Document KDMLw5rqVJxg7ZKv37pa0jGw

ELEMENTARY PAINT GLOSSARY ..................................mm .................. .Many definitions and descriptions given here emphasize the use of lay language for the benefit of the nontechnlc&Uy trained reader. Accordingly, they Are not,.intended to replace or be .substituted for more scientifically precise and complete defini tions to be found in standard professional references. Selfexplanatory berms such as anti-skinning agent, blend, formula, gallon weight, mix-in, production rate, etc,, are not included. Neither .ere product names auch as Ti-PureB, Mcnaatral, Kroior^', eto., nor named of lab equipment, mills,and moat chemicals, meat are discussed in detail in the various training lectures* Acknowledgement is given to Jeffrey R. Stewart, Chemical Engineer of the Department of the Navy, for those definitions (some of which have been modified) obtained from "Stewart*s Scientific Dictionary," Fourth Edition, 1953} end to Rey C, Martin for those obtained from hla 1937 Glossary of Faint, Varnish, lacquer and Allied terms." Aolcular* A term used to oescribe the .crystal form or shape of a pigment, and de noting needle-shaped crystal structure* To be aclcular, a pigment .must be at least three times as iong as it is wide, Aold Humbert also known as the acid value or neutraliza tion number. It is the number of milligrams or potassium hydroxide (1WR) required to neutralise the total aeidlty in one gram of fat, oil, free fatty acids, etc. Agglomeratex A group of two or more individual pigment particles that are so firmly held together by the foroe of adhesion that they tend to remain as an Intact unit. The stronger the foroe of adhesion* the higher the milling energy required in paint manufacture to break them down* Aggregate: A group of two or more individual pigment parti cles that are cemented together such that higher energy levels are required to separate them than needed for agglomerates. In some cases, paint .grinding equipment may not break them down. Aliphatic: The name usually applied to petroleum products from a paraffin base crude oil and sometimes called "straight chain hydrocarbons,1- Among the typical aliphatic hydros carbons are mineral spirits, naphtha,, and kerosene. Alkali Resistance: Ability of a paint' film to resist soften ing* blistering or other physical deformation when sub jected to high pH materials such as NK4OK* NaOH, lime* etc. Also the ability of a colored pigment to resist color change when subjected to alkalies, * See addendum, commencing on p. 16, for additional definitions pMinMM t riMHBl Mx mmmn : DUP050075212 mm Alkvdt A synthetic resin which Tea"condensation product in* volvlng a polybaste acid, such as phthalic, maleic, or eucclnie and a polyhydrlc alcohol, such as glycerine, the glycols, and penfcraerythritol, usually witty addition of a modifying agent. Anataae: Tetragonal crystal TonToT titanium dioxide with a refractive index of 2.55. Aromatic: The name given to solvents characterised by the presence of the benzene nucleus. Among the typical aromatic hydrocarbons are benzene, toluene, and xylol. Aromatic hydrocarbons usually have higher solvent power than aliphatic hydrocarbons. Asbestine! a natural fibrous (aclcuiar) magnesium silicate inert pigment or extender. Manufactured by International Talc, ASTM: The official abbrevi ation for the American Society of Testing Materials under whose auspices specifications and methods of teat are devel oped. Attrition: The act of break ing "flown""by rubbing together. -B- Barytea: Katural occurring barium sulfate (SaSOjj), An extremely inert extender which has poor hiding power and is therefore never used alone in paint. Binder: as applied to the Protective Coatings Industry, a binder la not the eame as a vehicle. It Is the non-vola tile portion (only) of the vehicle, or the film forming Ingredient, The binder por tion of the vehicle Is used to bind the pigment particles together. BlanojPixet Synthetic barytes (Ba504) prepared by either treating a solution of a barium Salt with sodium sulfate or as a by-product In the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide. Bleed Resistance! When the color or a pigment in an under coat passes through the topcoat and products an undesirable appearance, it La said to be "bleeding." It usually occurs as a result or using a pigment that is soluble in the vehicle or solvent portion of the applied topcoat. The less soluble a colored pigment is, the greater is its bleed re sistance. Blocking; A term used to de note unoes ired adhesion between touching layers of materials such as occurs under moderate pressure during storage. Body: A practical term which is rapidly becoming obsolete and whose meaning is more cor rectly expressed by the word "consistency" or "viscosity,1 Bodying Agent: Any material added to a paint to Increase the consistency or viscosity of the vehicle. Brightness: As applied to illuminated objects, rather than lights, brightness is usually the ratio of amount of diffusely reflected light from an object or material to the mount of white light lllumln- '!,*** A > llliiSil' DUP050075213 -3* ctlng tt object or^oaUcrUl. toy loi (byborptlon or tnuunlMlon) will lower brlgfttnM. For beat correlation vitH the noraMtl hun*n eye, lnetruatotel brightness m.murenenta re ususlly asRe using light source, filter, n<l receptor which (In coni) correaponCs to that the avenge oba.rv.r sees in sversge daylight. In the paper industry, senewhat shorter wavelength (bluer) energy bands are weighted aore heavily. ulldi The relative thlettneee wary flla reeultlng froo a tingle application of a coat ing. High sollde, high vlscoslty, thtaotropy, and low penetration contribute to high build. Dullclcg value! The value;, lr. galione, occupied by one pound of naterlal