Document KG5QKOXpOJpZpDVegrMxGjqM6

. Next industry: electric vehicles? When the House and Senate voted to overturn President Ford's veto of Facilitate, and remove barriers to, the use of electric and hybrid motor! the electric vehicle bill, the way wasvehicles in lieu of gasoline and diesel- paved for the beginning of what could powered motor vehicles, where practi become a major new American industry cable. --the production of electric trucks and These goals are parallel to those the passenger cars. Lead Industry Association has been The bill authorizes the Energy Re search & Development Administration (ERDA) to undertake a Federal pro gram of research, development and demonstration projects designed to pro mote electric vehicle technologies and to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of these vehicles. Known officially as the "Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1976", the bill provides for a total of $160,000,000 to be spent during fiscal years 1977-79. The funds will be used to achieve three primary goals set forth in the bill: Encourage and support accelerated working toward for a number of yean. The Association's active and vigorous support of education and information programs involving electric vehicles is well known. Foremost among these pro grams has been the use of GoLIAth,thw battery powered lightweight truck tint was purchased to illustrate the effective-1 ness of lead batteries to power such 4; vehicles, for a wide variety of demoi stration projects in more than 25 U and Canadian cities. These continuing support progri involve a variety of electric vehicle del onstration projects that can help bi a vital new industry for this couni Large-scale production of electric research into, and development of elec tric and hybrid vehicle technologies. hides will not only provide additioi jobs, but it can go a long way in sol' Demonstrate the economic and the nation's dependence on imported technological practicability of electric to run the nation's millions of intei and hybrid vehicles for personal and combustion vehicles. Battery power commercial use in urban areas and for also help improve the environment agricultural and personal use. in rural cities since electric vehicles are areas. and do not pollute the air. LIA2677A fery/Gasoline power possible solution for metro taxi problems vehicle that combines the advan tages of both electric and gasoline ered engines could provide a soluto a major problem faced by the >n`s more than 170,000 taxis: how rofitably transport 2.5 billion pasers annually while complying with onmental regulations concerning motive pollution. ie vehicle, a prototype produced by ;wagen, Inc., was among five spe designed city taxis introduced in June at the Museum of Modern in New York City. The vehicles !ie result of a program called `The Project: Realistic Solutions for y." The project was made possible rants from Mobil Oil Corp. and 'rban Mass Transportation Adminion of the L .S. Department of portation. the five prototypes, the VW taxi is nly one that uses a hybrid power Upon starting up. the VW City ; electric motor current comes from ehicle's lead acid batteries. Once xi reaches a speed at which the IC ; operates efficiently, it takes over ve J,ai~sk of supplying the main driving hvbric to ^e "heels. Demand on the m e' dcniirtC motor decreases acci ordincglv' , and where1- comes to an end. vehicle can operate on completely lei to t\on.free electric power supplied by tion h: 12-volt, 80 ampere hour lead imber eateries in inner-city core areas. ; anQ ler areas, where it is desirable to nd infce interna] combustion engine, the :tnc ve^ty paxj js swjtched to hybrid nong tr f GoLl. fight tr ate the to pov riety oi re than pport ] trie veh t can h' or this of ele ovide e rg way i on im] llions o attery envi ihicles air. operation. In this ca,se the driving power is derived from both the elec tric motor and the gasoline engine. The taxi's pollution emissions are considerablv lower than those of vehicles equipped with conventional internal combustion power plants. When the gasoline engine produces more power than is needed for driving requirements, the electric motor func tion; as a generator, running on excess power from the gasoline engine. The re sulting energy is stored in the vehicle's batteries. The VW taxi has a top speed of 43.5 miles per hour when operating on elec tric power supplied by the lead acid batteries. With the IC engine, the ve hicle can achieve 64.6 mph speeds. The type of driving the taxi encounters de termines how often the batteries must be recharged from outside sources utiliz ing conventional electric current. For even distribution of weight, the eleven batteries that supply power for the taxi's electric motor are housed in three cabinets. They are located in the right side of the driver's compartment, under the rear-facing passenger seat, and beneath the luggage deck at the rear of the vehicle. The design of all five taxis is based on criteria established bv the Museum of Modern Art in cooperation with the N'.Y. City Taxi and Limousine Commission, engineering consultants, and representa tives of the New York City taxi industry. In addition, vehicles resulting from the program were designed to improve the quality of life in the urban environment by using less energy, decreasing noise, pollution and traffic congestion and pro vide safe, comfortable accommodations for both the driver and passengers. Lead provides water stopper for spectacular new fountain Lead burners lor Allied Lead, Chicago, burn joints of lead sheets used to waterproof base of new $2 million fountain in downtown Detroit. As part of the continuing effort to revitalize downtown Detroit to at the water is handled by four under ground pumps located beneath the foun tract business and commercial intereststain's well. Two pumps operate at 250- that have been fleeing to suburbia, the lbs. and two at 150-lbs., for an 800-lb. citv is undertaking massive urban re capacitv. newal. Concentrated along the down Ten banks of computerized programs town waterfront area, one of the major provide 31 different combinations of projects is a new eight-acre park and water sequences, and five independent recreation area called Civic Center Plaza. lighting displays. The air and water Focal point of the plaza, designed by temperature and wind velocity are mon Isanu -\oguchi of Noguchi Fountain & itored to determine the water display Plaza. Inc., New York, is a magnificent to be programmed. modern fountain. The use of lead figured prominently in The $2 million installation, water the fountain's construction. The metal's proofed with lead, was donated by the ability to provide a watertight membrane late Mrs. Horace E. Dodge in memory of was essential since accommodations for her late husband and son. The computer shops and parking facilities have been operated fountain will be a constantly provided beneath the plaza, which is 15 changing spectacle of water and lights. feet above ground level. Sheathed in gleaming stainless steel, it Approximately 100,000-lbs. of 6-lb. rises 25 feet in the air and resembles a