasurer.:_______________ _________ Homer Addams Secretary........ ..........i................... .........Casin W. Obert Council 1912 President_______ John R. Allen 1st Vice-President................. ,,..................John F. Hale gnd Vice-President...... .......... ....... Edmund F. Capron Treasurer............. ............ --_______ James A. Donnelly Secretary........ ................ _................... ..Wm. W. Macon . * , Board of Governors . ' Chairman, John R. Allen John F. Hale, Vice-Chm. Dwight D. Kimball Edmund F. Capron Samuel R- Lewis R. P. Bolton Wm. M. Mackay . Jas. D. Hoffman Wm. W. Macon, Secy. 1913 . President_____ John F. Hale Isl Vice-President..._.............. --........... A. B. Franklin . gnd Vice-President_____;________ Edmund F. Capron Treasurer................................... ......James A. Donnelly Secretary.__-___ __ _________--______ Edwin A. Scott Board of Governors Chairman, John F. Hale A. B. Franklin,Vice-Chm. James A. Donnelly John R. Allen Dwight D. Kimball Edmund F-. Capron Wm. W. Macon . R. P. Bolton James M. Stannard Frank T. Chapman Theodore Weinshank Ralph CoUamote Edwin A. Scptt, Secy. Chairman, Harry M. Hart * F;T.Chapman,FIce-CAm. E. Vernon Hill Arthur K. Ohmes Homer Addams Charles R. Bishop Frank I. Cooper Milton W. Franklin Dwight D. Kimball Henry C. Meyer, Jr. Fred R. Still Walter S. Timmis Casin W. Obert, Secy. 1917 . President._______:___________________ J. Irvine Lyle 1st Vice-President-..-Arthur. K. Ohmes gnd Vice-President___________ _____ ___ Fred R. Still Treasurer:__________________________ Homer Addams Secretary----------- --______ __________ Casin W. Obert Council Chairman, J. Irvine Lyle A. K. Ohmes, Vice-Chm. Fred R. Still Homer Addams Davis S. Boyden Bert C. Davis Milton W. Franklin Charles A. Fuller Harry M. Hart E. Vernon Hill James M. Stannard Walter S. Timmis Casin W. Obert, Secy. \ 1914 President._________________ ____ ___Samuel R. Lewis .1st Viet-President................ ........ .Edmund F. Capron gnd Vice-President___ --._____ Dwight D. Kimball Treasurer. ..................--_...... -James A. Donnelly Secretary _________ --....................-J...J. J. Blackmore Council ' Chairman. Samuel R. Lewis E. F. Capron. Vice-Chm. John F. Hale Dwight D. Kimball Harry M. Hart John R. Allen Frank G. McCann Frank T. Chapman Wm. W. Macon Frank I. Cooper James M. Stannard James A. Donnelly J. J. Blackmore, Secy. 1918 President..-________________ ______ ___ -Fred R. Still 1st Vice-President_.,,____________ -Walter S. Timmis gnd Vice-PresidentE. Vernon Hill Treasurer------ .-------_Homer Addams Secretary___ ___ __________ _____-___Casin W. Obert Council Chairman. Fred R. Still W. S. Timmis. Vice-Chm. J, Irvine Lyle Homer Addams E. Vernon Hill. William H. Driscoll Frank G. Phegley Howard H, Fielding Fred. W. Powers H. P. Gant Champlain L. Rilev C. W. Kimball Casin W. Obert, Secy. 55 American Society of Heating and'-Ventilating Engineers Guide, 1928 1919 1st Vice-President.. 2nd Vice-President......... Treasurer______________ Secretary.............. ............. ____ Walter S. Timmis ............. E. Vernon Hill ....Milton W. Franklin ______ Homer Addams ______ Casin W. Obert Cotracll ' - Chairman, Walter S. Timmis E. Vernon Hill. Vice-Chm.- Frank G. Phegley Homer Addams Fred. W. Powers Howard H. Fielding . Robt. W. Pryor, Jr. Milton W. Franklin Champlain L. Riley Harry E. Gerrish Fred R. Still George B. Nichols Casin W. Obert, Secy. 1920 President____ ____ ____ ________ __E. Vernon Hill 1st Vice-President______________Champlain L. Riley 2nd Vice-President,-....................... ......Jay R. McColl Treasurer----.......................... -............ Homer Addams Secretary.............-,,___ Casin W, Obert Council . Chairman, E. Vernon Hill C. L. Riley, Vice-Chm. Jay R. McColl Homer Addams George B. Nichols Jos. A. Cutler Robt. W. Pryor, Jr Wm. H. Driscoll W. S. Timmis A. C. Edgar Perry West Alfred Kellogg Casin W. Obert, Secy. 1921 President.J..Champlain L. Riley 1st Vice-President______ 1--_________ Jay R. McColl 2nd Vice-Presidents.;....................................H. P. Gant Treasurer........................... ..................... Homer Addams SecretaryCasin W. Obert Council Chairman, Champlain L. Riley Jay R. McColl,Vice-Chm. E. S. Hallett Homer Addams E. Vernon Hill Jos. A. Cutler Alfred Kellogg Samuel E. Dibble E. E. McNair Wm. H. Driscoll Perry West H. P. Gant Casin W. Obert. Secy. 1922 PresidentiJay R. McColl 1st Vice-President.................... .....................H. P. Gant 2nd Vice-President...... ....................-.Samuel E. Dibble Treasurer........................ ........................ Homer Addams Secretary...... .......................................... Casin W. Obert Council ' Chairman, Jay R. McColl H. P. Gant, Vice-Chm. L. A. Harding Homer Addams E. E. McNair Jos. A. Cutler H. J. Meyer Samuel E. Dibble . C. L. Riley Wm. H. Driscoll Perry West E. S. Hallett Casin W. Obert, Secy. . President___ 1st Vice-President. 2nd Vice-Presiden Treasurer__ Secretary...... H. P. Gant Homer Addams E. E. McNair ,. H. Driscoll ,C. W. Obert ' Council Chairman, H. P. Gant Homer Addams, Vice-Chm. E. S. Hallett W. H. Carrier *. Alfred Kellogg J. A. Cutler Thornton Lewis S. E. Dibble J. R. McNair Wm. H. Driscoll Perry West Casin W. Obert, Secy. 1924 President.1st Vice-President_ 2nd Vice-President________ Treasurer_________________ Secretary................................ _Homer Addams ,,S. E. Dibble ..William H. Driscoll ................. Perry West _____F. C. Houghten - Council Chairman, Homer Addams '- S. E. Dibble, Vice-Chm. W. E. Gillham F. Paul Anderson L. A. Harding W. H. Carrier Alfred Kellogg J. A, Cutler Thornton Lewis William H. Driscoll Perry West H. P. Gant F. C. Houghten, Secy. 1925 President___ _______________ _S. E. Dibble 1st Vice-President.... ........ ........ ......... Wm. H. Driscoll '2nd Vice-PresidentF. Paul Anderson Treasurer.................. ......._............................ Perry West Secretary_______________ ___________F. C. Houghten Council Chairman, S. E. Dibble Wm. H. Driscoll, Vice-Chm. W. T. Jones ` Homer Addams Thornton Lewis F. Paul Anderson J. H. Walker W. H. Carrier Perry West J. A. Cutler A. C. Willard W. E. Gillham F. C. Houghten, Secy. 1926 President.......................................... .W. H. Driscoll 1st Vice-Presidents-............ _..........F. Paul Anderson 2nd Vice-President......... .......................,,A. C. Willard .Treasurer........ ........................... W. E. Gillham Secretary_ .......... - .................... A. V. Hutchinson Council Chairman, W. H. Driscoll ' F. Paul Anderson, Vice-Chm. C. V. Haynes W. H. Carrier W. T. Jones J. A. Cutler E. B. Langenberg S. E. Dibble - Thornton Lewis . W. E. Gillham J. F. Mclntlre A. C. Willard . \> President..................... -- 1st Vice-President______ 2nd Vice-President_____ Treasurer_________ ___ _ Secretary_.... --........ ..... ...F. Paul Anderson. ....C. Willard ......Thornton Lewis ....... .W. E. Gillham ...A. V. Hutchinson Council Chairman, F. Paul Anderson A. C. Willard, Vice-Chm. John Howatt . H. H. Angus W. T. Jones W. H. Carrier J. J. Kissick W. H. Driscoll . . E. B. Langenberg Roswell Farnham Thornton Lewis H. H. Fielding . J. F. Mclntire W. E. Gillham ` H. Lee Moore C. V. Haynes F. B. Rowley 56