euoh aa plgnent, oil, etc. To obtain bulking value, uee the following form ula! Sulking value (gal/lb) - practically unchanged at the end of the reaction. Driers, for example, act as catalysts in the oxidation of vegetable and marine animal oils, CBPs Carbon black undertone. ..This is the subdued oolor which results from varying the parti cle site of TlOs In a gray paint, Smaller particle size TiOa produces a bluer gray while larger particle sise TIO* pro duces a yellower gray* Chalkingi The presence at, or just beiow, the Surface of a coating of loose pigment formed from the film itself. It is usually detected by rubbing the film with the fingertip. Checklist The presence In cost ings or alight breaks In the surface of a paint film. These breaks are called "cracka" if the underlying surface is visible. Chrcmat Color intensity or purity of tone. The degree of freedom from grayness. Ctiros* is sometimes referred to as "saturation.M Calcination? Same as roasting. The prcceas of calcin ation Involves the subjection or a substance to high temper ature to drive off volatile material. The tens'also signi fies the .formation of oxides toy heating oxysalts. Catalysts A substance which usually accelerates or changes the speed of a chemical reaction by taking part In the reaction, and which may be recovered Clay? A mineral aggregate con sisting essentially of aluminum silicate. It la a popular extender in water-based paints. Color; A generic term refer ring indue l.vely to all colors of the speotrum, white and blaok, and all the tints, shades, and hues which may be produced by their admixture. A color Is often described in terms pf Hue, Value (or light ness }, and Chroma (or satura tion). DUP050075214 Color nnlforroltyi A measure ol avgrve of color difference eeen in an opaque colored paint film applied oyer adjacent sur faces of different porcalty. Consistency! Be property of a material or composition 7uoh as a paint) which is evidenced by its resistance to flow. While "consletenoy" i ai> aooepted rheological ten, it has qualitative wan ing only, and it used with a gag* v,".tc. Contrast Batloi A numerical value ("not greater than 1*00 or IOCS) which is a measure of a paint film's ability to pre vent light from passing through it. It is determined by divid ing the refieetance of a paint film applied on a black sur face by the reflectance of the eeae film applied on a white surface. Cracking: that phenomenon manifest in surfaos coatings by a break extending through the coating to the substrate. Cracking is an advanced stage of *oheoking." Crockingt tte removal of color or plgaSht from A JTiiB M A. result of abrasion or rubbing. If the color is removed by a wcreotookilnogth, IBtheusteedn. s Iwfeb*y a. Adrryi oloth, it is eailed dry crooking," Cum This term is used in fee paint Industry to indicate toughening or hardening of .a protective coating * rejralt of elevated temperatures, parti cularly baking enamels. -D- niatomaeeous Sllloai Same as `diabomaoeous earliTT fossil flour, and diatomite. It l a light colored material composed of the skeletons of diatoms. As an inert extender in talnts.lti chief function is as a flatting agtnt. Diffuse Deflection! The Scatter ing of Tight rays so that they travel In different cross direc tions rather than In parallel or radiating lined. t i.h h ,,h Liu Aoenti A subetenoe, ES^fclblS wforthe solvent or liquid, which aids In holding very finely divided matter in a dispersed state In the solvent. In the paint industry, most of the sgents are soluble In water. As a rule, those sgents used for dispersion can also be used for vstftlng. Dispersion; this tern is uisd Tooetly In many way* with speelal meanings whioh are often implied tut not defined. For example, in paint technology s good dis persion usually means a pigment is finely divided and defloccuXated in the vehicle. Where aggregates are pre' ln the dianerse phase, the materia^ is considered ilthout exception a "poor" dispersion regardless of the etate of flooculatlon. Iftiere the pigment particles are finsly divided but flocculated, the material has been called variously a good and a poor dispersion. Drier! Any catalytic materiel SECT when added to a drylng or aeml-drying paint vehicle, accelerate! the drying or harden ing of the film. Hi f mm h h Mp m *ii mmmmmmmatmmmw DUP050075215 H--i s ; >t *,\t t% .i-'.w1/ UH^w v '< Drying Oil? Any liquid or oily material, always of an organic nature, which, when applied as a thin film, will readily absorb oxygen from the air and usually dry or harden to a tough, elastic film within forty-eight hours with pr without the required amount of drier* Examples Include linseed oil and soybean oil* 5- Extender: The name given to low refractive index, low cost, inert pigments. Examples in clude magnesium silicate (talc), aluminum silicate (clay), and calcium carbonate (whiting). Extenders are used to increase the bul.k of a paint, lower Its unit cost, or provide seme unusual film property. The use of an extender in a paint does not mean that the resul tant product will be inferior. Efflorescence: A-deposit Of water-sofuble salts on the sur face of masonry or plaster caused by the dissolving of salts present In the masonry, migration of the solution to the surface, and depositing of the salts when the water evaporates. Egg-Shtll: A term used to describe the appearance of a protective coating which has little or no gloss. it is also sometimes used to de scribe an off-white color. Emulsion: In the paint industry, an emulsion may be defined ae a suspension of fins polymer particles in a liquid as opposed to the classical definition (the product of the dispersion of one liquid in another* the dispersed phase particles being larger than colloidal Use). Enamel Holdout: A property of a paint which-Influences the