sheet lead (3/32-in. thick) was used to doughnut-like ring, 25-feet in diameter. waterproof the fountain area. Of this The ring is supported by two stainless amount, 700-lbs. of burning bar was used steel legs. to join this sheet lead moisture protec The fountain includes 22 downward tion system. The sheet contained 4^4 jets of water originating from the under percent antimony, .06 percent copper, side of the ring. There also are 34 up and an arsenic content of 0.07 percent ward jets, rising from inside of the to provide for increased corrosion re fountain well to heights of up to 8 feet sistance and to decrease thermal ex above the ring. In addition to these 56 pansion. Lead sheets measuring 8-ft. by jets, 120 fog jets mist all around the 22-ft. were used to minimize the number ring. All of the jets operate at different of joints and help insure the watertight scheduled intervals. As an added varia integrity of the lead. tion, the water frequently fills the well Four lead burners at a time were em and overflows. ployed, and two passes were made on About 60.000 gallons of water con each joint to bring it up to the stan stantly recirculate in the fountain at the dard lead welding code. rate of 17.000 gpm. The movement of John E. Green Plumbing & Heating Co.. Highland Park. Mich., continue^ ly poured 600 yards of concrete for th dish-shaped base on which the fountaj sits. The lead installation then follow a standard sequence. The 12-in.-thic concrete dish was covered with a cold applied brush coat of bituminous ccm ing, followed bv 60-lb. felt. After tb sheet lead moisture protection svsten was installed, another bituminous coat ing was applied. This svstem was topped bv a black granite surface. The fountain's well is also protect bv a lead waterproofing svstem toppa with a granite surface. The well is lo* cated in the center of the two stainles steel legs that support the fountain. From the perimeter of the 120-ft. diameter dial) there is a 3-ft. incline to the well. The well is 25-ft. in diameter. 7-ft. high and weighs 100 tons. By constantly changing its display the fountain will not only enhance ti beauty of the area, but impress onlooka as well. What they will not see, howeve is lead working undercover to preva water leakage problems. The multi-million-dollar RenaissaW Center, another renewal project, local* on the waterfront immediatelv adjacd to the plaza, forms a majestic backdro for the fountain. The complex includl a multi-purpose hotel, apartments a* office buildings that soar above the sk] line in a series of dramatic tow sheathed in tinted reflective glass. Source: Allied Lead, Inc. 4 LI A2677fc popularity of Tiffany-style creating 3 leaded stained glass dynasty The company produces more than 80 styles of leaded stained glass Tiffany stvle chandeliers and table lamps. About 400 designs are usually on display. Other items are kept in reserve stock and. in addition, components of more popular designs are kept in stock and onlv need to be solder-joined as needed. Production facilities at Somers Stained Glass are immaculate and. unlike many production plants, they are open to the public. "The public is fascinated with the various steps involved in producing leaded stained glass," savs Somers. "They want to see how stained glass is cut, how it is assembled, and how it is solderjoined like putting a huge, colorful puz zle together," he says, adding that letting the public see the work being done is a valuable sales tool. "Our customers learn first-hand the amount of hand labor and time involved in joining and soldering leaded stained glass," he reports. "It is for these reasons our customers appreciate the fact that our prices don't compete with in expensive, mass-produced work that is called leaded stained glass. Our designs, like the originals by Tiffany, are valu able pieces of art. They are an excellent investment as well as a means of helping rail view of Somers Stained Glass workroom, showing some of the more than 80 styles of lamp 3es the company produces. to insure the continuation of a cen turies-old art form." The company produces three basic The increased popularity of hand crafted Tiffany-style chandeliers and Tiffany-style designs: rectangular shades that are primarily made up of rectang table lamps is responsible for what could ular and square glass squares, conical become a business dynasty based on shaped shades with a two or three leaded stained glass. inch skirt; and a wide variety of domes The grandson of the founder of that incorporate many sizes and colors Somers Stained Glass, Deer Park, N.Y., of stained glass shapes, fruit, flowers, is now learning the fine art of designing etc. and executing leaded stained glass from The first step in producing rectangu his father and uncle. They own and lar and conical shaped designs is to cut operate the Long Island company, which the glass that will be required for the was started by their father in 1947. And design. Then the extruded lead that is it is likely that the grandson might one used to frame the glass sections is cut to day be joined by some of his brothers, the desired length. Called earning, the sisters and cousins if the company con lead has a channel about l/g-in. deep tinues to expand. The company is one along the side. The channel holds the of the country's largest producers of glass sections in place while they are both leaded stained glass lamps and being joined and, after soldering, they chandeliers as well as windows, ceilings provide the strength required to help and similar types of decor. support the lamp structure. All soldering "During the past six years," the com is accomplished with 60-40 tin lead pany president Harold Somers reports, solder. "we have expanded both the size of our plant and the number of employees to keep up with the demand to produce Most of the company's leaded stained glass shades and chandeliers are sold directly to the public. Interior designers 9lass craftsman uses lead earning, seen at to assemble skirt tor stained glass lamp 1 as that seen in background. Tiffany-style lamps and chandeliers. From an original staff of three and some part-time help, we now employ nearly 15 people." and decorators are also finding the wide selection of designs a preferred source for furnishing homes, apartments and commercial and institutional interiors. LIA26777 5 I aids Like their fathers and grandfathers before them, thousands of junior cartridge brass (a 70/30 copper-^ alloy) for the rifle and pistol barrels to marksmen throughout the country are assure maximum durability. In addition learning the rudiments of firearms with the rifle stock -spontinues to be made 0y Benjamin air rifles and pistols. However, walnut. "We plan to keep using these most of these youngsters are not aware materials as long as we can," assert, that tin lead solder is largely responsi Ray Katt, secretary of the company ble for the long life and reliability of "Substituting plastic would only cheap^ I ! these guns, as well as their authentic the product. We want to maintain 0Ur action and target accuracy. reputation for quality." Insistence 0,, Benjamin Air