Document K6o6XEQVjmNXjjOqw3OJnLK0Q

Lead Water Services Under Grueling Conditions in New York HE Borough nt Manhattan. Xev% T'i'irk !.:lv, pronaniv pro\ i<i:he t io -u jrumns underground conai': in = ror water service I ines that mav we Puno an vu here. The constant ana beat v auto, bus umj truck traific overhead and the ontinuous 'hundenng ot subwav trains which are never verv tar awav ; 'u.o ' t C'ii'dti on ' :nt' in pu c o mi? or rot ~'ivi een Dieted. :d p .eaa 1 :cv u id ~>p jrou n lergmuna 'erueen u r> ina onnec'ed '.oe G,n. -u am ina ne cause ^vponte. trom practically any spot on the island, are t list two ot the conditions that the service line material must a ithstand. That lead is accomplishing this successfully ;s brought sharply .nto focus bv the fact that practically ail of the water service lines 2 in. and PHOTOS 3 Y acsso STUDIOS under now being installed in Manhat tan are lead. Connections between the rast-iron One sit the more recent lead instal lations ot a siig.htlv different nature water main and the bunding supply line were made in piace within each than those customarily installed was of the excavations. made on East 107th Street, New Hie `oresightedness ot the owner dork, bv the Oeorge W. Kaufman and the plumber and incidentally the Lo.. plumbing contractors of Mew confidence thev have in lead's ability l ork Gtv. to last a good many vears are evi The building for which the lead denced bv the procedure followed in service was installed is located on the planning this installation. opposite side ot the street from the The present demand ior water '-in. cast-iron water main. Because necessitated oniv l^-in. tap in the if this, an extra long service was water main. However, thev re!t it de needed, as well as excavations on each sirable to make provisions in the most ode ot the street joined bv a small economical manner for additional tunnel through which the lead service water at a later date. line couid be nulled without disturb This was done bv connecting a 5-ft. ing a large part ot the street surfacing loop ot Hb-in. lead pipe to the cor .r disrupting and halting street traffic. poration cock and then continuing The plumper mak ing :he connection between me Lead uater -emce and cast-iron main. The gooseneck will ab sorb an\ movement caused bv settlement ot the service line thus or eventing any 'tram at the tap. the service with a 2-in. Class 75 AA or i to the building. When the de mand for water increases bevond the capacity of the present 1' -.-in. tap. ill that will be necessary is a ^maii excavation at the main to which a 11 -a-m. line can be tapped and w i;>ea to the then existent 2-in. lead -service. This recent installation of a lead service line replaced the oid -ervice ot another material that had failed causing a bad cave-in at the sidewalk. This rigid service had a lead goose neck which was still in good condi tion. Had the entire service been of lead originally, it is safe to assume that no tailure would have occurred. It has been found from studies made in a number of cities that iiie cost of the service pipe is a minor dem. amounting to around 10 oer cent, when the overall installation charges are considered. Therefore, the original cost of a service pipe ma terial with lead's proven durability, though it may be slightly higher than other materials, still adds onlv about 2 to 3 per cent to the overall cost. However, one failure such as hap pened on this job considerably more than offsets the small initial material saving that was made because of the fixed charges that had to be repeated. These fixed charges include -wen 'terns as tapping, corporation cook, digging and paving reDair. L I AZ59AP, Unique Properties of Lead Fittings Applied to Housing and Public Buildings ANY architect; and builders of M arse and -mail am ate hous- On the comparatively small hous ing proiect located in Hartsdaie. :v: croiects anu oubiic buildingsV A .- the architects. Aden and Low- nave Mken advantage it the jniaue enhsh. w.