gloss of an enamel applied over it and varies inversely with Its porosity. -F- Fade-Procter: The trade name ror a self-contained apparatus for reproducing in the labor atory tilt effect of exposure to sunlight on any material includ ing paints. The source of light Is a carbon arc. Fading.: The loss of color by the destruction of the coloring matter in a paint through ex posure to light, heat, or other agents. Pading is sometimes misinterpreted as "chalking." Filler: An inert, or extender pigment such as clay, barytes, whiting; etc. Film Integrity: A term used to describe the continuity of an organic protective film. For trade sales flat wall paints, film integrity is often measured by Its resistance to scrubbing and/or by its ability to resist staining. Fineness: One of several methods by which oversize pigment parti cles (or vehicle gei' particles:) in a paint are measured. Gauges we use Include Hegnan, PC. and v * * * - > illiiliSliillill isiiiiiii m DUP050075216 -6- NPIRI. In acme cases fineness can be measured by washing the paint through a specified screen (e.g. 325 mesh) and neighing the quantity of residue after drying. Plat Hiding; The hiding power resulting from pigment/air inter faces; it Is greeter than that fenerated at pigment/resln interaces. Flatting Agent: As applied to pigmented finishes, a flatting agent is any material which is added to reduce .the gloss of the dried film.. Flooding: When pigment particles dirrerlng In size, shape, and density are present in a dry paint film, one type of particle may have a higher or lower con centration in the surface than in the body of the film. This is particularly true ir the pigments are of different colors. If the distribution in the surface of the film, although different from that In the body of the flirt, is sufficiently uniform to be unobservable with the naked eye. the phenomena Is called ''flooding.1' Pioatlng: When pigment parti cles differing in size, shape, and density are present m a dry paint film, one type of par ticle may have a higher or lower concentration In the surface than in the body of the film. This is particularly true if the pigments are of different colors. If the distribution in the surface of the film causes a streaked, mottled, or other wise non-uniform appearance, the phenomenon is called "float ing.* Flocculation: The formation of loose (grapeilke) clusters Of pigment particles in a fluid suspension <e.g., a wet paint) caused by the force of their mutual attraction being greater than the forces which would tend to keep them dispersed. Increasing the dispersive force (e.g., stirring or shak ing) will deflocculate the particles, but they will re flocculate when the added force is removed* Floccula tion lowers hiding power of White pigments and tinting strength of colored pigments. Gloss: The shiny appearance of a .paint due to the amount of light reflected specularly {simi lar to a mirror reflection), if .a surface clearly and plainly reflects an image, It has ,a high glosi. Values are usually ob tained at 60* or 20* on a glossmeter. Gloss Retention: . The amount of glpss retained by a paint film after interior or exterior ex posure. -The closer the exposed gloss value is to the original gloss, the better is the gloss retention. Grind: When used as a verb, grind means to incorporate a pigment or pigments into & liquid by any of the mechanical processes used in paint making. In these processes the aggre gates or agglomerates of particles are broken up by shear, impact, attrition, etc. Such grinding rarely alters the individual particle size of the pigments jjMpriM " Mi liimwm--iwwwpwinini mKKHKmm DUP050075217 -7- Vhtn used M a noun, It la the paste consisting of pigment and vehicle produoed by the grind* lng process. The noun Is also used to describe the relative frsedcn of any film forming material from aggregates. In sueh a oase, a paint is fre quently referred to as having a good grind. s A hydrous, crystalline sulfate (CaSOii 2H*0). When the water of crystalli sation is removed by calcining, the product Is often referred to as anhydrite (CaSOg). Hue; The characteristic by which one color is distinguished from another such as red, blue, green. Hydrophilic: Having an affinity for water, out not for oil. Hydrophobic: Haying an .affinity for oil, .but not for water. The term "lipophilic" is also frequ ently used. -X- -H- Hase: The dullness of a sur face finish removable by bumlehlng. It usually results from faulty solvent .balance or incom patibility of ingredients, Hiding Power? A measure of the ability of a paint to coyer another paint or surface of a different color. llmertltct An iron-black mineral, iron titanate, which is a com pound of iron, titanium, and oxygen. It is used extensively ini the manufacture of titanium pigments. It occurs principally as a type of teach sand which is found in India, Plorida, etc,, and as massive rock deposits in the United States, Canada, and Norway. Immiscible: Any liquid which will not mix with another specified liquid. In which case it form* two separate layers or exhibits cloudiness or turbidity. felldays: A term often used to ndlcape a shipped or missed portion unintentionally left uncoatfd with paint. Sometimes called "vacations," Holdouit: The ability of a paint to ressliist penetration into its substratum, The greater the penetration, the poorer the hold out. Alto used to describe the ability of a flat paint to resist the penetration of enamels or semi-glosses applied over It, Incompatible: This term is usually applied to solids In the .same way that "issniscible" is applied to liquids.. Industrial Finishes: Paints that are-usually applied at the factory to a finished product such as a refrigerator, beer eaa, metal Cldlng, etc. A majority of these finishes are dried In baking evens