Rifle, a St. Louis-based end product quality is clearly evident in company, has been one of the nation's the soldering of the rifle's various com. Solder leading producers of high-compression air rifles and pistols for the past 74 ponents. The sights, shot retainer, shot tube and assembly stud are all hand sold, helps keepI years. During that time, much of the ered to the rifle barrel. However, the air Benjamin firm's reputation for turning out a qual chamber, which is used for air storage I ity trouble-free product has been at is automatically soldered inside the bar Air Rifles tained through the use of solder to join rel. on target the principal gun components. Another indication of the company's Due to the inaccessibility of the air chamber once it has been manually jj. high standards is its continued use of serted in the barrel, a solder preform j, used for this soldering operation. The pre-shaped 40/60 tin lead solder ring I around the chamber melts when heal is applied to the barrel on an indexing machine. This automatically joins the chamber to the barrel. In producing the pneumatic pistol, the air chamber is screwed into the barrel All necessary soldering of other com ponents is done by hand in much the same manner as the rifle parts. When the soldering of the rifle's air chamber has been accomplished, the assembly stud and other components to be hand soldered are positioned on the barrel. After brush coating with flux, the next four soldering steps are per formed. This involves torch heating 60/ 40 solder to join the front sight, rear flay Katt, Secretary ot Beniamin Air Rifle, holds 50-year-old air rifle {background} and modern day version. sight mount, shot retainer (breech end) and shot tube assembly and assembly stud to the barrel. One operator is re sponsible for completing an entire barrel Upon completion of the barrel as sembly, each is carefully checked for faults, and excess solder is removed. The assembly is then plated, thoroughly in spected, and sent to the production area Here the gun is completely assembled and tested. It is then ready for packinj and shipment. Although certain innovations haw been made on the Benjamin air rifle over the years, the company still takes pride in displaying one of its 50-year old models. The gun looks much like i# modern counterpart, right down to A* Operator torch heats 50/40 tin lead solder to join rifle barrel assembly components at Benjamin Air Rifle. soldered metal components. Source: NL Industries LI A26778 enior marksmen 4, aome cast bullets Eovide low cost, Curate sporting ^munition years, there has been an | leased interest in skeet and target 1 ,, for pleasure and sporting com- .hooting turn> jjas led to a desire'on the part of the parti- ^anU to decrease the cost of ammunig (kpv expend. lJ\lanv avid shooters and handloaders t found that with judicious choice ^'components and large quantity purthey can cut ammunition costs L, percent or more by casting their ,,,n bullets. Home casting also provides the re ader with the ability to customize bulfor his rifle and pistol cartridges. The do-it-yourselfer has the option of uing the bullets in a variety of dia lers. thus fitting his bore diameter precisely to obtain greatest accuracy. Lead is considered the ideal bullet material since it offers the bullet caster ..inability and is easily cast or swaged :nto the required shape. The original ost bullet has been in existence since y invention of firearms. It is composed i lead alloy and is formed by pouring m molten alloy into a precision-made aold. Bullet alloys normally contain tin and uitimony. in addition to lead. All three -wnents serve a purpose. Lead imparts aiss to the bullet, while the other ele ments influence hardness casting temperHurt, and casting tolerance. The home caster uses many alloy impositions for his bullets. Blends of *rp with caulking lead or plumber's d. lead wire, cable sheathing, linotype 'd or wheelweights and sinkers are ***ible. Pistol bullets are usually cast :ro" a purer lead than rifle bullets. The 5TM * velocity and length of barrel call [* harder metal composition. Th' most important piece of equip- "?t.for home casting is the malle- V)0 mfd. There are over W j deS'enS and weiShts t0 cl>oose nd almost every one is available IV Sln?`e' double or four-cavity mold. oultiple cavities allow the bullet maker to cast a number of bullets at once. Beginners are advised to choose bullets of medium grain weight, and a single cavity mold, which is the least expensive. Other necessary equipment includes a casting mallet, mold handles, pot dipper, hand bullet sizing die and larger ex pander ball for combination dies. The novice need not invest in an expensive electric furnace. A simple cast iron pot can fill the same function when placed on a stove top burner, electric hot plate or camp stove. After casting, bullets can be lubed merely by placing them in a shallow pan and pouring melted lubriiscant in to the desired depth. A sizerlubricator, which applies the desired amount of lube while bringing the cast bullet to final dimensions, can be pur chased later when the caster becomesmore proficient. The bullet casting operation itself consists of just four basic steps: 1. Melting the bullet lead. 2. Pouring the bullet lead into the mold. 3. Removing the bullets from the mold. 4. Sizing and lubricating the bullets. The lead heating operation should be carried out in a well ventilated area (not an enclosed space) and the casting temperature of the lead pot should not greatly exceed the melting point of lead, or approximately 650 F. These pre cautions will prevent any hazard from inhalation of lead fumes. The time it trikes for the bullet lead to melt in the pot can be used to clean oil . off the mold. In addition to oil, the mold should be clean of other foreign sub stances such as water which could re sult in splashing when the molten metal contacts the foreign substance in the mold. Splashing of the molten metal could result in burns if the hot metal contacts the skin. When the pot mixture becomes pour able, the mold is held with the sprue plate vertical. The spout of the dipper is placed against the sprue, and the mold and dipper are then rotated back to the right and the dipper is separated. The sprue plate is then popped open with the casting mallet. At first there may be only a blob of metal in the cavity. However, as the mold tempera ture increases with subsequent casting, the bullet quality will improve until bright, sharp, clean bullets are being cast. By the time the lead has reached optimum casting temperature, which takes about 30 minutes, the tin has sep arated and is floating on top of the pot. To put the tin back in the bullet alloy, the metal in the pot must be fluxed. This can be done with beeswax, tallow or a commercial fluxing agent. The dross of impurities and dirt that floats to the surface after fluxing can be skimmed off. This should not be left uncovered, but deposited in a suitable (capped) container. The fluxing opera tion should be repeated at regular inter vals during casting to keep the tin from separating again, and to remove im