Document K6pYo7JrZeZJ04J49xpNMxBwo

j u p w ipwiyf> wg.-iiwLMfi.ijisi.i-wm3iJywy -- LIA22050 ' . J <*a*,M>fc>l*il|a***1w<*--^ mNnl rr <111 A 1 3 `1 5 LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION 420 LEXINOTCm AVENUE NEW YOKE 17. K. T. November 1, 1950 SPECIAL REPORT s u bj ec t s sr.josm: o n sreorom BATTERIES, XECff-OCHJ3CAL s o c ie t t me et u p To L'erbers of the Lead Industrie* Associations A sysposiuc on secondary batteries wts sponsored at the ninety-eighth meeting of the Electrochemical Society, held In Buffalo, Nee fork, October 11, 12 and 13, 1950. i The following are abstracts and contents on those prper* presented which ay be of Interest to Bccbor? of the Lead Industries Associations bat t er ; l o aes vs. r at t er ; r?jng-A?cE ' by K. C. Riggs, The Electric btcr-ge battery Ccxpeny, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania i Battery dcsiiyi has kei't pace with the docard, according to Sir. Riggs, In the past 25 years mitonotile notor* have been pettin; bigger, the battery lead has been petting bipper, the number of dies per year has been petting bipper, and the bottery is being expected to etart the notor in still colder weather. Put the battery, Ur. Riggs pointed out, has regained the ace site, end it* cost has cone down. Expanders are a proven r.eans of inproving battery performance, PEHATTOfi or THE CO TOi.TtTS or PFAVm j ro~ LBAP-ACrP STORAGE BATTERIES by A. C. Zachlln, 'Hillard Storage battery to., Cleveland, Ohio Hr. Zachlln pointed out that the af.ect of various expander coopone.nts depends on the proportion used and In sense cases on the brand chosen. Cold capacity on initial cycles la affected rest by lignin, Increasing A with the proportion of llpnln vn to 0.5 percent, but not beyond that. Bariua sulphate and lanp blck affect Initial capacity to a leaser depne, but are influential during cycling life on cold capacity end length of service. All three components affect the structure of plate surface during the cycling life test. Charge voltage Is affected by tiu? compo nent of expander as well aa by its concentration. PRACTICAL APriATSAL 07 A MTIO!.' AGEhT IK KTSATTVE PIATT3 Or LEAP KTOPA-.f BATTERIES Vy r. I:. Haslccll, "v. T. ^'uller L Cc, South Sac rrmcloeo, Chlifornla The opinions of various eontarcporary Investigators regarding axpanding spent* and cold test performance were discussed. Trit auto-x>bilo battery anuficiurers problem of selecting suitable combinations cf oxide and expander w as considered frea the standpoint of three practical catcgorieai w >%! ' mm w.^1 T - ||| bn. ..... *............... - i // : w.wwjjjiuuim. m f*|p*p*ypgpp L1&22051 th >MtirtrMii^iiiin<iiMitifil>~11f1iHiiiiiiTi nfli if<"i m i - .. * - 2 - (1) ability to pas* tha Initial cold test; (2) ability to maintain cold test performance at sustained or increasing rate in the later stages of laboratory cycling tests; and O) ability to give satisfactorily high current discharge rates in a car (as deterxlned by laboratory cold test) after 10,00025,000 miles and one to two or mors years of driving, these tests were correlated by examples and their relative bearing on one another developed, in in-the-car testing program was described with special reference to cold test performance. Results were described with tables and charts. Thetcclcrographs by transmitted and reflected light (Oltrapak) at low, medium and high magnifications in color and monochrome were used in the fore of lantern slides to illustrate the behavior of several corcarcial types of expanders both before and after usage in cars and on laboratory test equipment^ iroinos ASE?:i3 FOR K5GATXYS FU.TTS OF LEAD-ACID SKPA.^g 5irTUg3 IT. Pure Organic Compounds by E. J. hitchie, Eagle-ficher Co., Joplin, Missouri This paper presents scoe of the results of an experimental study of the effeeve produced by the addition of pure organic compounds to the nega tive active naterial of lead-acid storage batteries. The experimental Conditions used in the study were selected to show the greatest differences between compounds of similar structure that were rcr.ben of a scries. These conditions, because they were not standard in the industry, were discussed. The results have been grouped with respect to the organic chemistry and structure of the substances tested. Only those compounds having measurable reducing action appear to have any value as "expander** in increasing the discharge efficiency of a Iced-acid cell at 0 F. THE EFFECT 0? S'-UV-ATE k'.'