after application by spray ing, dipping, roller coating, etc. Inert: The term sometimes applied to the various extender pigments such as magnesium silicate, barytes, silica, mioa, talc, caloium carbonate, ete. DUP050075218 -8- Intumeace: To swell, bubble up, foam, or&o.th as a result of heat. Certain fire-retardant materials used in paint intumesce when exposed to heat. Ion: The name given to an atom possessing either a positive or negative charge, e.g., sodium Ion Na , chloride ion cr , etc. base or substratum such as alumina hydrate. Toners are organic pigments which do not contain a substratum. Extended pigments are ones In which a toner has been let down with an extender such as alumina hydrate, Olay, whiting, barytes, etc. in the cess of lake colors, the color cannot be Isolated from the substratum. Kaolin: Also known as China clay, terra alba, porcelain clay, etc. Its chief con stituent is aluminum silicate. Kauri-Butanol Value:: The most popular method used for measur ing the solvent power of petroleum thinners. The test Is based on the precipitation or clouding method* Krebs Units (KC)* The unit of measurement for the consistency of a paint as determined by the Krebs Stormer Viscosimeter. It is an arbitrary value and Is a meas.ure of consistency and not viscosity,. Lap: The area on a painted sur face that results when the paint being applied to an unpainted area overlaps onto an already painted area that Is either dry or partially dry. Latex: Originally, this was a term used to designate the aqueous suspension of rubber obtainea from tne tree. How ever, this term is now applied to a wide variety of aqueous emulsions of synthetic resins or rubbers. .In our laboratory we prefer to use ''emulsion paint8" rather than "latex paints." Leafing: The ability .of aluminum or bronze paint to form an ap parently continuous, brilliant, metallic film on the Surface. The flat pigment particles appear to align themselves more or less parallel with the coated sur face. Lake: A special type of plgBferT? consisting essentially of ah organic-soluble coloring matter combined more or less definitely with an inorganic base or carrier. lake Color: Pigments which are made by precipitating a soluble dye on a reactive or absorptive hi '' ^SV>^,SMifiMr'SVJSS: liiglM rnmlmm jpb. *, \ , - - - DUP050075219 -9- Let-frowm Sain* as reduction. The materials such .aa solvents, driers; tindera, and some addi tives, etc., which are added after the pigment dispersion, or grind, has been made* Leveling; The ability of a paint film to flew to a smooth uniform surface free of applicator (brush or roller) Darks and yet not sag or run. Mica: A complex, hydrated aluminum silicate. The micas are recognized by their ability to split to practically molecular thickness along basal cleavage lines* This property permits the production of flexible flakes having a high diameter to thick ness ratio. It makes mica an ideal reinforcing pigment since the particles tend to "leaf." Light Fastness*. The ability of a color bo withstand exposure to radiant energy without change from its original color and/or condition. Lipophilic? Having an affinity for oil'. Same as hydrophobic. Micron; The standard unit pf Size used in the measurement of particle size of pigments. It IS equal to one thousandth of a millimeter or approximately 1/25,000 in. (0.0000 .in). There are 25 microns to one mil (one thousandth of an inch). Litharge: A lead monoxide which One thousandth of an inch. light yellow to brick red In Mineral Spirits! A refined petroleum distillate with vola Llthopone: A white hiding pig tility, flash point, and other properties that make it pultable ment produced by.mix lug solutions as a thinner and solvent in of barium sulfide and Sine sulfate paints. An aliphatic hydro to fom a co-precipitate of tine carbon. sulfide and barium sulfate. Llverlng: The progressive, irre versible increase in consistency of a pigment-vehicle combination which exemplifies Itself as a rubbery or coagulated mass. Newtonian Plow: A type of flow characterized by rate of shear which is directly proportional to the shearing force. Newtonian flow cap occur, at least ideally, Under the influence of an infini tesimally small force. Oils, at sufficiently low rates of Shear, exhibit Newtonian flow. Modular.: Meaning spherical in shape. A term frequently used to indicate the shape of pigment particles as contrasted with the acicular type. .'V gaijigiM miMSMI DUP050075220 Hon-Prylng Oil: An oil which does not, or itaeir, possess to a per* ceptlble degree, the power to take up oxygen from the air. It con* eequently does not tom a tough surface film on standing exposed in thin layers to the atmosphere. Examples Include castor oil, peanut ollj and coconut oil. Mon-Volatile Vehicle? The liquid portion of a paint that la not volatile. Specifically, the non volatile matter la that which re mains after the material has been placed in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105* to 110* c. for a period of one hour. The non volatile matter In a vehicle usual ly consists of oils, resins, driers, plasticisers, etc. -0- 011 Absorption: Quantity of oil required to just wet a definite weight of pigment when mechanical ly mixed. Oil absorption is usually expressed in pounds of oil per hundred pounds of pigment and Is a measure of the void spaoe.s between pigment particles. Oil Length; The amount of oil, expressed in gallons, which Is cooked with 100 pounds of resin. The greater the oil length, the store flexible Lb the vehicle. Oil length of alkyde Is frequ ently expressed In weight per cent. Opacity: The opacity of a material is the degree to which it prevents light from passing through it. The opacity of a paint la usually measured by contrast ratio. Orange Peel: A term used to describe the