purities. When the homemade bullets have cooled, they are ready to be sized to a diameter which suits the barrel of the caster's gun. The sizing is accomplished by swaging the cast bullet through a die which is bored to the desired bullet dia meter. The bullet is then lubricated and a small metal cup called a gas check is applied to its base. This protects the bullet from the hot gases of the powder charge when the cartridge is fired. The bullet is now ready for reloading. LIA2 6779 III I With leaded vinyl it's curtains for noise Quite often, industrial noise prob lems can be solved quickly and Following installation of the panels, noise level readings were again taken- quite easily without the use of overlyat the three positions around the re expensive materials and ancillary equip finers. Readings disclosed that the noise ment. from the two refiners was reduced by For example, a paper mill in northern New1 York State was faced with a seri ous noise problem that centered on two paper refiners used to shred wood fiber. Powered by electric motors at high am perages, these high-speed refiners emitted a disturbing high-pitched whine. Noise level readings taken at three different positions around the refiners disclosed noise levels in the range of 101-108 dBA. The paper mill called upon Breton Industries, manufacturers of flexible noise control enclosures and curtains, to remedy the problem. The Amsterdam, N. Y. firm suggested "Quiet Closure", a 1 pound per square foot (psf) flexible barrier fabric that the company pro duces. The barrier, which combines leaded vinyl and fiber glass, can be hung, draped, folded and wrapped for versatile custom applications. about 6-13 dBA. The use of leaded vinyl for noise con trol applications is increasing for both commercial and industrial sectors. Coni sisting of lead powder dispersed in viny and coated onto woven glass fiber, nylon or cotton; the limp flexible material re sists passage of sound waves and mini, mizes noise transmission. This combine tion can provide a decrease in souni transmission of up to 25 decibels. The leaded vinyl system used by Breton solved another serious noise prob lem for the manufacturer of automotivi accessory equipment. Workers near I 60-ton mechanical press were being n posed to noise levels in the range of 93 94 dBA. Upon investigation, it was <k termined that the press' large gear ba and fly wheel were responsible for th high level of noise. A 10-ft. long by 16-ft. high curtain < To begin the project, the mill's main 1 psf leaded vinyl and glass fiber wi tenance staff constructed a box-like used to solve the noise problem. Install* framework of %-in. pipe connected by on a 2-in. x 2-in. x 14-in. angle in angle irons around that part of the re frame, the leaded vinyl system lowen finers that generated the noise. Pre-cut the noise level to a quieter 86-87 dBi panels of the leaded vinyl were then at a reduction of 6 to 7 decibels. This noi tached to the frame by means of me reduction was accomplished although tl chanical fasteners and a hook and pile top and bottom of the enclosure was 1< adhesive. Areas around the refiners' mo open. Subsequent treatment, including tors were left open to permit air flow fitted bottom cover and acoustical baffl and heat dissipation. Holes cut in the attached to the ceiling reduced the no leaded vinyl permitted passage of shafts, level on the mechanical press to belo inlet and discharge piping. 85 dBA, a significant total decrease. LIA26780 jti Queen of Coquitlam embarks on her maiden voyage for B. C. Ferries in British Columbia. The vessel Is one of two new ferries using lead shielding to protect passengers end crew from engine room noise. In addition to playing an important role in helping to keep industrial ma chinery noise within OSHA-stipulated limits, lead has been successfully em ployed as a noise barrier for marine vessels for many years. A recent example is the use of lead shielding to muffle en gine roonpnoise aboard two new passen ger ferriei now operating in British Co lumbia. Christened the Queen of Coquitlam Control room of Queen of Coquitlam, ono ol two r*w tarrias operating in British Columbia, uses noubla^lazed glass and lead shielding In bulkhead w rt0ht tor sound attenuation. and the Queen of Cowichan, the ferries provide greater passenger and vehicle capacity than the vessels they replaced. Each can carry 1,146 passengers and 360 cars and trucks. The capacities of the older ferries were 500 passengers and 192 vehicles. Each of the new fer ries is 457 feet long, with a breadth of 89 feet. Power for each ferry is supplied by two 11,000 hp Diesel engines, and speeds of up to 23 knots can be achieved. Both crew and passenger areas are shielded by lead from the high pitched whine of the powerful Diesels. Approximately 3,800 sq. ft. of 1-lb. (1/64-in. thick) continuously cast lead sheet for sound attenuation purposes is aboard each ferry. The lead was em ployed in the control room, engineers' workshop and crew day-room. The rooms are connected by lead laminated steel doors. The sound proofing lowers the noise level for the occupants, and also serves as a noise barrier for the added comfort of passengers in the area. The walls of all three rooms are shielded by a glass fiber-lead-glass fiber sound barrier. It is composed of 14/2-in. of glass fiber bonded to the exterior steel wall, then a sheet of 1-lb. lead, followed by another lV^-in. of glass fiber. The composite structure is topped by a V6*in. of asbestos-based gypsum paneling on the interior side. In addition, the control-Toom features a double-glazed glass viewing area for added noise reduction. Burrard Drydock of Vancouver was responsible for both the construction and lead shielding of the Coquitlam, while Yarros, Ltd., Victoria, performed the same work on the Cowichan. One ferry is traveling between Horse shoe Bay on the Mainland and Nanaimo, on Vancouver Island. The other is carry ing traffic between Tsawwassen on the Mainland, to the British Columbia capi tal in Victoria, via the Vancouver Is land port of Swartz Bay. A unique feature of the ferries is that they are reportedly the first passenger vessels in the world to use an emergency slide system for evacuation purposes. The system has inflatable escape chutes from the sun deck to the water level. When operated, they form a small dock on the water from which passengers can transfer to inflatable life rafts. The sun deck includes seating in two solariums, which give a commanding view. Just below is the passenger deck, which has carpeted lounge areas, a cafe-, teria and a snack bar. Escalators trans port passengers to this deck from all vehicle parking facilities. The main deck is arranged to carry both large trucks and passenger cars. Vehicles are loaded and discharged at either end. In the center section, between the engine casings, are four lanes with 16foot clearance for trucks. In addition, outboard of the casings, are two pas senger car lanes on either side. A gal lery deck to port and starboard of the high clearance section provides four additional passenger car lanes. Vehicles use inclined ramps on each end of the main deck to reach the gallery deck. An upper car deck is also provided with eight lanes for vehicle parking. Source: Canada Metal Co., Ltd. LI A26781 9 *r GoLIAth proves its worth in Washington working environment* An 8-passenger and a 14-passeng^ covered top carrier. A hybrid electric utility truck ^ corporating a small 5 hp. lawn-mowtf type gasoline engine to charge on-boat(j batteries between regular plug-in charge Two types of cargo carriers. Specially adapted dump truc^ I tractor, compactor and trash pick-up 1 vehicles. \ A battery-powered motor cycle. 