-w A ork City, specified extra- oronerues ot 'ead fittings in the plan- heat v . leer, is to connect the 310 nna and installation ot their plumb- water .o-sets to the rigid soil pipe. ns -terns. Tuo such projects now Also specified were lead stubs for mder '(instruction are the 265 unit connecting the 100 stall showers to be rarden anartments in Hartsdaie. installed. This work is being done bv Y A.. arid the Riverside School in 1 rein, Pchlosberg Co., plumbing con Greenw ich. t .onn. tractors of .Yew A ork Gtv. The proj Two of the properties of lead that ect. known as Country (Club Garden are applicable to its selection and use ui the plumbing system are its ability to withstand the corrosive acids and alkalis that enter the waste system and. also important, the 'give'' it pro- .ides between two rigid materials. This aoiiitv to take stress and strain without rupturing or causing damage n> expensive fixtures and rigid pipe me- 01 ten means the difference be- ween a lifetime ot trouble tree -en re ;roin the plumping system or con- -:ant expensive repairs not oniv to he thumbing system itself but aiso n-tiv repairs caused bv water leaks. Lead's smooth inner surface and easv changes of direction are con ducive to free flowing, scouring ac tion of the discharged wastes, thus minimizing the possibility of stop pages. iboic, the ptumber wiping a joint in '-in. lead bena jor installation on he Country Club Ridge Apartment< :n Hartsdaie. i .V. City suburb Rient. lead traps and bends rouenec n at :ne Rnerside Scnooi, Green wich. Conn. Ridge, will, when completed, have 265 garden apartments. On public buildings, lead fittings are finding wide acceptance and one of the more recent buddings of this type to use lead bends for water closets and P traps tor urinais. a oarticuiariv corrosive area, is the River side School. Greenwich. Conn., nowunder construction. The Greenwich Plumbing Co. is the contractor. Large housing projects, suen as those financed bv the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. in Manhattan. Yew A ork l.itv. have also used lead Pends to advantage. Over 12.500 of them were recently installed in three different projects. More complete de tails of these installations will be lound in "Lead," Volume 17. Yo. 3. Lead fittings have the added advan tage of the ease in which they can be moved to conform to slight miscalcu lations in the construction, often sav ing possible relocation of the fitting. Lead Tubing Aids Efficient Operation of Furnace Humidifier OR manv \ears vapor diffusers F have been used in hot-air Sur- To overcome these weaknesses of home air humidifiers the Cleveland Mjre to humidify the air upon leav- Humidifier l.o. ot Cleveland. Ohio, ng the furnace, An objectionable recentiv patented the "Micro Feed" feature of manv of these, however. humidity control valve that can be Pas been the inability to properly adjusted to weather conditions bv con ontrol the water inflow, and hence trolling the amount of water, in drops the humidity of the inside air. under per ten seconds, entering the vapor varying outside weather conditions. diffuser pan. The valve is easily oper Another is the disposal of the over ated and the rate of drip feed is plain flowing lime-loaded water which has ly visible through the transparent cup been a problem because of the ten that encases the valve. dency of the lime to settle out of the The "Micro Feed" is so constructed water and harden around the outlet and installed that as the water level and eventually block it. of the pan rises a corresponding rise takev place in the vaive. When me water reaches its highest working level any additional water supply, be yond the capacity of the vapor dif fuser to evaporate, overflows into the open top of the vertical lead tubing inside the valve. Thus onlv clear water overflows and not the limeioaded water of the pan. The selection of lead tubing. ' 3 in. inside diameter, for the important overflow piping was made by the manufacturer primarily because it ,s non-rusting. This property of lead avoids the possibility of dogging *-1425949 }rom ru'f. .Nhich Aouid ..ie^trnv 'he eliiciencv the entire \ai\e. \n -idiieti ':'Tnii\e lor the use ot !ead ;uhmLr :s its flexibility and ->t handling that makes it pof*)ble to m- 'tail it ^a.'iiv a i t h o u t tooN and in- 'lumerarie inints to '`ontnrm ro the ineven 'Urtare" tuinui ap'nuui *ur- uare'-. F.arh amt > 'applied -a nil <1 M. a ead fun in 2. .n and 11:nn to -i >u \ e\ m: * ma \ I imourits ot -a ater. >ad tubirnj : -i<e<i ^xtennve'v ;n niaver pianos and or- aans for -unnlvin^ 'mail amount? or' i 1 r under oressure. It is a iso used to an nhamners in which <uiphunc acid manufactured to enn\ev 'mall udntitie< or the acid to the lanoratorv unde' -a here it can be tested tor -frenuth. f.eau Lunins: is available in -tzes hesinmne at 1 16 in. inside diameter unci manutactured of 'oft or antimoniai hard i lead. \ arious other ailov-i. containing tin or tellurium, are ai'O j\ aiiahle. The Monmouth upor dii user assembly, jnnuirg '.he Micro-Feed iaiie ma .he 3 `t. oi .ead lubing o.u d - :aea mth pach unit. Lead Sheathed Heating Cable Prevents Ice Dams on Roofs HF proper maintenance ot a home Tno! >n i v includes ihe upkeep or to this moisture are exterior and in terior paint latiures. destruction of nlerior and exterior surtaces butplaster and worst or" all. the rustic" -iiouid also lake into account the area or rotting ot supporting members. between these surfaces. It is here that t if course it is practicallv impos most ot the major destruction to sible to uisuert this area periodical I v homes bv moisture originates. >avtnc no alternative hut to be sure In practicallv ail cases the cause that e\erv possible means ot exclutl- it Ih i~ destruction can he traced to ng this moisture is used m the -'on- cater seeping into this enclosed area. 'truction arid maintenance ol the >ome ot the common ailments traced dome, 'ome ot the ulnuni- seepage 4-- -- areas such as around mimnevs. ridges, vallevs and tops ot window t rames can easilv and sureiv he pro tected bv lead flashings However. a much more insidious t\ lie ot danger occurring m the o in ter is the accumulation and -noseauent meiting and retreezmg ol non >n roois. This is a common imirrence. especially at the critical tem perature iex ei. ot * i igh11 v below treezing. a herein a conihmation ot neat loss through the root and the -un s ravs melts the sno causing :he a ater to run doun to the ca\e' or point where the root overhangs ihe ode wall ot the house. The cave* beoig colder as thev are not afTected bv neat toss refreezes tiie water. -"(ling up ice dams that hold hack the water allowing it to seep under the donate' and into the hou-e. I nlortunafelv. 'in' seepage U'uailv enters --etweeti ihe interior and exterior wails jMd tiie damage is done hetore anv -Ians are visible. To overcome this maintenance problem, the (zenerai hiectric 1 o. ex perimented with their tead overed healing cable that had been used tor other purposes for main tears and lound it very successful. \ arious methods ot installation w ere tried and the saw tooth arrangement, shown in the accompanying photographs and drawing, was found to he ot nrartirai v aiue. LI A25950 The `pad covered healing '-able is fa>terieci to the root bv damps at the ipper page of the -an tooth about o ;n. above the point where a vertically protected tine trom the interior Mall would intersect the root and with the inner edge ot the 'aw tooth heiovv the lowest point where ;ce mav lorm. In this .in the -able melts channels through the me and snow, thus per mitting tree drainage ot water. 1 n buildings equipped with gutters tmi no w nsnout5 'he saw tooth pattern 'an be used or: the eav es w ith a double `ength !>t tead covered heating cable `n-taileri along the gutter and hangns in the downspout. Irt metal gut ters. the cable 'houid be laved on v ooden strips or blocks .-o that it does not come into contact with the gutter. Otherwise, the metal gutter will dissi pate most of the heat. The metal gut ter and downspout -houid be ground ed. On houses having vailevs. the - able should extend 3 ft. or more up the vailev depending on the extra amount ot cable available after in-1a 11 a11on on the adjoining eaves. To -ujppiv [lower to the heating cable, it is recommended that a weatherproot convenience outlet be Installed on the outside of the buildns. preferable under the eaves. \s a -atetv precaution luring the ofF-season months, the cable 'houid be un plugged at the weather-proof outlet. The cable -houid never be used where the 'heath temperature will ex ceed i 65 deg. F. The tabulation below 'hows the lengths ot carle recommended for the more common voltages and the re- tant w atta 2?^ ; Length Total rt Feet Volts 33 atts no 110 400 120 220 300 2 40 440 i 600 (.lose-up \iew ot the Seating cable in use. Approximately 4-in. ot snow has been completely melted. .chorter lengths should not be used with these voltages as such practice will increase the wattage ami ouerat.ng temperature and shorten the life -.it the cable. Longer length' can be used. In which case the totai 'wattage will decrease. 