Document KGp1OEpoQgK9oQan551z2EnR0

ology [rof. 2S, I -ed no significant or 1 c: exposed dogs and nalities. The results /unction did not indicate uu i t mo aim unnL TECTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW (PLS4-553) OF THE U.S. CODE. A HEALTH SURVEY OF PIPE COVERING OPERATIONS IN* CONSTRUCTING NAVAL VESSELS' Walter E. Fleischer,1 Frederics: J. Vises, Jr.,; Robert L. Gate1 and Phtup Drineer* of the rancentratiori or f A NT INDUSTRIAL health inspection of an ilood of exposed rabbits important U. S. Navy Contract Yard ut. bdicated that dusebess from miscellaneous it exposed rats, mice and pipe covering operations was considerable and that 'stance in the urine which a few of the employees had what appeared to be red color when the urine isbestosis. This is a well-known bdustrial disease trigs. dcesccnts caused by only one thbg--prolonged breathing of asbestos dust. The rlimcal manifestations are ' shortness of breath and an unusual chest picture ,,z. Charles Secgmilier for by X-ray. In bdustxy the disease is often dis sion distillation of samples abling, but it is much less frequent than silicosis, * r determining the radices with which it very properly is classed. /eijm Peake and Mrs. It was not felt that experience b a sbgie yard ed with the experiments, was enough to justify any general statements on tied out studies of pigment working conditions b other yards, and certainly i-cis, as indicated above. was no cause for alarm, but the results warranted check-ups elsewhere. Accordbgly, arrangements were made to esambe by chest X-ray the pipe rr modification o: sideria in tissues. Peril's Arch. caverers b two Government Navy Yards, A and B, and b two Navy Contract Yards, C and D. *\ auv. I_ L.: Supersatur- Elaminations were made of the working conditions bcludbg dust counts of the air breathed with hs in dilute isopropaaol microscopic and chemical analysis of the dust rule fatty degeneration itself. lerskcincr technique. Arch. We would point out that this procedure is -'I3. customary b making such surveys o occupational rmbatlon cf vcbtiie haJo- diseases--medicai rmtmir.ation of the workers --ns b blood. Tins J., 2i: and a study of the nature and concentration of i-..w -- iie obvaiotogicil the contaminants in the air breathed. lorethyiene. Tscs J., j*. Prrr Covering Material Macixax, D. C asm Crs ,\n important ingredient of pipe covering comparison of the torictyi material used on U. S. Navy vessels is amosite. oride and tricliorcihylene.1 This mberal is a magnesium iron silicate of .93 8. variable composition. The name is the generic oae for an asbestos type of fibrous mberal mbed a, P. A. Pcaarf, A-vs Posrrartiio, T. V. I~|'b South Afrio- i.f-dlchloroethace (ethylesd Tne chief reasons for the wide use of amosite lu acute t.cccDtty__and . tie! Rece.ived for publication eSeo.temoer 21, . 1945. a?er.u. j. r_a acoL published by pertaission of the U. S.Navy. Tbeonia- 5L 1945. lions and assertions cocuincd herein are the private ones r, K. F., J*., asm CAamsTES. < the writers, and are not to be construed as cSdal or rJc tocrity of carbon tetra-reieTM=? the views of the Navy Department or the ________ . , ,j aaval service at larre. rpcs-rcs -nd .eld studies^ i Comdr. 11C USNR. Asst. Chief Health Consultant 9JS- -4 1 Lieut. K(S1 USNR. Health Consultant. . F.: The balo;enated bydr^ 'Lieut. H(S) USNR, Healb Consultant. Tc'city and potential danger?) . 'Chier Health Consultant, U. S. Maritime Commis957. von. felt and pipe covering in naval work art its low thermal conductivity, light weight, strength, and reiractoriness. When the felt and pipe covering were first developed, we were still building vessels under the Washington Treaty of Limitations b Tonnage, and every pound saved mean: that muca more armor, guns or ammunition for a given displacement, to say nothbg of more economic operation for the weight involved in insulation. Amosite pipe covering weighs about 14 pounds per cubic foot, with a temperature limit of 750JF. as compared to magnesia with a weight of 16 pounds per cubic foot, and a temperature limit oi 500* F. High temperature amosite pipe covering weighs about 18 pounds per cubic toot as compared to 26 pounds per cubic foot for other high temper ature insulations. Because of the lower con ductivity and the higher temperature limit of the amosite type, iess oi it need be used b a com bination covering than other types of insuiatiens. The development of amosite felt started b 1934 when a need existed to secure a thermal insulation lighter b weight ar.d thermally mere efirieat than the materials (blocks ar.c cement or asbestos blankets) which were