1 A specially designed electric charging Philip E. Robinson (center). President ot Lead Industries Association, turns over keys to GoLIAth to Ed Donnelly, Associate Director ot National Capital Parks (NCP) In Washington, D.C. John Hoke (left) Urban Parks Specialists ot NCP, looks on. station for the vehicles is available a ' the maintenance site of the Festival, g, I well as other NCP locations. 1 According to John Hoke. NCP Urban I The U.S. Government, which owns and operates the largest number of non- vehicles in East Potomac Park and West Potomac Park in the vicinity of the military vehicles in the country, is the Lincoln Memorial. In efficiently trans primarv target for the 1976 Lead In porting work crews and maintenance dustries Association (LI A ) battery-pow equipment in both areas, GoLIAth con ered electric truck promotion program. tinues to demonstrate the many advan Highlighting this program is GoLIAth* tages of battery-powered short-haul ve the LIA battery-powered delivery van. hicles. This has been its principal func The electric vehicle has been in demon tion for the past two years. stration service with two major govern During the summer, the delivery van ment agencies during the year, the Li was also used at times to service the brary of Congress and the National Festival of American Folklife, which Parks Service. It also has been used as was located in the Mall area. The De a combination educational classroom and partment of the Interior purchased 30 demonstration vehicle for members of electric vehicles to service this Festival. the Environmental Protection Agency, In addition to GoLIAth. electric ve and the Federal Energy Administration. hicles in the NCP fleet include: Both organizations are playing a leading role in the development of a market for electrics in general, and electric trucks in particular. GoLIAth began its Washington serv ice early in 1976 with the Library of Congress, which serves as a storehouse An 18-passenger bus used as a shuttle between the organization's head quarters and the Department of the In terior and other NCP divisions. The bus eliminates the need for staff cars to transport personnel, and saves gasoline. Park Program Specialist, his organizj. * tion has been using electri > -hides * since 1972. He reports that, at that time, he was seeking a means of maintaining and servicing the magnificent rows of elm trees in the Mall area without dam aging their delicate root systems which run very close to the earth's surface.Standard IC vehicles have what he de-j scribes as a heavy "footprint" becauss of the immense weight transferred by the vehicle's tires. The weight, which hi estimated to be as high as 75 psi, cootributes to destroying root systems. NCP first experimented with golf cart type electric vehicles which have special wide-track tires that leave a much lighter footprint, as low as 15 psi, less than a human footprint, that does not damage the roots. Since that time, he reports a constantly expanding use of electrial since they are quiet, do not pollute, and| are much more economical to opera! and maintain than IC vehicles. for official government records. The LIA van was used to transport a variety of these documents to and from various Congressional offices, Congressional com mittee rooms, etc. In its two months of operation GoLIAth clearlv showed it could replace IC vehicles for such tasks. Early in June. GoLIAth began dem onstration service with National Capital Parks (NCP) which is believed to have one of the nation's largest and most diversified fleets of electric vehicles. The LIA van added another dimension to the more than 12 types of electric work maintenance and transportation vehicles operated by NCP in Washington. A regional unit of the U.S. Depart ment of the Interior's National Parks Service, NCP operates twenty electric Seven ot the more than 12 different types o1 electric vehicles used by National Capital Parks in Washington, D.&1 LI A26782 Sun powered equipment for remote locations Photovoltaic solar cell demonstration installation in Washington, D.C., used lead batteries to store energy to recharge electric vehicles used by National Capital Parks. GoUAth, used to transport personnel to service Installation, is seen In background. The Department of Interior's National Park Service (NPS), already a lead for the Photovoltaic Test and Applica tion Project, which is part of the na er in advancing the use of battery-pow tional photovoltaic conversion program ered electric work vehicles, is also taking directed by the Energy Research and the helm to develop the use of solar Development Administration lERDA). energy to power lead batteries used to Washington, D.C.'s Festival of Ameri operate a variety of work vehicles and can Folklife was the site of another field equipment. solar energy demonstration project this For example, electricity from photo past summer. There a solar cell array voltaic solar cells is being used to op was used to charge lead batteries in a erate a small refrigerator at Isle Royale variety of electric work and transporta National Park, Michigan, a roadless tion vehicles owned by National Capital area of wild animals, forests and lakes Parks (NCP), a regional unit of NPS. situated in northern Lake Superior, Lead Industries Association's (LIA) own which is accessible only by boat and battery-powered van, GoLIAth, which floatplane. Used to protect perishable was in demonstration service with NCP foods at a remote trail construction at the Festival, was among the vehicles camp on Isle Royale, the camper-sized used to transport maintenance personnel refrigerator is fitted with three panels of to solar site. photovoltaic cells which convert the The photovoltaic array provided about sun's light into electrical power. During 1.7 kilowatts of electricity during the the daytime the electricity is used to peak sunlight hours and was prepared operate the refrigerator and to charge by NASA's Lewis Center. The photo six conventional automobile batteries voltaic cells used in this demonstration located on a stand under the refriger were purchased from commercial solar ator. The lead batteries provide about cell manufacturers. 