surface of a sprayed film in which the drop lets from the spray gun have not flowed completely together during drying to form a smooth, level surface. The appearance resembles the surface of the kin of an orange. Oxidise: In a narrow sense, oxidation means the chemical addition of oxygen to a sub stance. More broadly it means to change from a lower valence to a higher valence with re gards to the positive valenoe. Pastel: A light tint, A masttone to which white has been added, or a white to which small amounts of color have been added. pH Value: the pH value Is simply a number denoting the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solu tion. The numerical expression also describes the hydrogen ion concentration. A pH value below 7.0 is considered acidic and any value higher than 7.0 is consid ered alkaline or basic in Its characteristics. A unit change In pJH value corresponds to a tenfold change in acidity. Plement/Blnder Ratios: The binder s o u q s are usually ex pressed as unity and the pigment ratio as calculated. A P/B ratio of 0.5 means the -paint contains <0.5 part pigment for every 1,0 part of binder solids by weight. W&m MHMSIKHi Wmmm iSiiipi! mai -n Sat Volume Concentration : This La the ratio, by 8, of the total pigment In s' paint to the total hon-yolatile material. It La calculated aft follow: % PVC - (Pigment :Vol. v Pigment Voi. Vol. of Binder SolIda) x 100. Since a paint film Is three .dimensional, It is logical to relate its com ponents on a volume basis. superimposed, as in three* color printing, the theoretical result is black. In the spectrum, the primary colors are TTnowh os scarlet-red, green, and violet; these are referred to as the additive or plus colors. If all three are superimposed, as in theatrical lighting, the tneoretlcal result is white.. Plasticiser? These are organic `ch*mi'cal?r~which may be liquids pr solLda, and are Incorporated into cellulose derivatives, natural and synthetic resins, and related substances to develop such properties as elongation, toughness, and flexibility. Purity: The specific quality of coTor distinguishing It from neutralized or dulled .color.. The term la sometimes used as one of the attributes of color. Often referred to as chroma, saturation, pr intensity. Polar groups: Polar groups are those' carrying an lcr.ic change. Polarised Bight: Light which vibrates or travels in one plane or direction only. Ordin ary light is propagated by transverse wave motion, with vibrations in all possible dir ections perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Quick Drying: A mater?si with oHryTrp tune of four hours or less. Polymer: A polymer ia a compound formed by the Interaction of simple molecules haying functional groups that permit their combination to proceed to high molecular weights under suitable conditions. Porosity ''reeerct of mprerojo velds -r air spaces 1" a paint Reduction: In a paint formula, the" re'duction -consists of materi als such as solvents, driers. binders and seme additives, etc. wnlcM. are aided afte. t^c pignent dispersion, or grind, has been Primary Colors; In Pigments they are Known as yellow, crimson-red, and blue, also referred to as subtractive or minus colors. If all tnree are Refractive Index: A measure of the 'deviation from normal that a beam of llgnt undergoes upon pas sing throjgn a gi%en substance or the ratio of tne velocity cf light In a given medium compared with Its velocity in air. a-- -12- Belatlve Rgfraotive Index; The ;ratio or tne velocity or light In the first of two media to its velocity In the second media as It passes from one to the other. The higher the refractive index of s pigment (relative to the binder in which it Is dispersed), the higher is the hiding power of the pigment. Resin: A solid or semi-solid organic or amorphous material either of vegetable or synthetic -origin and having little or no tendency to erystalize. The color is usually yellow or amber to dark brown, but some arc water-white. Moat resins are usually transparent or trans lucent. Rheology: The science of the Ttowor viscous liquids. Roller Coating: The .method of applying paint to a substrate by means of hard rubber, steel, pr gelatin rolls. Rutile: Tetragonal crystal form or titanium dioxide with a re fractive index of 2.71. The rutile type is characteri zed by higher opacity and density compared to the anatase type. Also the name of a natural titanium - bearing ore. be soaps resulting from the reaotlon of an alkalies pigment (such as zinc oxide) with the vehicle acids to form these soaps. They also may be undiasoived resin particles or resin that has precipitated out. Set Time: The time required for a paint film to lose its fluidity --become tacky. Fast set times are undesirable for brush or roller coat applications:. .Shear/Strength Uniformity; A measure' 0/ the ability of a paint to maintain the same color re gardless of the shear rate used bo apply it (e.g,, brush, roll, dip., spray, pour, or drawdown). Pigment flocculation and/or flood* ing contribute to poor shear/ strength uniformity. Sheen; The degree of shine dr gloss produced by a low gloss finish at low angles of viewing --usually about 5* above the plane of the film surface (85* gloss). Short Oil Alkyd: An alkyd resin usually containing less than oil as a modifier based on weight. Solids: Solids denotes the percentage by weight of the non volatile ingredients in a paint. Scrubbabillty: The ability of a paint film to resist erosion by scrubbing (usually with a brush, water, and a cleanser or soap). Seedsi A tern used to desoribe small undesirable particles in dried paint films or in the wet paint Itself. The particles may Solvency Power: A measure of the strength of the dissolving power of a solvent. It is usually ex pressed in terras of kauri-butanol value. The higher the K-B va.