Document KGNdLB6q5KKage8zqR6oBJ0Jx

Chteospbtro No. ), pp 1)9 - 144. 1975. Psrgaaon Proa. Printad In Craat Britain. EFFECTS OF COMMERCIAL CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS AND SPECIFIC CHLOROBIPHENYLS ON THE GROWTH OF SEVEN SPECIES OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON* J. S. Craigie and 0. Hutzinger* Atlantic Regional Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, N. S. BSH 311 (Rtcslvtd In USA 24 January 19751 raeaivad in (IX for publication 6 May 1975) INTRODUCTION The polychlorinated biphenyl mixture, Aroclor 1242, is reported to inhibit growth and the synthesis of RNA and chlorophyll in Cylindrotheca closterium*. and to induce a lag in the growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardcii1. Several recent reports indicate that Aroclor 12S4, a commercial chlorobiphenyl mixture, will inhibit the growth of 2 marine diatom species***, and Chlorella pyrenoldoaa *. Commercial chlorobiphenyls are a mixture of isomers4, but no evidence has been presented as to whether the observed biological effects are due to specific isomers or whether all chlorobiphenyls are deleterious to phytoplankton. We report the growth response of several marine species incubated with chlorinated hydrocarbon mixtures, or with specific chlorobiphenyls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chlorinated hydrocarbons were generously supplied by the manufacturers under registered trade names Aroclors 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248, 12S4D, 1260, 1262, S460 (Monsanto); Phenoclors OPS, DP4, DPS, DP6 (Prodelec); Halowax 1099 (Koppers); and Uniclor SO (Neville). Specific chlorobiphenyls were prepared by synthesis7. . The phytoplankton represent 6 classes of marine algae as follows: laeillariophyceae - Skeletonena costatun (Grev.) Cleve, Thalassiosira fluviatilis 'issued as NRCC No. 141S0. `New address: Laboratory of Environnental Chemistry, Univ. of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, Amsterdam, Netherlands. We thank Miss Beverly Pace and Mr. T. Moore for dedicated assistance. MQNS Qa297^ 140 . } PICURB 1. Growth of four spocias of phytoplankton in tho prasanca of 1 or 100 pps of Aroclors 1221 to 1262. MQNS Q62973 Ko. J U1 % of Control % of Control Growth of throo spocios of phytoplankton in tho prasonco of Aroclors 1221-1262 (a-c). Growth of D. tortioloctt and Olltthodiscus so. in tho orosonco of r or iuy ppof pKonoclors UPS DP* {d). MQN3 032974 142 K#. 3 Huitodt; Chlorophyceae - PunalielU tertiolecta Butcher; Chrysophyceae - Monochrysls lutheri Droop; Prasinophyceae PlatymonasfTetrasclmis)sp.; Rhodophyceae Porphyridlum sp.; and Xanthophyceae - Olisthodlscus sp. The source of these cultures has been reported'**. All were axenic and were grown in 125 ml Erlenmeyer flasks for 6 days under cool-white fluorescent lamps with a 12 h photoperiod at 20*. . Each compound was dissolved in acetone and an appropriate volume was dispensed into each experimental flask. The acetone was evaporated just to dryness undeT a jet of filtered air at room temperature. Thirty ml of a natural seawater modium, SUM 1*> were added immediately and the flasks were stopped with cotton plugs and autoclaved. The chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations were 1 or 100 ppm based upon the volume of medium added and no attempt was made to measure the concentration of hydrocarbon that dissolved. Neat day a l ml inoculum of a 3 or 4 day old culture was added aseptically. Duplicate control and experimental flasks were set up and a minimum of 2 separate experiments were performed with each compound. Flasks were shaken by hand twice daily, and at 6 days tha turbidity was measured at 7SO na in a 1 cm cell. Representative O.D. values for the control cultures were 