then bebg used on destroyer turbbes. The Navy approved the type developed by a manufacturer in September, 1934. Originally amosite was used only for turbbe bsulation, but it proved so satisfactory that its field of application enlarged to bciuce Insulation of valves, fittbgs, fianges, etc. From the initial destroyer, it has been used on almost all the destroyers built since that time and on all other combat vessels built since before the Wax. Pipe covering was a later development ir, late 1935 and early 1936. Due to be manufacturing problems bvoived, it took a longer time to evolve into a satisfactory shape, and its first use on naval vessels was i 1937. Since that time its use has spread markedly and it was used on the great maj'ority of naval combat vessels built curbg World War IL Water-repellent amosite felt was developed during the early pan of 1942, as 1 replacement for hair felt in the bsulation of cold water lines to prevent sweating. Hair felt had the riisad- s i pm ^ % v-T T DOW-1265 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL EYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY W- 21< "1 ; /*. JM] 10 vantage of being combustible and as it was organic, when it became wet it moulded or rotted and could harbor vermin. At this time fires on board certain naval vessels convinced the Navy of the desirability of eliminating any combustible material from on board ship. .Eventually waterrepellent amosite was made in strips of SO foot lengths and of suitable width to enclose the circumference of the pipe and enclosed In an eatremely light-weight muslin to facilitate hand is marked into measured sections and cut with a rotary dearie hand saw. The cut sections are rolled up and either used immediately or sucked in the storeroom. UsuaUy one to three workers are employed at this operation. During the handling, unwrapping and unrolling of the asbestos, considerable oust arises, but appears to settle readily. A very fine water spray should be used for wetting down the material as a high velocity spray stirs up dust. Once it is wetted the handling and cutting of the Tor prctcct.sc :hr Insulation with cement c asbestos fibers, of water is acc: thoroughly ag; email amounts i paii with a tr when the asbe: cirfng trough mixing. Order; ling and reduce the dust, which the water-re material causes little visible dust. All of the separate room : pellent agent accentuated. L DzscttimoK or Operations and Woreore ENvntoNscmrr Asbestosis- results from breathing asbestos fibers of relatively long length, such as IS to 75 C"J It is not caused by breathing chopped up asbestos fibers of one or two microns (I). Therefore we are concerned with the presence in air of asbestos fibers which can be seen as such under low power of the ordinary microscope. The clinical picture of asbestosis can easily be complicated by the presence of diatomaceous earth, a form of amorphous silica,, which can cause silicosis and is probably a more serious four yards surveyed wet down the material described above. ' One Navy Yard has an elaborate exhaust system The dustiness c of exhaust ver or both, althcug for the layout table. The entire top of this table Petrographic is covered with small perforations through which cicace that the the air is exhausted. This table is sumcently stay be as high : large that no more than two-thirds of the top is 5. Holding ever covered with material and room air is thereby Molding is th: exhausted through the other third. While no tion to fit edd sh velocity or .capacity measurements were mace term is made to on this system, data presented later in the report insulated. Bloc Indicate that this control measure had a marked sections glued : enect in reducing the dust count. with asbestos car 2. Band sas cutting with asbestos A standard band aw such, as is found in wood Insulation can fi> " [) health risk, than asbestosis. .Another dust which may be present is magnesia, MgO, which is in very common use as a heat working shops is used to cut Insulation blocks ana to be installed boards into desired shapes. This operatic; usually co.ne produces large amounts of air-bome dust, most eperatisn. Very insulator and is harmless. Therefore our analyses were done to indicate . how much fibrous type of asbestos dust was present in the air breathed, how much siiica was present (especially as diatomaceous earth), and of which settles slowly. Normally there is only or.e worker on this operation at any one time. Inasmuch as this is a very dusty operation, the band saw should be enclosed In a room by itself and should be equipped with adequate ioal operation and no protection is rec 6. Gr\r-z:r.g Several shipyu prefabricated set bow much of the harmless ingredients like iron exhaust ventilation both above and below the uo this material oxide and carbonates. saw table. Because of the mechanical difficulties cement, all of Pipe covering may be divided into seven different in locating this exhaust properly, some of t--he. dustiness. Norm operations as follows: /. Laying out and cutting 2. Sand ICO cutling J. Seeing and preparation ef beats and jacids 4. Cemcnl mixing 5. ifaiding 6. Grinding 7. Installation en toord snip dduusstt wwuilli eessccaappee iinatiuo t-h-e---a-i-r--a-n--d---t-h-e---o,p_n_e?