? SCTf.'r S'JLPHa ~' 0* LEAP-ACIT:EATTr.13 ly wul L. Hccard and 0. Vinci, National cureau of 'tandarcs, -ashington, T.C. For rcry years, preparations using magnesium and sodium sulphates hsvs been exploited as battery rejuvenators, A cocprehcnslve study of these salts was carried cut over a wide range of compositions to determine whether there was any beneficial effect on sulphated.lead-acld storage batteries. High and normal rate capacities, stand loss, variation in Cell temperatures on charge, waver consumption, and variation in specific gravity were studied ever a six-conth period, * simulated field test was set up ia the laboratory. Final r-suits compared favorably with actual field tests. The results showed that there was no beneficial effect on a sulFhated battejy by the use of either magnesium suljhate or sodiua sulphate or mixtures of the two in various percentages and/or various degrees of hydration. iysfllWiitSlm*iii m mm pnmw m^p*tmmmw&m'!!fmm ^iiiwgi)pyijpaim wrimp+v> LIA22052 i~--ll`i -r ffl- ---^----- i" rTii * iwi YshA'i --v^ t *r--- *-- ---- **....."*:. ^-'-'" *** J * 3- STORAGE BATTpCT "DOPES* by Clarence C. Rose, '/illsrd Storage Battery Co., Cleveland Ohio The author reviewed the situation regarding battery additives or "dopes,* He disclosed the technical and economic absurdity of their claims, and then described core pertinent technical data about sutcxaotlva storage battery operation which had not been used heretofore In this connection, including data discloring the cause of failure from scrap battery surveys. He also included cost significant battery charge voltage characteristics, together with automotive voltage regulators and their effect apon battery service and life. According to the author, this paper should be a final answer to the annoying and confusing quostlon of storage battery *dopes,* THE ETHXT OF TIG LEAD CffltPOSIHQ]: ON TrT. J.TTZ Ai.T CAPACITT Or" LEAD EATTfRIES ty t, H. Haskell, 7. f. fuller A Co., South San Francisco, California Recent changes in composition of availcble pig leads cake it Important to know the effect of bismuth on battery manufacture and performance. Automobile batteries havt been built and are being evaluated, but as yet no great differences have shorn up in the tests. The Investigation is being continued. THE COKSTVIT ROTEHTIAi AKOJIZATiO:: 07 LEAD IK SULK-ITJC AGIP SGLuTIOKS ty John J. Lander, i^aval Research Laior.tory, Washington, D. C. Rates of attack on pure lead, anodised et constant potentials were developed at ONR and are given by the activation equation* iV/RT w - nke t ( adt. J0 The corrosion product is tetragonal FbO at potentials below those for FbOj formation. sons mtLiiqKtjn szrnips or pps it t t s g r id c c pj o eio i; i* t h e l ead -ac id cm br John J. bander, iiavai Research Laboratory, 'Jaanington, t.o. Experimental work at 0!SR reveeiod that* (1) RpOj undergoes solid phase reaction with Pb to fora tetragonal FtO; (?) certain tin alloys of lead are ncro corrosion resistant than pure iecd or 6 percent 5b-fb alloy) (3) electrolyte concentration is an important factor In the corrosion procersj (A) an lntercediato film of Fi-02 is forced which does not cycle to fbSOu (5) a relatlonrhlp exists between growth and film forustion. Theoretical explanations for these effects were proposed. mi irnmnu SBC* ww-1 W.'W MfHUaMHjjjtj' ii . .