^e the greater the solvent power. Solvent: This term is applied tV"products which dissolve or disperse paint film-fonalhg con stituents. They usually volatalise during drying and, there fore, do not become a part of the film itself. They are also used to .control paint consistency istillfi ........ smKHMMtflt?vUfl;'Nffie liiM iwHHpiiiMM DUP050075223 -13- flolvent Rglea.ce? A term applied Surfactant; A coined word which Vo the drying of lacquers. means "surface active agent." A material which can modify the Specific Gravity; The r&tlo of surfaces and Inter-surface forces the weight-ofany volume of a between liquids and solids. Sur substance to an equal volume of factant in a broadly descriptive some other substance taken as term which includes soluble deter the .standard at stated temper gents in a liquid medium, dis atures, The usual standard for persing agents, .emulsifying liquids and solids is water. agents, defearning .agents, pene trating agents, and wetting agents Spreading Rate: The area of sub- atra&e over which a unit volume pf paint is spread, usually ex pressed in square feet per gallon, -T- Stabilizer: A substance that .counteracts the effect of a vigorous accelerator and pre serves chemical equilibrium. Many substances added to paints (particularly some of tne newer Industrial finishes) to make them more stable are also con sidered as stabilizers. Talc: A natural, fully hydrated magnesium silicate used as an extender in paint systems. Texture: The general physical appearance of the surface of a coating, (roughness or smoothness) Stain Removal: A test which measures the ease with which common stains can .be removed from a paint film. The teat tends to measure porosity and surface smoothness of the film. Substrate: A material upon the surface of which a paint is spread for any purpose. Xn tne case of paints, the substrate .may be: wood, steel, aluminum, plaster, lacquered paper, etc. Surface Tension: The property existing in the surface film of all liquids wh.lch tends to con tract the volume Into a form with the least surface area. Water forming droplets on an oily surface is an example. The addition of a surfactant, which reduces .the surface tension of the water, permits the water to wet the oily surface more uni formly. Thermoplastic: The group of syhtKet'ic realna that are per manently softened by heat and hardened by cooling, Many auto mobile finishes, particularly General Motors, are made with thermoplastic acrylic lacquers. Thermosetting: A term used to describe plastic materials which become hard and infusible when heated and cannot be reaoffcened. Many phenolic, melamine, and urea resins, as well as some of the acrylics, are thermosetting. Chrysler, Ford, and .American Motors- car finishes have been made with thermosetting acrylic paints. Thinner: Commonly used to des cribe paint solvent? such as mineral spirits, petroleum spirits etc. fhlxotroplc: A thixotropic fluid s one whose Apparent viscosity decreases with time to aone con stant value at any constant rate of shear; l.e., its apparent viscosity can be gradually de creased to that limit toy stir ring. When stirring U discon tinued, the apparent visoosity Increases gradually tack to the , original value. Tinting Strength: The tinting strength of awhite or colored pigment Is Its ability to change the color of a paint having a different color than that of the material being tested. Colored pigments are usually tested for their ability to tint white, and white pigments are usually tested for their ability to tint a color. Tohert An organic pigment which does not employ an inorganic carrying base. It is unreduced or unextended and Is often a heavy netal salt of a water soluble dye. Tooth: That condition of a flat or non-glossy surface which allows a succeeding paint film to adhere readily. Trade Sales Finishes: Usually paints that are applied by brush or roller and are sir dried. These include the paints that the home owner purchases for decorative or protective purposes. Value: The "value" attribute or a color is simply designated as "light** or "dark." Value is sometimes referred to as "light ness." Vehicle: The film forming and liquid"portion of a paint before the paint has been applied and allowed, to dry or harden. A vehicle is usually divided Into two parte: (1) the non-volatile vehicle which may consist of oils, resins, plasticisers, solid portion of the drier, etc., and (2) the volatile portion or the vehicle which nay consist of solvents, diluents, etc. Viscosity: A property of fluids which may be briefly described as a resistance to flow. Viscosity. Apparent: Paints are non-Nwtonian and the term "ap parent viscosity" Is applied only to non-Newtonian materials, it la not a constant for a given material, because Its value depends on .the rate of sheaf selected In making the measure ments. "Apparent viscosity" is obtained by one-point method*. Y.H. & P. Naphtha: The abbre viation for varnish Makers * and Painters* Naphtha. A straightrun petroleum spirits possess ing an evaporation rate similar to xylene. Used as a thinner for paints. Y.M, 4 P. Is an aliphatic hydrocarbon. Undertone: This is the subdued color which resul.te from varying the particle site of TIO* In a oolored paint. Smaller particle site TiOa produces a bluer under tone while larger particle size TIOs produces a yellower under tone.  11 r* \ * * -1.5- Wettability; The ease or ability that a pigment has for becoming wetted or coated with a vehicle. Waahabllity: A property of a Wettability is one of the factors paint rum related to the ease governing the ease of grinding of Kith which It can t>* cleaned a pigment. and resist film deterioration when washed* Wetting Agents: Surface active agentsT Atame given to chemical Water Spotting; An Imperfection