600 ampere hours of storage. They These solar tests and demonstrations are used to power the refrigerator dur are designed to: determine the operating ing the evening and on overcast days, characteristics of a variety of solar cell thus assuring continuous operation of systems and subsystems; devise and im the appliance. plement the methods and equipment to The park's location is an appropriate measure solar cell modules under en demonstration and test site for determin vironmental conditions; and to demon ing the viability of solar power for re strate those applications of solar cell sys mote areas, not only for NPS sites but tems which are cost effective today and also for off-shore islands and other re will have a substantial impact on the mote areas that do not have access to nation's energy requirements in the regular electric power. This project, in future. According to NASA, although cooperation with NPS, is the first of a solar cell arrays are still relatively high number of solar cell demonstrations to priced items, the total life-cycle cost of be conducted by the National Aeronau solar cell power systems for remote loca tics and Space Administration's (NASA) tions, such as Isle Royale. is consistently Lewis Research Center located in Cleve lower than the cost of fuel and trans land, Ohio. NASA Lewis is responsible portation for alternate power sources. LIA26783 -S' Lead-filled pendulum tracks earth's rotation Vlaltora to Franklin Institute observe action of lead-filled Foucault pendulum as It tracks earth's rotation. A lead-filled pendulum that illustrate, the rotation of the earth on its axi, is one of the star exhibits at Philatj^_ phia's Franklin Institute. Called the Foucault Pendulum, it graphically (Jea. onstrates the earth's movement daily for many visitors to this internationally, known museum. Focal point of the exhibit is the pen. dulum itself, which is a 100-lb. stainless steel ball, filled with 1,700-lbs. of lead pellets, each about 1/32-in. in diameter. The wire, in turn, is gripped by a large steel ball, supported by three steel ball bearings, ceiling-mounted at the top of the museum's main stairwell. The 3-ft. diameter base of the exhibit has a ring of 96 pegs, spaced 1-in. apart around the circumference. The daily demonstration of the earth's rotation starts each morning, when the precision balanced and precisely weighted pendulum is set in motion. The direction of the pendulum's swing re mains constant, although it appears to change with reference to the base of the exhibit. The illusionary effect is caused by the pendulum's swing, which is in dependent of the earth's rotation. The ring of pegs at the base rotates at the same rate as the rest of the earth, while the pendulum continues to swing in the same plane, due to inertia. As a result, the ball knocks down the pegs, at the rate of about one every twenty minutes. Recently, this popular demonstration was halted for about a week for refurb ishing work. The suspension wire was replaced by Riverside Metals Co., River side, N.J. The mounting was cleaned and repaired by SKF Industries, Phila delphia, supplier of the ball bearings. There was no need to replace the stain less steel ball or its lead contents. Over the next ten years the newly installed mounting and wire is expected to ac commodate more than 30 million move ments of the pendulum. Modeled after the original pendulum hung in the Pantheon in Paris by Jean Leon Foucault in 1851, the Franklin version was installed in 1924. 12 LIA26784 Lead-covered grounding cable reduces cathodic protection costs variation accounts for the wide range reported in the current requirement for copper conductor. Mr. Haddad reports the current requirement for copper to be about twenty times that of bare steel for a typical power plant installation. The adverse effects of grounding on underground metallic structures would be eliminated if a metal less corrosive than copper could be used as ground conductor. However, copper is the only commercially available metal that meets all ground conductor requirements. By extruding a jacket of lead over the cop per ground conductor, one can take ad vantage of copper's good qualities and, at the same time, minimize its corrosive effects. Because lead is closer to steel in the electromotive series than copper, it will cause a significant reduction in the corrosive action of the grounding system. Location of anode beds follows layout of structures to be protected cathodically. Fewer of these cast-iron and graphite anodes are needed when lead-covered cable is used tor grounding. Repairing and maintaining the exten sive underground piping and other may be well protected. However, the other side of the pipe might not receive structures required for power plant op- enough protective current to prevent it ;ration can be expensive and time-con from reacting with an adjacent copper suming. To help overcome these prob- ground cable. Also, the current require ems, built-in corrosion protection usu- ment of a copper ground conductor is illy is provided. However, an effective much higher than that of the steel pipes athodic protection system to prevent to which it is electrically connected. orrosion of underground metallic strucures can, in itself, be a costly proposiion when combined with the necessary Hounding required. One route to cost reduction is to em>loy lead-covered cable for grounding nstead of bare copper. An economic tudy conducted by Sargent & Lundy, a ihicago-based engineering consulting irm, reveals that savings in grounding nd cathodic protection for a typical slant can exceed 822,000. In certain ases, the need for cathodic protection an be eliminated entirely. And the lead- In other words, providing cathodic protection to steel structures entails send ing a greater current to copper ground conductors in the area. The actual cur rent requirement for copper will depend on the resistance between the copper conductor and the earth, the resistance between the underground piping and the earth and the surface areas of the cop per conductor and the underground piping. These parameters vary considerably from one installation to another. This The Sargent & Lundy study compared the relative cost of using lead-covered ground conductor instead of bare copper at several power plant installations. The results consistently favored the use of lead. Its advantages were found to be more pronounced at stations where soil resistivity was relatively high. The use of lead and stainless steel ground rods in these cases eliminated the need for a cathodic protection system entirely. This serves to offset the additional cost of the lead-coated cable. Mr. Haddad points out that where soil resistivity is low, corrosion will take place due to the soil's corrosive nature. This means that cathodic protection will be required, regardless of the type of ground conductor used. But with a leadcovered conductor, a smaller cathodicprotection system can be emploved. So cost savings are still realized, although the magnitude of the saving is not as great. oated grounding arrests corrosion at ongested plant locations. DOLLAR COST OF CATHODIC PROTECTION Attempting to apply cathodic protec- BY TYPE OF GROUNDING lon in an area where bare copper rounding is used can create problems, ccording to S. Z. Haddad, Assistant lead of Sargent & Lundy's Electrical Inalytical Division. The layout of the round cables in relation to outdoor iping often makes it difficult to achieve Totection, due to the shielding effect of e larger underground piping. The side of a pipe closest to an anode ed of the cathodic protection system ITEM COPPER GROUNDING Rectifiers and dc control cabinets .... Power consumption Demand charge at $1,000/kw ... Energy charge at 20 mils/kwh ..... Anodes Material at $80 each ..................... Installation at $72 each ................ $ 9,300 $ 15,800 $ 18,400 $ 18,000 $ 16,200 Cable splicing and cadweldlng at $50 each ..................................... Ground cable Copper at $2.30/ft....................... . Lead at $2.75/ft ............................. $ 11,300 $ 57,500 LEAD-COVERED COPPER GROUNDING $ 5,200 $ 8,300 $ 9,700 $ 9,600 $ 8,600 $ 6,000 $ 68,800 Moisture-tight joints at $25 each ......................... $ 7,500 TOTAL COST ................................. $146,500 $123,700 LIA26785 A lO L U /v Lead plays role in X-raying and sheltering of Liberty Bell The radiographic Image of the entire Liberty Bell and its yoke is shown on this reduced photo of the largest Intact Industrial X-ray film ever exposed. One of the world's best known 1^, torical symbols, the famed Lihej^ Bell, has been subjected to an X-rjy examination for the first time in its 222. year existence. The intensive radiographic inspection was conducted to determine the Bel]', condition prior to its planned transit to a new location for the Bicentennial year. The X-rays also will serve as , reference point for future studies. Radio, graphic studies of every section of the Bell were made, as well as an exposure of the entire Bell and its yoke. A special : lead shield was used to protect partita. : pating personnel against harmful radiv tion. i The X-ray of the entire Bell and yob produced the largest radiograph ere, made on a single, intact sheet of fil^ measuring 52-in. by 7-ft. Apart from tha main cracking visible on the Bell's sur face, the radiographs showed some addi tional shrinkage separations and s o u k smaller cracks around the shoulder cos- taining the inscription and foundry name. Arrangements for radiographing the Bell were made by the U.S. Departmat of the Interior's National Park Service^ and Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NX The entire procedure was carried oit in two separate sessions. The first s* sion was devoted to sectional radiogr* phy of the Bell to obtain detailed phota on 14-in. by 7-in., and 8-in. by 10-i film. Forty exposures were required I cover the entire 3-ft., 2,080-lb. Bd using iridium-192 as the source col tained in a 100-curie gamma ray pi j'ector. Most exposures, where the Bell li/^-in. to li^-in. thick, were made 52 curies for 1% minutes at a soufl to-film distance of 8-in. Two sheets Kodak Industrex AA film were ui with 0.005-in. lead screens in frofl and back of the film for radiation pi tection. Near the lip of the Bell, where 1 thickness is 3-in., 100 curies were o< for a 17-minute exposure at 22- L1A 267 86 source-to-film distance. Because of the increased radiation, a dozen or more 2-in. x 4-in. x 6-in. lead bricks were stacked around the source as backstop for safety. For these exposures, a sheet of Kodak Industrex T film was added to the two sheets of AA film. Again, there were 0.005-in. lead screens in front and back. The second session focused on the radiographs of the entire Bell and its voke. To accomplish this, a single 7% hour exposure of 670 curies of cobalt60 at a source-to-film distance of 50-ft. was required. A 1,000 curie, cobalt-60 gamma ray projector with a specially built collimator was used. Designed to confine the radiation beam to 5-ft. di ameter at the Bell, the collimator was made of lead, using a salad bowl as a form. The cobalt-60 source, just un der V2-in. in size and contained in a stainless steel capsule, was transported to the site in a 2,000 lb. lead ball, 24in. in diameter, surrounded by a steel jacket. The exposure was made on a stack of 14 sheets of Kodak Industrex AA film. Each sheet was 52-in. by 7-ft. in size. The 14 sheets were tacked to a 3i-in. plywood board and the surface if the film pack was protected by a sheet of vinyl. The 14 radiographs made from one exposure represented the larg est single sheets of unbroken industrial X-ray film ever exposed. Dr. Karl E. Dorschu, manager of metallurgy and ceramics of the Frank lin Institute, which is responsible for the Bell's care, noted that internal cracks had been known to exist in the Bell. "However, these and other casting de fects had not been charted until the radiographing," he said. None of the defects found in the Bell were sufficient to prevent its movement to a location across the street from Independence Hall. The move was made to make it easier for people to see and physically touch the Bell. The $1 million glass-sided pavilion housing the Bell is 102 feet long and 35 feet wide. Sections of the wall on the east and west sides are of Bethal white granite. The height at entrance level is 15 feet, with the roof rising to 20 feet in the Bell chamber, to draw the gaze of visitors upward. The structure features a 20 oz. psf standing seam lead-coated copper roof. According to a spokesman for Mitchell/ Giurgola Associates, the architects, the lead coating was specified for increased durability, since the pavilion will be the Bell's permanent new home. Ralph E. Turner, project director tor radiography of the Liberty Bell, takes a last look through the rlflescope which "aimed" the radiation source at the Bell and the large industrial X-ray film behind It. Turner's arm rests on the 2,000-lb. lead container holding 670 curies of cobalt-60.. V FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS AND DELETION PLEASE ATTACH OLD LABEL. ADD ME TO YOUR MAILING LIST (please check one) \j ATTACH MAILING LABEL HERE ________A__________ TO____________ Name, Title Company PLEASE CHECK INTEREST Painting Health & Safety Architectural & Building Design & Radiation Engineers G Ceramics G Chemical Engrs. Battery Power Miscellaneous (please specify) Street City, state, zip code LI4267P7 15 i i Ill ARCHITECTURAL Lead Roofing and Flashing Detailed instructions on the simplest and most usual methods for forming or join ing lead for roofing and flashing appli cations Complete specifications. Dia grammatic drawings. Sixteen pages. A-5 Lead In Building A four-part data sheet containing informa tion on waterproofing, sound barriers, roofing and flashing and anti-vibration ap plications. A-13 CERAMICS Facts about Lead Glazes for Art Potters and Hobbyists Detailed information on the proper formu lation, firing techniques, handling, etc. of lead fluxed glazes used by art potters and hobby ceramists. Illustrated. Sixteen pages. B-ll Proceedings of First International Conference on Ceramic Foodware Safety Top international experts m ceramics, Food and Drug agency officials, and the in ternational lead research community met n Geneva in November, 1974 to discuss heavy metal release from glazed ceramic foodware. Full proceedings--speeches as well as question and answer dialog--were taped, translated and transcribed. 