_rnattor shhoouuldli cue.nt intervals theref'o--r-e---w--e--a--r--an 'a"pnprroovveed dust resopirator. crposed, but t,,h- 3. Seeing ond preparation ef boots and jacket general room exi In this operation jacket covers for valves aec rc-pirator wen b pipe joints are fabricated. The work consists e: *. Ir.stallctitm cutting asbestos cloth with shears, padding tb< Tncre arc a a jackets with insulating material, and sewing will covering o: wire or asbestos cordn., Tahcecsec oepcera.utiuo4n.s* givi trapped and pci rise to only s"lig`ht amounts o- tf visible dust, anc mj joints and fa 1. Laying out and culling Rolls of the insulating felt are unwrapped and unrolled on a large layout table or on the floor of the shop. This material, with the exception of the type known as water repellent `amosite, is then well wetted with a fine water spray. It exhaust ventilation and respirator/ protectiot of asbestos cerd. are neither required nor used. There is usual].' ith prcfab.-ica: a large number of workers doing this operatic: *j~c hnr.cd sev! in one large room. 4. Cement mixing niu-d cement is A.*T. t w"i I K p 1C0L0GY [of. 2i, ne. 1 Jen. PIPE COVERING OPERATIONS 11 '*d sections and cut with For protection and to give a neat appearance /. The cut'seetions arc i the insulation on board ship is usually covered immediately or sucked j .iree workers ire employed at i ring the handling, unwrapping j with cement containing a high percentage of asbestos fibers. In mixing, the proper amount of water is added to the dry asbestos cement and thoroughly agitated with a hoe. Occasionally asbestos, considerable dust i small amounts of asbestos cement are mired in > settle readily. A very fine j a pail with a trowel. Considerable dust is raised be used for wetting down the j when the asbestos cement is dumped into the velocity spray stirs up dust, j mixing trough and during the early stages of : handling and cutting of the j mixing. Ordinarily this process is done in a ,.,e visible dust. _ All of the { separate room and only one operator is exposed. ed wet down the Insulating ! The dustiness of this operation warrants the use hove. : of exhaust ventilation or respiratory protection s an elaborate exhaust system or both, although neither is generally used. a. The entire top of this table Petrographic analyses of asbestos cement in 'll perforations through which' dicate that the amount of diatomaceous earth i. This table is sumriently i may be as high as 87 per cent by count. . than tvro-thirds of the top is I 5. Ifolding naterial and room air is thereby Molding is the process of building up the insula the other third. While no tion io fit odd shapes of boilerwork and piping. A y measurements were nice form is made to the exact shape of the part to be ta presented later in the report insulated. Block insulation is laid on, adjoining' rontroi measure had a marked sections glued together, exposed surfaces sealed se dust count. ..tj i saw such as is found in wood- with asbestos cement and the whole mold covered with asbestos doth. When dry, the molded insulation can be lifted o the form and is ready o cut insuiarioa blocks and to be installed on board ship. This operation is shapes. This operation usually done in the shop next to the sewing counts of air-borne dust, roost operation. Very little dust is produced from thi< iiowiy. Normally there is only operation and no special ventilation or respiratory operation a: my one time. protection is required. -is is a very dusty operation, 6. Grinding ou_l_d be enclosed in a room by J Several shipyards reclaim their scap pieces of e equipped with adequate local j prefabricated sections of insulation by grinding n both above and below the; cp this material and, using it in the asbestos vise of the mechanical cimcdties cement, all of which contributes considerable exhaust properly, some of the dustiness. Normally this job is done at infre o the air aad the operator should quent intervals and only one or two men are approved dust respirator. exposed, but