compounds having both hydrophilic in a dried film manifested by (water soluble) and hydrophobic spotty changes in color or gloss. (water repelling or oil soluble) Water spotting may be caused by groups. Most of these compounds various factors such as emulaifi- lower the surface tension of qatlcn or the solution of water water. soluble components. Whiting: An inert, white, crystal - Wavelength: The distance between line pigment composed principally corresponding points on two adjacent curves. The Unit of measure used to be the milli of calcium .carbonate. It is used extensively as an extender in paint 8.. micron, which Is equivalent to one millionth of a meter. Wave length has also been expressed In the Angstrom unit which Is one teritn of a millimicron. More Xylenet An aromatic hydrocarbon recently, however, wavelengths used ns a solvent in paints. are being .expressed in "nano Also known as xylol. meters'' rather than millimicrons. A nanometer la one billionth Xylol: See xylene part of a meter. Weather-Orreter.: Trade name for a selr-contained apparatus for reproducing. In the laboratory, the effect of long periods of .outdoor weathering on protective and decorative coatings. It operates on the principle that a light source, whose total radiation approximates noon* June sunlight, is played on the surface of a test specimen under controlled temperature conditions and is periodically followed by a water spray of known temper ature, pressure, and volume. The material thus exposed will take on surface and color char acteristics similar to those produced by outdoor exposure.. Carbon arcs are employed as the light source. -y- Yleld: Normally the amount rf mill base recovered after a . *\int grinding operation such as 3roll milling, sand grinding, pebble milling, etc. Yield Value: The initial pressure required to cause a plastic paint 'V: <:r f [ DUP050075226 -16APPBNPUB Acrylic Reains\ Synthetic reeins polymerized frost aeryli$ acid and methacryltc acid. The more important resins ere poly mers pf the methyl and ethyl eaters of these acids or copoly mers of mixtures of these mono mers. These resins are char acterized toy their water-white color, resistance to discolora tion, and perfect transparency. They may toe thermoplastic or thermosetting. -B- Bllater: A common type of paint /allure usually caused toy the application of a paint on a surface containing an excessive amount of water or other vola tile material. Blistering is caused by the escaping volatile materials. Blooming t Blooming may be caused toy the deposition of a thin film of foreign material such as smoke, dust, or .oil. Ths result Is often s bluish fluorescent cast. Some organic coatings containing bleeding pigments like toluldlne red will, under certain conditions, develop a colored "chalk" on the surface of the film immed iately upon curing or sometime thereafter, this phenomenon is also called "blooming". The two phenomena can best toe distinguished by the fact that rubbing the fozwier with a cloth shows no color pick up, whereas rubbing the latter will stain the cloth the oolor of the finish. Blushing: Blushing Is a tern usually applied to clear finishes (lacquers, for example) when they became partially opaque, cloud}, or trar.sl4t.ent upon application or drying, There are two main caases: first, when solid Ingredients become partially or wholly precipitated as a result of condensed -ciature, and second, because of an Improper solvent balance. In the latter, the advents evaporate faster than the diluents, thjs leaving the olid ingredients in a precipi tated state which appears like a olouded finish. Bronzing: See "Blooming" -cCold Checkins. Cne cl* the moat important-reculaiten -f flrlBhea as applied to furniture. Also referred to us "temperature checking* . It la a film rupture at an angle to the run of the grain. Color Retention: When a pro tectlve ooat'log exppatd to the elements snows ro signs of c.nanglng Its color It Is aalu to have excellert *olor re-entlon. Crystal Orowtn Stability: The tendency or s pigment particle to maintain its size In the presence of solvents, binders, and plastic itstrlces (sometimes called crystal stability). mBSsBSmmSmmm mSSemmMMmm'} mmBHRBnmywtt wswi * j * *r * z1** ' V ** '`y {'t<* ||f|J mBs m Crystal Phase Stability! Tty* tendency or a pigment particle to maintain its crystal habit rM resist conversion to another, more stable form, -17SiW.,Trbes tain gloaa, color, and/or adhesion when immersed in water or exposed to tondeniing water vapor. -D- Dlrty: When speaking of colored coatings, the term mebas the color la not clean or bright but is a muddy color> Dlttlpctneta oflaase Olosat The fcarpasts wicft wnicnimsge outlines ore reflected toy the surface of an object - particu larly by e surface coating, Flushed Colors; These are chemically precipitated colors which are dispersed in a vehicle by a flushing machine. She filter preaaeaKe is taken directly from the filter press and mixed with the desired vehicle. Since the pigment has a greater affinity tor the vehicle than it has for the water, the color is preferen tially wet by the former. The water separates to the top of the flushing machine after which most of It is poured off. us: Any of the group of Tophytic plants comprising molds, mildew, smuts, etc., which produce an undesirable dark costing on paint films. See also "Mildew . -H- Heet Resistance: The tendency of a rinisK "to maintain opti cal, physical, and/or chemical properties (e.g , gloss, flexi bility, adhesion, attack by reagents) after exposure to thermal energy. intensity} gee purity -L- ! The term "lacquer* usual y, .indicat. e_s t.h..at....t.h..e material dries by evaporation and forms a film from the non volatile constituents as opposed to crbss-lliiking or oxidising. The beat known Is