272 pages. $5.00 per copy. B-13 PAINTS Lead Pigments Bulletin Brochure, 12-pages, describes the ad vantages and varieties of lead pigments in anti-corrosion paints. Covers red lead, dibasic lead phosphite, basic silicate white lead, basic lead phosphosilicate. basic lead chromosilicate, basic lead silico chromate. List? major suppliers. F-7 CHEMICAL CONSTRUCTION & CORROSION PROTECTION Lead for Corrosion Resistant Applications Soft cover book. 156-pages, designed to familiarize engineers and engineering students with the corrosion resistance, design and fabrication data on lead and lead-based equipment. Defines plumbum series and corrosion resistance of senes. H*6 Lead Chemicals Soft cover book. 334-pages, is designed as a working manual for the chemist or chemical engineer engaged in applied technology or pure research. Covers organolead compounds, oxides and hydrox ides, sulfides and tellurides, halides binary compounds, lead salts, lead chel ates. safety m handling compounds. Pur chasing price: $3.00. H-7 SOLDERING AND WELDING Solders and Soldering New 16-page booklet filled with basic in formation on soldering and the selection of the right solder alloy for the application. Data is presented on a variety of tin lead as well as other solder alloys. Several case history treatments of typical soldering applications are included. 1-6 Two-page reprint from Production Maga zine details production soldering of light ers at Zippo Mfg. Co. i-7 SOUND BARRIERS Directory of Acoustic Specialties Summary of available materials for sound insulation by barrier, damping and absorption methods. Sixteen page list of materials by brand name and manufac turer. Eighteen pages. J-4 Lead a Major Factor in New Machinery Noise Suppression Systems Description of techniques used to lower machinery noise levels with lead and lead composites. Lists machines that normally exceed noise level allowed by WalshHealey Public Contracts Act Two pages. J-9 Sheet Lead Plenum Barriers Detailed description of acoustical planum barriers and how to install them. Mate rials and installation procedures described and illustrated. Eight pages. J-10 Practical Application of Sheet Lead for Noise Barriers Discusses how the use of various thick nesses of lead bonded to or used in con junction with other construction mate rials determines the Sound Transmission Class (STC) rating of walls and partitions. J-15 Lead Proves a Heavy Favorite as Sound Control Material A reprint of a feature from Product Engi neering illustrating lead's usefulness in sound attenuation to help meet OSNA noise requirements in factories and also on planes and trams. J-17 Specifying Lead for Noise Control Eight-page repr.nt contains guidelines to help architects and engineers fully utilize the advantages of lead as a noise control material. A number of case histories are included to show how some of these guidelines were used to solve a variety of commercial, industrial and residential noise problems. J-18 BATTERIES A Primer on the Lead-Acid Battery A condensed story of the principles of the lead-acid battery and its chemistry, in- Electrics Get Key Post Office Tests Reprint of a feature from Electrical World describing tests on the suitability and economy of electric battery-powered de livery trucks for the Postal Service. L-18 Electric Work Vehicles A 12-page folder describing batterypowered short-haul delivery vehicles and comparing their economics to internal combustion delivery trucks. L-19 Battery Powered Electric Work Vehicles A 16-page bulletin on electric vehicles for short-haul, multi-stop commercial ap plication. Lists major vehicle manufac turers as well as comparative costs electric vs. I.C. vehicles in closed-looped service. L-21 Battery-Powered Industrial Trucks Spark Energy and Cost Savings This 16-page booklet otters an m-depth look at the many factors favoring the pur chase of electrics for industrial applica tions. A pull-out set of work sheets allows the reader to determine how electrics stack up against 1C types in his own opertion. L-22 Savings Battery Dollars-What You Need to Know Three-part reprint from Modern Materials Handling deals with proper procedure in picking the right battery for the truck and 10b. it also discusses considerations in battery charger selection. The third part offers guidelines for planning an efficient battery charging-room layout. L-23 GENERAL "Lead Abstracts" and "Yearly Indices1' Bi-monthly abstract of all current world literature on lead and its products and published research. A general index is published annually. Must be requested on company letterhead. M-2 Primary Lead Production Areas in the U.S. For schools, libraries. Il"xl4" map show ing locations in U.S. of most lead smelters and refineries, and lead mines. M-ll Publications and Films Twelve-page catalogue listing the publica tions and films available from The Lead Industries Association, Inc. M-13 The U.S. Lead Industry An annual review of activity within the In dustry that contains a general summary for the year and a series of charts and tables giving current statistics on lead production and consumption. M-14 Use of Lead in the Automobile Reprint of article from Metals Ween dix. cussing in detail the various applied tions of lead in the automobile fn.T! pages. M-17 0ut Lead Industries Association Sixteen-page brochure contains brief d*. scnption of Association's purpose, struc ture and management, history, function and major activities. Current member |j is included, along with other foreign ana domestic trade associations with whom cooperation is maintained. M-1B Lead--The "Clydesdale" Workhorse in Space Reprint from Space World detailing the applications of lead m space exploration. Illustrated. Four pages. M-19. Ecology in the New Lead Belt Reprint describes cooperation of industry and environmentalists in developing southern Missouri lead mines. Four pages. M-23 i ; Lead, "The Cinderella Metal.' Booklet is reprint of talk given at the First National Conference on Materials Availability/Utilization. K. C. Hendnck President, Noranda Sales Corp., a Can* dian lead producer, discusses supply and pricing trends for the metal and empha sizes its significance and value both now and in the future. M-31 Leaded Grades: Answer to Free*Machining Needs. Reprint reports on benefits derived from using leaded steels for free machining. Case histories are employed to demon strate that these grades can enable partsmakers to raise production of qual ity components with efficiency and econ omy. M-32 General Lead and Zinc Outlook 1976-1980. Booklet examines demand prospects and produc- .; tion for lead and zinc over the next four j years. Current markets and growth appli- i cations are also discussed. 16-pages. M-33 FILMS Lead In Motion A 21-min.. 16mm color film. Lead's properties and its potential for unlimited future applications are explored from the viewpoint that an atom of lead--like all elemental matter---is an arrangement of energy--part of a universal system. To order specify desired show date and one alternate date. No charge to borrow, viewer pays only return postage. N-2 PRINTED IN U.S.A NAME, TITLE PLEASE SEND ME THE PUBLICATIONS MARKED BELOW T WRITE IN CODE NO. COMPANY STREET CITY, STATE, ZIP CODE LIA26788