the operation should be isolated, preparation of boots and jackets general room exhaust supplied and an approved n jacket covers lor valves and respirator worn by the operator. cheated. Toe work consists of 7. Installation ef pipe covering on board snip cloth with shears, padding the There are a number of operations involved in naimg material, and sewing with! pip^ covering on board ship. Insulation felt is cord. These operations give; wrapped and pounded tightly around large pioes .t amounts of visiale dust, and; md joints 4n<j fastened firmly in place with wire uon and respiratory -protection or ubestos ^ pipM and ,,e cov,,ed red nor used. There is usually trith prefabricated sections, which necessitates jsf workers doing inis operation some band sewing to fit the sections. Ready -- ciiaed cement is applied to fill in spaces and give * smoother finish. Some insulation is wrapped with glass cloth or asbestos doth (or greater strength. Tne only operations that produce much dust are the wrapping and pounding of amosite and the sewing of sections. Nearly all of the compartments on board ship are involved in this work, although most of it is concentrated in the machinery spices. Usually the greater number of pipe covercrs work on board ship and relatively few men in the shop. Tne spacing of workers ranges from one or two men doing a small job in a living space to as many as twenty or thirty men working on ten or more jobs in the engine room. Temporary exhaust ventilation is seldom used on board ship lor pipe covering and very few of the workers wear respir ators. Because of the varied nature of pipe covering operations in ship compartments, general exhaust ventilation is to be preferred. If the compartment is large, such as the main engine room, five air changes per hour are needed. In small com partments, such as living spaces, ten to air changes per hour are required. II. CoscposmoN or Matzstuxs Uszo According to Navy- Specification the rovings of asbestos insulating felt (amosite) shall contain not less than 95 per cent asbestos fiber ci the following composition: Silica (SiOO per cent minimum............................. 4 7.3 Iron oxide (Ff;Oi) percent maximum.................... 45.0 Magnesium om'de (MgO) percent minimum......... 6.0 Typical analysis of the two types of asbestos fibers in general use art tabulated beiom: ti n# m u Silica (SiO-t)...................... .. 39.05%....... .... 50.34% iligocsia (MgO).............. .. 40.07%....... .... 3.95% .. 3.67%,....... Ferric oxide (Fe-.0>)......... Ferrous oxide (FeO)......... f ..*1/0 .... 7.S0% .... 32.00% Sodium oxide (NiiO)___ .... 3.13% Combined water (N,0)... .. 14.45%....... .... 3.00% Therefore amosite alone will no: ccmpiy with Navy Specifications because of the low magnesia content and must be mixed with chrysolite asbestos to equal or exceed the 6.0 per cent mini mum value for magnesia. On the other hand, chrysotile cannot be used alone because of its silica content which is below the minimum. 47.5 per ce.n: specified by the Navy. Tne two :;.-pcs TT 12 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND TOXICOLOGY [*oL 2Z, . J Jau Jf-rS] ii cf asbestos fibers must be mixed together in the and sewing were done with a small amount e[ mixing *'t:; cene it proper proportions to satisfy the values set for space for storage. Cross draft ventilation w5 respirators were ccr magnesia. and silica. The amounts of these provided by open windows on both sides of tht procedures. A: the materials used to form this mixture therefore room. fabrication o: boot: would be 6-43 per cent chrysotile asbestos and Work on board ship was not supplied with carried out. A small 94-57 per cent amosite asbestos. exhaust ventilation. was cone on board si These rwo fibers aiSer mainly in their physical No asbestos workers were found wearing res Material was cut * characteristics. Chrysotile is capable of being pirators. room and the opera readily separated into very fine fibers with a soft U. S. Xa*y Yard 3. respirator. The cus: silky feet, whereas amosite is harsher and requires There were 50 men working in the shop and 7CC 'through a slot 'ur.de: more manipulation to fiberixe it. One authority men on board ship. The shop was divided intc a part of the cust gi- has stated' that the chrysotile has the finest in four main rooms: Layout, Sewing, Cement, and There was r.o ean dividual fibers, and amosite the coarsest. Be Storage and Band saw combined. With th: other than for the e TABLE 1 Stnnctxv or Matexials Uses at Eacb Yaxs rrx Monts pipe covering operatic wails and ratters c; frequent intervals v ViVYYiU A KAVT TAXS 1 COXnjLgT