\ * --I W1MJJ LIA22053 >aw?MB')r ig*tr ffii'agt-jfa'i'frT1 <ffi ivnitii ^it m ww ^ w p --WWi q n 1 ....... FW** lDMIH IW f lWIWWWFWwrimj'i'i i n i * -l- COIBTRUCTION AND PERFOr.iJOJC!: or PLASTIC C01ITAINTR fXSCTNOLTTC-RETMNINO LPAD-AClD EATTrjasr------------------------------------------------- : by C. H._fcndresa and CIcronce C. note, T7illord Storage Battery Co., Cleveland, Ohio lead-acid storage batteries. It was pointed out by the aithors, hers certain inherent advantages with respect to high voltage, high rate and low temperature discharges, reehargeability, etc., which Bake thea de. slrable for nany applications other than autcooblle starting and lighting and similar heavy duty service. The problem was to redesign tho con struction to eliminate the excess weight of hard rubber containers end the nuisance of acid leakage, and at the sane tine, cover a range of sices down to the truly miniature radiosonde - or weather balloon types. Polystyrene and similar modified plastics sake attractive, practical, lowweight acid-proof and leak-proof containers and covers. ?ibrite insula tion retains 90 percent of the electrolyte, and coupled with cover design. Bakes the batteries spill-proof. Gravity indicator halls in transparent ball cages give atcursto indication of state of charge in batteries with not enough free electrolyte for fydroactor readings. These batteries have beer, designed and used in cany sizes ..A shapes for special applica tions. They are now available in c noro systematically chosen range of sizes so that in series or oultiple, alsoit evriy possible conbinatlon of voltage and capacity is available within a vei> sinter* voluae and weight. Typical discharge characteristics were shown and capacity ratings of the various cites were given. TH5 HTDR06TT PLOCISS FOP. LUD STOHLOR BATTSKT F1JLTE3 by n. K. rcenbury, ". .. ru-ar., an:,1 S. Agnus, Rational lead Co,, Research laboratories, Broa-:lyn, Giw Tork In the lead-acid storage battery iiutistry, the trend has been toward the.use of litharge containing hitf> percentages of finely divided, unreacted esetallie lead. Fletes contclrd.ng this utV-rial arc cured or hydroset* at rooc tecperaUiro prior to fornlng. The setting action in volves oxidation of the metallic lead in the ,trcscnce of weto-, an rxothemic reaction causing tho plates to dry. Variations in ataospheric ecnditio.ir a;fcct the rate of setting. Th.- authors of thlr piper discussed the offsets of teoperature and humidity changes -a the setting rate. It was shown that there 1* an optima plate nolsture concentration which corresponds to a anxious oxidation rate. FLOAT CHARACTFHI3TIC3 0.- LRit FATTERH3 by U. ti. 'tt,ocAT^'tell Telcpirnc l-boralories, Turray Hill, ;Jcw Jersey lho ateady-state positive and negative plate potentials of lead-ecid storage batteries vitJ) lead-calaiua end lcad-antiacry grids were wcaeured nt various constant charging currents fro* 0.C03 percent to liO percent of the cipht-hour disc barge rate. Above a definite Blnteaa current, tho author shows that the polarization voltage follow* the expiation I t a log --. a* la a constant independent of temperature over tho * range studloS (25 - LcP C), while l/-g lncroasus linearly with y : L i up w|i.i. ^ p y wpm* jmmm e-- LI<v 2205A r * '**'' life* .r .jj V / -5- temperature. These constants have characteristic values for the poeltivo and for the negative jlates which further depend on the composition of tho grid alloy, Lead-caleiun plates give slightly higher values for a* and considerably lower values for Iq than lead-antinony. It currents less than I,,, the plate potentials correspond to tho revorslble poten tials for tho positive and negative plates, respectively. It is shown that these data permit the calculation of the negative plats self-dis charge rcte, tho analysis of operating conditions, and tho determination of propor float voltage. KICKEL-CAaHSl BATTTtre TOR UltllXIg OSg tiy r., n, nmt hThT m grmi l.nrpa toftnnoring Laboratories, Fort tionaouth, K, J. A review ia made of the performance of military types of nlckcl^a&alun batteries. Sintered plate batteries are eoapared with pocket typee. Comparison with the lead-add battery was religiously avoided by tho author who also pointed out this significant fact! the nlckd-csc'sdua battery has certain features, such as good performance at low ter.peraturo, which make it useful for special military applications. Beyond this it does not rival the load-acid battery. It is expected that all of the above papers will eventually appear in the official Journal of tho Eloctrochecical Society." This is published monthly fcy the Electrochemical Society. Editorial offieci ?1S Wert 10?nd Street, New Tork 25, New fork. Single copies are available at 7St to members and vl.cO to non-ocsbcrs* - truly yours, Secretary i i "Tmwpi )wr"' wyi i orr