nitrocellulose lacquer, while the newest are the thermoplastic acrylic lac quer* . Luster? The gloss, shine, or brightness of a finished sur face la spoken of as Its luster. -MMetslllc Finish: Any of the industrial baking finishes to which aluminum or other metal flake bsa been added to provide flamboyancy. Typical are the finishes used on bleylsa and automobiles. Mildews A superficial growth produced by mold or fungus. Two types are cCanon* .1) The spore type which resem bles caviar and 2) the filament type. A microscope is necessary to differentiate the spore type from dirt collection. Dirt can frequently toe removed by wash ing, but mildew Will remain in the film si s dark atain. Mllklness; A term used to describe the appearance of s protective costing which has a white appearance, such as when moisture becomes mixed with fUPMMn ':! ; - ;"/ I ,#v >iir; | ;:|||||? IliBiMWiMii DUP050075228 lacquer*. Also describes the flooding or floating of shite pigment on the surface of a colored coating. hold: See Mildew -0Oleorealnoua; A generic term usee to define an orthodox type of materiel whloh La s combination of oils, ..resins, tftinners, driers, etc. An alkyd enamel may be called an oleoresinoua finish. f_i_x_l_d_l_s_l_n_g____ li This term noraally applies to the oil modifier which polymerises and ultimately dries as a result'd oxygen acceptance. Drying oil modifiers of this type include soybean, chinawood, linseed, oitlctca, end flab oils. The nonoxidising types contain nondrying modi fiers such as cottonseed oil, cocoanut oil, rosin, stearic acid, etc. -P* Paint; A paint is a pig mented liquid composition which la converted to n opa que aolid film after appl' ra tion as a thin layer. Pigment; As s noun, this is a solid in e state of subdiv ision which is fine enough fir incorporation in a vehicle t. make paint. Some important classes of pigments are: 1 opaque pigments which Impart opacity or hiding power to a paint. 2. Colored Pigments which impart color to a paint White impart color.. wBhitlhcohut Plgiwnts^w color Bxteoders which supply pigment bulk, desirable variety in shape, else, and sice distribution of parti cles, usually at relatively low cost (e.g., calcium carbonate) Chemically active pigments which resit with the lneredients of the paint vehicle (e.g., red lead) Foliate pigments which t*ava net, piate-uxe particles th't terd to align them selves parallel to the coating (e.g., aluminum flakesj Prime pigments which are the opaque pigments required in significant proportions in coatings (e.g., T10). 9. Composite pigments iwhich are mixtures or two or more manufactured pigments (eg., chrome green). The above classes of pigments are not actually exclusive. That Is, a pigment may have the characteristic of more than one claas, thus red leud la an opaque plgnent, a vOlcred pig ment, a chemically active pig ment, and la the prime pigment in red lead palrt PlnhoVr.E Plnhcling is Just what thename implies -- the appearance on the finished sur face of tiny noles, usually not much larger than a pin point, rinholing is caused by eaeaplng gases of some sort breaking through the flrlened llln tirter it has set sufficiently to lose ita flew properties, but before it has lost its plastic nature. -19- If the aurfacc once becodes thoroughly dry without pin hole*, they *111 never eppeer. Polar Solvents! Solvents each >i sioonois end ketones that contain hydroxyl or oarhonyl roupsi have high dielectric constants, and shoe strong polarity. Primer! The paint uaed for a first or priming coat, me primer may he the seme paint to he used subaenuently for the finish coat, except perhaps for the addition of oil or thinner by the painter. In which ease It la a eelf-primer. If the primer Is a paint made for ut only In priming, It la a special primer, -aKeceir Finish! The name given to an automotive finish uaed to repair scretehea and other marred arose that occur during the manufacture of the car. It la gmller to the original finish except that a catalyst has tean added to permit .the use of lower baiting tempera ture* then those used with the original flnlah. Hot to he confused with a refinish paint which la ueed to repaint dam aged areas after the car has teen eold. Refinish paints require very low hake tempera tures or may be air dried. In pronounced pnhenomenon alas .scaqevuc called ""curtaining" a sagging la the more g ally usad expression, Saturatl any color that defsi Its dlffei of the Skin: A tough layer cf skin formed on the Surface of * paint or 1 exposure to air which oxidation ---------- the vehicle at the coating. Stalm ion o< f coloring matter in a Vihiole. to he app: of ar titclcleleaa to impart .color offsets rather than to form a protective coetilig. One of the UeeappUctlon"towood! 1thereby deepening or altering the color while preserving thi ' texture or markings Strength! Tint! A mixture of predominating colored n ` oolor la, and much 1" Sexalnx: A term which describee the tendency cf a wet film ts flew downward and therefore become thicker in one area than another when the ooatlng It applied to vertical surfaces. SIP HHi M-- IMSMMiillllll PjV; ................................ ' ' - - - DUP050075230 Ultraviolet Light; or the Tight rays outside of the visible spectrum at its violet end end which deviate from s straight path more readily than violet rays. The ultravioolet rays range fros* 120 to 4000 , re largely types of faHiluurret of protective costings due to their interaction with the ..oorrggaannic binders and suo.sequent degradation of the latter -VVarnish: Any parent* or translucent liquid which* when applied as thin film* dries on exposure to air to a continuous film, giving a decoratlveand protective coat ing to the surface to which it Is applied. -s'j ; -.iii. f: Plililllil^ *'*>*** \* - .. . . DUP050075231