tALD C CONTIACT YAJL9 P cleaner. Most pipe applied in the even. Amosite 58,200 sq. ft. 50,000 sq. ft. 40,000 sq. ft. 6.315 sq. fL Centred Ycrz D. Tnert were S men Amosite (water-repellent) -- 15,000 sq. ft -- 3,300 sq. fL working cn beard si Prefabricated sections (molded xad block) 600 sq. ft. 1,200 sq. it. 59,900 linear ft. 115,000 linear fL 1,750 sq.ft. 18,500 linear ft. 15,700 linear fL were done in two she and jackets fc: pipe fabricated and surp: Asbestos doth 76,500 sq. ft. 106,600 sq. ft. 34,700 sq. ft. 40,000 sq. fL smaller shop the cp ir.d cutting c: amss MetalEc twine Asbestos yam -- 150 tb. -- -- and fire felt. Tr.ere in either shop cor for on board ship. Ail ( Asbestos paper -- 5,500 sq. ft. 4,000 sq. fL 5.500 sq. fL in a compartment cr.; who were an accrot .Asbestos board 2.7CO linear ft. 6.000 sq. ft. 150 sq. fL -- maa who cut the tv .Asbestos cement 34,400 lh. 15,000 1b. 57,500 lb. 38,503 lb. was r.o band saw cut IV. Analyses or 5 cause of this diflerence we may suspect a deeded decrease ir. the number of respirable fibers (below 200 microns in length and 5 microns in diameter) whenever amosite is used in preference to chrysotile asbestos. 1H. ?nrn Covcsldtc FAcmrnxs at IsurvmCAX. SffiTYAXTS U. S. -Vary Yard A. There were S4 men working La the shop and 467 men on board ship. The shop was divided into two rooms, one of which was primarily for storage and occasional grinding and band saw cutting operations. The only mechanical exhaust ventilation in the shop was provided (or the grind ing, mixing and band saw cutting operations and was inadequate. In the other room layout, cutting exception of the Cement Room, the doors betwer these were normally left open. The work in the Sewing Room consisted most! of fabricating and sewing valve boots and jacket; All the cement used on board ship was mixed i the Cement Room. There was no exhaust ve tilation for either the Sewing or Cement Root: The band saw was equipped with a flexible exhaurube above the table and an exhaust around ti blade below the saw table. The layout tab' was equipped with exhaust ventilation as dtscr.br above. There was no exhaust ventilation suppli on board ship for pipe covering and no work' were found wearing respirators. Conlrad Yard C. There were 51 men working in the shop and II on board - ship. Layout, cutting and ctmc: Cc Taere are no estab or sate dustiness in Drcesjen e: al. (2) ithv asbestos textile . [articles o: total cut ior that industry. that the asbestos te: in; i.ndustr'.os dice: v In textile plants " MA'cif.c jobs with la Lr >ome years, wo: f'liaio between shoo Lrut- ship campartm m ilujt cxnovurx. In con:ras: to th ciivercr's ma'.cr.als : 2C.Y (f. 2!, m. 1 Jeti. 1M] I PIPE COVERING OPERATION'S 13 * small amount of raft ventilation was <rj on both sides of tie i i 3 was not supplied with -ere found wearing res- mixing were done at one end of the shop. Dust respirators were occasionally worn during these procedures. At the other end of the shop the fabrication of boots, jackets and molds were carried out. A small amount of such fabrication was done on board ship. Material was cut with a band saw in a separate room and the operator wore an approved dust bestos content, ranging from 85 net ---r-'-sIa asbestos) to amosite f?5~ asbestos). When asbestos cements, contain large, amour.:? of-fllatomaceous earth there_is a resultant siiicssjs haxard as indicated above. In general we. --feel, that dust . cijzouupu'tr* hQgr''Sm'iTr' 5-. cillian_c-x--n--ic les oer cubic foot by Kontraeter Inriimrr >rvid rjusr contpl. kL-.g in the shop and 700 ju shop was divided iatoi :ut, Sewing, Cement, andi combined. Tilth die respirator. The dust from this saw was exhausted through a slot under the table which caught only a part of the dust given off above the table. There was no exhaust ventilation in the shop, other than for the band saw, and none for the pipe covering operations on board ship. All floors, walls and rafters of the shop were cleaned at frequent intervals with an industrial vacuum Our figures in Table 2 were determined by the Konimeter and not with the impinge.- instrument. We used the Ronimeter because it is light, easily portable and takes records which can be kept indefinitely. As is Indicated in Table 3. the dustiest operations are band saw cutting, cement inuring, and installation on board ship. cotmjLcr ixut d cleaner. Most pipe covering on board ship was V. Mxdicax. FrmtNCS applied in the evening during the second shift. 6.J25 sq. it. CordT&d Yard D. The Incidence of asbestosis among pipe covertrs There were 8 men in the shop and 160 men as determined by chest X-ray is giv.