31 hen used n the length Indicated, the 'heath tempera ture in tree air will be approximate! \ 5 deg. F. above the surrounding air temperature. The cable consists oi a nickelchromium allov resistor w i re 'T1 > 36 in. diam. insulated bv ieited asbestos 0.031 in. thick and two separate w rap of black varnished cambric, each wrap 0.003 in. thick and a 'pad 'heath o 11 f 7 In. thick. Total ft lamelei is 0.240 in. The tead covering provide' tough ness and durability not obtained w ith less rugged tv pe ot covering, it- `lev i bilitv aiso permits bends oi a mini mum diameter ot 2 m. The manufacturer. General hlectnc Co., Schenectady. \L \ .. aiso 'iiggest' the use of lead heating cable tor pro tecting `water pipes, `warming valve' and pipe lines carrying viscous mate rial. acid baths, treeing sidewalks from ice. soil heating and door heatms. Lead Equipment in Dye Intermediate Manufacture NGAGED in 'he manufacture of E dve intermediates, among other products, engineers at the Grasselli i '^acnnn -.e^sei .n A orks oi the General Aniline & Film '.orporation at Grasselli. .\e'v Jersey 'jras^eili T,>rks .'V ssnerni -inime , rum Lorp. Slave Sound many applications where fcuiDDed iL-uh an toil advantage is taken of the corro sion resistance of lead. mcnai .er.o. healn-:na cooling coil ma jn agiiainr mat An intricate, well-guarded science, the manuiacture ot dve intermediates incorporates many combinations of a * :xicx lead i o m o g e n t o 11 s / y `sanded :o neel. variety ot corrosive chemicals under various conditions oi concentration, 'emperature and agitation. Because lead is resistant to many more corro sives and combinations of corrosives than anv other comparable corrosives handling material, it successfully pro tects much of the processing and handling equipment in this important industry. A lew ot the many interesting lead installations at the GAF Works are shown in the accompanying 'illustra tions. The reaction vessel illustrated is equipped with an internal lead heat ing and cooling coil and an agitator that is ; -in. lead homogeneously bonded to steei. The reaction vessel itseif is a steel shell lined with two courses ot acid brick and a convex cover homogeneously bonded with wail thickness. It handles 30-lb. steam pressure tor heating and cold water tor cooling. The sealed tanks are emptied by raising the air pres sure and forcing the contents up and out through a lead pipe extending to the bottom oi 'he tank. A lead-lined steel support plate 'lower left cor ner ) shows inlet and outlet of coil. This particular \essei is 18 ft. deep and 8 ft. m diameter and is used to handle 5 percent sodium bichromate and 20 percent sulphuric acid at tem peratures ranging 1 rom 65 to 220 deg. lead. Of particular interest in this in stallation is the design of the all-lead coil support consisting of chemicai lead cast in bars 3 x -DA in. in crosssection. The bars extend up the in The^e lead ducts at the Grasselli IT orks are used to convey sulphur tioude. sulpnur triorlde. chlorine, bromine ana nitrous oxide fumes to fume -emoval scrubbers. side of the tank where the coil is fast ened to the wjpport by means of welded lead straps. All supporting bars inmerse at the hemispherical ba-e of the tank. This method was de- \ eloped at Grasselli as a replacement for bomegeneous lead-bonded steei supports. According to R. C. Thiede. piant engineer, this method of con struction "... permits uniform bond ing between coil and supports; it facilitates construction and assembly: eliminates the possibility ot iron con tamination deleterious to dyestuffs manufacture and is easily main tained." The tellurium lead heating and cooling coil shown in this illustration is 2-in. inside diameter with a 6-- -- F. It is tvpicai of a number of simi larly equipped tanks which are all giving excellent service. All vessels and vessel covers which were homo geneously bonded with lead from in. to 5 16 in. thick have been per forming successfully since their in stallation. which averages between 5 and 10 years ago. The same -xreilent service has aiso been given nv lead coils and support? and bonded Tad agitators. The use of lead in these vessels is particulars noteworthy in asmuch as the presence ot even minute quantities of metallic -alts ,>u id seriousiv effect the quality ot the fin ished product. Lead's reaction with the corrosives handled does not result in the formation of anv corrosion products which might hinder :n anv degree the success of the operation. During the reaction ot the various chemical? in these vessels, corrosive fumes are given off. Different reac tions in each vessel' result in a variety of corrosive fumes which include sul phur dioxide, suiphur trioxide, chlo rine. bromine and nitrous oxide. Anv one of these gases, particularly in combination with