0.519, 0.194, 0.197, 0.74S, 0.601, 0.426, and 0.471 for each of the above species, respectively. Growth in replicate experiments was quite reproducible being within * 5! of the average value. RBSULTS end DISCUSSION Pigs. 142 show the growth of phytoplankton after incubation In the presence of 1 or 100 ppm of chlorinated biphenyls. The response to a given Arocler sample was species dependent with the least sensitive being D. tertiolecta and the most sensitive being Olisthodlscus sp. At 1 ppm relatively little inhibition wee recorded for D. tortiolecta. Platymonas sp. S. costaturn or T. fluviatllis. whoroaa Porphyridlum sp. and M. lutheri wars intermediate, and Ollsthodiscua sp. was completely Inhibited by Aroclors 1241, 1254, 1264, and Phenoclor DF4. The Phenoclor series was more toxic to Olisthodlscus than the Aroclors but whether this is due to contaminants such as chiorobentofurans11 was not invostigated. No growth was recorded for any MONS 082975 TABLE 1 Effect of chlorobipheayls and other chlorinated hydrocarbons on phytoplankton cultures. Data are expressed as a percentage of the turbidity of the controls. Chlorobiphenyl -EH. PuMalitlla ttriioltet* OUttkodisau* ap. flatymona* sp. JkflftOMM ooatatua fhalaeaioeira fluviatilit Chlorobiphenyl -EES. D. t*rtiol*eta Oliethodieowe sp. Chlorobiphenyl PP D, t*rtiolota OlitthodiiouM sp. Conpounds D, tartioltota OHithoditou* sp. T. fluviatili . 4' _L 100 -. 92 1 100 6 93 9 <4 5 mm .4.4'100 100 4 S t.f. .d'.s.s'___ !_ 100 104 10S 78 19 Aroclor S460 i 100 100 98 99 97 100 100 2 .4_i 100 97 s 100 7 -.. -- J.2\,S.5`100 101 91 79 1 ___ PC1-___ 100 100 10S 100 107 Halowsx 1099 ___1_ 100 94 97 89 3 10S 44 3.4 _L 100 97 14 98 4 . -3.3*.4 .4'100 98 102 103 99 Uniclor 50 100 96 97 97 99 100 10S 4. 4'_L 100 .. 96 11 101 39 92 6 89 15 2.3. 4,s100 102 101 100 33 MONS 0 3 2 9 7 6 144 Ho. 5 species when 100 ppm of the biphenyls containing the lower percentages of chlorine were tested. All survived 100 ppm of Aroelor 1262 although growth of S. coitatum, M. lutheri and Olisthodiscus sp. was strongly depressed. The data of Table 1 also show that highly chlorinated biphenyls are less toxic than those with only 1*4 chlorine atoms per molecule. Experiments with biphenyls containing identical percentages of chlorine show that the biological response depends upon the molecular structure* Thus the 2,2',4,4'*tetrachlorobiphenyl is more toxic to both D. tortiolecta and to Olisthodiscus sp. than is the 2,2',5,5' isomer, and both are more deleterious than either the 2,3,4,5 or the J,3',4,4* isomers (Table 1). The latter was not toxic even when added at 100 ppm. Neither the chlorinated terphenyl, Aroelor 5460, nor the Uniclor $0 is toxic to the phytoplankton tested (Table 1). Halowax 1099, however, killed Olisthodiscus and strongly depressed the growth of T. fluviatills at 100 ppm. REFERENCES 1. J. E. Kell, L. B. Prieeter and 5. H. Sandifer, Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol., 6, 156 (1971). 2. J. R. Morgan, Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol., , 129 (1972). 3. J. L. Moaser, N. S. Piahar and C. F. Wurster, Sciance, 176. 533 (1972). 4. J. L. Mosaer, N. S. Fisher, T-C. Teng and C. F. Wurster, Science, 175, 191 (1972)'. 5. D. R. Cole and F. W. Plapp Jr., Environ. Entonoi., 3, 217 (1974). 6. S. N. Hirwe, R. B. Borchard, L. G. Hasten and R. 1. Metcalf, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 12, 131 (1974). 7. 0. Hutxinger, S. Safe and V. Zitko, Bull. Environ. Conean. Toxicol. 6, 209 (1971). - I. J. McLachlan, Can. J. lot., 10, 769 (1964). 9. J. S. Cralgie, J. McLachlan and G. H. N. Towers, Can. J. Bot., 4_3, 1SI9 (1965). 10. J. G. Voe, J. H. Koeman, H. L. Van der Maas, M. C. Ten Noover de Brauw and R. H. OeVoe, Food Coamet* Toxicol., 8, 62S (1970). MQNS 03^977