-n in Table 3,500 sq. ft. working on board ship. Pipe covering operations 4. The relation between years of c.rposuic and were done in two shops. In the main or.e, boots per cent asbestosis Is included In Table 5. and jackets for pipe valves and connections were Due to frequent turnover of shipyard workers It. 15.700 linear fL fabricited and surplus material stored. 'In the and the length of time required to X-ray a large 40,000 sq. fi- smaller shop the operations consisted of layout and cutting of amosite. water repellent amosite and fire felt. There was no exhaust ventilation numbef of workers, the number X-rayed may not equal the number of pipe coverers. At Contract Yard C X-rays were examined of men who had left in either shop nor for the pipe covering operation the yard while at Navy Yard B a tew pipe coverers 5,500 sq. ft. on board ship. All the asbestos cement was mixed in a compartment on board ship. The only worker were not X-rayed. At Navy Yard A the 48 X-rayed out of SSI were all older men working in the shop. who wore an approved dust respirator was the man who cut the two types of amosite. There Some of these pipe coverers hid had pre-shipyard was no band saw cutting of asbestos in this yard. experience in the asbestos industry, but the tables 53,500 lb. are based solely on shipyard exposure. At IV. Analyses or Srmis 'Dust and Dust Contract Yard C, for example, the Asbestos Shop : Room, the coon betwetq Counts There are no established figures for permissible Room consisted sostl! or sale dustiness in pipe covering operations. g valve boots and jackets) Dreessen et aL (2) in their study of asbestosis in Surd ship was mixed kj the asbestos textile industry suggested 5 million re was no exhaust vee particles of total dust by irnpinger as a threshold wing or Cement Room] for that industry. W- should like pointout -xed with a flexible exhaus 'dill--ihl^lhdlQl-irxtile and asbestos pipe cover- an exhaust around thj tor industries diner wicelv in tnetr cost exnost'res. hie. Tee layout tab! In textile plants wotcers usuatJv contipu;_tt -St ventilation as describe! specific joos wita tairty constant dust exposures biust ventilation supplie In- v-mr venrs. yneteas tne pipe covtrer may ivenng and no worke rotate between shop and ship and irom_smallip iters. rime ship compartmeats with a wide variation In dust exposure. in the shop and IE J~ rn"r-.ie wt wo.nrkenr,i tahne nine cutting and erme^ covgr^5 tr.atenals differ rapredlv in their estimated that about one-third of their pipe coverers had worked with asbestos before coming to the yard. The one case of advanced asbestosis at Contract Yard C had worked in the asbestos industry ior 23 years before coming to work in the yard. At Contract Yard D the two qks of moderate asbestosis bad worked 22 years and 30 years at pipe covering in their yard. AH of the X-ray films used in the above data were first read by roentgenologists of the Medical Department of the yard and then by one of the authors (W. E. F.). Dr. W. C. Dreessen, U. S. P. H. S., was kind enough to examine the three positive plates and he agreed on the diagnosis. Since only three workers out of the 1074 X-rayed had asbestosis, and each of the three bad been a pipe coverer for more than 20 years, it would i'AaU. I Akalyses or Settled Dost axd Aix SautiI^* t ortianox \ O |s if ns cskt lxn tbam 10 u3C*o*% st cocry "* **xw* w rXcr \it Zj i1< . i| z > w0 Mu < E* e c c. kO c 2 ll V w -- !i %V o etc - --c o" oc zo iI--5' a 6 E 0 1 e: doit eoovTi fU?PQY* Tul duit assxstos Bert Rssrt of couau Avrfr Ruff ti Iaw* nuAU I1" m o>r jjttrroi (ruin) Layout and cutting I 95 16 6 12 6 24 26 10 2 5.5- 8.7 6.1 n ?i-o '0!0.5e 5.7- fi n N'avy Yard B........................ 9S 1G 8 12 tr 40 18 12 4 1.6- 6.5 4.2 :0.01-0.5-4:0.25I0.6- 7.9 Contract Yard C.................. 95 50 5 10 tr 26 14 15 4 17.1- 25.2 20.511.15-i. 5012.18:6.6-19.5 Contract Yard D.................. 95 26 6 8 tr 29 21 10 5 6,5- 16.J 10.9:0.09-1.1610,63il.4- 8.7 ii Cutting with band saw Xavy Yard A........................ Navy Yard B........................ Contract Y'ard C.................. 98 98 97 9 65 8 tr 2 tr i 11 2 11.0- 19.2 15.1:0.10-0.14:0.12:0.:- 0.9 48 16 12 2 (32.4- 46.6159.S 2.8- 5.2 5.0 }6.$- 8.7 10 4 i12 5 18.2-1004- 754- .9-12.8 6.19 4.5-12.8 Cct trnurjr U'-out anc cutting... kind saw cutting........ Sotuic ar.d .'ior.cj.uct Cfncnt miring............. Gooding......................... Gcseral room................ Step ivtnp........... Shin average............. Sole: MPPC7 - Molding operations Contract Yard C.................. 98 Contract Yard D................. 95 Scaring 4: prep, of boots k jackets Xavy Y'ard A....................... Xavy Y'ard B (Sewing as- bestos doth) (Stumag with amosite)... Contract Y'ard C.................. Contract Y'ard D.................. 98 98 95 98 Storeroom Contract Y'ard D................. 95 Cement mixing Xavy Yard A........................ Xavy Y'ard B........ .............. Contract Yard C.................. Contract Yard D (on board skip)................................... 8 66 5 tr 4 9 f tr 12 tr 9 tr 8 8 11 tr 26 6 11 5 6 6 8 tr 15 8 7 tr 7 6 10 48 10 12 . 2 5.5-. 6.1 4.6 .01- ,06j0.05 0.5 -1.0 42 21 16 5 5.5- 6.0 6.810.0- 9.4 0.1 0. -0.4 581 20 15 I 2.1- 2.1 0. 0.5 0. 231 12 14 2 10.6- 12.5 11.4 .45- .79 .6215.7 -7.4 58 28 14 5 5.9- 10.9 e.ojo. - .05 . OolO. -0.5 26 32 12 r 1 16 5.4- 504- 514-10. -0.52:0.2 0. - 0.7 2 67. -1004- 84-4 1.6 -1.7 1.7 1.4- 2.5 2 55.S- 48.7 41.5 1.6 -4.7 5.1 4.7-10.0 5 19.6- 40.0 52 0. - .02 .01 0. - .oo: l.vrocNcr or Analj i. Navy Y'ard A...........! Navy Y'ard B...........I Cor.irzci Yard C__ | Contract Yard D . . . j --! ictais.................. 1 ------------------------ 1 k ELI.-- ONSET* 3 CTT\-L In<etln. Crinding scrap materials Xavy Yard A........................ SS 8 20 36i 1 10 55 12 15 9.4-1004- 30-r-j 0. -1.6 .47-0. -2.6 General room Xavy Y'ard A........................ Xavy Yard B....................... Contract Y'ard C.................. Contract Y'ard D................. Aboard ship Xavy Yard A........................ Xavy Y'ard B........................ Contract Y'ard C.................. Contract Y'ard D................. 49 0.2- 24.6 10.0 D; -1.4 0.08 .02-0.1 1.6- 5.5 2.4:0. - .01 .01 D. -0.6 4 0.0- 21.6114.210.54-1.7 .8 )5.S -7.9 5 5.9- 10.9 6.0!0. 1 - .05 1 .02:1 0. -0.5 1 1i 50 65. -250. 142 !0. -0.17:0.02:0. -0.C 15 S4.4-192.0|12S 11.56-5.2:;2.31 1.1 -J." 15 25.5- 9.0149.2: 0.25-2.5811.10.0.5 -6.J 15 8.o- ::.i|ii.ojo. -o.2ijo.o5jo. -1.0 ' Sole: MPPCF .MBlion particles of dust per cubic ioot of air. 14 Ejrpov IAfircir Perce r. f Boose Sivy Yard >5 'Alice:.' [ Pcrcrr. C'-.-.trurt Vied C [rcr f= f. c::u-t Yard D < A:T (fV wr^r r -ri rc OCT7 * rx* crwr Auimi rr- Xun ! ` |A*cr n tvau in i.iio.:i-o.so;o.jsls.*- 6.0 j 4.::o.01-0.54:0.2210.6- 7.9 j.5!i.:5-;.Joi2.i3j6.w9.5 5.9i0.09-1.1610.6311.4-^ 8.7 1 -- --------, i.iio.io-o.Hio.iro.;- 0.9 9.512.8- 5.2 15.0 !6.5- 8.7 1 T-j .9-12.8 |6.1914.5-12.8 I jj. ;P4^1 \ PIPE COVERING OPERATIONS IS TABLE 3 Coutajusoh or Dc3t:ntxs or Vaxiots OrroATioxs m Eacb Sctttaxd rriAno* Layout and cutting.... Iliad u rutting......... Sewing and fabrication. Cement mixing.............. Grinding...................... (Vccral room................ **nr vajls a n*rr taxs Tout dut | | Ajbmaj ftiuf urrcT' 6.1 15.1 4.8 51.0 50.0 10.0 0.55 0.12 0.05 0.2 0.47 0.08 TauJ 4ut i I Alba tot Cwi utter 4.2 59.5 4.8 84.0 0.25 5.0 0.1 1.7 2.4 0.01 Shop avCTife. Ship Jvmjt.. 30.0 142.0 0.25 0.02 26.9 128.0 1.0 2.8 * 5 cu: MPPCE - Million particies of dust per cubic foot of air. conTiurr iau c urrcr 20.5 75.0 11.4 41.5 2.18 6.19 0.62 5.1 14.2 0.8 32.0 49.2 2.6 1.1 CONTACT T4JLO t Mrrzr 10.9 j 0.65 6.0 52.C 0.05 0.01 6.C 7.6 11.0 O.O: C.25 C.05 ..6! -Ci- .W:0.C5i0.5 -1.0 6 'Y- 9.4 jo.I !o. -6.4 -6.4 ]0.3 jo. 79} .6215.7 --J7.4 -0.5 TABLE 4 Isrann or Asbcstosis Airoyc Prrx Ccvrxrts Koetnvinn'!ireviDiI rO"f`u*iu*oturtun iru i uro M1aj> Adrucr Navy Yard A.......... 551 48 O' 0 N'avy Yard S.......... 750 662 0 0 Contract Yard C___ 174 196 0 Coenct Yard E... 168 168 0 0 0 0 1 0 Totals.................... 1685 1074 appear lint asbestos pipe covering of naval vessels is a relatively sale occupation. However, it must be remembered that these roc: rotated :.:cr.g ::c - various operations of pipe covering and ve:e pot continually exposed to high concentrations c: asbestos dust as found in hand sarr cuttarr and cement mining. Tr.t suggestions made relative to exhaust ventiiatior. and respiratory preteetioa are therefore of value in maintaining this low incidence of ashestosis. Dsctssiok T-:o. -0.52:0.2 ;o. - 0.7 -r|l.6 -1.1 1.7 1.4- 2.5 -.5I1.6 -4.1 1-3.1 4.7-10.0 k .021 .Clio. - .0C1 ;0. -i.6 I ,47!0. -2.6 !i ! -.00.- -:,4 '0.C5' .02-0.5 ! 1.4 C. - .ci, .01-0. --0.6 1 .2 C.54-1.7 I .8 13.8 -7.9! 0 0. -- 0.*' r-e-n 41 I 1 C. -O.:7:0.c:.0. -0-c> * 1.56-5.21::.8 il.l -j-'| 2 0.25-2.58'!.100.3 -6.i> 0C-. -2.2V.0.O5C , A ; I TABLE S /truAmoxssrr Bxnvrxy Lancers or Etcrostrax axs Ixolvc or Asarrrcns tcmjD t ejlu ot rut ormuc iwcmr j iNavy Yird A AEtcted........... e-j `1/1 0o 1 ; CTc.' J-S j S-I0 I polcu 1 -- - - * T It I* Z 0 j0 0 OTcj 07c 07c -7T f <5: 1C: 0 i o 10 I0 0%: C7c: C7c! 07c ,, 0 ilCe 1-45 - * 0C7c!1 o io ! l (yc* c~li - /Cl* AcC/e- | -TDOSed . . 