the oxvgen and moisture normally present, can con stitute a serious corrosion proolein. Consequently when all gases are com bined. the onlv material that has been able successfully to withstand corro sive attack over a period ot time is lead. At Grasselli ail reaction gases are LIA25952 exhausted from the individual vessels, collected in 10 and 12-in. diameter lead fume exhaust lines and carried to a 16-in. diameter lead duct from a hence they are led into fume re moval scrubbers. All of these lines which consist of chemical lead with :',-in. wall thickness have been in continuous service lor about 12 vears .'ith iittie or no repairs--a remark able record considering the nature of the corrosives. Also shown in the illustration are lead dampers used for by-pass arrangements. All fume ducts were fabricated on the plant premises irom 24-lb. chemical sheet lead and are strapped to steel channels which provide a supporting framework. Horizontal sections are strapped on the upper halves with steel and cov ered with lead, the undersides resting on steei channels. Smaller diameter lines are simply laid in steel channels hung from above. In addition to the lead fume dis posal system, lead dram lines and lead floor drains are used for handling liquid waste acids and waste dve inter mediates. The tellurium iead piping used tor drain lines has a :o-m. wall thickness and has also been in service tor about 12 years. Lead-lined valves are used throughout. In addition to many other iead 'in stallations common to most chemical industries handling corrosives, the GAF Grasselli piant uses steel trucks for handling corrosive acid tiller press cake. These trucks are loose lead lined with 8-lb.. 6 percent antimoniai sheet lead. The trucks are 2 x 4 ft. on top and 2 it. high. The lead also serves another purpose in this particular installation, inasmuch as one of the constituents of dve inter mediate processing is trinitrotoluene i TNT). Because ot the explosive na ture of this material, the steel shovels used for emptying the trucks would constitute a dangerous hazard if the non-sparking characteristics of lead were not used to advantage. All of the lead work at this piant including the homogeneous bonding is done on the premises under the supervision of Mr. Martin Derrig. Leaded Glass an Important Aid To Better Television Performance HE qualities imparted to glass by Tthe addition of lead to the raw Material mix are used to advantage in the relatively new and rapidlv grow ing television industry. Glass for tele vision tubes is produced bv the The Iraa silicate houn uadea 10 tne glass mx produces both the handsome American Structural Products Go., subsidiary of the Owens-Illinois Hass Co. and some of it contains up goblet and the tele vision bulb. The. ad dition oi lead adds brilliance to the gob to 30 percent lead, by weight. By this means, two very desirable character let and electrical renstivity to the bulb. istics for this particular product are imparted to the glass. The first of these is the increase in the electrical resistivity of the glass made possible bv the lead. Thus the tube safeiv withstands the terrific LiA25953 -Tpnpjii i .in i . ofc.-- JW) liWJBCUfc KW wfT -urge of 3. 1ft or 12 thousand volts hicn 'he Mon sun' shoots at the uno-ohor :ele\ ision screen ,n the form if electronic particles. These electrons are ontrolled d v magnetic Melds :n the tune ami are easily dis- 1 urhed hv *trav currents. The elect n- ai ri'SHtn it\ * i the leaded at ass o re mits anv urrcnt n me part at the tulie from au-mg harmiul disturb ances m another part. lead mi a lass ines it a high dent dispersion eharacteristic. This is 'he same principle that provides brilliance in rme table "are. stem and lit aiass. The lead is added to the aiass mix in the form of a compound, lead sili cate. and though this is a yellow color, it does not impart anv o! Ms color to the class. In fact, M is one of the >, erv te" colored materials that can he added "ithoui tinting the aiass to some extent. In addition to the performance fac tors. addins; lead to aiass is also ot -conomic oeneht during the manurac- >urine process though the leaded glass raw materials are more expensive. The furnace temperature necessary for the production oi glass t rom siiica -and aiuiie .s approximately IRK) leg. V.. whereas the addition ot lead, - da a.