Document KGe86GLnmrbq1mrxBO4bbV972

350 CHAPTER 18 1946 Guide . prevented by suitable anchoring of piping and by proper provision for pipe expansion and contraction. 3. Direct impingement of too intense local heat upon any part of the boiler surface, as with oil burners, should be avoided by protecting the surface with firebrick or other refractory material. 4. Condensation in steam systems must flow back to the boiler as rapidly and uni formly as possible. Return connections should prevent the water from backing out of the boiler. 5. Automatic boiler feeders and low water cut-off devices which shut off the source of heat if the water in the boiler falls below a safe level are recommended for mechanically fired boilers. Boiler Troubles A complaint regarding boiler operation generally will be found to be due to one of the following: 1. The boilerfails to deliver enough heat. The cause of this condition may be: (o) poor draft; (b) poor fuel; (c) inferior attention or firing; (d) boiler too small; (e) improper piping; (f) improper arrangement of sections; (jg) heating surfaces covered with soot; (k) insufficient radiation installed; and (i) with mechanical firing, fuel burning equip ment too small. 2. The water line is unsteady. The cause of this condition may be: (a) grease and dirt in boiler: (6) water column connected to a very active section and, therefore, not showing actual water level in boiler; and (c) boiler operating at excessive output. 3. Water disappears from gage glass. This may be caused by: (a) priming due to ' grease and dirt in boiler; (&) too great pressure difference between supply and return piping preventing return of condensation; (c) valve closed in return line; {d) connection of bottom of water column into a very active section or thin waterway; and (e) improper .connections between boilers in battery permitting boiler with excess pressure to push returning condensation into boiler with lower pressure. 4. Water is carried over into steam main. This, may be caused by: (a) grease and dirt * . in boiler; (6) insufficient steam dome or too small steam liberating area; (c) outlet con-. nections of too small area; (d) excessive rate of output; and (e) water level carried higher than specified. 5. Boiler is slow in response to operation of dampers. This may be due to: (a) poor draft resulting from air leaks, into chimney or breeching; (6) inferior fuel; (c) inferior attention; (d) accumulation of clinker on grate; and (e) boiler too small for the load. 6. Boiler requires too frequent cleaning offlues. This may be due to: (a) poor draft; (6) smoky combustion; (c) too low a rate of combustion; and (d) too much excess air in firebox causing chilling of gases. 7. Boiler smokes through fire door. This may be due to: (a) defective draft in chimney or incorrect setting of dampers; (6) air leaks into boiler or breeching; (c) gas outlet from firebox plugged with fuel; (d) dirty or clogged flues; and (e) improper reduction in ' breeching size. 8. Low carbon dioxide. This may be due on oil burning boilers to: (a) improper ad- i'ustment of the burner; (b) leakage through the boiler setting; (c) improper fire caused. iy a fouled nozzle; or (d) to an insufficient quantity of oil being burned. Cleaning Boilers All boilers are provided with flue clean-out openings through which the . heating surface can be reached by means of brushes or scrapers. Flues of solid fuel boilers should be cleaned often to keep the surfaces free of soot or ash. Gas boiler flues and burners should be cleaned at least once ' a year. Oil burning boiler flues should be examined periodically to deter. mine when cleaning is necessary. The grease used to lubricate the cutting tools during erection of new piping systems serves as a carrier for sand and dirt, with the result that a scum of fine particles and grease accumulates on* the surface of the water in all new boilers, while heavier particles may settle to the bottom of the boiler and form sludge. These impurities tend to cause foaming, preventing the generation of steam and causing an unsteady waterline. Heating Boilers and Furnaces 351 This unavoidable accumulation of oil and grease'should be removed by blowing off the boiler as follows: If not already provided, install a surface blow connection of at least \]/i in. nominal pipe size with outlet extended-to within 18 in. of the floor or to sewer, inserting a valve in line close to boiler. Bring the water line to center of outlet, raise steaim pres sure and while fire is burning briskly open valve in blow-off line. When pressure recedes, close.valve and repeat process adding water at intervals to maintain proper level. As a final operation bring the pressure in the boiler to about 10 lb', close blow-off, draw the fire or stop burner, and open drain valve. After boiler has cooled partly, fill and flush out several times before filling it to proper water level for normal service. The use of soda, or any alkali, vinegar or any acid is not recommended for cleaning heating boilers because of the difficulty, of complete removal and the possibility of subsequent injury, after the cleaning process has been completed. Insoluble compounds have been developed which are effective,, but special instructions on the proper cleaning compound and directions for its use in a boiler, as given by the boiler manufacturer, should be carefully followed. Care of Idle Heating Boilers Heating boilers are often seriously damaged during summer months due chiefly to corrosion resulting from the combination of sulphur from the fuel with the moisture in the cellar air. At the end of the heating season the folio-wing precautions should be taken: 1. All heating surfaces should be cleaned thoroughly of soot, ash and residue, and the. heating surfaces of steel boilers should be given a coating of lubricating oil on the tire side. 2. All machined surfaces should be coated with oil or grease. 3. Connections to the chimney should be cleaned and in case of small boilers the pipe should be placed in a dry-place after cleaning. 4. If there is much moisture in the boiler room, it is desirable to drain the boiler to prevent atmospheric condensation on the heating surfaces of the' boiler when they are below the dew-point temperature. Due to the hazard that some one may inadvertently build a fire in a dry boiler, however, it is safer to keep the boiler filled with water, par ticularly in residential installations. Air caii be excluded from a steam boiler by raising the water level into the steam outlets. A hot water system usually is left filled to the expansion tank. ... 6. The grates and ashpit should be cleaned. 6. Clean and repack the gage glass if necessary. 7. Remove any rust or other deposit from exposed surfaces by scraping with a wire brush or sandpaper. After boiler is thoroughly cleaned, apply a coat of preservative paint where required to external parts normally painted. 8. Inspect all accessories of the boiler carefully to see that they are in good working order. In this connection, oil all door hinges, damper bearings and regulator parts. WARM AIR FURNACES Warm air heating: furnaces of a number of types and a wide range of sizes are listed and illustrated in the Catalog Data Section. TYPES OF FURNACES Warm air furnaces may be classified in several different ways: a. According to method of heat distribution--these are either gravity or mechanical (blower) furnaces.