25 :m :: , C 0 : r. , .7 0Tf. 07c: 07e::rrc The extreme:y low iacfdenct ci asbestoses found, 0.29 per cent, or 5 cases out of 1074 p;p* coverers, stands in mnrited contrast to the high dust concentration found in. several of the pipe covering operations. As shown in Table 5. the total dust concentration ior band saw cutting ranged from 13.1 to 73.0 million particles pe: cubic feet, for cement mixing from 31.0 to 34.0. and for installation on board ship, from 11.0 tc 142.C. The solution o: this apparent duartczr.cy lie: in a characteristic peculiar to the pipe cave mg trace, that is lack of a necessity ter soecizihztict.. 1c general, pipe covertrs are capable e: cots: ah c.' the ooerattcr.t describee abev;. e-b -jr; -.\aratr may be cnanged irom sr.e operation to anctner cr to dinerent jobs in the same type c:' eoemtiaa without less o: emcier.ry and a cm rata: tc tar demands o: ship construction. It u tacreicn apparent that a pipe covertr s environment may change every te-w days or few wt-hs a: the most with a constant r.uctuattar. an tat cue: cc.tcer.tr.tior. which he brnathra. Tnetciort. toe r.rarer. gwzz iz 2 (or sr.se averse; ar.c !h:s avzTZTt czzzz: r;v; s ezr-.zeutz mr.urr c; i:s;r.c: r _16 Ui ttat'iwwkrrxrmjr Jmtbe over a period of yasi. It is further appartat that to obtain such ^^a^aaurt, da.0y_ du counts at each-specific job I among these workers would have been considerably neater. i it -Ti><we--inetbctpipcxovccIng '-iatafeh ship compznrnenfand inThe ihop together with 'the time`spent on-each job would have to ~ *. be xsrr.pDed -separately for each worker. In this VI. Conclusions } '-respeci, asbestos .pipe .covering difiers markedly 1. The -'character of -aka*tor . pipe covering from"'the asbestos textile 'industry where shat industry on board naval vessels is such that concentrations for an operation do not fluctuate . .conclusions drawn from other asbestos industries widely and where a-workertrill usually Temaiaiat such as textiles, cannot be applied. a specific job for some years. 2. The-operations of band saw catting, grinding, 'A further factor in maintaining a low incidence cement miring, and installation on board ship cl asbestosis is that in band saw cutting, grinding, and cement mixing only one or two men are in* voived and the*work is usually done at infrequent should be equipped with exhaust ventilation to keep the total dust ennenntration low. 2. The incidence of asbestosis among pipe intervals such is several times x week. Finally, pipe overers ilso tpply glass wool, rock wool, mignesii, and other types of nooasbestos insulation, all of which deceases the amount of exposure to asbestos dust. It seems likely to us that if the pipe coverers studied had worked steadily at any of the above operations - where the amount of asbestos dust in the air was esnsistently high, the incidence of asbestosis coverers in the shipyards studied was low, 0 29 pc cent or 3 cases out of 1074. .In view of the nature of shipyard pipe covering work, this low incdenc; is not surprising. 4. Since each of the i cases of asbestosis had worked at asbestos pipe covering in shipyards for more than 20 years, it may be concluded that sum pipe covering is not a-dangerous occupation. REFERENCES -**--('.) Luxu, A. J-: Silicosis and asbestosis. Oaord University press, New York, New York, 193S. (2) Dxxxssxn, tV. C. et aL: A study cl asbestosis in the asbestos textile industry. Bail No. (3) Faety, J. C.: Ships and aircraft of the united States Fieel. 2nd War Edition, 1944. Pub lished by Ships aod Aircraft, 12&5 Broadway, New York, New York. 241, Public Health Service, V. S. Treasury Department, 193X. ECPCSUBESilC Steiien c/ Inauiirial am At ELDING'ripen W constructloh^an often procucTi plates upon cooling. --T prevalent on decks or suriicts are afiected. mcisures include shrink: application of beat, ordka. dane, to a distorted sectic or accompanied by a n' Shrinking is often nrer meats or confined spaces . the -eperation may cor nrijures are in use. An recently provided an tn jhrir.ker developing syre vf suregtn poisanir.r whir 10 days liter from rtpor. Tr.rtt other workers a'. exposure txptritncec a cc. yvmptoms, bur were ap fullowLng diy. The purpose of this invr the exposures which ari small, unventilated ompa , Orrsy The torch ordinarily ' the oonventicnal oryac In most instances the t: annular ring attachmec which supplies a cantin'. i water xround the far. Lt-iin of the torch, conm Mcvl plate can be restorer A* with cryacetyitot w; '-w o( the torch tip is oet vi metal encountered, darted on thin steel the nnue commonly ukc t cruelty of the shrinking * Vretivrd (or oubliencU ' loilustnal Hygiene -- t -fcsw A y y > fl