-h and lime to glass only re- 1 u ; r e - temperatures somew here around deg. F. The Mijib .tscif :> made m tiiree -cetions. face plate, tunnel and neck, which are welded together on special lathes as shown in the accompanying photograph. Thousands of leaded Kimble Glass television tubes, actually the heart of the instrument, are being produced monthly in 7, 10. 121G and 16 in. -izes ai the Columbus. Ohio, plant oi the American structural Products Company. The use of leaded glass in television tubes Is. ot course, only a compara tively new' application. However, leaded glass has been used for a great manv '.ears In producing fine glass tableware, optical glass of many kinds, and more recently for the pro tection of observ ing personnel against dangerous X-rav radiation. Thj 'jilowint; .articles and reortnts contain information, drawings and soecjfieations on the jse of 'ead products heiofui to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry, 'hey are available, .'ret of :.oanjt. uoon ^eouest to :hi Lead Industries Association, 420 Lutnqtan Avenue. Sr# Yor 17, S. Y. PROPERTY PROTECTION WITH WRITE LEAD PAINT \ 23 nooniei j o the protec!ie riu. durafiiiit* snd of purr * Q11 e , e a d p a i o t 11 h 3 u * n t ] t v mmatiDC sole*. rortnuia* sod nine sad tioiin* ostruction* for -tterinr lod interior je. \ STIT)V OF PUNT' FOR ENCLOSED ' I Rt CTt R AI. MEMUER> IN 'TEEL HOI MV<, < ON>fRI v.TION Bv H A. P r a v and R- M People*. Banelle Mrni urial Institute v --wrirM . 4 -ai-.-r 'Dr 1 1 fit" a 1 ' 1 c-'t I ni; n -1 11 u t e -! j v Qc a n i n \e ? nc v no> nr p r ime r * f o r MARINE A I MO'-PHEHIC ENA IRONMENT* Bv if. J, Vander A aik. Technical Director. Red Lead Di*iMon. Lead Industries \*so- arnj rex Jii .'i^-r.ent .'rimers "ivjre pi.-riwu -i :nr'*- ann -or nail '**. -"i- 'Ttar.tw ii [luwin c r \ 1 ntevt ` '4ini>n prrnluilKjn (Juft- RED LEAD TECHMC\L LETTER? V sf-rirs oi tr'ihmcai cKer- .--.mu '. ftiu.mn Lead inuu-irir. A - -.. 1. 1 j 110 0 Kru Len The num- taraiciv 1 Technical Letter No- 3--Red Lead Primer* for Atmospheric Exposure Technical Letter Ao, 4^--Red Lead Paints for Marine Exposure* NET MARINE PRIMERS Bv K. H. Roil and C. J. !.ead Industries A s*oc ia t ion Aa Vander Yalk. P r e ;im. iSe Reprinted irnm ''Alarm'* Review," Marco 1940 ojint :cc0no 1*> - ruu n' ''r' nt jni1 bbiopiuu PHYSICAL END CORROSION CHARACTERIS TICS OF LEAD IN THE CHEMICAL 1NDISTRY Bv K. H. Roil, Lead Indusirte* Association A 1 e c a 1; e d j i * c u * * 1 u a u i 'he j - e >i :rsd n 'be Qemicii mauitrv prr*rntea petore '.be National A's.iciaMon if Cnrro->i"n Engineers '..'nierenct, Acini il 14, 1940. DECORATIVE FINISHES FOR [. F vn 8*- X. H. Roil. Lead Industrie* f,,nruii V df'f rtotign .it rfle isrious Burr -necial vurtBre -nrn, arrorat.vr j-e-. Reprinted January 1940 nfB'wit m n1 n j'-r; ; > ;, n,... CORROSION FORIM ar 1 jib .hI nr 1n r Mtf mirjj ''nsfrtJCi.nn 1 n? hem ira.- a vai 13 H v ir'vc n in nr \r nj, h' v A ft-, .nm ' ui on u r ic A < ,1 jr Dn-xiiie Phianhr,,,r r">rri '' nrm 1.- ai nci COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calkin* Lead. CS94-41 Official pun . canon* hv me / * n -n - -r print . n - 'm are 'tnipiicjitd - v -.nr L . S De~ amen t A I'pm Tierce 'O'ouen me Vjimnii Bureau u S'-mia'.i. "ffrcnv- June 25. 1941. FEDERAL SPECIFICATION W.p.i2S Foe Pipe. Bend* and Trap*. I.F\D Part a if 'rction IV _>f she Ferserai S'in-j Mock. Caning, official puolirarmn , ne C " rm neat ?no!iD< OfEce. '(MM ARY OF NOTES ON i.F\D ROOfTV. A bnet' descrionoo of she usr* of ,e.i r,,T '-.c.6-,| and Sastncf purooaea *nd she oroper ^nciu-ti n{ : aoplicatioo. Reprinted from "Sheet Metai Torier" LEAD VELDING Bt Robert L. Ziefffeid and David M. Sorrini A concise -.iicu'-ion of 'he prorr* 104 Trtoouoi welding iead *oeet and pjp< *u(i :e*criotir,* n;ooi* and oroeedure. Include* brief hi*(onri aotr* and a .sat ot comnsoaiT u*ed corrnmr cbrniraiwith aotes 00 rbeir re*cti*ntr with lead. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF X-RAY PROTECTION Bv Ceore Singer, Aeiln* Chief Radianon Section. National Bureau of Standards, T'anhineton, D- 0., and George C. Lawr ence. Ph.D., National Research Council of Canada A discussion of the Taienaia uitafcle for j-r n mieidinc X rav n*iailjn-n* Rer- ........ . induitriai R^diO(raodj Voi. !V. .No. 2. riT i 9 AS trON REQIEST. THE LEAD LVDIMSTREES ASSOCUTION WILL 3E GLAD TO MAO. "LEAD" REGIXARLY, FREE OF rilviir.E. TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND Wll.L COOTERATE VVITHOET OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF VOUR LEAD TKOBLEMS :'*i;;Ttn ; x ? V 3 [. I 5 I - S S 0 R I \ :; LI 4? 59 5 4